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[ "sir hugh caswall tremenheere dowding 1st baron", "h c t dowding", "H Dowding", "hugh caswall tremenheere dowding 1st baron dowding", "Sir Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron", "Dowding", "hugh caswell tremenheere dowding", "dowding", "h dowding", "hugh dowding", "Lord Dowding", "Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding", "hugh dowding 1st baron dowding", "Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding", "Sir Hugh Dowding", "sir hugh dowding", "lord dowding", "Hugh Dowding", "Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding", "hugh caswall tremenheere dowding", "Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding", "Hugh Caswell Tremenheere Dowding", "H C T Dowding", "air chief marshal sir hugh dowding" ]

[ { "id": "533619", "score": "1.9827398", "text": "with British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's 1932 declaration that \"The bomber will always get through\". He conceived and oversaw the development of the \"Dowding system\". This consisted of an integrated air defence system which included (i) radar (whose potential Dowding was among the first to appreciate), (ii) human observers (including the Royal Observer Corps), who filled crucial gaps in what radar was capable of detecting at the time (the early radar systems, for example, did not provide good information on the altitude of incoming German aircraft), (iii) raid plotting, and (iv) radio control of aircraft. The whole network was linked", "title": "Hugh Dowding" }, { "id": "533620", "score": "1.8429621", "text": "in many cases by dedicated telephone cables buried sufficiently deeply to provide protection against bombing. The network had its centre at RAF Bentley Priory, a converted country house on the outskirts of London. The system as a whole later became known as Ground-controlled interception (GCI). Dowding also introduced modern aircraft into service during the pre war period, including the eight gun Spitfire and Hurricane. He is also credited with having fought the Air Ministry so that fighter planes were equipped with bullet proof wind shields. He was promoted to air chief marshal on 1 January 1937 and appointed a Knight", "title": "Hugh Dowding" }, { "id": "14027905", "score": "1.8347131", "text": "system (after Hugh Dowding, the commander of RAF fighter command during the battle and the man who ordered its implementation), it was the first integrated Air Defence System and is often credited with giving the RAF the ability to effectively counter German raids without the need for regular patrols by fighter aircraft, increasing the efficiency with which the RAF fighter force could operate. As such, the Dowding system is also often credited with a significant role in the overall outcome of the battle, and comparisons with the air warfare that occurred over France in the spring and early summer of", "title": "Air warfare of World War II" }, { "id": "14035667", "score": "1.8012564", "text": "senior training officer, and operations officer. The Chain Home system was used in conjunction with intelligence services such as the \"Y\" Service radio posts, these components formed part of an overall system of integrated air defence system known as the Dowding system. This complex infrastructure of detection, command, and control provided the keystone of the British defence during the Battle of Britain. This battle engaged the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the United Kingdom during 1940. The objective of the numerically superior Luftwaffe was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force, so that Operation Sea Lion an amphibious", "title": "Leonard George Chapman" }, { "id": "6320135", "score": "1.7935917", "text": "War and led the development of South Africa's own radar system. In 1941 he went to England to acquire more equipment for South Africa but was requested by Sir John Cockcroft to become superintendent of the Army Operational Research Group of the Air Defence Research and Development Establishment (AORG) at Richmond, Surrey 1941-44. Under his leadership the AORG made significant contributions in a number of fields, especially in the use of radar by the army. By 1944 he was the scientific adviser to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery with 21st Army Group in England, France and Belgium. By the war's end", "title": "Basil Schonland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hugh Dowding\n\nAir Chief Marshal Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding, (24 April 1882 – 15 February 1970) was an officer in the Royal Air Force. He was Air Officer Commanding RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain and is generally credited with playing a crucial role in Britain's defence, and hence, the defeat of Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Britain.\n\nBorn in Moffat, Scotland, Dowding was an officer in the British Army in the 1900s and early 1910s. He joined the Royal Flying Corps at the start of the First World War and went on to serve as a fighter pilot and then as commanding officer of No. 16 Squadron. During the inter-war years he became Air Officer Commanding Fighting Area, Air Defence of Great Britain and then joined the Air Council as Air Member for Supply and Research. In July 1936, Dowding was appointed chief of the newly created RAF Fighter Command.\n\nDuring the Battle of Britain in the Second World War, Dowding's Fighter Command successfully defended the UK against the attacks of the \"Luftwaffe\", thanks to his prudent management of RAF resources and detailed preparation of Britain's air defences (the Dowding system). He subsequently came into conflict with proponents of the Big Wing tactic, most notably Trafford Leigh-Mallory and Douglas Bader, which along with the inadaquecies of RAF's nighttime defence during the Blitz led to his eventual downfall. In November 1940, Dowding was replaced in command against his wishes by Sholto Douglas, another Big Wing advocate.\n\nDowding retired from the Royal Air Force in July 1942 and was made a peer in June 1943. Upon retirement, Dowding subsequently became an influential member of the British spiritualist, theosophical, and animal rights movements. He died on 15 February 1970, aged 87.", "title": "Hugh Dowding" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "South African Border War\n\nThe South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, and sometimes denoted in South Africa as the Angolan Bush War, was a largely asymmetric conflict that occurred in Namibia (then South West Africa), Zambia, and Angola from 26 August 1966 to 21 March 1990. It was fought between the South African Defence Force (SADF) and the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), an armed wing of the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO). The South African Border War resulted in some of the largest battles on the African continent since World War II and was closely intertwined with the Angolan Civil War.\n\nFollowing several years of unsuccessful petitioning through the United Nations and the International Court of Justice for Namibian independence from South Africa, SWAPO formed the PLAN in 1962 with material assistance from the Soviet Union, China, and sympathetic African states such as Tanzania, Ghana, and Algeria. Fighting broke out between PLAN and the South African authorities in August 1966. Between 1975 and 1988 the SADF staged massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward operating bases. It also deployed specialist counter-insurgency units such as \"Koevoet\" and 32 Battalion, trained to carry out external reconnaissance and track guerrilla movements.\n\nSouth African tactics became increasingly aggressive as the conflict progressed. Ostensibly to stop these raids, but also to disrupt the growing alliance between the SADF and the National Union for the Total Independence for Angola (UNITA), which the former was arming with captured PLAN equipment, the Soviet Union backed the People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) through a large contingent of military advisers and up to four billion dollars' worth of modern defence technology in the 1980s. Beginning in 1984, regular Angolan units under Soviet command were confident enough to confront the SADF. PLAN launched its final guerrilla campaign in April 1989. South West Africa received formal independence as the Republic of Namibia a year later, on 21 March 1990.<ref name=Hampson/>\n\nDespite being largely fought in neighbouring states, the South African Border War had a phenomenal cultural and political impact on South African society. The country's apartheid government devoted considerable effort towards presenting the war as part of a containment programme against regional Soviet expansionism and used it to stoke public anti-communist sentiment. It remains an integral theme in contemporary South African literature at large and Afrikaans-language works in particular, having given rise to a unique genre known as \"grensliteratuur\" (directly translated \"border literature\").<ref name=\"War\"/>", "title": "South African Border War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Soviet–Afghan War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Croatian War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cuban intervention in Angola\n\nThe Cuban intervention in Angola (codenamed Operation Carlota) began on 5 November 1975, when Cuba sent combat troops in support of the communist-aligned People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) against the pro-western National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). The intervention came after the outbreak of the Angolan Civil War, which occurred after the former Portuguese colony was granted independence after the Angolan War of Independence. The civil war quickly became a proxy war between the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union and the Western Bloc led by the United States. South Africa and the United States backed UNITA and the FNLA, while communist nations backed the MPLA.\n\nSome 4,000 Cuban troops helped to turn back a three-pronged advance by the SADF, UNITA, FLNA, and Zairean troops. Later, 18,000 Cuban troops defeated the FNLA in the north and UNITA in the south. Separatists from the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) fought the Cubans but were defeated. In 1976, the Cuban military in Angola reached 36,000 troops. Following the withdrawal of Zaire and South Africa (March 1976), Cuban forces remained in Angola to support the MPLA government against UNITA in the continuing civil war. South Africa spent the following decade launching bombing and strafing raids from its bases in South West Africa into southern Angola, while UNITA engaged in ambushes, hit-and-run attacks, and harassment of Cuban units.\n\nIn 1988, Cuban troops (increased to about 55,000) intervened again to avert military disaster in a Soviet-led People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) offensive against UNITA, which was still supported by South Africa, leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and the opening of a second front. This turn of events is considered to have been the major impetus to the success of the ongoing peace talks leading to the 1988 New York Accords, the agreement by which Cuban and South African forces withdrew from Angola while South West Africa gained its independence from South Africa. Cuban military engagement in Angola ended in 1991, while the Angolan Civil War continued until 2002. Cuban casualties in Angola totaled approximately 10,000 dead, wounded or missing.<ref name=\":0\"/>", "title": "Cuban intervention in Angola" }, { "id": "684933", "score": "1.7897689", "text": "Britain. Although the Luftwaffe correctly interpreted these new ground control procedures, they were incorrectly assessed as being rigid and ineffectual. A British radar system was well known to the Luftwaffe from intelligence gathered before the war, but the highly developed \"Dowding system\" linked with fighter control had been a well-kept secret. Even when good information existed, such as a November 1939 \"Abwehr\" assessment of Fighter Command strengths and capabilities by \"Abteilung V\", it was ignored if it did not match conventional preconceptions. On 16 July 1940, \"Abteilung V\", commanded by \"Oberstleutnant\" \"Beppo\" Schmid, produced a report on the RAF and", "title": "Battle of Britain" }, { "id": "19338322", "score": "1.7888786", "text": "the newly established Chain Home radar system and he was later commissioned into the technical branch of the RAF Volunteer Reserve on 24 Oct 1941. He also became involved in the calibration of the Oboe blind bombing system and GEE navigation system. Towards the end of the war, he moved to India to establish a GEE network there, before serving as aide-de-camp to Air Marshal Sir Hugh Walmsley, then Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, RAF India. Appointed to a Permanent Commission in the rank of Flight Lieutenant on 16 Sep 1948, he worked at the Central Bomber Establishment until 1950. Then while", "title": "Herbert Durkin" }, { "id": "19882638", "score": "1.7856297", "text": "RAAF Directorate of Radar on January 1942, found himself engaged in a desperate race against time after Japan entered the war, and Japanese aircraft soon began appearing over Australia. The only unit under his control was No. 1 Radar School, but he liaised with the Allied Works Council, RAAF airfield construction squadrons and local government bodies, to prepare the required radar installations. He worked closely with the Radio Physics Laboratory (RPL) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which developed radar technology, with the New South Wales Government Railways Workshop, Postmaster-General's Department (PMG), Gramophone Company (HMV) and Amalgamated", "title": "Alfred George Pither" }, { "id": "20997687", "score": "1.7852967", "text": "at least a decade off. To address the UK's needs during this expected interwar period, in 1945 Group Captain J. Cherry authored \"A Memorandum on the Raid Reporting and Control Aspects of the United Kingdom Air Defense Organization\", better known as the Cherry Report. It outlined a number of problems in the existing network and suggested a slow improvement to the equipment over the next decade. Much of the work detailed ways to improve the system by sending all of the radar data from the outlying stations to Master GCI stations, instead of having to hand data from station to", "title": "AMES Type 80" }, { "id": "346498", "score": "1.7816346", "text": "England in time for the outbreak of World War II in 1939. This system provided the vital advance information that helped the Royal Air Force win the Battle of Britain; without it, significant numbers of fighter aircraft would always need to be in the air to respond quickly enough if enemy aircraft detection relied solely on the observations of ground-based individuals. Also vital was the \"Dowding system\" of reporting and coordination to make best use of the radar information during tests of early deployment of radar in 1936 and 1937. Given all required funding and development support, the team produced", "title": "Radar" }, { "id": "18145525", "score": "1.7810833", "text": ", reducing the number of stations required. During 1936 the experimental system at Bawdsey was tested against a variety of simulated attacks, along with extensive development of interception theory carried out at RAF Biggin Hill. One observer was Hugh Dowding, initially as the director of research for the RAF, and later as the commander of RAF Fighter Command. Dowding noted that the CH stations provided so much information that operators had problems relaying it to the pilots, and the pilots had problems understanding it. He addressed this through the creation of what is today known as the Dowding system. The", "title": "AI Mk. IV radar" }, { "id": "17180244", "score": "1.7580175", "text": "of the Air Ministry. Here he worked on the ground-to-air VHF communication system that was used to good effect by RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain. In 1940, Cockburn was assigned to the Telecommunications Research Establishment near Swanage, where he set up and headed a team to work on radio countermeasures - the Battle of the Beams. Jamming the German navigation beams reduced the devastation caused by their heavy bombing raids during the Blitz, and his team also developed many devices to fool or jam enemy radar, which greatly reduced the losses sustained by Royal Air Force bombers", "title": "Robert Cockburn (physicist)" }, { "id": "17799766", "score": "1.7573119", "text": "middle of 1930, the Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) command of the Royal Air Force was planning its response to the threat of air attack. This involved the construction of a large number of acoustic mirrors to provide early warning, along with a network of observer stations that would soon be arranged into the Royal Observer Corps (ROC). The system would provide defence around the London area only, starting on the coast from Suffolk to Sussex with a thin belt of anti-aircraft artillery, a fighter operating area inland, and a second group of guns in or near the city.", "title": "Pip-squeak" }, { "id": "15951068", "score": "1.7538761", "text": "creation of radar in the UK, and the Chain Home system that was instrumental to winning the Battle of Britain. In 1938 Wimperis served as the Aeronautical Advisor to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of the Commonwealth of Australia, advising them on setting up their own aeronautical research division. He also served as President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, 1936–1938, and of the Engineering Section of the British Association, 1939. From 1946 to 1950 he was a member of the Atomic Energy Study Group, Chatham House. His wife, Grace d'Avray Parkin, was the daughter of Canadian George Robert", "title": "Harry Wimperis" }, { "id": "11114551", "score": "1.7498453", "text": "United Kingdom, founding what would eventually become the Royal Observer Corps. He was appointed to devise improved systems of detection, communication and control. A system to be called the Metropolitan Observation Service was created which covered the London area and was known as the London Air Defence Area. This was soon extended towards the coasts of Kent and Essex. The system met with some success and although it was not fully working until late summer 1918 (the last air raid took place on 19 May). The lessons learnt were to provide valuable grounding for later developments. On 8 December 1920,", "title": "Edward Ashmore (British Army officer)" }, { "id": "14646969", "score": "1.7471459", "text": "to the Bawdsey Research Station located at Bawdsey Manor in Suffolk. While this operation was under the Air Ministry, both the Army and Navy became involved and soon initiated their own programs. At Bawdsey, engineers and scientists evolved the RDF technology, but Watson-Watt, the head of the team, turned from the technical side to developing a practical machine/human user interface. After watching a demonstration in which operators were attempting to locate an \"attacking\" bomber, he noticed that the primary problem was not technological, but information management and interpretation. Following Watson-Watt's advice, by early 1940, the RAF had built up a", "title": "Radar in World War II" }, { "id": "14647076", "score": "1.7461244", "text": "by the lackadaisical approach to command staffing. It was some time before the \"Luftwaffe\" had a command and control system nearly as effective as the one set up by the Royal Air Force in Great Britain before the war. Wolfgang Martini, a career \"Luftwaffe\" officer, was the primary promoter of radar to the German High Command. Although not university educated, his grasp of this technology was instinctive and his involvement was perhaps the greatest impetus to the ultimate development of wartime radar in Germany. In 1941, he was elevated to \"General der Luftnachrichtentruppe\" (General of the Air Signal Corps) and", "title": "Radar in World War II" }, { "id": "3522927", "score": "1.7424827", "text": "The system he developed gave air controllers the best chance of scrambling fighter squadrons to intercept \"Luftwaffe\" raids before they reached their targets. This rapid, flexible approach was essential because there were insufficient aircraft and crews to keep fighter patrols continuously airborne in 1940. He also played a significant part in encouraging research into night-fighter equipment and tactics. Historian and Dowding biographer, Robert Wright, who served as Dowding's personal assistance during the Battle of Britain, wrote in his book, \"Dowding and the Battle of Britain\", that even when faced with threats of retirement and constant rebuttal, Dowding continued to give", "title": "RAF Bentley Priory" }, { "id": "14646970", "score": "1.7413833", "text": "layered control organization that efficiently passed information along the chain of command, and was able to track large numbers of aircraft and direct interceptors to them. Immediately after the war began in September 1939, the Air Ministry RDF development at Bawdsey was temporarily relocated to University College, Dundee in Scotland. A year later, the operation moved to near Worth Matravers in Dorset on the southern coast of England, and was named the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE). In a final move, the TRE relocated to Malvern College in Great Malvern, near Birmingham. Some of the major RDF/radar equipment used by the", "title": "Radar in World War II" }, { "id": "14357595", "score": "1.7329807", "text": "of Poland, which began World War II in Europe. On the 1 February 1941, as an officer candidate, he advanced to the rank of \"Leutnant\". In early 1942 he was assigned to 4. \"Staffel\" (Squadron) of \"Nachtjagdgeschwader\" 3 (NJG 3—Night Fighter Wing 3). Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, \"Generalmajor\" (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and", "title": "Gerhard Raht" } ]

[ "Labrador", "labradour", "Labradoreans", "Labradour", "Labradorean", "labrador canada", "labrador boundary dispute", "labrador", "Labrador, Canada", "labradoreans", "Labrador boundary dispute", "labradorian", "Labradorians", "Coast of Labrador", "labradorians", "Labradorian", "coast of labrador", "labradorean" ]

[ { "id": "2230829", "score": "1.7246375", "text": "as the lesser Newfoundland, or St. John's dog. DNA analysis confirms that Newfoundlands are closely related to other Canadian retrievers, including the Labrador, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Golden Retrievers, and Flat Coated Retrievers. The Molosser-like appearance of the Newfoundland are a result of an introduction of Mastiff blood, possibly a from breeding with Portuguese Mastiffs brought to the island by Portuguese fishermen beginning in the 16th century. By the time colonization was permitted in Newfoundland in 1610, the distinct physical characteristics and mental attributes had been established in the Newfoundland breed. In the early 1880s, fishermen and explorers from", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230821", "score": "1.7056872", "text": "Newfoundland dog The Newfoundland dog is a large working dog. They can be either black, brown, or white-and-black (called Landseer). However, in Canada, the country of their origin, the only correct colours are either black or Landseer. They were originally bred and used as a working dog for fishermen in the Dominion of Newfoundland (which is now part of Canada). They are known for their giant size, intelligence, tremendous strength, calm dispositions, and loyalty. Newfoundland dogs excel at water rescue/lifesaving because of their muscular build, thick double coat, webbed feet, and innate swimming abilities. The Newfoundlands ('Newfs' or 'Newfies') have", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230830", "score": "1.6755548", "text": "Ireland and England traveled to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where they described two main types of working dog. One was heavily built, large with a longish coat, and the other medium-sized in build – an active, smooth-coated water dog. The heavier breed was known as the Greater Newfoundland, or Newfoundland. The smaller breed was known as the Lesser Newfoundland, or St. John's dog. The St. John's dog became the founding breed of the modern retrievers. Both breeds were used as working dogs to pull fishnets, with the Greater Newfoundland also being used to haul carts and other equipment. Because", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230823", "score": "1.6661294", "text": "only black, brown, and white/black; the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) permits only black and white/black. The \"Landseer\" pattern is named after the artist, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, who featured them in many of his paintings. Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) consider the ECT Landseer (\"European Continental Type\") to be a separate breed. It is a taller, more narrow white dog with black markings not bred with a Newfoundland. The Newfoundland's extremely large bones give it mass, while its large musculature gives it the power it needs to take on rough ocean waves and powerful tides. These dogs have huge lung capacity", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "845416", "score": "1.625852", "text": "Sea) or simply Labrador to distinguish them from the larger Newfoundland breed, even though the breed was from the more southern Avalon Peninsula. The progenitors of the Labrador retriever were actually from Newfoundland and Labrador exceptionally, the breed known as the Newfoundland was created near the same time in Labrador. The two breeds' names and origins were mixed once moved into England and both North and South America. The dog from Labrador became the large, long-furred dog we see and know today, and the dog from Newfoundland became the Labrador. The first written reference to the breed was in 1814", "title": "Labrador Retriever" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Labrador\n\nLabrador ( ) is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its population. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in the four Atlantic provinces.\n\nLabrador occupies most of the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and south by the province of Quebec. Labrador also shares a small land border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island.\n\nThe indigenous peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern Inuit-Métis of NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Nitassinan.", "title": "Labrador" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Newfoundland and Labrador\n\nNewfoundland and Labrador (; ; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador, having a total size of 405,212 square kilometres (156,500 sq mi). In 2021, the population of Newfoundland and Labrador was estimated to be 521,758. The island of Newfoundland (and its smaller neighbouring islands) is home to around 94 per cent of the province's population, with more than half residing in the Avalon Peninsula. Labrador borders the province of Quebec, and the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon lies about 20 km west of the Burin Peninsula. \n\nAccording to the 2016 census, 97.0 per cent of residents reported English as their native language, making Newfoundland and Labrador Canada's most linguistically homogeneous province. A majority of the population is descended from English and Irish settlers, giving Newfoundland its reputation as \"the most Irish place outside Ireland.\" \n\nSt. John's, the capital and largest city of Newfoundland and Labrador, is Canada's 22nd-largest census metropolitan area and it is home to about 40% of the province's population. St. John's is the seat of the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador as well as the jurisdiction's highest court, the Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal.\n\nOnce a self-governing dominion, in 1933 the House of Assembly voted to dissolve itself and hand over administration of the Dominion to the British-appointed Commission of Government in 1933 following the substantial economic suffering caused by the Great Depression and Newfoundland's participation in World War I. On March 31, 1949, it became the 10th and newest province to join the Canadian Confederation as \"Newfoundland\". On December 6, 2001, the Constitution of Canada was amended to change the province's name to \"Newfoundland and Labrador\".\nSection::::Names.\nThe name \"New founde lande\" was uttered by King Henry VII about the land explored by Sebastian and John Cabot. In Portuguese it is (while the province's full name is ), which literally means \"new land\" which is also the French name for the province's island region (). The name \"Terra Nova\" is in wide use on the island (e.g. Terra Nova National Park). The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador.\n\nLabrador's name in the Inuttitut/Inuktitut language (spoken in Nunatsiavut) is (), meaning \"the big land\" (a common English nickname for Labrador). Newfoundland's Inuttitut/Inuktitut name is (), meaning \"place of many shoals\". Newfoundland and Labrador's Inuttitut/Inuktitut name is .", "title": "Newfoundland and Labrador" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Newfoundland dog\n\nThe Newfoundland is a large working dog. They can be black, brown, or black and white. However, in the Dominion of Newfoundland, before it became part of the confederation of Canada, only black and Landseer (white-and-black) coloured dogs were considered to be proper members of the breed. They were originally bred and used as working dogs for fishermen in Newfoundland.", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Atlantic Ocean\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the \"Old World\" of Africa, Europe and Asia from the \"New World\" of the Americas in the European perception of the World.\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and North and South America to the west. As one component of the interconnected World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, by the Equatorial Counter Current, with the North(ern) Atlantic Ocean and the South(ern) Atlantic Ocean split at about 8°N.<ref name=\"USN-2001\" />\n\nScientific explorations of the Atlantic include the \"Challenger\" expedition, the German \"Meteor\" expedition, Columbia University's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.<ref name=\"USN-2001\" />", "title": "Atlantic Ocean" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Newfoundland (island)\n\nNewfoundland (, ; , ; ) is a large island off the east coast of the North American mainland and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has 29 percent of the province's land area. The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and from Cape Breton Island by the Cabot Strait. It blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. Newfoundland's nearest neighbour is the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.\n\nWith an area of , Newfoundland is the world's 16th-largest island, Canada's fourth-largest island, and the largest Canadian island outside the North. The provincial capital, St. John's, is located on the southeastern coast of the island; Cape Spear, just south of the capital, is the easternmost point of North America, excluding Greenland. It is common to consider all directly neighbouring islands such as New World, Twillingate, Fogo and Bell Island to be 'part of Newfoundland' (i.e., distinct from Labrador). By that classification, Newfoundland and its associated small islands have a total area of .\n\nAccording to 2006 official Census Canada statistics, 57% of responding Newfoundland and Labradorians claim British or Irish ancestry, with 43.2% claiming at least one English parent, 21.5% at least one Irish parent, and 7% at least one parent of Scottish origin. Additionally 6.1% claimed at least one parent of French ancestry. The island's total population as of the 2006 census was 479,105.", "title": "Newfoundland (island)" }, { "id": "2713967", "score": "1.6256497", "text": "as they were bred for both saltwater and freshwater conditions: when it is summertime and out of season for hunting, they make excellent lifeguards of master's children when the young ones are learning to swim in the tide. Most famous of all is the Labrador, native to an island in Maritime Canada but popular around the world: the field type Labrador has longer legs and a slimmer frame than the bulkier show type that is better known in Britain, but both show signs of being attracted to water from puppyhood. Like the Chesapeake, in addition to their use as a", "title": "Hunting dog" }, { "id": "2230828", "score": "1.6027071", "text": "physical traits with Mastiffs and Molosser type dogs, such as the St. Bernard and English Mastiff, including stout legs, massive heads with very broad snouts, a thick bull neck, and a very sturdy bone structure. In fact, many St. Bernard Dogs have Newfoundland Dog ancestry. Newfoundlands were brought and introduced to the St. Bernard breed in the 18th century when the population was threatened by an epidemic of distemper. They share many characteristics of many mountain dog breeds such as the Great Pyrenees. The Newfoundland breed originated on Newfoundland, and is descended from a breed indigenous to the island known", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230826", "score": "1.5554402", "text": "in J.M. Barrie's \"Peter Pan\". The Newfoundland, in general, is good with other animals, but its size can cause problems if it is not trained. A Newfoundland's good, sweet nature is so important, it is listed in the Breed Standards of many countries; dogs exhibiting poor temperament or aggression are disqualified from showing and should never be used to breed. The breed standard in the United States reads that \"Sweetness of temperament is the hallmark of the Newfoundland; this is the most important single characteristic of the breed.\" There are several health problems associated with Newfoundlands. Newfoundlands are prone to", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230825", "score": "1.54463", "text": "and docile nature and its strength. They are highly loyal and make ideal working dogs. It is for this reason that this breed is known as \"the gentle giant\". International kennel clubs generally describe the breed as having a sweet temper. It typically has a deep bark and is easy to train if started young. They are wonderfully good with children, but small children can get accidentally leaned on and knocked down. Newfoundlands are ideal companions in the world of therapy and are often referred to as the nanny dog. The breed was memorialized in \"Nana\", the beloved guardian dog", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230832", "score": "1.5239447", "text": "porcelain. One famous Newfoundland was a dog named Seaman, who accompanied American explorers Lewis and Clark on their expedition. The breed's working role was varied. Another famous all-black Newfoundland performed as the star attraction in Van Hare's Magic Circus from 1862 and for many years thereafter in one of England's founding circus acts, traveling throughout Europe. The circus dog was known as the \"Thousand Guinea Dog Napoleon\" or \"Napoleon the Wonder Dog.\" The circus owner, G. Van Hare, trained other Newfoundland dogs to perform a steeplechase routine with baboons dressed up as jockeys to ride them. Nonetheless, his \"wizard dog\"", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230824", "score": "1.513716", "text": "for swimming extremely long distances and a thick, oily, and waterproof double coat which protects them from the chill of icy waters. The double coat makes the dog hard to groom, and also causes a lot of shedding to occur. The droopy lips and jowls make the dog drool, especially in high heat. In the water, the dog's massive webbed paws give it maximum propulsion. The swimming stroke is not an ordinary dog paddle. Unlike other dogs, the Newfoundland moves its limbs in a down-and-out motion giving more power to every stroke. The Newfoundland dog is known for its calm", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "845410", "score": "1.5096912", "text": "emerged through ad-hoc breedings by early settlers of the island in the 16th century. The forebears of the St. John's Dog are not known, but were likely a random-bred mix of English, Irish, and Portuguese working breeds. The Newfoundland (known then as the Greater Newfoundland) is likely a result of the St. John's Dog breeding with mastiffs brought to the island by the generations of Portuguese fishermen who had been fishing offshore since the 16th century. The smaller short-coated St. John's Dog (also known then as the Lesser Newfoundland) was used for retrieval and pulling in nets from the water.", "title": "Labrador Retriever" }, { "id": "2544097", "score": "1.5080872", "text": "Wine have all experienced tremendous success as popular music acts with considerable national and international tours and record sales. While closely related to the three Maritime provinces, Newfoundland and Labrador is culturally and politically separate. However, the two areas share a regional awards show, the East Coast Music Awards, and a common musical heritage. The Maritime provinces are best known for the strong influence of Scottish and Irish settlers on the sound of the region's traditional music. This Celtic derived music is most strongly expressed on Cape Breton Island, which is especially well known for the Scottish influx in the", "title": "Music of the Maritimes" }, { "id": "4416056", "score": "1.507901", "text": "colonial times, large white and black \"Newfoundland dogs\" were brought to England. Because of their good swimming skills, these dogs were utilized by fishermen to tow nets to the shore. They were also noted for their ability to help drowning people; therefore, these dogs were bought and sold mainly by European fishermen. It is believed that, by and large, the exportation of these dogs occurred during the late 18th century. However, paintings show us that these dogs must have already existed in England in the early 18th century. Because of their impressive appearance, they were the subject of numerous books", "title": "Landseer dog" }, { "id": "2230822", "score": "1.5048704", "text": "webbed feet and a water-resistant coat. Males normally weigh , and females , placing them in the \"Giant\" weight range; but some Newfoundland dogs have been known to weigh over – and the largest on record weighed and measured over from nose to tail, ranking it among the largest of dog breeds. They may grow up to tall at the shoulder. The American Kennel Club (AKC) standard colors of the Newfoundland dogs are black, brown, grey, and white-and-black (sometimes referred to as Landseer). Other colors are possible but are not considered rare or more valuable. The Kennel Club (KC) permits", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "2230838", "score": "1.5023003", "text": "the possession of Beriah Botfield esq.at Norton Hall' published in London in 1848. During the Discovery Channel's second day of coverage of the AKC Eukanuba National Championship on December 3, 2006, anchor Bob Goen reported that Newfoundlands exhibit a very strong propensity to rescue people from water. Goen stated that one Newfoundland alone once aided the rescue of 63 shipwrecked sailors. Today, kennel clubs across the United States host Newfoundland Rescue Demonstrations, as well as offering classes in the field. Many harbor boat tours in St. John's have a dog on board for local charm as well as for passenger", "title": "Newfoundland dog" }, { "id": "5950485", "score": "1.4999155", "text": "understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England. He had a thin, tapering snout, a long thin tail, and rather thin, but powerful legs, with a lank body, – the hair short and smooth.\" wrote Jukes. \"These are the most abundant dogs in the country...They are no means handsome, but are generally more intelligent and useful than the others... I observed he once or twice put his foot in the water and paddled it about. This foot was white, and Harvey said he did it to 'toil' or entice the fish. The whole proceeding struck me as remarkable, more especially", "title": "St. John's water dog" }, { "id": "7968519", "score": "1.4973862", "text": "Although the quote refers specifically to the Newfoundland breed, it is actually more likely to mean the now extinct breed of the St. John's water dog which was sometimes referred to by its homeland's location of Newfoundland and Labrador. Stanley O'Neil, an expert in Flat-coated Retrievers, wrote of the Tweed Water Spaniel in a letter during the late 19th century, \"Further up the coast, probably Alnmouth, I saw men netting for salmon. With them was a dog with a wavy or curly coat. It was a tawny colour but, wet and spumy, it was difficult to see the exact colour,", "title": "Tweed Water Spaniel" }, { "id": "20171086", "score": "1.4969168", "text": "Cornwall and York (later George V and Queen Mary), during their visit to the colony in 1901. An example of an Oke 19th century child's dog-cart is in the collection of the Trust Carriage Museum, on display at Arlington Court (Devon). A Newfoundland dog, Sable Chief, in the same bloodline as Bouncer, was presented as mascot to the WW1 Newfoundland Regiment before leaving St. John's on the SS Florizel. Multi-generations of Oke families resided in St. John's connected to land on the south side of Quidi Vidi Lake where Oke grew up, at the juncture of Forest Road and Quidi", "title": "Harris R. Oke" }, { "id": "2230831", "score": "1.4918435", "text": "of that, they were part of the foundation stock of the Leonberger (which excelled at water rescue and was imported by the Canadian government for that purpose); and the now extinct Moscow Water Dog, a failed attempt at creating a lifesaving dog by the Russian state kennel—the unfortunate outcross with the Caucasian Ovcharka begat a dog more adept at biting than rescuing. Many tales have been told of the courage displayed by Newfoundlands in adventuring and lifesaving exploits. Over the last two centuries, this has inspired a number of artists, who have portrayed the dogs in paint, stone, bronze, and", "title": "Newfoundland dog" } ]

[ "wellingotn", "Wellinton", "Wellingotn", "te whanga nui tara", "Wellington NZ", "wellington nz", "welington", "Welington", "Wellington buildings", "un locode nztrg", "UN/LOCODE:NZTRG", "wellington new zealand", "Wellington (New Zealand)", "Wellington, New Zealand", "wellington buildings", "Wellington New Zealand", "Wellington, NZ", "Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara", "Wellington", "Wellington, new zealand", "wellinton", "UN/LOCODE:NZWLG", "un locode nzwlg", "wellington" ]

[ { "id": "4302162", "score": "1.9222054", "text": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings The New Zealand Parliament Buildings house the New Zealand Parliament and are on a 45,000 square metre site at the northern end of Lambton Quay, Wellington. They consist of the Edwardian neoclassical-style Parliament House (1922); the Parliamentary Library (1899); the executive wing, called \"The Beehive\" (1977); and Bowen House, in use since 1991. Whilst most of the individual buildings are outstanding for different reasons, the overall setting that has been achieved \"has little aesthetic or architectural coherence\". The main building of the complex is Parliament House, containing the debating chamber, Speaker's office, visitors' centre, and committee", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "4302170", "score": "1.913393", "text": "School as part of Victoria's Pipitea campus. New Zealand Parliament Buildings The New Zealand Parliament Buildings house the New Zealand Parliament and are on a 45,000 square metre site at the northern end of Lambton Quay, Wellington. They consist of the Edwardian neoclassical-style Parliament House (1922); the Parliamentary Library (1899); the executive wing, called \"The Beehive\" (1977); and Bowen House, in use since 1991. Whilst most of the individual buildings are outstanding for different reasons, the overall setting that has been achieved \"has little aesthetic or architectural coherence\". The main building of the complex is Parliament House, containing the debating", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "4302169", "score": "1.85154", "text": "number 217. A 22-storey office building across Bowen Street from the Beehive, Bowen House houses MPs' offices and support staff and has been leased by Parliamentary Services since 1991. It is connected to the rest of the parliamentary complex by a tunnel under Bowen Street. Not part of the current parliamentary complex and on the other side of Lambton Quay, this four-storey building was designed by William Clayton and built in 1876. It is the second-largest wooden building in the world (after Tōdai-ji in Nara, Japan), and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. It houses Victoria University of Wellington's Law", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "16550374", "score": "1.7838905", "text": "Parliament House, Wellington Parliament House in Wellington is the main building of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings. It contains the debating chamber, Speaker's office, visitors' centre, and committee rooms. It was built between 1914 and 1922, replacing an earlier building that burned down in 1907. Parliament started using the yet to be completed building from 1918. Parliament House was extensively earthquake strengthened and refurbished between 1991 and 1995. It is open for visitors almost every day of the year, and is one of Wellington's major visitor attractions. Parliament House is a Category I heritage building registered by Heritage New Zealand.", "title": "Parliament House, Wellington" }, { "id": "16550381", "score": "1.7674656", "text": "galleries above the debating chamber is not part of the tour, is only possible on days the house is sitting, and a dress code applies. Parliament House has a visitor centre, with opening hours slightly longer than the times during which tours are offered. Parliament House, Wellington Parliament House in Wellington is the main building of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings. It contains the debating chamber, Speaker's office, visitors' centre, and committee rooms. It was built between 1914 and 1922, replacing an earlier building that burned down in 1907. Parliament started using the yet to be completed building from 1918.", "title": "Parliament House, Wellington" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings\n\nNew Zealand Parliament Buildings () house the New Zealand Parliament and are on a 45,000 square metre site at the northern end of Lambton Quay, Wellington. They consist of the Edwardian neoclassical-style Parliament House (1922); the Parliamentary Library (1899); the executive wing, called \"The Beehive\" (1977); and Bowen House, in use since 1991. Whilst most of the individual buildings are outstanding for different reasons, the overall setting that has been achieved \"has little aesthetic or architectural coherence\".", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand Parliament\n\nThe New Zealand Parliament () is the unicameral legislature of New Zealand, consisting of the King of New Zealand (King-in-Parliament) and the New Zealand House of Representatives. The King is usually represented by his governor-general. Before 1951, there was an upper chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The New Zealand Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning legislatures in the world. It has met in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, since 1865.\n\nThe House of Representatives normally consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), though sometimes more due to overhang seats. There are 72 MPs elected directly in electorates while the remainder of seats are assigned to list MPs based on each party's share of the total party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote.<ref name=\"Martin\" /> Although elections can be called early, each three years Parliament is dissolved and goes up for reelection.\n\nParliament is supreme over all other government institutions. The legislature is closely linked to the executive. The New Zealand Government comprises a prime minister (head of government) and other ministers. In accordance with the principle of responsible government, these individuals are always drawn from the House of Representatives, and are held accountable to it.\n\nNeither the monarch (currently King Charles III) nor his governor-general participates in the legislative process, save for signifying the King's approval to a bill passed by the House, known as the granting of Royal Assent, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. The governor-general formally summons and dissolves Parliament—the latter in order to call a general election.", "title": "New Zealand Parliament" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parliament House, Wellington\n\nParliament House (), in Lambton Quay, Wellington, is the main building of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings. It contains the debating chamber, speaker's office, visitors' centre, and committee rooms. It was built between 1914 and 1922, replacing an earlier building that burned down in 1907. Parliament started using the yet to be completed building from 1918. Parliament House was extensively earthquake strengthened and refurbished between 1991 and 1995. It is open for visitors almost every day of the year, and is one of Wellington's major visitor attractions. Parliament House is a Category I heritage building registered by Heritage New Zealand.", "title": "Parliament House, Wellington" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Beehive (New Zealand)\n\nThe Beehive () is the common name for the Executive Wing of New Zealand Parliament Buildings, located at the corner of Molesworth Street and Lambton Quay, Wellington. It is so-called because its shape is reminiscent of that of a traditional woven form of beehive known as a \"skep\". It is registered as a Category I heritage building by Heritage New Zealand.\n\nConstruction began in 1969 and was completed in 1981. Since 1979, the building has housed the offices of government ministers. Thus, the name \"Beehive\" is closely linked with the New Zealand Government. It is often used as a metonym for the New Zealand leadership at large, with \"the 9th floor\" specifically referring to the office of the prime minister, which is based on that floor. Cabinet meets on the top floor.", "title": "Beehive (New Zealand)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand House of Representatives\n\nThe House of Representatives is the sole chamber of the New Zealand Parliament. The House passes laws, provides ministers to form Cabinet, and supervises the work of government. It is also responsible for adopting the state's budgets and approving the state's accounts.\n\nThe House of Representatives is a democratic body consisting of representatives known as members of parliament (MPs). There are normally 120 MPs, though this number can be higher if there is an overhang. Elections take place usually every three years using a mixed-member proportional representation system which combines first-past-the-post elected seats with closed party lists. 72 MPs are elected directly in single-member electoral districts and further seats are filled by list MPs based on each party's share of the party vote. A government may be formed from the party or coalition that has the support of a majority of MPs.<ref name=\"facts\" /> If no majority is possible, a minority government can be formed with a confidence and supply arrangement. If a government is unable to maintain the confidence of the House then an early general election can be called.\n\nThe House of Representatives was created by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (effective 1853), an Act of the British Parliament, which established a bicameral legislature; however the upper chamber, the Legislative Council, was abolished in 1950.<ref name=\"facts\"/> Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. The debating chamber of the House of Representatives is located inside Parliament House in Wellington, the capital city. Sittings of the House are usually open to the public, but the House may at any time vote to sit in private. Proceedings are also broadcast through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today.", "title": "New Zealand House of Representatives" }, { "id": "4302166", "score": "1.747237", "text": "stage of Parliament House is occupied by the Executive Wing. This building conceived by British architect Sir Basil Spence in 1964, largely designed by the Ministry of Works, was officially opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand in 1977. The first parliamentary offices moved into the building in 1979. Due to its distinctive shape, it is referred to colloquially as \"The Beehive\". The building is ten stories and high. The top floor is occupied by the Cabinet room, with the Prime Minister's offices on the floor immediately below. Other floors contain the office of individual ministers and various function", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "14995144", "score": "1.7438111", "text": "the (wooden) parliament buildings. (Exactly the same thing happened in Ottawa, Canada, in 1916—with fire doors saving the Library when the Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament burned.) Like Parliament House, the building was strengthened and refurbished in the 1990s. It still houses Parliament's library. The building is registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage structure with registration number 217. New Zealand Parliamentary Library The New Zealand Parliamentary Library (formerly the General Assembly Library) was completed in 1899 and is the oldest of the extant buildings in the Parliament complex. It stands to the", "title": "New Zealand Parliamentary Library" }, { "id": "16550379", "score": "1.7231454", "text": "building – Category I. This helped convince the decision makers to have the building strengthened and renovated, and what was up to then New Zealand's largest heritage building conservation project began. In 1991, members moved across to Bowen House, where a temporary debating chamber had been built. Base isolation was installed, and at its peak, 400 workers were on site plus an additional 300 people were working offsite on the project. The renovated building was officially opened in November 1995 by Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, after its comprehensive strengthening and refurbishment. The parliamentarians had their first session", "title": "Parliament House, Wellington" }, { "id": "4294443", "score": "1.7195866", "text": "which is the largest function room in the parliamentary complex. The parliamentary catering facilities of \"Bellamy’s\" include a bar known as \"Pickwicks\" or \"3.2\" (due to its position in the building on the third floor and second corridor), \"Copperfield's\" café, and the \"Member's\" and \"Member's and Guests\" restaurants. The building also houses, in its basement, the country's National Crisis Management Centre. Other facilities include a theatrette and a swimming pool. The parliament building is used by MPs who hold meetings or are discussing bills or new laws. The New Zealand Parliament's Visitor Centre, open most days from 9 am to", "title": "Beehive (New Zealand)" }, { "id": "16550380", "score": "1.698017", "text": "in the renovated building in February 1996. The intention of the Liberal Government had been for the design to be implemented in stages, eventually resulting in a coherent architectural setting. Instead, as Heritage New Zealand remarks, the setting that has been achieved \"has little aesthetic or architectural coherence\", especially through the construction of the Beehive instead of completion of Parliament House. Parliament is open to the public every day apart from some key public holidays; entry is subject to security screening. Free one-hour tours are offered between 10 am and 4 pm on the full hour. Access to the public", "title": "Parliament House, Wellington" }, { "id": "461590", "score": "1.6958809", "text": "buildings. The Executive Wing of New Zealand Parliament Buildings, on the corner of Lambton Quay and Molesworth Street, was constructed between 1969 and 1981 and is commonly referred to as the Beehive. Across the road is the largest wooden building in the Southern Hemisphere, part of the old Government Buildings which now houses part of Victoria University of Wellington's Law Faculty. A modernist building housing the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa lies on the waterfront, on Cable Street. It is strengthened using base isolation – essentially seating the entire building on supports made from lead, steel and rubber", "title": "Wellington" }, { "id": "4302167", "score": "1.6890556", "text": "rooms occupy the first three floors. In the late 1990s there was consideration of moving the Beehive behind Parliament House, and finishing Parliament House according to the 1911 original plans. The plan was quickly scuttled due to a lack of public support and subsequent withdrawal of party support. Completed in 1899, the Parliamentary Library is the oldest of the buildings. It stands to the north of Parliament House (to its right, looking from the front). The library was designed in Gothic revival style and was fire resistant, being constructed of masonry. The third story of the design was not built", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "14995143", "score": "1.669079", "text": "New Zealand Parliamentary Library The New Zealand Parliamentary Library (formerly the General Assembly Library) was completed in 1899 and is the oldest of the extant buildings in the Parliament complex. It stands to the north of Parliament House (to its right, looking from the front). The library was designed in Gothic Revival style and was fire resistant, being constructed of masonry. The third storey of the design was not built to save money. It had an iron fire-door separating the library from the main entrance section. This saved the library from the fire of 1907, which destroyed the rest of", "title": "New Zealand Parliamentary Library" }, { "id": "4302164", "score": "1.6574168", "text": "design is a combination of both entries. The design was divided into two stages. The first half, a Neoclassical building, contained both chambers and the second half Bellamy's and a new Gothic Revival library to replace the existing one. Despite cost concerns, Prime Minister William Massey let construction of the first stage begin in 1914, but without much of the roof ornamentation or the roof domes. The outbreak of World War I created labour and material shortages that made construction difficult. Although the building was unfinished, MPs moved into it in 1918 to avoid having to use the old, cramped", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "4302165", "score": "1.6557041", "text": "Government House (which housed the Governor). In 1922, the first stage was completed (the second stage was never built). The building was finally officially opened in 1995 by Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, after its comprehensive strengthening and refurbishment. The intention of the Liberal Government was for the design to be implemented in stages, eventually resulting in a coherent architectural setting. Instead, as Heritage New Zealand remarks, the setting that has been achieved \"has little aesthetic or architectural coherence\", especially through the construction of the Beehive instead of completion of Parliament House. The land intended for the second", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "4302163", "score": "1.6515052", "text": "rooms. An earlier wooden Parliament House (1870s addition by William Clayton and 1880s by Thomas Turnbull) was destroyed by fire in 1907 along with all other parliament buildings except the library, which was constructed of masonry. In addition, the library had an iron fire-door that saved its collections. A competition to find a replacement design was announced by Prime Minister Joseph Ward in February 1911 and 33 designs were entered. The winning design, by Government Architect John Campbell, was selected by Colonel Vernon, former Government Architect for New South Wales. As another of Campbell's entries won fourth place, the actual", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" }, { "id": "18939214", "score": "1.6390817", "text": "year later, Eden Street was renamed Parliament Street. A plaque in the reserve adjacent to Anzac Avenue and Parliament Street commemorates the location of the General Assembly House. The quality of the first meeting house for the New Zealand Parliament found little favour. \"The Daily Southern Cross\" called it a \"wretched, ill-constructed building\". The building was drafty and the roof leaked. Henry Sewell, New Zealand's first Premier after responsible government had been granted in 1856, described the meeting chamber of the House of Representatives and the building in general as follows: It is believed that the original building measured .", "title": "General Assembly House" }, { "id": "2251661", "score": "1.6383597", "text": "1852, an Act of the British Parliament, which established a bicameral legislature; however the upper chamber, the Legislative Council, was abolished in 1950. Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. The debating chamber of the House of Representatives is located inside Parliament House in Wellington, the capital city. Sittings of the House are usually open to the public, but the House may at any time vote to sit in private. Proceedings are also broadcast through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. The New Zealand House", "title": "New Zealand House of Representatives" }, { "id": "16550375", "score": "1.6362338", "text": "Parliament House was designed in an Edwardian neoclassical style. It was deliberately designed to display New Zealand materials; the building is faced with Tākaka marble, with a base course of Coromandel granite. Major architectural features of the building exterior include marble columns lining the front and a long set of steps leading to the main entrance. On 11 December 1907, the original Parliament House burned to the ground, along with all other parliament buildings except the library. The Liberal Government took this as an opportunity to completely redesign the seat of government, with unified buildings in permanent materials for the", "title": "Parliament House, Wellington" }, { "id": "4302168", "score": "1.6294924", "text": "to save money. It had an iron fire-door separating the library from the main entrance section. This saved the library from the fire of 1907 which destroyed the rest of the timber parliament buildings. Coincidentally, exactly the same thing happened in Ottawa in 1916—with fire doors saving the Library when the Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament burned. Like Parliament House the library was strengthened and refurbished in the 1990s. It still houses Parliament's library. The building is registered with Heritage New Zealand (previously known as the New Zealand Historic Places Trust) as a Category I heritage structure with registration", "title": "New Zealand Parliament Buildings" } ]

[ "1975", "one thousand, nine hundred and seventy-five", "one thousand nine hundred and seventy five", "" ]

[ { "id": "146759", "score": "1.8670127", "text": "Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; ; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975. This period in Spanish history is commonly known as Francoist Spain. During the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera 1923-1930, Franco was promoted general at age 33, the youngest in Europe. As a conservative and a monarchist, Franco opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a democratic secular republic in 1931. With the 1936 elections,", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "146819", "score": "1.7842722", "text": "Nations) and did not leave it until the war's end in 1945. Franco was recognised as the Spanish head of state by Great Britain and France in February 1939. Already proclaimed \"Generalísimo\" of the Nationalists and \"Jefe del Estado\" (Head of State) in October 1936, he thereafter assumed the official title of \"\"Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado\"\" (\"His Excellency the Head of State\"). He was also referred to in state and official documents as \"\"Caudillo de España\"\" (\"the Leader of Spain\"), and sometimes called \"\"el Caudillo de la Última Cruzada y de la Hispanidad\"\" (\"the Leader of the Last", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "15614352", "score": "1.780292", "text": "of socialist organisations, scaring the middle classes. Several generals decided that the government had to be replaced if the dissolution of Spain was to be prevented. They held professional politicians in contempt. The republican government had been attempting to remove suspect generals from their posts, and so Franco was relieved as chief of staff and transferred to command of the Canary islands. Goded was replaced as Inspector General and made general of the Balearic islands; Emilio Mola was moved from head of the Army of Africa to be military commander of Pamplona in Navarre. However, this allowed Mola to direct", "title": "Spanish coup of July 1936" }, { "id": "146858", "score": "1.7734313", "text": "Carmen Polo, which the later democratic governments kept paying. At the time of her death in 1988, Carmen Polo was receiving as a pension more than 12.5 million pesetas (four million more than the salary of Felipe González, then head of the government). Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; ; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975. This period in Spanish history is commonly known as Francoist Spain. During the dictatorship of", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "5189347", "score": "1.7684647", "text": "announced the end of hostilities. The Republican forces had been defeated and Franco became the undisputed caudillo of Spain. He ruled Spain until he died on November 20, 1975. The Nationalist senior generals had held an informal meeting in September 1936, where they elected Francisco Franco as leader of the Nationalists, with the rank of \"Generalísimo\". He was originally supposed to be only commander-in-chief, but after some discussion became head of state as well with nearly unlimited and absolute powers. Franco adopted in 1938 a variant of the Coat of Arms reinstating some elements originally used by the House of", "title": "Coat of arms of Spain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francoist Spain\n\nFrancoist Spain (), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During this time period, Spain was officially known as the Spanish State ().\n\nThe nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence. Months after the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a dictatorship over the territory controlled by the Nationalist faction. The 1937 Unification Decree, which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the FET y de las JONS. The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the exile of Republican institutions. The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as \"fascistized dictatorship\", or \"semi-fascist regime\", As time went on, the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships, although it always preserved residual fascist trappings.<ref name=payne>«La tesis defendida por Payne en dicho dossier puede sintetizarse con estas palabras:\n» Glicerio Sanchez Recio. \"En torno a la Dictadura franquista\" Hispania Nova</ref>\n\nDuring the Second World War, war-ravaged and starving Spain did not join the Axis powers (its supporters from the civil war, Italy and Germany), but supported them in various ways throughout most of the war while maintaining its neutrality as an official policy of \"non-belligerence\". Because of this, Spain was isolated by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II, while its autarkic economy, still trying to recover from the civil war, suffered from chronic depression. The 1947 Law of Succession made Spain a \"de jure\" kingdom again, but defined Franco as the head of state for life with the power to choose the person to become King of Spain and his successor.\n\nReforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky, reassigned authority from the Falangist movement, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the technocrats of Opus Dei. This led to massive economic growth, second only to Japan, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the \"Spanish miracle\". During the 1950s the regime also changed from being openly totalitarian and using severe repression to an authoritarian system with limited pluralism. As a result of these reforms, Spain was allowed to join the United Nations in 1955 and during the Cold War Franco was one of Europe's foremost anti-communist figures: his regime was assisted by the Western powers, particularly the United States. Franco died in 1975 at the age of 82. He restored the monarchy before his death and made his successor King Juan Carlos I, who would lead the Spanish transition to democracy.", "title": "Francoist Spain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Spanish Civil War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Second Spanish Republic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of heads of state of Spain\n\nThis is a list of Spanish heads of state, that is, kings and presidents that governed the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. The forerunners of the Spanish throne were the following:\n\nThese lineages were eventually united by the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon (king of the Crown of Aragon) and Isabella I of Castile (queen of the Crown of Castile). Although their kingdoms continued to be separate, with their personal union they ruled them together as one dominion. Spain was thereafter governed as a dynastic union by the House of Trastámara, the House of Habsburg, and the House of Bourbon until the Nueva Planta decrees merged Castile and Aragon into one kingdom.\n\nDuring the First Spanish Republic (1873–74), Spain had heads of state known as the \"President of the Executive Power\". However, it is only during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) that the official title of \"President of Spain\" (or \"President of the Republic\") existed. Today, Spain is a constitutional monarchy, and there is thus no person holding the title of \"President of Spain\". However, the prime minister holds the official title of \"President of the Government\".", "title": "List of heads of state of Spain" }, { "id": "146792", "score": "1.7528096", "text": "it initially included Mola, three other generals, and two colonels; Franco was later added in early August. On 21 September it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas), and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government. He was, doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the nationalists would go to Franco. Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "146791", "score": "1.7444241", "text": "José Sanjurjo, died on 20 July 1936, in a plane crash. Therefore, in the nationalist zone, \"political life ceased.\" Initially, only military command mattered; this was divided into regional commands (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalusia, Franco with an independent command and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon). The Spanish Army of Morocco itself was split into two columns, one commanded by General Juan Yagüe and the other commanded by Colonel José Varela. From 24 July a coordinating \"junta\" was established, based at Burgos. Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general,", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "146786", "score": "1.7399309", "text": "local nuances of Spanish history. Following 18 July 1936 \"pronunciamiento\", Franco assumed the leadership of the 30,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army of Africa. The first days of the insurgency were marked with a serious need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. On one side, Franco had to win the support of the natives and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, had to ensure his control over the army. His method was the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own cousin). His loyal bodyguard was shot by Manuel", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "146795", "score": "1.737154", "text": "no military leader was left from those who organised the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935. Franco personally guided military operations from this time until the end of the war. After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled on a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. As with his decision to relieve the garrison at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate; some of his decisions, such as in June 1938 when he preferred to head for Valencia instead of Catalonia, remain particularly controversial from a military viewpoint. Valencia,", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "12324195", "score": "1.7360754", "text": "21 September, now called by the title \"Generalísimo\". Franco won another victory on 27 September when his troops relieved the siege of the Alcázar in Toledo, which had been held by a Nationalist garrison under Colonel José Moscardó Ituarte since the beginning of the rebellion, resisting thousands of Republican troops, who completely surrounded the isolated building. Moroccans and elements of the Spanish Legion came to the rescue. Two days after relieving the siege, Franco proclaimed himself \"Caudillo\" (\"chieftain\", the Spanish equivalent of the Italian Duce and the German Führer -meaning: 'director') while forcibly unifying the various and diverse falangist, Royalist", "title": "Spanish Civil War" }, { "id": "146794", "score": "1.723943", "text": "the desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other Falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and also he had cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy. On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as \"Generalísimo\" of the National army and \"Jefe del Estado\" (Head of State). When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later (which some believe was an assassination) (2 June 1937),", "title": "Francisco Franco" }, { "id": "7837599", "score": "1.7221091", "text": "to the very existence of Spain as a nation-state. On 17 July 1936, General Franco led the Spanish Army of Africa from Morocco to attack the mainland, while another force from the north under General Emilio Mola moved south from Navarre. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take over government institutions. Before long the professional Army of Africa had much of the south and west under the control of the rebels. Bloody purges followed in each piece of captured \"Nationalist\" territory in order to consolidate Franco's future regime. Although both sides received foreign military aid, the help that Fascist", "title": "Second Spanish Republic" }, { "id": "16587423", "score": "1.7210289", "text": "groups including CEDA, the religious monarchist Carlists, and the Fascist Falange. On 17 July 1936, General Francisco Franco led the colonial army from Morocco to attack the mainland, while another force from the north under General Sanjurjo moved south from Navarre. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take over government institutions. Franco's move was intended to seize power immediately, but successful resistance by Republicans around the country meant that Spain faced a prolonged civil war. Soon much of the south and west was under the control of the Nationalists, whose regular Army of Africa was the most seasoned of", "title": "History of Málaga" }, { "id": "3869053", "score": "1.7137212", "text": "14 April 1931, there was no official head of state, meaning that the Prime Minister was, in effect, the highest office in the land. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora assumed the new role of President, the effective head of state. Manuel Azaña remained as Prime Minister, head of the government, until 12 September 1933. With Franco's victory imminent, a National Council of Defense was established to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nationalists. By this point, Franco effectively had military control of the whole country. On 27 February 1939, after both France and the United Kingdom had recognised Franco's military victory, President Manuel", "title": "President of the Republic (Spain)" }, { "id": "14168442", "score": "1.7116079", "text": "during the early months of 1937. When Franco assumed control he named Orgaz as \"Alto Comisario\" and commander in chief in Spanish Morocco. However the two drifted apart and by 1941 Orgaz was openly discussing the possibility of military action against Franco, having realised that he had no intention of restoring the monarchy. By March 1942 rumours were rife that he, Kindelan and General Eugenio Espinosa de los Monteros were on the verge of launching a monarchist coup. Events got so far that in August 1943 he initimated to Pedro Sainz Rodríguez that he was ready to lead 100,000 men", "title": "Luis Orgaz Yoldi" }, { "id": "6686090", "score": "1.7109108", "text": "a year after the civil war had ended, he was promoted to brigadier-general in command of the Army General Staff of Morocco and Military Region IV. After Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union in June 1941, Franco's government authorized the dispatch of a volunteer Spanish division under the overall command of the German Wehrmacht. This became the 250th Infantry Division (popularly known \"Blue Division\"), initially commanded by General Agustín Muñoz Grandes. The division was deployed within Army Group North under the overall command of Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, and engaged in several battles against the Red Army", "title": "Emilio Esteban Infantes" }, { "id": "822061", "score": "1.7080083", "text": "During periods of Franco's temporary incapacity in 1974 and 1975, Juan Carlos was acting head of state. On 30 October 1975, Franco gave full control to Juan Carlos; he died three weeks later, on 20 November. On 22 November, two days after Franco's death, the Cortes Generales proclaimed Juan Carlos King of Spain. In his address to the Cortes, Juan Carlos spoke of three factors: historical tradition, national laws, and the will of the people, and in so doing referred to a process dating back to the Civil War of 1936–39. On 27 November, a Mass of the Holy Spirit", "title": "Juan Carlos I of Spain" }, { "id": "16987257", "score": "1.7077589", "text": "Region from the early days of the General Franco uprising and, at the end of the war, occupied the post of Commander General of the interior zone of the eastern region (Catalonia). As General of the Infantry Brigade he remained faithful to the Republican government from the early days of the Spanish Civil War. He was appointed head of the Organic Division I, occupying the vacant position that existed after the failed coup of July 18. He commanded the forces that attacked Toledo and later fought in the Battle of Guadarrama. However, in early September his forces suffered heavy defeats", "title": "José Riquelme y López Bago" }, { "id": "12324144", "score": "1.7063861", "text": "suspect generals from influential posts. Franco was sacked as chief of staff and transferred to command of the Canary Islands. Manuel Goded Llopis was removed as inspector general and was made general of the Balearic Islands. Emilio Mola was moved from head of the Army of Africa to military commander of Pamplona in Navarre. This, however, allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising. General José Sanjurjo became the figurehead of the operation and helped reach an agreement with the Carlists. Mola was chief planner and second in command. José Antonio Primo de Rivera was put in prison in mid-March in", "title": "Spanish Civil War" }, { "id": "2010749", "score": "1.7027278", "text": "left the throne vacant with himself as regent and set the basis for his succession. This gesture was largely done to appease monarchist factions within the Movement. At the same time, Franco wore the uniform of a captain general (a rank traditionally reserved for the King), resided in the Royal Palace of El Pardo, appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a canopy and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were \"Jefe del Estado\" (Head of State) and \"Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles\" (Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies), he was referred to as Caudillo", "title": "Francoist Spain" } ]

[ "public park built on old freight rail line", "A public park built on an old freight rail line" ]

[ { "id": "5850778", "score": "2.017945", "text": "High Line The High Line is a elevated linear park, greenway and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the west side of Manhattan in New York City. The High Line’s design is a collaboration between James Corner Field Operations (Project Lead), Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Piet Oudolf. The abandoned spur has been redesigned as a \"living system\" drawing from multiple disciplines which include landscape architecture, urban design, and ecology. Since opening in 2009, the High Line has become an icon of contemporary landscape architecture. The park is built on a disused, southern viaduct", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850809", "score": "1.9038799", "text": "Michael Bloomberg’s administration in 2002 to support the project by filing a request with the Surface Transportation Board to create a public trail on the site. Friends of the High Line played a role in the line's visual aesthetic, holding a competition in conjunction with the city of New York in 2004 to determine the design team which would lead the project. Since the park's opening in 2009, Friends of the High Line has had an agreement with the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation to serve as its primary steward. The organization is responsible for the daily", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "20970767", "score": "1.9032757", "text": "The High Line Hotel The High Line Hotel is a historic hotel in the West Chelsea neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The building was constructed in 1895 as a dormitory for the General Theological Seminary and is now owned by the Brodsky Organization and MCR Development. The hotel was opened in May 2013. The land on which The High Line Hotel sits was once part of British Major Thomas Clarke's \"Chelsea\" estate, which was established in 1750 and is the namesake for the current surrounding neighborhood. The estate would eventually be passed down to Clarke's grandson,", "title": "The High Line Hotel" }, { "id": "5850793", "score": "1.8267", "text": "positioned on a wall on the west side of the street between West 21st and West 22nd street facing and sidelining the High Line. In 2016 Tony Matelli's controversial sculpture \"Sleepwalker\" was exhibited upon the High Line. In 2017 Max Hooper Schneider's aquarium was displayed on the passageway. In 2018 the High Line hosted the British sculptor Phyllida Barlow's first public commission \"Prop\" which has been described as a concrete colossus. In 1847, the City of New York authorized the construction of railroad tracks along Tenth and Eleventh Avenues on Manhattan's West Side. The street-level tracks were used by the", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850812", "score": "1.8094237", "text": "in February 2013. Friends of the High Line has a 38-member board of directors consisting of many New York City businesspeople and philanthropists, including Amanda Burden of Bloomberg Associates, Jane Lauder of Estée Lauder Companies, Jon Stryker of the Arcus Foundation and Darren Walker of the Ford Foundation. The recycling of the rail line into an urban park has revitalized Chelsea, which was \"gritty\" and in generally poor condition during the late twentieth century. It has also spurred real-estate development in the neighborhoods along the line. According to Mayor Bloomberg, the High Line project has helped usher in a renaissance", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "High Line\n\nThe High Line is a elevated linear park, greenway and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the west side of Manhattan in New York City. The High Line's design is a collaboration between James Corner Field Operations, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Piet Oudolf. The abandoned spur has been redesigned as a \"living system\" drawing from multiple disciplines which include landscape architecture, urban design, and ecology. The High Line was inspired by the long Promenade plantée (tree-lined walkway), a similar project in Paris completed in 1993. \n\nThe park is built on a disused, southern viaduct section of the New York Central Railroad's West Side Line. Originating in the Meatpacking District, the park runs from Gansevoort Street – three blocks below 14th Street – through Chelsea to the northern edge of the West Side Yard on 34th Street near the Javits Center. The West Side Line formerly extended south to a railroad terminal at Spring Street, just north of Canal Street, and north to 35th Street at the site of the Javits Center. Due to a decline in rail traffic along the rest of the viaduct, it was effectively abandoned in 1980 when the construction of the Javits Center required the demolition of the viaduct's northernmost portion. The southern portion of the viaduct was demolished in segments during the late 20th century.\n\nA nonprofit organization called Friends of the High Line was formed in 1999 by Joshua David and Robert Hammond, advocating its preservation and reuse as public open space, an elevated park or greenway. Celebrity New Yorkers joined in on fundraising and support for the concept. The administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced plans for a High Line park in 2003. Repurposing the railway into an urban park began in 2006 and opened in phases during 2009, 2011, and 2014. The Spur, an extension of the High Line that originally connected with the Morgan General Mail Facility at Tenth Avenue and 30th Street, opened on June 4, 2019, as the final part of the park to open.\n\nSince opening in June 2009, the High Line has become an icon of American contemporary landscape architecture. The High Line's success has inspired cities throughout the United States to redevelop obsolete infrastructure as public space. The park became a tourist attraction and spurred real estate development in adjacent neighborhoods, increasing real-estate values and prices along the route. By September 2014, the park had nearly five million visitors annually, and by 2019, it had eight million visitors per year.", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Standard Hotels\n\nStandard Hotels is a group of seven boutique hotels in New York City (Meatpacking District and East Village), Miami Beach, London, Maldives, Ibiza, and Hua Hin, Thailand. The hotels are operated by Standard International Management. The two original properties in Hollywood and Los Angeles closed in 2021 and 2022 respectively.", "title": "Standard Hotels" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "23rd Street (Manhattan)\n\n23rd Street is a broad thoroughfare in the New York City borough of Manhattan, one of the major two-way, east-west streets in the borough's grid. As with Manhattan's other \"crosstown\" streets, it is divided into its east and west sections at Fifth Avenue. The street runs from Avenue C and FDR Drive in the east to Eleventh Avenue in the west.\n\n23rd Street was created under the Commissioners' Plan of 1811.<ref name=\":0\" /> The street hosts several famous hotels, including the Fifth Avenue Hotel and Hotel Chelsea, as well as many theaters. Several skyscrapers are located on 23rd Street, including the Flatiron Building, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, and One Madison.", "title": "23rd Street (Manhattan)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Diller Scofidio + Renfro\n\nDiller Scofidio + Renfro is an American interdisciplinary design studio that integrates architecture, the visual arts, and the performing arts. Based in New York City, Diller Scofidio + Renfro is led by four partners – Elizabeth Diller, Ricardo Scofidio, Charles Renfro, and Benjamin Gilmartin – who work with a staff of architects, artists, designers, and researchers.", "title": "Diller Scofidio + Renfro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christopher Lee Nutter\n\nChristopher Lee Nutter (born May 2, 1970) is the author of \"The Way Out: The Gay Man’s Guide to Freedom, No Matter if You’re in Denial, Closeted, Half In, Half Out, Just Out, or Been Around the Block\" (HCI Press, May 2006), and co-author of \"Ignite the Genius Within\" (Penguin, March 2009). He is also a former magazine and newspaper journalist whose work appeared in the \"New York Times, the Village Voice, New York, Vibe, Time Out New York, Out, Publishers Weekly, Cargo, Lucky\", and the \"Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide\". Nutter was the ghost writer for David LaChapelle's book \"Hotel LaChapelle\" (Callaway, 1999). He now runs a media consulting business in New York City handling the public relations for high-profile businesses such as Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv and global arts projects such as Congo Tales as well as ghost-writing and doing creative project development for commercial artists.", "title": "Christopher Lee Nutter" }, { "id": "5850804", "score": "1.7990232", "text": "studio. Community support for redevelopment of the High Line for pedestrian use grew, and in 2004 the New York City government committed $50 million to establish the proposed park. Mayor Michael Bloomberg and City Council speakers Gifford Miller and Christine C. Quinn were notable supporters. Funders of the High Line park raised a total of over $150 million (). The federal Surface Transportation Board issued a certificate of interim trail use on June 13, 2005, allowing the city to remove most of the line from the national rail system. On April 10, 2006, Mayor Bloomberg presided over a ceremony to", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850808", "score": "1.7958839", "text": "the end of phase 2 of the line to its terminus at 34th Street, west of 11th Avenue. The second part, the spur, has room to install artworks curated by the public art program. It will be integrated with 10 Hudson Yards (which has been built over the spur), and will include a plinth when it opens in 2018. The line is maintained by Friends of the High Line, which was founded by area residents Joshua David and Robert Hammond in 1999. The organization is credited with saving the structure by rallying public support for the park and convincing Mayor", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "20527472", "score": "1.7784263", "text": "Previous to its redevelopment, the High Line represented the deterioration of New York’s industry, the neighbourhood of alongside the High Line, Chelsea, had frequent delinquency. Since the 1980s the city government has attempted to tear down this eyesore. In response, activists ventured to save this icon of history and instead promoted the idea that the High Line could be returned to the community as a provision of public good. As the High Line was acquired by the CSX Transportation Inc. in 1999, community board meetings provided an avenue for alternative uses to be proposed. At around the same time, Joshua", "title": "Environmental gentrification" }, { "id": "17290575", "score": "1.776144", "text": "her brother-in-law, hip-hop mogul Jay-Z in an elevator in the hotel. The video spread quickly across the Internet and became an Internet meme. Notes The Standard, High Line The Standard, High Line, formerly The Standard, is an 18-story luxury boutique hotel located at 848 Washington Street between West 13th and Little West 12th Streets in the Meatpacking District of Manhattan, New York City. It stands above street level, above the High Line, a former elevated railroad track reconstructed into a linear park. The hotel, which has 337 guest rooms, was designed by the architects Ennead Architects (formerly Polshek Partnership) and", "title": "The Standard, High Line" }, { "id": "5850817", "score": "1.7235861", "text": "Levy wrote in \"The New Yorker\" that... \"The new Chelsea that is emerging on weekends as visitors flood the elevated park ... [is] touristy, overpriced, and shiny.\" Due to the High Line's popularity, there have been several proposals for museums along its path. The Dia Art Foundation considered (but rejected) a proposal to build a museum at the Gansevoort Street terminus. On that site, the Whitney Museum has built a new home for its collection of American art. The building, designed by Renzo Piano, opened on May 1, 2015. The High Line's success in New York City has encouraged leaders", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850820", "score": "1.719394", "text": "Crissy Field, Dequindre Cut, the Lowline, Klyde Warren Park, the Bentway and the Trinity River Project. The line has been depicted in a variety of media before and after its redevelopment. The 1979 film \"Manhattan\" includes a shot of the High Line as director and star Woody Allen speaks the first line: \"Chapter One. He adored New York City.\" Director Zbigniew Rybczyński shot the music video for Art of Noise's single, \"Close (to the Edit)\" on the line in 1984. In 2001 (two years after the formation of the Friends of the High Line), photographer Joel Sternfeld documented the High", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "20970770", "score": "1.7141348", "text": "by Roman and Williams. The High Line Hotel had a soft opening in May 2013 before its official grand opening in September 2013. Its name is a reference to its proximity to the High Line park. Since its opening, the hotel has hosted numerous events such as the \"Penny Dreadful\" premiere, \"People\" magazine's upfronts presentation, and the wedding of ballet dancers, Robert Fairchild and Tiler Peck. The High Line Hotel contains 60 guest rooms, a conference and event space in Hoffman Hall, an Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea location, and a seasonal restaurant in its front garden. A repurposed 1963 Citroën", "title": "The High Line Hotel" }, { "id": "17290567", "score": "1.713909", "text": "The Standard, High Line The Standard, High Line, formerly The Standard, is an 18-story luxury boutique hotel located at 848 Washington Street between West 13th and Little West 12th Streets in the Meatpacking District of Manhattan, New York City. It stands above street level, above the High Line, a former elevated railroad track reconstructed into a linear park. The hotel, which has 337 guest rooms, was designed by the architects Ennead Architects (formerly Polshek Partnership) and was completed in 2009. \"Architype Review\", an online architecture publication, heralded the hotel as being \"straightforward, [and] thoughtfully conceived, [something] that is all too", "title": "The Standard, High Line" }, { "id": "5850802", "score": "1.7092772", "text": "became known to urban explorers and local residents for the tough, drought-tolerant wild grasses, shrubs (such as sumac) and rugged trees which had sprung up in the gravel along the abandoned railway. The administration of mayor Rudy Giuliani planned to demolish the structure. The nonprofit organization Friends of the High Line was formed in 1999 by Joshua David and Robert Hammond, residents of the neighborhood through which the line ran. They advocated its preservation and reuse as public open space, an elevated park or greenway similar to the Promenade Plantée in Paris. The organization was initially a small community group", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850811", "score": "1.699003", "text": "budget from private donations. A 2012 donation of $5 million from the city was controversial because the High Line received more funding that year than most city parks, although Friends of the High Line raised an extra $85 million that year. The organization has an office on Washington Street, near the park's southern end. It has 80 full-time, year-round employees and about 150 full-time summer employees. Friends of the High Line has been run by president and co-founder Josh David after executive director Jenny Gersten stepped down in 2014. Co-founder Robert Hammond served as executive director until he stepped down", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850791", "score": "1.6833825", "text": "Time worked with Finch to realize his site-specific concept after he saw the rusted, disused mullions of the old factory, with metal-and-glass specialists Jaroff Design helping to prepare and reinstall. A summer 2010 sound installation by Stephen Vitiello was composed from bells heard throughout New York. Lauren Ross, former director of the alternative art space White Columns, was the High Line's first curator. During the construction of the second phase (between 20th and 30th Streets) several artworks were installed, including Sarah Sze's \"Still Life with Landscape (Model for a Habitat)\": a steel-and-wood sculpture near 20th and 21st Streets built as", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "20970771", "score": "1.6714566", "text": "H Van also serves Intelligentsia coffee in the garden. The hotel is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, furnished with Victorian and Edwardian era antiques, rewired rotary dial telephones from the 1920s, vintage typewriters, and Tiffany lamps. The term \"Big Apple\" is thought to be derived from the location, nicknamed from when Moore grew apples on the property. The High Line Hotel The High Line Hotel is a historic hotel in the West Chelsea neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The building was constructed in 1895 as a dormitory for the General Theological Seminary and is now", "title": "The High Line Hotel" }, { "id": "5850805", "score": "1.6630173", "text": "mark the beginning of construction. The park was designed by James Corner's New York-based landscape architecture firm Field Operations and architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro, with garden design by Piet Oudolf of the Netherlands, lighting design from L'Observatoire International, and engineering design by Buro Happold and Robert Silman Associates. New York City Department of City Planning director and city planning commission chair Amanda Burden contributed to the project's development. Major supporters included Philip Falcone, Diane von Fürstenberg, Barry Diller and von Fürstenberg's children, Alexander and Tatiana. Hotel developer Andre Balazs, owner of the Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles, built the", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "5850803", "score": "1.6530097", "text": "advocating the High Line’s preservation and transformation when the structure was threatened with demolition during Rudy Giuliani’s second term as mayor. CSX Transportation, which owned the line, had given photographer Joel Sternfeld permission to photograph it for a year. Sternfeld's photographs of its meadow-like natural beauty, discussed in an episode of the documentary series \"Great Museums\", were used at public meetings when the subject of saving the High Line was discussed. Fashion designer Diane von Fürstenberg (who had moved her New York City headquarters to the Meatpacking District in 1997) and her husband, Barry Diller, organized fundraising events in her", "title": "High Line" }, { "id": "20970769", "score": "1.6494404", "text": "campus designs of Oxford and Cambridge University. The building that would become The High Line Hotel was completed as student housing in 1895 on 10th Avenue at West 20th Street. Hoffman Hall, the hotel's event and meeting space, was completed in 1899. In 2005, the building began housing guests for the Seminary's Desmond Tutu Conference Center. Due to mounting financial issues, the Seminary began selling off select buildings in 2010. It sold the building that would become The High Line Hotel to the Brodsky Organization and MCR Development in September 2012. The hotel's interior and decor were designed and curated", "title": "The High Line Hotel" } ]

[ "Put them in water and choose from among those that sink", "put them in water and choose from among those that sink" ]

[ { "id": "2550173", "score": "1.5170553", "text": "causing a drop in interest in the game. In both the World Conker Championship and the North American Championship, contestants are also restricted to using the conkers provided by the Organisers. One factor affecting the strength of a conker is the shape of the hole. A clean cylindrical hole is stronger, as it has no notches or chips that can begin a crack or split. A similar Puerto Rican game (played with the smaller seed of the jatobá, \"Hymenaea courbaril\") is called \"gallitos\" (meaning small roosters or cocks, as in cockfighting). The opponents face each other and the defending gallito", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": "2240942", "score": "1.3664913", "text": "one has set, or require one to buy such a promise from them, still at the same price. In other words: Player A sets the odds, but Player B decides which side of the bet to take. The price one sets is the \"operational subjective probability\" that one assigns to the proposition on which one is betting. If one decides that John Smith is 12.5% likely to win—an arbitrary valuation—one might then set an odds of 7:1 against. This arbitrary valuation — the \"operational subjective probability\" — determines the payoff to a successful wager. $1 wagered at these odds will", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2550169", "score": "1.3453391", "text": "Conkers Conkers is a traditional children's game in Britain and Ireland played using the seeds of horse chestnut trees—the name 'conker' is also applied to the seed and to the tree itself. The game is played by two players, each with a conker threaded onto a piece of string: they take turns striking each other's conker until one breaks. The first mention of the game is in Robert Southey's memoirs published in 1821. He describes a similar game, but played with snail shells or hazelnuts. It was only from the 1850s that using horse chestnuts was regularly referred to in", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": "2550172", "score": "1.3367367", "text": "\"cobblers\" by William Morel. The hardest conkers usually win. Hardening conkers is often done by keeping them for a year (aged conkers are called \"laggies\" in many areas or \"seasoners\" in Ireland and Liverpool), baking them briefly, soaking or boiling in vinegar, or painting with clear nail varnish. Such hardening is, however, usually regarded as cheating. At the British Junior Conkers Championships on the Isle of Wight in October 2005, contestants were banned from bringing their own conkers due to fears that they might harden them. The Campaign for Real Conkers claimed this was an example of over-regulation which was", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": "2240943", "score": "1.3360935", "text": "produce either a loss of $1 (if Smith wins) or a win of $8 (if Smith should lose). If the $1 is placed in pledge as a condition of the bet, then the $1 will also be returned to the bettor, should the bettor win the bet. A person who has set prices on an array of wagers in such a way that they will make a net gain regardless of the outcome, is said to have made a \"Dutch book\". When one has a Dutch book, one's opponent always loses. A person who sets prices in a way that", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Conkers\n\nConkers is a traditional children's game in Great Britain and Ireland played using the seeds of horse chestnut trees—the name 'conker' is also applied to the seed and to the tree itself. The game is played by two players, each with a conker threaded onto a piece of string: they take turns striking each other's conker until one breaks.", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "William the Conqueror" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nintendo\n\nNintendo was founded in 1889 as by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade playing cards. After venturing into various lines of business during the 1960s and acquiring a legal status as a public company, Nintendo distributed its first console, the Color TV-Game, in 1977. It gained international recognition with the release of \"Donkey Kong\" in 1981 and the Nintendo Entertainment System and \"Super Mario Bros.\" in 1985.\n\nSince then, Nintendo has produced some of the most successful consoles in the video game industry, such as the Game Boy, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Nintendo DS, the Wii, and the Switch. It has created numerous major franchises, including \"Mario\", \"Donkey Kong\", \"The Legend of Zelda\", \"Pokémon\", \"Kirby\", \"Metroid\", \"Fire Emblem\", \"Animal Crossing\", \"Splatoon\", \"Star Fox\", \"Xenoblade Chronicles\", and \"Super Smash Bros.\" Nintendo's mascot, Mario, is internationally recognized. The company has sold more than 5.4 billion video games and over 800 million hardware units globally as of 2022.\n\nNintendo has multiple subsidiaries in Japan and abroad, in addition to business partners such as the Pokémon Company and HAL Laboratory. Nintendo and its staff have received awards including Emmy Awards for Technology & Engineering, Game Awards, Game Developers Choice Awards, and British Academy Games Awards. It is one of the wealthiest and most valuable companies in the Japanese market.", "title": "Nintendo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Coney Island\n\nConey Island is a peninsular neighborhood and entertainment area in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach to its east, Lower New York Bay to the south and west, and Gravesend to the north and includes the subsection of Sea Gate on its west. More broadly, Coney Island or sometimes for clarity the Coney Island peninsula consists of Coney Island proper, Brighton Beach, and Manhattan Beach. This was formerly the westernmost of the Outer Barrier islands on the southern shore of Long Island, but in the early 20th century it became a peninsula, connected to the rest of Long Island by land fill.\n\nThe origin of Coney Island's name is disputed, but the area was originally part of the colonial town of Gravesend. By the mid-19th century it had become a seaside resort, and by the late 19th century, amusement parks had also been built at the location. The attractions reached a historical peak during the first half of the 20th century. However, they declined in popularity after World War II and, following years of neglect, several structures were torn down. Various redevelopment projects were proposed for Coney Island in the 1970s through the 2000s, though most of these were not carried out.<ref name=\"Denson 2011\" /> The area was revitalized with the opening of MCU Park in 2001 and several amusement rides starting in the 2010s.\n\nConey Island had around 32,000 residents as of the 2010 United States Census. The neighborhood is ethnically diverse, and the neighborhood's poverty rate of 27% is slightly higher than that of the city as a whole.\n\nConey Island is part of Brooklyn Community District 13, and its primary ZIP Code is 11224.<ref name=\"NYCPlanning\" /> It is patrolled by the 60th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.<ref name=\"NYPD 60th Precinct\"/> Fire services are provided by the New York City Fire Department's Engine 245/Ladder 161/Battalion 43 and Engine 318/Ladder 166.<ref name=\"fdny-locs\"/> Politically, Coney Island is represented by the New York City Council's 47th District. The area is well served by the New York City Subway and local bus routes, and contains several public elementary and middle schools.", "title": "Coney Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Allelopathy\n\nAllelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target organisms and the community. Allelopathy is often used narrowly to describe chemically-mediated competition between plants; however, it is sometimes defined more broadly as chemically-mediated competition between any type of organisms. Allelochemicals are a subset of secondary metabolites, which are not directly required for metabolism (i.e. growth, development and reproduction) of the allelopathic organism. \n\nAllelopathic interactions are an important factor in determining species distribution and abundance within plant communities, and are also thought to be important in the success of many invasive plants. For specific examples, see black walnut (\"Juglans nigra)\", tree of heaven (\"Ailanthus altissima\"), black crowberry (\"Empetrum nigrum\"), spotted knapweed (\"Centaurea stoebe\"), garlic mustard (\"Alliaria petiolata\"), \"Casuarina/Allocasuarina spp.\", and nutsedge.\n\nIt can often be difficult in practice to distinguish allelopathy from resource competition. While the former is caused by the addition of a harmful chemical agent to the environment, the latter is caused by the removal of essential nutrients (or water). Often, both mechanisms can act simultaneously. Moreover, some allelochemicals may function by reducing nutrient availability. Further confounding the issue, the production of allelochemicals can itself be affected by environmental factors such as nutrient availability, temperature and pH. Today, most ecologists recognize the existence of allelopathy, however many particular cases remain controversial.", "title": "Allelopathy" }, { "id": "2240949", "score": "1.3307176", "text": "favorite (\"American Pharaoh\") was set ante-post at 5:2, the second favorite at 3:1, and the third favorite at 8:1. All other horses had odds against of 12:1 or higher. With these odds, a wager of $10 on each of all 18 starters would result in a net loss if either the favorite or the second favorite were to win. However, if one assumes that no horse quoted 12:1 or higher will win, and one bets $10 on each of the top three, one is guaranteed at least a small win. The favorite (who did win) would result in a payout", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2240945", "score": "1.3276114", "text": "arise. In either case, the price-setter loses. These lose-lose situations parallel the fact that a probability can neither exceed 1 (certainty) nor be less than 0 (no chance of winning). Now suppose one sets the price of a promise to pay $1 if the Boston Red Sox win next year's World Series, and also the price of a promise to pay $1 if the New York Yankees win, and finally the price of a promise to pay $1 if \"either\" the Red Sox or the Yankees win. One may set the prices in such a way that But if one", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2240941", "score": "1.3199518", "text": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy) In a thought experiment proposed by the Italian probabilist Bruno de Finetti in order to justify Bayesian probability, an array of wagers is coherent precisely if it does not expose the wagerer to certain loss regardless of the outcomes of events on which they are wagering, even if their opponent makes the most judicious choices. One must set the price of a promise to pay $1 if John Smith wins tomorrow's election, and $0 otherwise. One knows that one's opponent will be able to choose either to buy such a promise from one at the price", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2550171", "score": "1.3194661", "text": "that it is onomatopoeia, representing the sound made by a horse chestnut as it hits another hard object, such as a skull (another children's \"game\", also called conkers, consists of simply throwing the seeds at one another over a fence or wall). Conkers are also known regionally as \"cheesers\". Although a \"cheeser\" is a conker with one or more flat sides, this comes about due to it sharing its pod with other conkers (twins or triplets). Also \"Cheggers\" was used in Lancaster, England in the 1920s. In D. H. Lawrence's book \"Sons and Lovers\", the game is referred to as", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": "5137586", "score": "1.3140005", "text": "statistical question (e.g., \"How many career wins did Cy Young have?\") and the Schwab told the contestant if they were right or wrong. If he was right, they were awarded 2 points. If they were wrong, the opponent tried to guess if the correct figure was over or under what was said. If the opponent guessed correctly, they were awarded a point, and if they then stated the correct figure they were given an additional point. \"The Schwab\" had openly stated that this was the easiest game for contestants and had to be eliminated as they could easily guess. Contestants", "title": "Stump the Schwab" }, { "id": "2240944", "score": "1.3128436", "text": "gives their opponent a Dutch book is not behaving rationally. So the following Dutch book arguments show that rational agents must hold subjective probabilities that follow the common laws of probability. The rules do not forbid a set price higher than $1, but a prudent opponent may sell one a high-priced ticket, such that the opponent comes out ahead regardless of the outcome of the event on which the bet is made. The rules also do not forbid a negative price, but an opponent may extract a paid promise from the bettor to pay them later should a certain contingency", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "3515769", "score": "1.3106368", "text": "that the existence of bets which ensure loss is a sign of irrationality, regardless of whether people actually make the bets. This topic remains controversial, with deep and difficult arguments, and heavyweights on both sides. In one example, a bookmaker has offered the following odds and attracted one bet on each horse, making the result irrelevant. The implied probabilities, i.e. probability of each horse winning, add up to a number greater than 1. Whichever horse wins in this example, the bookmaker will pay out $200 (including returning the winning stake)—but the punter has bet $210, hence making a loss of", "title": "Dutch book" }, { "id": "2240950", "score": "1.3089862", "text": "of $25, plus the returned $10 wager, giving an ending balance of $35 (a $5 net increase). A win by the second favorite would produce a payoff of $30 plus the original $10 wager, for a net $10 increase. A win by the third favorite gives $80 plus the original $10, for a net increase of $60. This sort of strategy, so far as it concerns just the top three, forms a Dutch Book. However, if one considers all eighteen contenders, then no Dutch Book exists for this race. It can be shown that the set of prices is coherent", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2240946", "score": "1.2998748", "text": "sets the price of the third ticket too low, a prudent opponent will buy that ticket and sell the other two tickets to the price-setter. By considering the three possible outcomes (Red Sox, Yankees, some other team), one will note that regardless of which of the three outcomes eventuates, one will lose. An analogous fate awaits if one set the price of the third ticket too high relative to the other two prices. This parallels the fact that probabilities of mutually exclusive events are additive (see probability axioms). Now imagine a more complicated scenario. One must set the prices of", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2550177", "score": "1.2873662", "text": "sanctioned by Dogfish Promotions. Contestants from America, Italy, England and Wales have taken part. The North American Conker Championship was inaugurated on 20 October 2012 at the Historic Gardens in the town of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada, hosted by the Annapolis Royal Conker Club. The first North American Conker Champion was Jeff Hafting, of Annapolis Royal, NS. The 2013 North American Championship was similarly held on the third Saturday, 19 October, and the eventual winner of an all-female Final was Krystyna Schulz of Halifax, NS. Victor of the 2014 North American Championship was Julian Smith of Yarmouth, NS. In", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": "9490042", "score": "1.2855439", "text": "out the white card. We are interested in the probability that the card is black given a black face is showing. Initially it is equally likely that the card is black and that it is mixed: the prior odds are 1:1. Given that it is black we are certain to see a black face, but given that it is mixed we are only 50% certain to see a black face. The ratio of these probabilities, called the likelihood ratio or Bayes factor, is 2:1. Bayes' rule says \"posterior odds equals prior odds times likelihood ratio\". Since the prior odds are", "title": "Bertrand's box paradox" }, { "id": "2240948", "score": "1.284745", "text": "promises; the value of one of these is negative if they will make the price-setter buy that promise and positive if they will buy it. Each inequality corresponds to one of the three possible outcomes. Each inequality states that your opponent's net gain is more than zero. A solution exists if the determinant of the matrix is not zero. That determinant is: Thus a prudent opponent can make the price setter a sure loser unless one sets one's prices in a way that parallels the simplest conventional characterization of conditional probability. In the 2015 running of the Kentucky Derby, the", "title": "Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)" }, { "id": "2099370", "score": "1.284076", "text": "of winning\"). The wins ratio or odds of winning is the ratio of the team's wins against the league to its losses against the league. [James did not seem aware at the time that his quality measure was expressible in terms of the wins ratio. Since in the quality model any constant factor in a quality measure eventually cancels, the quality measure is today better taken as simply the wins ratio itself, rather than half of it.] He then stated that the Pythagorean formula, which he had earlier developed empirically, for predicting winning percentage from runs, was \"the same thing\"", "title": "Pythagorean expectation" }, { "id": "3883113", "score": "1.2833624", "text": "has been threatened with conker shortages over the years, in 1976 conkers used in the tournament had to be flown in from Jersey, in 1980 freak spring weather was one of the factors that threatened the World Conker Championships causing a conker shortage, and in 1982 a late frost killed off the horse chestnut blossom resulting in a failed conker harvest. On Thursday 6 October 2011, Ashton Conker Club the organisers of the World Conker Championships were forced to cancel the event over safety fears with high winds being forecasted. In 2012, the championships were cancelled again when a suitable", "title": "World Conker Championships" }, { "id": "10719481", "score": "1.2781123", "text": "guaranteed to give the correct answer and continue to the next round. In the following round, 1 of the 2 vote yes, and 1 vote no. Thus irrespective of the outcome, 1 is guaranteed to give the correct answer. This could result in either an overall win or a tie with a non team-member. This strategy will enable you to know one of your team will win, but you will not know who it will be. \"How to win the Minority Game; Answer 2:\" This strategy will enable a specific person to win. Let’s call that person, X. X approaches", "title": "Liar Game" } ]

[ "China under Ming Dynasty rule", "Code of the Great Ming", "Great Ming Empire", "Government of the Ming Dynasty", "明朝", "The Ming dynasty", "House of Ming", "Ming Dynasty Navy", "ming dynasty army", "Great ming", "Ming empire", "decline of ming dynasty", "emperor of ming dynasty", "government of ming empire", "ming", "ming dynasty", "The Ming Dynasty", "Emperor of the Ming Dynasty", "ming dynasty china", "Government of the Ming Empire", "Ming", "ming china", "code of great ming", "Ming era", "Army of the Ming Dynasty", "ming era", "Míng Dynasty", "great ming empire", "Ming Dynasty Army", "Decline of the Ming Dynasty", "capitals of ming dynasty", "empire of great ming", "míng", "míng dynasty", "china under ming dynasty rule", "transition from yuan to ming", "Ming China", "Ming dynasty", "Ming Code", "navy of ming dynasty", "Ming navy", "Ming period", "Ming Dynasty", "ming code", "ming navy", "Navy of the Ming Dynasty", "house of ming", "Ming Empire", "great ming", "government of ming dynasty", "Growth of the Ming Dynasty", "eunuchs during ming dynasty", "Ming (Chinese name)", "Ming Chinese", "Míng", "stagnation of ming dynasty", "Stagnation of the Ming Dynasty", "Ming Gap", "ming dynasty of china", "Eunuchs during the Ming Dynasty", "dissolution of ming dynasty", "army of ming dynasty", "ming chinese name", "ming empire", "growth of ming dynasty", "Capitals of the Ming Dynasty", "Empire of the Great Ming", "ming dynasty navy", "ming period", "Dissolution of the Ming Dynasty", "Ming Dynasty China", "ming chinese", "ming gap", "The great ming", "Míng dynasty", "Transition from Yuan to Ming", "Ming Dynasty of China" ]

[ { "id": "469595", "score": "1.7176218", "text": "lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzi Emperor, founder of the Qing dynasty. From the middle decades of the 17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of", "title": "17th century" }, { "id": "11390188", "score": "1.6098738", "text": "divided into thirteen provinces for administrative purposes. These provinces were divided along traditional and to a degree also natural lines. These include Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. These provinces were vast areas, each being at least as large as England. The longest Ming reign was that of the Wanli Emperor, who ruled for forty eight years. (1572–1620). The shortest was his son's reign, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled for only one month (in 1620). The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Alongside institutionalized ethnic discrimination", "title": "History of the Ming dynasty" }, { "id": "537100", "score": "1.6059453", "text": "Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty () was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne – collectively called the Southern Ming – survived until 1683. The Hongwu Emperor (ruled 1368–98) attempted to create a society of", "title": "Ming dynasty" }, { "id": "11640147", "score": "1.6019719", "text": "1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.", "title": "Chinese emperors family tree (late)" }, { "id": "11640151", "score": "1.6011943", "text": "and established a state for those who wished restore the Ming dynasty to power. This state lasted until 1683, when it submitted to the Qing dynasty. Legend: The following is a simplified family tree for the Qing dynasty, which ruled China between 1644 and the declaration of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912. Those who became emperor of China are listed in bold, with their years of reign. Nurhaci and Hong Taiji were emperors of the dynasty, which at the time dominated the Manchuria region, but were not emperors of China as a whole; their years of reign", "title": "Chinese emperors family tree (late)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ming dynasty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Qing dynasty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Tibet\n\nWhile the Tibetan plateau has been inhabited since pre-historic times, most of Tibet's history went unrecorded until the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism around the 6th century. Tibetan texts refer to the kingdom of Zhangzhung (c. 500 BCE – 625 CE) as the precursor of later Tibetan kingdoms and the originators of the Bon religion. While mythical accounts of early rulers of the Yarlung Dynasty exist, historical accounts begin with the introduction of Buddhism from India in the 6th century and the appearance of envoys from the unified Tibetan Empire in the 7th century. Following the dissolution of the empire and a period of fragmentation in the 9th-10th centuries, a Buddhist revival in the 10th–12th centuries saw the development of three of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.\n\nAfter a period of control by the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty, Tibet became effectively independent in the 14th century and was ruled by a succession of noble houses for the next 300 years. In the 17th century, the senior lama of the Gelug school, the Dalai Lama, became the head of state with the aid of the Khoshut Khanate. In the early 18th century, the Dzungar Khanate occupied Tibet and a Qing dynasty expeditionary force attacked them, conquering Tibet in 1720. It remained a Qing territory until the fall of the dynasty. In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama went into exile in India in response to hostilities with the PRC. The Chinese invasion and flight of the Dalai Lama created several waves of Tibetan refugees and led to the creation of Tibetan diasporas in India, the United States, and Europe.\n\nFollowing the Chinese invasion, Tibetan independence and human rights emerged as international issues, gaining significant visibility alongside the 14th Dalai Lama in the 1980s and 90s. Chinese authorities have sought to assert control over Tibet and has been accused of the destruction of religious sites and banning possession of pictures of the Dalai Lama and other Tibetan religious practices. During the crises created by the Great Leap Forward, Tibet was subjected to mass starvation, allegedly because of the appropriation of Tibetan crops and foodstuffs by the PRC government. The PRC disputes these claims and points to their investments in Tibetan infrastructure, education, and industrialization as evidence that they have replaced a theocratic feudal government with a modern state.", "title": "History of Tibet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joseon\n\nJoseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul. The kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of Amrok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens.\n\nDuring its 500-year duration, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society. Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new state's ideology. Buddhism was accordingly discouraged, and occasionally the practitioners faced persecutions. Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, literature, and science and technology. In the 1590s, the kingdom was severely weakened due to Japanese invasions. Several decades later, Joseon was invaded by the Later Jin dynasty and the Qing dynasty in 1627 and 1636–1637 respectively, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy, for which the country became known as the \"hermit kingdom\" in Western literature. After the end of these invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. What power the kingdom recovered during its isolation waned as the 18th century came to a close. Faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure, and rebellions at home, the kingdom declined rapidly in the late 19th century.\n\nThe Joseon period has left a substantial legacy to modern Korea; much of modern Korean culture, etiquette, norms, and societal attitudes toward current issues, along with the modern Korean language and its dialects, derive from the culture and traditions of Joseon. Modern Korean bureaucracy and administrative divisions were also established during the Joseon period. ", "title": "Joseon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dynasties in Chinese history\n\nDynasties in Chinese history, or Chinese dynasties, were hereditary monarchical regimes that ruled over China during much of its history. From the legendary inauguration of dynastic rule by Yu the Great circa 2070 BC to the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor on 12 February 1912 in the wake of the Xinhai Revolution, China was ruled by a series of successive dynasties. Dynasties of China were not limited to those established by ethnic Han—the dominant Chinese ethnic group—and its predecessor, the Huaxia tribal confederation, but also included those founded by non-Han peoples.\n\nDividing Chinese history into periods ruled by dynasties is a convenient method of periodization. Accordingly, a dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, as well as to describe events, trends, personalities, artistic compositions, and artifacts of that period. For example, porcelain made during the Ming dynasty may be referred to as \"Ming porcelain\". The word \"dynasty\" is usually omitted when making such adjectival references.\n\nThe longest-reigning orthodox dynasty of China was the Zhou dynasty, ruling for a total length of 789 years, albeit it is divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou in Chinese historiography, and its power was drastically reduced during the latter part of its rule. The largest orthodox Chinese dynasty in terms of territorial size was either the Yuan dynasty or the Qing dynasty, depending on the historical source.\n\nChinese dynasties often referred to themselves as \"\" (; \"Celestial Dynasty\" or \"Heavenly Dynasty\"). As a form of respect and subordination, Chinese tributary states referred to Chinese dynasties as \"\" (; \"Celestial Dynasty of the Exalted State\") or \"\" (; \"Celestial Dynasty of the Great State\").", "title": "Dynasties in Chinese history" }, { "id": "11528109", "score": "1.595359", "text": "Chinese Confucian teaching. Although he managed to secure an audience with these leaders of Christendom and exchanged letters from them to Arghun Khan, none of these Christian monarchs were fully committed to an alliance with the latter. In 1368 the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty collapsed amid widespread internal revolt during the Red Turban Rebellion, whose Han Chinese leader would become the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty. A formal resumption of direct trade and contact with Europeans would not be seen until the 16th century, initiated by the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery. The first Portuguese explorer to land in", "title": "Europeans in Medieval China" }, { "id": "537146", "score": "1.5850881", "text": "after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution, some advocated that a Han Chinese be installed as Emperor, either the descendant of Confucius, who was the Duke Yansheng, or the Ming dynasty Imperial family descendant, the Marquis of Extended Grace. Described as \"one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history\" by Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig, the Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty, and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces. Throughout the Song dynasty, the", "title": "Ming dynasty" }, { "id": "11640150", "score": "1.5826262", "text": "sonless brother), not unlike the Salic Law practised in some contemporary European monarchies (except that the eldest son by a non-principal consort was duly considered). After the fall of the dynasty in 1644 and the Chongzhen Emperor's suicide, a series of Ming princes based in the south of China claimed the imperial title, their court being known as the Southern Ming dynasty. These claimants are given with their era names, and the timespans of their purported reigns in brackets. Their purported periods of rule are given in brackets. In 1662, Koxinga regained control of Taiwan from the Dutch colonial regime,", "title": "Chinese emperors family tree (late)" }, { "id": "484470", "score": "1.5782019", "text": "ruled from 1766 BC to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the \"current text\" of \"Bamboo Annals\", they ruled from 1556 BC to 1046 BC. The Zhou dynasty of (–256 BC lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history. However, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji (), lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the Western Zhou. This period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese bronze-ware making. The dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved into its modern", "title": "History of East Asia" }, { "id": "11645327", "score": "1.5772501", "text": "Jin ruled between 936 and 947. The Later Han ruled between 947 and 951. Liu Min, brother of Emperor Gaozu the founder of the Later Han, established the Northern Han kingdom, which ruled the area north of the Chinese heartland until it was overrun by Emperor Taizong of Song in 979. The Later Zhou ruled between 951 and 960. The Later Shu kingdom gained independence from the Later Tang in 934, remaining an independent state until conquered by the Song dynasty in 965. The Wu kingdom existed as an independent state 907–937. In 937 Li Bian (also known as Xu", "title": "Chinese emperors family tree (middle)" }, { "id": "2544279", "score": "1.5767702", "text": "Dynasty gave way (1644) to the Qing, the last Chinese imperial dynasty, which would rule until 1912. Japan experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868). The Korean Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) ruled throughout this period, successfully repelling 16th- and 17th-century invasions from Japan and China. Japan and China were significantly affected during this period by expanded maritime trade with Europe, particularly the Portuguese in Japan. During the Edo period, Japan would pursue isolationist policies, to eliminate foreign influences. On the Indian subcontinent, the Delhi Sultanate and the Deccan sultanates would give way, beginning in the 16th century,", "title": "History of the world" }, { "id": "537803", "score": "1.5740955", "text": "the \"Bamboo Annals\", it ruled between 1989 and 1558 BC. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project commissioned by the Chinese government in 1996, concluded that the Xia existed between 2070 and 1600 BC. The tradition of tracing Chinese political history from heroic early emperors to the Xia, and on to succeeding dynasties, comes from the idea of the Mandate of Heaven, in which only one legitimate ruler exists at a given time. This political philosophy was promoted by the Confucian school in the Eastern Zhou period, later becoming the official position of imperial historiography and ideology. Although the Xia is an important", "title": "Xia dynasty" }, { "id": "13975178", "score": "1.5730822", "text": "Chinese population which constituted the lowest two castes in the four castes of the Yuan dynasty. From this chaos, leaders arose from many places throughout the empire. Zhang Shicheng, who was a salt shipper from Jiangsu province rebelled against the Yuan dynasty in 1353. Zhang with his brother soon conquered Taizhou, Xinghua and Gaoyou in 1353. In 1354 Zhang established Kingdom of Dazhou and declared himself as king with era name Chengwang (诚王). Soon afterward, on the same year Zhang controlled Yangzhou, an important center of salt trade on the Grand Canal (China), just north of the Yangtze. In 1356", "title": "Zhou (Zhang Shicheng's kingdom)" }, { "id": "3394168", "score": "1.5728368", "text": "dynasty fell to the Mongols, whose Yuan Dynasty was later replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. In 1644, the Manchu conquered the entirety of China and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur. During the Warlord Era in China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but was murdered", "title": "Northeast China" }, { "id": "66643", "score": "1.5720456", "text": "lasted from 1644 until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. Its conquest of the Ming (1618–1683) cost 25 million lives and the economy of China shrank drastically. After the Southern Ming ended, the further conquest of the Dzungar Khanate added Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang to the empire. The centralized autocracy was strengthened to crack down on anti-Qing sentiment with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, the \"Haijin\" (\"sea ban\"), and ideological control as represented by the literary inquisition, causing social and technological stagnation. In the mid-19th century, the dynasty experienced Western imperialism in the Opium Wars", "title": "China" }, { "id": "20233991", "score": "1.5695744", "text": "Ying (瀛國公). In 1368, Emperor Taizu of Ming made Maidarbal (grandson of fleeing Emperor Shun of Yuan) the Duke Chongli (崇禮侯). In 1724, Zhu Zhilian (朱之璉), claimed by Qing government as a descendant of King Jien of Dai (Zhu Gui, the 14th son of the Emperor Taizu of Ming), became the first Marquis of Extended Grace. In 1912, the Qing dynasty was ousted and China was declared a republic. Puyi, the last Qing emperor, later became the emperor of Manchukuo, now northeastern China, in 1934–1945; he was the only emperor of Manchukuo and the empire was abolished in 1945. He", "title": "Head of the former Chinese imperial clan" }, { "id": "537106", "score": "1.5685422", "text": "epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to", "title": "Ming dynasty" }, { "id": "70983", "score": "1.5670397", "text": "dynasty was to station at the Shanhai Pass to guard the last stronghold against the Manchus, which weakened its suppression of internal peasants uprisings. The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was the last imperial dynasty in China. Founded by the Manchus, it was the second conquest dynasty to rule the entire territory of China and its people. The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchens, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall. They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming dynasty after Nurhaci united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent state. However, the Ming", "title": "History of China" }, { "id": "66640", "score": "1.564671", "text": "the Jurchen Jin dynasty. In 1127, Emperor Huizong of Song and the capital Bianjing were captured during the Jin–Song Wars. The remnants of the Song retreated to southern China. The 13th century brought the Mongol conquest of China. In 1271, the Mongol leader Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty; the Yuan conquered the last remnant of the Song dynasty in 1279. Before the Mongol invasion, the population of Song China was 120 million citizens; this was reduced to 60 million by the time of the census in 1300. A peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan in 1368 and founded", "title": "China" }, { "id": "13015056", "score": "1.5641972", "text": "in southern China until 1662. China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, was founded by the Jurchens, later called the Manchus, who had been subjects of the Ming and had earlier founded the Jurchen Jin dynasty. In 1616, under Nurhaci, the Manchus attacked the Ming. In 1644 Beijing was sacked by Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu Qing dynasty then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing and quickly overthrew Li's short-lived Shun dynasty. It was only after a few decades until 1683 that the", "title": "Economic history of China before 1912" } ]

[ "Baroness dudevant", "amandine aurore lucie dupin baronne dudevant", "Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Marquise of Dudevant", "george dupin", "A.A. Dupin", "AA Dupin", "A.A. Lucile Dupin", "Jules Sand", "aa dupin", "Sand, George", "Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin", "georges sand", "aurore dupin", "amandine aurore lucile dupin baroness dudevant", "baroness dudevant", "Amantine Lucile Dupin", "jules sand", "Aurore dudevant", "Amandine Lucile Dupin", "george sand baroness dudevant", "Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, Baronesse Dudevant", "Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, Baroness Dudevant", "Georges Sand", "amandine aurore lucile dupin", "Aurore Dupin", "George Sand, Baronesse Dudevant", "marie aurore de saxe marquise of dudevant", "dupin", "Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin, Baronne Dudevant", "A. A. Lucile Dupin", "Baroness Dudevant", "Baronne Dudevant", "baronne dudevant", "Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin", "amandine lucile dupin", "amantine dupin", "Amandine Dupin", "Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin", "George Dupin", "amandine lucile aurore dupin", "aurore dudevant", "George Sand", "amandine aurore lucie dupin", "Aurore Dudevant", "george sand baronesse dudevant", "George Sand, Baroness Dudevant", "amantine lucile dupin", "sand george", "george sand", "lucile dupin", "Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin", "amandine aurore lucile dupin baronesse dudevant", "amandine dupin", "A. A. Dupin", "Amantine Dupin" ]

[ { "id": "135115", "score": "1.6809955", "text": "for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "135125", "score": "1.6301085", "text": "main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again. Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "135083", "score": "1.6191092", "text": "1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "18733681", "score": "1.6172161", "text": "de Rothschild, the publication of his compositions, and from private piano lessons. Chopin lived at different times at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin and at 5 Rue Tronchet. He had a ten-year relationship with the writer George Sand between 1837 and 1847. In 1842, they moved together to the Square d'Orléans, at 80 Rue Taitbout, where the relationship ended. Franz Liszt also lived in Paris during this period, composing music for the piano and giving concerts and music lessons. He lived at the Hôtel de France on the Rue La Fayette, not far from Chopin. The two men were friends,", "title": "Paris under Louis-Philippe" }, { "id": "14334395", "score": "1.6041923", "text": "woman at the time, including openly conducting affairs, smoking a pipe and wearing men's clothing. Sand had been a friend of Delacroix for a number of years, though the painter did not hold her work in high regard. She met Chopin in 1836 and from 1838 conducted a relationship with him for ten years, until two years before he died. Much of the composer's best work was done during those ten years. Though their relationship began as physical, Chopin's failing health (described in Sand's autobiographical \"Winter in Mallorca\") in time changed her role to that of caregiver. Sand introduced Delacroix", "title": "Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "George Sand\n\nAmantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil (; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her pen name George Sand (), was a French novelist, memoirist and journalist. One of the most popular writers in Europe in her lifetime, being more renowned than both Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s, Sand is recognised as one of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era, with more than 70 novels to her credit and 50 volumes of various works including novels, tales, plays and political texts.\n\nLike her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand stood up for women, advocated passion, castigated marriage and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.", "title": "George Sand" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Franz Liszt\n\nFranz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and teacher of the Romantic period. With a diverse body of work spanning more than six decades, he is considered to be one of the most prolific and influential composers of his era and remains one of the most popular composers in modern concert piano repertoire.\n\nLiszt first gained renown during the early nineteenth century for his virtuoso skill as a pianist. Regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time, he toured Europe during the 1830s and 1840s, often playing for charity. In these years, Liszt developed a reputation for his powerful performances as well as his physical attractiveness. In what has now been dubbed \"Lisztomania\", he rose to a degree of stardom and popularity among the public not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him. Whereas earlier performers mostly served the upper class, Liszt attracted a more general audience. During this period and into his later life, Liszt was a friend, musical promoter and benefactor to many composers of his time, including Frédéric Chopin, Charles-Valentin Alkan, Richard Wagner, Hector Berlioz, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann, Camille Saint-Saëns, Edvard Grieg, Ole Bull, Joachim Raff, Mikhail Glinka, and Alexander Borodin.\n\nLiszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the New German School (). He left behind an extensive and diverse body of work that influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated 20th-century ideas and trends. Among Liszt's musical contributions were the symphonic poem, developing thematic transformation as part of his experiments in musical form, and radical innovations in harmony. Liszt has also been regarded as a forefather of Impressionism in music, with his \"Années de pèlerinage\", often regarded as his masterwork, featuring many impressionistic qualities. In a radical departure from his earlier compositional styles, many of Liszt’s later works also feature experiments in atonality, foreshadowing the serialist movement of the 20th century.", "title": "Franz Liszt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kate Chopin\n\nKate Chopin (, ; born Katherine O'Flaherty; February 8, 1850 – August 22, 1904) was an American author of short stories and novels based in Louisiana. She is considered by scholars to have been a forerunner of American 20th-century feminist authors of Southern or Catholic background, such as Zelda Fitzgerald, and she is one of the more frequently read and recognized writers of Louisiana Creole heritage. She is best known today for her 1899 novel \"The Awakening\".\n\nOf maternal French and paternal Irish descent, Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She married and moved with her husband to New Orleans. They later lived in the country in Cloutierville, Louisiana. From 1892 to 1895, Chopin wrote short stories for both children and adults that were published in national magazines, including \"Atlantic Monthly\", \"Vogue\", \"The Century Magazine\", and \"The Youth's Companion.\" Her stories aroused controversy because of her subjects and her approach; they were condemned as immoral by some critics.\n\nHer major works were two short story collections and two novels. The collections are \"Bayou Folk\" (1894) and \"A Night in Acadie\" (1897). Her important short stories included \"Désirée's Baby\" (1893), a tale of miscegenation in antebellum Louisiana, \"The Story of an Hour\" (1894), and \"The Storm\" (1898).<ref name=norton/> \"The Storm\" is a sequel to \"At the Cadian Ball (1892),\" which appeared in \"Bayou Folk\", her first collection of short stories.<ref name=norton/>\n\nChopin also wrote two novels: \"At Fault\" (1890) and \"The Awakening\" (1899), which are set in New Orleans and Grand Isle, respectively. The characters in her stories are usually residents of Louisiana, and many are Creoles of various ethnic or racial backgrounds. Many of her works are set in Natchitoches in north-central Louisiana, a region where she lived.\n\nWithin a decade of her death, Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time. In 1915, Fred Lewis Pattee wrote \"some of [Chopin's] work is equal to the best that has been produced in France or even in America. [She displayed] what may be described as a native aptitude for narration amounting almost to genius.\"<ref name=Pattee/>", "title": "Kate Chopin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Claude Debussy\n\n(Achille) Claude Debussy (;<!--SEE TALK PAGE\n", "title": "Claude Debussy" }, { "id": "135124", "score": "1.5901644", "text": "fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "135113", "score": "1.5846945", "text": "letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "173949", "score": "1.5710375", "text": "\"Cinquième Saison\" and \"OU\" between 1958 and 1974, each issue containing recordings as well as texts, images, screenprints and multiples, brought together international contemporary writers and artists such as members of Lettrisme and Fluxus, Jiri Kolar, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Tom Phillips, Brion Gysin, William S. Burroughs and many others, as well as bringing the work of survivors from earlier generations such as Raoul Hausmann and Marcel Janco to a fresh audience. From 1968 to 1986 Henri Chopin lived in Ingatestone, Essex, but with the death of his wife Jean in 1985, he moved back to France. In 2001 with his", "title": "Henri Chopin" }, { "id": "1383746", "score": "1.5465665", "text": "the Jagiellonian University in Austrian-ruled Kraków, but the offer was soon withdrawn after pressure from Austrian authorities. In the winter of 1848–49, Polish composer Frédéric Chopin, in the final months of his own life, visited his ailing compatriot and soothed the poet's nerves with his piano music. Over a dozen years earlier, Chopin had set two of Mickiewicz's poems to music (see Polish songs by Frédéric Chopin). In the winter of 1849 Mickiewicz founded a French-language newspaper, \"La Tribune des Peuples\" (\"The Peoples' Tribune\"), supported by a wealthy Polish émigré activist, . Mickiewicz wrote over 70 articles for the \"Tribune\"", "title": "Adam Mickiewicz" }, { "id": "13686403", "score": "1.5324612", "text": "published in French, \"La Musique hongroise\", meaning, \"\"Hungarian Music\"\". Emil Haraszti Emil Haraszti (1885 - 1958) was a Hungarian born French music critic and author. He was a director of the National Conservatory of Music in Budapest and was a scholar at the University of Budapest but lived much of his life in France and publishing in French. In 1910, at the age of 25, he published a paper on Polish composer Frédéric Chopin, entitled, \"Chopin és George Sand\". Later, in 1956, he would publish another work on Chopin, \"L'élément latin dans l'oeuvre de Chopin\". In the summer of 1936,", "title": "Emil Haraszti" }, { "id": "135100", "score": "1.5267563", "text": "saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "135121", "score": "1.5246024", "text": "of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "135171", "score": "1.5244367", "text": "literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "id": "631230", "score": "1.5216", "text": "countryside, she wrote the pastoral novels \"La Mare au Diable\" (1846), \"François le Champi\" (1847–1848), \"La Petite Fadette\" (1849), and \"Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré\" (1857). \"A Winter in Majorca\" described the period that she and Chopin spent on that island from 1838 to 1839. Her other novels include \"Indiana\" (1832), \"Lélia\" (1833), \"Mauprat\" (1837), \"Le Compagnon du Tour de France\" (1840), \"Consuelo\" (1842–1843), and \"Le Meunier d'Angibault\" (1845). Theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include \"Histoire de ma vie\" (1855), \"Elle et Lui\" (1859, about her affair with Musset), \"Journal Intime\" (posthumously published in 1926), and \"Correspondence\". Sand often performed", "title": "George Sand" }, { "id": "9332322", "score": "1.5210066", "text": "artistic leadership during the Belle Epoque in the late 19th-early 20th century. This idea will reappear later in some of these novels. In 1995, Marcel Landowski and Duteurtre created an association \"Musique Nouvelle en Liberté\" (New Music in Liberty) to promote new composers. In 1996, Duteurtre published the novel \"Gaieté parisienne\", about the Paris gay community. The novel also portrayed an almost 30-year-old man worried by the from now on known-pattern of his own life. \"Drôle de temps\", a series of six short stories published in 1997 received the \"Prix de l'Académie Française\" (French Academy award). Milan Kundera was seduced", "title": "Benoît Duteurtre" }, { "id": "3389493", "score": "1.5170896", "text": "her life.\" Though close friends, their relationship ended when de Pougy married. Hahn famously told her: \"Goodbye Lianon. I hate married people.\" Hahn was a closeted homosexual, even though in his personal letters he was frequently critical of homosexuals and homosexuality. In 1894, Hahn met the aspiring writer Marcel Proust at the home of artist Madeleine Lemaire. Proust and Hahn shared a love for painting, literature, and Fauré. They became lovers and often travelled together and collaborated on various projects. One of those projects, \"Portraits de peintres\" (1896), is a work consisting of spoken text with piano accompaniment. Hahn honed", "title": "Reynaldo Hahn" }, { "id": "631226", "score": "1.5127242", "text": "described by her in \"Un hiver à Majorque\" (\"A Winter in Majorca\"), first published in 1841. Chopin was already ill with incipient tuberculosis (or, as has recently been suggested, cystic fibrosis) at the beginning of their relationship, and spending a winter in Majorca—where Sand and Chopin did not realize that winter was a time of rain and cold and where they could not get proper lodgings—exacerbated his symptoms. They separated two years before his death for a variety of reasons. In her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", Sand used Chopin as a model for a sickly Eastern European prince named Karol. He", "title": "George Sand" }, { "id": "19198253", "score": "1.5081446", "text": "money, he obtained a contract with the Paris piano company Pleyel et Cie to re-arrange his music for their popular player pianos. In February 1921 he met the Russian dancer Vera de Bosset and began a long affair with her, both in Paris and on tours around Europe. He became a French citizen in 1931 and moved into a house on the rue de Faubourg-Saint-Honoré. It was a very unhappy period for him; both his daughter and wife died of tuberculosis. In 1939, as World War II approached, he left Paris for the United States; he married Vera in 1940", "title": "History of music in Paris" }, { "id": "20263658", "score": "1.5075787", "text": "Christophe Jeżewski Christophe Jezewski, in Polish Krzysztof Andrzej Jeżewski (born 24 April 1939) is a poet, musicologist, essayist and translator of Polish descent who has been living in France since 1970. Christophe Jeżewski was born in Warsaw, in a Francophone family of humanistic tradition. His maternal grandfather Adam Czartkowski, a scientist and historian of culture, was the author of monographs on Chopin and Beethoven; His father was an anglicist and economist, and his mother Zofia Jeżewska - a writer, journalist, and art critic was also the author of four books on Chopin. At an early age, he developed a passion", "title": "Christophe Jeżewski" }, { "id": "3341443", "score": "1.5069621", "text": "were hosts at the Belgravia home to Chopin where, in 1849, he made his London debut. This is now marked by a plaque. She wrote \"A Week in a French Country House\" (1867), a bright, humorous story, followed by other, more mediocre tales. She recorded one interesting incident at a late London concert by Pasta, whose powers had diminished badly, and she asked of fellow singer Pauline Viardot what she thought of Pasta's voice now and got the reply: \"Ah! It is a ruin, but so is Leonardo's \"Last Supper\".\" Her son, the singer Algernon Charles Frederick Sartoris, married Nellie", "title": "Adelaide Kemble" } ]

[ "Eytp", "A .R . Egypt", "Egyptian Republic", "Egypt info", "Egypte", "gift of nile", "Egipt", "مصر", "etymology of egypt", "Arab Republic Of Egypt", "name of egypt", "egipt", "Name of Egypt", "Egypt", "égypte", "Gift of the Nile", "جمهورية مصرالعربية", "egy", "Etymology of Egypt", "ejipt", "names of egypt", "Arab Republic of Egypt", "Miṣr", "Eypt", "Egipto", "National identity of Egyptians", "Eygpt", "Kimet", "جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة", "Republic of Eygpt", "Égypte", "egipto", "miṣr", "eytp", "egypt name", "A.R. Egypt", "Jumhuriyat Misr al'Arabiyah", "national identity of egyptians", "second egyptian republic", "EGY", "iso 3166 1 eg", "arab republic of egypt", "ISO 3166-1:EG", "egyptian republic", "republic of eygpt", "Second Egyptian Republic", "The Arab Republic of Egypt", "egypte", "eygpt", "Names of Egypt", "Kemmet", "kimet", "Ejipt", "r egypt", "A .R . EGYPT", "eypt", "egypt", "Egypt (name)", "egypt info", "jumhuriyat misr al arabiyah", "kemmet" ]

[ { "id": "369719", "score": "1.6928785", "text": "el-Sheikh International Airport, through Eilat, Israel and the Taba Border Crossing, by road from Cairo or by ferry from Aqaba in Jordan. Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually ) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369696", "score": "1.6431096", "text": "Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually ) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369701", "score": "1.5953971", "text": "African continent by the Isthmus of Suez, wide strip of land, containing the Suez Canal. The eastern isthmus, linking it to the Asian mainland, is around wide. The peninsula's eastern shore separates the Arabian plate from the African plate. The southernmost tip is the Ras Muhammad National Park. Most of the Sinai Peninsula is divided among the two governorates of Egypt: South Sinai (Ganub Sina) and North Sinai (Shamal Sina). Together, they comprise around 60,000 square kilometres (23,000 sq mi) and have a population (January 2013) of 597,000. Three more governates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369697", "score": "1.5898829", "text": "end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north. The Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( BC). This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it, the Levant (present-day territories of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine), which, due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences, has historically been the center of conflict between Egypt and various states of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. In periods of foreign occupation, the Sinai was, like the rest of Egypt, also occupied", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369702", "score": "1.5236747", "text": "(el-Sewais) is on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia (el-Isma'ileyyah) in the centre, and Port Said in the north. The largest city of Sinai is Arish, capital of the North Sinai, with around 160,000 residents. Other larger settlements include Sharm el-Sheikh and El-Tor, on the southern coast. Inland Sinai is arid (effectively a desert), mountainous and sparsely populated, the largest settlements being Saint Catherine and Nekhel. Sinai is one of the coldest provinces in Egypt because of its high altitudes and mountainous topographies. Winter temperatures in some of Sinai's cities and towns reach . Sinai was called \"Mafkat\"", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sinai Peninsula\n\nThe Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai ( ) (, , ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about (6 percent of Egypt's total area) and a population of approximately 600,000 people.<ref name=population/> Administratively, the vast majority of the area of the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.\n\nIn the classical era the region was known as Arabia Petraea. The peninsula acquired the name Sinai in modern times due to the assumption that a mountain near Saint Catherine's Monastery is the Biblical Mount Sinai. Mount Sinai is one of the most religiously significant places in the Abrahamic faiths.\n\nThe Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( BC). This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it, the Levant (present-day territories of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine), which, due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences, has historically been the center of conflict between Egypt and various states of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. In periods of foreign occupation, the Sinai was, like the rest of Egypt, also occupied and controlled by foreign empires, in more recent history the Ottoman Empire (1517–1867) and the United Kingdom (1882–1956). Israel invaded and occupied Sinai during the Suez Crisis (known in Egypt as the \"Tripartite Aggression\" due to the simultaneous coordinated attack by the UK, France and Israel) of 1956, and during the Six-Day War of 1967. On 6 October 1973, Egypt launched the Yom Kippur War to retake the peninsula, which was unsuccessful. In 1982, as a result of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979, Israel withdrew from all of the Sinai Peninsula except the contentious territory of Taba, which was returned after a ruling by a commission of arbitration in 1989.\n\nToday, Sinai has become a tourist destination due to its natural setting, rich coral reefs, and biblical history.", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mount Sinai\n\nMount Sinai ( \"Har Sinai\"; Aramaic: ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ \"Ṭūrāʾ Dsyny\"), also known as Jabal Musa (, translation: Mount Moses), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It is possibly the location of the biblical Mount Sinai, the place where, according to the Torah, Bible, and Quran, Moses received the Ten Commandments.\n\nIt is a , moderately high mountain near the city of Saint Catherine in the region known today as the Sinai Peninsula. It is surrounded on all sides by higher peaks in the mountain range of which it is a part. For example, it lies next to Mount Catherine which, at , is the highest peak in Egypt.", "title": "Mount Sinai" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arabian Peninsula\n\nThe Arabian Peninsula, (; , , \"Arabian Peninsula\" or , , \"Island of the Arabs\") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate. At , the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.\n\nGeographically, the Arabian Peninsula includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen, as well as the southern portions of Iraq and Jordan. The largest of these is Saudi Arabia. In the classical era, the southern portions of modern-day Syria, Palestine, Jordan, and the Sinai Peninsula were also considered parts of Arabia (see Arabia Petraea).\n\nThe Arabian Peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast, the Levant and Mesopotamia to the north and the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world and globally due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.\n\nBefore the modern era, the region was divided into primarily four distinct regions: the Central Plateau (Najd and Al-Yamama), South Arabia (Yemen, Hadhramaut and Oman), Al-Bahrain (Eastern Arabia or Al-Hassa), and the Hejaz (Tihamah for the western coast), as described by Ibn al-Faqih.", "title": "Arabian Peninsula" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Egypt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wildlife of Egypt\n\nThe wildlife of Egypt is composed of the flora and fauna of this country in northeastern Africa and southwestern Asia, and is substantial and varied. Apart from the fertile Nile Valley, which bisects the country from south to north, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few scattered oases. It has long coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea. Each geographic region has a diversity of plants and animals each adapted to its own particular habitat.", "title": "Wildlife of Egypt" }, { "id": "120220", "score": "1.5169268", "text": "military occupied Sinai during the June 1967 War (Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War), a single Egyptian governorate administered the whole peninsula. By 1982 after all of Sinai was returned to Egypt, the central government divided the peninsula into two governorates. North Sinai has its capital at Al Arish and the South Sinai has its capital in Artt Turkishy. The abundance of life in the Sinai Peninsula may not be immediately apparent. This again has its roots in the way in which the animals of the desert have adapted to life here. Many species, mammals especially, but also", "title": "Geography of Egypt" }, { "id": "369715", "score": "1.4936639", "text": "forces in the peninsula. Since the early 2000s, Sinai has been the site of several terror attacks against tourists, the majority of whom are Egyptian. Investigations have shown that these were mainly motivated by a resentment of the poverty faced by many Bedouin in the area. Attacking the tourist industry was viewed as a method of damaging the industry so that the government would pay more attention to their situation. (See 2004 Sinai bombings, 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings and 2006 Dahab bombings). Since the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, unrest has become more prevalent in the area including the 2012 Egyptian-Israeli", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369709", "score": "1.4935657", "text": "the boundary between Egyptian territory in Africa and the Sinai Peninsula. Thereafter, Israeli ships were prohibited from using the Canal, owing to the state of war between the two states. Egypt also prohibited ships from using Egyptian territorial waters on the eastern side of the peninsula to travel to and from Israel, effectively imposing a blockade on the Israeli port of Eilat. In October 1956, in what is known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression, Israeli forces, aided by Britain, and France (which sought to reverse the nationalization and regain control over the Suez Canal), invaded Sinai and occupied much", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369705", "score": "1.49204", "text": "of the Mediterranean Sea. The Sinai Peninsula became part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea. Saint Catherine's Monastery on the foot of Mount Sinai was constructed by order of the Emperor Justinian between 527 and 565. Most of the Sinai Peninsula became part of the province of Palaestina Salutaris in the 6th century. During the Crusades it was under the control of Fatimid Caliphate. Later, Saladin abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and took this region under his control too. It was the military route from Cairo to Damascus during the Crusades. And in order to secure this route,", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369700", "score": "1.491005", "text": "). The modern Arabic is an adoption of the biblical name, the 19th-century Arabic designation of Sinai was \"Jebel el-Tûr\". In addition to its formal name, Egyptians also refer to it as \"\" ( 'the land of turquoise'). The ancient Egyptians called it \"Ta Mefkat\", or 'land of turquoise'. In English, the name is now usually pronounced . The traditional pronunciation is or . Sinai is triangular in shape, with northern shore lying on the southern Mediterranean Sea, and southwest and southeast shores on Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea. It is linked to the", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369698", "score": "1.4868326", "text": "and controlled by foreign empires, in more recent history the Ottoman Empire (1517–1867) and the United Kingdom (1882–1956). Israel invaded and occupied Sinai during the Suez Crisis (known in Egypt as the \"Tripartite Aggression\" due to the simultaneous coordinated attack by the UK, France and Israel) of 1956, and during the Six-Day War of 1967. On 6 October 1973, Egypt launched the Yom Kippur War to retake the peninsula, which was unsuccessful. In 1982, as a result of the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979, Israel withdrew from all of the Sinai Peninsula except the contentious territory of Taba, which was", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "120218", "score": "1.4833591", "text": "Suez and the Red Sea. This elevated region has a natural drainage pattern that rarely functions because of insufficient rainfall. It also has a complex of irregular, sharply cut wadis that extend westward toward the Nile. The desert environment extends all the way to the Red Sea coast. The Sinai Peninsula is a triangular-shaped peninsula, about 61,100 km in area (slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). Similar to the desert, the peninsula contains mountains in its southern sector that are a geological extension of the Red Sea Hills, the low range along the Red Sea coast that", "title": "Geography of Egypt" }, { "id": "369707", "score": "1.4716177", "text": "transferred administration of Sinai to the Egyptian government, which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the United Kingdom, who had occupied and largely controlled Egypt since 1882. The border imposed by the British runs in an almost straight line from Rafah on the Mediterranean shore to Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba. This line has served as the eastern border of Egypt ever since. At the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Egyptian forces entered the former British Mandate of Palestine from Sinai to support Palestinian and other Arab forces against the newly declared State of Israel.", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369699", "score": "1.4572011", "text": "returned after a ruling by a commission of arbitration in 1989. Today, Sinai has become a tourist destination due to its natural setting, rich coral reefs, and biblical history. Mount Sinai is one of the most religiously significant places in the Abrahamic faiths. The name \"Sinai\" (, ) may have been derived from the ancient moon-god Sin or from the Hebrew word \"Seneh\" ( \"\") The peninsula acquired the name due to the assumption that a mountain near Saint Catherine's Monastery is the Biblical Mount Sinai. However this assumption is contested. Its modern Arabic name is ' (Egyptian Arabic ';", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "12335138", "score": "1.4531639", "text": "captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt in the 1967 Six-Day War. As part of the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, in 1982 Israel withdrew from the peninsula. Among the treaty's other provisions was an agreement that the peninsula would be left effectively demilitarized. A number of factors have enabled armed Islamist groups to take root and proliferate in the Sinai. Including local population alienation from the state and becoming more dependent on smuggling to Gaza. The security situation in the Sinai began deteriorating early in 2011, as a fallout of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Since February to August of that year,", "title": "Operation Eagle" }, { "id": "120219", "score": "1.4514573", "text": "includes Mount Catherine (Jabal Katrinah), the country's highest point, at 2,642 m above sea-level. The Red Sea may have been named after these mountains, which are red. The southern side of the peninsula has a sharp escarpment that subsides after a narrow coastal shelf that slopes into the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The elevation of Sinai's southern rim is about 1,000 m. Moving northward, the elevation of this limestone plateau decreases. The northern third of Sinai is a flat, sandy coastal plain, which extends from the Suez Canal into the Gaza Strip and Israel. Before the Israeli", "title": "Geography of Egypt" }, { "id": "369717", "score": "1.4459615", "text": "of the Port Said, Ismailia and Suez Governorates lying east of the Suez Canal. Port Said alone has a population of roughly 500,000 people (January 2013). Portions of the populations of Ismailia and Suez live in west Sinai, while the rest live on the western side of the Suez Canal. The population of Sinai has largely consisted of desert-dwelling Bedouins with their colourful traditional costumes and significant culture. Large numbers of Egyptians from the Nile Valley and Delta moved to the area to work in tourism, but development adversely affected the native Bedouin population. In order to help alleviate their", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369718", "score": "1.4432256", "text": "problems, various NGOs began to operate in the region, including the Makhad Trust, a UK charity that assists the Bedouin in developing a sustainable income while protecting Sinai's natural environment, heritage and culture. Since the Israeli–Egyptian peace treaty, Sinai's scenic spots (including coral reefs offshore) and religious structures have become important to the tourism industry. The most popular tourist destination in Sinai are Mount Sinai (\"Jabal Musa\") and St Catherine's Monastery, which is considered to be the oldest working Christian monastery in the world, and the beach resorts of Sharm el-Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba and Taba. Most tourists arrive at Sharm", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369716", "score": "1.4419187", "text": "border attack in which 16 Egyptian soldiers were killed by militants. (See Sinai insurgency.) Also on the rise are kidnappings of refugees. According to Meron Estifanos, Eritrean refugees are often kidnapped by Bedouin in the northern Sinai, tortured, raped, and only released after receiving a large ransom. Under President el-Sisi, Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip, including the dismantling of tunnels between Gaza and Sinai. The two governorates of North and South Sinai have a total population of 597,000 (January 2013). This figure rises to 1,400,000 by including Western Sinai, the parts", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" }, { "id": "369714", "score": "1.4356519", "text": "the canal aboard an Egyptian destroyer. In 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the entirety of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel subsequently withdrew in several stages, ending in 1982. The Israeli pull-out involved dismantling almost all Israeli settlements, including the settlement of Yamit in north-eastern Sinai. The exception was that the coastal city of Sharm el-Sheikh (which the Israelis had founded as Ofira during their occupation of the Sinai Peninsula) was not dismantled. The Treaty allows monitoring of Sinai by the Multinational Force and Observers, and limits the number of Egyptian military", "title": "Sinai Peninsula" } ]

[ "sylvester stallone kurt russell", "Sylvester Stallone & Kurt Russell" ]

[ { "id": "5244060", "score": "2.1666057", "text": "Tango & Cash Tango & Cash is a 1989 American buddy cop action comedy film starring Sylvester Stallone, Kurt Russell, Jack Palance, and Teri Hatcher. It was chiefly directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, with Albert Magnoli and Peter MacDonald taking over in the later stages of filming, with Stuart Baird overseeing post-production. The multiple directors were due to a long and troubled production process, that included numerous script rewrites and clashes between Konchalovsky and producer Jon Peters over creative differences. The film was released in the United States on December 22, 1989, the same day as \"Always\". Both films were the", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244061", "score": "2.1368022", "text": "last to be released in the 1980s. Stallone and Russell star as Raymond Tango and Gabriel Cash respectively, two rival LAPD narcotics detectives, who are forced to work together after the criminal mastermind Yves Perret (Palance) frames both of them for murder. Beverly Hills LAPD Lieutenant Raymond Tango and Downtown Los Angeles Lieutenant Gabriel Cash have earned themselves reputations for disrupting crime lord Yves Perret's smuggling operation in their respective jurisdictions. Perret, believing that having them killed is too \"quick and easy,\" develops an elaborate scheme to discredit and humiliate them before finally torturing them to death. Individually informed of", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244089", "score": "2.0718374", "text": "bad movie and the \"last film before irony was created\". \"Slate\" later listed the episode as one of \"The 25 Best Podcast Episodes Ever\". Tango & Cash Tango & Cash is a 1989 American buddy cop action comedy film starring Sylvester Stallone, Kurt Russell, Jack Palance, and Teri Hatcher. It was chiefly directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, with Albert Magnoli and Peter MacDonald taking over in the later stages of filming, with Stuart Baird overseeing post-production. The multiple directors were due to a long and troubled production process, that included numerous script rewrites and clashes between Konchalovsky and producer Jon Peters", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244067", "score": "1.960583", "text": "about Cash's desire to date Katherine as a newspaper headline announces they've been completely vindicated. Production was beset with problems from the beginning. First, Patrick Swayze, who was originally cast as Cash, dropped out and went on to star in \"Road House\" (1989), then principal photography began without a completed script. Sylvester Stallone had the original director of photography, Barry Sonnenfeld, fired. Donald E. Thorin, who had shot Stallone's movie \"Lock Up\" earlier that year, was Sonnenfeld's replacement. Then, after nearly three months of filming, director Andrei Konchalovsky was fired by producer Jon Peters in a dispute over the movie's", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244080", "score": "1.8476874", "text": "when I started the film. Konchalovsky wanted to work with me for years, he worked for Cannon, they couldn't pay me, so I couldn't work for them. He wanted me to work with him on RUNAWAY TRAIN. Finally, I get to work with him and he calls me in and I meet Stallone and Russell and they say 'Yeah, he's great.' I just had two scenes with these guys, they chase me around, and I get beat up and that's it. So, I get there and I'm acting with Stallone and made my character have a cockney accent just to", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "3553137", "score": "1.8330278", "text": "of Ivan Turgenev's \"A Nest of Gentle Folk\" (1969) and Chekhov's \"Uncle Vanya\" (1970), with Innokenty Smoktunovsky in the title role. In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival. His epic \"Siberiade\" upon its 1979 release was favourably received at Cannes and made possible his move to the United States in 1980. His most popular Hollywood releases are \"Maria's Lovers\" (1984), \"Runaway Train\" (1985), based on a script by Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, and \"Tango & Cash\" (1989), starring Sylvester Stallone and Kurt Russell. In the 1990s, Konchalovsky returned to Russia, although", "title": "Andrei Konchalovsky" }, { "id": "5244083", "score": "1.8326342", "text": "the end of the day, over and over. They only had three weeks left and they brought in Albert Magnoli. He did rock videos and a Prince movie (PURPLE RAIN). They gave this guy three quarters of a million dollars to do three weeks. By the time he got there, I was like don't talk to me, stay back. I knew this character for weeks, I know what I'm doing. It wound up being a great film, that eventually made a lot of money. It's one of the biggest pirated videos in the history of Russia. There were 80,000 pirated", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244076", "score": "1.8252866", "text": "one knew what the hell anyone was doing.\" This same crew member also mentioned some reasons why director Konchalovsky was fired; \"He found himself in over his head. There were scenes scheduled for three days that were so complicated they should have been scheduled for six or seven days. They were trying to do a 22-week movie in 11 weeks.\" The film ultimately missed its budget by over $20 million, and had to be completely re-edited by editor Stuart Baird prior to its theatrical release. \"Tango & Cash\" was one of many films to be turned over to Baird, who", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244084", "score": "1.822412", "text": "copies. Warner Bros. was crazy not to market it properly, but that film was huge. I went to the Ukraine when I was shooting another film, and I was mobbed. I was in the Black Sea and I had no idea that people even knew who I was. Stallone later said \"I had a lot of great times on that film. Kurt nailed some of those scenes, like the pro he is.\" Stallone also said his opinion about both Konchalovsky and Magnoli; Andrei was a real gentleman and I thought his take on \"Tango and Cash\" was very good and", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244065", "score": "1.8220434", "text": "tape himself; he starts destroying Skinner's expensive equipment until he agrees to help exonerate them. Cash finds Katherine, Tango's sister, but is quickly surrounded by cops; she helps Cash escape the night club by dressing him as a female. Later that night, Tango reunites with Cash and the duo are met at Katherine's house by Schroeder, Tango's commanding officer. He gives them Requin's address and tells them they have 24 hours to find out who he works for; Tango and Cash apprehend Requin and trick him into telling them Perret's name. Cash's weapons expert friend Owen lets them borrow a", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244068", "score": "1.7877944", "text": "ending, and was replaced with Albert Magnoli, who filmed all the chase and fight scenes in the ending. Reportedly, executive producer Peter MacDonald, who was also one of the film's second unit directors, took over directing the movie before Magnoli was brought in. A year earlier, MacDonald had to step in as director on Stallone's previous movie, \"Rambo III,\" after the original director was fired by Stallone. In his 1999 book of memoirs, \"Elevating Deception,\" Konchalovsky said that the reason he was fired was because he and Stallone wanted to give the film a more serious tone and make it", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244079", "score": "1.7847831", "text": "Cash; a deleted or alternate fight scene between Cash and a Chinese assassin, during which Cash says \"I hate you karate guys\"; and a deleted scene in which Tango is reading the newspaper and then pulls out a shotgun and shoots at a car. The trailer also shows extra shots from other scenes. The film's title during production was \"The Set Up\". In a 1999 interview with Louis Paul at the Chiller Theatre Convention, Brion James said this about working on \"Tango & Cash\", and the production problems that the movie had; BJ: TANGO AND CASH, I had two scenes", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244086", "score": "1.7692268", "text": "last theatrically released American films of the 1980s. During its opening weekend, the movie grossed $6,628,918 from 1,409 theaters, averaging $4,704 per theater and ranking #2 at the box office. The film ultimately earned $63,408,614 in the United States, above its $55 million production budget. The film also sold well on VHS. The film was reviewed by Nathan Rabin for his column \"Forgotbusters\" at The Dissolve website, which consists of Rabin analyzing how films that were among the top 25 grossing titles of a given year have not had lasting cultural influence. Rabin said that there was more affection and", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244073", "score": "1.7685117", "text": "in September, replacement director Magnoli called everyone back to the set for two more weeks of additional re-shoots, which included filming a completely new opening sequence. Filming was finally finished on October 20, 1989, eight weeks before its original scheduled theatrical opening in 1600 theatres across the United States. The movie was racing to make its December 15 release, but due to the Warner Bros. studio's complaints on every different cut that was edited before they approved the final (theatrical) version, it barely made the deadline and ended up being shipped to theaters in \"wet prints\" - an industry term", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244069", "score": "1.7666934", "text": "more realistic than the producers wanted, especially Jon Peters, who kept pushing for the film to be goofier and campier, and as such, his relationship with Peters became untenable. Another reason why Konchalovsky was fired was his refusal to agree to what he referred to as the \"increasingly insane\" demands that Peters had. Konchalovsky said that he was initially hired to make a buddy cop movie with plenty of humor, but Peters basically wanted to turn it into a spoof, without any semblance of seriousness, and Konchalovsky refused. Essentially, Konchalovsky argued that they were simply trying to make two different", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244085", "score": "1.7565811", "text": "would've been infinitely more realistic had he been allowed to continue. His replacement was more attuned to comic pop culture so the film had a dramatic shift into a more light hearted direction. The soundtrack was never released, as the songs were already released on the artists' albums. The film score, which was composed by Harold Faltermeyer, was released for the first time on January 30, 2007 by La-La Land Records (LLLCD 1052) in 3000 Limited Sets. Despite the film's troubled production, \"Tango & Cash\" was a moderate box office success. The film opened on December 22, 1989, among the", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244087", "score": "1.7456222", "text": "attention to \"Tango & Cash\" than he had expected, based on feedback from people who had seen the film since 1990. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale. The film has a score of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 42 reviews and an average rating of 4.3 out of 10. The critical consensus states: \"Brutally violent and punishingly dull, this cookie-cutter buddy cop thriller isn't even fun enough to reach 'so bad it's good' status\". \"The New York Times\" criticized the plot, the screenplay, and the acting. Michael", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "5244070", "score": "1.738008", "text": "movies, and when Peters realized his inability to bend Konchalovsky to his will, he fired him. According to supporting actor Brion James (in a 1999 interview with Louis Paul), the film was in disarray from the very beginning and by the half-way point of the shoot, when the film was several months behind schedule, Peters and Konchalovsky were no longer speaking. James agreed that the official reason Konchalovsky was fired was because of the budget, but he also said that going over budget was not Konchalovsky's fault, and that Konchalovsky did not deserve to be fired. Konchalovsky, however, had nothing", "title": "Tango & Cash" }, { "id": "19179546", "score": "1.7099882", "text": "February 2, 2015, Christopher Abbott joined the film's cast. On February 3, 2015, Nicholas Braun joined the film to play Tall Brian, Fey's character's cameraman, and the film was titled as \"Fun House\". On February 9, 2015, Steve Peacocke was set to star in the film, playing Nic, Fey's character's alpha male bodyguard. On February 11, 2015, confirmed cast was announced, with Billy Bob Thornton, Alfred Molina, Sheila Vand, and Evan Jonigkeit also joining the cast of the film, in which Vand would play Shakira El-Khoury, a Lebanese reporter who works alongside Kim and Tanya. Fey confirmed that the film's", "title": "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (film)" }, { "id": "19525666", "score": "1.706614", "text": "to actress Elizabeth Perkins since 2000. Julio Macat Julio Macat, A.S.C. (born June 20, 1957) is an Argentine-born American cinematographer. Born in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina, Macat started his career off as a camera operator, under the guidance of director Andrei Konchalovsky, and worked on four of his movies including \"Runaway Train\" and \"Tango & Cash\". Macat served as cinematographer on the 1990 Christmas comedy \"Home Alone\" and its sequels \"\" and \"Home Alone 3\". Macat would frequently work on productions helmed by Tom Shadyac and Adam Shankman, such as \"\", \"The Nutty Professor\", \"The Wedding Planner\" and \"A Walk", "title": "Julio Macat" } ]

[ "Men: XY, Women: XX", "men xy women xx" ]

[ { "id": "6598513", "score": "1.6812778", "text": "father. Of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, and one is a sex chromosome. There are two kinds of sex chromosomes–\"X\" and \"Y\". In humans and in almost all other mammals, females carry two X chromosomes, designated XX, and males carry one X and one Y, designated XY. A human egg contains only one set of chromosomes (23) and is said to be haploid. Sperm also have only one set of 23 chromosomes and are therefore haploid. When an egg and sperm fuse at fertilization, the two sets of chromosomes come together to form a unique \"diploid\" individual", "title": "Sex differences in human physiology" }, { "id": "6598514", "score": "1.6318517", "text": "with 46 chromosomes. The sex chromosome in a human egg is always an X chromosome, since a female only has X sex chromosomes. In sperm, about half the sperm have an X chromosome and half have a Y chromosome. If an egg fuses with a sperm with a Y chromosome, the resulting individual is male. If an egg fuses with a sperm with an X chromosome, the resulting individual is female. There are rare exceptions to this rule in which, for example, XX individuals develop as males or XY individuals develop as females. Chromosomes are not the final determinant of", "title": "Sex differences in human physiology" }, { "id": "2899126", "score": "1.6303942", "text": "= 46) while human sperm and eggs have 23 chromosomes (N = 23). Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes, the 22 autosomes and the special category of sex chromosomes. There are two distinct sex chromosomes, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person's father and 23 from the mother. That is, your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2, one from each of your parents. Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 \"double chromosomes\". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's", "title": "Cell growth" }, { "id": "81392", "score": "1.6148236", "text": "spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus. Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome (sex chromosome(s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition", "title": "Chromosome" }, { "id": "2076252", "score": "1.591146", "text": "1 to 22, from largest to smallest. The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Normal females have two X chromosomes, while normal males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. The characteristics of the chromosomes in a cell as they are seen under a light microscope are called the karyotype. During meiosis, when germ cells divide to create sperm and egg (gametes), each half should have the same number of chromosomes. But sometimes, the whole pair of chromosomes will end up in one gamete, and the other gamete will not get that chromosome at all. Most embryos", "title": "Aneuploidy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chromosome\n\nA chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones. These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation.\n\nChromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and both copies are joined by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. The joined copies are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation.\n\nChromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe. Usually, this will make the cell initiate apoptosis leading to its own death, but sometimes mutations in the cell hamper this process and thus cause progression of cancer.\n\nSome use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation.", "title": "Chromosome" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Intersex\n\nIntersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, \"do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies\".<ref name=\"un-2016\"/><ref name=\"unfe-fact\"/>\n\nSex assignment at birth usually aligns with a child's anatomical sex and phenotype. The number of births with ambiguous genitals is in the range of 1:2000–1:4500 (0.022%–0.05%). Other conditions involve atypical chromosomes, gonads, or hormones. Some persons may be assigned and raised as a girl or boy but then identify with another gender later in life, while most continue to identify with their assigned sex. The number of births where the baby is intersex has been reported differently depending on who reports and which definition of intersex is used. Anne Fausto-Sterling and her co-authors suggest that the prevalence of \"nondimorphic sexual development\" might be as high as 1.7%.\n\nTerms used to describe intersex people are contested, and change over time and place. Intersex people were previously referred to as \"hermaphrodites\" or \"congenital eunuchs\". In the 19th and 20th centuries, some medical experts devised new nomenclature in an attempt to classify the characteristics that they had observed, the first attempt to create a taxonomic classification system of intersex conditions. Intersex people were categorized as either having \"true hermaphroditism\", \"female pseudohermaphroditism\", or \"male pseudohermaphroditism\". These terms are no longer used, and terms including the word \"hermaphrodite\" are considered to be misleading, stigmatizing, and scientifically specious in reference to humans. In biology, the term \"hermaphrodite\" is used to describe an organism that can produce both male and female gametes. Some people with intersex traits use the term \"intersex\", and some prefer other language. In clinical settings, the term \"disorders of sex development\" (DSD) has been used since 2006, a shift in language considered controversial since its introduction.\n\nIntersex people face stigmatization and discrimination from birth, or following the discovery of intersex traits at stages of development such as puberty. Intersex people may face infanticide, abandonment, and stigmatization from their families. Such treatments may involve sterilization. Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment. Increasingly, these issues are considered human rights abuses, with statements from international and national human rights and ethics institutions (see intersex human rights).", "title": "Intersex" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sex-determination system\n\nA sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most organisms that create their offspring using sexual reproduction have two sexes. \n\nIn some species there are hermaphrodites. There are also some species that are only one sex due to parthenogenesis, the act of a female reproducing without fertilization.\n\nIn some species, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology. In animals this is often accompanied by chromosomal differences, generally through combinations of XY, ZW, XO, ZO chromosomes, or haplodiploidy. The sexual differentiation is generally triggered by a main gene (a \"sex locus\"), with a multitude of other genes following in a domino effect.\n\nIn other cases, sex of a fetus is determined by environmental variables (such as temperature). The details of some sex-determination systems are not yet fully understood. Hopes for future fetal biological system analysis include complete-reproduction-system initialized signals that can be measured during pregnancies to more accurately determine whether a determined sex of a fetus is male, or female. Such analysis of biological systems could also signal whether the fetus is hermaphrodite, which includes total or partial of both male and female reproduction organs.\n\nSome species such as various plants and fish do not have a fixed sex, and instead go through life cycles and change sex based on genetic cues during corresponding life stages of their type. This could be due to environmental factors such as seasons and temperature. In some gonochoric species, a few individuals may have sex characteristics of both sexes, a condition called intersex.\n\nWhile diversity in sex determination systems is common throughout the diversity of biology, the systems beyond XY/XX/XO in mammals are often characterized as less common or abnormal, because of the social influence of centering certain human cultural norms when researching sex determination. As such, general biology courses often focus on the simplified genetics of this one system, harmfully excluding people and other organisms from what most people learn in their biology courses.", "title": "Sex-determination system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Homologous chromosome\n\nA couple of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci where they provide points along each chromosome which enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with each other before separating during meiosis. This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance which characterizes inheritance patterns of genetic material from an organism to its offspring parent developmental cell at the given time and area.<ref name=\" Griffiths\"/>", "title": "Homologous chromosome" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aneuploidy\n\nAneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a \"euploid\" cell.\n\nAn extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of some genetic disorders. Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. About 68% of human solid tumors are aneuploid. Chromosome abnormalities are detected in 1 of 160 live human births. Autosomal aneuploidy is more dangerous than sex chromosome aneuploidy, as autosomal aneuploidy is almost always lethal to embryos that cease developing because of it.", "title": "Aneuploidy" }, { "id": "599554", "score": "1.5823169", "text": "for maleness. Offspring have two sex chromosomes: an offspring with two X chromosomes will develop female characteristics, and an offspring with an X and a Y chromosome will develop male characteristics. In humans, half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome. A single gene (\"SRY\") present on the Y chromosome acts as a signal to set the developmental pathway towards maleness. Presence of this gene starts off the process of virilization. This and other factors result in the sex differences in humans. The cells in females, with two X chromosomes, undergo X-inactivation, in which one of", "title": "XY sex-determination system" }, { "id": "8810545", "score": "1.57965", "text": "X chromosome in each body cell. All diploid organisms with allosome-determined sex get half of their allosomes from each of their parents. In mammals, females are XX, they can pass along either of their X’s, and since the males are XY they can pass along either an X or a Y. For a mammal to be chromosomally female, the individual must receive an X chromosome from both parents, whereas to be chromosomally male, the individual must receive a X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. It is thus the male’s sperm that determines the sex", "title": "Sex chromosome" }, { "id": "8810543", "score": "1.5794355", "text": "for the discovery of sex chromosomes or she discovered them at the same time as Edmund Beecher Wilson. In humans, each cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes. Autosomes are homologous chromosomes i.e. chromosomes which contain the same genes (regions of DNA) in the same order along their chromosomal arms. The chromosomes of the 23rd pair are called allosomes consisting of two X chromosomes in most females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in most males. Females therefore have 23 homologous chromosome pairs, while males have", "title": "Sex chromosome" }, { "id": "773845", "score": "1.5687441", "text": "the last three and the \"c\" allele (albino) is completely recessive to the first three. In humans and other mammal species, sex is determined by two sex chromosomes called the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Human females are typically XX; males are typically XY. The remaining pairs of chromosome are found in both sexes and are called autosomes; genetic traits due to loci on these chromosomes are described as autosomal, and may be dominant or recessive. Genetic traits on the X and Y chromosomes are called sex-linked, because they are linked to sex chromosomes, not because they are characteristic", "title": "Dominance (genetics)" }, { "id": "493947", "score": "1.5682791", "text": "\"defined\" at the cellular level, key features of sexual reproduction operate \"within\" the structures of the gamete cells themselves. Notably, gametes carry very long molecules called DNA that the biological processes of reproduction can \"read\" like a book of instructions. In fact, there are typically many of these \"books\", called \"chromosomes\". Human gametes usually have 23 chromosomes, 22 of which are common to both sexes. The final chromosomes in the two human gametes are called \"sex\" chromosomes because of their role in sex determination. Ova always have the same sex chromosome, labelled \"X\". About half of spermatozoa also have this", "title": "Gender" }, { "id": "157115", "score": "1.5682334", "text": "two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene. The two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of the two homologous chromosomes, each allele inherited from a different parent. Many species have so-called sex chromosomes that determine the gender of each organism. In humans and many other animals, the Y chromosome contains the gene that triggers the development of the specifically male characteristics. In evolution, this chromosome has lost most of its content and also most of its genes, while the X chromosome is similar to the other chromosomes and contains many genes. The X", "title": "Genetics" }, { "id": "4710848", "score": "1.565175", "text": "Females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), and are called the homogametic sex. Males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY), and are called the heterogametic sex. Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an allele related to the chromosomal sex of the individual. This mode of inheritance is in contrast to the inheritance of traits on autosomal chromosomes, where both sexes have the same probability of inheritance. Since humans have many more genes on the X than the Y, there are many more X-linked traits than Y-linked traits. However, females carry two or more copies of", "title": "Human genetics" }, { "id": "599687", "score": "1.563715", "text": "the American geneticist Nettie Stevens in 1903. The XX/XY sex-determination system is the most familiar, as it is found in humans. The XX/XY system is found in most other mammals, as well as some insects. In this system, most females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), while most males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY). The X and Y sex chromosomes are different in shape and size from each other, unlike the rest of the chromosomes (autosomes), and are sometimes called allosomes. In some species, such as humans, organisms remain sex indifferent for a time after", "title": "Sex-determination system" }, { "id": "9105422", "score": "1.5619708", "text": "chromosomes, and males have a Y chromosome and an X chromosome. At an early stage in embryonic development, both sexes possess equivalent internal structures. These are the mesonephric ducts and paramesonephric ducts. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of the testes in males, and the subsequent release of hormones which cause the paramesonephric ducts to regress. In females, the mesonephric ducts regress. Divergent sexual development, known as intersex, can be a result of genetic and hormonal factors. Most mammals, including humans, have an XY sex-determination system: the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for", "title": "Sexual differentiation in humans" }, { "id": "157511", "score": "1.5541272", "text": "duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the diploid chromosomes, and often undergo random mutations resulting in modified DNA (and subsequently, new proteins and phenotypes). In humans, a normal ovum can carry only an X chromosome (of the X and Y chromosomes), whereas a sperm may carry either an X or a Y (a non-normal ovum can end up carrying two or no X chromosomes, as a result of an irregularity at either of the two stages of meiosis, while a non-normal sperm cell can end up carrying either no sex-defining chromosomes, an XY pair, or XX", "title": "Gamete" }, { "id": "3082367", "score": "1.5535254", "text": "cause anatomic differences, leading to psychological and behavioral differences, some of which are innate and some induced by the social environment. Humans, many mammals, insects and other animals have an XY sex-determination system. Humans have forty-six chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome must carry at least one essential gene which determines testicular formation (originally termed \"TDF\"). A gene in the sex-determining region of the short arm of the Y, now referred to as \"SRY\", has been found to direct production of a protein, testis determining factor, which binds to DNA, inducing", "title": "Sexual differentiation" }, { "id": "452417", "score": "1.5519388", "text": "the karyotype 46,XX, but around one in a thousand will be 47,XXX, and one in 2500 will be 45,X. This contrasts with the typical male karotype of 46,XY; thus, the X and Y chromosomes are known as female and male, respectively. Because humans inherit mitochondrial DNA only from the mother's ovum, genetic studies of the female line tend to focus on mitochondrial DNA. Whether or not a child is considered female does not always determine whether or not the child later will identify themselves that way (see gender identity). For instance, intersex individuals, who have mixed physical and/or genetic features,", "title": "Woman" }, { "id": "9105423", "score": "1.5513945", "text": "triggering male development. The \"default sex,\" in the absence of a Y chromosome, is female-like. This is because of the presence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome, also known as the SRY gene. Thus, male mammals typically have an X and a Y chromosome (XY), while female mammals typically have two X chromosomes (XX). In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth: the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, the sex hormones, the internal genitalia (such as the uterus in females), and the external genitalia. Chromosomal sex is determined", "title": "Sexual differentiation in humans" }, { "id": "5689511", "score": "1.550894", "text": "distributed among 2 homologous groups of 23 heterologous chromosomes each, while the base pairs of the XY male zygote are distributed among 2 homologous groups of 22 heterologous chromosomes each plus 2 heterologous chromosomes. Although each zygote has 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes of the XX female zygote are heterologous while 24 chromosomes of the XY male zygote are heterologous. As a result, the C-value for the XX female zygote is 3.099361 while the C-value for the XY male zygote is 3.157877. The human genome's GC content is about 41%. Accounting for the autosomal, X, and Y chromosomes, human haploid GC", "title": "C-value" }, { "id": "6598512", "score": "1.5498254", "text": "preclude overlap in distributions. For example, most males are taller than most females, but an individual female could be taller than an individual male. The most obvious differences between males and females include all the features related to reproductive role, notably the endocrine (hormonal) systems and their physiological and behavioural effects, including gonadal differentiation, internal and external genital and breast differentiation, and differentiation of muscle mass, height, and hair distribution. The human genome consists of two copies of each of 23 chromosomes (a total of 46). One set of 23 comes from the mother and one set comes from the", "title": "Sex differences in human physiology" } ]

[ "U.S. Open (disambiguation)", "Us open", "US Open", "us open", "United States Open", "united states open championship", "U. S. Open", "u s open disambiguation", "U.s. open", "U S Open", "U.S. Open", "u s open", "United States Open Championship", "The US Open", "united states open" ]

[ { "id": "4690182", "score": "1.6943927", "text": "12 Date: December 6 – December 11 Date: December 5 – December 10 Date: December 3 – December 8 Date: September 23 – September 28 Date: September 29 – October 3 Date: September 27 – October 4 Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich, Germany from 1990 through 1999. The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), which invited the best-performing players in the year's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup. The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet", "title": "Grand Slam Cup" }, { "id": "4690175", "score": "1.6344705", "text": "Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich, Germany from 1990 through 1999. The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), which invited the best-performing players in the year's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup. The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts. From 1990 to 1996, it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999. From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players. A women's Cup was", "title": "Grand Slam Cup" }, { "id": "5314999", "score": "1.6275", "text": "would be starting its own tour in 1990, meaning that the 1989 Grand Prix would effectively be its last. The final event of the Grand Prix was the Nabisco Masters Doubles held at the Royal Albert Hall in London in the United Kingdom from December 6 through December 10, 1989. Its last champions were Jim Grabb and Patrick McEnroe, who beat John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd. The governance of the Grand Prix was led by the Men's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC) from 1974 until 1989; its name was shortened to the Men's Tennis Council (MTC) in 1988. The Council's", "title": "Grand Prix tennis circuit" }, { "id": "1612583", "score": "1.5998605", "text": "Grand Slam (tennis) The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of \"best of\" sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open around late May through early June, Wimbledon in June-July, and the US Open in August-September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "1612616", "score": "1.5640931", "text": "the Wheelchair Tennis Masters. No player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season. Only one player has completed the Super Slam in a period of twelve months: Players who have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year. Jack Crawford, Lew Hoad, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams won the first three events, but lost the last grand slam tournament. Crawford, an asthmatic, won two of the first three sets of the 1933 U.S. Championships final against Fred Perry, then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match. Until", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Slam (tennis)\n\nThe Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year, also referred to as the \"Calendar-year Grand Slam\" or \"Calendar Slam\". In doubles, a team may accomplish the Grand Slam playing together or a player may achieve it with different partners. Winning all four major championships consecutively but not within the same calendar year is referred to as a \"non-calendar-year Grand Slam\", while winning the four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a \"Career Grand Slam\".\n\nThe Grand Slam tournaments, also referred to as majors, are the world's four most important annual professional tennis tournaments. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and the longest matches for men (best of five sets, best of three for the women). The tournaments are overseen by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), rather than the separate men and women's tour organizing bodies, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but both the ATP and WTA award ranking points based on players' performances in them.\n\nThe four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open in January, the French Open from late May to early June, Wimbledon in late June to early July, and the US Open in August–September, with each played over two weeks. The Australian and the United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest tournament, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905, but it was not until 1925 that all four were held as officially sanctioned majors.", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "All-time tennis records – Men's singles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Grand Slam women's singles champions\n\nThis article details the list of women's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions. Some major changes have taken place in history and have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players. These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925, the elimination of the challenge round in 1922, and the admission of professional players in 1968 (the start of the Open Era). Since then, 57 women have won at least one grand slam.\n\nAll of these tournaments have been listed based on the modern definition of a tennis major, rather than when they were officially recognized by the ILTF. The Australian, French Championships, and U.S. tournaments were officially recognized by the ILTF in 1924, though the French Championships were not played in 1924 because of the Olympics. The United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) had several grievances with the ILTF and refused to join when it was formed in 1913.\n\nFrom 1913 to 1923 there were three official championships recognized by the ILTF:\n\nDuring that same time period the USLTA recognized the U.S. National Championships and did not recognize any world championship.", "title": "List of Grand Slam women's singles champions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Serena Williams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Grand Slam men's singles champions\n\nThis article details the list of men's singles Grand Slam tournament tennis champions. Many changes have taken place in history which have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players. These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925, the elimination of the challenge round in 1922, and the admission of professional players in 1968 (the start of the Open Era).\n\nAll of these tournaments have been listed based on the modern definition of a tennis major, rather than when they were officially recognized by the ILTF. The Grand Slam tournaments are the annual four major tennis events played in the Open Era, which began in 1968, superseding the Amateur Era. The Australian and U.S. tournaments were officially recognized by the ILTF in 1924, and the French Championships followed a year later in 1925 when it became open to all international players. The United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) had several grievances with the ILTF and refused to join when it was formed in 1913.\n\nFrom 1913 to 1923, there were three official championships recognized by the ILTF:\nDuring that same time period the USLTA recognized the U.S. National Championships", "title": "List of Grand Slam men's singles champions" }, { "id": "866818", "score": "1.562043", "text": "(clay and hard). The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament that has been played every year since its inception. During the 2006 US Open, the complex was renamed to \"USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center\" in honor of Billie Jean King, a four-time US Open singles champion and women's tennis pioneer. From 1984 through 2015, the US Open deviated from traditional scheduling practices for tennis tournaments with a concept that came to be known as \"Super Saturday\": the men's and women's finals were played on the final Saturday and Sunday of the tournament respectively, and their respective", "title": "US Open (tennis)" }, { "id": "1612584", "score": "1.5588946", "text": "clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924–25, when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments. Skipping majors—especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money—was not unusual before 1982. Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). However,", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "17003094", "score": "1.5406425", "text": "and Mike Bryan completed the \"Bryan Slam\" and became the first team to hold all four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold at the same time. The 2013 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 133rd edition of the US Open and the final fourth Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, and ran from August 26 to September 9. The Hopman Cup XXV (also known as the Hyundai Hopman Cup for sponsorship purposes) was the 25th edition of the Hopman Cup", "title": "2013 in tennis" }, { "id": "15019864", "score": "1.5394998", "text": "in May 1975 following the conclusion of the rival 1975 World Championship Tennis circuit which ran from January to early May. The tournaments listed above were divided into four groups. Group TC consisted of the Triple Crown – the French Open, the Wimbledon Championships and the US Open – while the other tournaments were divided into three other groups – AA, A and B – by prize money and draw size. Points were allocated based on these groups and the finishing position of a player in a tournament. No points were awarded to first round losers and ties were settled", "title": "1975 Grand Prix (tennis)" }, { "id": "15019856", "score": "1.5366464", "text": "ranked singles players and top four doubles teams were entitled to participate in the season-ending Masters tournament. The list of winners and number of Grand Prix singles titles won, alphabetically by last number of titles: The following players won their first title in 1977: 1977 Grand Prix (tennis) The 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit administered by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF, later the ITF) which served as a forerunner to the current Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The circuit consisted of the four modern Grand Slam", "title": "1977 Grand Prix (tennis)" }, { "id": "401889", "score": "1.5346386", "text": "number of events that last two weeks, the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters. Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code. Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to", "title": "Tennis" }, { "id": "16672016", "score": "1.5327101", "text": "hard courts since 2006). (1971–89) The WCT Finals, as the YEC for the World Championship Tennis tour, was held in Dallas, Texas and played on indoor carpet courts. (1990–99) The Grand Slam Cup (GSC) was an ITF event for the top performers in the year's Grand Slam events. It was held in Munich, Germany and played on indoor carpet courts. Note that WCT and GSC events are specifically indicated in the Overall titles table. These are a collection of 9 annual tournaments that are the most important after the Grand Slams and the year-end championships. They have existed in two", "title": "Open Era tennis records – men's singles" }, { "id": "16238879", "score": "1.5307832", "text": "Wimbledon (25 June – 8 July in 2012), is the only Major still played on grass, the game's original surface, which gave the game of lawn tennis its name. The tournament takes place over two weeks in late June and early July, culminating with the Ladies' and Gentlemen's Singles Final, scheduled respectively for the second Saturday and Sunday. Each year, five major events are contested, as well as four junior events and three invitational events. The US Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, is a hardcourt tennis tournament held annually in August and September over a two-week period", "title": "2012 in tennis" }, { "id": "8908171", "score": "1.5258337", "text": "played on grass courts, took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, England, and were held from 20 June to 3 July. The 1994 US Open was the last major of the year, played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City, United States. It was held from 29 August to 11 September. The 1994 Davis Cup was the 83rd edition of the year-long tournament between national teams in men's tennis. The 1994 Federation Cup was the 32nd edition of the most relevant competition between national teams in", "title": "1994 in tennis" }, { "id": "15010760", "score": "1.5257137", "text": "in 1979: 1979 Grand Prix (tennis) The 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It consisted of four Grand Slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments and the Nations Cup, a team event. The table below shows the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix schedule (a precursor of the ATP Tour). The tournaments listed above were divided into twelve point categories. The highest points were allocated to the Grand Slam tournaments; French Open, the Wimbledon Championships, the US Open and the Australian Open. Points were allocated based on these categories and the finishing position of a player in", "title": "1979 Grand Prix (tennis)" }, { "id": "4690181", "score": "1.5184307", "text": "the most points – 12 in 1998 and 1999 – qualified for the Cup. Grand Slam champions were not assured of a berth in the event. ITF's Grand Slam Cup qualification points table<br> \"Rounds of Grand Slam events only\" Matches in the first two rounds of the Cup were the best of three sets while the semifinals and final were the best of five sets. There was no tie-break if a match went over the full distance. Date: December 11 – December 16 Date: December 10 – December 15 Date: December 8 – December 13 Date: December 7 – December", "title": "Grand Slam Cup" }, { "id": "15020196", "score": "1.5136055", "text": "played in April in Rome, was part of the Grand Prix calendar but it was withdrawn during the tournament when it became known that they had paid management fees to the competing World Championship Tennis organization. The tournaments listed above were divided into three categories. Class A consisted of the Grand Slams while the other tournaments were divided into Class 1 and Class 2. Points were allocated based on these groups and the finishing position of a player in a tournament. Ties were settled by the number of tournaments played. The points allocation is listed below: The list of winners", "title": "1970 Grand Prix (tennis)" }, { "id": "15010758", "score": "1.5130817", "text": "1979 Grand Prix (tennis) The 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It consisted of four Grand Slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments and the Nations Cup, a team event. The table below shows the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix schedule (a precursor of the ATP Tour). The tournaments listed above were divided into twelve point categories. The highest points were allocated to the Grand Slam tournaments; French Open, the Wimbledon Championships, the US Open and the Australian Open. Points were allocated based on these categories and the finishing position of a player in a tournament.", "title": "1979 Grand Prix (tennis)" }, { "id": "1612618", "score": "1.5112476", "text": "three Wimbledon final matches held in one single day. Notes: Another Grand Slam-related accomplishment is winning a \"boxed set\" of Grand Slam titles – which is at least one of every possible type of major championship available to a player: the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years. The Career Boxed Set refers to winning one of every possible grand slam title (singles, doubles, mixed) over the course of an entire career. No male player has completed this, although", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "18554478", "score": "1.5060524", "text": "Open. The Australian Open is the 1st Major of the year (January), followed by the French Open (May–June), Wimbledon (June–July), and US Open (August–September). There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. A player who wins all four current major tournaments, as a single or as part of a doubles team, in the same calendar year is said to have achieved the \"Grand Slam\". If the player wins all four consecutively, but not in the same calendar year, it is called a \"Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam\". Winning all four at some point in a career,", "title": "All-time tennis records – women's singles" } ]

[ "daddie", "Fatherhood", "Biological father", "fatherhoods", "fathering", "natural father", "Paternity (biology and medicine)", "fatherhood", "Non-human fatherhood", "fathers", "Daddie", "dads", "Natural father", "biological father", "dad", "non human fatherhood", "Father", "father", "paternity biology and medicine", "Fathers", "Fathering", "Fathership", "Fatherhoods", "Dads", "Paternity (Biology and Medicine)", "fathership", "Dad" ]

[ { "id": "1803392", "score": "1.7206085", "text": "all but one of the eggs gone. He names this last egg \"Nemo\", a name that Coral had chosen. On the first day of school, the overprotective Marlin embarrasses Nemo during a field trip. While Marlin talks to the teacher, Mr. Ray, Nemo sneaks away from the reef toward a boat and is captured by a scuba diver. As the boat departs, one of the divers accidentally knocks his diving mask overboard. Marlin chases after the boat and meets Dory, a blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss. The two encounter Bruce, Anchor and Chum, three reformed sharks who", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "1803413", "score": "1.7161341", "text": "\"Monsters, Inc.\"—Nemo treats family audiences to a sweet, resonant story and breathtaking visuals. It may lack \"Monsters, Inc.\"s clever humor, but kids will identify with the spunky sea fish Nemo, and adults will relate to Marlin, Nemo's devoted dad.\" Bruce Westbrook of the \"Houston Chronicle\" gave the film an A-, saying \"\"Finding Nemo\" lives up to Pixar's high standards for wildly creative visuals, clever comedy, solid characters and an involving story.\" Tom Long of \"The Detroit News\" gave the film an A-, saying \"A simple test of humanity: If you don't laugh aloud while watching it, you've got a battery", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "1803399", "score": "1.7021524", "text": "There, after seeing the shark tube and various exhibits, he felt that the underwater world could be done beautifully in computer animation. Later, in 1997, he took his son for a walk in the park, but realized that he was overprotecting him and lost an opportunity to have a father-son experience that day. In an interview with \"National Geographic\" magazine, Stanton said that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an anemone: In addition, clownfish are colourful, but do not tend to come out of an anemone often.", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "1803391", "score": "1.693391", "text": "2012. In 2008, the American Film Institute named it the 10th greatest animated film ever made as part of their 10 Top 10 lists. In a 2016 poll of international critics conducted by BBC, \"Finding Nemo\" was voted one of the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000. A sequel, \"Finding Dory\", was released on June 17, 2016 in the United States. A clownfish couple, Marlin and Coral, are admiring their new home in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and their clutch of hundreds of eggs, when a barracuda attacks. Marlin is knocked unconscious, and wakes up to find Coral and", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "1803389", "score": "1.68948", "text": "Finding Nemo Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Written and directed by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Lee Unkrich, the film stars the voices of Albert Brooks, Ellen DeGeneres, Alexander Gould, and Willem Dafoe. It tells the story of the overprotective ocellaris clownfish named Marlin who, along with a regal blue tang named Dory, searches for his abducted son Nemo all the way to Sydney Harbour. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and comes to terms with Nemo taking care of himself. \"Finding Nemo\"", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "17199793", "score": "1.6830213", "text": "find Marlin and Nemo again. She basically was in the same state that she was when Marlin found her. I didn't know where she was from. I knew that she had spent most of her youth wandering the ocean alone, and I wanted to know that she could find her new family, if she ever got lost again. It's almost like the parental side of me was worried.\" Stanton additionally stated: \"I knew if I ever said \"Finding Dory\" or mentioned a sequel to \"Finding Nemo\" out loud, I'd be done, [T]here would be no way I'd be able to", "title": "Finding Dory" }, { "id": "1803433", "score": "1.6611345", "text": "that the film would be pushed back to a UK July 29, 2016 release. Pixar's \"The Good Dinosaur\" was moved to the November 25, 2015 slot to allow more time for production of the film. Finding Nemo Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Written and directed by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Lee Unkrich, the film stars the voices of Albert Brooks, Ellen DeGeneres, Alexander Gould, and Willem Dafoe. It tells the story of the overprotective ocellaris clownfish named Marlin who, along with a regal blue", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "8298511", "score": "1.656738", "text": "Marlin plays tag with Dory and hide and seek with some baby turtles, they have a race to reach their destination. In the tank, Gil has Nemo search for five pebbles needed to jam the filter as part of their means to escape. Meanwhile, Marlin and Dory accidentally get swallowed by a whale. They travel through the whale's body and eventually manage to find a way out. Upon arriving in Sydney, the two fish meet Nigel who agrees to take them to the dentist's office. While they are en route, the dentist puts Nemo in a bag to give to", "title": "Finding Nemo (video game)" }, { "id": "1803401", "score": "1.6356766", "text": "be nothing to reveal, deciding to show how she died at the beginning of the movie. The character of Gill also was different from the character seen in the final film. In a scene that was eventually deleted, Gill tells Nemo that he's from a place called Bad Luck Bay and that he has brothers and sisters in order to impress the young clownfish, only for the latter to find out that he was lying by listening to a patient reading a children's storybook that shares exactly the same details. The casting of Albert Brooks, in Stanton's opinion, \"saved\" the", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "8298504", "score": "1.633117", "text": "cutscenes from the movie, and each clip is based on a level, e.g. hopping through a batch of jellyfish. The story begins with Nemo, excited of his first day of school, waking up his father Marlin. While traveling to school, they come across Tad and Sheldon, who are also on their way to school but are unable to find Pearl, who is lost in the sea caves. Nemo wants to help but Marlin forbids it. They come across a large clam blocking their path. While Marlin suggests going home, Nemo enters the caves and finds Pearl. After helping her out", "title": "Finding Nemo (video game)" }, { "id": "17199782", "score": "1.6319478", "text": "Jewel of Morro Bay across the ocean in California, thanks to Nemo mentioning its name. Marlin and Nemo accompany Dory. With the help of Crush, their sea turtle friend, they ride a water current to California. Upon arrival, they explore a shipwreck full of destroyed cargo, where Dory accidentally awakens a giant squid, who immediately pursues them and almost devours Nemo. Marlin berates Dory for endangering them. Her feelings hurt, Dory travels to the surface to seek help and is captured by staff members from the nearby Marine Life Institute after getting entangled in six pack rings. Dory is placed", "title": "Finding Dory" }, { "id": "17199781", "score": "1.6316793", "text": "separated from her parents as a child. As she grows up, Dory attempts to search for them, but gradually forgets them due to her short-term memory loss. In the flashback of the previous film, \"Finding Nemo\", she joins Marlin – a clownfish looking for his missing son Nemo – after accidentally swimming into him. One year later, Dory is living with Marlin and Nemo on their reef. One day, Dory has a flashback and remembers that she has parents. She decides to look for them, but her memory problem is an obstacle. She eventually remembers that they lived at the", "title": "Finding Dory" }, { "id": "1803402", "score": "1.6198131", "text": "film. Brooks liked the idea of Marlin being this clownfish who isn't funny and recorded outtakes of telling very bad jokes. The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and Bob Peterson while they were driving to record the actors. Although he originally envisioned the character of Dory as male, Stanton was inspired to cast Ellen DeGeneres when he watched an episode of \"Ellen\" in which he saw her \"change the subject five times before finishing one sentence\". The pelican character named Gerald (who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "8298512", "score": "1.6184297", "text": "his niece, but Nemo gets the idea to pretend to be dead so that the dentist will flush him down the toilet, which will take Nemo to the ocean. Marlin, Dory, and Nigel arrive at the office and are horrified to see Nemo \"dead\" before Nigel is thrown out. Gill saves Nemo from getting thrown in the trash can instead of the toilet and helps Nemo escape via the dentist's sink. Nemo travels his way through the sewers and manages to find an exit. After finding Dory, they quickly search for Marlin, who is thrilled to see his son alive.", "title": "Finding Nemo (video game)" }, { "id": "8298508", "score": "1.6174544", "text": "to bounce on, in which Bruce warns her that over three bounces will make them explode. They reach a sunken submarine where they meet Anchor and Chum. Bruce's friends. While having a meeting, Marlin finds the mask that he tried to catch earlier and an argument with Dory gives her a nosebleed. Bruce becomes violent after smelling the blood and tries to eat Marlin and Dory, forcing them to flee. After being chased around the submarine and temporally escaping into nearby rooms, they manage to escape Bruce and get out of the submarine. Meanwhile, Nemo is placed in a fish", "title": "Finding Nemo (video game)" }, { "id": "17211674", "score": "1.617367", "text": "film, stating: As of September 2018, there has been no further word on the future of the franchise. \"Exploring the Reef\" is a short documentary film. It features Jean-Michel Cousteau, exploring the Great Barrier Reef, but Marlin, Dory, and Nemo keep interrupting him. The short film is included on the second disc of the \"Finding Nemo\" DVD. \"Marine Life Interviews\" focuses on some of the supporting characters within \"Finding Dory\" as they give brief interviews and thoughts on Dory herself. The short is included on the DVD and Blu-Ray release of \"Finding Dory\". This is similar to Aardman's \"Creature Comforts\".", "title": "Finding Nemo (franchise)" }, { "id": "8298513", "score": "1.6139868", "text": "Shortly after, a fishing net catches Dory and several other fish and tries to pull them out of the water. Nemo comes up with an idea to get all the fish to swim down. This successfully breaks the net and frees them. After their adventure, Marlin is now not nearly overprotective of his son knowing he can look after himself. Dory also spends a lot of time with the two, and she accompanies Marlin as he takes Nemo to school. \"Finding Nemo\" received \"mixed or average reviews\" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where", "title": "Finding Nemo (video game)" }, { "id": "8298506", "score": "1.6134949", "text": "exploring some caves. This causes them to fall behind. After catching up to Mr. Ray, he lets them explore freely. They spot a speedboat in the distance and Nemo decides to swim up to it just as Marlin catches up. After avoiding dangerous sea creatures, he succeeds but is chased by a diver. Another diver blocks off Marlin while Nemo is captured and taken on-board the speedboat, which then departs. Marlin chases after the speedboat, but soon loses it. After noticing one of the diver's masks fall in the water, he chases it down. He makes his way through many", "title": "Finding Nemo (video game)" }, { "id": "1803403", "score": "1.6060069", "text": "Marlin and Dory) was originally a friend of Nigel. They were going to play against each other with Nigel being neat and fastidious and Gerald being scruffy and sloppy. The filmmakers could not find an appropriate scene for them that did not slow the pace of the picture, so Gerald's character was minimized. Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle. He originally did the voice for the film's story reel, and assumed they would find an actor later. When Stanton's performance became popular in test screenings, he decided to keep his performance in the film. He recorded", "title": "Finding Nemo" }, { "id": "1803397", "score": "1.601677", "text": "the dentist, Gill helps Nemo escape into a drain that leads to the ocean. Having mistaken Nemo for dead, Marlin thanks Dory and starts his return journey. Dory meets Nemo when he reaches the ocean, but she has lost her memory. Eventually, Dory's memory returns when she reads the word \"Sydney\" on a drainpipe. She reunites Nemo with Marlin, but she is caught in a fishing net with a school of grouper. Nemo enters the net and orders the grouper to swim downward to break the net and they all escape. Later, having returned home, Marlin and Dory proudly watch", "title": "Finding Nemo" } ]

[ "impacted wax", "Impacted wax", "Ear wax", "earwax removal", "cerumen", "earwax", "Cerumen", "earwaxes", "Earwaxes", "cerumen aurium", "Earwax impaction", "ear wax", "Earwax", "Cerumen aurium", "earwax impaction", "Earwax removal" ]

[ { "id": "8562062", "score": "1.4206723", "text": "to remove wax is discouraged by some health professionals for fear of damaging the ear and causing infections. Other than the wide variety of materials used to make them, ear picks vary widely in their tips and embellishments. Disposable plastic ear picks with a cotton swab at one end are increasingly popular. Ear picks are a commonly used item and preferred for ear wax removal in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, whose dry type of ear wax can be easily removed using the tool. It can be used individually or by another person. The person having his/her ears", "title": "Ear pick" }, { "id": "2501894", "score": "1.3965893", "text": "Earwax Earwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a gray, orange, or yellowish waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and other mammals. It protects the skin of the human ear canal, assists in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection against bacteria, fungi, insects, and water. Earwax consists of shed skin cells, hair, and the secretions of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands of the outside ear canal. Major components of earwax are long chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, alcohols, squalene, and cholesterol. Excess or compacted cerumen can press against the eardrum or", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": "2501908", "score": "1.3939995", "text": "ear. This demonstrates that the waxy residue is derived from the candle itself and not the ear. The color of the candle wax matches the light brown-colored wax of the human ear, making the distinction between the two waxes more difficult for a layperson. Because the candle itself is a hollow tube, some of the hot burnt wax could drop down inside the candle, into the ear canal, potentially injuring the eardrum. The American Academy of Otolaryngology states that ear candles are not a safe option for removing ear wax, and that no controlled studies or scientific evidence support their", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": "8562065", "score": "1.3786304", "text": "ear wax may be pushed deeper into the ear canal rather than removed. The lining of the ear is delicate and can be easily damaged. The ear is also self-cleaning and earwax is needed to protect the ear from dirt, dust, and bacterial infections. Ear pick Ear picks, also called ear scoops, or ear spoons, or earpicks, are a type of curette used to clean the ear canal of earwax (cerumen). They are preferred and are commonly used in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia because Asians tend to develop dry ear wax. In Asia, these are traditionally made", "title": "Ear pick" }, { "id": "2501907", "score": "1.3540572", "text": "ear coning or thermal-auricular therapy, is an alternative medicine practice claimed to improve general health and well-being by lighting one end of a hollow candle and placing the unlit end in the ear canal. It, however, is not recommended as it is both dangerous and ineffective. Advocates say that the dark residue that shows after the procedure consists of extracted earwax, proving the efficacy of the procedure. Studies have shown that the same dark residue is left, whether or not the candle (which is made of cotton fabric and beeswax and leaves a residue after burning) is inserted into an", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Earwax\n\nEarwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a brown, orange, red, yellowish or gray waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and other mammals. It protects the skin of the human ear canal, assists in cleaning and lubrication, and provides protection against bacteria, fungi, and water.\n\nEarwax consists of dead skin cells, hair, and the secretions of cerumen by the ceruminous and sebaceous glands of the outer Major components of earwax are long chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, alcohols, squalene, and cholesterol.<ref name=\"jo\"/> Excess or compacted cerumen is the buildup of ear wax causing a blockage in the ear canal<ref name = \"Khan_2007\" /> and it can press against the eardrum or block the outside ear canal or hearing aids, potentially causing hearing loss.", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ear pick\n\nEar picks, also called ear scoops, or ear spoons, or earpicks, are a type of curette used to clean the ear canal of earwax (cerumen). They are preferred and are commonly used in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia because Asians tend to develop dry ear wax.\n\nIn Asia, these are traditionally made from bamboo or precious metals such as silver or gold, but more commonly now, from stainless steel or plastic. European ear scoops produced up to the early 19th century were made from either bronze or precious metals such as silver.\n\nUse of ear picks to remove wax is discouraged by some health professionals for fear of damaging the ear and causing infections. It has also been attributed to impacting ear wax into the ear canal, making it more difficult to remove.", "title": "Ear pick" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ear\n\nAn ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word \"ear\" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation.\n\nThe ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and six small swellings that develop in the early embryo called otic placodes, which are derived from ectoderm.\n\nThe ear may be affected by disease, including infection and traumatic damage. Diseases of the ear may lead to hearing loss, tinnitus and balance disorders such as vertigo, although many of these conditions may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear.\n\nThe ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations.", "title": "Ear" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ear candling\n\nEar candling, also called ear coning or thermal-auricular therapy, is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice claiming to improve general health and well-being by lighting one end of a hollow candle and placing the other end in the ear canal. Medical research has shown that the practice is both dangerous and ineffective and does not functionally remove earwax or toxicants, despite product design contributing to that impression.", "title": "Ear candling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ear drop\n\nEar drops are a form of topical medication for the ears used to treat infection, inflammation, impacted ear wax and local anesthesia. They are commonly used for short-term treatment and can be purchased with or without a prescription. Before using ear drops, refer to the package insert or consult a health professional for the amount of drops to use and the duration of treatment.", "title": "Ear drop" }, { "id": "8562061", "score": "1.315611", "text": "Ear pick Ear picks, also called ear scoops, or ear spoons, or earpicks, are a type of curette used to clean the ear canal of earwax (cerumen). They are preferred and are commonly used in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia because Asians tend to develop dry ear wax. In Asia, these are traditionally made from bamboo or precious metals such as silver or gold, but more commonly now, from stainless steel or plastic. European ear scoops produced up to the early 19th century were made from either bronze or precious metals such as silver. Use of ear picks", "title": "Ear pick" }, { "id": "2501909", "score": "1.3118027", "text": "use for ear wax removal. The Food and Drug Administration has successfully taken several regulatory actions against the sale and distribution of ear candles since 1996, including seizing ear candle products and ordering injunctions. Home \"ear vacs\" were ineffective at removing ear-wax, especially when compared to a Jobson-Horne probe. A postal survey of British general practitioners found that only 19% always performed cerumen removal themselves. It is problematic as the removal of cerumen is not without risk, and physicians and nurses often have inadequate training for removal. Irrigation can be performed at home with proper equipment as long as the", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": "20641884", "score": "1.3056436", "text": "Cerumenolytic A cerumenolytic is an ear wax (cerumen) softening agent. Common cerumenolytics such as hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide - urea are topical preparations used to facilitate the removal of ear wax. Their side effects tend to be mild, including ear discomfort, transient loss of hearing, dizziness, and local irritation. Cerumenolytics are used to soften and break up ear wax. Using a cerumenolytic can reduce the need for flushing the ear with irrigants for wax removal. Additionally, cerumenolytics can also facilitate the manual removal of ear wax. Overall, all cerumenolytics are considered to be equivalent in efficacy. Cerumenolytics are administered", "title": "Cerumenolytic" }, { "id": "7032195", "score": "1.3030839", "text": "ear. Surfer's ear Surfer's ear is the common name for an exostosis or abnormal bone growth within the ear canal. Surfer's ear is not the same as swimmer's ear, although infection can result as a side effect. Irritation from cold wind and water exposure causes the bone surrounding the ear canal to develop lumps of new bony growth which constrict the ear canal. Where the ear canal is actually blocked by this condition, water and wax can become trapped and give rise to infection. The condition is so named due to its prevalence among cold water surfers. Warm water surfers", "title": "Surfer's ear" }, { "id": "2501895", "score": "1.3029283", "text": "block the outside ear canal or hearing aids, potentially causing hearing loss. Cerumen is produced in the outer third of the cartilaginous portion of the ear canal. It is a mixture of viscous secretions from sebaceous glands and less-viscous ones from modified apocrine sweat glands. The primary components of earwax are shed layers of skin, with, on average, 60% of the earwax consisting of keratin, 12–20% saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, squalene and 6–9% cholesterol. There are two distinct genetically determined types of earwax: the wet type, which is dominant, and the dry type, which is recessive. While", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": "7032189", "score": "1.2903312", "text": "Surfer's ear Surfer's ear is the common name for an exostosis or abnormal bone growth within the ear canal. Surfer's ear is not the same as swimmer's ear, although infection can result as a side effect. Irritation from cold wind and water exposure causes the bone surrounding the ear canal to develop lumps of new bony growth which constrict the ear canal. Where the ear canal is actually blocked by this condition, water and wax can become trapped and give rise to infection. The condition is so named due to its prevalence among cold water surfers. Warm water surfers are", "title": "Surfer's ear" }, { "id": "2501906", "score": "1.2891097", "text": "by light scraping with an ear pick, as it simply falls out in large pieces or dry flakes. It is generally advised not to use cotton swabs (Q-Tips or cotton buds), as doing so will likely push the wax farther down the ear canal, and if used carelessly, perforate the eardrum. Abrasion of the ear canal, particularly after water has entered from swimming or bathing, can lead to ear infection. Also, the cotton head may fall off and become lodged in the ear canal. Therefore, cotton swabs should be used only to clean the external ear. Ear candling, also called", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": "20641885", "score": "1.2878051", "text": "directly into the ear, which is a form of topical administration that can be specified as \"ototopical.\" Generally, the use of a cerumenolytic involves instilling several drops of the product into the affected ear once or twice daily for a treatment duration of 3 to 5 days. Each instillation is relatively quick (less than 5 minutes) and can be done either at home or in a clinical setting. However, like all ear wax treatments, the ear wax can reaccumulate in the ear after treatment, necessitating further treatment. Cerumenolytics are not recommended in children less than 3 years-old. Cerumenolytics are available", "title": "Cerumenolytic" }, { "id": "4914804", "score": "1.2807511", "text": "bony part is much shorter in children and is only a ring (\"annulus tympanicus\") in the newborn. Size and shape of the canal vary among individuals. The canal is approximately long and in diameter. It has a sigmoid form and runs from behind and above downward and forward. On the cross-section, it is of oval shape. These are important factors to consider when fitting earplugs. Due to its relative exposure to the outside world, the ear canal is susceptible to diseases and other disorders. Some disorders include: Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the", "title": "Ear canal" }, { "id": "2501902", "score": "1.2780291", "text": "method of cerumen removal is syringing with warm water. A curette method is more likely to be used by otolaryngologists when the ear canal is partially occluded and the material is not adhering to the skin of the ear canal. Cotton swabs, on the other hand, push most of the earwax farther into the ear canal and remove only a small portion of the top layer of wax that happens to adhere to the fibers of the swab. This process is referred to as \"cerumenolysis\". Topical preparations for the removal of earwax may be better than no treatment, and there", "title": "Earwax" }, { "id": "11334733", "score": "1.2716366", "text": "of Asia via migration of the ancient tribe. The gene spread as a result of it being a beneficial adaption or through an evolutionary neutral mutation mechanism that went through genetic drift events. The frequency of alleles for dry ear wax and odorless sweat is most concentrated in East- and Northeast Asia, most notably Korea, China, Mongolia, and western Japan. Conversely the frequency of the allele for wet ear wax and odored sweat are highest in African-American and sub-saharan populations. A downward gradient of dry ear wax allele phenotypes can be drawn from northern China to southern Asia and a", "title": "ABCC11" }, { "id": "16749034", "score": "1.2701131", "text": "Ear hair Ear hair generally refers to the terminal hair arising from folliculary cartilage inside the external auditory meatus in humans. In its broader sense, \"ear hair\" may also include the fine vellus hair covering much of the ear, particularly at the prominent parts of the anterior ear, or even the abnormal hair growth as seen in hypertrichosis and hirsutism. Medical research on the function of ear hair is currently very scarce. Hair growth within the ear canal is often observed to increase in older men, together with increased growth of nose hair. Visible hair that protrudes from the ear", "title": "Ear hair" }, { "id": "2470943", "score": "1.2626274", "text": "Ear candling Ear candling, also called ear coning or thermal-auricular therapy, is an alternative medicine practice claimed to improve general health and well-being by lighting one end of a hollow candle and placing the other end in the ear canal. Medical research has shown that the practice is both dangerous and ineffective and does not help remove earwax or toxicants. Edzard Ernst has published critically on the subject of ear candles, noting, \"There is no data to suggest that it is effective for any condition. Furthermore, ear candles have been associated with ear injuries. The inescapable conclusion is that ear", "title": "Ear candling" }, { "id": "2470945", "score": "1.2623997", "text": "frequency or duration, prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling thereof\" ... \"since the use of a lit candle in the proximity of a person's face would carry a high risk of causing potentially severe skin/hair burns and middle ear damage.\" A 2007 paper in the journal \"Canadian Family Physician\" concludes: A 2007 paper in \"American Family Physician\" said: The Spokane Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic conducted a research study in 1996 which concluded that ear candling does not produce negative pressure and was ineffective in removing wax from the ear canal. Several studies have shown that ear candles produce", "title": "Ear candling" }, { "id": "2501910", "score": "1.2584767", "text": "person is careful not to irrigate too hard. All other methods should be carried out only by individuals who have been sufficiently trained in the procedure. The author Bull advised physicians: \"\"After removal of wax, inspect thoroughly to make sure none remains. This advice might seem superfluous, but is frequently ignored.\"\" This was confirmed by Sharp et al., who, in a survey of 320 general practitioners, found that only 68% of doctors inspected the ear canal after syringing to check that the wax was removed. As a result, failure to remove the wax from the canal made up approximately 30%", "title": "Earwax" } ]

[ "melborne", "Mlebourne", "melbourne city", "Economy of Melbourne", "economy of melbourne", "melbourne victoria australia", "Melbourne (Australia)", "Melbouren", "Melben", "Melbourne", "Melbourne (Vic.)", "Melbourne australia", "Mlbourne", "UN/LOCODE:AUMEL", "melbournian", "un locode aumel", "melbouren", "Melbournian", "Melbourne Australia", "melbourne vic australia", "Melbourne City", "Melbourne, Victoria", "Melborne", "melb", "melbourne australia", "melbourne au vic", "melbourne victoria", "Melbourne, AU-VIC", "Melbourne, Australia", "Melb", "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Melbourne city", "Melbourne, VIC", "Menbourne", "Melbourne (Vic.), Australia", "menbourne", "melben", "Greater Melbourne", "greater melbourne", "marvellous melbourne", "melbourne vic", "Marvellous melbourne", "mlbourne", "Melbourne (Victoria)", "Melbourne, Australia.", "melbourne", "mlebourne" ]

[ { "id": "17029809", "score": "1.6533481", "text": "Harry Hopman. Queensland Tennis Centre, Brisbane The Brisbane International is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It is part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and of the WTA Premier tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. It is held annually in January at the Queensland Tennis Centre. Domain Tennis Centre, Hobart The Hobart International is a women's professional tennis tournament held at the Hobart International Tennis Centre in Hobart, Australia. Held since 1994, it forms a part of the Women's Tennis Association", "title": "Australian Open Series" }, { "id": "17029810", "score": "1.6522412", "text": "(WTA) Tour and is classed as an International tournament (previously Tier IV). It is competed on outdoor hardcourts, and is held in the run-up to the first Grand Slam tournament of the year, the Australian Open. Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre, Sydney The Sydney International (formerly known as the Championship of New South Wales and New South Wales Open) is a professional tennis tournament in Sydney, New South Wales. The tournament is played annually at the Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre in Homebush. It is one of the oldest tennis tournaments in the world, dating to 1885. The tournament is", "title": "Australian Open Series" }, { "id": "12448651", "score": "1.6237667", "text": "Tennis in Australia Tennis in Australia refers to the sport of tennis played in Australia. Tennis in Australia has been administered by Tennis Australia (formerly the \"Lawn Tennis Association of Australia\" (LTAA)) since 1904. Australia hosts the first of the four Grand Slam events of the year, the Australian Open. The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia and was first played in Melbourne in 1905. The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships and then became the Australian Championships in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969. In the 1950s, Australia became a tennis power, and Australian men", "title": "Tennis in Australia" }, { "id": "957628", "score": "1.6051786", "text": "at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November 1905. This facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre. The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships and then became the Australian Championships in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969. Since 1905, the Australian Open has been staged in five Australian and two New Zealand cities: Melbourne (55 times), Sydney (17 times), Adelaide (14 times), Brisbane (7 times), Perth (3 times), Christchurch (1906) and Hastings (1912). Though started in 1905, the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924, by the International Lawn", "title": "Australian Open" }, { "id": "20802489", "score": "1.5988852", "text": "The 2019 Australian Open will be the 107th edition of the tournament and will be held at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The tournament is run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and is part of the 2019 ATP Tour and the 2019 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consists of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as the mixed doubles events. There are singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which are part of the Grade A category of tournaments. There are also singles, doubles", "title": "2019 Australian Open" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australian Open\n\nThe Australian Open is a tennis tournament held annually at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The tournament is the first of the four Grand Slam tennis events held each year, preceding the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. The Australian Open starts in the middle of January and continues for two weeks coinciding with the Australia Day holiday. It features men's and women's singles; men's, women's, and mixed doubles; junior's championships; and wheelchair, legends, and exhibition events. Novak Djokovic has the most Australian Open men's singles titles of all time with nine. Before 1988, it was played on grass courts, but since then three types of hardcourt surfaces have been used: green-coloured Rebound Ace up to 2007, blue Plexicushion from 2008 to 2019, and blue GreenSet since 2020.\n\nFirst held in 1905 as the Australasian championships, the Australian Open has grown to become one of the biggest sporting events in the Southern Hemisphere. Nicknamed \"the happy slam\", the Australian Open is the highest attended Grand Slam event, with more than 812,000 people attending the 2020 tournament. It was also the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts, Rod Laver Arena, John Cain Arena and the refurbished Margaret Court Arena equipped with retractable roofs.\n\nThe Australian Open is a major contributor to the Victorian economy: the 2020 Australian Open injected $387.7 million into the Victorian economy, while over the preceding decade the Australian Open had contributed more than $2.71 billion in economic benefits to Victoria and generated 1775 jobs for the state, with these jobs being predominantly in the accommodation, hotels, cafés and trade services sectors.", "title": "Australian Open" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2023 Australian Open\n\nThe 2023 Australian Open is a Grand Slam tennis tournament that will take place at Melbourne Park, from 16–29 January 2023. It will be the 111th edition of the Australian Open, the 55th in the Open Era, and the first Grand Slam of the year. The tournament will consist of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles. Junior and wheelchair players will compete in singles and doubles tournaments. As in previous years, the tournament's main sponsor is Kia.\n\nRafael Nadal and Ashleigh Barty are the defending champions in Men's singles and Women's singles, respectively. Barty chose not to defend her title after she retired from the sport in March 2022.", "title": "2023 Australian Open" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "US Open (tennis)\n\nThe US Open Tennis Championships is a hardcourt tennis tournament held annually in Queens, New York. Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final Grand Slam tournament of the year. The other three, in chronological order, are the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. The US Open starts on the last Monday of August and continues for two weeks, with the middle weekend coinciding with the US Labor Day holiday. The tournament is of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, originally known as the U.S. National Championship, for which men's singles and men's doubles were first played in August 1881. It is the only Grand Slam that was not affected by cancellation of World War I and World War II or interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.\n\nThe tournament consists of five primary championships: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles. The tournament also includes events for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has been played on acrylic hardcourts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens, New York City. The US Open is owned and organized by the United States Tennis Association (USTA), a non-profit organization, and the chairperson of the US Open is Patrick Galbraith. Revenue from ticket sales, sponsorships, and television contracts is used to develop tennis in the United States.\n\nThis tournament, from 1971 to 2021, employed standard tiebreakers (first to 7, win by 2) in every set of a singles match. Since 2022, when a match that reaches 6–all in the last possible set (the third for women and the fifth for men) an extended tiebreaker to 10 points is played. Should the tiebreaker be tied at 9-all, whoever scores two straight points wins it.", "title": "US Open (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1970 Australian Open\n\nThe 1970 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on Grass courts at the White City Stadium in Sydney, Australia from 19 to 27 January. It was the 58th edition of the Australian Open, the 16th held in Sydney, and the first Grand Slam of the year. Margaret Smith Court's win in the singles was the first step towards her achieving a Grand Slam.", "title": "1970 Australian Open" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2022 Australian Open\n\nThe 2022 Australian Open was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park, Australia from 17 to 30 January 2022. It was the 110th edition of the Australian Open, the 54th in the Open Era, and the first Grand Slam of the year. The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles. Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments. As in previous years, the tournament's main sponsor was Kia.\n\nThe men's singles title was won by Rafael Nadal, and was Nadal's 21st major title, and his second Australian Open. He defeated second seed Daniil Medvedev in the final, winning in five sets after being two sets down. In winning the title, Nadal broke the record for all-time men's major singles title - it was previously tied at 20 between himself, Novak Djokovic, and Roger Federer. The women's singles title was won by Ashleigh Barty, who won her first Australian Open title and third major title. She defeated 27th seed Danielle Collins in straight sets. Barty was the first Australian to win the title since Chris O'Neil won the title in 1978. The final would also prove to be Barty's last professional match, with Barty announcing her retirement in March 2022.\n\nThe event was overshadowed by Djokovic's battle with Australian immigration after disclosing he was not vaccinated against COVID-19. In the end, he was unable to participate after his visa was cancelled twice by Australian Immigration Minister Alex Hawke.", "title": "2022 Australian Open" }, { "id": "957626", "score": "1.5949101", "text": "Australian Open The Australian Open is a tennis tournament held annually over the last fortnight of January in Melbourne, Australia. The tournament is the first of the four Grand Slam tennis events held each year, preceding the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. It features men's and women's singles; men's, women's and mixed doubles and junior's championships; as well as wheelchair, legends and exhibition events. Prior to 1988 it was played on grass courts, but since then two types of hardcourt surfaces have been used at Melbourne Park – green coloured Rebound Ace up to 2007 and, afterwards, blue", "title": "Australian Open" }, { "id": "17029808", "score": "1.5838995", "text": "Australian Open Series The Australian Open Series is a selection of tennis tournaments held annually prior to the start of the Australian Open in Melbourne, Australia. As of 2016, there are five official Australian Open Series tournaments held across Australia in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year, as designated by Tennis Australia. Perth Arena, Perth The Hopman Cup is an international team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament held in early January (sometimes commencing in late December) each year, which plays mixed-gender teams on a country-by-country basis. The championship is named in honour of Australian tennis player and coach", "title": "Australian Open Series" }, { "id": "8175672", "score": "1.576493", "text": "Olga Morozova / Margaret Court, 7–6, 7–6 1975 Australian Open The 1975 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in Australia and was held from 21 December 1974 to 1 January 1975. It was the 63rd edition of the Australian Open and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. The singles titles were won by Australians John Newcombe and Evonne Goolagong. John Newcombe defeated Jimmy Connors, 7–5, 3–6, 6–4, 7–6 Evonne Goolagong defeated Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–2 John Alexander / Philip Dent defeated Bob Carmichael / Allan Stone, 6–3,", "title": "1975 Australian Open" }, { "id": "10331213", "score": "1.5745502", "text": "1971. The inaugural edition of the tournament was played in May 1885 at the \"Association Ground\" in Moore Park, part of the Sydney Cricket Ground. In 1908 control of the tournament was handed over to the NSW Tennis Association and the event moved to its location at Double Bay. From 1922 until 1999 the event was hosted at the White City complex, close to the Sydney CBD. Since the 2000 edition, the event has been played at the Sydney International Tennis Centre, in Homebush, a suburb of Western Sydney, which was constructed for the tennis events at the 2000 Olympic", "title": "Sydney International" }, { "id": "19772964", "score": "1.5714531", "text": "the women's game in the Open Era. The 2017 Australian Open was the 105th edition of the tournament and was held at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and is part of the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There were singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which are part of the Grade A category of tournaments,", "title": "2017 Australian Open" }, { "id": "10331214", "score": "1.56846", "text": "Games. The venue consists of 15 outdoor courts and a centre court along with an administrative building, for the whole of Tennis NSW. Sydney International The Sydney International (formerly known as the Championship of New South Wales and New South Wales Open, with various title sponsors), formerly sponsored as the Apia International Sydney from 2012 to 2017, is a professional tennis tournament in Sydney, Australia. The tournament is played annually at the NSW Tennis Centre in Homebush. It is one of the oldest tennis tournaments in the world, dating to 1885. The tournament is currently noted as an ATP 250", "title": "Sydney International" }, { "id": "10331211", "score": "1.5657845", "text": "Sydney International The Sydney International (formerly known as the Championship of New South Wales and New South Wales Open, with various title sponsors), formerly sponsored as the Apia International Sydney from 2012 to 2017, is a professional tennis tournament in Sydney, Australia. The tournament is played annually at the NSW Tennis Centre in Homebush. It is one of the oldest tennis tournaments in the world, dating to 1885. The tournament is currently noted as an ATP 250 point event on the men's tour and a WTA Premier event on the women's tour. The tournament is held annually in January immediately", "title": "Sydney International" }, { "id": "8175687", "score": "1.565577", "text": "1971 Australian Open The 1971 Australian Open, also known under its sponsored name Dunlop Australian Open, was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the White City Stadium in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia from 7 to 14 March. The tournament was originally scheduled to be played in Melbourne but was moved to Sydney on account of a $125,000 sponsorship deal with Dunlop. The tournament date was moved from its regular January slot to March to accommodate scheduling requirements made by the commercial promotors World Championship Tennis and National Tennis League. It was the 59th edition of the", "title": "1971 Australian Open" }, { "id": "14297282", "score": "1.5614772", "text": "the Quad events David Wagner won the singles while Andrew Lapthorne and Peter Norfolk took the doubles crown. The 2011 Australian Open was the 99th edition of the Australian Open, held at Melbourne Park, in Melbourne, Victoria. The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and Tennis Australia, that was part of the 2011 ATP World Tour and the 2011 WTA Tour calendars, under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There was also singles and doubles events for boys and", "title": "2011 Australian Open" }, { "id": "957627", "score": "1.5566417", "text": "Plexicushion. First held in 1905, the Australian Open is now the largest annual sporting event in the Southern Hemisphere. The tournament holds the record for the highest attendance at a Grand Slam event, with 743,667 people attending the 2018 Australian Open. It was also the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts, the Rod Laver Arena, Melbourne Arena and the refurbished Margaret Court Arena equipped with retractable roofs. The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played", "title": "Australian Open" }, { "id": "9640797", "score": "1.5511763", "text": "2008 Australian Open The 2008 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 96th edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia, from 14 through 27 January 2008. After twenty years of playing on Rebound Ace, the courts were changed to Plexicushion, a marginally faster surface. The new surface is thinner, and therefore has lower heat retention. This decision was made in a bid to reduce the \"stick\" of the court and the frequency of the extreme heat", "title": "2008 Australian Open" }, { "id": "957635", "score": "1.550183", "text": "won by Arthur Ashe. In 1983, Ivan Lendl, John McEnroe and Mats Wilander entered the tournament. Wilander won the singles title and both his Davis Cup singles rubbers in the Swedish loss to Australia at Kooyong shortly after. Following the 1983 Australian Open, the International Tennis Federation prompted the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia to change the site of the tournament, because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event. In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park (later renamed Melbourne Park). The change of the venue also led to a change of the", "title": "Australian Open" }, { "id": "12481677", "score": "1.5484078", "text": "2009 Australian Open The 2009 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 97th edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia, from 19 January through 1 February 2009. The 2009 men's tournament is considered to be one of the best Grand Slam tournaments in open era history. It is remembered for containing many of the best matches of the 2009 year, including the Nadal v Verdasco semi final and the Nadal v Federer final. It was the", "title": "2009 Australian Open" }, { "id": "20385637", "score": "1.5478864", "text": "2018 Australian Open The 2018 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played at Melbourne Park between 15–28 January 2018, and was the first Grand Slam tournament of the 2018 season. The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. Junior and wheelchair players compete in singles and doubles tournaments. Roger Federer was the defending champion in the men's singles event and successfully retained his title (his sixth), defeating Marin Čilić in the final, while Caroline Wozniacki won the women's title, defeating Simona Halep in the final to win her first Grand Slam. The tournament", "title": "2018 Australian Open" }, { "id": "8171980", "score": "1.5470884", "text": "Naoko Sato / Pam Whytcross, 7–5, 6–2 This event was not held from 1970 until 1985. 1978 Australian Open The 1978 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia and was held from 25 December 1978 to 3 January 1979. It was the 67th edition of the Australian Open and the fourth Grand Slam tournament of the year. The singles titles were won by Argentinian Guillermo Vilas and Australian Chris O'Neil. Guillermo Vilas defeated John Marks, 6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 Chris O'Neil defeated Betsy Nagelsen, 6–3, 7–6 Wojciech Fibak /", "title": "1978 Australian Open" } ]

[ "Lisieux", "lisieux france", "Lisieux, France", "Noviomagus Lexoviorum", "lisieux", "noviomagus lexoviorum" ]

[ { "id": "2192982", "score": "1.6201899", "text": "a centre for pilgrims from all over the world. It was originally dedicated in 1937 by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII. The basilica can seat 3,000 people. In films In music Further reading Thérèse of Lisieux Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (), born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin (2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), also known as Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, O.C.D., was a French Catholic Discalced Carmelite nun who is widely venerated in modern times. She is popularly known as \"The Little Flower of Jesus\", or simply \"The Little Flower\". Thérèse has been", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": "2192868", "score": "1.6065307", "text": "Thérèse of Lisieux Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (), born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin (2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), also known as Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, O.C.D., was a French Catholic Discalced Carmelite nun who is widely venerated in modern times. She is popularly known as \"The Little Flower of Jesus\", or simply \"The Little Flower\". Thérèse has been a highly influential model of sanctity for Catholics and for others because of the simplicity and practicality of her approach to the spiritual life. Together with Saint Francis of Assisi, she is one of the", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": "13134991", "score": "1.569993", "text": "Basilica of St. Thérèse, Lisieux The Basilica of St. Thérèse of Lisieux () is a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica dedicated to Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. Located in Lisieux, France, the large basilica can accommodate 4,000 people, and, with more than two million visitors a year, is the second largest pilgrimage site in France, after Lourdes. Pope John Paul II visited the Basilica on 2 June 1980. Saint Thérèse of Lisieux was beatified in 1923 and canonised in 1925. It was decided to build a large basilica dedicated to her in the city where she lived and died. The", "title": "Basilica of St. Thérèse, Lisieux" }, { "id": "18238533", "score": "1.5666326", "text": "under the pastoral care of Father Luis A. Tolentino. In 2013, the relics of St. Thérèse visited the UPLB community as part of its world pilgrimage. The parish church was elevated to a diocesan shrine on October 1, 2016. Most of the church facilities and adjacent church structures was constructed under the Foundation of St. Thérèse Parish, Inc. (FSTPI) which caters the material needs of the church. It includes the parish rectory (including the rectory annex), Garden of Peace (ossuary), St. Thérèse Baptistry, Resurrection Chapel, and sacristy Saint Therese of the Child Jesus Parish Church The Saint Thérèse of the", "title": "Saint Therese of the Child Jesus Parish Church" }, { "id": "9658161", "score": "1.5659168", "text": "patron saint is Thérèse de Lisieux. Saint Thérèse de Lisieux (January 2, 1873 – September 30, 1897), or more properly \"Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et de la Sainte Face\" (\"Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face\"), born Marie-Françoise-Thérèse Martin, was a Roman Catholic nun who was canonized as a saint, and is recognized as a Doctor of the Church. She is also known by many as \"The Little Flower of Jesus\". The school's student publication, the \"Therestic Circle\", pays homage to the saint. St. Theresita's Academy St. Theresita's Academy, informally referred to by the acronym STA,", "title": "St. Theresita's Academy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Saint Teresa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mother Teresa\n\nMary Teresa Bojaxhiu, MC (; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa (), was an Indian-Albanian Catholic nun who, in 1950, founded the Missionaries of Charity. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu () was born in Skopjeat the time, part of the Ottoman Empire. After eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived most of her life. Saint Teresa of Calcutta was canonised on 4 September 2016. The anniversary of her death is her feast day.\n\nAfter Mother Teresa founded her religious congregation, it grew to have over 4,500 nuns and was active in 133 countries . The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. The congregation also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children's and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give \"wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor.\"\n\nMother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised on various counts, such as for her views on abortion and contraception, and was criticized for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorized biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of other books as well as films. On 6 September 2017, Mother Teresa and Saint Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.", "title": "Mother Teresa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Teresa of Ávila" }, { "id": "13134996", "score": "1.5583498", "text": "color). It gives concerts chime twice a day. The bell was donated by Belgium and Holland in the ex-voto to Saint Thérèse. On the outside, behind the church there is a Way of the Cross where tombs of the parents of Saint Thérèse, Saints Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin were located from 1958 through 2008. The causes for their beatification were introduced in 1957. For the first time in the history of the Church, the two causes were united into one by Pope Paul VI. They were declared venerable by Pope John Paul II in 1994 and were beatified by", "title": "Basilica of St. Thérèse, Lisieux" }, { "id": "2192956", "score": "1.5452809", "text": "does some good. But God tells me: 'Give, give always, without being concerned with the results\"'. Together with Saint Francis of Assisi, Saint Thérèse of Lisieux is one of the most popular Roman Catholic saints since apostolic times. She is approachable, due in part to her historical proximity. Barbara Stewart, writing for \"The New York Times\", once called Thérèse \"...the Emily Dickinson of Roman Catholic sainthood\". As a Doctor of the Church, she is the subject of much theological comment and study, and, as a young woman whose message has touched the lives of millions, she remains the focus of", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": "3290311", "score": "1.5350963", "text": "Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec Sainte-Thérèse is an off-island suburb northwest of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Thérèse-De Blainville Regional County Municipality. The town is mostly known as a home for heavy industry, but it is also a centre of recreational and tourist activities. It is near the southern limit of a web of cross-country ski trails which meander through the Laurentides. Heading north, it is possible to undertake several nature-filled days of skiing towards major resort centres such as Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. During the summer, many of the ski trails are used as dedicated bicycle paths, making it possible to undertake", "title": "Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec" }, { "id": "2192974", "score": "1.5319614", "text": "(birthday to heaven). Thérèse of Lisieux is the patron saint of aviators, florists, illness(es) and missions. She is also considered by Catholics to be the patron saint of Russia, although the Russian Orthodox Church does not recognize either her canonization or her patronage. In 1927, Pope Pius XI named Thérèse co-patron of the missions, with Saint Francis Xavier. In 1944 Pope Pius XII decreed her a co-patron of France with Saint Joan of Arc. The principal patron of France is the Blessed Virgin Mary. By the Apostolic Letter \"Divini Amoris Scientia\" (\"The Science of Divine Love\") of 19 October 1997,", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": "15916953", "score": "1.5254548", "text": "through her intercession caused the introduction of her cause of canonization only seventeen years after her death, 10 June 1914. Thérèse was beatified on 29 April 1923 and canonized on 17 May 1925, by Pope Pius XI, only 28 years after her death. Thérèse of Lisieux is the patron saint of people with AIDS, aviators, florists, illness(es) and missions. She is also considered by Catholics to be the patron saint of Russia. In 1927, Pope Pius XI named Thérèse a patroness of the missions. By the Apostolic Letter Divini Amoris Scientia (The Science of Divine Love) of 19 October 1997,", "title": "Saint Theresa Church, Perambur" }, { "id": "17548283", "score": "1.5250869", "text": "5 October 2009, the monastery hosted the relics of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux for three hours as part of a nationwide tour of the U.K. At the time, Sister Mary of the Resurrection, aged 83 and prioress of the monastery, stated, \"We were surprised but very privileged to be chosen, we thought the relics would go to the cathedral in Sheffield. It's a big event for us and a joy.” Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield The Monastery of The Holy Spirit, known locally as Kirk Edge Convent is a Carmelite monastery for nuns. It is situated on Kirk Edge", "title": "Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield" }, { "id": "19597438", "score": "1.5248737", "text": "Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face or simply Saint Thérèse of Lisieux a French Discalced Carmelite declared a saint in 1925 and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1997 by Pope John Paul II. St. Theresa of the Child Jesus Cathedral, Urawa The St. Theresa of the Child Jesus Cathedral () also called Urawa Church is the name given to a religious building that is located in Urawa, Saitama prefecture in the Asian country of Japan. The present church dates from 1940, follows the Roman or Latin rite and serves as the seat of the", "title": "St. Theresa of the Child Jesus Cathedral, Urawa" }, { "id": "3290313", "score": "1.4984902", "text": "Laurentides. According to the Canada 2001 Census: The Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Îles (CSSMI) operates Francophone public schools. Some students are zoned to École Plateau Saint-Louis or to École de la Renaissance in Blainville and some are zoned to École secondaire Jean-Jacques-Rousseau in Boisbriand. Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates Anglophone public schools: There is a French-language private school, Académie Sainte-Thérèse, which has its primary school campus here. <br> <br> Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec Sainte-Thérèse is an off-island suburb northwest of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Thérèse-De Blainville Regional County Municipality. The town is mostly known as a home for", "title": "Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec" }, { "id": "18969397", "score": "1.4982446", "text": "Father Lorenzo van den Eerenbeemt who served as a Carmelite scholar. She travelled to Rome on 17 May 1925 with Father Lorenzo to witness the canonization of Thérèse of Lisieux under Pope Pius XI. She soon moved to Santa Marinella on 3 July 1925 in order to work exclusively with the poor and destitute. She gained the permission of Cardinal Antonio Vico to establish an order there; it was on 16 July 1926 that her small cluster of Carmelites was approved. It was there that she founded the Carmelite Missionary Sisters of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus, and the", "title": "Maria Crocifissa Curcio" }, { "id": "18728968", "score": "1.495987", "text": "XI raised it to the rank of minor basilica in 1938. The bulk of the shrine is the two Gothic spires that adorn the church's roof. The facade was clad in brick in 1968, while the bell tower was completed in 1955. The large square is surrounded by a sober and elegant wrought iron gate, supported by a foundation and white marble columns. In the middle of the square, surrounded by a bed of roses, stands the monument to Saint Therese, in white Carrara marble, sculpted in the characteristic position of throwing \"her roses\" towards those who come to the", "title": "Santuario di Santa Teresa di Gesù Bambino" }, { "id": "2192980", "score": "1.4877422", "text": "Although Cardinal Basil Hume had declined to endorse proposals for a tour in 1997, her relics finally visited England and Wales in late September and early October 2009, including an overnight stop at the Anglican York Minster on her feast day, 1 October. A quarter of a million people venerated them. On 27 June 2010, the relics of Saint Thérèse made their first visit to South Africa in conjunction with the 2010 World Cup. They remained in the country until October 5, 2010. The writing-desk Therese used at Carmel (an artifact as opposed to a relic) toured the United States", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": "18728967", "score": "1.4867306", "text": "Santuario di Santa Teresa di Gesù Bambino The Shrine of St. Therese of the Child Jesus is a place of Catholic worship in Verona. Located on the southern outskirts of the city, in the Roma District, it is entrusted to the Discalced Carmelites. Construction began in 1901, was completed in 1904 and the Church was consecrated the following year. The first building stone was laid on 29 July 1901 and the project was completed in 1904. On 15 January 1905, the bishop of Verona Cardinal Bartolomeo Bacilieri inaugurated and blessed the church, originally dedicated to the Holy Family. Pope Pius", "title": "Santuario di Santa Teresa di Gesù Bambino" }, { "id": "15116907", "score": "1.4817396", "text": "National Shrine of St Therese The National Shrine of St. Thérèse in Darien, Illinois is a Roman Catholic shrine dedicated to St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face. The Shrine is a part of the Aylesford Carmelite campus, run by the Carmelite Order of the Most Pure Heart of Mary. The Shrine includes both a museum devoted to the saint and a chapel. St. Clara Church on Woodlawn Avenue in Chicago became the first home of the National Shrine of St. Thérèse in the 1920s. In the 1950s, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops declared the", "title": "National Shrine of St Therese" }, { "id": "2192870", "score": "1.480833", "text": "night of faith (the time she felt Jesus was absent and when she even felt tormented by doubts about the existence of God), Thérèse died aged 24, following a slow and painful fight against tuberculosis. Her feast day is 1 October in the General Roman Calendar, and 3 October in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite. Thérèse is well-known throughout the world, with the Basilica of Lisieux being the second-largest place of pilgrimage in France after Lourdes. She was born in Rue Saint-Blaise, Alençon, in France on 2 January 1873, the daughter of Marie-Azélie Guérin, (usually called Zélie), and", "title": "Thérèse of Lisieux" }, { "id": "20639192", "score": "1.4794958", "text": "Saint Therese of the Little Flower Catholic Church Saint Thérèse of the Little Flower Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Reno. A Catholic elementary school is also located on the grounds called Little Flower School. The parish was established in 1948 and is in its third location. Until 1978 the church itself was housed in a brick building at Wells Avenue and Vassar Street in Reno, Nevada USA; the building became a bank branch. The Church was among those visited by relics of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. This Church is one of seven in the", "title": "Saint Therese of the Little Flower Catholic Church" } ]

[ "Rails", "Rail", "rail", "rails", "rail disambiguation", "Rail (disambiguation)", "rails disambiguation", "Rails (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "4477221", "score": "1.5769693", "text": "Ticket to Ride (board game) Ticket to Ride is a railway-themed German-style board game designed by Alan R. Moon, Illustrated by Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean, published in 2004 by Days of Wonder. The game is also known as \"Zug um Zug\" (German), \"Les Aventuriers du Rail\" (French), \"Aventureros al Tren\" (Spanish), \"Wsiąść do pociągu\" (Polish), and \"Menolippu\" (Finnish). The game won the 2004 Spiel des Jahres, the Origins Award for \"Best Board Game of 2004\", the 2005 Diana Jones award, the 2005 As d'Or Jeu de l'année, and placed second in the Schweizer Spielepreis for Family Games. \"Ticket to", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477230", "score": "1.5716419", "text": "goods (represented by point tokens) at each city which is visited. Doing so consumes the passenger, which is then removed from the game. Because the point tokens themselves are removed as they're collected, doing this earlier in the game earns tokens of higher value, while doing so later in the game tends to traverse longer routes. Passenger cards collected into the player's hand from previous turns can be played while moving the passenger to allow the passenger to traverse another players trains, 1 route per passenger card. This version of the game also uses two different type of Locomotive wildcards.", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477259", "score": "1.5592928", "text": "a route. Teammates score together but must play with only their own 27 trains, they cannot play their teammate's trains. Players also have one additional option for their turn. They may use their whole turn to transfer 2 destination tickets from their personal hand to the team's shared hand. The tunnels in this version are marked with a 4, 5, or 6. The player who wants to claim a tunnel route, must draw additional train cards equal to the number on the route, instead of just 3 as in the Europe version. Released in 2011, map collection 2 featured one", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477227", "score": "1.5525553", "text": "may be necessary to complete the route. This version has six designated 'long route' destination tickets, therefore the distribution of destination tickets at the beginning is different as compared to the base game. Each player is dealt four destination tickets, one of which is a 'long' ticket, and must keep at least two. Each player is also given three Train Stations, which allow a player to sacrifice points to use a route already claimed by another player. This allows each player an additional option during their turn. They may choose to discard a matching set of train car cards and", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477234", "score": "1.5444798", "text": "is a standalone game with a double-sided board, the largest used in any Ticket to Ride game. One side is \"The World\" map and the other is \"The Great Lakes\" map. This version contains train pieces and ship pieces to be played on land routes and water routes respectively. The travel cards include a modified train card deck and a new \"ship deck\" used to claim land or water routes respectively. Also included are 3 harbor tokens for each player. The World - With this map players start with 3 train cards, 7 ship cards, 5 destination tickets, 25 trains,", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ticket to Ride (board game)\n\nTicket to Ride is a railway-themed German-style board game designed by Alan R. Moon. It was illustrated by Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean and published in 2004 by Days of Wonder. The game is also known as \"Zug um Zug\" (German), \"Les Aventuriers du Rail\" (French), \"Aventureros al Tren\" (Spanish), \"Wsiąść do pociągu\" (Polish), and \"Menolippu\" (Finnish).\n\nThe game's original version is played on a board depicting a railway map of the United States and southern Canada. Localized editions have subsequently been published depicting maps of other countries, cities and regions. Players collect and play train car cards to claim train routes across the map. Points are earned based on the length of the claimed routes, whoever completes the longest continuous railway, and whether the player can connect distant cities that are determined by drawing ticket cards.\n\nThe game won the 2004 Spiel des Jahres, the Origins Award for \"Best Board Game of 2004\", the 2005 Diana Jones award, the 2005 As d'Or Jeu de l'année, and placed second in the Schweizer Spielepreis for Family Games. \"Ticket to Ride: Europe\" won the 2005 International Gamers Award. As of August 2008, over 750,000 copies of the game had been sold according to the publisher. As of October 2014, over three million copies were reported sold, with retail sales of over $150 million.", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Rail transport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of confidence tricks\n\nConfidence tricks and scams are difficult to classify, because they change often and often contain elements of more than one type. Throughout this list, the perpetrator of the confidence trick is called the \"con artist\" or simply \"artist\", and the intended victim is the \"mark\". Particular scams are mainly directed toward elderly people, as they may be gullible and sometimes inexperienced or insecure, especially when the scam involves modern technology such as computers and the internet. This list should not be considered complete but covers the most common examples.\nSection::::Get-rich-quick schemes.\nGet-rich-quick schemes are extremely varied; these include fake franchises, real estate \"sure things\", get-rich-quick books, wealth-building seminars, self-help gurus, sure-fire inventions, useless products, chain letters, fortune tellers, quack doctors, miracle pharmaceuticals, foreign exchange fraud, Nigerian money scams, fraudulent treasure hunts, and charms and talismans. Variations include the pyramid scheme, the Ponzi scheme, and the matrix scheme.", "title": "List of confidence tricks" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Skateboarding\n\nSkateboarding is an action sport originating in the United States that involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding would be represented at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, for both male and female teams.\n\nSince the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and more recently, scooters. However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, and parks.<ref name=\"Architecture\"/><ref name=skateboarding/>", "title": "Skateboarding" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Land transport\n\nLand transport is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one location to another location on land. The two main forms of land transport can be considered to be rail transport and road transport.", "title": "Land transport" }, { "id": "11729459", "score": "1.5366808", "text": "Ticket to Ride (video game) Ticket to Ride is a turn-based strategy video game, based upon Alan R. Moon's German-style board game of the same name, developed by Next Level Games and published by Playful Entertainment, Inc. The title was released on June 25, 2008. In February 2017 Days of wonder abandoned Linux support. Gameplay is identical to the board game: there are two types of cards, colored train cars representing a type of cargo (e.g., black represents coal cars), and destination cards which feature two city destinations (e.g., Chicago to Miami). Each player is dealt three destination cards, and", "title": "Ticket to Ride (video game)" }, { "id": "4477250", "score": "1.5309653", "text": "it also includes three new ways to play \"Ticket to Ride\" which include: The \"Ticket to Ride Dice Expansion\", compatible with any map (although the 9-train route in Nordic Countries and Rails & Sails The Great Lakes, and the 10-train route in United Kingdom are not claimable with this expansion), was released in 2008. Instead of drawing train car cards, players roll dice and use them to claim routes, take destination tickets, or perform other actions. Tunnel dice are used instead of drawing cards when players try to build tunnels in maps that include them. On September 9, 2009, Days", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477225", "score": "1.5230651", "text": "route helps to complete his or her destination tickets. The routes score points by themselves, as mentioned above, but routes not connected to a player's destination do not help him or her in reaching the destination or completing his or her destination ticket. The game ends when one player has only two or fewer of his or her supply of coloured train pieces. When this occurs, every player then plays one additional turn, after which they each reveal their previously hidden destination tickets. Additional points are awarded for having successfully connected the destinations on the cards, whereas points are subtracted", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477233", "score": "1.517682", "text": "a thematic change, the map now being set in turn-of-the-20th-century Germany. The game rules do not include the Merchandise and Passengers mechanisms or the +4 locomotive cards present in Märklin. In 2017, the game was released in English and other languages and packaged with the 1902 expansion listed below. Released in 2014, Ticket to Ride: 10th Anniversary is a larger map of the original game (USA) and has metal boxes for the trains. There are no changes to the game except the map is larger and has been redesigned. Released worldwide in September 2016, Ticket to Ride: Rails & Sails", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477240", "score": "1.506113", "text": "in 2016, this version is designed for children 6 and up. This version is for 2 to 4 players. The board is much smaller than the base version, connections are shorter, and game time is quicker. There are no points in this game, but players race to complete six destination tickets. The game ends when one player completes his or her sixth ticket, or if someone runs out of trains, the person with the most completed tickets wins. Two versions of this game were released. The first has a map of the United States available for purchase in North America,", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477258", "score": "1.5000653", "text": "27 each. Teammates sit next to each other and play sequentially. Each player has his or her own train cards and destination tickets, but each team also has an additional set of shared train cards and destination tickets placed in a common holder so both members can see them. Teammates are not allowed to discuss game play or strategy between themselves, but must try to complete their personal destination tickets as well as the shared ones. Train cards can be used from both your own hand and the common team hand, but not from your teammate's personal hand to claim", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477255", "score": "1.4985079", "text": "positioned in cities before the start of the game. During the game, players collect passengers to score even more bonus points for the most passengers in given color. The expansion is only available in Germany and Austria. Released at Essen in 2015, this expansion to Ticket to Ride Europe adds seven additional destination tickets along the orient express which can be shuffled in with your other destination tickets when playing Ticket to Ride Europe. \"Ticket to Ride: Switzerland\", originally released as part of the computer game, was released as a board game expansion in 2007. The game features several changes.", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477265", "score": "1.4969711", "text": "have released. The design principles it uses are all simple and have been done before, but they have never been put together in a game as compelling as \"Ticket to Ride\".\" Board Game Quest mentioned that it is \"one of the greatest gateway games ever made\" and Board Games Land described it as the \"one of the best family board games ever made\". Ticket to Ride (board game) Ticket to Ride is a railway-themed German-style board game designed by Alan R. Moon, Illustrated by Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean, published in 2004 by Days of Wonder. The game is also", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "11729461", "score": "1.4959944", "text": "person. The players immediately earn points for each successful route they claim. At the end of the game, players earn the points listed on the destination card. If a player decides to pick a new destination card, he draws three cards and may choose any of the cards; however, the player \"must\" pick at least one destination. The game ends when at least one of the players has expended their trains. Players are given bonuses for completed destinations, and penalized for unrealized destinations. The player with the longest contiguous route earns an additional bonus. \"Ticket to Ride\" supports play with", "title": "Ticket to Ride (video game)" }, { "id": "4477224", "score": "1.4924722", "text": "cities are connected by two parallel routes that can each be claimed by a different player (unless the game is played by 3 or fewer players, in which case only one of the routes can be claimed). The same player may not claim both parallel routes between two adjacent cities. Longer routes are worth progressively more points than shorter routes, e.g., a route of length four is worth more than two routes of length two. On his or her turn, a player can claim any route anywhere on the board that has not already been claimed, regardless of whether the", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "11729462", "score": "1.4920001", "text": "up to five people on Xbox Live or four people on the same console, and supports the Xbox Live Vision cam. It also supports Steam. The Europe map was released for download on August 1, 2008 for Xbox Live Arcade and on May 24, 2012 on PC and Mac. The Europe map includes two new types of route in addition to a new map: 'Ferry' routes, which require 'Locomotive' cards to be played when claiming them, and 'Tunnel' routes, which add an element of risk and chance to the game. The 1910 USA map was released on September 17, 2008", "title": "Ticket to Ride (video game)" }, { "id": "4477261", "score": "1.4847819", "text": "3 contains a map of central and southern Africa for 2 to 5 players. Along with destination ticket cards, this expansion also includes terrain cards which can double the points earned for a route under certain conditions. The terrain cards match up to the corresponding route colors; yellow, orange, and red for Savanna/Desert routes; green, blue, and purple for Jungle/Forest routes; and black, white, and grey for Mountain/Cliff routes. Released in 2013, map collection 4 contains a map of the Netherlands for 2 to 5 players. This expansion includes bridge toll tokens used in addition to the train car cards", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "11729463", "score": "1.4838704", "text": "on Xbox Live Arcade and on May 24, 2012 for PC and Mac. It added 35 new destination tickets, the Globetrotter bonus card (for completing the most routes), and a large map. The from the Map Collection 1 expansion was released on August 2, 2012 for PC and Mac. The Switzerland map was released on May 24, 2012 for PC and Mac. Ticket to Ride (video game) Ticket to Ride is a turn-based strategy video game, based upon Alan R. Moon's German-style board game of the same name, developed by Next Level Games and published by Playful Entertainment, Inc. The", "title": "Ticket to Ride (video game)" }, { "id": "4477222", "score": "1.4827864", "text": "Ride: Europe\" won the 2005 International Gamers Award. As of August 2008, over 750,000 copies of the game had been sold according to the publisher. As of October 2014, over three million copies were reported sold, with retail sales of over $150 million. At the beginning of the main game, players are dealt four train car cards as their playing hand. They are also dealt three Destination Ticket cards, each of which shows a pair of cities on the map. These become goals, representing two end-points which players are secretly attempting to connect. The player must keep at least two", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" }, { "id": "4477260", "score": "1.4774024", "text": "India themed map, designed by Ian Vincent, with the reverse being a re-release of the by then out-of-print Switzerland expansion.<br> The India map is for 2 to 4 players and includes ferry routes. The Mandala bonus is earned by connecting the two cities on one of your destination tickets by two completely distinct routes. Players can earn 5 additional points in this way for the first two tickets, and 10 points each for the third, fourth and fifth tickets for a maximum of 40 bonus points. The Switzerland map plays exactly as described above. Released in December 2012, map collection", "title": "Ticket to Ride (board game)" } ]

[ "ai lao", "Lao P.D.R.", "Sport in Laos", "lao republic", "Saathiaranagroat Prachhathippatay Prachhachhon Lao", "Lao People’s Democratic Republic", "Laos PDR", "sport in laos", "lao p d r", "Subdivisions of Laos", "lpdr", "Name of Laos", "languages of laos", "Lao Please Don't Rush", "name of laos", "lao please don t rush", "Laos", "Etymology of Laos", "languages of lao people s democratic republic", "lao pdr", "ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ", "Lao Republic", "ISO 3166-1:LA", "saathiaranagroat prachhathippatay prachhachhon lao", "Lao People's Democratic Republic", "Lao P. D. R.", "Lao Peoples' Democratic Republic", "sathalanalat paxathipatai paxaxon lao", "lao people s dem republic", "laos pdr", "Ai Lao", "etymology of laos", "Lao PDR", "laos", "Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao", "Languages of Laos", "iso 3166 1 la", "lao people s democratic republic", "Lao People's Dem. Republic", "Lao P D R", "People's Republic of Laos", "LPDR", "Languages of Lao People's Democratic Republic", "lao peoples democratic republic", "subdivisions of laos", "Lao P.D.R", "people s republic of laos" ]

[ { "id": "776360", "score": "1.8079907", "text": "rivers. The Mekong is one of them. Mekong The Mekong is a trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth longest river and the seventh longest in Asia. Its estimated length is , and it drains an area of , discharging of water annually. From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China's Yunnan Province, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In 1995, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam established the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to manage and coordinate use of the Mekong's resources. In 1996 China and Myanmar became \"dialogue partners\" of the MRC and the six countries", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "776300", "score": "1.7873261", "text": "Mekong The Mekong is a trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth longest river and the seventh longest in Asia. Its estimated length is , and it drains an area of , discharging of water annually. From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China's Yunnan Province, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In 1995, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam established the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to manage and coordinate use of the Mekong's resources. In 1996 China and Myanmar became \"dialogue partners\" of the MRC and the six countries now work together in a cooperative framework.", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "776303", "score": "1.7512779", "text": "Yellow (Huang He), the Yangtze, and the Mekong Rivers. It flows through the Tibetan Autonomous Region and then southeast into Yunnan Province, and then the Three Parallel Rivers Area in the Hengduan Mountains, along with the Yangtze to its east and the Salween River (Nujiang in Chinese) to its west. The Mekong then meets the tripoint of China, Myanmar and Laos. From there it flows southwest and forms the border of Myanmar and Laos for about until it arrives at the tripoint of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. This is also the point of confluence between the Ruak River (which follows", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "13170634", "score": "1.7487447", "text": "the years, they get formed in the shape of a triangle and the deposits in this formation are of rich alluvium, which are ideally suited for growing wet rice, as is done now extensively in the Mekong Delta where farmers and fishermen live to pursue their vocation of farming and aqua culture. The Mekong River rises in the Tibetan plateau. In its total river course of it encompasses six countries of Southeast Asia. The river initially traverses through Myanmar and then forms the border between Laos and Thailand, then flows through Cambodia (Phnom Penh), enters Vietnam and forms the largest", "title": "Rice production in Vietnam" }, { "id": "11482815", "score": "1.741585", "text": "ranges with peaks over 6,000 meters. After this area of near confluence, the rivers greatly diverge: the Nujiang River becomes Salween and empties out at Moulmein, Burma, into the Indian Ocean, the Lancang becomes the Mekong and south of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, empties out into the South China Sea and the Yangtze flows into the East China Sea at Shanghai. Selected nature reserves and places of scenic beauty in this unique region were collectively awarded World Heritage Site status in 2003 for their very rich biodiversity and outstanding topographical diversity. Running parallel to these three rivers, but to", "title": "Three Parallel Rivers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mekong\n\nThe Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth longest river and the third longest in Asia. Its estimated length is ,\nFrom the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls in the Mekong make navigation difficult. Even so, the river is a major trade route between western China and Southeast Asia.", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "River systems of Thailand\n\nThailand has 22 river basins with 254 sub-basins. Rainwater is one of the most important sources of water. Thailand's water resource per capita is less than that of other countries in the region.\nThe two principal river systems of Thailand are the Chao Phraya and the Mekong. Together, these rivers support the irrigation for Thailand's agricultural economy. \n\nIn addition to these two large systems, there are a number of other river systems and individual rivers which drain the lands within Thailand's borders into the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. One-third of the nation's rivers flow into the Mekong.<ref name=\"WB-63368\" /> The Mekong is the only river system in Thailand which drains into the South China Sea.", "title": "River systems of Thailand" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Vietnam\n\nVietnam is located on the eastern margin of the Indochinese peninsula and occupies about 331,211.6 square kilometers, of which about 25% was under cultivation in 1987. It borders the Gulf of Tonkin, Gulf of Thailand, and Pacific Ocean, along with China, Laos, and Cambodia. The elongated roughly \"S\" shaped country has a north-to-south distance of and is about wide at the narrowest point. With a coastline of , excluding islands, Vietnam claims as the limit of its territorial waters, an additional as a contiguous customs and security zone. It has an exclusive economic zone of with .\n\nThe boundary with Laos was settled on both an ethnic and geographical basis between the rulers of Vietnam and Laos in the mid-seventeenth century. The Annamite Range as a reference, was formally defined by a delimitation treaty signed in 1977 and ratified in 1986. The frontier with Cambodia, defined at the time of French annexation of the western part of the Mekong Delta in 1867, remained essentially unchanged, according to Hanoi, until some unresolved border issues were finally settled in the 1982–85 period. The land and sea boundary with China, delineated under the France-China treaties of 1887 and 1895, is \"the frontier line\" accepted by Hanoi. China agreed in 1957–58 to respect that border line. However, in February 1979, following the Sino-Vietnamese War, Hanoi complained that from 1957 onward China had provoked numerous border incidents as part of its anti-Vietnam policy and expansionist designs in Southeast Asia. Among the territorial infringements cited was the Chinese occupation in January 1974 of the Paracel Islands, claimed by both countries in a dispute left unresolved in the 1980s.", "title": "Geography of Vietnam" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Salween River\n\nThe Salween is a Southeast Asian river, about long,<ref name=\"hydrosheds\"/> flowing from the Tibetan Plateau south into the Andaman Sea. The Salween flows primarily within southwest China and eastern Myanmar (Burma), with a short section forming the border of Burma and Thailand. Throughout most of its course, it runs swiftly through rugged mountain canyons. Despite the river's great length, only the last are navigable, where it forms a modest estuary and delta at Mawlamyine. The river is known by various names along its course, including Thanlwin in Burma and Nu River in China. The commonly used spelling \"Salween\" is an anglicisation of the Burmese name dating from 19th-century British maps.\n\nDue to its great range of elevation and latitude coupled with geographic isolation, the Salween basin is considered one of the most ecologically diverse regions in the world, containing an estimated 25 percent of the world's terrestrial animal species and thousands of plant species. Along its course the Salween provides water for agriculture and supports abundant fisheries, especially in the delta region. The Salween basin is home to numerous ethnic minority groups, whose ancestors largely originated in the Tibetan Plateau and northwest China. Starting about 5,000 years ago, people began migrating south along the river, establishing small kingdoms and city-states.\n\nDuring the last 1,000 years, the Salween has defined various frontiers of the Burmese empires to the west, the Kingdom of Siam to the south, and Imperial China to the east, with the Shan States along the middle Salween being a frequently contested area. In the 19th century, the British Empire invaded Burma with Mawlamyine serving as the colonial capital for many decades. Since Burmese independence in 1948, the Salween basin has been a battleground for several fronts of the Burmese Civil War, with large areas in Shan State and Karen State (Kayin State) contested between the Burmese military and local ethnic militias.\n\nThe Salween is one of the least fragmented large river systems in Asia, with only a few small dams in the headwaters of the river and on tributaries. The river has extremely high hydropower potential, with a fall of more than from its source. Since the 1970s, the Burmese and Thai governments have sought to build massive hydroelectric dams along the river. China also planned to dam the upper Salween, but in 2016 these plans were dropped in favor of establishing a national park. The future of dam projects in Myanmar and Thailand remains uncertain.", "title": "Salween River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rice production in Vietnam\n\nRice production in Vietnam in the Mekong and Red River deltas is important to the food supply in the country and national economy. Vietnam is one of the world's richest agricultural regions and is the second-largest (after Thailand) exporter worldwide and the world's seventh-largest consumer of rice. The Mekong Delta is the heart of the rice-producing region of the country where water, boats, houses and markets coexist to produce a generous harvest of rice. Vietnam's land area of 33 million ha has three ecosystems that dictate rice culture. These are the southern delta (with its Mekong Delta dominating rice coverage), the northern delta (the tropical monsoon area with cold winters) and the highlands of the north (with upland rice varieties). The most prominent irrigated rice system is the Mekong Delta.\n\nThe Mekong River and its tributaries are crucial to rice production in Vietnam. A total of 12 provinces constitute the Mekong Delta, popularly known as the \"Rice Bowl\" of Vietnam, which contain some 17 million people and 80% of them are engaged in rice cultivation. The delta produced bountiful harvest of about 20 million tons in 2008, about a half of the country's total production. The rice bowl has assured food security to its population whose 75% of daily calories are met by rice, which is also the staple diet of nearly 50% of world's population of 7.4-billion people.\n\nWithin the delta system dominated by rice, now the farming system also includes activities related to aquaculture, rearing of animals, cash crops and fruit trees. Under aquaculture fresh and saline water shrimp are raised within the paddy rice fields. As a further environmental zoning of the delta, mangrove forests are also developed.", "title": "Rice production in Vietnam" }, { "id": "16713307", "score": "1.7264384", "text": "Naypyidaw Declaration and other anti-drug cooperation efforts in the region. On 28 October 2011, Thai authorities arrested nine Pha Muang Task Force soldiers, who subsequently \"disappeared from the justice system\". Drug lord Naw Kham and three subordinates were eventually tried and executed by the Chinese government for their roles in the massacre. The Mekong is a major waterway of Southeast Asia. It originates in China, where it is called the Lancang River, and flows through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, where it empties into the South China Sea. It is a major trading route between China's southwestern Yunnan Province", "title": "Mekong River massacre" }, { "id": "4270685", "score": "1.7038858", "text": "Vietnam including Myanmar which aims to tap into the latest technologies to help the Mekong River region protect its vital ecosystem. Although China contributes only 16–18 percent of the Mekong's overall water volume, the glacial melt waters of the Tibetan plateau take on increasing importance during the dry season. The ability of upstream nations to undermine downstream cooperation was perhaps best symbolized by an April 1995 ceremonial boat trip from Thailand to Vietnam—to celebrate the signing of the 1995 Agreement—which ran aground mid-river as a result of China filling the reservoir of the Manwan Dam. Although China and Burma became", "title": "Mekong River Commission" }, { "id": "776308", "score": "1.7026668", "text": "stretch of some . Here, it drops before it enters the lower basin where the borders of Thailand, Laos, China, and Myanmar come together in the Golden Triangle. Downstream from the Golden Triangle, the river flows for a further through Laos, Thailand, and Cambodia before entering the South China Sea via a complex delta system in Vietnam. The upper basin makes up 24 percent of the total area and contributes 15-20 percent of the water that flows into the Mekong River. The catchment here is steep and narrow. Soil erosion has been a major problem and approximately 50 percent of", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "11093719", "score": "1.6923057", "text": "as \"Maè Nam Khong\" (\"mother of all rivers\") in both Lao and Thai (แม่น้ำโขง). The river again marks the Lao-Thai border in the stretch which passes Vientiane, followed by a short stretch through Laos alone. In Cambodia, the river is called the \"Mékôngk\" or \"Tonle Thom\" (\"great river\"). Just above Phnom Penh is the confluence with the Tonle Sap, the main Cambodian tributary. Below Phnom Penh, it divides into the Bassac and the Mekong proper, which both flow into the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. In Vietnamese, the river as a whole is known as \"Mê Kông\". In Vietnam, the river", "title": "River systems of Thailand" }, { "id": "776302", "score": "1.6808499", "text": "with Chinese whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as and which long served as the proper name of the Yangtze before becoming a generic word for major rivers. In Khmer, \"Mékôngk\" is itself glossed as 'mother of water', from \"mé\" ('mother') and taking \"kôngk\" as a form of \"kôngkea\" ('water'). The local names for the river include: The Mekong rises as the Za Qu and soon becomes known as the \"Lancang\" (\"Lantsang\") in the \"Three Rivers Source Area\" on the Tibetan Plateau in the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve; the reserve protects the headwaters of, from north to south, the", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "11093720", "score": "1.6710732", "text": "divides into two major branches, the \" Tiền Giang\" (Front River) and \"Hậu Giang\" (Back River). These in turn enter the South China Sea through nine estuaries. The following are the principal tributaries of Mekong River which flow through Thailand (tributaries entirely outside the Thai border not shown). The Mekong drains a considerable portion of northeast Thailand. In terms of Thai territory drained, it is second only to the Chao Phraya system. The Salawin River rises in Tibet (Tibetan: རྒྱལ་མོ་རྔུལ་ཆུ།) after which it flows through Yunnan, where it is known as the \"Nujiang\" River (), although either name can be", "title": "River systems of Thailand" }, { "id": "11093718", "score": "1.6666849", "text": "Mekong River Commission. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls have made navigation extremely difficult. Approximately half the river's length is in China, where it is known as the \"Lancang Jiang\" (澜沧江 Láncāng Jiāng) or \"Meigong\" in Chinese (). The river forms the border between Myanmar and Laos for , at the end of which it meets the tributary Ruak River at the Golden Triangle. This point also marks the division between the \"Upper\" and \"Lower Mekong\". The river then divides Laos and Thailand, before a stretch passing through Laos alone. It is known", "title": "River systems of Thailand" }, { "id": "776305", "score": "1.6591132", "text": "of Laos, flowing first east and then south for some before meeting the border with Thailand again. Once more, it defines the Laos-Thailand border for some as it flows first east, passing the capital of Laos, Vientiane, then turns south. A second time, the river leaves the border and flows east into Laos soon passing the city of Pakse. Thereafter, it turns and runs more or less directly south, crossing into Cambodia. At Phnom Penh the river is joined on the right bank by the river and lake system the Tonlé Sap. When the Mekong is low, the Tonle Sap", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "11093717", "score": "1.6540658", "text": "Province. The total watershed of the river system is about . The Pattani River is the longest of all Thai rivers on the Malay Peninsula with a total length of . The Mekong River, one of the world's major rivers, drains into the South China Sea. It is the 11th-longest river in the world, and the 12th-largest by volume (discharging of water annually). Its estimated length is , and it drains an area of . From the Tibetan Plateau it runs through China's Yunnan Province, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. All except China and Myanmar are members of the", "title": "River systems of Thailand" }, { "id": "10252758", "score": "1.6489649", "text": "in tropical Tibet. In 1994, he led an expedition to locate the elusive source of the Mekong River, following the Dza Nak (the black Mekong, the historical main branch of the river), thus believing to discover the historical source of Asia's third longest river. Ten years later, a Sino-Japanese expedition proved that the geographical source (the farthest from the sea) lies at the headwaters of the white Mekong, Dza Kar, which satellite photos show to be 4500 meters longer than what Peissel called the historical branch. Thus, like the Mississippi, the Yellow and countless other rivers, the Mekong is considered", "title": "Michel Peissel" }, { "id": "16713308", "score": "1.6396194", "text": "and the countries of Southeast Asia. However, after leaving China the river flows through the Golden Triangle area where the borders of Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos meet. The region has long been plagued by lawlessness and is notorious for drug smuggling. An owner of one of the hijacked ships stated that almost every Chinese boat in the area had been robbed by river gangs. According to the crew of a different boat who witnessed the attack, about eight gunmen stormed the Chinese cargo ships \"Hua Ping\" and \"Yu Xing 8\" in the morning of 5 October 2011. The hijacking reportedly", "title": "Mekong River massacre" }, { "id": "15778696", "score": "1.6294075", "text": "how it always should have been,\" said President Carter. \"She's been my life partner, she's been on every one of these builds right along with me.\" Mekong River Region(China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam): The Mekong River begins in China and flows south through Laos, Thailand and Cambodia before finding the sea in Vietnam; in 2009 the Carter Work Project built 166 homes throughout all five countries simultaneously. Temperatures in Vietnam climbed into the 90s and many volunteers suffered from the heat, while the weather in Sichuan, China, was so cold that volunteers clustered around portable heaters to get warm. Washington,", "title": "Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project" }, { "id": "776304", "score": "1.622298", "text": "the Thai–Myanmar border) and the Mekong. The area of this tripoint is sometimes termed the Golden Triangle, although the term also refers to the much larger area of those three countries that was notorious as a drug producing region. From the Golden Triangle tripoint, the Mekong turns southeast to briefly form the border of Laos with Thailand. Khon Pi Long is a series of rapids along a 1.6-kilometre section of the Mekong River dividing Chiang Rai and Bokeo Province in Laos. The name of the rapids means \"where the ghost lost its way\". It then turns east into the interior", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "776307", "score": "1.6215186", "text": "or Hậu Giang); the main, eastern, branch of the Mekong is called the Tiền River or Tiền Giang. In Vietnam, distributaries of the eastern (main, Mekong) branch include the Mỹ Tho River, the Ba Lai River, the Hàm Luông River, and the Cổ Chiên River. The Mekong Basin can be divided into two parts: the \"upper Mekong basin\" in Tibet of China, and the \"lower Mekong basin\" from Yunnan downstream from China to the South China Sea. From the point where it rises to its mouth, the most precipitous drop in the Mekong occurs in the upper Mekong basin, a", "title": "Mekong" }, { "id": "4270684", "score": "1.6141322", "text": "including China, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. From its conception until 1995 the organization was under the leadership of an \"executive agent\". Since then it has had CEO's. The Mekong River Commission and its predecessors have never included the People's Republic of China (which was not a member of the United Nations in 1957) or Burma (which does not significantly rely on or tap the Mekong), whose territory contains the upper Basin of the Mekong. Although a New York-based organization called SERVIR has started a joint initiative project, SERVIR Mekong project, with five countries, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and", "title": "Mekong River Commission" } ]

[ "iso 3166 1 va", "vatican city people", "città del vaticano", "History of Vatican City", "Vatican citizenship", "vatikan", "The Vatican City", "apostolic palace st peter s basilica vatican city", "Città del Vaticano", "Vatican City", "Geology of the Vatican City", "Europe/Vatican", "population of vatican city", "Roman Catholicism in Rome", "list of companies of vatican city", "cittã del vaticano", "Status Civitatis Vaticanae", "Citta del vaticano", "history of vatican city", "The Vatican City State", "Vatican City State", "europe vatican", "religion in vatican city", "List of companies of Vatican City", "State of the City of the Vatican", "state of vatican", "Vatikan", "vatican city holy see", "vatican state", "Demographics of Vatican City", "Citta del Vaticano", "Communications in the Vatican City", "Population of Vatican City", "Città del vaticano", "Vatican City (Holy See)", "vatican city communications", "state of vatican city", "Apostolic Palace & St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City", "roman catholicism in rome", "ISO 3166-1:VA", "stato della città del vaticano", "geology of vatican city", "Roman Catholicism in the Vatican City", "State of the Vatican City", "Catholic City", "Vatican State", "people of vatican city", "christianity in vatican city", "Capital of Vatican City", "State of Vatican", "Christianity in Vatican City", "communications in vatican city", "Vatican City-State", "vatican city", "State of Vatican City", "Vatican City/History", "History of the Vatican City", "Ecclesiastical governnment", "ecclesiastical governnment", "Città del vaticano", "vatican city state", "vatican city history", "state of city of vatican", "Vaticana City", "sovereign of state of vatican city", "Sport in the Vatican City", "Demographics of the Vatican City", "Holy See (The Vatican)", "demographics of vatican city", "catholic city", "History of Vatican", "vatican citizenship", "capital of vatican city", "vaticana city", "Roman Catholicism in Vatican City", "Stato della Città del Vaticano", "holy see vatican", "status civitatis vaticanae", "People of Vatican City", "CittA del vaticano", "Holy See (Vatican)", "sport in vatican city", "Vatican City/People", "Vatican City/Communications", "history of vatican", "roman catholicism in vatican city", "Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City", "Religion in the Vatican City", "citta del vaticano", "Vatican city" ]

[ { "id": "2105609", "score": "1.5676148", "text": "di Sisto V). It is located northeast of St Peter's Basilica and adjacent to the Bastion of Nicholas V and Palace of Gregory XIII. The Apostolic Palace houses both residential and support offices of various functions as well as administrative offices not focused on the life and functions of the Pope himself. Perhaps the best known of the Palace chapels is the Sistine Chapel named in honor of Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere). It is famous for its decoration that was frescoed throughout by Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Pinturicchio, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and others. One of the", "title": "Apostolic Palace" }, { "id": "815230", "score": "1.5642955", "text": "Julii\". (See below for some descriptions of tombs). Recently installed commemorative plaques read as follows: List of archpriests of the Vatican Basilica: St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome. Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and the largest church in the world. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "835086", "score": "1.5571327", "text": "light-and-sound demonstration explains the content of each of the frescoes. Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel (; ; ) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in Vatican City. Originally known as the \"Cappella Magna\", the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who restored it between 1477 and 1480. Since that time, the chapel has served as a place of both religious and functionary papal activity. Today it is the site of the Papal conclave, the process by which a new pope is selected. The fame of the Sistine Chapel lies mainly in", "title": "Sistine Chapel" }, { "id": "835050", "score": "1.5535083", "text": "Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel (; ; ) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in Vatican City. Originally known as the \"Cappella Magna\", the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who restored it between 1477 and 1480. Since that time, the chapel has served as a place of both religious and functionary papal activity. Today it is the site of the Papal conclave, the process by which a new pope is selected. The fame of the Sistine Chapel lies mainly in the frescos that decorate the interior, and most particularly the", "title": "Sistine Chapel" }, { "id": "815144", "score": "1.5486592", "text": "St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome. Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and the largest church in the world. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome, St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "St. Peter's Basilica\n\nThe Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica (), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal enclave that is within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initially planned by Pope Nicholas V and then Pope Julius II to replace the aging Old St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\n\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\n\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is supposedly directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the \"Altar of the Confession\". For this reason, many popes have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period.\n\nSt. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square; these liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,000 to over 80,000 people. St. Peter's has many historical associations, with the Early Christian Church, the Papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-reformation and numerous artists, especially Michelangelo. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age.", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sistine Chapel ceiling\n\nThe Sistine Chapel ceiling (), painted in fresco by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The Sistine Chapel is the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV, for whom the chapel is named. The ceiling was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II.\n\nThe ceiling's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel. Prior to Michelangelo's contribution, the walls were painted by several leading artists of the late 15th century including Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Pietro Perugino. After the ceiling was painted, Raphael created a set of large tapestries (1515–1516) to cover the lower portion of the wall. Michelangelo returned to the chapel to create \"The Last Judgment\", a large wall fresco situated behind the altar. The chapel's decoration illustrates much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church, serving as the location for papal conclaves and many other important services.\n\nCentral to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis, including the famous \"Creation of Adam\". The complex design includes several sets of figures, some clothed and some nude, allowing Michelangelo to fully demonstrate his skill in depicting the human figure in a wide variety of poses. The ceiling was immediately well-received and imitated by other artists, continuing to the present. It has been restored multiple times, most recently in the late 20th century.", "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sistine Chapel Choir\n\nThe Sistine Chapel Choir, as it is generally called in English, or officially the Coro della Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina in Italian, is the Pope's personal choir. It performs at papal functions in the Sistine Chapel and in any other church in Rome where the Pope is officiating, including St. Peter's Basilica. One of the oldest choirs in the world, it was constituted as the Pope's personal choir by Pope Sixtus IV (from whom both the choir and the chapel in which it performs take their names). Although it was established in the late 15th century, its roots go back to the 4th century and the reign of Pope Sylvester I. \n\nThe choir's composition and numbers have fluctuated over the centuries. However, the modern choir comprises twenty men (tenors and basses) and thirty boys (sopranos and altos). The men's choir (\"Cantori\") is composed of professional singers. The members of the boys choir (\"Pueri Cantores\") are not paid when performing at papal functions, but receive a free education at their own school in Rome, known as the \"Schola Puerorum\". Since the late 20th century, in addition to its papal duties, the choir has undertaken international tours, participated in radio and television broadcasts, and recorded for Deutsche Grammophon.", "title": "Sistine Chapel Choir" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Art patronage of Julius II\n\nPope Julius II (reigned 1503–1513), commissioned a series of highly influential art and architecture projects in the Vatican. The painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo and of various rooms by Raphael in the Apostolic Palace are considered among the masterworks that mark the High Renaissance in Rome. His decision to rebuild St Peter's led to the construction of the present basilica.\n\nJulius died in 1513, and except for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which he lived to see finished, his very largest commissions were finished after his death.", "title": "Art patronage of Julius II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sistine Chapel\n\nThe Sistine Chapel (; ; ) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the pope in Vatican City. Originally known as the \"Cappella Magna\" ('Great Chapel'), the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who had it built between 1473 and 1481. Since that time, the chapel has served as a place of both religious and functionary papal activity. Today, it is the site of the papal conclave, the process by which a new pope is selected. The fame of the Sistine Chapel lies mainly in the frescoes that decorate the interior, most particularly the Sistine Chapel ceiling and \"The Last Judgment\", both by Michelangelo.\n\nDuring the reign of Sixtus IV, a team of Renaissance painters that included Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Pinturicchio, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Cosimo Rosselli, created a series of frescos depicting the \"Life of Moses\" and the \"Life of Christ\", offset by papal portraits above and \"trompe-l'œil\" drapery below. These paintings were completed in 1482, and on 15 August 1483 Sixtus IV celebrated the first mass in the Sistine Chapel for the Feast of the Assumption, at which ceremony the chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary.\n\nBetween 1508 and 1512, under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted the chapel's ceiling, a project which changed the course of Western art and is regarded as one of the major artistic accomplishments of human civilization. In a different political climate, after the Sack of Rome, he returned and, between 1535 and 1541, painted \"The Last Judgment\" for Popes Clement VII and Paul III. The fame of Michelangelo's paintings has drawn multitudes of visitors to the chapel ever since they were revealed five hundred years ago.", "title": "Sistine Chapel" }, { "id": "815152", "score": "1.5440447", "text": "the high altar, is the \"Confessio\" or \"Chapel of the Confession\", in reference to the confession of faith by St. Peter, which led to his martyrdom. Two curving marble staircases lead to this underground chapel at the level of the Constantinian church and immediately above the purported burial place of Saint Peter. The entire interior of St. Peter's is lavishly decorated with marble, reliefs, architectural sculpture and gilding. The basilica contains a large number of tombs of popes and other notable people, many of which are considered outstanding artworks. There are also a number of sculptures in niches and chapels,", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "815155", "score": "1.5429955", "text": "is the most prominent building in the Vatican City. Its dome is a dominant feature of the skyline of Rome. Probably the largest church in Christendom, it covers an area of . One of the holiest sites of Christianity and Catholic Tradition, it is traditionally the burial site of its titular, St. Peter, who was the head of the twelve Apostles of Jesus and, according to tradition, the first Bishop of Antioch and later the first Bishop of Rome, rendering him the first Pope. Although the New Testament does not mention St. Peter's martyrdom in Rome, tradition, based on the", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "8175662", "score": "1.5405188", "text": "Florence. Since the crucifixion and burial of Saint Peter in 64 A.D., the spot was thought to be the location of the tomb of Saint Peter, where there stood a small shrine. With its increasing prestige the church became richly decorated with statues, furnishings and elaborate chandeliers, and side tombs and altars were continuously added. The structure was absolutely filled with tombs and bodies of saints and popes. Bones continued to be found in construction as late as February 1544. The majority of these tombs were destroyed during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries demolition of Old St. Peter's Basilica (save", "title": "Old St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "16662450", "score": "1.5347311", "text": "by the Archpriest of the Basilica, Cardinal Angelo Comastri, the chapel is the holiest site in the archaeological basilica. The chapel itself is directly behind the present niche which is above the relics of St. Peter, thereby the site correlates to the present high altar of St. Peter's Basilica today. The place where the recently discovered Bones of St. Peter are presently housed is not in the \"niche of the pallia\", nor the clementine chapel but in their original resting place in the graffiti wall\".\" The skull of St. Peter which was first venerated in the clementine chapel, (after being", "title": "Clementine Chapel" }, { "id": "815207", "score": "1.5162857", "text": "children cannot reach the basins unless they scramble up the marble draperies. The aisles each have two smaller chapels and a larger rectangular chapel, the Chapel of the Sacrament and the Choir Chapel. These are lavishly decorated with marble, stucco, gilt, sculpture and mosaic. Remarkably, there are very few paintings, although some, such as Raphael's \"Sistine Madonna\" have been reproduced in mosaic. The most precious painting is a small icon of the Madonna, removed from the old basilica. Maderno's last work at St. Peter's was to design a crypt-like space or \"Confessio\" under the dome, where the cardinals and other", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "3579845", "score": "1.5092412", "text": "1950. St. Peter's Square St. Peter's Square ( , ) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, the papal enclave inside Rome, directly west of the neighbourhood or rione of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus and the first Catholic Pope. At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in", "title": "St. Peter's Square" }, { "id": "815147", "score": "1.5056088", "text": "Peter's is one of the four churches in the world that hold the rank of Major Basilica, all four of which are in Rome. Contrary to popular misconception, it is not a cathedral because it is not the seat of a bishop; the \"Cathedra\" of the Pope as Bishop of Rome is in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. St. Peter's is a church built in the Renaissance style located in the Vatican City west of the River Tiber and near the Janiculum Hill and Hadrian's Mausoleum. Its central dome dominates the skyline of Rome. The basilica is approached via", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "815145", "score": "1.501909", "text": "a unique position in the Christian world\" and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom\". Catholic tradition holds that the Basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's Apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome. Saint Peter's tomb is supposedly directly below the high altar of the Basilica. For this reason, many Popes have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period, and there has been a church on this site since the time of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica, which would replace Old St. Peter's Basilica", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "815154", "score": "1.4972382", "text": "the sublime of the beautiful.\" St. Peter's Basilica is one of the Papal Basilicas (previously styled \"patriarchal basilicas\") and one of the four Major Basilicas of Rome, the other Major Basilicas (all of which are also Papal Basilicas) being the Basilicas of St. John Lateran, St. Mary Major, and St. Paul outside the Walls. The rank of major basilica confers on St. Peter's Basilica precedence before all minor basilicas worldwide. However, unlike all the other Papal Major Basilicas, it is wholly within the territory, and thus the sovereign jurisdiction, of the Vatican City State, and not that of Italy. It", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "6064673", "score": "1.4971317", "text": "the Vatican hill in 67, during the first persecution of the Christians. The saint was buried nearby, and this turned the Vatican into a place of pilgrimage. Above the tomb of the saint, Pope Anacletus built an oratory, which in 324 Emperor Constantine turned into a huge basilica devoted to the prince of the Apostles. This church, known today as Old Saint Peter's, soon became (until its destruction in the 16th century, when the new Saint Peter's was erected in its place) one of the centers of Christianity. During the early Middle Ages the bridge of Nero fell into ruins,", "title": "Borgo (rione of Rome)" }, { "id": "3579835", "score": "1.4953134", "text": "St. Peter's Square St. Peter's Square ( , ) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, the papal enclave inside Rome, directly west of the neighbourhood or rione of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus and the first Catholic Pope. At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in \"the", "title": "St. Peter's Square" }, { "id": "3310978", "score": "1.4935675", "text": "Peter's crucifixion; a small shrine known as the Tempietto, designed by Donato Bramante, marks the supposed site of Peter's death. The Janiculum also houses a Baroque fountain built by Pope Paul V in the late 17th century, the Fontana dell'Acqua Paola, and several foreign research institutions, including the American Academy in Rome and the Spanish Academy in Rome. The Hill is also the location of The American University of Rome, Pontifical Urban University, and Pontifical North American College, as well as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma \"La Sapienza\" and the Palazzo Montorio, residence of the Ambassadors of Spain. The", "title": "Janiculum" }, { "id": "815158", "score": "1.4924238", "text": "the continuing line of apostolic succession from St. Peter to the reigning Pope. It occupies an elevated position in the apse of the Basilica, supported symbolically by the Doctors of the Church and enlightened symbolically by the Holy Spirit. As one of the constituent structures of the historically and architecturally significant Vatican City, St. Peter's Basilica was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 under criteria (i), (ii), (iv), and (vi). With an exterior area of , an interior area of , St. Peter's Basilica is the largest Christian church building in the world by the two latter", "title": "St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": "835053", "score": "1.4906113", "text": "as the chapel of the Papal Chapel (\"Cappella Pontificia\"), one of the two bodies of the Papal household, called until 1968 the \"Papal Court\" (\"Pontificalis Aula\"). At the time of Pope Sixtus IV in the late 15th century, the Papal Chapel comprised about 200 people, including clerics, officials of the Vatican and distinguished laity. There were 50 occasions during the year on which it was prescribed by the Papal Calendar that the whole Papal Chapel should meet. Of these 50 occasions, 35 were masses, of which 8 were held in Basilicas, in general St. Peter's, and were attended by large", "title": "Sistine Chapel" }, { "id": "8175665", "score": "1.489819", "text": "located in the nave, just to the left of the huge arched opening into the transept. It is now at the Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome Old St. Peter's Basilica Old St. Peter's Basilica was the building that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where the new St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Emperor Constantine I. The name \"old St. Peter's Basilica\" has been used since the construction of the current basilica to distinguish the two buildings. Construction began by", "title": "Old St. Peter's Basilica" } ]

[ "v4 watling street", "Watling Street", "stone street kent", "watling street", "V4 Watling Street", "Stone Street (Kent)" ]

[ { "id": "2261223", "score": "1.6710671", "text": "a Celtic ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and recorded as Inter III on the Antonine Itinerary. The Anglo-Saxons named it \"Wæcelinga Stræt\" (Watling Street). It joined Stane Street another ancient and Roman road at Southwark before crossing the Thames at London Bridge. The Inter III was one of the most important Roman roads in Britain, linking London with Canterbury and the Channel ports at Richborough (\"Rutupiae\"); Dover (\"Dubris\") and Lympne (\"Lemanis\"). Pilgrims, as documented in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, travelled along the road from London and Southwark on their way to Canterbury. In 1415, the road was a", "title": "Old Kent Road" }, { "id": "2191478", "score": "1.6574914", "text": "of a Celtic ancient trackway. It was an important route for the Romans linking London with Canterbury and the three Channel ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubris (now Dover) and Portus Lemanis (in modern Lympne). It had river crossings at Rochester over the River Medway; Dartford (River Darent) and Crayford (River Cray). The Romans paved the road and constructed the first Rochester Bridge across the Medway. Access to London was via London Bridge which was first constructed by the Romans in AD 50. The road was known as 'Item a Londinio ad portum Dubris' and appeared in the Antonine Itinerary,", "title": "A2 road (England)" }, { "id": "1534578", "score": "1.6378726", "text": "Roman road which traversed the River Thames via the first London Bridge and ran through the City in a straight line from London Bridge to Newgate. The sections of the road in Central London possess a variety of names, including Edgware Road and Maida Vale. At Blackheath, the Roman road ran along Old Dover Road, turning and running through the area of present-day Greenwich Park to a location perhaps a little north of the current Deptford Bridge. The stretch between London and Shrewsbury (continuing to Holyhead) is known as the A5. Through Milton Keynes, the A5 is diverted onto a", "title": "Watling Street" }, { "id": "9544516", "score": "1.6226528", "text": "mph (8–10 km/h) to 9-10 mph (14–16 km/h). Between London and Shrewsbury, most of his work on the road amounted to improvements. Beyond Shrewsbury, and especially beyond Llangollen, the work often involved building a highway from scratch. Notable features of this section of the route include the Waterloo Bridge across the River Conwy at Betws-y-Coed, the ascent from there to Capel Curig and then the descent from the pass of Nant Ffrancon towards Bangor. Between Capel Curig and Bethesda, in the Ogwen Valley, Telford deviated from the original road, built by Romans during their occupation of this area. It was", "title": "History of road transport" }, { "id": "1661379", "score": "1.620194", "text": "Welsh or Old English names, as their original Roman names have been entirely lost due to the lack of written and inscribed sources. (It was customary elsewhere to name roads after the emperor during whose principate they were completed, but the number and vicinity of routes completed during the time of Claudius would seem to have made this impractical in Britain's case.) The road from the Kentish ports of Rutupiae (Richborough), Dubris (Dover), and Lemanis (Lympne) via Durovernum (Canterbury) seems to have first crossed the Thames at a natural ford near Westminster before being diverted north to the new bridge", "title": "Londinium" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom\n\nThere are hundreds of long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom designated in publications from public authorities, guidebooks and OS maps. There is no formal definition of a long-distance path, though the British Long Distance Walkers Association defines one as a route \"20 miles [32 km] or more in length and mainly off-road.\" They usually follow existing rights of way, often over private land, joined together and sometimes waymarked to make a named route. Generally, the surface is not specially prepared, with rough ground, uneven surfaces and stiles, which can cause accessibility issues for people with disabilities. Exceptions to this can be converted railways, canal towpaths and some popular fell walking routes where stone-pitching and slabs have been laid to prevent erosion. Many long-distance footpaths are arranged around a particular theme such as one specific range of hills or a historical or geographical connection.<ref name=NA />", "title": "List of long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of unused railways\n\nThis is a list of unused railways, comprising railways and rail infrastructure on which some construction work took place but which were never used for revenue traffic as intended:", "title": "List of unused railways" }, { "id": "2191485", "score": "1.60367", "text": "misleading). A section of the modern A2 from Rochester to the Roman settlement of \"Vagniacae\", modern Springhead, is believed to roughly follow the Roman route. The A2 starts at Borough in Central London, at a junction with the A3, near the church of St George the Martyr. The remains of a small Roman temple was excavated at Tabard Square in 2003. The A2 at this point is named Great Dover Street, and is the only part of the A2 within the congestion charging zone. At the end of the road, it meets the London Inner Ring Road and becomes a", "title": "A2 road (England)" }, { "id": "4911377", "score": "1.6031805", "text": "After about 16 kilometres, it enters the fen and is soon at about two metres, rising to three, nearer the coast. Having for some time, extended its influence by diplomacy and trade, The Roman Empire began to take control in Britain from the year 43. An important part of the means of control was the building of soundly-built roads, running directly between key places. This led the engineers to overcome all but the greatest obstacles rather than going round them. One result of this was that they built roads on soils which others would have avoided. When the Roman authorities", "title": "A151 road" }, { "id": "6961365", "score": "1.5878386", "text": "The earliest evidence of engineered roads dates back to the 1st century BC. A metalled and cambered road, 1.5 metres high and six metres wide, was unearthed at Bayston Hill quarry, near Shrewsbury. A timber road was preserved in peat in Geldeston, Norfolk, with tree rings suggesting a date of 75 BC, probably built by the Iceni tribe. Roads built in the first phase of Roman occupation (43–68 AD) connected London with the ports used in the invasion (Chichester and Richborough), and with the earlier legionary bases at Colchester (\"Camulodunum\"), Lincoln (\"Lindum\"), Wroxeter (\"Viroconium\"), Gloucester and Exeter. As Roman influence", "title": "Roads in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "9383229", "score": "1.5745366", "text": "A226 road The A226 road travels in a west–east direction in southeast London and north Kent, from Crayford in the London Borough of Bexley, through Dartford, Gravesend to Strood. It is about 15.7 miles in length. Before road numbering began in the United Kingdom, the road was part of the major route between London and Dover, the road taken by all traffic heading for mainland Europe. When the Ministry of Transport published its first list of road numbers, however, the building of the A2 had already begun; and the earliest map shows the projected route of that latter road; the", "title": "A226 road" }, { "id": "5235875", "score": "1.5742195", "text": "the burhs of Hereford and Chester. It replaced the large Roman fortified town of Viroconium Cornoviorum only 5 miles to the southeast at modern day Wroxeter. Unfortunately no records survive of the exact date of foundation. Shrewsbury comes from the Saxon name 'Scrobbesbyrig'. Within the river loop Roman coins and pottery have been found, potentially indicating either small scale settlement or a route across the meander. Natural fords existed across the River Severn near to the present day English & Welsh Bridges which would have permitted travel across the meander. The ford near the Welsh Bridge existed just downstream of", "title": "History of Shrewsbury" }, { "id": "2596320", "score": "1.5681617", "text": "the Roman conquest. The Romans established several towns in Kent including Faversham, with traffic through the Saxon Shore ports of Reculver, Richborough, Dover and Lympne converging on Canterbury before heading up Watling Street to London. The town was less than 10 miles from Canterbury, and consequently Faversham had become established on this road network by 50 AD following the initial conquest by Claudius in 43 AD. Numerous remains of Roman buildings have been discovered in and around Faversham, including under St Mary of Charity Church where coins and urns were discovered during reconstruction of the western tower in 1794. In", "title": "Faversham" }, { "id": "15323089", "score": "1.5680453", "text": "all the way to Shrewsbury Abbey mentioned real locations along the way, like Peterborough where Soulien stopped for a safe rest at a silversmith's. The distance by modern roads is about 130 miles; the fictional character walked for seven days. Walking, he avoided looking like a wealthy target on horseback for the marauding forces of Geoffrey de Mandeville, successfully carrying the news of the attacks as he travelled. Longner Manor, the home of the Blount family, is not far from Shrewsbury with one crossing of the River Severn, shown best on this map of the area near Shrewsbury. A potter's", "title": "The Potter's Field (Peters novel)" }, { "id": "503091", "score": "1.5560364", "text": "was followed for centuries until, in the late 18th century, it became a toll road. Stagecoaches were operating: one description stated that the journey took all day to reach London, from 4am to being \"in time for supper\". The other main roads, travelling west and east, are the A20 to Folkestone and thence to London and the A258 through Deal to Sandwich. The railway reached Dover from two directions: the South Eastern Railway's main line connected with Folkestone in 1844, and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway opened its line from Canterbury in 1861. Southeastern trains run from Dover Priory", "title": "Dover" }, { "id": "5883933", "score": "1.5547937", "text": "but this is not well supported by evidence. From near Thurlby crossroads, the Roman line headed straight for the point at which Bourne Abbey was later built on it. In this length, there are points where the road seems to show in the modern landscape - for example, here . In the south, the modern road lies on the Roman one which continued through Elsea Wood and along the field boundary to its north. The Car Dyke lies to the east and the boundary between Elsea Wood and Math Wood seems to lie along the edge of the 2nd century", "title": "King Street (Roman road)" }, { "id": "11054230", "score": "1.550807", "text": "Way cul-de-sac) where there are Milliaria indicating distances in Roman miles (1 mile was equivalent to 1.475 kilometres). Two were still in place and on one of them is the inscription \"Millia Passum XXXI\" = 31 Roman miles, or 48 kilometres which is the distance between Arras and Vienne but they were moved and sealed into the entrance to the courtyard of the castle museum of Tournon-sur-Rhone in 1939 and can no longer be moved. A main road has always passed through the village which is located on an important route between Lyon and Languedoc: first the Roman road then", "title": "Arras-sur-Rhône" }, { "id": "18285332", "score": "1.5490009", "text": "Roman Road, London Roman Road is a road in East London, England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and lies on the old Roman road in the Roman Empire called the Pye Road running from the capital of the Iceni at Venta Icenorum (near modern Norwich) to Londinium (modern London) and today hosts a market. It lies in five districts: Bow and Old Ford at its eastern end, while the area with the same name Roman Road lies to just west, to the middle is Mile End and Bethnal Green at its western end. There is some debate about", "title": "Roman Road, London" }, { "id": "1534565", "score": "1.5445776", "text": "scholars to call this Watling Street as well, although others restrict it to the southern leg. Watling Street was the site of Boudica's defeat by the Romans and was later the southwestern border of the Danelaw. In the early 19th century, the course between London and the Channel was paved and became known as the Great Dover Road: today, the route from Dover to London forms part of the A2 road. The route from London to Wroxeter forms much of the A5 road. At various points along the historic route, the name Watling Street remains in modern use. The original", "title": "Watling Street" }, { "id": "2732069", "score": "1.5435421", "text": "one of four former Roman roads named as public rights of way under the Laws of Edward the Confessor in the early 11th century.). However the Romans may have given each section of Saxon \"Watling Street\" entirely different names as the route was built sequentially over several decades in relation to the territory taken by the Romans as they subjugated Britain. Official road names were usually taken from the Emperor in whose reign they were completed, e.g. the Via Traiana from Rome to Brindisi in southern Italy was named after the Emperor Trajan (r.98-117 AD). As the Dover to London", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": "2732051", "score": "1.5423777", "text": "bases at Colchester, Lincoln (\"Lindum\"), Wroxeter (\"Viroconium\"), Gloucester and Exeter. The Fosse Way, from Exeter to Lincoln, was also built at this time to connect these bases with each other, marking the effective boundary of the early Roman province. During the Flavian period (69–96 AD), the roads to Lincoln, Wroxeter and Gloucester were extended (by 80) to the new (and definitive) legionary bases at York, Chester and Caerleon respectively. By 96 further extensions from York to Corbridge, and from Chester to Carlisle and Caernarfon (\"Segontium\"), were completed as Roman rule was extended over Wales (\"Cambria\") and northern England (\"Brigantia\"). Stanegate,", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" }, { "id": "2732056", "score": "1.5421152", "text": "A road occupied a wide strip of land bounded by shallow ditches, varying in width from 86 \"pedes\" () on Ermin Way in Berkshire to 338 \"pedes\" () on Akeman Street in Oxfordshire. A trunk road in Britain would typically be in width, with a gauge of being the most common. Watling Street was wide while the Fosse Way was little more than half that. Several unnamed roads were wider than Watling Street, such as the Silchester to Chichester road at . In the centre a carriageway was built on a raised \"agger\" after stripping off soft topsoil, using the", "title": "Roman roads in Britannia" } ]

[ "John McLane", "john mclane" ]

[ { "id": "6459139", "score": "1.4929285", "text": "from others, is required against his wishes to thwart the elaborate plans of a group of like-minded villains because no one else is in a position to do so. The trailer for the first \"Die Hard\" film states, \"The last thing McClane wants is to be a hero, but he doesn't have a choice.\" In the second film, he is told \"You're the wrong guy in the wrong place at the wrong time\", to which he replies, \"The story of my life.\" In the fourth film, he says he gets involved in dangerous situations \"because there is nobody else to", "title": "John McClane" }, { "id": "954246", "score": "1.4911635", "text": "turning Willis into an action star, and became a metonym for an action film in which a lone hero fights overwhelming odds. The film's success created the \"Die Hard\" franchise, which includes four sequels, a number of video games, and a comic book, and later in 2017 was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. \"Die Hard\" has been named one of the best action and Christmas-themed films ever made. The film also ranks on \"Empire\"s 2017 list of the 100 greatest movies of all time. On Christmas Eve, NYPD detective John McClane arrives in Los Angeles,", "title": "Die Hard" }, { "id": "11329691", "score": "1.4909589", "text": "Die Hard (film series) The \"Die Hard\" series is an American action film series that originated with Roderick Thorp's novel \"Nothing Lasts Forever\". All five films revolve around the character of John McClane (portrayed by Bruce Willis), a New York City and Los Angeles police detective who continually finds himself in the middle of violent crises and intrigues where he is the only hope against disaster. The films have grossed a combined $1.4 billion worldwide and received positive reviews from critics, except the fifth installment which was negatively received. The first film begins on Christmas Eve when McClane comes to", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "6459143", "score": "1.4908531", "text": "and falls to his death after stumbling backwards through a shattered window. In aftermath events of the first \"Die Hard\", Lt. McClane transfers to the Los Angeles Police Department. He dislikes his rise to national fame. Dialogue in the second film reveals that he was featured in \"People Magazine\", did a spot on \"Nightline\", and was referred to (by Colonel Stuart) as \"the policeman hero who saved the Nakatomi hostages\" along with a local news crew. In \"Die Hard 2\", on Christmas Eve, mercenaries seize control of Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia, 25 miles west of Washington, D.C.", "title": "John McClane" }, { "id": "11329706", "score": "1.4829087", "text": "memorable.\" James Berardinelli wrote that the film \"represents the class of modern action pictures and the standard by which they must be judged.\" Critic Desson Howe wrote that \"Willis has found the perfect vehicle to careen wildly onto the crowded L.A. freeway of \"Lethal Weapons\" and \"Beverly Hills Cops\".\" Willis was also called \"perfect as the wisecracking John McClane\" and \"an excellent casting choice as a sardonic action hero.\" Alan Rickman's portrayal of villain Hans Gruber was described as \"marvelous\" and \"a career-making performance.\" Gruber also ranked 46 on the villain side of AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains. In", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "11329708", "score": "1.4618425", "text": "great finesse... they don't add up to a taut, dread-ridden whole.\" James Berardinelli thought that the explosions and fights were \"filmed with consummate skill, and were thrilling in their own right.\" Samuel L. Jackson also received praise for his role in the film. Desson Howe of \"The Washington Post\" thought that \"the best thing about the movie was the relationship between McClane and Zeus,\" saying that Jackson was \"almost as good as he was in \"Pulp Fiction\".\" The fourth film, \"Live Free or Die Hard\", received highly positive reviews. Mick LaSalle of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" claimed that the film", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "11329712", "score": "1.4552625", "text": "the series. In May 2009, BOOM! Studios announced that they would be releasing an ongoing \"Die Hard\" comic series that would serve as a prequel to the first movie. Its story is set in 1976 and follows John McClane as a rookie cop in the NYPD, and is scripted by Howard Chaykin. The first issue of \"\" was released on September 30, 2009. Eight issues have been released, with the eighth released on April 12, 2010. The official description read: The official description read: Die Hard (film series) The \"Die Hard\" series is an American action film series that originated", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "540524", "score": "1.4528792", "text": "of a maverick, resourceful lone hero has always been a common thread from James Bond to John Rambo, but John McClane in \"Die Hard\" is much more of an 'everyday' person whom circumstance turns into a reluctant hero. The film set a pattern for a host of imitators, like \"Under Siege\" (1992) and \"Sudden Death\", which used the same formula in a different setting. By the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre. Like the Western genre, spy-movies, as well as urban-action films, were starting to parody themselves, and", "title": "Action film" }, { "id": "11329711", "score": "1.4527586", "text": "\"Dallas Morning News\" saying \"Willis' presence at least provides undercurrents of easy jocularity.\" CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the series entries grades of \"A+\", \"A\", \"A−\", \"A−\", \"B+\" respectively on an A+ to F scale. For an extended list, see List of Die Hard characters. A number of video games based on the successful movie franchise \"Die Hard\" have been released over the years, ranging from beat 'em ups to first-person shooters. While some of the games are based directly on the movies, a few further detail the adventures of John McClane between or after", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "11329700", "score": "1.4395995", "text": "to overwhelmingly negative reviews and grossed $304.7 million worldwide. When the production was formally announced for the fifth film in the series, Bruce Willis expressed his desire to retire the John McClane character in a sixth and final film. In October 2015, returning director Len Wiseman, who previously directed \"Live Free or Die Hard\", shared the film's working title as \"\" on his Twitter feed. This, after stating that upon completion of \"Die Hard 4.0\", he and Willis discussed a type of prequel/sequel for the McClane character. Combined with the social media account, this drove speculation of some sort of", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "11329705", "score": "1.4335446", "text": "elements in the story too closely resembled the September 11 attacks. \"A Good Day to Die Hard\" was the first film in the series to come from an original screenplay, and not be based upon any prior works. The original screenplay was penned by Skip Woods. Although the first \"Die Hard\" has been credited as one of the greatest action movies of all time, critical reaction to its sequels has varied. The original \"Die Hard\" received substantial praise. Pete Croatto of FilmCritic.com called the film \"a perfect action movie in every detail, the kind of movie that makes your summer", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "954280", "score": "1.4257395", "text": "that \"Die Hard\" is a Christmas film. However, at his Comedy Central Roast, Willis declared \"\"Die Hard\" is not a Christmas movie! It is a goddamn Bruce Willis movie!\" Acknowledging the debate over this, 20th Century Fox released a special \"Die Hard - Christmas Edition\" home media release in December 2018 (during the film's 30th anniversary), including a re-cut trailer to present the film as a heartwarming Christmas story. Die Hard Die Hard is a 1988 American action thriller film. It was directed by John McTiernan, and written by Steven E. de Souza and Jeb Stuart. It was produced by", "title": "Die Hard" }, { "id": "11329704", "score": "1.422776", "text": "the idea of a man being targeted for revenge by someone whose life he had unwittingly destroyed. Once the Simon character became the brother of Hans Gruber and the backstory was established, the project fully came together. It was novelized by Deborah Chiel. \"Live Free or Die Hard\" was based on the 1997 article \"A Farewell to Arms\" written for \"Wired\" magazine by John Carlin. It also drew on a script 20th Century Fox owned called \"WW3.com\", which dealt with a massive cyberterrorism attack against the U.S. and was nearly put into production in 2001 but ultimately abandoned because several", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "11329709", "score": "1.4211953", "text": "\"is the best in the series, an invigorating return to the style of blockbuster that dominated summers back in the early 1990s.\" \"USA Today\" film critic Claudia Puig said that the film \"delivers when it comes to kick-butt, action-packed mayhem,\" but \"as a convincing techno-thriller, it doesn't really work.\" The fifth film, \"A Good Day to Die Hard\", received mostly negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 14% based on 223 reviews, making it the worst-reviewed film of the series. Critics lambasted the installment for \"[entering] generic action movie territory\", as written by reviewer", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "4933484", "score": "1.4119722", "text": "Live Free or Die Hard Live Free or Die Hard (released as Die Hard 4.0 outside North America) is a 2007 American action thriller film, and the fourth installment in the \"Die Hard\" film series. The film was directed by Len Wiseman and starred Bruce Willis as John McClane. The film's name was adapted from New Hampshire's state motto, \"Live Free or Die\". In the film, McClane attempts to stop cyber-terrorists who hack into government and commercial computers across the United States with the goal of starting a \"fire sale\" that would disable key elements of the nation's infrastructure. The", "title": "Live Free or Die Hard" }, { "id": "11329710", "score": "1.4085166", "text": "James Bernardinelli, with a \"cliched [and] uninspired script\". Peter Rainer of the \"Christian Science Monitor\" wrote, \"John's appeal was always his ordinariness, but director John Moore has him surviving more explosions than Wile E. Coyote, and with hardly a scratch.\" A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" also commented that the series has taken a downfall with the movie, saying \"Everything that made the first \"Die Hard\" memorable—the nuances of character, the political subtext, the cowboy wit—has been dumbed down or scrubbed away entirely.\" Willis has however, been cited as the film's redeeming quality, with Chris Vognar of the", "title": "Die Hard (film series)" }, { "id": "4933496", "score": "1.4031138", "text": "2006. The title is based on New Hampshire's state motto, \"Live Free or Die\", which is attributed to a quote from General John Stark. International trailers use the \"Die Hard 4.0\" title, as the film was released outside North America with that title. Early into the film's DVD commentary, both Wiseman and Willis note a preference for the title \"Die Hard 4.0\". For the visual effects used throughout the film, actor Bruce Willis and director Len Wiseman stated that they wanted to use a limited amount of CGI. One VFX producer said that \"Len was insisting on the fact that,", "title": "Live Free or Die Hard" }, { "id": "2266542", "score": "1.401125", "text": "Dumas appear as agents Bill Jarvis and Andrew Cross respectively. Aldis Hodge and Michael Alexander Jackson appear as Raymond and Dexter respectively, Zeus's nephews caught in the school bomb panic. Hodge later appeared in 2013's \"A Good Day to Die Hard\" as Lt. Foxy. Like most of the films in the series, the premise of this film was repurposed from a stand-alone project. Various scripts were written for \"Die Hard 3\"; a number of them were ultimately rejected by Bruce Willis on the grounds that they felt like retreads of the action movies that came in the wake of the", "title": "Die Hard with a Vengeance" }, { "id": "954276", "score": "1.3963461", "text": "of American History at the Smithsonian Institution. \"Die Hard\" established what would be a common formula for action films over the next decade, featuring a lone everyman against a colorful terrorist character in an isolated setting. Several of these films followed this formula were often referred to as \"\"Die Hard\" on a _____\", such as \"Under Siege\" (1992, \"\"Die Hard\" on a battleship\"), \"Passenger 57\" (1992, \"\"Die Hard\" on a plane\") and \"Speed\" (1994, \"\"Die Hard\" on a bus\"). Such a trend would continue until films like \"The Rock\" (1996, also dubbed \"\"Die Hard\" on an island\") changed the tone", "title": "Die Hard" }, { "id": "954277", "score": "1.3949158", "text": "and feel of how action movies going forward were made, and which further changed with the evolution of CGI effects exemplified by \"The Matrix\" (1999). Scott Tobias of \"The Guardian\" observed that none of these following films readily captured the complete effectiveness of the \"Die Hard\" story. In 2001, \"Die Hard\" was listed at #39 on AFI's \"100 Years... 100 Thrills\", a list of America's most heart-pounding films. In 2003, Hans Gruber was listed at #46 on \"the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains\" list. It was selected by \"Empire\" magazine as #29 on their \"500 Greatest Movies of", "title": "Die Hard" } ]

[ "V645 Centauri", "nearest star to our planet", "Proxima Centuri", "lhs 49", "Gl 551", "Proxima centauri", "Alpha proxima", "proxima centauri", "Proxima Centauri C", "v645 centauri", "Nearest star to our planet", "LHS 49", "proxima centuri", "Closest star", "Rigil Kent C", "alpha centauri c", "proxima centari", "proxima centaurus", "Gliese 551", "Alpha Proxima", "proxima centauri c", "Proxima Centari", "gl 551", "rigil kent c", "GCTP 3278.00", "Proxima Centaurus", "gliese 551", "Proxima Centauri", "Alpha Centauri C", "gctp 3278 00", "closest star", "alpha proxima" ]

[ { "id": "43167", "score": "1.8507909", "text": "parsecs' (5.41 light-years) distance. The Sun and Alpha Centauri are, respectively, the next closest systems. From Barnard's Star, the Sun would appear on the diametrically opposite side of the sky at coordinates RA=, Dec=, in the eastern part of the constellation Monoceros. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83, and at a distance of 1.834 parsecs, it would be a first-magnitude star, as Pollux is from the Earth. Barnard's Star Barnard's Star is a very-low-mass red dwarf about 6 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It is the fourth nearest known individual star to the Sun", "title": "Barnard's Star" }, { "id": "370858", "score": "1.8143325", "text": "about 4.4 light-years away. Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of Sun-like stars, whereas the small red dwarf, Proxima Centauri, orbits the pair at a distance of 0.2 light-year. In 2016, a potentially habitable exoplanet was confirmed to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri b, the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun. The stars next closest to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9 ly), Wolf 359 (7.8 ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3 ly). The largest nearby star is Sirius, a bright main-sequence star roughly 8.6 light-years away and roughly twice the", "title": "Solar System" }, { "id": "20489", "score": "1.735245", "text": "that between Saturn and the Sun (11.2 AU). Alpha Centauri C, or Proxima Centauri, is a small and faint red dwarf (Class M). Though not visible to the naked eye, Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of , being slightly closer than Alpha Centauri AB at a distance of . Currently, the distance between Proxima Centauri and Alpha Centauri AB is about , equivalent to about 430 times the radius of Neptune's orbit. Proxima Centauri b is an Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri; it was discovered in 2016. \"α Centauri\"", "title": "Alpha Centauri" }, { "id": "361684", "score": "1.7306845", "text": "travels relative to other nearby stars. This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules, near the star Vega. Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light-years from Earth (the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light-years), the Sun ranks fourth in mass. The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way, and it is presently moving in the direction of the constellation of Cygnus. A simple model of the motion of a star in the galaxy gives the galactic coordinates , , and as: where , , and are the respective velocities with", "title": "Sun" }, { "id": "4681420", "score": "1.7285492", "text": "light years away. In 2000 the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team announced the discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting the star. HD 121504 HD 121504 is an 8th magnitude star in the constellation of Centaurus. It is a yellow dwarf (spectral type G2V) and remarkably similar to our Sun, only slightly brighter like α Centauri A. However, it is located at a distance for about 135 light years and thus is not visible to the unaided eye; binoculars or small telescope is required to see this star. Another component, designated as SAO 241323 has been proposed as a component of", "title": "HD 121504" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Proxima Centauri\n\nProxima Centauri is a small, low-mass star located away from the Sun in the southern constellation of Centaurus. Its Latin name means the 'nearest [star] of Centaurus'. It was discovered in 1915 by Robert Innes and is the nearest-known star to the Sun. With a quiescent apparent magnitude of 11.13, it is too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. Proxima Centauri is a member of the Alpha Centauri star system, being identified as component Alpha Centauri C, and is 2.18° to the southwest of the Alpha Centauri AB pair. It is currently from AB, which it orbits with a period of about 550,000 years.\n\nProxima Centauri is a red dwarf star with a mass about 12.5% of the Sun's mass (), and average density about 33 times that of the Sun. Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity to Earth, its angular diameter can be measured directly. Its actual diameter is about one-seventh (14%) the diameter of the Sun. Although it has a very low average luminosity, Proxima Centauri is a flare star that randomly undergoes dramatic increases in brightness because of magnetic activity. The star's magnetic field is created by convection throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total X-ray emission similar to that produced by the Sun. The internal mixing of its fuel by convection through its core, and Proxima's relatively low energy-production rate, mean that it will be a main-sequence star for another four trillion years.\n\nProxima Centauri has two known exoplanets and one candidate exoplanet: Proxima Centauri b, Proxima Centauri d and the disputed Proxima Centauri c. Proxima Centauri b orbits the star at a distance of roughly with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its estimated mass is at least 1.07 times that of Earth.<ref name=\"FariaSuárezMascareñoSilva2022\"/> Proxima b orbits within Proxima Centauri's habitable zone—the range where temperatures are right for liquid water to exist on its surface—but, because Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf and a flare star, the planet's habitability is highly uncertain. A candidate super-Earth, Proxima Centauri c, orbits roughly away every .<ref name=\"Damasso2020\"/><ref name=\"BenedictMcArthur2020\"/> A sub-Earth, Proxima Centauri d, orbits roughly away every 5.1 days.<ref name=\"FariaSuárezMascareñoSilva2022\"/>", "title": "Proxima Centauri" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Today's featured article/October 5, 2010" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Circumstellar habitable zone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Proxima Centauri b\n\nProxima Centauri b (or Proxima b), sometimes referred to as Alpha Centauri Cb, is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Sun and part of the triple star system Alpha Centauri. It is about from Earth in the constellation Centaurus, making it, along with the currently-disputed Proxima c, and Proxima d the closest known exoplanets to the Solar System.\n\nProxima Centauri b orbits its parent star at a distance of roughly with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its other properties are only poorly understood, but it is believed to be a potentially Earth-like planet with a minimum mass of at least . The planet orbits within the habitable zone of its star; but it is not known whether it has an atmosphere. Proxima Centauri is a flare star with intense emission of electromagnetic radiation that could strip an atmosphere off the planet. The planet's proximity to Earth offers an opportunity for robotic space exploration, for example, with the Breakthrough Starshot project.\n\nAnnounced on 24 August 2016 by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), Proxima Centauri b was confirmed via several years of using the method of studying the radial velocity of its parent star. Furthermore, the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, a planet at habitable distances from the closest star to the Solar System, was a major discovery in planetology and has drawn interest to the Alpha Centauri star system that Proxima is a member of.", "title": "Proxima Centauri b" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alpha Centauri\n\nAlpha Centauri (α Centauri, Alpha Cen, or α Cen) is a triple star system in the constellation of Centaurus. It consists of 3 stars: Rigil Kentaurus (Alpha Centauri A), Toliman (B) and Proxima Centauri (C).<ref name=\"WGSN\" /> Proxima Centauri is also the closest star to the Sun at 4.2465 light-years (1.3020 pc).\n\nAlpha Centauri A and B are Sun-like stars (Class G and K, respectively), and together they form the binary star system Alpha Centauri AB. To the naked eye, the two main components appear to be a single star with an apparent magnitude of −0.27. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the third-brightest in the night sky, outshone only by Sirius and Canopus.\n\nAlpha Centauri A has 1.1 times the mass and 1.5 times the luminosity of the Sun, while Alpha Centauri B is smaller and cooler, at 0.9 times the Sun's mass and less than 0.5 times its luminosity. The pair orbit around a common centre with an orbital period of 79 years.<ref name=\"SixthCatOrbVisBin\"/> Their elliptical orbit is eccentric, so that the distance between A and B varies from 35.6 astronomical units (AU), or about the distance between Pluto and the Sun, to 11.2 AU, or about the distance between Saturn and the Sun.\n\nAlpha Centauri C, or Proxima Centauri, is a small faint red dwarf (Class M). Though not visible to the naked eye, Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of , slightly closer than Alpha Centauri AB. Currently, the distance between Proxima Centauri and Alpha Centauri AB is about , equivalent to about 430 times the radius of Neptune's orbit.\n\nProxima Centauri has three known planets: Proxima b, an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone discovered in 2016; Proxima c, a super-Earth 1.5 AU away, which is possibly surrounded by a huge ring system, discovered in 2019; and Proxima d, a candidate sub-Earth which orbits very closely to the star, announced in 2022. Alpha Centauri A may have a Neptune-sized habitable-zone planet, though it is not yet known to be planetary in nature and could be an artifact of the discovery mechanism. Alpha Centauri B has no known planets: planet Bb, purportedly discovered in 2012, was subsequently found to likely not exist, and a separate transiting planet has yet to be confirmed.", "title": "Alpha Centauri" }, { "id": "858630", "score": "1.7272356", "text": "Proxima Centauri Proxima Centauri (), or Alpha Centauri C, is a red dwarf, a small low-mass star, about from the Sun in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1915 by Robert Innes and is the nearest-known star to the Sun. With a quiescent apparent magnitude of 11.13, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Proxima Centauri forms a third component of the Alpha Centauri system, currently with a separation of about and an orbital period of 550,000 years. At present Proxima is 2.18° to the southwest of Alpha Centauri. Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity", "title": "Proxima Centauri" }, { "id": "15880880", "score": "1.7225647", "text": "et al. in 2012, WISE 1541−2250 was considered to be the nearest known brown dwarf at approximately 9 light-years from the Sun, and the seventh-nearest of all star systems, at slightly more than twice the distance of the nearest known star system Alpha Centauri. This view existed because of a very rough preliminary parallax with a baseline of 1.2 years, published in the discovery paper: 0.351 ± 0.108 arcsec, corresponding to a distance 2.8 pc, or 9.3 ly. Also, there were other estimates: spectrophotometric distance estimate 8.2 pc (26.7 ly), and photometric distance estimate 1.8 pc (5.9 ly). WISE 1541−2250", "title": "WISE 1541−2250" }, { "id": "665355", "score": "1.7200874", "text": "to the naked eye. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf (Type M5, apparent magnitude 11.05), as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars. According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way. Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs less than are fully convective. Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is constantly remixed throughout the star, avoiding helium buildup at the core, thereby prolonging the period of fusion. Red dwarfs therefore develop very slowly, maintaining a constant luminosity and spectral type for trillions of", "title": "Red dwarf" }, { "id": "13191605", "score": "1.7186608", "text": "had a close encounter with the Solar System. Some ago, it achieved a minimum distance of . GJ 3379 GJ 3379 (Giclas 99-49) is the nearest star in the Orion constellation, being around 17.5 lightyears away from the Sun. The main sequence star is a red dwarf with the spectral class M3.5V. It has an apparent magnitude of 11.33 and an absolute magnitude of 12.68, therefore, the star is not visible with the naked eye. It is located in the left upper part of the Orion constellation, below Betelgeuse. Its radial velocity is +30.0 kilometers per second. According to the", "title": "GJ 3379" }, { "id": "20680926", "score": "1.7132773", "text": "two objects in the sky and that the probable brown dwarf shows signs of youth. HD 142250 HD 142250 (HR 5910, HIP 77900) is a star in the constellation Scorpius. It has a visual apparent magnitude of 6.10, being visible to the naked eye only in excellent seeing conditions. From parallax measurements, it is located about 500 light-years (155 parsecs) away from Earth. This distance, together with the star's proper motion, indicate that HIP 77900 is a member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, the nearest OB association to the Sun. This subgroup is the youngest of", "title": "HD 142250" }, { "id": "858662", "score": "1.7072663", "text": "constellation Cassiopeia, similar to that of Achernar from Earth. Proxima Centauri Proxima Centauri (), or Alpha Centauri C, is a red dwarf, a small low-mass star, about from the Sun in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1915 by Robert Innes and is the nearest-known star to the Sun. With a quiescent apparent magnitude of 11.13, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Proxima Centauri forms a third component of the Alpha Centauri system, currently with a separation of about and an orbital period of 550,000 years. At present Proxima is 2.18° to the", "title": "Proxima Centauri" }, { "id": "7795759", "score": "1.6989392", "text": "formation. J Centauri J Centauri (J Cen) is a star in the constellation Centaurus. It is approximately 350 light years from Earth. J Centauri is a spectral class B3V main sequence star with a mean apparent magnitude of 4.5 and a luminosity 500 times that of the Sun. The temperature of the star's photosphere is nearly 24,000 K. The rotation velocity at the equator is at least 223 km/s. It is believed to be a binary star system. This star may be a member of the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association (Sco OB2). This is one of the nearest regions of recent", "title": "J Centauri" }, { "id": "19675701", "score": "1.6968141", "text": "Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri b (also called Proxima b or Alpha Centauri Cb) is an exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Sun and part of a triple star system. It is located about 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs, 40 trillion km, or 25 trillion miles) from Earth in the constellation of Centaurus, making it the closest known exoplanet to the Solar System. Proxima Centauri b orbits the star at a distance of roughly with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days, and has an estimated", "title": "Proxima Centauri b" }, { "id": "43143", "score": "1.6922947", "text": "Barnard's Star Barnard's Star is a very-low-mass red dwarf about 6 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It is the fourth nearest known individual star to the Sun (after the three components of the Alpha Centauri system) and the closest star in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere. Despite its proximity, the star has a dim apparent magnitude of +9.5 and is invisible to the unaided eye; it is much brighter in the infrared than in visible light. The star is named after the American astronomer E. E. Barnard. He was not the first to observe the star (it", "title": "Barnard's Star" }, { "id": "4681419", "score": "1.6916643", "text": "HD 121504 HD 121504 is an 8th magnitude star in the constellation of Centaurus. It is a yellow dwarf (spectral type G2V) and remarkably similar to our Sun, only slightly brighter like α Centauri A. However, it is located at a distance for about 135 light years and thus is not visible to the unaided eye; binoculars or small telescope is required to see this star. Another component, designated as SAO 241323 has been proposed as a component of the system. However, the star is an optical binary component and in reality is a white giant star located thousands of", "title": "HD 121504" }, { "id": "43149", "score": "1.6849959", "text": "distant from it. However, despite Barnard's Star's even closer pass to the Sun in 11,800 AD, it will still not then be the nearest star, since by that time Proxima Centauri will have moved to a yet-nearer proximity to the Sun. At the time of the star's closest pass by the Sun, Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the naked eye, since its apparent magnitude will only have increased by one magnitude to about 8.5 by then, still being 2.5 magnitudes short of visibility to the naked eye. Barnard's Star has a mass of about", "title": "Barnard's Star" }, { "id": "7795758", "score": "1.6833041", "text": "J Centauri J Centauri (J Cen) is a star in the constellation Centaurus. It is approximately 350 light years from Earth. J Centauri is a spectral class B3V main sequence star with a mean apparent magnitude of 4.5 and a luminosity 500 times that of the Sun. The temperature of the star's photosphere is nearly 24,000 K. The rotation velocity at the equator is at least 223 km/s. It is believed to be a binary star system. This star may be a member of the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association (Sco OB2). This is one of the nearest regions of recent star", "title": "J Centauri" }, { "id": "1656323", "score": "1.681196", "text": "Kapteyn's Star Kapteyn's Star is a class M1 red subdwarf about 12.76 light years from Earth in the southern constellation Pictor; it is the closest halo star to the Solar System. With a magnitude of nearly 9 it is visible through binoculars or a telescope. Its diameter is 30% of the Sun's, but its luminosity just 1.2% that of the Sun's. It may have once been part of the globular cluster Omega Centauri, itself a likely dwarf galaxy swallowed up by the Milky Way in the distant past. The discovery of two planets — Kapteyn b and Kapteyn c —", "title": "Kapteyn's Star" }, { "id": "1656292", "score": "1.6777308", "text": "Ross 248 would be the closest star to the Sun, approaching within a minimum distance of in 36,000 years. However, it will recede thereafter and will again be further from the Sun than Proxima Centauri 42,000 years from now. A spacecraft that escaped the Solar System with a velocity of 25.4 km/s would reach this star 37,000 years from now, when the star is just past its nearest approach. By comparison, the \"Voyager 1\" has an escape velocity of 16.6 km/s. The star PLX 5735 is located nearly along the line of sight to Ross 248, but it is not", "title": "Ross 248" }, { "id": "6338435", "score": "1.6744004", "text": "but can only be seen with large telescopes, and then only when they are within a few tens of light-years from Earth. For example, the blue giant ζ Puppis is 400 million times more luminous than the nearest star, a red dwarf named Proxima, or \"α Centauri C\". Even though Proxima is only 4.2 light-years away from us, it is so dim that it cannot be seen with the naked eye (one of its companions, \"α Centauri A\", is visible). The star \"ζ Puppis\" is one of the brightest of the visible extreme blue supergiants. It is so bright that", "title": "Star count" } ]

[ "Positive drug test both before and after the finals", "positive drug test both before and after finals" ]

[ { "id": "6235628", "score": "2.0141044", "text": "tested positive for metenolone which is classified as an anabolic agent on the list of banned substances. Adams later recounted how she initially believed Chef de Mission Dave Currie was \"telling fibs\" upon being told the news. She received the gold medal from the New Zealand Governor-General, Sir Jerry Mateparae, at a special ceremony in Auckland on 19 September 2012. Adams won her fourth world championship gold at the 2013 World Championships games in Moscow in August 2013. Her fourth gold medal surpassed Astrid Kumbernuss for most all time by a female shotputter and made her the first woman to", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "6235620", "score": "1.9122007", "text": "Olympics. At national level, she has won fifteen shot put titles at the New Zealand Athletics Championships between 2001 and 2018, as well as having a hammer throw national title in 2003. Adams also won four times at the Australian Athletics Championships between 2004 and 2008. From 2006 to 2012 she was chosen as the New Zealand Sportswoman of the Year seven times consecutively and has been awarded the Lonsdale Cup on five occasions in recognition as the leading national athlete in an Olympic sport. In 1998 Adams met former javelin thrower Kirsten Hellier, who would become her coach for", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "6235629", "score": "1.8980933", "text": "win four straight titles in an event at the competition. On 27 September, Adams underwent surgery on her left ankle and right knee, and in March 2014 won her third world indoor championship at Sopot in Poland with a distance of 20.67 m. Her gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, where she was New Zealand's flag-bearer, was her 54th consecutive event win; the streak began in August 2010. Injury caused Adams to withdraw from an attempted defence of her shot put title at the 2014 IAAF Continental Cup and she was ruled out for most of 2015 season for", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "15450064", "score": "1.854667", "text": "2012, however, the International Olympic Committee stripped Belarusian shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk of her gold medal after testing positive for anabolic steroid metenolone. On 19 September 2012, silver medallist Valerie Adams was subsequently awarded and received her gold medal at a public ceremony in Auckland. The New Zealand Olympic Committee selected a team of 184 athletes, 97 men and 87 women, to compete in sixteen sports. It was the nation's largest delegation sent to the Olympics, surpassing the 182 athletes at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Field hockey and football were the only team-based sports in which New Zealand", "title": "New Zealand at the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "15865955", "score": "1.8430026", "text": "2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put ] The Women's shot put event at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Daegu Stadium on August 28 and 29. There were two main contenders for the gold medal: New Zealander Valerie Vili (who returned to using her maiden name of Adams following her 2010 divorce) and Nadzeya Astapchuk of Belarus. Adams, with four straight wins on the Diamond League circuit, entered the competition as the defending champion and reigning Olympic champion. Astapchuk was the only other woman to have thrown over 20.50 m that season and", "title": "2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Valerie Adams\n\nDame Valerie Kasanita Adams (formerly Vili; born 6 October 1984) is a retired New Zealand shot putter. She is a four-time World champion, four-time World Indoor champion, two-time Olympic, three-time Commonwealth Games champion and twice IAAF Continental Cup winner. She has a personal best throw of 21.24 metres outdoors and 20.98 m indoors. These marks are Oceanian, Commonwealth and New Zealand national records. She also holds the Oceanian junior record (18.93 m) and the Oceanian youth record (17.54 m), as well as the World Championships record, World Indoor Championships record and Commonwealth Games record.\n\nAdams was the third woman to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletics event, following the feats of Yelena Isinbayeva and Jana Pittman. She was the first woman to win four consecutive individual titles at the IAAF World Championships. Adams had a winning streak that extended to 56 wins at elite-level competitions, which started in August 2010 and ended in July 2015. She was the IAAF World Athlete of the Year in 2014 and the Track & Field News Athlete of the Year in 2012 and 2013. She had the longest shot put performance of the season every year from 2006 to 2014, bar 2008 when she was second to Natallia Mikhnevich (later banned for doping that year).\n\nAdams won silver medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics (amended to a gold after prior winner Nadzeya Astapchuk was disqualified for doping), 2016 Summer Olympics, 2005 World Championships in Athletics, and the Commonwealth Games in 2002 and 2018. She was also a bronze medallist at the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships. While still a teenager, Adams was a finalist at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and the 2004 Summer Olympics.\n\nAt national level, she has won fifteen shot put titles at the New Zealand Athletics Championships between 2001 and 2018, as well as having a hammer throw national title in 2003. Adams also won four times at the Australian Athletics Championships between 2004 and 2008. From 2006 to 2012 she was chosen as the New Zealand Sportswoman of the Year seven times consecutively and has been awarded the Lonsdale Cup on five occasions in recognition as the leading national athlete in an Olympic sport.\n\nAdams retired from athletics competition in 2022. In that year she was appointed to the board of High Performance Sport New Zealand, and was the subject of the documentary \"\".", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nadzeya Astapchuk\n\nNadzeya Astapchuk (, \"Nadzeya Mikalayeuna Astapchuk\"; , \"Nadezhda Ostapchuk;\" born October 28, 1980) is a Belarusian shot putter. She briefly was designated the Olympic Champion in 2012, but was subsequently stripped of the title for failing a drug test and the gold medal was awarded to New Zealand shot putter Valerie Adams. She was World Champion in 2005, but in March 2013, the IAAF reported that her drug test sample from that event had been retested and found to be positive.\n\nAstapchuk was initially designated as the bronze medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics (but was subsequently disqualified from that too, because of a doping violation), and was the World Indoor and European Champion in 2010. Her overall personal best of 21.70 m that year is the fourth best women's all-time distance indoors. However, IAAF has subsequently disqualified all of her results since August 2005. She is a four-time runner-up at the World Indoor Championships and a three-time World Championships silver medallist outdoors. She holds the Championship record for the former event, with her winning throw of 20.85 m in 2010. In continental competition, she was the 2005 European Indoor champion and came second at the 2006 European Athletics Championships. In addition to her withdrawn medals in Beijing and London, she was fourth at the 2004 Athens Olympics before the disqualification of Svetlana Krivelyova. Though upgraded to third place in Athens, the IOC declined to award her a bronze medal. ", "title": "Nadzeya Astapchuk" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012 Summer Olympics medal table\n\nThe 2012 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, were a summer multi-sport event held in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August. A total of 10,768 athletes from 204 nations participated in 302 events in 26 sports across 39 different disciplines.\n\nOverall, 86 nations received at least one medal, and 55 of them won at least one gold medal. Athletes from the United States won the most medals overall, with 104, and the most gold medals, with 47. The latter record is the largest gold medal haul for the country at a non-US hosted Olympics.\n\nMichael Phelps and Missy Franklin won the most gold medals at the games with four each. Phelps also won the greatest number of medals overall winning six in total. Bahrain, Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada, Guatemala, and Montenegro all won their first Olympic medals with Bahrain and Grenada winning their nation's first Olympic gold medal. Taekwondo athlete Milica Mandić from Serbia won the first Olympic gold medal for that nation as an independent nation. However, Serbian athletes had previously won gold medals as nationals of Yugoslavia.\n\nDuring and after the games, many athletes who were caught doping or tested positive for banned substances were disqualified from competition and had their medals revoked. To date, 40 medals have been stripped, with Russia accounting for 17 of those.", "title": "2012 Summer Olympics medal table" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand at the 2012 Summer Olympics\n\nNew Zealand competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This was the nation's twenty-fourth appearance at the Olympics. The New Zealand Olympic Committee sent 184 athletes, 97 men, and 87 women to the Games to compete in 16 sports, the nation's largest ever delegation.\n\nNew Zealand left London with a total of thirteen medals (six gold, two silver, and five bronze), finishing fifteenth in the overall medal standings. This was considered one of the nation's most successful Olympics, winning the second-largest number of gold medals behind eight at the 1984 Summer Olympics, and tying with the 1988 Summer Olympics for the largest number of medals. Five of these medals were awarded to the team in rowing, three in cycling, two in sailing, and one each in athletics, canoeing, and equestrian. Among the nation's medallists were rower Mahé Drysdale, who won gold in the men's single sculls, and track cyclists Sam Bewley, Marc Ryan, and Jesse Sergent, who managed to repeat the bronze from Beijing in men's team pursuit. New Zealand also ranked highly in medal tables adjusted for country populations, placing fourth for total medals per capita, gold medals per capita and weighted medals per capita.\n\nDuring the Games, New Zealand achieved its one hundredth overall Olympic medal. The gold medal was won by kayaker Lisa Carrington in the women's K-1 200 metres. However, if the three medals won by New Zealand athletes in 1908 and in 1912 as part of Australasia were included, the one hundredth medal would be the silver claimed by sailors Peter Burling and Blair Tuke from the open skiff class.\n\nOriginally, New Zealand won five gold medals: three in rowing, one in sailing, and the last canoeing. On 13 August 2012, however, the International Olympic Committee stripped Belarusian shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk of her gold medal after testing positive for anabolic steroid metenolone. On 19 September 2012, silver medallist Valerie Adams was subsequently awarded and received her gold medal at a public ceremony in Auckland.", "title": "New Zealand at the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Athletics in Jamaica\n\nThis article is about the athletics in Jamaica from the early 20th century to 2019 (so far)\n\nIn 90 years, Jamaica has won 42 Commonwealth Golds, 14 World Championship Golds and 17 Olympic gold medals in athletics alone. Jamaica has a population of 2.85 million people, making it the 138th most populous country in the world.", "title": "Athletics in Jamaica" }, { "id": "18541432", "score": "1.8235962", "text": "Olympic champion from 2012 (initial champion Nadzeya Ostapchuk remained banned for doping). Adams had regained form, ranking second in the world with 20.19 m, after two injury affected seasons. Christina Schwanitz had won the 2015 World Championships in her absence and had taken gold at the European Championships the previous month with a throw of 20.17 m. Gong Lijiao (the 2015 world runner-up) led the rankings at 20.43 m. Michelle Carter, who had won World Indoor and American titles that year, was the only other woman to have thrown beyond twenty metres that year. In the qualifying round, Adams was", "title": "Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put" }, { "id": "19669591", "score": "1.8209941", "text": "clay shooting, and her mother was a junior basketball representative. The New Zealand Shooting Federation nominated her for the country's sole quota spot at the 2012 Summer Olympics, but Ryan Taylor appealed the decision to the New Zealand Sports Tribunal and was sent instead. She competed in the women's trap event at the 2016 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal, with gold going to Australia's Catherine Skinner. She was only the second New Zealand sports shooter to win an Olympic medal, the first being Ian Ballinger who won bronze in the small-bore rifle at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Natalie", "title": "Natalie Rooney" }, { "id": "6235619", "score": "1.8064756", "text": "2014 and the Track & Field News Athlete of the Year in 2012 and 2013. She had the longest shot put performance of the season every year from 2006 to 2014, bar 2008 when she was second to Natallia Mikhnevich (later banned for doping that year). Adams won silver medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics, 2005 World Championships in Athletics, and the Commonwealth Games in 2002 and 2018. She was also a bronze medallist at the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships. While still a teenager, Adams was a finalist at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and the 2004 Summer", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "6235617", "score": "1.8031185", "text": "Valerie Adams Dame Valerie Kasanita Adams, (formerly Vili; born 6 October 1984) is a New Zealand shot putter. She is a four-time World champion, four-time World Indoor champion, two-time Olympic, three-time Commonwealth Games champion and twice IAAF Continental Cup winner. She has a personal best throw of 21.24 metres outdoors and 20.54 m indoors. These marks are Oceanian, Commonwealth and New Zealand national records. She also holds the Oceanian junior record (18.93 m) and the Oceanian youth record (17.54 m), as well as the World Championships record, World Indoor Championships record and Commonwealth Games record. Adams was the third woman", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "15619778", "score": "1.7820328", "text": "medal removed from the records. The gold medal was then awarded to Valerie Adams, the silver to Yevgeniya Kolodko, and the bronze to Gong Lijiao. On 20 August 2016, the IOC announced Yevgeniya Kolodko, the Russian silver medalist, failed anti-doping test and her silver medal was stripped. Gong Lijiao ended up with the silver instead. , the existing World and Olympic records were as follows. Qual. rule: qualification standard 18.90m (Q) or at least best 12 qualified (q). Notes: Nadzeya Ostapchuk would originally qualify first, with the longest throw, and had taken part in the Final as such. Due to", "title": "Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put" }, { "id": "6705079", "score": "1.7669513", "text": "Valerie Adams was subsequently awarded the gold. Russia's Yevgeniya Kolodko was moved up to win the silver medal (and was eventually disqualified for doping as well and stripped of her medal), and China's Gong Lijiao moved to take the bronze medal. She received a one-year ban after her coach, Alexander Yefimov, admitted to spiking her coffee with metenolone without her knowledge after being worried about her performance, stating that he thought the drug would be clear before the tests were administered. In March 2013, Ostapchuk was stripped of her 2005 World Championship title after samples from the 2005 event were", "title": "Nadzeya Ostapchuk" }, { "id": "6235624", "score": "1.7650993", "text": "Oceania record in winning her first World Indoor Title in Valencia (20.19 m). At the Beijing Olympics, she qualified for the final with the longest distance thrown, 19.73 meters, on her first attempt. She won the gold with a throw of 20.56 m, a personal best, beating Belarusian thrower Natallia Mikhnevich. It was the first Olympic gold medal in track and field for New Zealand since John Walker won the 1500 meter race in 1976. She also won the New Zealand Sports Award of the year in 2008. At the 2009 Grande Prêmio Rio in Brazil Adams won the competition", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "6705071", "score": "1.7648718", "text": "Nadzeya Ostapchuk Nadzeya Ostapchuk (, \"Nadzeya Mikalayeuna Astapchuk\"; , \"Nadezhda Ostapchuk;\" born October 28, 1980) is a Belarusian shot putter. She briefly was designated the Olympic Champion in 2012, but was subsequently stripped of the title for failing a drug test and the gold medal was awarded to New Zealand shot putter Valerie Adams. She was World Champion in 2005, but in March 2013, the IAAF reported that her drug test sample from that event had been retested and found to be positive. Ostapchuk was initially designated as the bronze medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics (but was subsequently disqualified", "title": "Nadzeya Ostapchuk" }, { "id": "15865956", "score": "1.7414497", "text": "held the world leading mark of 20.94 m. Other in-form throwers included Americans Jillian Camarena-Williams and Michelle Carter, and Chinese athletes Gong Lijiao and Li Ling. The 2009 silver medallist Nadine Kleinert and 2008 Olympic runner-up Natallia Mikhnevich were present, but neither had performed to a high standard that year. Having already clearly won the final, Adams relaxed and let loose a put of 21.24 on her final throw. While it only elevated her to 22nd on the all-time list, it was the best throw since Larisa Peleshenko in 2000. It was obviously her personal best and annual world leader,", "title": "2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put" }, { "id": "6705078", "score": "1.740579", "text": "had a world-leading throw of 21.58 m. Ostapchuk won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the day after which the President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, awarded her the Third-class Order of the Fatherland in recognition of her “high professionalism, outstanding sports achievements and victory at the 30th Summer Olympic Games”. However, she was later disqualified from the medal for testing positive for a banned substance. She was tested twice, once on 5 August and again the following day after she had finished first. The IOC said both samples indicated the presence of the anabolic agent metenolone. New Zealand's", "title": "Nadzeya Ostapchuk" }, { "id": "18987458", "score": "1.7384934", "text": "Forder at the Olympic trials in Sydney to snatch the Olympic quota place that the latter won from the Oceanian Championships in Auckland, having registered a minimum qualifying score of 380. She fired a substandard 376 out of a possible 400 to force in a two-way tie with Iran's Nasim Hassanpour for twenty-eighth in a field of forty-one shooters, matching her position from the previous Games. Linda Ryan Linda Maree Ryan (born 25 August 1966 in Brisbane) is an Australian sport shooter. She has been selected to compete for Australia in two editions of the Olympic Games (2000 and 2004),", "title": "Linda Ryan" }, { "id": "6235623", "score": "1.7350516", "text": "2007, Adams went to the Osaka World Championships as a favourite to take a medal due to her being one of only three women to throw over 20 m before the championships. In qualifying, Adams led the field with a throw of 19.45 m. Adams held second place behind Nadzeya Ostapchuk throughout the final, but responded well in the last round with a mammoth throw and Commonwealth record of 20.54 m to take the gold. This made Adams one of few female athletes ever to take IAAF World Titles at youth, junior and senior level. In 2008 Adams broke the", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "6235622", "score": "1.7342017", "text": "earned a place in the international elite, winning the bronze medal at the World Championships with a personal best throw of 19.87 m, The winner was Nadzeya Ostapchuk, but in 2013 the IAAF revealed that Ostapchuk's drug test sample from that event had been retested and found to be positive. Adams originally finished second at the World Athletics Final in 2005, but was promoted to gold after Ostapchuk's results were annulled. At the 2006 Commonwealth Games the 1.93 m-tall athlete won the gold medal, breaking the 20-year-old Commonwealth Games record of 19.00 m with a throw of 19.66 m. In", "title": "Valerie Adams" }, { "id": "12312956", "score": "1.733156", "text": "She won the qualification round, but placed second in the final, where she missed two more targets than Satu Mäkelä-Nummela of Finland. Her world records lasted to the 2012 Summer Olympics, where they were overcome by Jessica Rossi of Italy, who missed only one target in the whole competition. Štefečeková was the most successful in the silver medal shoot-off, beating Delphine Réau of France and Alessandra Perilli of San Marino. She is the first sports shooter who managed to defend her medal in the women's trap competition at the Olympic Games. Despite qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics, she did", "title": "Zuzana Štefečeková" }, { "id": "17015805", "score": "1.7267516", "text": "team (along with Jamie Beyerle and Amy Sowash) win the gold medal, and set a world record of 1,758 points at the 2010 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Munich, Germany. Sandra Fong Sandra Fong (born April 15, 1990, in New York, New York) is an American Olympic sport shooter. She is a multiple-time American junior record holder, and a three-time medalist (one gold and two silver) for the small-bore rifle prone and rifle three positions at the U.S. National Shooting Championships. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Fong competed in the women's 50 m rifle 3 positions, finishing in", "title": "Sandra Fong" } ]

[ "language form meaning and context", "Language - form, meaning and context" ]

[ { "id": "13356707", "score": "1.7907319", "text": "first attested in 1847. It is now the usual term in English for the scientific study of language, though \"linguistic science\" is sometimes used. Linguistics is a multi-disciplinary field of research that combines tools from natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities. Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific. The term \"linguist\" applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages. While some theories on linguistics focus on the different varieties that language produces,", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "1397881", "score": "1.7571995", "text": "interdisciplinary field. Hence, it is studied by researchers from a variety of different backgrounds, such as psychology, cognitive science, linguistics, and speech and language pathology. Psycholinguists study many different topics, but these topics can generally be divided into answering the following questions: (1) how do children acquire language (language acquisition)?; (2) how do people process and comprehend language (language comprehension)?; (3) how do people produce language (language production)?; and (4) how do people acquire a new language (second language acquisition)? Subdivisions in psycholinguistics are also made based on the different components that make up human language. Linguistics-related areas: A researcher", "title": "Psycholinguistics" }, { "id": "13356761", "score": "1.7518682", "text": "lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also contributed expertise in criminal cases. Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and it involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 6th century BC Indian grammarian Pāṇini who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his \"\". Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Phonetics is the", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356698", "score": "1.7486502", "text": "Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and it involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 6th century BC Indian grammarian Pāṇini who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his \"\". Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, deals with how languages encode relations", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356703", "score": "1.7314388", "text": "written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language. The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which studies language processing in the brain; biolinguistics, which studies the biology and evolution of language; and language acquisition, which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic and language-based context is often determined. Research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Linguistics\n\nLinguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguistics is concerned with both the cognitive and social aspects of language. It is considered a scientific field as well as an academic discipline; it has been classified as a social science, natural science, cognitive science, or part of the humanities.\n\nTraditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to phenomena found in human linguistic systems, such as syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences); semantics (meaning); morphology (structure of words); phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages); phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language); and pragmatics (how social context contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as biolinguistics (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions.\n\nLinguistics encompasses many branches and subfields that span both theoretical and practical applications. Applied linguistics seeks to utilise the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy.\n\nLinguistic phenomena may be studied through a variety of perspectives: synchronically (describing a language at a specific point of time) or diachronically (through historical development); in monolinguals or multilinguals; children or adults; as they are learned or already acquired; as abstract objects or cognitive structures; through texts or oral elicitation; and through mechanical data collection versus fieldwork.\n\nLinguistics is related to philosophy of language, stylistics and rhetorics, semiotics, lexicography, and translation; philology, from which linguistics emerged, is variably described as a related field, a subdiscipline, or to have been superseded altogether.", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Historical linguistics\n\nHistorical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include:\n\n\nHistorical linguistics is founded on the Uniformitarian Principle, which is defined by linguist Donald Ringe as: ", "title": "Historical linguistics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cognitive linguistics\n\nCognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and linguistics. Models and theoretical accounts of cognitive linguistics are considered as psychologically real, and research in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand cognition in general and is seen as a road into the human mind. \n\nThere has been scientific and terminological controversy around the label \"cognitive linguistics\"; there is no consensus on what specifically is meant with the term.", "title": "Cognitive linguistics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Morphology (linguistics)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Corpus linguistics\n\nCorpus linguistics is the study of a language as that language is expressed in its text corpus (plural \"corpora\"), its body of \"real world\" text. Corpus linguistics proposes that a reliable analysis of a language is more feasible with corpora collected in the field—the natural context (\"realia\") of that language—with minimal experimental interference.\n\nThe text-corpus method uses the body of texts written in any natural language to derive the set of abstract rules which govern that language. Those results can be used to explore the relationships between that subject language and other languages which have undergone a similar analysis. The first such corpora were manually derived from source texts, but now that work is automated.\n\nCorpora have not only been used for linguistics research, they have also been used to compile dictionaries (starting with \"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language\" in 1969) and grammar guides, such as \"A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language\", published in 1985.\n\nExperts in the field have differing views about the annotation of a corpus. These views range from John McHardy Sinclair, who advocates minimal annotation so texts speak for themselves, to the Survey of English Usage team (University College, London), who advocate annotation as allowing greater linguistic understanding through rigorous recording.", "title": "Corpus linguistics" }, { "id": "363896", "score": "1.7269316", "text": "\"legal\" comes from the Latin word \"lex\". Linguistics investigates the cognitive and social aspects of human language. The field is divided into areas that focus on aspects of the linguistic signal, such as syntax (the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences), semantics (the study of meaning), morphology (the study of the structure of words), phonetics (the study of speech sounds) and phonology (the study of the abstract sound system of a particular language); however, work in areas like evolutionary linguistics (the study of the origins and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological factors", "title": "Social science" }, { "id": "13356705", "score": "1.7024465", "text": "as in language education – the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research. Related areas of study also includes the disciplines of semiotics (the study of direct and indirect language through signs and symbols), literary criticism (the historical and ideological analysis of literature, cinema, art, or published material), translation (the conversion and documentation of meaning in written/spoken text from one language or dialect onto another), and speech-language pathology (a corrective method to cure phonetic disabilities and dis-functions at the cognitive level).", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356746", "score": "1.6975816", "text": "study of language variation and the different varieties of language through dialects, registers, and ideolects can be tackled through a study of style, as well as through analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists research on both style and discourse in language, and also study the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society. Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood. Some of the questions that developmental linguistics looks into is how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and what the process of", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356747", "score": "1.6847017", "text": "language acquisition is. Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356760", "score": "1.6623518", "text": "specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development. Evolutionary linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of the emergence of the language faculty through human evolution, and also the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is also a study of the dispersal of various languages across the globe, through movements among ancient communities. Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic analysis to forensics. Forensic analysis investigates on the style, language,", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "1397878", "score": "1.6347382", "text": "Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects. It also studies psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language. The discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms in which languages are processed and represented in the brain. Initial forays into psycholinguistics were largely philosophical or educational schools of thought, due mainly to their location in departments other than applied sciences (e.g., cohesive data on how the human brain functioned). Modern research makes use of biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, linguistics, and information science to study", "title": "Psycholinguistics" }, { "id": "1397882", "score": "1.6307412", "text": "interested in language comprehension may study word recognition during reading to examine the processes involved in the extraction of orthographic, morphological, phonological, and semantic information from patterns in printed text. A researcher interested in language production might study how words are prepared to be spoken starting from the conceptual or semantic level. Developmental psycholinguists study infants' and children's ability to learn and process language. In this section, some influential theories are discussed for each of the fundamental questions listed in the section above. There are essentially two schools of thought as to how children acquire or learn language, and there", "title": "Psycholinguistics" }, { "id": "13356706", "score": "1.626945", "text": "Before the 20th century, the term \"philology\", first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. Since Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, however, this focus has shifted and the term \"philology\" is now generally used for the \"study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition\", especially in the United States (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the \"science of language\"). Although the term \"linguist\" in the sense of \"a student of language\" dates from 1641, the term \"linguistics\" is", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356748", "score": "1.6266603", "text": "theories, using aphasiology, brain imaging, electrophysiology, and computer modelling. Amongst the structures of the brain involved in the mechanisms of neurolinguistics, the cerebellum which contains the highest numbers of neurons has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language. Linguists are largely concerned with finding and describing the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all languages. Applied linguistics takes the results of those findings and \"applies\" them to other areas. Linguistic research is commonly applied to areas such as language education, lexicography, translation, language planning, which involves governmental policy implementation related to language use,", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "13356745", "score": "1.626193", "text": "environment. The first aim is to develop linguistic theories which see humans not only as part of society, but also as part of the larger ecosystems that life depends on. The second aim is to show how linguistics can be used to address key ecological issues, from climate change and biodiversity loss to environmental justice. Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and looks at how a language in general, or a set of languages, display variation and varieties at a given point in time. The", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "7612738", "score": "1.6255066", "text": "hard data from investigations into sources of knowledge. In addition, there are some claims in the Meno that have connections to current research on perception and long-term memory (LTM). Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Chomskyan linguistics (\"an inclusive, though perhaps informal, label for the theories and methodologies of linguistic study spearheaded by Noam Chomsky, meant to encompass his extensive work and influence in the field\") includes everything from Chomsky's earliest work in transformational grammar to more recent work in the Minimalist Program. More exactly, it is the study of the structure of language, or grammar. Chomskyan linguistics is", "title": "Plato's Problem" }, { "id": "13356743", "score": "1.6217828", "text": "that knowledge of language arises out of \"language use\". Because of its conviction that knowledge of language is learned through use, cognitive linguistics is sometimes considered to be a functional approach, but it differs from other functional approaches in that it is primarily concerned with how the mind creates meaning through language, and not with the use of language as a tool of communication. Historical linguists study the history of specific languages as well as general characteristics of language change. The study of language change is also referred to as \"diachronic linguistics\" (the study of how one particular language has", "title": "Linguistics" }, { "id": "236300", "score": "1.6215158", "text": "theoretical linguistics develops theories on how best to conceptualize and define the nature of language based on data from the various extant human languages, sociolinguistics studies how languages are used for social purposes informing in turn the study of the social functions of language and grammatical description, neurolinguistics studies how language is processed in the human brain and allows the experimental testing of theories, computational linguistics builds on theoretical and descriptive linguistics to construct computational models of language often aimed at processing natural language or at testing linguistic hypotheses, and historical linguistics relies on grammatical and lexical descriptions of languages", "title": "Language" }, { "id": "68192", "score": "1.6203916", "text": "to acquire a second-language than it is for infants to acquire their first-language?, and (3) How are humans able to understand novel sentences? The study of language processing ranges from the investigation of the sound patterns of speech to the meaning of words and whole sentences. Linguistics often divides language processing into orthography, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Many aspects of language can be studied from each of these components and from their interaction. The study of language processing in \"cognitive science\" is closely tied to the field of linguistics. Linguistics was traditionally studied as a part of", "title": "Cognitive science" }, { "id": "12376025", "score": "1.6138821", "text": "language arts, including the study of grammar, usage, and style; and English sociolinguistics, including discourse analysis of written and spoken texts in the English language, the history of the English language, English language learning and teaching, and the study of World Englishes. English linguistics (syntax, morphology, phonetics, phonology, etc.) is usually treated as a distinct discipline, taught in a department of linguistics. The disciplinary divide between a dominant literature or usage orientation is one motivation for the division of the North American Modern Language Association (MLA) into two subgroups. At universities in non-English-speaking countries, the same department often covers all", "title": "English studies" } ]

[ "thus with kiss i die", "Thus with a kiss I die" ]

[ { "id": "349425", "score": "1.5457824", "text": "words, Shakespeare \"invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death\". Of Shakespeare's works, \"Romeo and Juliet\" has generated the most—and the most varied—adaptations, including prose and verse narratives, drama, opera, orchestral and choral music, ballet, film, television, and painting. The word \"Romeo\" has even become synonymous with \"male lover\" in English. \"Romeo and Juliet\" was parodied in Shakespeare's own lifetime: Henry Porter's \"Two Angry Women of Abingdon\" (1598) and Thomas Dekker's \"Blurt, Master Constable\" (1607) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay. The play directly influenced", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "771131", "score": "1.5117351", "text": "Failures/Let The Sun Shine In\", the lyrics \"Eyes, look your last!/ Arms, take your last embrace! And lips, O you/ The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss\" are from \"Romeo and Juliet\" (V: iii, 111–14). According to Miller, the \"Romeo\" suicide imagery makes the point that, with our complicity in war, we are killing ourselves. Symbolically, the running plot of Claude's indecision, especially his resistance to burning his draft card, which ultimately causes his demise, has been seen as a parallel to \"Hamlet\": \"the melancholy hippie\". The symbolism is carried into the last scene, where Claude appears as", "title": "Hair (musical)" }, { "id": "1643025", "score": "1.5055783", "text": "language, and his speech happens to fall into the meter and rhyme of a sonnet. (“O, never will I trust to speeches penned…”) The epilogue at the end of the play \"Henry V\" is written in the form of a sonnet (“Thus far with rough, and all-unable pen…”). Three sonnets are found in \"Romeo and Juliet\": The prologue to the play (“Two households, both alike in dignity…”), the prologue to the second act (“Now old desire doth in his death-bed lie…”), and set in the form of dialogue at the moment when Romeo and Juliet meet: The play \"Edward III\"", "title": "Shakespeare's sonnets" }, { "id": "10830877", "score": "1.479153", "text": "by wishing death upon him. In Act 3, Scene 5, she becomes very angry with Juliet for refusing to marry Paris and coldly rejects her, saying: \"Talk not to me, for I'll not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee\". By the final act, she is nearly overcome by the tragic events of the play, this is where the grief-stricken mother comes out. We know Juliet's mother bore her first child by the time she was 14, Juliet's age, and her husband is many years older than she. Calling her \"Lady Capulet\" is a", "title": "Characters in Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "349381", "score": "1.469102", "text": "early in the play, and when he learns of Juliet's death, he defies the stars' course for him. Another central theme is haste: Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\" spans a period of four to six days, in contrast to Brooke's poem's spanning nine months. Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was \"especially important to Shakespeare\" in this play, as he used references to \"short-time\" for the young lovers as opposed to references to \"long-time\" for the \"older generation\" to highlight \"a headlong rush towards doom\". Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever. In the", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "349392", "score": "1.4631884", "text": "Juliet, a rhapsody in Mercutio's Queen Mab speech, and an elegy by Paris. Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play, though at times he uses it for other characters, such as Mercutio. Humour, also, is important: scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text. Many of these jokes are sexual in nature, especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse. Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of \"Romeo and Juliet\" in terms of Romeo's impulsiveness, deriving from \"ill-controlled, partially disguised aggression\", which leads both to Mercutio's death and to", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "10830890", "score": "1.4553571", "text": "Romeo's confidant, Friar Laurence, to help her to escape the forced marriage. Laurence does so by giving her a potion that puts her in a deathlike coma. The plan works, but too soon for Romeo to learn of it; he genuinely believes Juliet to be dead, and so resolves to commit suicide, by drinking the bottle of poison (illegally bought from the Apothecary upon hearing the news of Juliet's \"death\"). Romeo's final words were \"Thus with a kiss I die\". He kills himself at Juliet's grave, moments before she awakes; she kills herself in turn shortly thereafter. He is Montague's", "title": "Characters in Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "3465784", "score": "1.4531577", "text": "his sword as his \"fiddlestick.\" Romeo, not wanting his friend or his relative to get hurt, attempts to intervene. He fails, however, as Mercutio gets stabbed under Romeo's arm and dies. Before he dies, Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets, crying several times, \"A plague o' both your houses!\" (Act III, Sc. 1, often quoted as \"A pox on both your houses\"). He makes one final pun before he dies: \"Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man.\" A grief-stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt, resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic", "title": "Mercutio" }, { "id": "13539524", "score": "1.4482129", "text": "name which is no part of thee Take all myself. Romeo: I take thee at thy word: Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized; Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Although it is one of the most famous quotes from the work of Shakespeare, no printing in Shakespeare's lifetime presents the text in the form known to modern readers: it is a skillful amalgam assembled by Edmond Malone, an editor in the eighteenth century. \"Romeo and Juliet\" was published twice, in two very different versions. The first version of 1597, named \"Q1\", is believed to have been an", "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" }, { "id": "349389", "score": "1.4412806", "text": "Romeo. Beyond this, the sub-plot of the Montague–Capulet feud overarches the whole play, providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play's tragic end. Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play. He begins with a 14-line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet, spoken by a Chorus. Most of \"Romeo and Juliet\" is, however, written in blank verse, and much of it in strict iambic pentameter, with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare's later plays. In choosing forms, Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it. Friar Laurence,", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "349352", "score": "1.4383123", "text": "Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, discovering that Romeo is dead, stabs herself with his dagger and joins him in death. The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two \"star-cross'd lovers\". The families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. The play ends with the Prince's elegy for the lovers: \"For never was a story", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "10830867", "score": "1.4354236", "text": "the marriage. Then, while at Laurence's cell at the church, Paris tries to woo her by repeatedly saying that she is \"his\" wife and that they are to be married on Thursday. He kisses her and then leaves the cell, prompting Juliet to angrily threaten to kill herself with a knife. His final appearance in the play is in the cemetery where Juliet is \"laid to rest\" in the Capulet family tomb. Believing her to be dead, Count Paris has come to mourn her death in solitude and privacy and sends his manservant away. He professes his love to Juliet,", "title": "Characters in Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "349394", "score": "1.4330232", "text": "of Romeo and Juliet's passion for each other. That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers' language: Juliet, for example, speaks of \"my only love sprung from my only hate\" and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo's death. This leads on to speculation as to the playwright's psychology, in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare's grief for the death of his son, Hamnet. Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona's patriarchal society. For Coppélia Kahn, for example, the strict, masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "10830864", "score": "1.4324318", "text": "the quarrel by murdering Mercutio, a kinsman to the prince. He yells at Lord Montague for engaging in the feud, which really is the root cause which led to Tybalt killing Mercutio. Prince Escalus returns in the final scene—V.iii—following the double suicide of Romeo and Juliet, and at last declares the Lords Montague and Capulet guilty of Romeo and Juliet's death, and angrily tells them that their totally useless feud resulted in the deaths of not only their own loved ones (Lady Montague, Romeo, Juliet, and Tybalt), but also in the deaths of Escalus' loved ones (Mercutio and Paris). He", "title": "Characters in Romeo and Juliet" }, { "id": "10565161", "score": "1.4308485", "text": "of the protagonists, and ending with their tragic deaths. The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times. The oddball 1944 B-movie \"Time Flies\" features the comedy duo Susie and Bill Barton, who, time travelling, encounter a Shakespeare struggling for words for his balcony scene, which Susie (Evelyn Dall) supplies from memory, while Bill interrupts with quips. John Madden's 1998 \"Shakespeare in Love\" depicts Shakespeare's process in composing \"Romeo and Juliet\" against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair. Writers Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard exploited another commonplace of Shakespeare-related films, which scholar Tony", "title": "Romeo and Juliet on screen" }, { "id": "5692050", "score": "1.4285758", "text": "arrives and tackles Romeo to the ground before Tybalt can stab Mercutio under Romeo's arm. Romeo tells her, \"Speak, boy\", confusing her gender because Desdemona has ripped off Constance's skirt. Calling herself Constantine, Constance explains that they should stop fighting, because Romeo has married Juliet and they are all family now. They agree, and Romeo falls in love with Constance. The men make lewd jokes and go to the bathhouses. Constance wishes that she could go back home. In scene 2, Juliet and Romeo wake up together and describe their declining interest in each other. They fight over their turtle,", "title": "Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)" }, { "id": "7414838", "score": "1.4270675", "text": "thee for a holy man.\" Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play. He begins with a 14-line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet, spoken by a Chorus. Most of \"Romeo and Juliet\" is, however, written in blank verse, and much of it in strict iambic pentameter, with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare's later plays. In choosing forms, Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it. Friar Laurence, for example, uses sermon and sententiae forms, and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech. Friar Laurence", "title": "Friar Laurence" }, { "id": "10827134", "score": "1.4264762", "text": "to share any more of her secrets with the Nurse. The Nurse discovers Juliet under the spell of Friar Laurence's potion in act four, scene five, and the grief of her death as seriously as she mourned Tybalt. She is, finally, present at the real deathbed of Romeo, Juliet, and Paris, though speechless. Indeed, she loses perhaps the dearest friends of anyone, having suffered through the deaths of her husband, Susan, Tybalt, Romeo, and Juliet. The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play; only the eponymous characters have more lines. In 2014, Simon & Schuster", "title": "Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)" }, { "id": "5692052", "score": "1.4187717", "text": "scene 4, Romeo and Juliet enter the masked ball, sulking at each other. Romeo thinks that Tybalt is Constance and puts his hand on Tybalt's bottom. Constance enters, and Romeo tells her that he loves her. Tybalt sees Romeo kiss Constance and sends Juliet to interrupt them. Romeo introduces Constance to Juliet, and Juliet falls in love with her. Juliet dances with Constance while Romeo and Tybalt watch suspiciously. Tybalt resolves to kill Constance. Romeo decides to dress as a woman so that Constance will desire him, and he cuts in to dance with her. Juliet sees them and determines", "title": "Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)" }, { "id": "349391", "score": "1.4184566", "text": "handsome man. When Romeo and Juliet meet, the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan (which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare's day) to a then more contemporary sonnet form, using \"pilgrims\" and \"saints\" as metaphors. Finally, when the two meet on the balcony, Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love, but Juliet breaks it by saying \"Dost thou love me?\" By doing this, she searches for true expression, rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love. Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris. Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" } ]

[ "word group", "Complex phrase", "Word-group", "Phrases", "Aspect phrase", "Topic phrase", "topic phrase", "tense phrase", "phrases", "Phrase (linguistics)", "Phrase (grammar)", "phrase", "functional phrase", "phrase grammar", "phrase linguistics", "Southern Phrases", "aspect phrase", "Functional phrase", "complex phrase", "phrasal", "southern phrases", "Phrasal", "Phrase", "Tense phrase" ]

[ { "id": "10824565", "score": "1.5132521", "text": "show \"why\" or \"how\" something is or will be. If Fred and Joe address the issue of \"whether\" or not Fred's cat has fleas, Joe may state: \"Fred, your cat has fleas. Observe, the cat is scratching right now.\" Joe has made an \"argument that\" the cat has fleas. However, if Joe asks Fred, \"Why is your cat scratching itself?\" the explanation, \"...because it has fleas.\" provides understanding. Both the above argument and explanation require knowing the generalities that a) fleas often cause itching, and b) that one often scratches to relieve itching. The difference is in the intent: an", "title": "Argument" }, { "id": "1068150", "score": "1.4950078", "text": "is disregarded. Rather they see \"the cat\" as exclusively the object of \"I saw\" The modifying phrase \"licking the cream\" is therefore described as a participle use. Henry Fowler claims that the use of a non-possessive noun to precede a gerund arose as a result of confusion with the above usage with a participle, and should thus be called fused participle or geriple. It has been claimed that if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning: However, Quirk et al. show that the range of senses", "title": "Gerund" }, { "id": "4495248", "score": "1.4882499", "text": "\"Veni, vidi, vici\" or, \"I came, I saw, I conquered\". Another example is Mr. Jingle's speech in Chapter 2 of \"The Pickwick Papers\" by Charles Dickens. \"Come along, then,\" said he of the green coat, lugging Mr. Pickwick after him by main force, and talking the whole way. \"Here, No. 924, take your fare, and take yourself off—respectable gentleman—know him well—none of your nonsense—this way, sir—where's your friends?—all a mistake, I see—never mind—accidents will happen—best regulated families—never say die—down upon your luck—Pull him UP—Put that in his pipe—like the flavour—damned rascals.\" And with a lengthened string of similar broken sentences,", "title": "Parataxis" }, { "id": "1702951", "score": "1.4833744", "text": "may state: \"Fred, your cat has fleas. Observe the cat is scratching right now.\" Joe has made an \"argument that\" the cat has fleas. However, if Fred and Joe agree on the fact that the cat has fleas, they may further question \"why\" this is so and put forth an \"explanation\": \"The reason the cat has fleas is that the weather has been damp.\" The difference is that the attempt is not to settle whether or not some claim is true, but to show \"why\" it is true. In this sense, arguments aim to contribute \"knowledge\", whereas explanations aim to", "title": "Explanation" }, { "id": "2149937", "score": "1.4770075", "text": "I could seem to myself to see a doorknob, and I could seem to myself to be performing the correct sort of grasping motion, but with absolutely no chance of having a sensation of contacting the doorknob. Likewise, he objected that the statement that \"The only book in front of me is red\" does not entail the sensory statement \"Redness would probably appear to me were I to seem to myself to see a book\", because redness is not likely to appear under a blue light-bulb. Some have tried to avoid this problem by extending the conditions in the analysandum:", "title": "Phenomenalism" }, { "id": "17456099", "score": "1.4704822", "text": "use the prepositions \"in\" and \"on\", the first words she used to exclusively serve a grammatical purpose, although she did not always include them and all of her early uses were in answers to questions. When Curtiss tested her on possessive sentences such as \"Point to the cat's foot\" and \"Point to the foot of the cat\" during this time Genie was only correct 50% of the time, but after March of that year she demonstrated full comprehension of both constructions despite not using either in her speech. In February 1972 she produced negative sentences, all consisting of \"No more\"", "title": "Linguistic development of Genie" }, { "id": "9941076", "score": "1.4670244", "text": "discuss what happened to it. In English, we do this with passive clauses: \"my cat was chased by the dog.\" In ASL, topics are used with similar effect: If the word order of the main clause is changed, the meaning of the utterance also changes: There are three types of non-manual topic markers, all of which involve raised eyebrows. The three types of non-manual topic markers are used with different types of topics and in different contexts, and the topic markings cannot spread over other elements in the utterance. Topics can be moved from and remain null in the main", "title": "American Sign Language grammar" }, { "id": "550999", "score": "1.4347069", "text": "do not have intrinsic meaning, that there is no meaning associated with a sentence or word, and that either can only represent an idea symbolically. \"The cat sat on the mat\" is a sentence in English. If someone were to say to someone else, \"The cat sat on the mat,\" the act is itself an utterance. This implies that a sentence, term, expression or word cannot symbolically represent a single true meaning; such meaning is underspecified (which cat sat on which mat?) and potentially ambiguous. By contrast, the meaning of an utterance can be inferred through knowledge of both its", "title": "Pragmatics" }, { "id": "4453696", "score": "1.4323306", "text": "can be seen with an inductive argument. If \"k\" = 1 (that is, there is exactly one blue-eyed person), the person will recognize that they alone have blue eyes (by seeing only green eyes in the others) and leave at the first dawn. If \"k\" = 2, no one will leave at the first dawn. The two blue-eyed people, seeing only one person with blue eyes, \"and\" that no one left on the 1st dawn (and thus that \"k\" > 1), will leave on the second dawn. Inductively, it can be reasoned that no one will leave at the first", "title": "Common knowledge (logic)" }, { "id": "3893022", "score": "1.4303873", "text": "its governor. The words in red mark the catena (=chain) of words that extends from the root of the displaced constituent to the governor of that constituent. Discontinuities are then explored in terms of these catenae. The limitations on topicalization, \"wh\"-fronting, scrambling, and extraposition can be explored and identified by examining the nature of the catenae involved. Traditionally, DGs have treated the syntactic functions (= grammatical functions, grammatical relations) as primitive. They posit an inventory of functions (e.g. subject, object, oblique, determiner, attribute, predicative, etc.). These functions can appear as labels on the dependencies in the tree structures, e.g. The", "title": "Dependency grammar" }, { "id": "16590731", "score": "1.4285154", "text": "that the door is locked,' then that person is holding, as I see it, that the cat holds the declarative sentence 'The door is locked' to be true; and I can see no reason whatever for crediting the cat or any other creature which lacks language, including human infants, with entertaining declarative sentences.\" He concludes that animals have no interests. Counter-arguments include that first-order beliefs may be held in the absence of second-order ones – that is, a non-human animal or human infant might hold a belief while failing to understand the concept of belief — and that human beings", "title": "Raymond Frey" }, { "id": "1668134", "score": "1.4278207", "text": "whereas an adjunct has X-bar as a sibling. The noun phrase \"the cat\" might be rendered like this: The word \"the\" is a determiner (specifically an article), which at first was believed to be a type of specifier for nouns. The head is the determiner (D) which projects into a determiner phrase (DP or DetP). The word \"cat\" is the noun phrase (NP) which acts as the complement of the determiner phrase. More recently, it has been suggested that D is the head of the noun phrase. Note that branches with empty specifiers, adjuncts, complements, and heads are often omitted,", "title": "X-bar theory" }, { "id": "5492872", "score": "1.425467", "text": "\"F\". After this, the vote transforms into an auction, and with the final cry of, \"Going...going...\"gone!\"\" everyone abruptly vanishes. Luckily, not everyone had vanished and Alice was left with both the Grampus and the Italian Hairdresser. The grampus promptly inquires if her name is \"Boris\". After a short discussion, the Grampus realizes that he has indeed written down the wrong name within his autobiography. He explains to Alice how forgetful he is, giving an example of how he sometimes \"leaves home without an umbrella and returns with one\". \"This is why I have an autobiography,\" he said. \"So that I", "title": "Alice Through the Needle's Eye" }, { "id": "17456058", "score": "1.4251637", "text": "hospital, linguists discerned that by January 1971 she knew her own name, the words \"mother\" and \"father\", the four color words \"red\", \"blue\", \"green\", and \"brown\", the words \"no\" and \"sorry\", and a few miscellaneous nouns such as \"jewelry box\", \"door\", and \"bunny\". She also appeared to understand negative commands, and accordingly could discern a warning using a negation, although whether she understood them in the context of sentences was unclear. There was speculation, though no conclusive evidence, that she understood the intonation to indicate a yes or no question and that she understood imperative mood sentences based on tone", "title": "Linguistic development of Genie" }, { "id": "3389999", "score": "1.4235113", "text": "be taken. If the researcher displayed irritation, Alex tried to defuse it with the phrase, \"I'm sorry.\" If he said \"Wanna banana\", but was offered a nut instead, he stared in silence, asked for the banana again, or took the nut and threw it at the researcher or otherwise displayed annoyance, before requesting the item again. When asked questions in the context of research testing, he gave the correct answer approximately 80 percent of the time. Once, Alex was given several different colored blocks (two red, three blue, and four green—similar to the picture above). Pepperberg asked him, \"What color", "title": "Alex (parrot)" }, { "id": "14376739", "score": "1.4208465", "text": "the neck of the bot-tle was a tag with the words \"DRINK ME\" printed on it. It was all right to say \"Drink me,\" but Al-ice was too wise to do that in haste: \"No, I'll look first,\" she said, \"and see if it's marked 'poi-son' or not,\" for she had been taught if you drink much from a bot-tle marked 'poi-son,' it is sure to make you sick. This had no such mark on it, so she dared to taste it, and as she found it nice (it had, in fact, a taste of pie, ice-cream, roast fowl, and", "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable" }, { "id": "13559571", "score": "1.4204988", "text": "(toy otishal)\" and \"o gitmiş\" — with the English indicative \"he went\". Using the first pair, however, implies very strongly that the speaker either witnessed the event or is very sure that it took place. The second pair implies either that the speaker did not in fact witness it take place, that it occurred in the remote past or that there is considerable doubt as to whether it actually happened. If it were necessary to make the distinction, then the English constructions \"he must have gone\" or \"he is said to have gone\" would partly translate the inferential. The interrogative", "title": "Grammatical mood" }, { "id": "11611485", "score": "1.4200077", "text": "wish I had such eyes...to be able to see Nobody\"). His imperial status as a king, as well as his tendency to take things literally, is reflected in such statements as \"it isn't respectable to beg\" when Alice simply says \"I beg your pardon\" and he also remarks that he needs his two messengers Hatta and Haigha: \"one to come and one to go... one to fetch and one to carry\". When Haigha arrives he claims, in all seriousness, that there is \"nothing like eating hay when you're feeling faint\", and having eaten two ham sandwiches consumes some hay just", "title": "White King (Through the Looking-Glass)" }, { "id": "16822986", "score": "1.4187634", "text": "needing to increase the power of its arsenal. King Looie Katz, which appears in \"I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! and Other Stories\", has a political theme of rebellion against hierarchy leading to democracy. In a town called Katzenstein inhabited by cats, King Looie Katz orders another cat, Fooie, to carry his tail so that it does not drag on the ground. In turn, Fooie becomes conscious of his own tail dragging and makes another cat carry it. This process continues, with each cat forced to carry another's tail, until \"the last, last cat\", Zooie Katzen-bein realises there is no-one", "title": "Political messages of Dr. Seuss" }, { "id": "5022192", "score": "1.4171138", "text": "Myers criticizes McCarthy for filling his sentences with bulky words that contain no real detail or meaning. He uses the following as an example from \"The Crossing\": \"He ate the last of the eggs and wiped the plate with the tortilla and ate the tortilla and drank the last of the coffee and wiped his mouth and looked up and thanked her.\" Myers follows: \"This is a good example of what I call the andelope: a breathless string of simple declarative statements linked by the conjunction \"and\". Like the \"evocative\" slide-show and the Consumerland shopping-list, the andelope encourages skim-reading while", "title": "A Reader's Manifesto" } ]

[ "Yellow Submarine (disambiguation)", "yello sub", "yellow submarine disambiguation", "Yellow submarine", "yellow submarine", "Yello Sub", "The Yellow Submarine", "Yellow Submarine" ]

[ { "id": "1423537", "score": "1.8207396", "text": "island at the entrance to the airport. A permanent exhibition of The Beatles in India's photographs made in 1968 at the Ashram of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, (founder of the Transcendental Meditation technique), by Paul Saltzman can be seen above the retail units in the departure lounge. In 2005 a brand-new apron exclusively for EasyJet was constructed to the east of the terminal with six stands and a pier with six boarding gates. In September 2006 reconstruction started on the main runway and taxiways. This was the first time the runway had been reconstructed (as opposed to resurfaced) since it was", "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport" }, { "id": "1423536", "score": "1.8025458", "text": "to and from passenger aircraft. Destinations served are throughout Europe, the 2007 scheduled services to the United States and Canada having been withdrawn. 2001 saw the airport being renamed in honour of John Lennon, a founding member of The Beatles, 21 years after Lennon's death - the first airport in the UK to be named after an individual. A tall bronze statue stands overlooking the check-in hall. On the roof is painted the airport's motto, a line from Lennon's song \"Imagine\": \"Above us, only sky\". In 2005 the \"Yellow Submarine\", a large-scale work of art, was installed on a traffic", "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport" }, { "id": "17002540", "score": "1.7980986", "text": "Liverpool 08 Collection The Liverpool 08 Collection was the Public art collection exhibited by Liverpool John Lennon Airport in conjunction with the Liverpool Culture Company for the duration of 2008, the year when Liverpool was the European Capital of Culture. Exhibits were launched before and during the year by various celebreties including Yoko Ono and Phil Redmond and much of the exhibition remains in place today. As well as the iconic sculptures, The Yellow Submarine (sculpture) and the John Lennon Statue, the different pieces of artwork situated around the public areas of the terminal included; two rare suits worn by", "title": "Liverpool 08 Collection" }, { "id": "13586807", "score": "1.78175", "text": "for scrap. Opened in the 1930s, Liverpool Airport, is situated near Speke in the south of the city. It was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 2001, in honour of the late musician and founding member of The Beatles, John Lennon. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that John Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words \"Above us only sky\", lyrics from his song \"Imagine\". The sensitivity surrounding the airport's name change meant that the logo had to be designed in secret before it could be unveiled by John Lennon's widow Yoko Ono. The airport was the starting", "title": "Transport in Liverpool" }, { "id": "17002544", "score": "1.7736342", "text": "local artists inviting them to display their work at the Airport... JLA received many applications and as a consequence formed an Art Panel which consisted of representatives from JLA, Liverpool Culture Company, Liverpool Biennial and a local artist to review all the submissions and make a selection. The first Public art exhibit in the recently opened airport terminal in 2002 was of John Lennon's portraits. opened by Yoko Ono. Public Arts Exhibits in the Collection ‘08 included:- The Liverpool 08 Collection also extended to the world of geology, perhaps more by chance than by design. On 25 July 2002 Liverpool", "title": "Liverpool 08 Collection" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yellow Submarine (sculpture)\n\nThe Yellow Submarine in Liverpool is a large model representation of the submarine featured in the 1968 animated film \"Yellow Submarine\", inspired by the 1966 song of the same name on The Beatles' album \"Revolver\". It was built by a group of about 80 apprentices from Cammell Laird's shipyard, designed in part by Mr L Pinch, a draughtsman at the yard, for exhibition at the International Garden Festival in Liverpool in 1984. The Submarine was in a garden themed around the Beatles, one of 60 such themed gardens, and was highly popular. The garden took the form of an apple-shaped labyrinth, containing symbolic references to the group, and included a bronze statue of John Lennon, which now stands at Liverpool John Lennon Airport.\n\nThe Submarine itself is some 51 feet long (15.62 m) and 15 feet (4.57 m) high, and weighed 18 tons. Built of steel, it has a replica control cabin containing genuine submarine equipment, and twin spiral staircases leading to the bridge, which gave a panoramic view of the garden. These were accessible via doorways at the side. Painted in vivid yellow, the hull was tilted as if about to submerge.\n\nAfter the Festival site closed, the Submarine found a home for several years in Chavasse Park, an open space in the city centre, where it was readily visible to traffic entering the city centre from the south. It was retired from public view when its condition deteriorated, but was renovated to find a new home at Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 2005, with airport boss Neil Pakey stating 'Other airports have the Concorde, we have the Yellow Submarine'.\n\n", "title": "Yellow Submarine (sculpture)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Airport\n\nAn airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports usually consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off and to land or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals, to maintain and monitor aircraft. Larger airports may have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. In some countries, the US in particular, airports also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving general aviation.\n\nOperating airports is extremely complicated, with a complex system of aircraft support services, passenger services, and aircraft control services contained within the operation. Thus airports can be major employers, as well as important hubs for tourism and other kinds of transit. Because they are sites of operation for heavy machinery, a number of regulations and safety measures have been implemented in airports, in order to reduce hazards. Additionally, airports have major local environmental impacts, as both large sources of air pollution, noise pollution and other environmental impacts, making them sites that acutely experience the environmental effects of aviation. Airports are also vulnerable infrastructure to extreme weather, climate change caused sea level rise and other disasters.", "title": "Airport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yoko Ono\n\nYoko Ono ( ; , ; born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist. Her work also encompasses performance art and filmmaking.\n\nOno grew up in Tokyo and moved to New York City in 1953 with her family. She became involved with New York City's downtown artists scene in the early 1960s, which included the Fluxus group, and became well known in 1969 when she married English musician John Lennon of the Beatles. The couple used their honeymoon as a stage for public protests against the Vietnam War. She and Lennon remained married until he was murdered in front of the couple's apartment building, the Dakota, on 8 December 1980. Together they had one son, Sean, who later also became a musician.\n\nOno began a career in popular music in 1969, forming the Plastic Ono Band with Lennon and producing a number of avant-garde music albums in the 1970s. She achieved commercial and critical success in 1980 with the chart-topping album \"Double Fantasy\", a collaboration with Lennon that was released three weeks before his murder, winning the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. To date, she has had twelve number one singles on the US Dance charts, and in 2016 was named the 11th most successful dance club artist of all time by Billboard magazine. Many musicians have paid tribute to Ono as an artist in her own right and as a muse and icon, including Elvis Costello, the B-52's, and Meredith Monk.\n\nAs Lennon's widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded the Strawberry Fields memorial in Manhattan's Central Park, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and the John Lennon Museum in Saitama, Japan (which closed in 2010). She has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, disaster relief in Japan and the Philippines, and other such causes. In 2002, she inaugurated a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace. In 2012, she received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award and co-founded the group Artists Against Fracking.", "title": "Yoko Ono" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of unsolved deaths\n\nThis list of unsolved deaths includes well-known cases where:\n\nCases where there are unofficial alternative theories about deaths – the most common theory being that the death was a homicide – can be found under: .\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of unsolved deaths" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of solved missing person cases: post-2000\n\nThis is a list of solved missing person cases of people who went missing in unknown locations or unknown circumstances that were eventually explained by their reappearance or the recovery of their bodies, or the conviction of the perpetrator(s) responsible for their disappearances.\n\n", "title": "List of solved missing person cases: post-2000" }, { "id": "17002543", "score": "1.7732948", "text": "sense that the airport was something owned by the locality.\" Following the rebranding, the growth of passenger traffic increased by some 4 million passengers in the lead up to 2008. Neil Pakey, managing director of Liverpool Airport, said: 'Putting the [art] on display helps to cement our commitment to the Capital of Culture year and to public arts in general. We hope passengers take the opportunity to arrive at the airport early to enjoy the exhibits on display.' At the beginning of the year, John Lennon Airport (JLA) worked alongside the Liverpool Culture Company and issued an ‘art call' to", "title": "Liverpool 08 Collection" }, { "id": "211488", "score": "1.7455031", "text": "In 2002, the airport in Lennon's home town was renamed the Liverpool John Lennon Airport. On what would have been Lennon's 70th birthday in 2010, the John Lennon Peace Monument was unveiled in Chavasse Park, Liverpool, by Cynthia and Julian Lennon. The sculpture, entitled \"Peace & Harmony\", exhibits peace symbols and carries the inscription \"Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life · In Honour of John Lennon 1940–1980\". In December 2013, the International Astronomical Union named one of the craters on Mercury after Lennon. The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of", "title": "John Lennon" }, { "id": "17002541", "score": "1.731431", "text": "John Lennon, photographs by Harry Goodwin and Paul Saltzman, mosaics from Debbie Ryan, graphic designs by John McFaul, a film by Nick Jordan, a performance of Brian Eno's 'Music for Airports' and artwork from 50 schoolchildren at St Ambrose Primary School in Speke Liverpool Airport's passenger numbers grew from 700,000 passengers to 5.5 million per annum in just a few years leading up to the Liverpool's European Capital of Culture year in 2008. This growth was unprecedented for a regional airport. The airport had been renamed after Liverpool’s famous son John Lennon, a move described at the time as ‘utter", "title": "Liverpool 08 Collection" }, { "id": "14537310", "score": "1.7191226", "text": "well as in Chorley, Lancashire, Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, Germany and New York City. He has also sold many smaller works around the world. In 2003, he was voted by Radio Merseyside listeners and \"Liverpool Echo\" readers as the 76th Greatest Merseysider. Now his work is known all over the world since creating the iconic statue of John Lennon at Liverpool John Lennon Airport which was unveiled jointly on 15 March 2002, by Cherie Blair and Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono. His sculptures of Ken Dodd and Bessie Braddock, commissioned by Merseytravel are sited at Liverpool Lime Street railway station.", "title": "Tom Murphy (artist)" }, { "id": "464923", "score": "1.7070727", "text": "Sean. On October 9 of that year, the Imagine Peace Tower on Viðey Island in Iceland, dedicated to peace and to Lennon, was turned on with her, Sean, Ringo, George Harrison's widow Olivia in attendance. Ono returned to Liverpool for the 2008 Liverpool Biennial, where she unveiled \"Sky Ladders\" in the ruins of Church of St Luke (which was largely destroyed during World War II and now stands roofless as a memorial to those killed in the Liverpool Blitz). Two years later, on March 31, 2009, she went to the inauguration of the exhibition \"Imagine: The Peace Ballad of John", "title": "Yoko Ono" }, { "id": "464874", "score": "1.703408", "text": "the timing was perfect, considering the escalating conflicts in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Germany. In 2000, she founded the John Lennon Museum in Saitama, Japan. In March 2002, she was present with Cherie Blair at the unveiling of a seven-foot statue of Lennon, to mark the renaming of Liverpool airport to Liverpool John Lennon Airport. (Julian and Cynthia Lennon were present at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace Monument next to ACC Liverpool in the same city eight years later.) On October 9, 2007, she dedicated a new memorial called the Imagine Peace Tower, located on the", "title": "Yoko Ono" }, { "id": "9681743", "score": "1.7022161", "text": "greet the Beatles on their return from tour. The airport terminal was moved to a more modern building at Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 1986, and the original building was left derelict for over a decade. During this time, the building was featured on the cover art of the single Don't Go Away, by Oasis. However it has since been renovated and adapted to become a hotel, opening for business in 2001. The adaption involved adding two new bedroom wings on the frontage of the hotel, but the airside aspect has been preserved intact. The former apron of the terminal", "title": "Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Hotel" }, { "id": "17002545", "score": "1.7017426", "text": "John Lennon Airport unveiled its new airport terminal building. Although technically JLA is a modern airport, inside is constructed of limestone slabs that have fossils trapped inside of creatures that lived up to 250 million years ago. The limestone at JLA is from near the small town of Solnhofen in South Germany. Although the slabs of the Airport contain millions of fossils, including each of the fossil types: Ammonites, Belemnites (Belemnitida) and Trace fossil. Featured on the BBC programme, 'Fossil Detectives', the airport has become popular for school tours both as a busy airport and for its unique fossils. Liverpool", "title": "Liverpool 08 Collection" }, { "id": "9780228", "score": "1.6906588", "text": "apple-shaped labyrinth, containing symbolic references to the group, and included a bronze statue of John Lennon, which now stands at Liverpool John Lennon Airport. The Submarine itself is some 51 feet long (15.62 m) and 15 feet (4.57 m) high, and weighed 18 tons. Built of steel, it has a replica control cabin containing genuine submarine equipment, and twin spiral staircases leading to the bridge, which gave a panoramic view of the garden. These were accessible via doorways at the side. Painted in vivid yellow, the hull was tilted as if about to submerge. After the Festival site closed, the", "title": "Yellow Submarine (sculpture)" }, { "id": "1423538", "score": "1.6758716", "text": "opened in 1966. This work was completed in 2007. In addition to runway and shoulder work was the upgrade of the 40-year-old airfield group lighting with a new system, intended to upgrade the runway to ILS Category III standards. In 2007 construction of a multi-level car park and a budget Hampton by Hilton Liverpool/John Lennon Airport started. The hotel opened in October 2009. In June 2010 Vancouver Airport Services announced that it reached an agreement with The Peel Group to acquire 65% share in its airports, including Liverpool. Airside improvements include additional retail units and a more advanced security area", "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport" }, { "id": "1423531", "score": "1.6757047", "text": "annual air display in aid of the Soldiers, Sailors, and Air Force Association, a charity for veterans. The displays were immensely popular and attracted a huge crowd. On one such occasion on 21 May 1956 sadly tragedy struck with the death of Léon Alfred Nicolas \"Léo\" Valentin billed as the Birdman when his balsa wood wings struck the opening of the aircraft from which he was exiting and he was hurtled into an uncontrollable spin. He attempted to deploy his emergency parachute but it became entangled and 'roman candled' leaving Leo to fall to his death. The local newspaper headlined", "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport" }, { "id": "1423533", "score": "1.6575019", "text": "Council from Liverpool Corporation in the mid-1970s and then, ten years later, to the five Merseyside councils following the abolition of Merseyside County Council. In 1982, Pope John Paul II visited and met crowds at the old Liverpool airport. A modern passenger terminal adjacent to the new runway opened in 1986 followed by the closure of the original 1930s building. The original terminal building dating from the late 1930s, famously seen on early television footage with its terraces packed with Beatles fans, was left derelict until converted into a hotel, opening in 2001, preserving its Grade II listed Art Deco", "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport" }, { "id": "1423546", "score": "1.649702", "text": "become a hotel, opened for business in 2001, preserving its Grade II listed Art Deco style. It was part of the Marriott chain of hotels, but is currently the Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Hotel after a renovation in August 2008. The Hampton by Hilton Liverpool/John Lennon Airport is one of four Hilton Worldwide hotels in Liverpool. It is situated directly opposite the main terminal building, and is the second largest hotel serving the complex after the Crowne Plaza. The hotel was constructed as part of a £37 million development by Peel Holdings at John Lennon Airport (which also", "title": "Liverpool John Lennon Airport" }, { "id": "17002542", "score": "1.6345654", "text": "genius’ by Locum Destination Review. In their book The Themed Space, editor Scott Lukas and co-author Peter Adey describe how the rebranding to John Lennon Airport changed market perceptions, loyalty and ultimately the passenger numbers using the airport. \"The rebranding exercise helped the airport mediate between and collapse the geographical scales and distances. The airport was able to force its way into the global audience that John Lennon and The Beatles had fostered and entertained. By connecting these scales the airport did not only raise awareness but it helped stimulate a sense of belonging and ownership. The rebranding reinforced the", "title": "Liverpool 08 Collection" }, { "id": "15079218", "score": "1.6338137", "text": "glass is inscribed with the words \"Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life – In Honour of John Lennon 1940–1980\". Fans of John Lennon and The Beatles made their way to Liverpool on 8 December 2010 to mark the 30th anniversary of John Lennon's death with a candlelit vigil that took place at the city's European Peace Monument dedicated to John. Those attending the 2010 unveiling of the monument were led in song on the occasion by local singers and musicians. Since being unveiled by Julian and Cynthia Lennon on Lennon's birth date, 9 October, the peace monument has", "title": "John Lennon Peace Monument" } ]

[ "possum", "possom", "Possom", "phalangeriformes", "Phalangeriformes", "Possum", "possums", "Possums" ]

[ { "id": "10533316", "score": "1.486398", "text": "Prelude for Paws and Hands\", incorporating Nora's music. A CD of music with one song incorporating Nora's playing has been released by the Laurel Canyon Animal Company. Nora (cat) Nora The Piano Cat (born 2004) is a gray tabby cat, rescued from the streets of Camden, New Jersey, by the Furrever Friends animal shelter. Nora gained international prominence after a YouTube video of her playing the piano went viral in 2007. \"The Times\" of London, in its online edition, characterized her music as being \"something halfway between Philip Glass and free jazz\". Nora was adopted as a kitten by artists", "title": "Nora (cat)" }, { "id": "1697139", "score": "1.4637151", "text": "is completely told through music with virtually no spoken dialogue in between the songs. Dance is also a key element in the musical especially during the 10-minute Jellicle Ball dance sequence. The set, consisting of an oversized junkyard, remains the same throughout the show without any scene changes. Lloyd Webber's eclecticism is very strong here; musical genres range from classical to pop, music hall, jazz, rock, and electro-acoustic music as well as hymn-like songs such as \"The Addressing of Cats\". \"Cats\" premiered in the West End at the New London Theatre on 11 May 1981. There was trouble initially as", "title": "Cats (musical)" }, { "id": "10533312", "score": "1.4556136", "text": "Nora (cat) Nora The Piano Cat (born 2004) is a gray tabby cat, rescued from the streets of Camden, New Jersey, by the Furrever Friends animal shelter. Nora gained international prominence after a YouTube video of her playing the piano went viral in 2007. \"The Times\" of London, in its online edition, characterized her music as being \"something halfway between Philip Glass and free jazz\". Nora was adopted as a kitten by artists and musicians, Burnell Yow! and Betsy Alexander of the Fitler Square area of Center City Philadelphia, PA. She was given the name Nora after the surrealist artist", "title": "Nora (cat)" }, { "id": "18300299", "score": "1.4346253", "text": "to free jazz; \"\"an unpredictable assortment of instrument clanging, and rarely does it sound like the cats are playing the same song, let alone an actual, fully realized piece of music.\"\" Nevertheless, the reviewer found that \"\"white-haired diva\"\" band leader Tuna \"\"has the perfect demeanor for a rock star of any species.\"\" Another reviewer of the Seattle show said it was a \"really, really fun way to spend an afternoon\", and listened politely to the band while realizing that Oz was a better guitar player than she was. A reviewer of a 2013 show in New Orleans was critical of", "title": "The Amazing Acro-Cats" }, { "id": "9100291", "score": "1.4209111", "text": "produced a \"Jingle Babies\" album for which Billboard described the series as having hit a \"brick wall\". Jingle Cats Jingle Cats is a series of Christmas novelty recordings from producer Mike Spalla. The songs are created by Spalla who mixes actual animal sounds to match tones of the songs. He started with a version of \"Jingle Bells\" that was released to radio stations a few years before the full album came out. In all, it took more than 1,000 meows, screeches and growls to assemble 20 melodies. In 1995, \"Here Comes Santa Claws\" won a \"Billie\" award from Billboard for", "title": "Jingle Cats" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cat\n\nThe cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. Cats are commonly kept as house pets but can also be farm cats or feral cats; the feral cat ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to kill rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.\n\nThe cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. Although the cat is a social species, it is a solitary hunter. As a predator, it is crepuscular, i.e. most active at dawn and dusk. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It also secretes and perceives pheromones.\n\nFemale domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes often ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Population control of cats may be effected by spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird, mammal, and reptile species.\n\nIt was long thought that cat domestication began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC, but recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that their domestication occurred in Western Asia around 7500 BC.", "title": "Cat" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Life of Pi\n\nLife of Pi is a Canadian philosophical novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor \"Pi\" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry, India who explores issues of spirituality and metaphysics from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger which raises questions about the nature of reality and how it is perceived and told.\n\nThe novel has sold more than ten million copies worldwide. It was rejected by at least 5 London publishing houses before being accepted by Knopf Canada, which published it in September 2001. The UK edition won the Man Booker Prize the following year. It was also chosen for CBC Radio's \"Canada Reads\" 2003, where it was championed by author Nancy Lee.\n\nThe French translation \"L'Histoire de Pi\" was chosen in the French CBC version of the contest \"Le Combat des livres\", where it was championed by Louise Forestier. The novel won the 2003 Boeke Prize, a South African novel award. In 2004, it won the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 2001–2003. In 2012 it was adapted into a feature film directed by Ang Lee with a screenplay by David Magee.\n\nIn 2022, the novel was included on the \"Big Jubilee Read\" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.", "title": "Life of Pi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cats Don't Dance\n\nCats Don't Dance is a 1997 American animated musical comedy-drama film directed by Mark Dindal (in his feature directorial debut). It is the only fully animated feature produced by Turner Feature Animation, which was merged during the post-production of \"Cats Don't Dance\" into Warner Bros. Feature Animation after the merger of Time Warner with Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. Turner Feature Animation had previously produced the animated portions of \"The Pagemaster\" (1994).\n\nThe film features the voices of Scott Bakula, Jasmine Guy, Matthew Herried, Ashley Peldon, John Rhys-Davies, Kathy Najimy, Don Knotts, Hal Holbrook, Betty Lou Gerson (in her final film role), René Auberjonois, George Kennedy, and Dindal. Its musical numbers were written by Randy Newman and includes Gene Kelly's contributions as choreographer, before his death in 1996. The film was Kelly's final film project and is dedicated to his memory.\n\n\"Cats Don't Dance\" was released theatrically in the United States on March 26, 1997, by distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures under its Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label. Similar to other Warner Bros. films at the time, it was a box office bomb, grossing $3.5 million domestically due to lack of marketing and promotion. Despite this, the film received generally positive reviews, with praise for its animation, humor, characters, voice performances, and musical numbers.", "title": "Cats Don't Dance" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hearing range\n\nHearing range describes the range of frequencies that can be heard by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the range of levels. The human range is commonly given as 20 to 20,000 Hz, although there is considerable variation between individuals, especially at high frequencies, and a gradual loss of sensitivity to higher frequencies with age is considered normal. Sensitivity also varies with frequency, as shown by equal-loudness contours. Routine investigation for hearing loss usually involves an audiogram which shows threshold levels relative to a normal.\n\nSeveral animal species are able to hear frequencies well beyond the human hearing range. Some dolphins and bats, for example, can hear frequencies over 100 kHz. Elephants can hear sounds at 14–16 Hz, while some whales can hear infrasonic sounds as low as 7 Hz.", "title": "Hearing range" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Disney's Cinderella characters\n\nDisney's Cinderella is an animated feature film based on the fairy tale story of the same name released in 1950. Two sequels released on DVD over 50 years later: \"\" (2002) and \"\" (2007). Main characters introduced in the first film include the titular Cinderella, her stepmother, two stepsisters, fairy godmother, and her love interest Prince Charming. Both the first sequel and the live action 2015 film introduced new characters into the story. ", "title": "List of Disney's Cinderella characters" }, { "id": "14644305", "score": "1.4163824", "text": "is a song performed by American recording artist Jordin Sparks, and serves as the theme song of African Cats. The song was written by Ryan Tedder and inflo who also produced the song. It was released by Walt Disney Records as a digital download on the 12th of April, 2011, on iTunes and amazon.com. The film also features music by composer Nicholas Hooper; Hooper's soundtrack to the film was chosen as one of the 97 Original Scores eligible for a nomination at the 84th Academy Awards in 2011. Jordin describes the song as being about \"everybody having a path they", "title": "African Cats" }, { "id": "3839420", "score": "1.4104898", "text": "He later changed his mind, deciding to come back with a project on Gypsy music which he originally envisioned as a documentary with a working title \"Musika Akrobatika\". The idea further evolved and Kusturica decided to add narrative flourishes of his own, so \"Musika Akrobatika\" got transformed into a fictional feature \"Black Cat, White Cat\". There are many recurring motifs throughout the film, for example a scene where a pig is devouring an old run-down Trabant, and the appearance of the titular two cats (a black one and a white one), who end up as the only witnesses to Zare", "title": "Black Cat, White Cat" }, { "id": "18300298", "score": "1.4005663", "text": "and kittens. She brings her fosters on tour, training them and featuring them in the show. Over the years, over 140 foster cats or kittens have been adopted to new homes as a result of these efforts. A portion of show proceeds is typically given to cat rescue organizations, and on occasion the show itself is a benefit to promote a rescue organization. Each show closes with a performance by the Rock-Cats, billed as the \"\"only cat band in existence\"\". A review of a Seattle show in 2014 said \"these cats are capable of anarchic musical compositions\" that Martin likens", "title": "The Amazing Acro-Cats" }, { "id": "9100290", "score": "1.3872073", "text": "Jingle Cats Jingle Cats is a series of Christmas novelty recordings from producer Mike Spalla. The songs are created by Spalla who mixes actual animal sounds to match tones of the songs. He started with a version of \"Jingle Bells\" that was released to radio stations a few years before the full album came out. In all, it took more than 1,000 meows, screeches and growls to assemble 20 melodies. In 1995, \"Here Comes Santa Claws\" won a \"Billie\" award from Billboard for point-of-purchase category. After following up what Billboard called \"excellent\" \"Jingle Cats\" and \"Jingle Dogs\" albums, Spalla also", "title": "Jingle Cats" }, { "id": "10533314", "score": "1.3843175", "text": "\"The Daily Show\", Public Radio International, \"The Today Show\" and \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\". Nora was featured on the syndicated television show, \"Wild About Animals\", episode #332, in September 2010. Nora has attracted the interest of both musicians and scientists, who are fascinated by her rare behavior. It appears that she likes the attention it brings her, but she also plays when alone. She does express a preference for playing with students, when they play Bach, and for playing a specific piano, a Yamaha Disklavier. In addition, she gravitates toward the D-E-F range on the keyboard and includes the black keys", "title": "Nora (cat)" }, { "id": "13775380", "score": "1.3770156", "text": "The Cat Piano The Cat Piano is an animated short film directed by Eddie White and Ari Gibson and narrated by Nick Cave, not to be confused with Keyboard Cat. \"The Cat Piano\" is narrated by the main character of the animated short, an anthropomorphic cat. It is clear that the narration is a poem, which the poet is typing on a typewriter. In the beginning, we are introduced to his city's love of music and musical prowess. The poet singles out one female singer of whom he is clearly enamored, quoting her singing as \"A voice that made all", "title": "The Cat Piano" }, { "id": "7889487", "score": "1.374352", "text": "an added component of political and social commentary, as well as a richer variety of instruments. More recently, the band have taken part in the film Rock&Cat (2006) a docummentary on Catalan Rock. Els Pets have also continued touring extensively, and in a recent tour they chose to play only theaters and small venues throughout Catalonia, for a more intimate sound. Com Anar al Cel i Tornar (\"Like Going to Heaven and Coming Back\", DiscMedi, 2007) is the ninth album of the group. With it, the band refined its sound by moving further away from their once-trademark rock style and", "title": "Els Pets" }, { "id": "18300300", "score": "1.3732734", "text": "the band's musicality, and complained that the advertised \"seasonal carol selections such as 'A Cat in a Manger' and 'Catnip Roasting on an Open Fire'\" never materialized.\" A review of a Los Angeles show in 2012 stated that although the band was unlikely to win any Grammy Awards anytime soon, \"\"what they lacked in technical skill, they certainly made up for in rock 'n' roll catitude\"\". The circus performances involve demonstrations of feline agility. In 2014, Alley, a calico domestic short-haired cat, broke the Guinness World Record for the longest jump by a domestic cat at six feet or 182.88", "title": "The Amazing Acro-Cats" }, { "id": "13775381", "score": "1.366281", "text": "the angels of eternity sound ... tone deaf\". Shortly afterwards we are introduced to an overbearing structure beyond the sea, appearing to be a lighthouse. Its light quickly goes out, foreshadowing malevolence. Singers and musicians begin to disappear into thin air, \"Like sailors lost at sea\". As police investigate the missing cats, they find human shoeprints. The main character begins to explain the Cat Piano and its terrible function. We are informed that the Cat Piano is an instrument, much like any ordinary piano or harpsichord. The terrible reality is that instead of using strings and hammers to produce the", "title": "The Cat Piano" }, { "id": "16359947", "score": "1.3652322", "text": "Top Cats Top Cats is a Swedish rockabilly band formed in 2001. The earliest line-up was made up of Jon Kleppenes (as lead singer), Daniel Kjellberg (drummer), Henrik Törnevik (contrabass), Fredrik Lilja (guitar), Olle Sätterström (guitar, trumpet, piano), Erica Larsson and Sandra Zackrisson (both backing vocals). When in 2004 drummer Daniel Kjellberg left, he was replaced by Robert Jansson. In 2007, double bassist Henrik Törnevik left and was replaced by Martin Lindahl. The band took part in Melodifestivalen 2012 with \"Baby Doll\" written by Mårten Eriksson, Lina Eriksson and Susie Päivärinta and made it to the final after winning a", "title": "Top Cats" }, { "id": "16359945", "score": "1.3652322", "text": "Top Cats Top Cats is a Swedish rockabilly band formed in 2001. The earliest line-up was made up of Jon Kleppenes (as lead singer), Daniel Kjellberg (drummer), Henrik Törnevik (contrabass), Fredrik Lilja (guitar), Olle Sätterström (guitar, trumpet, piano), Erica Larsson and Sandra Zackrisson (both backing vocals). When in 2004 drummer Daniel Kjellberg left, he was replaced by Robert Jansson. In 2007, double bassist Henrik Törnevik left and was replaced by Martin Lindahl. The band took part in Melodifestivalen 2012 with \"Baby Doll\" written by Mårten Eriksson, Lina Eriksson and Susie Päivärinta and made it to the final after winning a", "title": "Top Cats" }, { "id": "7889489", "score": "1.3609993", "text": "\"2003\") is the biography about the rock band which is a phenomenon in the Catalan rock history. Els Pets Els Pets is a Catalan pop rock band with lead singer, composer and guitarist Lluís Gavaldà from the village of Constantí (province of Tarragona, Catalonia). Joan Reig plays drums and Falin Cáceres bass. At present, the band has the collaboration of the musicians Joan-Pau Chaves (keyboard, bass and singer), David Muñoz (guitar, singer) and Brad Jones (bass, guitar, keyboard, singer). In Catalan, \"Els Pets\" means \"The Farts\". In spite of the differential characteristics between this band and the rest of the", "title": "Els Pets" }, { "id": "1697156", "score": "1.3609581", "text": "most current version, licensed by The Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization, is based on the recent UK tour. This score contains several small cuts, transpositions, additions, reassignment of vocal lines, and a reduced orchestration. The original London production's version of Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer is slower (in 12/8 time) and has a more jazzy sound, while the more common, newer version is faster and more upbeat (4/4 time, with the middle verse in 7/8 time). In the original London production, Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer were characters in their own right and sang their own song; this was later changed in the Broadway production,", "title": "Cats (musical)" }, { "id": "18344226", "score": "1.3564397", "text": "those instruments were deemed rural and not appropriate for music on academic level. Athanasius Kircher's Katzenklavier uses a similar concept with cats. This sort of caricature was often used when new music styles came around or were adopted in musical realms that had not dealt with them previously. The cat organ, a similar instrument using cats, is used in stories which criticize the cruelty of royalty. Monty Python's \"Musical Mice\" uses mice instead. Piganino The Piganino, a portmanteau of \"pig\" and piano, is a conjectural musical instrument using a keyboard as to produce sound from pigs by poking them. Satirical", "title": "Piganino" }, { "id": "13694428", "score": "1.3563869", "text": "Supernatural Cat for the vinyl release in Europe. It is a continuous flux of music (its title symbolizing infinity), a single stream divided in 8 songs, recorded live together with no overdubs with the exception of vocals and synths. Ufomammut have made continual appearances at festivals like Roadburn, Hellfest, Asymmetry, Dour Festival, Ieper Fest, Stoned from the Underground, South of Mainstream, Festival d'Affaire, Metalride fest, Le Guess who festival, Maryland Death Fest, Brutal Assault Festival, FIMAV and more and have been touring several times around Europe, reaching the USA and Canada in 2015, New Zealand and Australia in 2016 and", "title": "Ufomammut" } ]

[ "ningizimu afrika", "southafrica", "Soufrica", "Republiek van Suid-Afrika", "S Afr", "Zuid-Afrika", "Saffa", "third republic south africa", "s afr", "Mzansi", "saffa", "afrique du sud", "Capital of South Africa", "seth efrika", "South Africans", "capital of south africa", "South-Africa", "south african", "Azania/South Africa", "South Africaà", "south africa", "South-African", "South africa", "S Africa", "Zuidafrika", "Sou'frica", "South Africa's", "Seth efrika", "S. Africa", "Suid-Afrika", "Suid Africa", "beloved country", "Zuid Africa", "zuid afrika", "south africaà", "rep of south africa", "iso 3166 1 za", "zuid africa", "Republic of South Africa", "soufrica", "Rep. of South Africa", "mzansi", "South Africa", "azania south africa", "Afrique du sud", "The Republic of South Africa", "Rep. of SOUTH AFRICA", "republic of south africa", "zuidafrika", "The Beloved Country", "South African", "south africans", "republiek van suid afrika", "Third Republic (South Africa)", "suid africa", "Republic of south africa", "sou frica", "suid afrika", "ISO 3166-1:ZA", "s africa", "south africa s", "Southafrica", "Ningizimu Afrika", "Zuid Afrika" ]

[ { "id": "11989815", "score": "1.943896", "text": "2009 Indian Premier League The 2009 Indian Premier League season, abbreviated as IPL 2 or the 2009 IPL, was the second season of the Indian Premier League, established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament was hosted by South Africa and was played between 18 April and 24 May 2009. It was the second biggest cricket tournament in the world, after the Cricket World Cup, and was forecast to have an estimated television audience of more than 200 million people in India alone. As the second season of the IPL coincided with multi-phase", "title": "2009 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "13749193", "score": "1.9067812", "text": "2010 Indian Premier League The 2010 Indian Premier League season, abbreviated as IPL 3 or the 2010 IPL, was the third season of the Indian Premier League, established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament was hosted by India and had an estimated television audience of more than 200 million people in the country. It was played between 12 March and 25 April 2010. It was also the first ever cricket tournament that was broadcast live on YouTube. The final four matches of the tournament were screened in 3D across movie halls in", "title": "2010 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "11989816", "score": "1.8983927", "text": "2009 Indian general elections, in the aftermath of the 3 March 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team the Government of India refused to commit security by Indian paramilitary forces. As a result, the BCCI decided to host the second season of the league outside India. On 24 March 2009, the BCCI officially announced that the second season of the IPL was to be held in South Africa. Though India did not host the second season, the format of the tournament remained unchanged from the 2008 season format. The IPL injected approximately US$100 million into South Africa's local", "title": "2009 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "13400056", "score": "1.8604453", "text": "outside the three teams from the host nation India. Matches not involving these teams drew low television ratings and attendances. The Indian teams also had poor performances. 2009 Champions League Twenty20 The 2009 Champions League Twenty20 was the first edition of the Champions League Twenty20, an international club cricket tournament. It was held in India between 8 October and 23 October 2009 and featured 12 domestic teams from Australia, England, India, New Zealand, South Africa, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. The New South Wales Blues were the winners of the tournament, defeating Trinidad and Tobago in the final. The", "title": "2009 Champions League Twenty20" }, { "id": "10898172", "score": "1.8500414", "text": "Indian Premier League The Indian Premier League (IPL), officially Vivo Indian Premier League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities and some states. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008, and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi, the founder and former commissioner of the league. IPL has an exclusive window in ICC Future Tours Programme. The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average", "title": "Indian Premier League" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Indian Cricket League\n\nThe Indian Cricket League (ICL) was a private cricket league funded by Zee Entertainment Enterprises that operated between 2007 and 2009 in India. Its two seasons included tournaments between four international teams (World XI, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and separate tournaments between nine domestic teams notionally located in major Indian cities as well as Lahore, Pakistan and Dhaka, Bangladesh. \n\nThe matches were played in the Twenty20 format, and was the first domestic Twenty20 league in India. There was also a planned domestic 50-over tournament, but this did not happen. The ICL lacked the support of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and International Cricket Council, which placed it at a major disadvantage when compared to other cricket competitions. \n\nIn 2008 the Board of Control for Cricket in India launched the their own Indian Premier League. ICL was an unsanctioned league. It is dubbed as \"rebel league\" by Indian media due to its fights with BCCI. \n\nBCCI banned those who involved in ICL by the BCCI and other cricket authorities, led to the league's folding in 2009.", "title": "Indian Cricket League" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Champions League Twenty20\n\nThe Champions League Twenty20, also referred to as the CLT20, was an annual international Twenty20 Cricket competition played between qualifying domestic teams from some major cricketing nations. The competition was launched in 2008 with the first edition held in October 2009. It was jointly owned by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, Cricket Australia and Cricket South Africa, and was chaired by N. Srinivasan, who was also the chairman of the ICC. Sundar Raman was the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the CLT20 as well as the IPL. The last champions were the Chennai Super Kings, who won their second title in 2014.\n\nThe tournament was held between September and October for a period of two to three weeks in either India or South Africa. It had a total prize pool of US$6 million, with the winning team receiving $2.5 million, the highest for a club cricket tournament in history. The format involved qualifying teams from the premier Twenty20 competitions of the eight Test-playing nations, favouring the teams from India, Australia and South Africa.\n\nOwing to poor viewing figures, a lack of audience interest and unstable sponsorship, the three founding cricket boards announced in July 2015 that the tournament would be cancelled, making the 2014 Champions League Twenty20 the last edition of the tournament.", "title": "Champions League Twenty20" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Indian Premier League\n\nThe Indian Premier League (IPL), also known as TATA IPL for sponsorship reasons, is a men's T20 franchise cricket league of India. It is annually contested by ten teams based out of seven Indian cities and three Indian states. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. Brijesh Patel is the incumbent chairman of IPL. It is usually held annually in summer across India between March to May and has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme.\n\nThe IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 was ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues. In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube. The brand value of the IPL in 2022 was . According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed to the GDP of the Indian economy. \n\nSo far there have been fifteen seasons of the IPL tournament. The current IPL title holder franchise is Gujarat Titans, winning the 2022 season and their first season.", "title": "Indian Premier League" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cricket in India\n\nCricket has been the most popular sport in India in modern era since the British Raj, and is played almost everywhere in the country. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the governing body of Indian cricket and conduct all domestic tournaments and select the players for India national cricket team and India women's national cricket team.\n\nDomestic competitions in India include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Vijay Hazare Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy. The Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 tournament where various city franchises compete in a style similar to club football, is one of the biggest sporting leagues and the biggest cricketing league in the world.\n\nInternational cricket in India does not follow a consistent pattern, unlike other cricketing teams such as England, who tour other countries during the winter and play at home during the summer. The Indian cricket team is one of the most successful cricket teams in the world, having won 2 ICC World Cups, 1 ICC World Twenty20, 2 ICC Champion's Trophies and finished runners up in the inaugural edition of the ICC World Test Championship. The 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, was initially meant to be hosted by India. However, after the escalation of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India, the tournament was moved by the ICC to the United Arab Emirates. The 2023 Cricket World Cup will be hosted by India.\n\nCricket is an important part of Indian culture and top players, like Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly, Virat Kohli, MS Dhoni and Rohit Sharma often attain celebrity status and are some of the most influential figures in the country. The Indian team shares a long-standing rivalry with the Pakistani team, and India-Pakistan matches are some of the most anticipated matches in the world, and one of the most watched television broadcasts in the world.", "title": "Cricket in India" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Twenty20\n\nTwenty20 (T20) is a shortened game format of cricket. At the professional level, it was introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2003 for the inter-county competition. In a Twenty20 game, the two teams have a single innings each, which is restricted to a maximum of 20 overs. Together with first-class and List A cricket, Twenty20 is one of the three current forms of cricket recognised by the International Cricket Council (ICC) as being at the highest international or domestic level.\n\nA typical Twenty20 game is completed in about two and a half hours, with each innings lasting around 70 minutes and an official 10-minute break between the innings. This is much shorter than previous forms of the game, and is closer to the timespan of other popular team sports. It was introduced to create a fast-paced game that would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television.\n\nThe game has succeeded in spreading around the cricket world. On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test-playing nations have a domestic cup competition.", "title": "Twenty20" }, { "id": "10898202", "score": "1.8437302", "text": "In January 2016, the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee to recommend separate governing bodies for the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the Indian Premier League (IPL), where Justice RM Lodha suggested a One State-One Member pattern for the board. Indian Premier League The Indian Premier League (IPL), officially Vivo Indian Premier League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities and some states. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008, and", "title": "Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "11568564", "score": "1.8373997", "text": "2008 Indian Premier League The 2008 Indian Premier League season was the inaugural season of the Indian Premier League, established by the BCCI in 2007. The season commenced on 18 April 2008 with the final match held on 1 June 2008. The competition started with a double round robin group stage, in which each of the 8 teams played a home match and an away match against every other team. These matches were followed by two semi-finals and a final. In a match which went down to the last ball, Rajasthan Royals defeated Chennai Super Kings in the final to", "title": "2008 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "14274835", "score": "1.835577", "text": "2011 Indian Premier League The 2011 Indian Premier League season, abbreviated as IPL 4 or the IPL 2011, was the fourth season of the Indian Premier League, the top Twenty20 cricket league in India. The tournament was hosted in India and the opening and closing ceremonies were held in M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, the home venue of the reigning champions Chennai Super Kings. The season ran from 8 April to 28 May 2011. This season the number of teams in the league went from eight to ten with the additions of the Pune Warriors India and the Kochi Tuskers", "title": "2011 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "15482158", "score": "1.8160099", "text": "from his team. 2012 Indian Premier League The 2012 Indian Premier League season, abbreviated as IPL 5 or the IPL 2012 or the DLF IPL 2012 (owing to title sponsorship reasons), was the fifth season of the Indian Premier League, initiated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007 with the first season played in 2008. The tournament began on 4 April and ended on 27 May 2012. Kolkata Knight Riders were the winning team, beating defending champions Chennai Super Kings by five wickets in the final. This season the number of teams in the league", "title": "2012 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "9999759", "score": "1.8147366", "text": "Indian Cricket League The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was a private cricket league funded by Zee Entertainment Enterprises that operated between 2007 and 2009 in India. Its two seasons included tournaments between four international teams (World XI, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and nine domestic teams notionally located in major Indian cities as well as Lahore, Pakistan and Dhaka Warriors based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The matches were played in the Twenty20 format. There was also a planned domestic 50-over tournament, but this did not eventuate. While its establishment pre-dated the Indian Premier League, the ICL folded in 2009. Aside from commercial", "title": "Indian Cricket League" }, { "id": "18038794", "score": "1.8108258", "text": "2015 Indian Premier League The 2015 season of the Indian Premier League, abbreviated as IPL 8 or Pepsi IPL 2015, was the eighth season of the IPL, a Twenty20 cricket league established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament featured eight teams and was held from 8 April 2015 to 24 May 2015. The tournament's opening ceremony was held at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata on 7 April 2015. Kolkata Knight Riders were the defending champions having won the title in the 2014 season. On 24 May 2015, Mumbai Indians defeated Chennai", "title": "2015 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "17621769", "score": "1.8053632", "text": "football in India and increase its exposure in the country. The league's first season took place in 2014 with eight teams. During the first three seasons of the Indian Super League, the league operated without official recognition from the Asian Football Confederation, the governing body for the sport in Asia. The league also operated along the same lines of the Indian Premier League, the country's premier Twenty20 cricket competition, with the league campaign lasting for 2–3 months and matches held daily. However, before the 2017–18 season, the league earned recognition from the AFC, expanded to ten teams, and extended its", "title": "Indian Super League" }, { "id": "10898174", "score": "1.8049033", "text": "Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007, with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the BCCI were not pleased with its committee members joining the ICL executive board. To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money in their own domestic tournaments and also imposed lifetime bans on players joining the ICL, which was considered a rebel league by the board. On 13 September 2007, the BCCI announced the launch of a franchise-based Twenty20", "title": "Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "14823629", "score": "1.8047044", "text": "of the restrictions. On 15 April 2008 a revised set of guidelines offering major concessions to the print media and agencies was issued by the IPL and accepted by the Indian Newspaper Society. As per IPL rules, the winner of the previous competition decides the venue for the finals. In 2009, the reigning Champions, Deccan Chargers chose the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai. However, a dispute regarding use of the pavilion meant that no IPL matches could be held there. The members of the Cricket Club of India that owns the stadium have the sole right to the pavilion on match", "title": "Controversies involving the Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "18038798", "score": "1.8019905", "text": "was held at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata, on 7 April 2015. The captains of all eight teams signed the \"MCC Spirit of Cricket\" pledge. The ceremony featured live performances of Hrithik Roshan, Anushka Sharma, Farhan Akhtar, Shahid Kapoor among others. The ceremony began after a one and a half hours delay due to rain. 2015 Indian Premier League The 2015 season of the Indian Premier League, abbreviated as IPL 8 or Pepsi IPL 2015, was the eighth season of the IPL, a Twenty20 cricket league established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007.", "title": "2015 Indian Premier League" }, { "id": "19868621", "score": "1.8006237", "text": "2010 Indian Premier League Final The 2010 Indian Premier League Final was a day/night Twenty20 cricket match played between the Chennai Super Kings and the Mumbai Indians on 25 April 2010 at the DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai to determine the winner of the 2010 Indian Premier League, an annual professional Twenty20 cricket league in India. It ended as the Super Kings defeated the Indians by 22 runs. The Indians, captained by Sachin Tendulkar, topped the group stage table with 10 wins in 14 matches, whereas the Super Kings, led by MS Dhoni, stood at the third position with 7", "title": "2010 Indian Premier League Final" }, { "id": "13095855", "score": "1.7972443", "text": "India, P. Chidambaram, said that the Indian Premier League should consider postponing the forthcoming T20 league matches due to be held over 45 days from 10 April to 24 May 2009 in 9 Indian cities, since in the light of these attacks, security forces would be stretched too thin between the league matches and the five phases of the forthcoming general elections in India. The elections were slated to be held between 16 April and 13 May and it was impossible to reschedule them while IPL organizers appeared to be unwilling to postpone the tournament. Former England coach Duncan Fletcher", "title": "2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team" }, { "id": "11596934", "score": "1.7967638", "text": "for the 2018 season. The team's record run-scorer and current captain is Ajinkya Rahane, with 2705 runs , while the leading wicket-taker is Shane Watson, with 67 . The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008. In January 2008, the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city-based franchises. The team is one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008. The Jaipur franchise was sold to the Emerging Media for $67 million, making it the least expensive team", "title": "Rajasthan Royals" }, { "id": "12062852", "score": "1.7939899", "text": "2008, run by the cricket boards of India, England, Australia and South Africa, and featuring two teams from each country. However, the tournament encountered problems when the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), which owns 50% of the tournament, decided to bar players from the Indian Cricket League (ICL; a league unsanctioned by the BCCI and other cricket boards as a result) from participating. England featured ICL players in many of their teams, including their domestic tournament's runners-up the Kent Spitfires. The BCCI decided to replace Kent's slot with a team from Pakistan and was prepared to also", "title": "Champions League Twenty20" }, { "id": "10898175", "score": "1.7937651", "text": "cricket competition called Indian Premier League whose first season was slated to start in April 2008, in a \"high-profile ceremony\" in New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, said to be the mastermind behind the idea of IPL, spelled out the details of the tournament including its format, the prize money, franchise revenue system and squad composition rules. It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven-man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials, and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year's Champions League Twenty20. Modi also clarified", "title": "Indian Premier League" } ]

[ "1982", "", "one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-two", "one thousand nine hundred and eighty two" ]

[ { "id": "1181478", "score": "1.8208568", "text": "rights. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the \"Constitution Act, 1982\". The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "1181430", "score": "1.8101168", "text": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the \"Constitution Act, 1982\". The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17,", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "12509017", "score": "1.7849114", "text": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. In 1960, the Parliament of Canada enacted the Canadian Bill of Rights. The trend towards legal protections for human rights culminated in the enactment of the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\" in 1982, an entrenched constitutional charter of human rights. Human rights in Canada are now given legal protections by the dual mechanisms of the Charter and the statutory human rights codes, both federal and provincial. The Charter provides individuals with constitutional rights which governments must respect. The statutory human rights codes provide individuals with rights binding on governments, and also in", "title": "Human rights in Canada" }, { "id": "1181431", "score": "1.7805613", "text": "1982, along with the rest of the Act. The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was enacted in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights is only a federal statute, rather than a constitutional document. As a federal statute, it can be amended through the ordinary legislative process and has no application to provincial laws. The Supreme Court of Canada also narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights and the Court was reluctant to declare laws inoperative. The relative ineffectiveness of the Canadian Bill of Rights motivated many to improve rights protections in Canada. The movement for human", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "15281854", "score": "1.7645539", "text": "enacted the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1963, which protected freedom of religion in matters coming within federal jurisdiction. The federal Parliament followed up by enacting the \"Canadian Human Rights Act\" in 1977, to prohibit discrimination on a wide range of personal characteristics, including protecting religion. Finally, in 1982, the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\" was enacted as part of the Constitution of Canada. Section 2 of the Charter protects fundamental freedoms, including \"freedom of conscience and religion.\" The Lord's Day Act, which since 1906 had prohibited business transactions from taking place on Sundays, was struck down as unconstitutional", "title": "History of freedom of religion in Canada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Canadian Bill of Rights\n\nThe Canadian Bill of Rights () is a federal statute and bill of rights enacted by the Parliament of Canada on August 10, 1960. It provides Canadians with certain rights at Canadian federal law in relation to other federal statutes. It was the earliest expression of human rights law at the federal level in Canada, though an implied Bill of Rights had already been recognized in the Canadian common law.\n\nThe \"Canadian Bill of Rights\" remains in effect but is widely acknowledged to be limited in its effectiveness because it is a federal statute only, and so not directly applicable to provincial laws. These legal and constitutional limitations were a significant reason that the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\" was established as an unambiguously-constitutional-level Bill of Rights for all Canadians, governing the application of both federal and provincial law in Canada, with the patriation of the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Since patriation, its usefulness at federal law in Canada is mostly limited to issues pertaining to the enjoyment of property, as set forth in its section 1(a)]—a slightly-broader \"life, liberty, and security of the person\" right than is recognized in section seven of the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\".", "title": "Canadian Bill of Rights" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Constitution Act, 1982\n\nThe Constitution Act, 1982 () is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of patriating the constitution, introducing several amendments to the \"British North America Act, 1867\", including re-naming it the \"Constitution Act, 1867\". In addition to patriating the Constitution, the \"Constitution Act, 1982\" enacted the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"; guaranteed rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada; provided for future constitutional conferences; and set out the procedures for amending the Constitution in the future.\n\nThis process was necessary because, after the Statute of Westminster, 1931, Canada allowed the British Parliament to retain the power to amend Canada's constitution, until Canadian governments could agree on an all-in-Canada amending formula. In 1981, following substantial agreement on a new amending formula, the Parliament of Canada requested that the Parliament of the United Kingdom give up its power to amend the Constitution of Canada. The enactment of the \"Canada Act 1982\" by the British Parliament in March 1982 confirmed the Patriation of the Constitution and transferred to Canada the power of amending its own Constitution.\n\nOn April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, as well as the Minister of Justice, Jean Chrétien, and André Ouellet, the Registrar General, signed the Proclamation which brought the \"Constitution Act, 1982\" into force. The proclamation confirmed that Canada had formally assumed authority over its constitution, the final step to full sovereignty.\n\nAs of 2022, the Government of Quebec has never formally approved of the enactment of the act, though the Supreme Court concluded that Quebec's formal consent was never necessary<ref>\"Reference re Amendment to the Canadian Constitution\", [1982] 2 SCR 793. (aka Quebec Veto Reference).\n\nSee also \"Reference re Resolution to Amend the Constitution\", [1981] 1 SCR 753 (aka Patriation Reference).</ref> and 15 years after ratification the government of Quebec \"passed a resolution authorizing an amendment.\" Nonetheless, the lack of formal approval has remained a persistent political issue in Quebec. The Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords were designed to secure approval from Quebec, but both efforts failed to do so.", "title": "Constitution Act, 1982" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Constitution of Canada\n\nThe Constitution of Canada () is the supreme law in Canada. It outlines Canada's system of government and the civil and human rights of those who are citizens of Canada and non-citizens in Canada. Its contents are an amalgamation of various codified acts, treaties between the Crown and Indigenous Peoples (both historical and modern), uncodified traditions and conventions. Canada is one of the oldest constitutional monarchies in the world.\n\nAccording to subsection 52(2) of the \"Constitution Act, 1982\", the Canadian Constitution consists of the \"Canada Act 1982\" (which includes the \"Constitution Act, 1982\"), acts and orders referred to in its schedule (including in particular the \"Constitution Act, 1867\", formerly the \"British North America Act, 1867\"), and any amendments to these documents. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that the list is not exhaustive and also includes a number of pre-confederation acts and unwritten components as well. See list of Canadian constitutional documents for details.", "title": "Constitution of Canada" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Law/Selected statutes/15" }, { "id": "96236", "score": "1.7540966", "text": "the Canadian parliament, passed the Canada Act 1982, which included in its schedules the Constitution Act, 1982, the United Kingdom thus formally absolving itself of any remaining responsibility for, or jurisdiction over, Canada. In a formal ceremony on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed both acts as law on 17 April 1982. Constitution Act, 1982, included the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Prior to the charter, there were various statutes which protected an assortment of civil rights and obligations, but nothing was enshrined in the constitution until 1982. The charter has thus placed a strong focus upon", "title": "Constitution of Canada" }, { "id": "1181432", "score": "1.7534616", "text": "rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the\" Canada Act 1982\" at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982, the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. One of the most notable effects of the adoption of the Charter was to greatly expand the scope of judicial review, because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "1181440", "score": "1.7494364", "text": "of the Act, may be collectively referred to as the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\". Many of the rights and freedoms that are protected under the Charter, including the rights to freedom of speech, habeas corpus and the presumption of innocence, have their roots in a set of Canadian laws and legal precedents sometimes known as the Implied Bill of Rights. Many of these rights were also included in the Canadian Bill of Rights, which the Canadian Parliament enacted in 1960. However, the Canadian Bill of Rights had a number of shortcomings. Unlike the Charter, it was an ordinary", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "628590", "score": "1.7481214", "text": "though under the terms of the Statute of Westminster, it could not be altered without Canadian consent. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, with the Queen's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms. In addition to the enactment of a Canadian amending formulas, the Constitution Act, 1982 enacted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter is a constitutionally entrenched bill of rights which applies to both the federal government and the provincial governments, unlike the earlier Canadian Bill of", "title": "History of Canada" }, { "id": "2034322", "score": "1.7397788", "text": "Act, 1982\". The Charter is a bill of rights to protect certain political rights, legal rights and human rights of people in Canada from the policies and actions of all levels of government. An additional goal of the Charter is to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was introduced by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights was only a federal statute, rather than a constitutional document. Therefore, it was limited in scope and was easily amendable. This motivated", "title": "Constitution Act, 1982" }, { "id": "5008145", "score": "1.7380638", "text": "of the \"Charter\" permits Parliament or the provincial legislatures to enact laws that place certain kinds of limited restrictions on the freedoms listed under section 2. Additionally, these freedoms can be temporarily invalidated by section 33, the \"notwithstanding clause\", of the \"Charter\". As a part of the \"Charter\" and of the larger \"Constitution Act, 1982\", section 2 took legal effect on April 17, 1982. However, many of its rights have roots in Canada in the 1960 \"Canadian Bill of Rights\" (although this law was of limited effectiveness), and in traditions under a theorized Implied Bill of Rights. Many of these", "title": "Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "1181441", "score": "1.7328902", "text": "Act of Parliament, which could be amended by a simple majority of Parliament, and it was applicable only to the federal government. The courts also chose to interpret the Bill of Rights conservatively, only on rare occasions applying it to find a contrary law inoperative. The Bill of Rights did not contain all of the rights that are now included in the Charter, omitting, for instance, the right to vote and freedom of movement within Canada. The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 aroused greater interest within the government in constitutional reform. Said reforms would include improving safeguards of rights,", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "5941139", "score": "1.7308464", "text": "the Canadian Bill of Rights (1960). The bill – the first of its kind in the British Commonwealth – codified the rights of due process, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and freedom of the press, and included protections against discrimination. Shumiatcher included a protection against gender discrimination, but it did not appear in the final draft. In preparation for writing the bill, Shumiatcher referred to \"social science and legal research by Canadian and American Jews of various ideological leanings\". However, the bill lacked an enforcement mechanism, making it \"more a symbol than an instrument for defending", "title": "Morris C. Shumiatcher" }, { "id": "12509021", "score": "1.7261362", "text": "a century later, the Province of Canada passed similar legislation, ending the establishment of the Church of England in the province, and recognizing instead the principle of \"legal equality among all religious denominations\". The Act provided that the \"free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship\" was protected by the Constitution and laws of the Province. In 1867, Canada was created by the \"British North America Act, 1867\" (now named the \"Constitution Act, 1867\"). In keeping with British constitutional traditions, the Act did not include an entrenched list of rights, other than specific rights relating to language use in", "title": "Human rights in Canada" }, { "id": "1738186", "score": "1.7241781", "text": "decisions today. Canadian Bill of Rights The Canadian Bill of Rights () is a federal statute and bill of rights enacted by Parliament of Canada on August 10, 1960. It provides Canadians with certain quasi-constitutional rights at Canadian federal law in relation to other federal statutes. It was the earliest expression of human rights law at the federal level in Canada, though an Implied Bill of Rights had already been recognized in the Canadian Common Law. The Canadian Bill of Rights remains in effect but is widely acknowledged to be limited in its effectiveness because it is federal statute only,", "title": "Canadian Bill of Rights" }, { "id": "1738180", "score": "1.7134113", "text": "in its section 1(a)]—a slightly-broader \"life, liberty, and security of the person\" right than is recognized in Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1947, Saskatchewan passed into law a bill of rights which covered both fundamental freedoms and equality rights. Saskatchewan's Bill of Rights is considered to have had formative influence on John Diefenbaker, who was from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Thirteen years later, Diefenbaker successfully introduced the Canadian Bill of Rights, in 1960. In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil rights activists in Canada had", "title": "Canadian Bill of Rights" }, { "id": "1738178", "score": "1.7117558", "text": "Canadian Bill of Rights The Canadian Bill of Rights () is a federal statute and bill of rights enacted by Parliament of Canada on August 10, 1960. It provides Canadians with certain quasi-constitutional rights at Canadian federal law in relation to other federal statutes. It was the earliest expression of human rights law at the federal level in Canada, though an Implied Bill of Rights had already been recognized in the Canadian Common Law. The Canadian Bill of Rights remains in effect but is widely acknowledged to be limited in its effectiveness because it is federal statute only, and so", "title": "Canadian Bill of Rights" }, { "id": "1181444", "score": "1.7057343", "text": "during the 1980 Quebec referendum. He would succeed in 1982 with the passage of the \"Canada Act 1982\". This enacted the \"Constitution Act, 1982\". The inclusion of a charter of rights in the \"Constitution Act\" was a much-debated issue. Trudeau spoke on television in October 1980, and announced his intention to constitutionalize a bill of rights that would include fundamental freedoms, democratic guarantees, freedom of movement, legal rights, equality and language rights. He did not want a notwithstanding clause. While his proposal gained popular support, provincial leaders opposed the potential limits on their powers. The federal Progressive Conservative opposition feared", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "1181450", "score": "1.7054946", "text": "package has led to two failed attempts to amend the Constitution (the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord) which were designed primarily to obtain Quebec's political approval of the Canadian constitutional order. While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982, it was not until 1985 that the main provisions regarding equality rights (section 15) came into effect. The delay was meant to give the federal and provincial governments an opportunity to review pre-existing statutes and strike potentially unconstitutional inequalities. The typography of the physical document pictured here, and still distributed today, was typeset by Ottawa's David", "title": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" }, { "id": "6871132", "score": "1.7038133", "text": "of law\" also appear in the party's official policies regarding what they feel all laws should be based upon, and the party states, \"'Human rights' as expressed in the ;\"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\" can only, therefore, be legitimately interpreted in light of, or in conjunction with, the higher Moral Law of God.\" Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and \"Constitution Act, 1982\". In full, it reads, Writing in 1982, when the \"Charter\" came", "title": "Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" } ]

[ "Representative parliamentary monarchisms", "constitutional monarch", "representative parliamentary monarch", "Parliamentary monarchism", "parliamentary monarchists", "representative parliamentary monarchisms", "Representative constitutional monarchs", "Parliamentary monarchs", "Constitutional monarch", "Constitutional monarchs", "Monarchic republic", "representative constitutional monarchism", "Constitutional royalists", "Representative monarchy", "representative constitutional monarchisms", "Parliamentary Monarchy", "representative constitutional monarchs", "Constitutional monarchies", "parliamentary monarchisms", "representative monarch", "constitutional monarchist", "Parliamentary monarchy", "monarchic republic", "constitutional monarchisms", "representative monarchies", "Representative constitutional monarchism", "Semi-constitutional monarchy", "Constitutional monarchisms", "parliamentary monarchs", "semi constitutional monarchy", "parliamentary monarchism", "Representative monarchisms", "Parliamentary monarchisms", "Representative constitutional monarchy", "Parliamentary monarchies", "Constitutional Monarch", "Representative parliamentary monarchs", "representative monarchisms", "constitutional monarchists", "representative constitutional monarchists", "Representative parliamentary monarchists", "representative monarchists", "Representative monarchists", "Constitutional monarchists", "Representative constitutional monarch", "constitutional monarchs", "Limited monarchy", "Parliamentary monarchist", "representative constitutional monarch", "Representative constitutional monarchisms", "Representative monarchs", "Representative parliamentary monarchism", "representative monarchy", "representative consitutional monarchies", "Representative monarchies", "constitutional monarchism", "Representative parliamentary monarchist", "Representative parliamentary monarchy", "Representative monarch", "representative monarchism", "ceremonial monarchies", "representative parliamentary monarchists", "Ceremonial monarchies", "representative constitutional monarchy", "Constitutional monarchist", "representative monarchs", "Representative parliamentary monarch", "representative parliamentary monarchism", "representative parliamentary monarchist", "constitutional monarchy", "constitutional monarchies", "Representative monarchism", "Representative constitutional monarchist", "Constitutional Monarchy", "parliamentary monarchies", "parliamentary monarchy", "Representative parliamentary monarchies", "Semi Constitutional Monarchy", "Parliamentary monarchists", "representative constitutional monarchist", "Parliamentary monarch", "representative parliamentary monarchy", "constitutional royalists", "constitutional democratic monarchy", "Constitutional democratic monarchy", "Constitutional monarchy", "Constitutional monarchism", "representative monarchist", "representative parliamentary monarchs", "Representative monarchist", "Representative constitutional monarchists", "Representative consitutional monarchies", "limited monarchy", "parliamentary monarchist", "parliamentary monarch", "representative parliamentary monarchies" ]

[ { "id": "767315", "score": "1.9165955", "text": "moved towards constitutional monarchy, although in some cases the monarch retains tremendous power, to the point that the parliament's influence on political life is negligible. In Bhutan, the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the Tshogdu in 2003, and the election of a National Assembly in 2008. Nepal had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the Nepalese Civil War, the Maoist insurgency, and the 2001 Nepalese royal massacre, with the Nepalese monarchy being abolished on May 28, 2008. In Tonga, the King had majority control of the Legislative Assembly", "title": "Absolute monarchy" }, { "id": "528072", "score": "1.8225929", "text": "of his powers as King to his son, Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, with a specific intention to prepare the young King for the country's transformation to a full-fledged, democratic form of government due to occur in 2008. The previous King's abdication in favour of his son was originally set to occur in 2008 as well, but there was an apparent concern that the new King should have hands-on experience as the nation's leader before presiding over a transformation in the country's form of government. According to the national newspaper, the Kuensel, the previous King stated to his cabinet that", "title": "History of Bhutan" }, { "id": "10964775", "score": "1.7799981", "text": "King and Bhutanese business. The DPT officially approved its leader Jigme Thinley as candidate for Prime Minister on 5 April 2008. He took office on 9 April. The Constitution was enacted July 18, 2008 by the first democratically elected government. It was thoroughly planned by several government officers and agencies over a period of almost seven years amid increasing democratic reforms in Bhutan. The Constitution is based on Buddhist philosophy, international Conventions on Human Rights, comparative analysis of 20 other modern constitutions, public opinion, and existing laws, authorities, and precedents. According to Princess Sonam Wangchuck, the constitutional committee was particularly", "title": "Bhutanese democracy" }, { "id": "5032510", "score": "1.7797774", "text": "with the title \"state councellor\", as she is still not allowed to be president and therefore leads through a figurehead, Htin Kyaw. Human rights, however, have not improved. In Bhutan, in December 2005, the 4th King Jigme Singye Wangchuck announced that the first general elections would be held in 2008, and that he would abdicate the throne in favor of his eldest son. Bhutan is currently undergoing further changes to allow for a constitutional monarchy. In the Maldives, protests and political pressure led to a government reform which allowed democratic rights and presidential elections in 2008. These were however undone", "title": "History of democracy" }, { "id": "5761425", "score": "1.7630682", "text": "independent India. In 1953, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck established the country's legislature – a 130-member National Assembly – to promote a more democratic form of governance. In 1965, he set up a Royal Advisory Council, and in 1968 he formed a Cabinet. In 1971, Bhutan was admitted to the United Nations, having held observer status for three years. In July 1972, Jigme Singye Wangchuck ascended to the throne at the age of sixteen after the death of his father, Dorji Wangchuck. Bhutan's political system has recently changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. King Jigme Singye Wangchuck transferred", "title": "Bhutan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Bhutan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Absolute monarchy\n\nAbsolute monarchy (or Absolutism as a doctrine) is a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in their own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power, though a limited constitution may exist in some countries. These are often hereditary monarchies. On the other hand, in constitutional monarchies, in which the authority of the head of state is also bound or restricted by the constitution, a legislature, or unwritten customs, the king or queen is not the only one to decide, and their entourage also exercises power, mainly the prime minister.<ref name=\"Harris 2009\"/>\nAbsolute monarchy in Europe declined substantially following the French Revolution and World War I, both of which led to the popularization of theories of government based on the notion of popular sovereignty.\n\nAbsolute monarchies include Brunei, Eswatini, Oman, Saudi Arabia,<ref name=\"Cavendish78\" /> Vatican City,<ref name=\"vaticancity\">\n</ref> and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates, which itself is a federation of such monarchies – a federal monarchy.", "title": "Absolute monarchy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of current monarchies\n\nThis is a list of current monarchies. , there are 43 sovereign states in the world with a monarch as head of state. There are 13 in Asia, 12 in Europe, 9 in the Americas, 6 in Oceania, and 3 in Africa.", "title": "List of current monarchies" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monarchy\n\nA monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), and can expand across the domains of the executive, legislative, and judicial.\n\nThe succession of monarchs in many cases has been hereditical, often building dynastic periods. However, elective and self-proclaimed monarchies have also happened. Aristocrats, though not inherent to monarchies, often serve as the pool of persons to draw the monarch from and fill the constituting institutions (e.g. diet and court), giving many monarchies oligarchic elements.\n\nMonarchs can carry various titles such as emperor, empress, king, queen, raja, khan, tsar, sultan, shah, or pharaoh. Monarchies can form federations, personal unions and realms with vassals through personal association with the monarch, which is a common reason for monarchs carrying several titles.\n\nMonarchies were the most common form of government until the 20th century, by which time republics had replaced many monarchies. Today forty-three sovereign nations in the world have a monarch, including fifteen Commonwealth realms that share King Charles III as their head of state. Other than that, there is a range of sub-national monarchical entities. Most of the modern monarchies tend to be constitutional monarchies, retaining under a constitution unique legal and ceremonial roles for the monarch, exercising limited or no political power, similar to heads of state in a parliamentary republic.", "title": "Monarchy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Constitutional monarchy" }, { "id": "68806", "score": "1.7564483", "text": "in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape. The country to move from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy was Bhutan, between 2007 and 2008 \"(see Politics of Bhutan, Constitution of Bhutan and Bhutanese democracy)\". In the Kingdom of England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a constitutional monarchy restricted by laws such as the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, although limits on the power of the monarch (\"a limited monarchy\") are much older than that (see Magna Carta). At the same time, in Scotland, the Convention of Estates enacted the Claim of Right", "title": "Constitutional monarchy" }, { "id": "778952", "score": "1.7548227", "text": "Politics of Bhutan The Government of Bhutan has been a constitutional monarchy since 18 July 2008. The King of Bhutan is the head of state. The executive power is exercised by the Lhengye Zhungtshog, or council of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Parliament, both the upper house, National Council, and the lower house, National Assembly. A royal edict issued on April 22, 2007 lifted the previous ban on political parties, ordering that they be created, in anticipation of National Assembly elections to be held the following year. In 2008, Bhutan adopted its", "title": "Politics of Bhutan" }, { "id": "682375", "score": "1.7498822", "text": "in 1953, devolved all executive powers to a council of ministers elected by the people in 1998. He introduced a system of voting no confidence in the king, which empowered the parliament to remove the monarch. The National Constitution Committee in Thimphu started drafting the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan in 2001. In 2005, the fourth king of Bhutan announced his decision to hand over the reins of his kingdom to his son Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk. The coronation of the king was held in Thimphu at the refurbished Changlimithang Stadium and coincided with the centenary of the", "title": "Thimphu" }, { "id": "778955", "score": "1.7100123", "text": "countries. In February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was substantially revised with all references to phrases such as \"will be guided\" deleted, thus eliminating the last lingering doubts about the sovereign and independent status of Bhutan. The Constitution of Bhutan provides for a government consisting of three main branches – executive, legislative, and judicial – plus the officially apolitical Dratshang Lhentshog (Monastic Affairs Commission) of the Drukpa Kagyu state religion. The secular and religious branches of government are unified in the person of the Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan). The trichotomy of secular government is not absolute. There are many", "title": "Politics of Bhutan" }, { "id": "12741867", "score": "1.7072785", "text": "unnoticed due to shifts occurring with Bhutan's political makeup. The century's old monarchical country, beginning with King Wangchuck's abdication in 2006 and his son's taking over of the throne, is transitioning to a constitutional monarchy and democratic state. Amidst this ordered chaos, the status of the Lhotshampas has been pushed further back on the political agenda. The Immigration Act of 2007 amends and supplements the Citizenship Act of 1985. It was enacted by Parliament on January 5, 2007, and came into effect on February 20, 2007. It established a Department of Immigration under the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs", "title": "Bhutanese nationality law" }, { "id": "528045", "score": "1.7068174", "text": "Ngawang Namgyal, the Zhabdrung system came to an end. In November 1907, an assembly of leading Buddhist monks, government officials, and heads of important families was held to end the moribund 300-year-old dual system of government and to establish a new absolute monarchy. Ugyen Wangchuck was elected its first hereditary Druk Gyalpo (\"Dragon King\") and subsequently reigned from 1907–26. Bhutan's Political Officer John Claude White took photographs of the coronation ceremony. The Dorji family became hereditary holders of the position of Gongzim (Chief Chamberlain), the top government post. The British, wanting political stability on their northern frontier, approved of the", "title": "History of Bhutan" }, { "id": "11574143", "score": "1.7060015", "text": "hold 32 seats to the DPT's 15 when the new assembly convenes. The National Assembly was originally decreed in 1953 by King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. The National Assembly began as a unicameral parliament within the King's framework for democratization. In 1971, King Jigme Dorji empowered the National Assembly to remove him or any of his successors with a two-thirds majority. The procedure for abdication remains a part of Bhutan's Constitution of 2008, with the addition of a three-fourth majority in a joint sitting of Parliament (i.e., including the National Council) to confirm the involuntary abdication as well as a national", "title": "National Assembly (Bhutan)" }, { "id": "528059", "score": "1.697746", "text": "government administration, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck made Thimphu the year-round capital. In May 1968, the comprehensive Rules and Regulations of the National Assembly revised the legal basis of the power granted to the National Assembly. The Druk Gyalpo decreed that henceforth sovereign power, including the power to remove government ministers and the Druk Gyalpo himself, would reside with the National Assembly. The following November, the Druk Gyalpo renounced his veto power over National Assembly bills and said he would step down if two-thirds of the legislature passed a no-confidence vote. Although he did nothing to undermine the retention of the Wangchuck", "title": "History of Bhutan" }, { "id": "5761427", "score": "1.6943145", "text": "King Jigme Singye Wangchuck announced that he would abdicate the throne in his son's favour in 2008. On 14 December 2006, he announced that he would be abdicating immediately. This was followed by the first national parliamentary elections in December 2007 and March 2008. On 6 November 2008, 28-year-old Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, eldest son of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, was crowned King. Bhutan is located on the southern slopes of the eastern Himalayas, landlocked between the Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and the Indian states of Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh to the west and south.", "title": "Bhutan" }, { "id": "528071", "score": "1.6937032", "text": "constitution, requesting that every citizen review it. A new house of parliament, the National Council, is chartered consisting of 20 elected representatives from each of the dzonghags, persons selected by the King. The National Council would be paired with the other already existing house, the National Assembly. Per the Constitution, the monarchy is given a leadership role in setting the direction for the government as long as the King shall demonstrate his commitment and ability to safeguard the interests of the kingdom and its people. On December 15, 2006, the fourth Druk Gyalpo, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck, abdicated all", "title": "History of Bhutan" }, { "id": "10964767", "score": "1.6917651", "text": "multiple high government posts including Chief Minister (Gongzim) and its successor post Prime Minister (Lyonchen). The sister of Prime Minister Jigme Dorji – the daughter of Topgay Raja – married the Third King of Bhutan, creating a new bond so prominent as to cause some discontent among other Bhutanese families; the public has been divided politically between pro-modernist and pro-monarchist camps. Elections, the cornerstone of participatory democracy, began in Bhutan with a mock election on April 21, 2007 to allow the population to become accustomed to the democratic process. Bhutan's actual first non-partisan democratic election commenced on December 31, 2007.", "title": "Bhutanese democracy" }, { "id": "6728294", "score": "1.6876237", "text": "new constitution which replaced the title of \"His Highness the Maharaja\" with \"His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo\", formally promoting the country to the status of an independent, sovereign monarchy. In 1971, Bhutan joined the United Nations as a full member, and renegotiated the 1949 treaty with India in 2007, legally ending Bhutan's status as a protected state of India. Though officially considered a princely state under its ruler, the Maharaja Chogyal, Sikkim was given the separate status of a British protectorate in 1861 under the Treaty of Tumlong, by which the British government could intervene in the state's internal affairs", "title": "Salute state" }, { "id": "12376201", "score": "1.6835979", "text": "and until 2008, could be recalled by him at any time. Furthermore, the monarch was the final court of appeal (the \"Supreme Court of Appeal\"). During the reign of the Third King, Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, the National Assembly enacted the first comprehensive codified laws known as the \"Thrimzhung Chhenmo\" (\"Supreme Law\") in 1953, which contain almost all modern categories of criminal offenses and their penalties. The 1965 code, however, retained most of the spirit and substance of the seventeenth-century code. Family problems, such as marriage, divorce, and adoption, usually were resolved through recourse to Buddhist or Hindu religious", "title": "Judicial system of Bhutan" }, { "id": "2918374", "score": "1.6737175", "text": "for Wangchuck to share his larger vision for Bhutan in the years to come. After the National Assembly was established in 1953, the king drafted and devised a series of progressive laws for the Kingdom. The King brought out a holistic set of laws covering fundamental aspects of Bhutanese life such as land, livestock, marriage, inheritance, property and so forth. The Thrimzhung Chenmo (Supreme Law) was passed by the National Assembly in 1959. The laws are very organic, coherently interrelated within themselves and to the evolving reality and manifested his vision of a law-based society. Along with the promulgation of", "title": "Jigme Dorji Wangchuck" }, { "id": "199654", "score": "1.6685095", "text": "Internet. His son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, was elected as Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan, which helped forge the Bhutanese democracy. Subsequently, Bhutan has transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a multi-party democracy. The development of \"Bhutanese democracy\" has been marked by the active encouragement and participation of reigning Bhutanese monarchs since the 1950s, beginning with legal reforms such as the abolition of slavery, and culminating in the enactment of Bhutan's Constitution After Zheng He's voyages in the 15th century, the foreign policy of the Ming dynasty in China became increasingly isolationist. The Hongwu Emperor was the first to propose the", "title": "Isolationism" } ]

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[ { "id": "2890372", "score": "1.6691241", "text": "Five Numbers: Addressed to Richard Raynall Keene, Esq. Concerning a Family Marriage\" (1802)—a closely documented, fiercely argued (and partly autobiographical) denunciation of a former protégé who, against Martin's express wishes, had wooed and married Martin's daughter Eleonora. Luther Martin Luther Martin (February 20, 1748, Piscataway, New Jersey – July 8, 1826, New York, New York) was a politician and one of the United States' Founding Fathers, who left the Constitutional Convention early because he felt the Constitution violated states' rights. He was a leading Anti-Federalist, along with Patrick Henry and George Mason, whose actions helped passage of the Bill of", "title": "Luther Martin" }, { "id": "8990349", "score": "1.64761", "text": "his final breath. Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor. The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman", "title": "Martin Luther" }, { "id": "4771773", "score": "1.6416671", "text": "Martin Luther King III Martin Luther King III (born October 23, 1957) is an American human rights advocate and community activist. He is the oldest son and oldest living child of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. Martin Luther King III was born on October 23, 1957, to civil rights advocates Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. His mother had reservations about naming him after his famous father, \"realizing the burdens it can create for the child,\" but King Jr. always wanted to name his son Martin Luther III. King's birth occurred as", "title": "Martin Luther King III" }, { "id": "4996941", "score": "1.6288791", "text": "(2005) used by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Chemnitz, born in Treuenbrietzen in Brandenburg to Paul and Euphemia Chemnitz, was the last of three children. His older siblings' names were Matthew and Ursula. His father was a successful merchant who died when Martin was eleven: thereafter, the family suffered from financial difficulties. When he was old enough, Martin matriculated in Magdeburg. Upon completion of the course work, he became a weaver's apprentice. He helped his family with its clothing business for the next few years. When he was 20, he resumed his education at the University of Frankfurt (Oder).", "title": "Martin Chemnitz" }, { "id": "15930718", "score": "1.6070024", "text": "for thirty-three years, until Anna's death at Dresden on 15 May 1586. From this marriage there were six children: Paul Luther Paul Luther (28 January 1533 – 8 March 1593) was a German physician, medical chemist, and alchemist. He was the third son of the German Protestant Reformer Martin Luther and was successively physician to John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony; Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg; Augustus, Elector of Saxony and his successor Christian I, Elector of Saxony. He taught alchemy to Anne of Denmark. Born at Wittenberg, the third son of Martin Luther by his marriage to Katharina", "title": "Paul Luther" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tony Bennett\n\nAnthony Dominick Benedetto (born August 3, 1926), known professionally as Tony Bennett, is an American retired singer of traditional pop standards, big band, show tunes, and jazz. Bennett is also a painter, having created works under his birth name that are on permanent public display in several institutions. He is the founder of the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts in Astoria, Queens, New York.\n\nBennett began singing at an early age. He fought in the final stages of World War II as a U.S. Army infantryman in the European Theater. Afterward, he developed his singing technique, signed with Columbia Records and had his first number-one popular song with \"Because of You\" in 1951. Several tracks such as \"Rags to Riches\" followed in early 1953. He then refined his approach to encompass jazz singing. He reached an artistic peak in the late 1950s with albums such as \"The Beat of My Heart\" and \"Basie Swings, Bennett Sings\". In 1962, Bennett recorded his signature song, \"I Left My Heart in San Francisco\". His career and personal life experienced an extended downturn during the height of the rock music era. Bennett staged a comeback in the late 1980s and 1990s, putting out gold record albums again and expanding his reach to the MTV generation while keeping his musical style intact.\n\nBennett continued to create popular and critically praised work into the 21st century. He attracted acclaim for his collaborations with Lady Gaga, which began with the album \"Cheek to Cheek\" (2014); the two performers toured together to promote the album throughout 2014 and 2015. With the release of the duo's second album, \"Love for Sale\" (2021), Bennett broke the individual record for the longest span of top-10 albums on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart for any living artist; his first top-10 record was \"I Left My Heart in San Francisco\" in 1962. Bennett also broke the Guinness World Record for the oldest person to release an album of new material, at the age of 95 years and 60 days.\n\nBennett has amassed numerous accolades throughout his career, including 20 Grammy Awards (including a Lifetime Achievement Award presented in 2001) and two Primetime Emmy Awards. He was named an NEA Jazz Master and a Kennedy Center Honoree. Bennett has sold over 50 million records worldwide.\n\nIn February 2021, it was revealed that Bennett was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2016. Due to the slow progression of his illness, he continued to record, tour, and perform until his retirement from concerts due to physical challenges, which was announced after on August 3 and 5, 2021, at Radio City Music Hall.", "title": "Tony Bennett" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Huldrych Zwingli\n\nHuldrych or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system. He attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly center of Renaissance humanism. He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln, where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus.\n\nIn 1519, Zwingli became the Leutpriester (people's priest) of the Grossmünster in Zürich where he began to preach ideas on reform of the Catholic Church. In his first public controversy in 1522, he attacked the custom of fasting during Lent. In his publications, he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. Among his most notable contributions to the Reformation was his expository preaching, starting in 1519, through the Gospel of Matthew, before eventually using biblical exegesis to go through the entire New Testament, a radical departure from the Catholic mass. In 1525, he introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the Mass. He also clashed with the Anabaptists, which resulted in their persecution. Historians have debated whether or not he turned Zürich into a theocracy.\n\nThe Reformation spread to other parts of the Swiss Confederation, but several cantons resisted, preferring to remain Catholic. Zwingli formed an alliance of Reformed cantons which divided the Confederation along religious lines. In 1529, a war was averted at the last moment between the two sides. Meanwhile, Zwingli's ideas came to the attention of Martin Luther and other reformers. They met at the Marburg Colloquy and agreed on many points of doctrine, but they could not reach an accord on the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.\n\nIn 1531, Zwingli's alliance applied an unsuccessful food blockade on the Catholic cantons. The cantons responded with an attack at a moment when Zürich was ill-prepared, and Zwingli died on the battlefield. His legacy lives on in the confessions, liturgy, and church orders of the Reformed churches of today.", "title": "Huldrych Zwingli" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Josephine Baker\n\nJosephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald; naturalised French Joséphine Baker; 3 June 1906 – 12 April 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. She was the first black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film \"Siren of the Tropics\", directed by and .\n\nDuring her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the in Paris. Her performance in the revue in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties.\n\nBaker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the \"Black Venus\", the \"Black Pearl\", the \"Bronze Venus\", and the \"Creole Goddess\". Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She raised her children in France.\n\nShe aided the French Resistance during World War II. Baker sang: \"I have two loves, my country and Paris.\"\n\nBaker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.\n\nOn 30 November 2021, she was interred in the Panthéon in Paris, the first black woman to receive one of the highest honors in France. As her resting place remains in Monaco Cemetery, a cenotaph was installed in vault 13 of the crypt in the Panthéon.", "title": "Josephine Baker" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Oscar Wilde" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Margaret Sanger\n\nMargaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins; September 14, 1879September 6, 1966), also known as Margaret Sanger Slee, was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term \"birth control\", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.\n\nSanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book \"Family Limitation\" under the Comstock Act in 1914. She feared the consequences of her writings, so she fled to Britain until public opinion had quieted. Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States. Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood, Sanger is frequently criticized by opponents of abortion. However, Sanger drew a sharp distinction between birth control and abortion and was opposed to abortions throughout the bulk of her professional career, declining to participate in them as a nurse. Sanger remains an admired figure in the American reproductive rights movement. She has been criticized for supporting eugenics.\n\nIn 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception, after an undercover policewoman bought a copy of her pamphlet on family planning. Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy. Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent so-called back-alley abortions, which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the United States. She believed that, while abortion may be a viable option in life-threatening situations for the pregnant, it should generally be avoided. She considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them.\n\nIn 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In New York City, she organized the first birth control clinic to be staffed by all-female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem which had an all African-American advisory council, where African-American staff were later added. In 1929, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She died in 1966 and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement.<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Margaret Sanger" }, { "id": "11514742", "score": "1.6066036", "text": "for his cultural work. Johannes Heggland Johannes Heggland (29 June 1919 – 24 January 2008) was a Norwegian novelist, short story and children's literature writer, playwright, and elected official with the Centre Party. He is most commonly associated with two of his historic plays \"Mostraspelet\" and \"Håkonarspelet – Kongen med gullhjelmen\". Johannes Andreas Martin Heggland was born at Tysnes in Hordaland, Norway. His parents, Vermund Heggland (1872–1945) and Elisabeth Marie Magdalene Nerhus (1877–1956), were farmers .He grew up as the youngest of 11 children in a family with a vivid oral tradition. He participated in local politics for nearly 30", "title": "Johannes Heggland" }, { "id": "19837276", "score": "1.6009688", "text": "Martin Luther D'Ooge Martin Luther D'Ooge (17 July 1839 in Zonnemaire, Netherlands – 12 September 1915 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States) was a Dutch-born classics scholar. His Huguenot family emigrated to the US in 1851. He was Professor of Greek Language and Literature at the University of Michigan from 1868 to 1912. Martin Luther D'Ooge came from a Huguenot family, who emigrated from the Netherlands to the United States of America around 1851 and settled in Grand Rapids, Michigan. His father Leonard was a teacher; his mother was born Johanna Quintus. His younger brother was the philologist (1860–1940). D'Ooge", "title": "Martin Luther D'Ooge" }, { "id": "5385811", "score": "1.6004417", "text": "\"The Romberg Collection\" (1853); \"The Golden Wreath\" (1857); \"The Golden Harp\" (1858); \"The Sabbath Harmony\" (1860); \"The Harp of Judah\" (1863); \"Merry Chimes\" (1865); \"Jubilate\" (1866); \"Emerson's Vocal Melody\" \"The Voice of Worship\" (1879); and \"Anthems of Praise (1886). The tune \"Sessions\" is one of his most enduring. Luther Orlando Emerson Luther Orlando Emerson was an American musician, composer and music publisher. Emerson was born in Parsonsfield, Maine on August 3, 1820. He attended Parsonsfield Seminary and Effingham Academy, originally planning to be a doctor. Later he studied music under Isaac Woodbury. He taught for eight years in Salem, Massachusetts.", "title": "Luther Orlando Emerson" }, { "id": "4810738", "score": "1.5995739", "text": "from place to place preaching, and finally went to Eisfeld, Thuringia (1553), where he died, aged 62. Justus Jonas Justus Jonas, the Elder (5 June 1493 – 9 October 1555), or simply Justus Jonas, was a German Lutheran theologian and reformer. He was a Jurist, Professor and Hymn writer. He is best known for his translations of the writings of Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon. He accompanied Martin Luther in his final moments. Jonas was born at Nordhausen in present-day Thuringia where he was the son of the burgermeister. His birth name was Jodokus (Jobst) Koch, which he changed according", "title": "Justus Jonas" }, { "id": "7704639", "score": "1.5962164", "text": "concepts of Douglass' Last Generation Theology. It is available to read online (see below). Herbert E. Douglass Herbert Edgar Douglass, Jr. (16 May 1927 – 15 December 2014) was a Seventh-day Adventist theologian. He was born in Springfield, Massachusetts as the oldest of five children (all sons) to Herbert Edgar Douglass Sr (1904–1983) and Mildred Jennie Munson (1908–1988). He earned his Doctorate in Theology at Pacific School of Religion in 1964. From 1954 to 1957 Douglass wrote commentaries for five books for, and served on the staff that edited, the \"Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary\". From 1967 to 1970 he served", "title": "Herbert E. Douglass" }, { "id": "4969564", "score": "1.5895228", "text": "artist Lucas Cranach the Elder was published by Yale University Press in June, 2013, under the title, \"The Serpent and the Lamb: Cranach, Luther, and the Making of the Reformation\". Steven Ozment Steven E. Ozment (born February 21, 1939, McComb, Mississippi) is an American historian of early modern and modern Germany, the European family, and the Protestant Reformation. From 1990 to 2015, he was the McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University. He is now Professor Emeritus. Raised in Arkansas, Ozment has lived in New England since 1960. The father of five children, he presently lives in", "title": "Steven Ozment" }, { "id": "13766156", "score": "1.5892627", "text": "In Adam's Fall), is quoted in the Book of Concord, the official Lutheran confession. Lazarus Spengler Lazarus Spengler (March 13, 1479 in Nuremberg – September 7, 1534 in Nuremberg) was a prominent supporter of Martin Luther and leader of the Protestant Reformation in Nuremberg, as well as a famous hymnwriter. Spengler was the son of Georg and Agnes Spengler, and he was the 9th of 21 children. His father was a clerk in the Imperial Court of Justice. Lazarus Spengler enrolled in the University of Leipzig in 1491. Upon the death of his father in 1496, Spengler returned to Nuremberg", "title": "Lazarus Spengler" }, { "id": "4384784", "score": "1.5802684", "text": "III, professor of music and humanities at Los Angeles City College, two step-children, two grandchildren, one step-grandchild, and one great-grandchild. Luther Henderson Luther Henderson (March 14, 1919 – July 29, 2003) was an American arranger, composer, orchestrator, and pianist best known for his contributions to Broadway musicals. Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Henderson relocated to the Sugar Hill section of Harlem at the age of four. Following a short stint studying mathematics at the City College of New York, he enrolled at the Juilliard School of Music, where he received a bachelor of science degree in 1942. Drafted into the", "title": "Luther Henderson" }, { "id": "15382364", "score": "1.5781832", "text": "Captain John Luther, was killed in the raid. Some chroniclers question the likelihood of a nine-year-old boy participating in such a risky trading endeavor, proposing that an older brother may have been the captive Luther. However, no older son of Captain Luther is acknowledged by genealogical authorities. In any event, the general circumstances of the incident are corroborated by several primary sources. His fourth great-grandparents were Hans Luther and Margaretha Lindemann. Samuel Luther Samuel Luther (1636 – 20 December 1716) was a prominent early figure in the Massachusetts Colony. He served as the minister of the First Baptist Church of", "title": "Samuel Luther" }, { "id": "4996940", "score": "1.5749471", "text": "Martin Chemnitz Martin Chemnitz (9 November 1522 – 8 April 1586) was an eminent second-generation German, Evangelical Lutheran, Christian theologian, and a Protestant reformer, churchman, and confessor. In the Evangelical Lutheran tradition he is known as \"Alter Martinus,\" the \"Second Martin\": \"Si Martinus non fuisset, Martinus vix stetisset\" (\"If Martin [Chemnitz] had not come along, Luther would hardly have survived\") goes a common saying concerning him. He is listed and remembered in the Calendar of Saints and Commemorations in the Liturgical Church Year as a pastor and confessor in the \"Lutheran Book of Worship\" (1978) and subsequent \"Evangelical Lutheran Worship\"", "title": "Martin Chemnitz" }, { "id": "8990345", "score": "1.5743617", "text": "Martin Luther Martin Luther, (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his \"Ninety-five Theses\" of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521", "title": "Martin Luther" }, { "id": "12076040", "score": "1.5732472", "text": "youngest of 14 children, is also survived by a brother and several sisters including Meryle Joy Reagon. Cordell Reagon Cordell Hull Reagon (February 22, 1943 – November 12, 1996) was an American singer and activist. He was the founding member of The Freedom Singers of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and a leader of the Albany Movement during the Civil Rights Movement. Reagon was born in Nashville, Tennessee, and was named for Cordell Hull, the Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1944. His powerful tenor voice spread the message of the civil rights movement", "title": "Cordell Reagon" }, { "id": "8990454", "score": "1.569787", "text": "was Luther's reply. An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, beneath the pulpit. The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon. A year later, troops of Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town, but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave. A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in", "title": "Martin Luther" }, { "id": "11514738", "score": "1.5631919", "text": "Johannes Heggland Johannes Heggland (29 June 1919 – 24 January 2008) was a Norwegian novelist, short story and children's literature writer, playwright, and elected official with the Centre Party. He is most commonly associated with two of his historic plays \"Mostraspelet\" and \"Håkonarspelet – Kongen med gullhjelmen\". Johannes Andreas Martin Heggland was born at Tysnes in Hordaland, Norway. His parents, Vermund Heggland (1872–1945) and Elisabeth Marie Magdalene Nerhus (1877–1956), were farmers .He grew up as the youngest of 11 children in a family with a vivid oral tradition. He participated in local politics for nearly 30 years. Heggland was mayor", "title": "Johannes Heggland" }, { "id": "11643211", "score": "1.5595088", "text": "Lindsay, review of \"Happy Feet\", p. 100. Richard Michelson Richard Michelson (born July 3, 1953) is a poet and a children's book author. In January 2009, \"As Good As Anybody: Martin Luther King and Abraham Joshua Heschel's Amazing March Toward Freedom,\" was awarded the Sydney Taylor Book Award Gold Medal from the Association of Jewish Libraries, and \"A is for Abraham,\" was awarded the Silver Medal. This is the first time in the award's 50-year history that one author has been honored with their top two awards. Michelson received his 2nd Silver Medal in 2017 and his 2nd Gold Medal", "title": "Richard Michelson" } ]

[ "Prayer labyrinth", "labyrinth walk", "Davide Tonato", "The labyrinth", "cretan labyrinth", "Labyrinthine", "Labryinths", "Meditation labyrinth", "prayer labyrinth", "Christian labyrinth", "Labyrinth walk", "christian labyrinth", "Egyptian Labyrinth", "egyptian labyrinth", "Cretan Labyrinth", "Labrynth", "labyrinth", "davide tonato", "Prayer Labyrinth", "labrynth", "The Labyrinth", "labryinths", "Labyrinth", "meditation labyrinth", "labyrinthine" ]

[ { "id": "850108", "score": "1.6936778", "text": "Greek mythology, King Minos dwelt in a palace at Knossos. He had Daedalus construct a labyrinth, a very large maze (by some connected with the double-bladed axe, or \"labrys\") in which to retain his son, the Minotaur. Daedalus also built a dancing floor for Queen Ariadne. The name \"Knossos\" was subsequently adopted by Arthur Evans. As far as is currently known, it was William Stillman, the American consul who published Kalokairinos' discoveries, who, seeing the sign of the double axe on the massive walls partly uncovered by Kalokairinos, first associated the complex with the labyrinth of legend, calling the ruins", "title": "Knossos" }, { "id": "850091", "score": "1.6628987", "text": "Knossos Knossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced ; , \"Knōsós\" ) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city. Settled as early as the Neolithic period, the name Knossos survives from ancient Greek references to the major city of Crete. The palace of Knossos eventually became the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the Late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC. The reason why is unknown, but one of the many disasters that befell the palace is generally", "title": "Knossos" }, { "id": "18697660", "score": "1.6126298", "text": "Daedalus in Crete Daedalus in Crete (\"Δαίδαλος στην Κρήτη\") is a play by the Greek lyric poet and playwright Angelos Sikelianos entirely written and published at the journal Nea Estia (written in 1942 and published in 1943, which makes it the second tragedy of Sikelianos given to the public, as its publication precedes “Sibylla” which may have been written earlier but was published at the end of the Occupation), during the Axis occupation of Greece. This event may be linked to the planned and announced project - not completed - on behalf of Sikelianos, to write the tragedies \"Daedalus in", "title": "Daedalus in Crete" }, { "id": "850141", "score": "1.6100223", "text": "of being a military site; for example, it had neither fortifications nor stores of weapons. Knossos Knossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced ; , \"Knōsós\" ) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city. Settled as early as the Neolithic period, the name Knossos survives from ancient Greek references to the major city of Crete. The palace of Knossos eventually became the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the Late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC. The reason", "title": "Knossos" }, { "id": "3042313", "score": "1.6055422", "text": "the sea around Crete and there was no route of escape there. Daedalus realized that the only way out was by air. To escape, Daedalus built wings for himself and Icarus fashioned with the vulture's feathers held together with beeswax. Daedalus warned his son not to fly too close to the sun (as it would melt his wings) and not too close to the sea (as the sea spray would dampen them and weigh him down). They successfully flew from Crete, but Icarus soon flew too close to the sun. The wax holding the feathers melted and he fell to", "title": "The Storyteller (TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Labyrinth\n\nIn Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (, ) was an elaborate, confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, the monster eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.\n\nAlthough early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching (multicursal) patterns, the single-path (unicursal) seven-course \"Classical\" design without branching or dead ends became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC, and similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the Labyrinth – even though both logic and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze. Even as the designs became more elaborate, visual depictions of the mythological Labyrinth from Roman times until the Renaissance are almost invariably unicursal. Branching mazes were reintroduced only when hedge mazes became popular during the Renaissance.\n\nIn English, the term \"labyrinth\" is generally synonymous with \"maze\". As a result of the long history of unicursal representation of the mythological Labyrinth, however, many contemporary scholars and enthusiasts observe a distinction between the two. In this specialized usage \"maze\" refers to a complex branching multicursal puzzle with choices of path and direction, while a unicursal \"labyrinth\" has only a single path to the center. A labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back and presents no navigational challenge.\n\nUnicursal labyrinths appeared as designs on pottery or basketry, as body art, and in etchings on walls of caves or churches. The Romans created many primarily decorative unicursal designs on walls and floors in tile or mosaic. Many labyrinths set in floors or on the ground are large enough that the path can be walked. Unicursal patterns have been used historically both in group ritual and for private meditation, and are increasingly found for therapeutic use in hospitals and hospices.", "title": "Labyrinth" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Icarus\n\nIn Greek mythology, Icarus (; , ) was the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the architect of the labyrinth of Crete. After Theseus, king of Athens and enemy of Minos, escaped from the labyrinth, King Minos suspected that Icarus and Daedalus had revealed the labyrinth's secrets and imprisoned them—either in a large tower overlooking the ocean or the labyrinth itself, depending upon the account. Icarus and Daedalus escaped using wings Daedalus constructed from feathers, threads from blankets, clothes, and beeswax. Icarus ignored Daedalus’ instructions not to fly too close to the sun, causing the beeswax in his wings to melt. Icarus fell from the sky, plunged into the sea, and drowned. The myth gave rise to the idiom, \"fly too close to the sun\".\n\nIn some versions of the tale, Daedalus and Icarus escape by ship.", "title": "Icarus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "In Greek mythology, Daedalus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Knossos\n\nKnossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced ; , ; Linear B: \"Ko-no-so\") is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city.\n\nSettled as early as the Neolithic period, the name Knossos survives from ancient Greek references to the major city of Crete. The palace of Knossos eventually became the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the Late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC; the reason is unknown, but one of the many disasters that befell the palace is generally put forward.\n\nIn the First Palace Period (around 2000 BC), the urban area reached a size of as many as 18,000 people.", "title": "Knossos" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Minotaur\n\nIn Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( , ; ; in Latin as \"Minotaurus\" ) is a mythical creature portrayed during classical antiquity with the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, a being \"part man and part bull\".\nHe dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction\ndesigned by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus, on the command of King Minos of Crete. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus.", "title": "Minotaur" }, { "id": "16546210", "score": "1.6006718", "text": "Knossos (modern history) Knossos (, \"Knōsós\", ), also romanized Cnossus, Gnossus, and Knossus, is the main Bronze Age archaeological site at Heraklion, a modern port city on the north central coast of Crete. The site was excavated and the palace complex found there partially restored under the direction of Arthur Evans in the earliest years of the 20th century. The palace complex is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete. It was undoubtedly the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. Quite apart from its value as the center of the ancient Minoan civilization, Knossos has", "title": "Knossos (modern history)" }, { "id": "18697663", "score": "1.5918255", "text": "city of Knossos are being burnt) is equally dramatical with a tragedy (containing profound connections with ancient Greek tragedy), Daedalus and his son Icarus will escape flying with artificial wings (like the homonymous legend). This play has diverse multifaceted connections with ancient tragedy - especially those written by Aeschylus – in terms of structure, motifs, form, always modified and used according to the theatrical and conceptual targeting and aspirations of Sikelianos. For example, the presentation of all the leading dramatis personae (especially Minos and Pasiphae) as masks of the archetype \"Dionysos\" (which applies to all the tragedies and the general", "title": "Daedalus in Crete" }, { "id": "16546303", "score": "1.5861299", "text": "resumed the curatorship of Knossos, but only for a relatively short period. Piet de Jong became Curator, 1947-1952. The property was transferred to the Greek Archaeological Service in 1951, again for primarily financial and caretaker reasons. By now Heraklion was visible in the countryside. Large numbers of visitors were touring Knossos. In 1966 Sinclair Hood built a new Stratigraphical Museum. <br> Knossos (modern history) Knossos (, \"Knōsós\", ), also romanized Cnossus, Gnossus, and Knossus, is the main Bronze Age archaeological site at Heraklion, a modern port city on the north central coast of Crete. The site was excavated and the", "title": "Knossos (modern history)" }, { "id": "102081", "score": "1.5839176", "text": "convince Minos to take a bath first, where Cocalus' daughters killed Minos. In some versions, Daedalus himself poured boiling water on Minos and killed him. The anecdotes are literary and late; however, in the founding tales of the Greek colony of Gela, founded in the 680s on the southwest coast of Sicily, a tradition was preserved that the Greeks had seized cult images wrought by Daedalus from their local predecessors, the Sicani. Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son, named variously as Perdix, Talos,", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "id": "850114", "score": "1.5809312", "text": "(205–200 BC), the Knossians were once more among Philip's opponents and through Roman, and Rhodian aid this time they managed to liberate Crete from the Macedonian influence. With Roman aid, Knossus became once more the first city of Crete, but, in 67 BC, the Roman Senate chose Gortys as the capital of the newly created province Creta et Cyrene. In 36 BC, Knossus became a Roman colony named \"Colonia Iulia Nobilis\". The colony, which was built using Roman-style architecture, was situated within the vicinity of the Palace, but only a small part of it has been excavated. The identification of", "title": "Knossos" }, { "id": "16546212", "score": "1.5680077", "text": "military governorship of Crete. Turned over to the Greek government in the 1950s, it has been maintained and improved as a major site of antiquities. Studies conducted there are ongoing. The ruins at Knossos were discovered in either 1877 or 1878 by Minos Kalokairinos, a Cretan merchant and antiquarian. There are basically two accounts of the tale, one deriving from a letter written by Heinrich Schliemann in 1889, to the effect that in 1877 the \"Spanish Consul,\" Minos K., excavated \"in five places.\" Schliemann's observations were made in 1886, when he visited the site with the intent of purchasing it", "title": "Knossos (modern history)" }, { "id": "3042312", "score": "1.5664215", "text": "feelings towards Talos and pushing Daedalus to murder the boy. Daedalus and Icarus fled to the island of Crete, where he found himself in the court of King Minos. There he constructed the Labyrinth to contain the monstrous Minotaur. Minos cast Daedalus and Icarus into the Labyrinth. Daedalus managed to get out of the Labyrinth for after all, he had built it. The vulture reappears calling Daedalus a murderer for killing Talos. Full of rage and guilt, Daedalus kills the vulture. Daedalus decided that he and his son had to flee Crete and get away from Minos. However, Minos controlled", "title": "The Storyteller (TV series)" }, { "id": "102072", "score": "1.5642128", "text": "Robin Lane Fox observes: \"He is a point of comparison and so he belongs in stories which Homer's audience already recognized.\" In Bronze Age Crete, an inscription \"da-da-re-jo-de\" has been read as referring to a place at Knossos, and a place of worship. In Homer's language, \"daidala\" refers to finely crafted objects. They are mostly objects of armor, but fine bowls and furnishings are also \"daidala\", and on one occasion so are the \"bronze-working\" of \"clasps, twisted brooches, earrings and necklaces\" made by Hephaestus while cared for in secret by the goddesses of the sea. Ignoring Homer, later writers envisaged", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "id": "850092", "score": "1.5376687", "text": "put forward. In the first palace period around 2000 BC the urban area reached a size of up to 18,000 people. In its peak the palace and surrounding city boasted a population of 100,000 people shortly after 1700 BC. The name Knossos was formerly Latinized as Cnossus or Cnossos, and occasionally Knossus, Gnossus, or Gnossos but is now almost always written Knossos. The site of Knossos has had a very long history of human habitation, beginning with the founding of the first Neolithic settlement c. 7000 BC. Neolithic remains are prolific in Crete. They are found in caves, rock shelters,", "title": "Knossos" }, { "id": "102084", "score": "1.5367084", "text": "have a touch of the divine in them.\" It is said he first conceived masts and sails for ships for the navy of Minos. He is said to have carved statues so well they looked as if alive; even possessing self-motion. They would have escaped if not for the chain that bound them to the wall. Daedalus gave his name, eponymously, to any Greek artificer and to many Greek contraptions that represented dextrous skill. At Plataea there was a festival, the Daedala, in which a temporary wooden altar was fashioned, and an effigy was made from an oak-tree and dressed", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "id": "79636", "score": "1.5320221", "text": "of his labors, took the Cretan bull to the Peloponnese. Europa and Zeus made love at Gortys and conceived the kings of Crete, Rhadamanthys, Sarpedon, and Minos. The labyrinth of the Palace of Knossos was the setting for the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur in which the Minotaur was slain by Theseus. Icarus and Daedalus were captives of King Minos and crafted wings to escape. After his death King Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades, while Rhadamanthys became the ruler of the Elysian fields. Crete has its own distinctive Mantinades poetry. The island is known for", "title": "Crete" }, { "id": "102086", "score": "1.5300682", "text": "the waves ... a hawk-like man flying sunward above the sea, a prophecy of the end he had been born to serve”. Daedalus is said to have created statues that were so realistic that they had to be tied down to stop them from wandering off. In \"Meno\", Socrates and Meno are debating the nature of knowledge and true belief when Socrates refers to Daedalus' statues: \"... if they are not fastened up they play truant and run away; but, if fastened, they stay where they are.\" Daedalus In Greek mythology, Daedalus (; \"Daidalos\" \"cunningly wrought\", perhaps related to δαιδάλλω", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "id": "102071", "score": "1.527801", "text": "Daedalus, and he to Hephaestus, son of Zeus.\" This suggests that Daedalus was related to Hephaestus, the god of blacksmiths, and therefore to Zeus himself. Daedalus is first mentioned by Homer as the creator of a wide dancing-ground for Ariadne. He also created the Labyrinth on Crete, in which the Minotaur (part man, part bull) was kept. In the story of the labyrinth as told by the Hellenes, the Athenian hero Theseus is challenged to kill the Minotaur, finding his way with the help of Ariadne's thread. Daedalus' appearance in Homer is in an extended metaphor, \"plainly not Homer's invention\",", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "id": "3577400", "score": "1.5229378", "text": "in the Peloponnese, Dorian Crete, and Rhodes. Its style is based on a simple formula which remained dominant, though with evolutionary modifications, for about two generations, before evolving into the Archaic style. Daidala The daidala is a type of sculpture attributed to the legendary Greek artist, Daedalus, who is connected in legend both to Bronze Age Crete and to the earliest period of Archaic sculpture in Bronze Age Greece. The legends about Daedalus recognize him both as a man and as a mythical embodiment. He was the reputed inventor of \"agalmata\", statues of the gods which had open eyes and", "title": "Daidala" }, { "id": "20922002", "score": "1.5208905", "text": "Daedalidae Daedalidae or Daidalidai () was a deme of ancient Attica, located north of Alopece, southeast of Athens. The name \"Daedalidae\" was often used to refer to the most skilled sculptors an allusion to Daedalus, the labyrinth builder of Knossos. Socrates, in two dialogues of Plato, claims to descend from Daedalus, most likely exploiting this allusion, in which his ancestors would have been sculptors. In Daedalidae, therefore, a craftsman named Daedalus could have been revered as an eponymous hero, which was most probably not the same as the Daedalus of mythology. Some sources note the presence of a sanctuary called", "title": "Daedalidae" } ]

[ "List of dog sports", "Dog sports", "dog sports", "sighthound disc sport", "Sighthound Disc Sport", "dog sport", "Dog sport", "list of dog sports" ]

[ { "id": "9144081", "score": "1.5227838", "text": "is recognized by the IOC. . Professional players play the very competitive form of Pétanque which is called Pétanque Sport, under precise rules. The competitive form is played by about 480,000 persons licensed with the \"Federation Française de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal\" (FFPJP). The FFPJP is the 4th largest sports federation in France. Orienteering is a reasonably popular sport in France; it is regulated by the Fédération Française de Course d'Orientation (FFCO) Cricket is a developing sport in France. Some reports claim that cricket was invented in France, however, the sport is relatively unknown due to inadequate media coverage. In", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": "384436", "score": "1.4961197", "text": "Savate Savate (), also known as boxe française, savate boxing, French boxing or French footfighting, is a French combat sport that uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of English boxing with graceful kicking techniques. Only foot kicks are allowed, unlike some systems such as Muay Thai, which allow the use of the knees or shins. \"Savate\" is a French word for \"old shoe or boot\". Savate fighters wear specially designed boots. A male practitioner of savate is called a tireur while a female is called a tireuse. Savate takes its name from the French for \"old shoe\"", "title": "Savate" }, { "id": "9144075", "score": "1.4920588", "text": "successful team in French first division history with 17 titles from 1989 to 2011. No French team has reached the semi-finals at the EHF Women's Champions League so far. Judo is the fourth most popular sport in France. Ice hockey is a fairly popular sport in France, especially in the Rhône-Alpes region and in the cities of Rouen, Amiens and Tours. The governing body is the FFHG which administers the national championship, Ligue Magnus (founded in 1907). The national team is currently ranked in the top 20 in the IIHF World Ranking. In recent years, numerous French ice hockey players", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": "1749615", "score": "1.4854165", "text": "sport that combined Chinese martial arts, boxing and wrestling. There is evidence of similar mixed combat sports in Ancient Egypt, India and Japan. The mid-19th century saw the prominence of the new sport savate in the combat sports circle. French savate fighters wanted to test their techniques against the traditional combat styles of its time. In 1852, a contest was held in France between French \"savateurs\" and English bare-knuckle boxers in which French fighter Rambaud alias \"la Resistance\" fought English fighter Dickinson and won using his kicks. However, the English team still won the four other match-ups during the contest.", "title": "Mixed martial arts" }, { "id": "9144080", "score": "1.4822736", "text": "Road World Championships, and the gold in the road race at the 1996 Olympics. Though it is little known, Gaelic football is developing in France. There are currently 20 clubs across the country with 80% of the players French. Professional sailing in France is centered on singlehanded/shorthanded ocean racing with the pinnacle of this branch of the sport being the Vendée Globe singlehanded around the world race which starts every 4 years from the French Atlantic. Pétanque is mostly played in the South of France. Pétanque is not considered as a sport by many northern Frenchmen though the international federation", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of protection sports\n\nProtection sports are dog sports that test a dog's ability to protect itself and its handler. All protection sports test the complete temperament of the dog, not just its protectiveness. The dog must be safe for its handler and for the public. The dog must be able to control itself upon command. All protection sports are modeled to some extent on the way dogs are used in police work. The first trial of \"Ring Sport\" was organized in 1903 in Mechelen (French: \"Malines\"), Belgium.\n\n", "title": "List of protection sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Schutzhund\n\nSchutzhund (/'ʃʊtshʊnt/, German for \"protection dog\"), currently known competitively as IGP and previously as IPO, is a dog sport that tests a dog's tracking, obedience, and protection skills, and evaluates if a dog has the appropriate traits and characteristics of a good working dog. It was developed in Germany in the early 1900s as a suitability test for German Shepherds, but soon became the model for training and evaluating all five of the German protection breeds, which included Boxer, Dobermann, Riesenschnauzer, and Rottweiler. Though any breed of dog can participate, today the sport is dominated by German Shepherds and the Belgian Malinois breed. Dog owners and handlers participate in Schutzhund clubs as a group activity for training the dogs, and clubs sponsor trials to test the dogs and award titles. The best dogs can qualify to participate in national and international level championships.", "title": "Schutzhund" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Combat sport\n\nA combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the opponent (\"knockout\", KO), or attacking the opponent in a specific or designated technique. Combat sports share a long pedigree with the martial arts. \n\nSome combat sports (and their national origin) include Boxing (British), Brazilian jiu-jitsu (Brazilian), Jiu-jitsu (Japanese), Judo (Japanese), Karate (Chinese/Okinawan/Japanese), Kickboxing (numerous origins), Lethwei (Burmese), Mixed martial arts (numerous origins), Muay Thai (Thai), Sambo (Soviet/Russian), Sanda (Chinese), Savate (French), Tae Kwon Do (Korean), Vale tudo (Brazilian), Pankration\n(Ancient Greek), Luta Livre (Brazilian), Wrestling (Numerous Origins) and Pro-Wrestling (British/American).", "title": "Combat sport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fencing\n\nFencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting. The three disciplines of modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also \"saber\"); each discipline uses a different kind of blade, which shares the same name, and employs its own rules. Most competitive fencers specialize in one discipline. The modern sport gained prominence near the end of the 19th century and is based on the traditional skill set of swordsmanship. The Italian school altered the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school later refined that system. Scoring points in a fencing competition is done by making contact with an opponent.\n\nThe 1904 Olympics Games featured a fourth discipline of fencing known as singlestick, but it was dropped after that year and is not a part of modern fencing. Competitive fencing was one of the first sports to be featured in the Olympics and, along with athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics, has been featured in every modern Olympics.", "title": "Fencing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bullfighting\n\nBullfighting is a physical contest that involves a bullfighter attempting to subdue, immobilize, or kill a bull, usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations.\n\nThere are several variations, including some forms which involve dancing around or leaping over a cow or bull or attempting to grasp an object tied to the animal's horns. The best-known form of bullfighting is Spanish-style bullfighting, practiced in Spain, Portugal, Southern France, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru. The Spanish Fighting Bull is bred for its aggression and physique, and is raised free-range with little human contact.\n\nThe practice of bullfighting is controversial because of a range of concerns including animal welfare, funding, and religion. While some forms are considered a blood sport, in some countries, for example Spain, it is defined as an art form or cultural event, and local regulations define it as a cultural event or heritage. Bullfighting is illegal in most countries, but remains legal in most areas of Spain and Portugal, as well as in some Hispanic American countries and some parts of southern France.", "title": "Bullfighting" }, { "id": "12057601", "score": "1.4776044", "text": "fighters. Two fighters compete in a circular ring, in more formal events bound by sand bags. Each fighter attempts to eject the other from the ring, though they can win by knocking the other off their feet or onto all fours. Lutte Traditionnelle has grown in organisation and popularity throughout much of West Africa since the 1980s. Alongside national championships in many nations, several organisations have organised international tournaments, which in turn have necessitated a harmonisation of rules. International competition takes place during the Jeux de la Francophonie and since 2000, is overseen by a coordinating body which organises the", "title": "Lutte Traditionnelle" }, { "id": "8509290", "score": "1.4756811", "text": "not until 1960 that the game was officially recognized as a sport by the government. The current federation (Federation of French Jousting and Water Rescue) was born in 1964 following a strong disagreement with the former federation, which did not sufficiently develop the game as a sport. The sport is currently practised throughout France, notably in Languedoc, Provence, the Rhone Valley, around Paris and in Alsace. Jousting festivals are also held in Cognac, Accolay, Merville and in Brittany. Each region has its own methods of jousting and its own rules of engagement. Water jousting Water jousting is a sport practised", "title": "Water jousting" }, { "id": "964222", "score": "1.4741828", "text": "the most popular sport in France. Other popular sports played in France are rugby union, cycling, tennis, handball, basketball and sailing. France is notable for holding and winning the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and 2018, and holding the annual cycling race Tour de France, and the tennis Grand Slam tournament the French Open. Sport is encouraged in school, and local sports clubs receive financial support from the local governments. While football is definitely the most popular, rugby union and rugby league takes dominance in the southwest, especially around the city of Toulouse (see: Rugby union in France and Rugby", "title": "Culture of France" }, { "id": "9144076", "score": "1.4565223", "text": "have played in the NHL, the premier ice hockey competition on the planet based in the United States and Canada, including Stanley Cup winner Cristobal Huet and Dallas Stars forward Antoine Roussel. Australian rules football is a growing sport in France with the first clubs forming in the 1990s. There are several clubs around the country forming a \"Super League\" and some other clubs playing in a developmental league. There is a national men's Australian Football team that has played international matches and competes in the Australian Football International Cup, which is essentially a World Cup for all countries apart", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": "9144065", "score": "1.4486039", "text": "runner-up on three occasions, most recently in 2011. France hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Rugby league (\"rugby à treize\" or \"jeu à treize\") has been played in France since the 1930s, and is most popular, like rugby union, in the south of the country. The sport arguably achieved its height in popularity in the 1950s and 1960s when the French national team made it to World Cup finals and won test series against Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand. A France-based team, the Catalans Dragons, participates in the European Super League tournament, which has helped boost the sport's profile", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": "19925074", "score": "1.437494", "text": "Ballon au poing The ballon au poing is a popular team sport in Picardy (France). This game is played by teams of six. It is a game of gain-ground. This sport must not be confused with the fistball. To be able to hit the ball, players surround their hand and their wrist with a strip of canvas or leather. The teams are separated on the ground by a line ( \"la corde\" - the rope) which is mobile during the party. This new limit is shown by a \"chasse\". The purpose of the game is to gain ground by moving", "title": "Ballon au poing" }, { "id": "3696026", "score": "1.432905", "text": "semi-final at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand, on 15 October 2011 and in the following week they lost 8–7 to the All Blacks at the final to make it three final defeats. During the 2015 Rugby World Cup France lost 62–13 to New Zealand in the Quarter Finals Until 1912, the strip (uniform) of the French team was white with two rings, one red and one blue. After the first game won by France against Scotland in 1911, France's captain Marcel Communeau asked that the team adopt the \"coq gaulois\" (Gallic rooster), historical emblem of France, as its symbol.", "title": "France national rugby union team" }, { "id": "11643069", "score": "1.427988", "text": "was reorganised as the French Football Federation. 1919 was also the last year that the USFSA organised the \"Coupe National\" as a national football championship. Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques (USFSA) was a former French sports governing body. During the 1890s and early 1900s it organised numerous sports including athletics, cycling, field hockey, fencing, croquet and swimming. However it is perhaps best known for being the principal governing body of both football and rugby union in France until it was effectively replaced by the French Football Federation and the French Rugby", "title": "Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques" }, { "id": "3501288", "score": "1.4191556", "text": "boxing, savate in France, numerous regional forms of folk wrestling, and numerous styles of stick fighting. Wrestling, javelin, fencing, archery, and boxing continue some of the martial arts of Europe in modified sport form. Fencing in the 19th century transformed into a pure sport. While duels remained common among members of the aristocratic and officer classes, they became increasingly frowned upon in society during the course of the century, and such duels as were fought to the death were increasingly fought with pistols, not bladed weapons. Styles of stick fighting include walking-stick fighting (including Irish bata or shillelagh, French la", "title": "Historical European martial arts" }, { "id": "11643061", "score": "1.4177871", "text": "Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques (USFSA) was a former French sports governing body. During the 1890s and early 1900s it organised numerous sports including athletics, cycling, field hockey, fencing, croquet and swimming. However it is perhaps best known for being the principal governing body of both football and rugby union in France until it was effectively replaced by the French Football Federation and the French Rugby Federation. The USFSA rejected any form of professionalism and were strong advocates of amateur sport. As well as contributing to the growth of sport in", "title": "Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques" }, { "id": "9144073", "score": "1.4175112", "text": "2016 and 2017) for the drivers, and Alpine (1973), Peugeot (1985, 1986, 2000, 2001, and 2002), and Citroën (2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) for the manufacturers. France holds an annual ice racing championship at the end of each year, called the Andros Trophy. Other types of auto racing (Stock car racing, Drag racing, etc.) are more favoured. There were 470,590 licensed handball players in France as of 2012. The France national handball team is the current double reigning Olympic Champion and European champion. The team also won the World Championships in 1995, 2001, 2009, 2011 and 2015,", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": "18683985", "score": "1.4174232", "text": "Sports Association\" remains, although they practice other activities in a sporting or recreational purposes, but also for social inclusion. French League French League 2 Championnet Sports Championnet Sports is a French basketball club based in Paris. This is one of many sections of the sports club \"Championnet Sports\" whose socio-educational and cultural activities as well as the very important real estate is managed by a third association, the \"Association Championnet\". The club is best known for its good performance in the championship of France basketball from 1940, counting among its members several prominent players. In 1891 Championnet founded in the", "title": "Championnet Sports" }, { "id": "9144062", "score": "1.4173679", "text": "Grand Slam tournament Roland Garros. As of February 20, 2017, the current male and female French no. 1 players are Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Caroline Garcia, respectively. Some other French current stars include Richard Gasquet, Gaël Monfils, Gilles Simon, Lucas Pouille, Alizé Cornet, and Kristina Mladenovic. Other stars from the past include Yannick Noah (father of Joakim Noah), Guy Forget, Henri Leconte, Amélie Mauresmo, Mary Pierce and Marion Bartoli. Rugby union (rugby à 15 or jeu à 15) was first introduced in the early 1870s by British residents. While football is much more popular nationally, rugby union is predominant in the", "title": "Sport in France" }, { "id": "7766096", "score": "1.4155729", "text": "court game. Spin-offs from basketball that are now separate sports include: Ringball is a traditional South African sport that stems from basketball and has been played since 1907. The sport is now promoted in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, India, and Mauritius to establish Ringball as an international sport. Korfball started in the Netherlands and is now played worldwide. Korfball (Dutch: Korfbal) is a mixed gender team ball game, similar to mixed netball and basketball. Netball is a limited-contact team sport in which two teams of seven try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a", "title": "Variations of basketball" }, { "id": "12892039", "score": "1.4154152", "text": "(bullfighting ring). On 14 July 1899, France's national day, a huge crowd attended a 'fight' between a lion and a bull, but it was a fiasco because the animals would not fight. He then started promoting Greco-Roman wrestling, professional boxing and billiards. His sports empire expanded and his promotional posters were prominent at the 1911 World's Fair in Paris. Vienne was director and owner of the Grande Roue de Paris, ('Great Wheel of Paris'), a 100m-high Ferris wheel built in 1900 for the world exhibition. It was demolished in 1920, but almost 100 years passed between its construction and a", "title": "Théodore Vienne" } ]

[ "francisco draco", "drake voyages of francis", "Francis Drake", "Francis Drake, the Voyages of", "sir francis drake", "drake voyages of sir francis", "Sir Francis Drake", "francis drake voyages of", "Francisco Draco", "Drake, the Voyages of Sir Francis", "el draque", "El Draque", "Sir. Francis Drake", "Drake, the Voyages of Francis", "draque", "Draque", "francis drake" ]

[ { "id": "4008564", "score": "1.5947244", "text": "Laird, the first iron vessel to make an ocean voyage. Laird went with the expedition, which was led by Richard Lander and forty-eight Europeans, all but nine of whom died from fever or, in the case of Lander, from wounds. Laird went up the Niger to the confluence of the Benue River (then called the Shary or Tchadda), which he was the first white man to ascend. He did not go far up the river but formed an accurate idea as to its source and course. The expedition returned to Liverpool in 1834. Laird and Surgeon R. A. K. Oldfield", "title": "Macgregor Laird" }, { "id": "12859249", "score": "1.5644238", "text": "at Porto Praya on Santiago. The expedition to West Africa was taken over by William Fitzwilliam Owen, but by its completion in 1825, over half the crew had died from tropical illnesses, including Bartholomew and his teenage son George, who died on \"Leven\" in 1819. He has been described as \"One of the unsung heroes of the surveying service\" and is also considered exceptional for his rise from an impressed sailor to post captain at a time when this was almost impossible to achieve. David Ewen Bartholomew Captain David Ewen Bartholomew, CB ( – 19 February 1821) was an officer", "title": "David Ewen Bartholomew" }, { "id": "212184", "score": "1.5591333", "text": "in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures, but the most important was frequent replenishment of fresh food. It was for presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society that he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776. Ever the observer, Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches (see Malayo-Polynesian", "title": "James Cook" }, { "id": "4158087", "score": "1.5570605", "text": "Mount Saint Elias in Alaska and explored gigantic glaciers, including Malaspina Glacier, later named after him. He demonstrated the feasibility of a possible Panama Canal and outlined plans for its construction. In addition, Malaspina's expedition was the first major long distance sea voyage that experienced virtually no scurvy. Malaspina's medical officer, Pedro González, was convinced that fresh oranges and lemons were essential for preventing scurvy. Only one outbreak occurred, during a 56-day trip across the open sea. Five sailors came down with symptoms, one seriously. After three days at Guam all five were healthy again. James Cook had made great", "title": "Alessandro Malaspina" }, { "id": "12688416", "score": "1.5450547", "text": "XVII knew about his behaviour, as five Counsellors had written to them about his pretensions to kingly behaviour, they did nothing about it. In 1770, Captain James Cook had to ask for his help to proceed on his journeys on HMS Endeavour (See ). At the end of the 19th Century, a steamship, trading to the Indies, was named after him. After over fourteen years in power, he died on 28 September 1775 in Weltevreden, the imposing palace built for him outside Batavia. He apparently left a great deal of his fortune to the widows of Colombo and a smaller", "title": "Petrus Albertus van der Parra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francis Drake\n\nSir Francis Drake ( – 28 January 1596) was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. Drake is best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580 (the first English circumnavigation, the second carried out in a single expedition, and third circumnavigation overall). This included his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, until then an area of exclusive Spanish interest, and his claim to New Albion for England, an area in what is now the U.S. state of California. His expedition inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas, an area that had previously been largely unexplored by Western shipping. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for three constituencies; Camelford in 1581, Bossiney in 1584, and Plymouth in 1593.\n\nElizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581 which he received on the \"Golden Hind\" in Deptford. In the same year, he was appointed mayor of Plymouth. As a vice admiral, he was second-in-command of the English fleet in the victorious battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588. After unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico, he died of dysentery in January 1596.\n\nDrake's exploits made him a hero to the English, but his privateering led the Spanish to brand him a pirate, known to them as \"El Draque\", \"\"The Dragon\"\". King Philip II of Spain allegedly offered a reward of 20,000 ducats for his capture or death, equivalent to around £7,207,135.56 (or $8,816,416.86 USD) in 2022.", "title": "Francis Drake" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Amelia Earhart" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "First voyage of James Cook\n\nThe first voyage of James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS \"Endeavour\", from 1768 to 1771. It was the first of three Pacific voyages of which James Cook was the commander. The aims of this first expedition were to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun (3–4 June that year), and to seek evidence of the postulated \"Terra Australis Incognita\" or \"undiscovered southern land\".\n\nThe voyage was commissioned by King George III and commanded by Lieutenant Cook, a junior naval officer with good skills in cartography and mathematics. Departing from Plymouth Dockyard in August 1768, the expedition crossed the Atlantic, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the transit of Venus. Cook then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the Pacific islands of Huahine, Borabora and Raiatea to claim them for Great Britain.<ref name=\":2\" /> In October 1769 the expedition reached New Zealand, being the second Europeans to visit there, following the first European discovery by Abel Tasman 127 years earlier. Cook and his crew spent the following six months charting the New Zealand coast, before resuming their voyage westward across open sea. In April 1770 they became the first known Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia, making landfall near present-day Point Hicks, and then proceeding north to Botany Bay.\n\nThe expedition continued northward along the Australian coastline, narrowly avoiding shipwreck on the Great Barrier Reef. In October 1770 the badly damaged \"Endeavour\" came into the port of Batavia in the Dutch East Indies, her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands they had discovered. They resumed their journey on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Deal on 12 July. The voyage lasted almost three years.\n\nThe year following his return Cook set out on a second voyage of the Pacific, which lasted from 1772 to 1775. His third and final voyage lasted from 1776 to 1779.", "title": "First voyage of James Cook" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "George Anson's voyage around the world\n\nWhile Great Britain was fighting the War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain in 1740, Commodore George Anson led a squadron of eight ships on a mission to disrupt or capture the Pacific Ocean possessions of the Spanish Empire. Returning to Britain in 1744 by way of China and thus completing a circumnavigation of the globe, the voyage was notable for the capture of the Manila Galleon, but also for horrific losses from disease with only 188 men of the original 1,854 surviving. An account of the voyage was published in 1748 which being widely read by the general public was a great commercial success and \"is still esteemed as the story of a remarkable voyage extremely well told\".", "title": "George Anson's voyage around the world" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Elizabethan Sea Dogs" }, { "id": "9660133", "score": "1.5402054", "text": "and dysentery, he died before confirming it. His servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool", "title": "Colonial Nigeria" }, { "id": "7844003", "score": "1.5355504", "text": "\"Itinerario\" (1596). In the summer of 1598 Pomp went back to sea. He had joined a five-ship Dutch expedition from Rotterdam under admiral Jacques Mahu, with the primary aim of obtaining East Indian spices, by sailing around the southern tip of South America and across the Pacific. Should that fail, the expedition would head for China or Japan for silver trade. Among the adventurers on the expedition were the English navigator William Adams and his brother Thomas. The latter died in a conflict with natives in South America, but in 1600 William Adams became the first known Englishman to reach", "title": "Dirck Gerritsz Pomp" }, { "id": "14140308", "score": "1.5306313", "text": "any food or water, and made it to a watering-hole called Tarra. The natives camped there refused him any sustenance, and Houghton died there of starvation. His corpse was left unburied to be eaten by scavengers. Daniel Houghton Daniel Houghton (1740–1791) was an Irish explorer and one of the earliest Europeans to travel through the interior of West Africa. Houghton was born into an Irish military family. At the age of 18, he signed up with the 69th Regiment of Foot, in which his father had also served. He was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In 1772, he", "title": "Daniel Houghton" }, { "id": "1720295", "score": "1.5267019", "text": "the Mississippi River and was the first European to sail the Gulf of Mexico and cross Texas. Jacques Cartier (1491–1557) drew the first maps of part of central and maritime Canada; Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1510–1554) discovered the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River; Francisco de Orellana (1511–1546) was the first European to navigate the length of the Amazon River. Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), was the first navigator to cross the Pacific Ocean, discovering the Strait of Magellan, the Tuamotus and Mariana Islands, and achieving a nearly complete circumnavigation of the Earth, in multiple voyages, for the first time. Juan Sebastian", "title": "Exploration" }, { "id": "9315647", "score": "1.5237052", "text": "Folger were killed on August 12, 1791 by natives. Harding died March 21, 1792 of dysentery. On March 24, 1792, Haswell took command of the sloop \"Adventure\" with Waters and ten others and thus were not part of the discovery of the river. In 1775, Spaniard Bruno de Heceta (also spelled Hezeta) was exploring the northwest coast of North America with the vessels \"Santiago\" and \"Sonora\" under his command. On his return journey south, with only the \"Santiago\" and a reduced crew, Heceta discovered a large bay penetrating far inland. He tried to sail in but the strong currents prevented", "title": "Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition" }, { "id": "316979", "score": "1.5224962", "text": "more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area. The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as \"El Draco\" meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man.", "title": "Plymouth" }, { "id": "7300160", "score": "1.5189627", "text": "Howard-Bury. He worked hard at organising and preparing the party while suffering from influenza. By the time the expedition reached Tibet dysentery had broken out. One member of the party died, and Raeburn himself had to be carried down, spending two months in hospital. Against common sense, he returned to the expedition, but he was by then exhausted and never recovered his former fitness. Declining health lead to his eventual death five years later. His other sport was sailing, and he raced yachts in the Firth of Forth. With his brother John, he raced as a member of the Royal", "title": "Harold Raeburn" }, { "id": "8912909", "score": "1.517853", "text": "(about 1,830 m). The true circumference of the Earth is about , a figure first established approximately by Eratosthenes in the 2nd century BC, and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan . No ship that was readily available in the 15th century could carry enough food and fresh water for such a journey. Most European sailors and navigators concluded, probably correctly, that sailors undertaking a westward voyage from Europe to Asia non-stop would die of thirst, scurvy or starvation long before reaching their destination. Spain, however, having just completed the expensive Reconquista, was desperate for a competitive edge", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "id": "1720293", "score": "1.5170383", "text": "others, who discovered and mapped the Mascarene Islands and other archipelagos. António de Abreu (c.1480–c.1514) and Francisco Serrão (14?–1521) led the first direct European fleet into the Pacific Ocean (on its western edges), through the Sunda Islands, reaching the Moluccas. Andres de Urdaneta (1498–1568) discovered the maritime route from Asia to the Americas. In the Pacific Ocean, Jorge de Menezes (c. 1498–?), discovered Papua New Guinea. García Jofre de Loaísa (1490–1526), discovered the Marshall Islands. Explorations of the Americas began with the initial discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), who led a Castilian (Spanish) expedition across the Atlantic, discovering", "title": "Exploration" }, { "id": "2595724", "score": "1.5167811", "text": "in \"Mém. de l'Académie des Sciences\", 1745 (English translation 1745–1747). This included the first descriptions by a European of the Casiquiare canal and the curare arrow poison prepared by the Amerindians. He also noted the correct use of quinine to fight malaria. The journal of his ten-year-long voyage to South America was published in Paris in 1751. The scientific results of the expedition were unambiguous: the Earth is indeed a spheroid flattened at the poles as was believed by Newton. Not surprisingly, La Condamine and Bouguer failed to write a joint publication. Bouguer's death in 1758 put an end to", "title": "Charles Marie de La Condamine" }, { "id": "19319515", "score": "1.5166715", "text": "him \"the only Fellow of Caius ever to be granted sabbatical leave in order to engage in piracy\". In 1599 ten years after the expedition Wright created and published the first world map produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator's original 1569 map. Together this was published in \"Certaine Errors\" in 1599. With the general success of the expedition they returned to England but on the way the fleet were struck by severe storms; hunger and disease also took its toll on the fleet as well. Many died of thirst on the return", "title": "Azores Voyage of 1589" }, { "id": "4828987", "score": "1.5158794", "text": "ocean and to return to England by sailing the other way around the world, via Cape Horn and Rio de Janeiro and then northeast across the Atlantic to Europe. The Pacific weather proved favourable but by August the two ships had lost sight of each other and continued their voyage separately. On 23 August \"Prince of Wales\" rounded Cape Horn alone and headed northeast and north on a path to Rio. Throughout the voyage her crew had been heavily reliant on a diet of salted meat and by early September scurvy had incapacitated the majority. Mason died from the condition", "title": "Prince of Wales (1786 ship)" }, { "id": "8489453", "score": "1.5147821", "text": "never before achieved. He measured the height of Mount Saint Elias in Alaska and explored gigantic glaciers, including Malaspina Glacier, later named after him. He demonstrated the feasibility of a possible Panama Canal and outlined plans for its construction. In addition, Malaspina's expedition was the first major long distance sea voyage that experienced virtually no scurvy. Malaspina's medical officer, Pedro González, was convinced that fresh oranges and lemons were essential for preventing scurvy. Only one outbreak occurred, during a 56-day trip across the open sea. Five sailors came down with symptoms, one seriously. After three days at Guam all five", "title": "Malaspina Expedition" }, { "id": "17474464", "score": "1.5144095", "text": "turned back, and was managed for some days by McWilliam and William Stanger, the other officers and crew being unable to take part in the work. In ten days they reached the open sea. A few days later McWilliam himself was taken ill. Out of 145 Europeans who took part in the expedition 130 went down with fever and 40 died; but among 158 Africans there were only 11 cases of fever and 1 death. McWilliam reached England on 19 November 1841. After again serving two years afloat, McWilliam was sent on a special mission to the Cape de Verde", "title": "James Ormiston McWilliam" }, { "id": "17377490", "score": "1.5142493", "text": "American Sketches\" of 1863. In 1873 he set off to travel around the world with a friend named William Henry Rawson, and in two years they crossed some 35,000 miles of ocean, while spending a further six months on land. Shortly after his return to England in 1875, Hinchliff was elected President of the Alpine Club, and in 1876 he published \"Over the Sea and Far Away\", an account of his journey around the world. Describing his sad thoughts on the view of Tupungato and Aconcagua from Santiago, Hinchliff reflected that Hinchliff died suddenly at Aix-les-Bains, France, on 8 May", "title": "Thomas Woodbine Hinchliff" } ]

[ "Camshaft", "Cam shaft", "Camshafts", "camshafts", "Cam shafts", "camshaft", "cam shafts", "cam shaft" ]

[ { "id": "6536663", "score": "1.4266863", "text": "right angles to the shaft. As a result, it is a very compact, cylindrical engine, allowing variation in compression ratio of the engine while running. In a swashplate engine the piston rods stay parallel with the shaft, and piston side-forces that cause excessive wear can be eliminated almost completely. The small-end bearing of a traditional connecting rod, one of the most problematic bearings in a traditional engine, is eliminated. An alternate design, the Rand cam engine, replaces the plate with one or more Sinusoidal cam surfaces. Vanes mounted parallel to a shaft mounted inside a cylindrical 'barrel' that are free", "title": "Axial engine" }, { "id": "3726673", "score": "1.4218345", "text": "rotating assemblies (such as the crankshaft), installing a higher performance camshaft, etc. Bored-out engines require larger pistons and new piston rings. This kind of work can be done by amateurs (\"shade tree mechanics\") or by professional machine shops and engine rebuilders. A short block is considered destroyed when it either warps or cracks, often due to overheating. Short block A short block is an engine sub-assembly comprising the portion of the cylinder block below the head gasket but above the oil pan. An in-block cam engine includes the camshaft, timing gear, and any balance shafts. Overhead cam engines don't include", "title": "Short block" }, { "id": "7291203", "score": "1.4150038", "text": "lobes contact, while pushrod engines use rocker arms. Rocker arms are actuated by a pushrod, and pivot on a shaft or individual ball studs in order to actuate the valves. Pushrods are long, slender metal rods seated within the engine block. At the bottom ends the pushrods are fitted with lifters, either solid or hydraulic, upon which the camshaft, located within the cylinder block, makes contact. The camshaft pushes on the lifter, which pushes on the pushrod, which pushes on the rocker arm, which rotates and pushes down on the valve. Camshafts must actuate the valves at the appropriate time", "title": "Valvetrain" }, { "id": "3726655", "score": "1.4136069", "text": "Long block Long block is an automotive term for an engine sub-assembly that consists of the assembled block, crankshaft, cylinder head, camshaft (usually), and valve train. A long block does not include fuel system, electrical, intake, and exhaust components, as well as other components (see below for a more complete list). A long block engine replacement typically requires swapping out parts from the original engine to the long block. These parts include the oil pan, timing cover, valve covers, intake manifold, emission-control parts, carburetor or fuel injection system, the exhaust manifold(s), alternator, starter, power steering pump (if any), and air", "title": "Long block" }, { "id": "3046026", "score": "1.4125693", "text": "rod. A major source of engine wear is the sideways force exerted on the piston through the connecting rod by the crankshaft, which typically wears the cylinder into an oval cross-section rather than circular, making it impossible for piston rings to correctly seal against the cylinder walls. Geometrically, it can be seen that longer connecting rods will reduce the amount of this sideways force, and therefore lead to longer engine life. However, for a given engine block, the sum of the length of the connecting rod plus the piston stroke is a fixed number, determined by the fixed distance between", "title": "Connecting rod" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crankshaft\n\nA crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating shaft containing one or more crankpins, that are driven by the pistons via the connecting rods.\n\nThe crankpins are also called \"rod bearing journals\", and they rotate within the \"big end\" of the connecting rods.\n\nMost modern crankshafts are located in the engine block. They are made from steel or cast iron, using either a forging, casting or machining process.", "title": "Crankshaft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Connecting rod\n\nA connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces from the piston. In its most common form, in an internal combustion engine, it allows pivoting on the piston end and rotation on the shaft end.\n\nThe predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of the water wheel into reciprocating motion.\n\nThe most common usage of connecting rods is in internal combustion engines or on steam engines.", "title": "Connecting rod" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Valvetrain\n\nA valvetrain or valve train is a mechanical system that controls the operation of the intake and exhaust valves in an internal combustion engine. The intake valves control the flow of air/fuel mixture (or air alone for direct-injected engines) into the combustion chamber, while the exhaust valves control the flow of spent exhaust gasses out of the combustion chamber once combustion is completed.", "title": "Valvetrain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Top Fuel\n\nTop Fuel is a type of drag racing whose dragsters are the quickest accelerating racing cars in the world and the fastest sanctioned category of drag racing, with the fastest competitors reaching speeds of and finishing the runs in 3.62 seconds.\n\nA top fuel dragster accelerates from a standstill to in as little as 0.8 seconds (less than one third the time required by a production Porsche 911 Turbo to reach ) and can exceed in just . This subjects the driver to an average acceleration of about over the duration of the race and with a peak of over .\n\nBecause of the speeds, this class exclusively races to only a distance, and not the traditional one-fourth of a statute mile, or . The rule was introduced in 2008 by the National Hot Rod Association following the fatal crash of Funny Car driver Scott Kalitta during a qualifying session at Old Bridge Township Raceway Park in Englishtown, New Jersey. The shortening of the distance was used by the FIA at some tracks, and as of 2012 is now the standard Top Fuel distance defined by the FIA. The International Hot Rod Association, which at the time sanctioned Top Fuel in Australia, dropped the 1/4 mile distance in September 2017 after Santo Rapisarda, a car owner who often runs NHRA races in the United States, pushed for the change.", "title": "Top Fuel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Camshaft\n\nA camshaft is a shaft that contains a row of pointed cams, in order to convert rotational motion to reciprocating motion. Camshafts are used in piston engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves), mechanically controlled ignition systems and early electric motor speed controllers.\n\nCamshafts in piston engines are usually made from steel or cast iron, and the shape of the cams greatly affects the engine's characteristics.", "title": "Camshaft" }, { "id": "514566", "score": "1.3978758", "text": "axis of rotation of the camshaft. Several key terms are relevant in such a construction of plate cams: base circle, prime circle (with radius equal to the sum of the follower radius and the base circle radius), pitch curve which is the radial curve traced out by applying the radial displacements away from the prime circle across all angles, and the lobe separation angle (LSA - the angle between two adjacent intake and exhaust cam lobes). The base circle is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile. A once common, but now outdated, application of this", "title": "Cam" }, { "id": "3726656", "score": "1.3977933", "text": "conditioner compressor (if any). Long block Long block is an automotive term for an engine sub-assembly that consists of the assembled block, crankshaft, cylinder head, camshaft (usually), and valve train. A long block does not include fuel system, electrical, intake, and exhaust components, as well as other components (see below for a more complete list). A long block engine replacement typically requires swapping out parts from the original engine to the long block. These parts include the oil pan, timing cover, valve covers, intake manifold, emission-control parts, carburetor or fuel injection system, the exhaust manifold(s), alternator, starter, power steering pump", "title": "Long block" }, { "id": "12522203", "score": "1.3956223", "text": "adjacent to. This means the segment can be positioned anywhere along the helical slot and there will always be a smooth transition for the follower to and from the segment. The lobe segment is fixed to the inner shaft so any relative axial movement has the effect of changing the valve opening duration. The follower is arranged so that it always remains aligned with the segment which remains stationary axially. As the slot has a helix angle of about 35°, any axial movement of the outer shaft causes the segment to rotate, exposing more or less of the nose constant", "title": "Helical camshaft" }, { "id": "1308048", "score": "1.3945675", "text": "combustion engines with pistons, the camshaft is used to operate poppet valves. It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the cylinder bank with a number of oblong \"lobes\" protruding from it, one for each valve. The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism, as they rotate. Camshafts can be made out of several types of material. These include: \"Chilled iron castings\": Commonly used in high volume production, chilled iron camshafts have good wear resistance since the chilling process hardens them. Other elements are added to the iron before", "title": "Camshaft" }, { "id": "3046024", "score": "1.3901663", "text": "piston can change as the rod moves up and down and rotates around the crankshaft. Connecting rods, especially in racing engines, may be called \"billet\" rods, if they are machined out of a solid billet of metal, rather than being cast or forged. The small end attaches to the piston pin, gudgeon pin or wrist pin, which is currently most often press fit into the connecting rod but can swivel in the piston, a \"floating wrist pin\" design. The big end connects to the crankpin (bearing journal) on the crank throw, in most engines running on replaceable bearing shells accessible", "title": "Connecting rod" }, { "id": "17707530", "score": "1.3821251", "text": "either directly or through a pushrod. The crankcase is sealed at the bottom with a sump that collects the falling oil during normal operation to be cycled again. The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a crankshaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by main bearings, which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single \"main bearing deck\" is used rather", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "17707531", "score": "1.3809516", "text": "than several smaller caps. A connecting rod is connected to offset sections of the crankshaft (the crankpins) in one end and to the piston in the other end through the gudgeon pin and thus transfers the force and translates the reciprocating motion of the pistons to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The end of the connecting rod attached to the gudgeon pin is called its small end, and the other end, where it is connected to the crankshaft, the big end. The big end has a detachable half to allow assembly around the crankshaft. It is kept together to", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "12522204", "score": "1.371016", "text": "radius and thus changing the duration. The base or shortest duration profile of the helical camshaft system is almost identical to a standard production engine profile. The helical camshaft base profile belongs to the general group of lobe shapes which are used with pivoting cam followers, especially those with a fairly high rocker ratio, around 2:1. This family of lobe profiles is characterised primarily by having a short lobe lift. Because of this the lobe has a very rounded-off (or “snub-nosed”) appearance. The radius of curvature of the nose region (about the axis of rotation of the camshaft) is often", "title": "Helical camshaft" }, { "id": "5018124", "score": "1.3683357", "text": "tappets that is being adjusted, even though the adjustment is not made to the tappets themselves. Strictly speaking, the \"tappet\", also termed a \"cam follower\", or valve lifter, is that part that runs on the camshaft and is made to move vertically by the action of the rotating cam. In an overhead valve engine, this tappet is fitted low down in the engine block. From there it drives a long thin 'pushrod', up to the top of the engine, above the cylinder head. Here the 'rocker arm', arranged on a 'rocker shaft' beneath the 'rocker cover', reverse the direction of", "title": "Tappet" }, { "id": "17237019", "score": "1.3601873", "text": "Undercut crankshaft An undercut crankshaft is a form of crankshaft for piston engines, where the overall length of the crankshaft is shortened by overlapping the main bearings of the crankshaft with the big end bearings of the connecting rods. Although this seems impossible at first glance, the geometry of the engine does permit this overlap. The big-end bearings of connecting rods are wider (along the crank axis) than the thickness of the rod itself. By making the crank webs with an offset to them, it is possible to place the main bearings closer together, closely sandwiching the rod passing between", "title": "Undercut crankshaft" }, { "id": "17237016", "score": "1.3601873", "text": "Undercut crankshaft An undercut crankshaft is a form of crankshaft for piston engines, where the overall length of the crankshaft is shortened by overlapping the main bearings of the crankshaft with the big end bearings of the connecting rods. Although this seems impossible at first glance, the geometry of the engine does permit this overlap. The big-end bearings of connecting rods are wider (along the crank axis) than the thickness of the rod itself. By making the crank webs with an offset to them, it is possible to place the main bearings closer together, closely sandwiching the rod passing between", "title": "Undercut crankshaft" }, { "id": "1632437", "score": "1.3595351", "text": "of the crankshaft rotation than in the bottom half, because the connecting rods are not infinitely long, resulting in a non-sinusoidal motion. As a result, two pistons are always accelerating faster in one direction, while the other two are accelerating more slowly in the other direction, which leads to a secondary dynamic imbalance that causes an up-and-down vibration at twice crankshaft speed. This imbalance is common among all piston engines, but the effect is particularly strong on inline-four because of the two pistons always moving together. The reason for the piston's higher speed during the 180° rotation from mid-stroke through", "title": "Inline-four engine" }, { "id": "3046027", "score": "1.358542", "text": "the crankshaft axis and the top of the cylinder block where the cylinder head fastens. The connecting rod is under tremendous stress from the reciprocating load represented by the piston, actually stretching and being compressed with every rotation, and the load increases as the square of the engine speed increase. Failure of a connecting rod, usually called throwing a rod, is one of the most common causes of catastrophic engine failure in cars, frequently putting the broken rod through the side of the crankcase and thereby rendering the engine irreparable; it can result from fatigue near a physical defect in", "title": "Connecting rod" }, { "id": "14763874", "score": "1.3582993", "text": "This means that the linear motion of a piston must be converted into rotation. This is typically achieved by a crankshaft. The flywheel is a disk or wheel attached to the crank, forming an inertial mass that stores rotational energy. In engines with only a single cylinder the flywheel is essential to carry energy over from the power stroke into a subsequent compression stroke. Flywheels are present in most reciprocating engines to smooth out the power delivery over each rotation of the crank and in most automotive engines also mount a gear ring for a starter. The rotational inertia of", "title": "Component parts of internal combustion engines" }, { "id": "7291228", "score": "1.3582306", "text": "Cam-in-block The cam-in-block valvetrain layout of piston engines is one where the camshaft is placed within the cylinder block, usually beside and slightly above the crankshaft in a straight engine or directly above the crankshaft in the V of a V engine. This contrasts with an overhead camshaft (OHC) design which places the camshafts within the cylinder head and drives the valves directly or through short rocker arms. Placing the camshaft inside the engine block has a long history in its use in valve-in-block engines, in straight and V configurations, the Ford flathead being exemplary of the type. Pushrod overhead", "title": "Cam-in-block" } ]

[ "moffit", "moffitt", "Moffitt", "Moffit", "Moffitt (disambiguation)", "moffitt disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "1068021", "score": "1.993974", "text": "fall of 1964 and married in Long Beach, California, on September 17, 1965. Billie Jean credited Larry with introducing her to feminism and for pushing her to pursue tennis as a career. Billie Jean later said she \"was totally in love with Larry\" when they married. By 1968, King realized that she was attracted to women, and in 1971, began an intimate relationship with her secretary, Marilyn Barnett (born Marilyn Kathryn McRae on January 28, 1948). Billie Jean acknowledged the relationship when it became public in a May 1981 \"palimony\" lawsuit filed by Barnett, making Billie Jean the first prominent", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "1067928", "score": "1.7594309", "text": "was 20 and Larry 19 years old and married on September 17, 1965 in Long Beach. King's triumph at the French Open in 1972 made her only the fifth woman in tennis history to win the singles titles at all four Grand Slam events, a \"career Grand Slam.\" She also won a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles. In women's doubles, only the Australian Open eluded her. King won a record 20 career titles at Wimbledon – six in singles, 10 in women's doubles, and four in mixed doubles. King played 51 Grand Slam singles events from 1959 through 1983,", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "15713080", "score": "1.7461233", "text": "Larry King (tennis) Larry King (born January 30, 1945) is an American attorney, a real estate broker, a promoter, bridge player, one of the founders of World TeamTennis, and the former husband of tennis star Billie Jean King. King was born in Dayton, Ohio and raised in Eagle Rock, California. He met Billie Jean Moffitt at California State University, Los Angeles in 1963, when he played on one of the school’s best men's tennis teams, coached by Scotty Deeds. He married Billie Jean on September 17, 1965 in Long Beach, California. In 1971, Larry King conceived the idea of a", "title": "Larry King (tennis)" }, { "id": "1067927", "score": "1.7433815", "text": "facilities has subsequently been named the Billie Jean Moffitt King Tennis Center. As a kid playing in her first tennis tournaments, she was often hindered by her aggressive playing style. Bob Martin, sportswriter for the Long Beach, \"Press-Telegram\" wrote about her success in a weekly tennis column. She attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School. After graduating, she attended California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA). She did not graduate, leaving school in 1964 to focus on tennis. While attending Cal State, she met Larry King in a library. The pair became engaged while still in school when Billie Jean", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "8183433", "score": "1.7313321", "text": "6500 block of Hollywood Blvd. Peggy was born February 16, 1930, to Floyd Henry King (1902–1978) and Mary Margaret Finin (maiden; 1908–2001). She had been married three times. She first married trumpeter-trombonist Knobby Lee \"(né\" Norbert William Francis Lidrbauch; 1927–1999) on February 2, 1953, in Los Angeles County. She met Lee while singing with Ralph Flanagan. Lee had been a trumpeter with the band. Knobby and Peggy divorced October 19, 1956, in Los Angeles County. After ending a two-year engagement to Andre Previn in 1958, she married Bill Kirkpatrick \"(ne\" William Kirkpatrick) in 1959. At the time, Kirkpatrick was a", "title": "Peggy King" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Larry King (tennis)\n\nLarry William King (born January 30, 1945) is an American sports promoter, and the ex-husband of former World No. 1 professional tennis player Billie Jean King.", "title": "Larry King (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of unsolved murders (1900–1979)\n\nThis list of unsolved murders includes notable cases where victims have been murdered under unknown circumstances.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</ref> The boys were identified as David and Derek D'Alton.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAt the time of its discovery, Micheal Pagano saw a TV broadcast about the unidentified body. Micheal called the Strongsville police with the theory that it might be Linda, but was dismissed, being told that the victim was too old and likely too tall. After the body continued to remain unidentified, the remains were interred in an unmarked grave at a potter's field at Memorial Gardens in Highland Hills.\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of unsolved murders (1900–1979)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dolly Parton\n\nDolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, philanthropist, and businesswoman, known primarily for her work in country music. After achieving success as a songwriter for others, Parton made her album debut in 1967 with \"Hello, I'm Dolly\", which led to success during the remainder of the 1960s (both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner), before her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. Parton's albums in the 1990s did not sell as well, but she achieved commercial success again in the new millennium and has released albums on various independent labels since 2000, including her own label, Dolly Records. She has sold more than 100 million records worldwide.\n\nParton's music includes Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)-certified gold, platinum and multi-platinum awards. She has had 25 singles reach no.1 on the \"Billboard\" country music charts, a record for a female artist (tied with Reba McEntire). She has 44 career Top10 country albums, a record for any artist, and she has 110 career-charted singles over the past 40 years. She has composed over 3,000 songs, including \"I Will Always Love You\" (a two-time U.S. country chart-topper, as well as an international pop hit for Whitney Houston), \"Jolene\", \"Coat of Many Colors\", and \"9to5\". As an actress, she has starred in films such as \"9to5\" (1980) and \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\" (1982), for which she earned Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress, as well as \"Rhinestone\" (1984), \"Steel Magnolias\" (1989), \"Straight Talk\" (1992) and \"Joyful Noise\" (2012).\n\nShe has received 11 Grammy Awards and 50 nominations, including the Lifetime Achievement Award; ten Country Music Association Awards, including Entertainer of the Year and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year Award; five Academy of Country Music Awards, also including Entertainer of the Year; four People's Choice Awards; and three American Music Awards. She is also in a select group to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Tony Awards, and Emmy Awards. In 1999, Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 2022, she was nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, she initially declined the nomination, but ultimately accepted it and was inducted.\n\nOutside of her work in the music industry, she also co-owns The Dollywood Company, which manages a number of entertainment venues, including the Dollywood theme park, the Splash Country water park, and a number of dinner theatre venues including The Dolly Parton Stampede and Pirates Voyage. She has founded a number of charitable and philanthropic organizations, chief among which is the Dollywood Foundation, which manages a number of projects to bring education and poverty relief to East Tennessee where she grew up.", "title": "Dolly Parton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990\n\nThis is a list of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990 or whose deaths or exact circumstances thereof are not substantiated. Many people who disappear end up declared presumed dead and some of these people were possibly subjected to forced disappearance.\n\nThis list is a general catch-all; for specialty lists, see Lists of people who disappeared.\n\n", "title": "List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of kidnappings\n\nThe following is a list of kidnappings summarizing the events of each individual case, including instances of celebrity abductions, claimed hoaxes, suspected kidnappings, extradition abductions, and mass kidnappings.", "title": "List of kidnappings" }, { "id": "15713082", "score": "1.7292564", "text": "public in a \"Ms.\" magazine article. Larry had revealed Billie Jean's abortion without consulting her. In 1976, King invented a smokeless ashtray, called The Clean Air King. Billie Jean became the major owner of World Team Tennis in 1984. Larry and Billie Jean King divorced in 1987. When Larry and Billie Jean lived in San Mateo, California, they became good friends with Charles Schulz, creator of the comic strip \"Peanuts\", and with his wife, Jean. They played tennis in Schulz's Indoor Hockey Arena in Santa Rosa, California with many other professional tennis players. King and Denis Murphy also founded Roller", "title": "Larry King (tennis)" }, { "id": "1068023", "score": "1.6848357", "text": "tennis career to pay attorneys. Also in 1971, Billie had an abortion that was made public in a \"Ms.\" magazine article. Larry had revealed Billie Jean's abortion without consulting her. Concerning the personal cost of concealing her sexuality for so many years, Billie Jean said: Billie Jean and Larry remained married through the palimony suit fallout. The marriage ended in 1987 after Billie Jean fell in love with her doubles partner, Ilana Kloss. Billie Jean and Larry remained on good terms, with Billie Jean serving as godmother to Larry's son from his subsequent marriage. Billie Jean King has residences in", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "1068013", "score": "1.6551822", "text": "Betty Moffitt, King's mother, died on February 7, 2014, the day of the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremonies. Billie Jean was selected to deliver the Northwestern University commencement address on June 16, 2017 in Evanston, Illinois. She attended the 75th Golden Globe Awards in 2018 as a guest of Emma Stone. King and her partner Ilana Kloss became minority owners of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team in September 2018. Margaret Court, who won more Grand Slam titles than anyone, has said that King was \"the greatest competitor I've ever known\". Chris Evert, winner of 18 Grand Slam singles titles,", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "1068024", "score": "1.6252606", "text": "New York City and Chicago with Kloss, her life partner. 18 finals (12 titles, 6 runner-ups) Singles Billie Jean King Billie Jean King (\"née\" Moffitt; born November 22, 1943) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. King won 39 Grand Slam titles: 12 in singles, 16 in women's doubles, and 11 in mixed doubles. She won the singles title at the inaugural WTA Tour Championships. She often represented the United States in the Federation Cup and the Wightman Cup. She was a member of the victorious United States team in seven Federation Cups and nine Wightman Cups.", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "4726646", "score": "1.6251737", "text": "King married Ian Alexander but they divorced in 2007. They have one son, Ian Alexander Jr., born January 19, 1996. King dated actor Malcolm-Jamal Warner from 2011 until March 2013. ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#DAA520;\" | BET Award ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#DAA520;\" | NAACP Image Award ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#DAA520;\" | Satellite Award Regina King Regina Rene King (born January 15, 1971) is an American actress and television director. She first gained notoriety in 1985 as Brenda Jenkins in the television series \"227\". She would go on to star in both television and film, putting her versatility as an actor on full display. She's", "title": "Regina King" }, { "id": "7028167", "score": "1.6246845", "text": "the Ballroom, Maxim's, Mirage Night Club (a benefit jazz session), and Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill. Her last film appearance was in the film \"A Brooklyn State of Mind\" (1997). Morgana King married twice. Her first marriage (when she was 17 years old) was to jazz trumpeter Tony Fruscella (1927–1969), which ended in divorce after nine years; they had a daughter, Graysan (1950–2008). During their marriage, the couple frequently had \"Sunday dinner with Charlie Parker and his family.\" Her second marriage, in 1961, was to jazz trombonist Willie Dennis (né William DeBerardinis; 1926–1965), whom she met during an off-night visit to the", "title": "Morgana King" }, { "id": "1067925", "score": "1.6225238", "text": "USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. In 2018, she won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award. Billie Jean Moffit was born in Long Beach, California, into a conservative Methodist family, the daughter of Betty (née Jerman), a housewife, and Bill Moffitt, a firefighter. Her family was athletic; her mother excelled at swimming, her father played basketball, baseball and ran track. Her younger brother, Randy Moffitt, became a Major League Baseball pitcher, pitching for 12 years in the major leagues for the San Francisco Giants, Houston Astros, and Toronto Blue Jays. She also excelled at baseball", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "1067922", "score": "1.6180927", "text": "Billie Jean King Billie Jean King (\"née\" Moffitt; born November 22, 1943) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. King won 39 Grand Slam titles: 12 in singles, 16 in women's doubles, and 11 in mixed doubles. She won the singles title at the inaugural WTA Tour Championships. She often represented the United States in the Federation Cup and the Wightman Cup. She was a member of the victorious United States team in seven Federation Cups and nine Wightman Cups. For three years, she was the United States' captain in the Federation Cup. King is an advocate", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "1068011", "score": "1.5931113", "text": "of America, which opened in 2008. The museum is the home of the Billie Jean King International Women's Sports Center, a comprehensive women's sports hall of fame and exhibit. King and her then-husband Larry co-founded World Team Tennis in 1974. The couple used their savings to put on a team tennis event at the Oakland Coliseum. King remained involved with World Team Tennis for decades, eventually sharing ownership with her ex-husband, her life partner Ilana Kloss and USTA. In 1999, King was elected to serve on the Board of Directors of Philip Morris Incorporated, garnering some criticism from anti-tobacco groups.", "title": "Billie Jean King" }, { "id": "3449501", "score": "1.5903262", "text": "Jean King Jean Sadako King, née McKillop (December 6, 1925 – November 24, 2013) was the sixth lieutenant governor of Hawaii, the state's first woman to be elected as such, from 1978 to 1982 in the administration of Governor George Ariyoshi. Jean Sadako King is the daughter of William Donald McKillop and Chiyo Murakami McKillop. They married in the early 1920s. Her father, William Donald McKillop was a postmaster of Scottish descent, whereas her mother, Chiyo Murakami Mckillop was Japanese. Chiyo came from a family of coffee farmers in Kona. King's parents' interracial relationship was not common during that era.", "title": "Jean King" }, { "id": "2547810", "score": "1.5732486", "text": "when he was chosen as \"Time\"'s \"Man of the Year\", referred to her as \"a talented young soprano.\" She was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Coretta Scott and Martin Luther King Jr. were married on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her mother's house; the ceremony was performed by Martin Jr.'s father, Martin Luther King, Sr. Coretta had the vow to obey her husband removed from the ceremony, which was unusual for the time. After completing her degree in voice and piano at the New England Conservatory, she moved with her husband to Montgomery, Alabama, in September", "title": "Coretta Scott King" }, { "id": "2044973", "score": "1.5718846", "text": "two were married in Washington, D.C. The couple lived in different cities, however, with Alexander in Philadelphia, and King in Washington, D.C., where he worked. They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992. He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995, after five weeks of dating, but they remained unmarried. In 1997, he married his seventh wife, Shawn Southwick, born in 1959 as Shawn Ora Engemann, a singer, actress, and TV host, in King's Los Angeles hospital room three days before King underwent heart surgery to clear a clogged blood vessel. Shawn was raised in a Mormon household. The", "title": "Larry King" }, { "id": "18151449", "score": "1.5697079", "text": "later, she added the American W45 record. Trish King Patricia Morley \"Trish\" Porter (née King) (born August 27, 1962 in Atherton, California) is an American track and field athlete, specializing in the high jump. She represented her native country at the 1988 Olympics. She was married to Pat Porter also a 1988 and 1984 Olympian in 1991. Both her husband and her 15-year-old son Connor were killed in a private plane crash in Sedona, Arizona on July 26, 2012 King claims she was always athletic. She was one of the first girls to play in Little League under threat of", "title": "Trish King" }, { "id": "8183434", "score": "1.5694957", "text": "publicist with Bill Doll (1910–1979). Then, in the early 1960s, she married Samuel Rudofker (1921–1994) of Philadelphia, with whom she had two children, Jonathan King Rudofker (1962–2000) and Suzanne (born 1963). Tabloids and biographies report that she had once had a love interest with Sammy Davis, Jr. Peggy King Peggy King (born February 16, 1930, Greensburg, Pennsylvania) is a jazz and pop vocalist and former TV personality. She got her start with the bands of Charlie Spivak, Ralph Flanagan and Ray Anthony and was featured on an early TV series with Mel Tormé. \"Pretty perky Peggy King\", as she was", "title": "Peggy King" }, { "id": "13212250", "score": "1.5654607", "text": "Playing golf, camping and going on fishing trips, were a regular part of life together for almost 25 years. Josephine Lawrance married Robert Wolf Herre on November 1, 1962 in Las Vegas. On May 16, 1961 Jody gave birth to her son, Robert Wolf Herre, Jr. Their daughter Abigail Christian \"Chrissy\" Herre was born on October 10, 1963. As Josephine Lawrance Herre, she died at age 55 in Ojai, California on July 10, 1986. Her interment was in California. Jody Lawrance Jody Lawrance (October 19, 1930 – July 10, 1986), sometimes known by the surname \"Lawrence\", was an American actress", "title": "Jody Lawrance" } ]

[ "niccol paganini", "Niccol Paganini" ]

[ { "id": "352169", "score": "2.3237317", "text": "to legend, as a young man living on a plantation in rural Mississippi, Johnson had a tremendous desire to become a great blues musician. He was instructed to take his guitar to a crossroad near Dockery Plantation at midnight. There he was met by a large black man (the devil) who took the guitar and tuned it. The devil played a few songs and then returned the guitar to Johnson, giving him mastery of the instrument. This was a deal with the devil mirroring the legend of Faust. In exchange for his soul, Johnson was able to create the blues", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "352151", "score": "2.1646194", "text": "after. Surviving relatives of Virginia told the blues researcher Robert \"Mack\" McCormick that this was a divine punishment for Robert's decision to sing secular songs, known as \"selling your soul to the Devil\". McCormick believed that Johnson himself accepted the phrase as a description of his resolve to abandon the settled life of a husband and farmer to become a full-time blues musician. Around this time, the blues musician Son House moved to Robinsonville, where his musical partner Willie Brown lived. Late in life, House remembered Johnson as a \"little boy\" who was a competent harmonica player but an embarrassingly", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "352152", "score": "2.065906", "text": "bad guitarist. Soon after, Johnson left Robinsonville for the area around Martinsville, close to his birthplace, possibly searching for his natural father. Here he perfected the guitar style of House and learned other styles from Isaiah \"Ike\" Zimmerman. Zimmerman was rumored to have learned supernaturally to play guitar by visiting graveyards at midnight. When Johnson next appeared in Robinsonville, he seemed to have miraculously acquired a guitar technique. House was interviewed at a time when the legend of Johnson's pact with the devil was well known among blues researchers. He was asked whether he attributed Johnson's technique to this pact,", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "352176", "score": "2.0655153", "text": "African religious retentions surrounding Legba and the making of a \"deal\" (not selling the soul in the same sense as in the Faustian tradition cited by Graves) with the so-called devil at the crossroads. This view that the devil in Johnson's songs is derived from an African deity was disputed by the blues scholar David Evans in an essay published in 1999, \"Demythologizing the Blues\": The musicologist Alan Lomax dismissed the myth, stating, \"In fact, every blues fiddler, banjo picker, harp blower, piano strummer and guitar framer was, in the opinion of both himself and his peers, a child of", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "7739019", "score": "1.980516", "text": "the Devil (presumably in exchange for his talent). Music historian Elijah Wald believes that Johnson's verses do not support the idea. Delta bluesman Tommy Johnson promoted himself as having made a deal with the Devil and Southern folklore identifies a crossroads or graveyard as the site of such a pact, which Wald identifies as likely sources of the myth. However, musicologist Robert Palmer points out that Johnson was \"fascinated with and probably obsessed by supernatural imagery.\" His song \"Hellhound on My Trail\" tells of trying to stay ahead of the demon hound which is pursuing him and in \"Me and", "title": "Cross Road Blues" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crossroads (1986 film)\n\nCrossroads is a 1986 America musical drama film inspired by the legend of blues musician Robert Johnson. Starring Ralph Macchio, Joe Seneca and Jami Gertz, the film was written by John Fusco and directed by Walter Hill and features an original score by Ry Cooder featuring classical guitar by William Kanengiser and harmonica by Sonny Terry. Steve Vai appears in the film as the devil's virtuosic guitar player in the climactic guitar duel.\n\nFusco was a traveling blues musician prior to attending New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where he wrote \"Crossroads\" as an assignment in a master class led by the screenwriting giants Waldo Salt and Ring Lardner Jr. The student screenplay won first place in the national FOCUS Awards (Films of College and University Students) and was sold to Columbia Pictures while Fusco was still a student.", "title": "Crossroads (1986 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lonnie Johnson (musician)\n\nAlonzo \"Lonnie\" Johnson (February 8, 1899 – June 16, 1970) was an American blues and jazz singer, guitarist, violinist and songwriter. He was a pioneer of jazz guitar and jazz violin and is recognized as the first to play an electrically amplified violin.", "title": "Lonnie Johnson (musician)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Miles Davis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Steve Vai\n\nSteven Siro Vai (; born June 6, 1960) is an American guitarist, composer, songwriter, and producer. A three-time Grammy Award winner and fifteen-time nominee, and played in Zappa's band from 1980 to 1983. He has recorded and toured with Alcatrazz, David Lee Roth, and Whitesnake, as well as recording with artists such as Public Image Ltd, Mary J. Blige, Spinal Tap, Alice Cooper, Motörhead, and Polyphia. Additionally, Vai has toured with live-only acts G3, Zappa Plays Zappa, and the Experience Hendrix tour, as well as headlining international tours.\n\nVai has been described as a \"highly individualistic player\" and part of a generation of \"heavy rock and metal virtuosi who came to the fore in the 1980s\". He released his first solo album \"Flex-Able\" in 1984, while his most successful release, \"Passion and Warfare\" (1990), was described as \"the richest and best hard rock guitar-virtuoso album of the '80s\". He was voted the \"10th Greatest Guitarist\" by \"Guitar World\" magazine, and has sold over 15 million records.", "title": "Steve Vai" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Women in music" }, { "id": "1133435", "score": "1.9752656", "text": "on the banks of a moody river bank, a theme heard in Charlie Patton's \"High Water Everywhere\". Locals claim that Johnson sold his soul to the Devil at the intersection of Mississippi state highways 1 and 8, on the south end of town, and that he tells this story metaphorically in \"Cross Road Blues.\" Other artists have referred to his songs. Johnson's deal with the Devil is mentioned as occurring in Rosedale in 1930 in an episode of the TV series \"Supernatural.\" However, a number of other Delta municipalities claim that the transaction took place in or near their boundaries.", "title": "Rosedale, Mississippi" }, { "id": "352146", "score": "1.9454336", "text": "Robert Johnson Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911August 16, 1938) was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Johnson's poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend. One Faustian myth says that he sold his soul to the devil at a local crossroads of Mississippi highways to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, and at Saturday night dances, Johnson had little commercial", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "352207", "score": "1.944233", "text": "American music, much as a popular folk legend has it he once stood at Mississippi crossroads and sold his soul to the devil in exchange for guitar-playing prowess. On September 17, 1994, the U.S. Post Office issued a Robert Johnson 29-cent commemorative postage stamp. Tribute albums to Robert Johnson include the following: Robert Johnson Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911August 16, 1938) was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Johnson's poorly documented life and death at", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "5434052", "score": "1.9427135", "text": "Johnson character in the film plays a number of songs originally recorded by the blues musician Skip James and accompanies the Soggy Bottom Boys, a band consisting of the film's three main protagonists plus Johnson, on \"Man of Constant Sorrow\". The story of Johnson's selling his soul to the devil was first told by his brother, LaDell Johnson, and reported by David Evans in his 1971 biography of Johnson. This legend was subsequently attributed to the blues musician Robert Johnson. Victor Records, 1928, Memphis, Tennessee Paramount Records, 1929, Grafton, Wisconsin Tommy Johnson (musician) Tommy Johnson (January 1896 – November 1,", "title": "Tommy Johnson (musician)" }, { "id": "14822744", "score": "1.9178542", "text": "satisfied that it stayed focused on the music. \"Chicago Tribune\" reviewer Bill Dahl's four-star review termed the film \"fascinating\" and summarised, \"Questions remain about this blues legend who claimed he sold his soul to achieve musical immortality, but this exceptional video answers a great many of them.\" Prior to its showing on American network Bravo, a 1994 \"New York Times\" review described the film as \"outstanding\" and \"a riveting combination of biography and American history.\" Upon the Sony DVD's release in 2000, Ian Morris of MichaelDVD.com rated the film itself at 4.5/5 stars, calling it \"like manna from heaven for", "title": "The Search for Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "352170", "score": "1.9153662", "text": "for which he became famous. This legend was developed over time and has been chronicled by Gayle Dean Wardlow, Edward Komara and Elijah Wald, who sees the legend as largely dating from Johnson's rediscovery by white fans more than two decades after his death. Son House once told the story to Pete Welding as an explanation of Johnson's astonishingly rapid mastery of the guitar. Welding reported it as a serious belief in a widely read article in \"Down Beat\" in 1966. Other interviewers failed to elicit any confirmation from House and there were fully two years between House's observation of", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "352175", "score": "1.8932835", "text": "the exact location of the mythical crossroads, because \"Robert Johnson was a rambling guy\". Some scholars have argued that the devil in these songs may refer not only to the Christian figure of Satan but also to the African trickster god Legba, himself associated with crossroads. Folklorist Harry M. Hyatt wrote that, during his research in the South from 1935 to 1939, when African-Americans born in the 19th or early 20th century said they or anyone else had \"sold their soul to the devil at the crossroads,\" they had a different meaning in mind. Hyatt claimed there was evidence indicating", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "14335156", "score": "1.8754085", "text": "Robert Johnson (guitars) Mississippi Delta bluesman Robert Johnson has been called the \"King of the Delta Blues Singers\", the \"Grandfather of Rock and Roll\" and \"the most important blues singer that ever lived\". The guitars he played, recorded and was photographed with have always been a curiosity to blues researchers and musicologists, and this interest eventually led to the production of guitars dedicated to his memory. Robert Johnson played various guitars, produced in the 1920s and 1930s. The guitar he is holding in the studio portrait, where he's dressed in a suit, is a Gibson Guitar Corporation model L-1 flat", "title": "Robert Johnson (guitars)" }, { "id": "6941793", "score": "1.8738902", "text": "Louis and Memphis, following the Mississippi River valley for most of its . The junction of highway 61 and highway 49 in Mississippi is said to be the infamous \"crossroads\" where bluesman Robert Johnson allegedly sold his soul to the devil in exchange for talent and fame shortly before an early recording session made him the first folk musician to achieve fame through modern mass media, according to folklore. The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Verse 1, God tells Abraham to \"kill me a son\".", "title": "Highway 61 Revisited (song)" }, { "id": "352177", "score": "1.8707446", "text": "the Devil, a consequence of the black view of the European dance embrace as sinful in the extreme\". Johnson is considered a master of the blues, particularly of the Delta blues style. Keith Richards, of the Rolling Stones, said in 1990, \"You want to know how good the blues can get? Well, this is it.\" But according to Elijah Wald, in his book \"Escaping the Delta\", Johnson in his own time was most respected for his ability to play in a wide range of styles, from raw country slide guitar to jazz and pop licks, and for his ability to", "title": "Robert Johnson" }, { "id": "20660079", "score": "1.8656619", "text": "of the myths surrounding Johnson including the taken-as-gospel tale that Johnson was poisoned with strychnine by a jealous husband. He also corrected the legend of the crossroads and reiterated that the crossroads myth was intended for bluesman Tommy Johnson and not Robert Johnson. The book was hailed by numerous blues and music magazines, blues societies, and blues fans including a ringing endorsement from the notoriously negative Steve LaVere, who controlled the Robert Johnson estate. The book won the Blues Foundation’s prestigious Keeping the Blues Alive Award (formerly known as the Handy Awards) in Literature for 2010. In 2010 Graves acquired", "title": "Tom Graves (writer)" }, { "id": "375489", "score": "1.8513461", "text": "minor, also known as \"The Devil's Trill\", after dreaming of the Devil playing the violin. Tartini claimed that the sonata was a lesser imitation of what the Devil had played in his dream. Niccolò Paganini was believed to have derived his musical talent from a deal with the Devil. Charles Gounod's \"Faust\" features a narrative that involves Satan. In the early 1900s, jazz and blues became known as the \"Devil's Music\" as they were considered \"dangerous and unholy\". According to legend, blues musician Tommy Johnson was a terrible guitarist before exchanging his soul to the Devil for a guitar. Later,", "title": "Satan" }, { "id": "14335162", "score": "1.8456626", "text": "in his honor. It is similar to the Johnson L-1, but has some upgrades and electronic pickup. This is the most contemporary and versatile of the small bodied acoustics discussed here which came before, and without which would not have led to its development. Robert Johnson (guitars) Mississippi Delta bluesman Robert Johnson has been called the \"King of the Delta Blues Singers\", the \"Grandfather of Rock and Roll\" and \"the most important blues singer that ever lived\". The guitars he played, recorded and was photographed with have always been a curiosity to blues researchers and musicologists, and this interest eventually", "title": "Robert Johnson (guitars)" }, { "id": "5431477", "score": "1.8157392", "text": "end of the bargain. Immune to the death penalty, he commits murder, but is sentenced to life in prison). Great achievements might be credited to a pact with the devil, from the numerous European Devil's Bridges to the violin virtuosity of Niccolò Paganini to the \"crossroad\" myth associated with Robert Johnson. The \"Bargain with the devil\" constitutes motif number M210 and \"Man sells soul to devil\" motif number M211 in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature. It was usually thought that the person who had made a pact also promised the demon to kill children or consecrate them to the devil", "title": "Deal with the Devil" }, { "id": "20146685", "score": "1.8003284", "text": "; of Henry Bischoffsheim, London. In the possession of the dealer Gooden, London, 1896. Now in the collection of John G. Johnson, Philadelphia.\" Years later it became apparent that Hofstede de Groot (and Johnson G. Johnson) had been tricked and this was a copy of the version in Kenwood House. It is thanks to Johnson's deeply founded interest in art that all dubious attributions of paintings in his possession such as this one were allowed to remain in the collection, where it has become a quiet testament to the \"Vermeer craze\" at the turn of the 20th-century. Even after seeing", "title": "A Lady Playing the Guitar" } ]

[ "mathamatics", "maths", "math", "mathematic", "mathematically", "Mathematical research", "math facts", "mathemetics", "Mathemathics", "Matheamtics", "mathematical research", "Change (mathematics)", "mathematical", "Mathematic", "mathématiques", "Math facts", "Mathematics and Statistics", "Mathematics research", "Mathematical discipline", "Mathematik", "Mathematics", "mathematik", "Mathemetics", "matheamtics", "methematics", "Mathmatics", "mathmetics", "Math", "Methematics", "matemathics", "mathematical discipline", "change mathematics", "Mathématiques", "mathematics research", "MathematicsAndStatistics", "Mathmetics", "MATH", "Mathematically", "mathematics and statistics", "mathematics", "mathemathics", "Maths", "mathmatics", "mathematicsandstatistics", "Matemathics", "Mathamatics", "Mathematical" ]

[ { "id": "186134", "score": "1.4886742", "text": "used it in general relativity. Entirely new areas of mathematics such as mathematical logic, topology, and John von Neumann's game theory changed the kinds of questions that could be answered by mathematical methods. All kinds of structures were abstracted using axioms and given names like metric spaces, topological spaces etc. As mathematicians do, the concept of an abstract structure was itself abstracted and led to category theory. Grothendieck and Serre recast algebraic geometry using sheaf theory. Large advances were made in the qualitative study of dynamical systems that Poincaré had begun in the 1890s. Measure theory was developed in the", "title": "History of mathematics" }, { "id": "246899", "score": "1.4594885", "text": "theory, homotopy theory, and Morse theory. Topology also includes the now solved Poincaré conjecture, and the still unsolved areas of the Hodge conjecture. Other results in geometry and topology, including the four color theorem and Kepler conjecture, have been proved only with the help of computers. Understanding and describing change is a common theme in the natural sciences, and calculus was developed as a powerful tool to investigate it. Functions arise here, as a central concept describing a changing quantity. The rigorous study of real numbers and functions of a real variable is known as real analysis, with complex analysis", "title": "Mathematics" }, { "id": "8529178", "score": "1.4498205", "text": "Abstract space Abstract space, in geography, is a hypothetical space characterized by equal and consistent properties; a geographic space that is completely homogeneous. All movement and activity would be equally easy or difficult in all directions and all locations within this space. This concept is useful for modeling or analyzing spatial activity and behavior by limiting or eliminating extraneous variables, such as terrain. For example, if researchers want to study the relationship between culture and trade, they don’t want their model to be overwhelmed or influenced by factors such as mountainous barriers and rivers because these would detract from the", "title": "Abstract space" }, { "id": "20567816", "score": "1.4491646", "text": "Kepler conjecture. Differential geometry came into its own when Einstein used it in general relativity. Entirely new areas of mathematics such as mathematical logic, topology, and John von Neumann's game theory changed the kinds of questions that could be answered by mathematical methods. All kinds of structures were abstracted using axioms and given names like metric spaces, topological spaces etc. As mathematicians do, the concept of an abstract structure was itself abstracted and led to category theory. Grothendieck and Serre recast algebraic geometry using sheaf theory. Large advances were made in the qualitative study of dynamical systems that Poincaré had", "title": "20th century in science" }, { "id": "12379409", "score": "1.433954", "text": "following \"SLNM\" stands for Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics, while the titles of the four journals most frequently publishing research on categories are abbreviated as follows: \"JPAA\" = \"Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra\", \"TAC\" = \"Theory and Applications of Categories\", \"ACS\" = \"Applied Categorical Structures\", \"CTGDC\" = \"Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques\" (Volume XXV (1984) and later), \"CTGD\" = \"Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle\" (Volume XXIV (1983) and earlier). For an overview of Kelly's earlier and later views on coherence, see \"An Abstract Approach to Coherence\" (1972) and \"On Clubs and Data-Type Constructors\" (1992), listed in", "title": "Max Kelly" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Contents/Mathematics and logic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mathematics\n\nMathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline.\n\nMost mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A \"proof\" consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of the theory under consideration.\n\nMathematics is essential in the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, computer science and the social sciences. Although mathematics is extensively used for modeling phenomena, the fundamental truths of mathematics are independent from any scientific experimentation. Some areas of mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, are developed in close correlation with their applications and are often grouped under applied mathematics. Other areas are developed independently from any application (and are therefore called pure mathematics), but often later find practical applications.<ref name=wigner1960 /> The problem of integer factorization, for example, which goes back to Euclid in 300 BC, had no practical application before its use in the RSA cryptosystem, now widely used for the security of computer networks.\n\nHistorically, the concept of a proof and its associated mathematical rigour first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's \"Elements\". Since its beginning, mathematics was essentially divided into geometry and arithmetic (the manipulation of natural numbers and fractions), until the 16th and 17th centuries, when algebra and infinitesimal calculus were introduced as new areas. Since then, the interaction between mathematical innovations and scientific discoveries has led to a rapid lockstep increase in the development of both. At the end of the 19th century, the foundational crisis of mathematics led to the systematization of the axiomatic method,<ref name=Kleiner_1991/> which heralded a dramatic increase in the number of mathematical areas and their fields of application. The contemporary Mathematics Subject Classification lists more than 60 first-level areas of mathematics.", "title": "Mathematics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Outline of mathematics\n\nMathematics is a field of study that investigates topics such as number, space, structure, and change.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Outline of mathematics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mathematician\n\nA mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.\nMathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change.", "title": "Mathematician" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Metaphysics\n\nMetaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of consciousness and the relationship between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and actuality. The word \"metaphysics\" comes from two Greek words that, together, literally mean \"after or behind or among [the study of] the natural\". It has been suggested that the term might have been coined by a first century CE editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works into the treatise we now know by the name \"Metaphysics\" (μετὰ τὰ φυσικά, \"meta ta physika\", 'after the \"Physics\" ', another of Aristotle's works).\n\nMetaphysics studies questions related to what it is for something to exist and what types of existence there are. Metaphysics seeks to answer, in an abstract and fully general manner, the questions of:\n\nTopics of metaphysical investigation include existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. Metaphysics is considered one of the four main branches of philosophy, along with epistemology, logic, and ethics.", "title": "Metaphysics" }, { "id": "2269745", "score": "1.4305508", "text": "Abstract structure An abstract structure is a formal object that is defined by a set of laws, properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects. Abstract structures are studied not only in logic and mathematics but in the fields that apply them, as computer science, and in the studies that reflect on them, such as philosophy (especially the philosophy of mathematics). Indeed, modern mathematics has been defined in a very general sense as the study of abstract structures (by the Bourbaki group:", "title": "Abstract structure" }, { "id": "9956988", "score": "1.41773", "text": "rest there. At the opposite extreme, the lightest elements, air and especially fire, rise up and away from the center. The elements are not proper \"substances\" in Aristotelian theory (or the modern sense of the word). Instead, they are abstractions used to explain the varying natures and behaviors of actual materials in terms of ratios between them. Motion and change are closely related in Aristotelian physics. Motion, according to Aristotle, involved a change from potentiality to actuality. He gave example of four types of change, namely change in substance, in quality, in quantity and in place. Aristotle proposed that the", "title": "Aristotelian physics" }, { "id": "246897", "score": "1.4146206", "text": "and numbers, and encompasses the well-known Pythagorean theorem. Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles and with the trigonometric functions. The modern study of space generalizes these ideas to include higher-dimensional geometry, non-Euclidean geometries (which play a central role in general relativity) and topology. Quantity and space both play a role in analytic geometry, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry. Convex and discrete geometry were developed to solve problems in number theory and functional analysis but now are pursued with an eye on applications in optimization and computer science. Within", "title": "Mathematics" }, { "id": "685228", "score": "1.4145725", "text": "geometry, physics and philosophy. For Carnap thought that in many instances those disciplines use the same concepts, but with totally different meanings. The main objective of Carnap's dissertation was to show that the inconsistencies between theories concerning space only existed because philosophers, as well as mathematicians and scientists, were talking about different things while using the same “space” word. Hence, Carnap characteristically argued that there had to be three separate notions of space. “Formal” space is space in the sense of mathematics: it is an abstract system of relations. “Intuitive” space is made of certain contents of intuition independent of", "title": "Rudolf Carnap" }, { "id": "7901944", "score": "1.4138428", "text": "in the Section \"Types of spaces\". It is not always clear whether a given mathematical object should be considered as a geometric \"space\", or an algebraic \"structure\". A general definition of \"structure\", proposed by Bourbaki, embraces all common types of spaces, provides a general definition of isomorphism, and justifies the transfer of properties between isomorphic structures. In ancient Greek mathematics, \"space\" was a geometric abstraction of the three-dimensional reality observed in everyday life. About 300 BC, Euclid gave axioms for the properties of space. Euclid built all of mathematics on these geometric foundations, going so far as to define numbers", "title": "Space (mathematics)" }, { "id": "13899443", "score": "1.4131972", "text": "Points in space and the real numbers under Euclidean geometry are another structure, with relations such as \"the distance between point P1 and point P2 is real number R1\"; equivalently, the \"distance\" relation includes the element (P1, P2, R1). Other structures include the Riemann space of general relativity and the Hilbert space of quantum mechanics. The entities in a mathematical structure do not have any independent existence outside their participation in relations. Two descriptions of a structure are considered equivalent, and to be describing the same underlying structure, if there is a correspondence between the descriptions that preserves all relations.", "title": "Structuralism (philosophy of science)" }, { "id": "3205249", "score": "1.4116521", "text": "stochastic quantities. In mathematics, magnitudes and multitudes are also not only two distinct kinds of quantity but furthermore relatable to each other. Number theory covers the topics of the discrete quantities as numbers: number systems with their kinds and relations. Geometry studies the issues of spatial magnitudes: straight lines, curved lines, surfaces and solids, all with their respective measurements and relationships. A traditional philosophy of mathematics, stemming from Aristotle and remaining popular until the eighteenth century, held that mathematics is the \"science of quantity\". Quantity was considered to be divided into the discrete (studied by arithmetic) and the continuous (studied", "title": "Quantity" }, { "id": "2810540", "score": "1.4104745", "text": "are overlapping and intertwined. Algebra includes the study of algebraic structures, which are sets and operations defined on these sets satisfying certain axioms. The field of algebra is further divided according to which structure is studied; for instance, group theory concerns an algebraic structure called \"group\". Calculus studies the computation of limits, derivatives, and integrals of functions of real numbers, and in particular studies instantaneous rates of change. Analysis evolved from calculus. Geometry is initially the study of spatial figures like circles and cubes, though it has been generalized considerably. Topology developed from geometry; it looks at those properties that", "title": "Lists of mathematics topics" }, { "id": "2609273", "score": "1.4074844", "text": "and lattices. Geometry is the study of shapes and space, in particular, groups of transformations that act on spaces. For example, projective geometry is about the group of projective transformations that act on the real projective plane, whereas inversive geometry is concerned with the group of inversive transformations acting on the extended complex plane. Number theory is the theory of the positive integers. It is based on ideas such as divisibility and congruence. Its fundamental theorem states that each positive integer has a unique prime factorization. In some ways it is the most accessible discipline in pure mathematics for the", "title": "Pure mathematics" }, { "id": "339990", "score": "1.4026194", "text": "the quadrivium may be considered to be the study of number and its relationship to space or time: arithmetic was pure number, geometry was number in space, music was number in time, and astronomy was number in space and time. Morris Kline classified the four elements of the quadrivium as pure (arithmetic), stationary (geometry), moving (astronomy), and applied (music) number. This schema is sometimes referred to as \"classical education\", but it is more accurately a development of the 12th- and 13th-century Renaissance with recovered classical elements, rather than an organic growth from the educational systems of antiquity. The term continues", "title": "Quadrivium" }, { "id": "3205250", "score": "1.3960183", "text": "by geometry and later calculus). The theory fits reasonably well elementary or school mathematics but less well the abstract topological and algebraic structures of modern mathematics. Establishing quantitative structure and relationships \"between\" different quantities is the cornerstone of modern physical sciences. Physics is fundamentally a quantitative science. Its progress is chiefly achieved due to rendering the abstract qualities of material entities into physical quantities, by postulating that all material bodies marked by quantitative properties or physical dimensions are subject to some measurements and observations. Setting the units of measurement, physics covers such fundamental quantities as space (length, breadth, and depth)", "title": "Quantity" }, { "id": "8529179", "score": "1.3918974", "text": "purpose of modeling how culture alone effects trade. Abstract space Abstract space, in geography, is a hypothetical space characterized by equal and consistent properties; a geographic space that is completely homogeneous. All movement and activity would be equally easy or difficult in all directions and all locations within this space. This concept is useful for modeling or analyzing spatial activity and behavior by limiting or eliminating extraneous variables, such as terrain. For example, if researchers want to study the relationship between culture and trade, they don’t want their model to be overwhelmed or influenced by factors such as mountainous barriers", "title": "Abstract space" }, { "id": "1415343", "score": "1.3914719", "text": "house. Change is analyzed as a material transformation: matter is what undergoes a change of form. For example, consider a lump of bronze that's shaped into a statue. Bronze is the matter, and this matter loses one form (that of a lump) and gains a new form (that of a statue). According to Aristotle's theory of perception, we perceive an object by receiving its form with our sense organs. Thus, forms include complex \"qualia\" such as colors, textures, and flavors, not just shapes. Medieval philosophers who used Aristotelian concepts frequently distinguished between substantial forms and accidental forms. A substance necessarily", "title": "Hylomorphism" }, { "id": "246892", "score": "1.3914636", "text": "the rapid advancement of computer hardware. A famous problem is the \"\" problem, one of the Millennium Prize Problems. Finally, information theory is concerned with the amount of data that can be stored on a given medium, and hence deals with concepts such as compression and entropy. The study of quantity starts with numbers, first the familiar natural numbers and integers (\"whole numbers\") and arithmetical operations on them, which are characterized in arithmetic. The deeper properties of integers are studied in number theory, from which come such popular results as Fermat's Last Theorem. The twin prime conjecture and Goldbach's conjecture", "title": "Mathematics" }, { "id": "4357813", "score": "1.386337", "text": "straightedge construction were finally settled by Galois theory. The physically important concept of vectors, generalized to vector spaces, is studied in linear algebra. Within the world of mathematics, analysis is the branch that focuses on change: rates of change, accumulated change, and multiple things changing relative to (or independently of) one another. Modern analysis is a vast and rapidly expanding branch of mathematics that touches almost every other subdivision of the discipline, finding direct and indirect applications in topics as diverse as number theory, cryptography, and abstract algebra. It is also the language of science itself and is used across", "title": "Areas of mathematics" } ]

[ "McGann, Paul", "Paul McGann", "mcgann paul", "paul mcgann", "Paul mcgann" ]

[ { "id": "3698689", "score": "1.5057025", "text": "footage. Tom Baker did reappear, but as \"the Curator\", an ambiguously different character who he was not credited for playing. A voice actor, John Guilor, recorded a line of audio impersonating the First Doctor, for which he was credited as \"Voice Over Artist\". In other multi-Doctor stories, the multiple actors are all credited as \"The Doctor\", the exception being \"The Three Doctors\" (1972–73), which credited William Hartnell, Patrick Troughton and Jon Pertwee as \"Doctor Who\" as the 1972 serial preceded the practice of crediting the character as \"The Doctor\". In \"Human Nature\" (2007), the plot involves the Tenth Doctor altering", "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)" }, { "id": "5255119", "score": "1.5017421", "text": "Dr. Who (Dalek films) Dr. Who is a character based on the Doctor, the protagonist featuring in the long-running BBC science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". The character, portrayed by the actor Peter Cushing, appeared in two films produced by AARU Productions; \"Dr. Who and the Daleks\" (1965) and \"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.\" (1966). Plans for a third film were abandoned following the poor box office reception of the second film. Cushing made no mention of the films in his autobiography, although he kept a collection of newspaper clippings about them in a scrapbook. Whereas the contemporary television incarnation", "title": "Dr. Who (Dalek films)" }, { "id": "3698673", "score": "1.4796041", "text": "and therefore cannot be spoken. The character played by Peter Cushing in the films \"Dr. Who and the Daleks\" and \"\" referred to himself as \"Dr. Who\". However, these films are not considered part of the same narrative continuity as the television programme, as they were based upon two television serials featuring William Hartnell and made considerable alterations to the characters of the Doctor and his companions. Quite apart from his name, why the Doctor uses the title \"The Doctor\" has never been fully explained on screen. The Doctor, at first, said that he was not a physician, often referring", "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)" }, { "id": "16262210", "score": "1.4603956", "text": "incarnation of the Doctor (referred to as \"Dr. Who\") in this season. The role was originally offered to Hugh David, Leslie French, Cyril Cusack, Alan Webb and Geoffrey Bayldon; David, Cusack and Webb turned down the role as they were reluctant to work on a series, while Bayldon wished to avoid another \"old man\" role. Lambert and director Waris Hussein invited William Hartnell to play the role; Hartnell accepted the role after several discussions, viewing it as an opportunity to take his career in a new direction. Hartnell had always wished to play an older character in his work, but", "title": "Doctor Who (season 1)" }, { "id": "1394180", "score": "1.4562392", "text": "he portrayed the famous detective Sherlock Holmes throughout his career. Cushing continued to perform a variety of roles, although he was often typecast as a horror film actor. He played Dr. Who in \"Dr. Who and the Daleks\" (1965) and \"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.\" (1966) and gained the highest amount of visibility in his career in 1977, when he appeared as Grand Moff Tarkin in the first \"Star Wars\" film. Cushing continued acting into his later years, and wrote two autobiographies. He was lovingly devoted to his wife of twenty-eight years, Helen Cushing, who died in 1971. Cushing died", "title": "Peter Cushing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Doctor Who\n\nDoctor Who is a British science fiction television series broadcast by the BBC since 1963. The series depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called the Doctor, an extraterrestrial being who appears to be human. The Doctor explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. The TARDIS exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. With various companions, the Doctor combats foes, works to save civilisations, and helps people in need.\n\nBeginning with William Hartnell, thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor; in 2017, Jodie Whittaker became the first woman to officially play the role on television. The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the series with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation, a plot device in which a Time Lord \"transforms\" into a new body when the current one is too badly harmed to heal normally. Each actor's portrayal is unique, but all represent stages in the life of the same character, and together, they form a single lifetime with a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet.\n\nThe series is a significant part of popular culture in Britain and elsewhere; it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. Fans of the series are sometimes referred to as \"Whovians\". The series is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running science-fiction television series in the world, as well as the \"most successful\" science-fiction series of all time, based on its overall broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic.\n\nThe series originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film titled \"Doctor Who\". The series was relaunched in 2005 and since then, has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff. \"Doctor Who\" has also spawned numerous spin-offs, including comic books, films, novels, audio dramas, and the television series \"Torchwood\" (2006–2011), \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" (2007–2011), \"K9\" (2009–2010), and \"Class\" (2016). It has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture.", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Saint (Simon Templar)\n\nThe Saint is the nickname of the fictional character Simon Templar, featured in a series of novels and short stories by Leslie Charteris published between 1928 and 1963. After that date, other authors collaborated with Charteris on books until 1983; two additional works produced without Charteris's participation were published in 1997. The character has also been portrayed in motion pictures, radio dramas, comic strips, comic books and three television series.", "title": "The Saint (Simon Templar)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Superman\n\nSuperman is a superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, and debuted in the comic book \"Action Comics\" #1 (cover-dated June 1938 and published April 18, 1938). Superman has been adapted to a number of other media, including radio serials, novels, films, television shows, theater productions, and video games.\n\nSuperman was born on the fictional planet Krypton and was named Kal-El. When he was a baby, his parents sent him to Earth in a small spaceship moments before Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm. His ship landed in the American countryside, near the fictional town of Smallville. He was found and adopted by farmers Jonathan and Martha Kent, who named him Clark Kent. Clark developed various superhuman abilities, such as incredible strength and impervious skin. His adoptive parents advised him to use his abilities for the benefit of humanity, and he decided to fight crime. To protect his personal life, he changes into a colorful costume and uses the alias \"Superman\" when fighting crime. Clark resides in the fictional American city of Metropolis, where he works as a journalist for the \"Daily Planet\". Superman's supporting characters include his love interest and fellow journalist Lois Lane, \"Daily Planet\" photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor-in-chief Perry White, and enemies such as Brainiac, Darkseid, General Zod, and his archenemy Lex Luthor.\n\nSuperman is the archetype of the superhero: he wears an outlandish costume, uses a codename, and fights evil with the aid of extraordinary abilities. Although there are earlier characters who arguably fit this definition, it was Superman who popularized the superhero genre and established its conventions. He was the best-selling superhero in American comic books until the 1980s.", "title": "Superman" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Shadow\n\nThe Shadow is a fictional character created by magazine publishers Street & Smith and writer Walter B. Gibson. Originally created to be a mysterious radio show narrator, and developed into a distinct literary character in 1931 by writer Walter B. Gibson, The Shadow has been adapted into other forms of media, including American comic books, comic strips, television, serials, video games, and at least five feature films. The radio drama included episodes voiced by Orson Welles.\n\nThe Shadow debuted on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the radio program \"Detective Story Hour\", which was developed to boost sales of Street & Smith's monthly pulp \"Detective Story Magazine\". When listeners of the program began asking at newsstands for copies of \"that Shadow detective magazine\", Street & Smith launched a magazine based on the character, and hired Gibson to create a concept to fit the name and voice and to write a story featuring him. The first issue of the pulp series \"The Shadow Magazine\" went on sale April 1, 1931.\n\nOn September 26, 1937, \"The Shadow\", a new radio drama based on the character as created by Gibson for the pulp magazine, premiered with the story \"The Death House Rescue\", in which The Shadow was characterized as having \"the hypnotic power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him\". In the magazine stories, The Shadow did not become literally invisible.\n\nThe introductory line from the radio adaptation of The Shadow – \"Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!\" – spoken by actor Frank Readick, has earned a place in the American idiom. These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' \"Le Rouet d'Omphale\" (\"Omphale's Spinning Wheel,\" composed in 1872).\n\nThe Shadow, at the end of each episode, reminded listeners, \"The weed of crime bears bitter fruit! Crime does not pay...The Shadow knows!\"\n\nSome early episodes used the alternate statement, \"As you sow evil, so shall you reap evil! Crime does not pay...The Shadow knows!\"", "title": "The Shadow" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lone Ranger\n\nThe Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture.\n\nHe first appeared in 1933 in a radio show on WXYZ (Detroit), conceived either by station owner George W. Trendle or by Fran Striker, the show's writer. Test episodes aired earlier on radio station WEBR in Buffalo. The radio series proved to be a hit, and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several films. The title character was played on the radio show by Earle Graser for some 1,300 episodes, but two others preceded him, according to \"The New York Times\": \"a man named Deeds, who lasted only a few weeks; a George Stenius [actually George Seaton according to the \"Los Angeles Times\"]. After Graser's death in 1941, Brace Beemer assumed the role after serving as the narrator of the program.<ref name=LATimes/>\n\nClayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute Moore was replaced for a season by John Hart, who wore a different style of mask. On the radio, Tonto was played by among others John Todd and Roland Parker. In the television series, Jay Silverheels, who was a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada, was cast in the role.", "title": "Lone Ranger" }, { "id": "1394241", "score": "1.4520545", "text": "Doctor as portrayed on TV by William Hartnell was extraterrestrial. Cushing played the role in \"Dr. Who and the Daleks\" (1965) and \"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.\" (1966). Cushing later starred in the fifteen-episode BBC television series \"Sherlock Holmes\", once again reprising his role as the title character with Nigel Stock as Watson, though only six episodes survive today. The episodes aired in 1968. Douglas Wilmer had previously played Holmes for the BBC, but he turned down the part in this series due to the extremely demanding filming schedule. Fourteen days of rehearsal was originally scheduled for each episode, but", "title": "Peter Cushing" }, { "id": "621663", "score": "1.4451506", "text": "character as an active crusader with a penchant for action and fancy clothes, while the character was exiled to Earth by the Time Lords for much of his tenure and serving as the scientific adviser to Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart and UNIT. He played the Doctor for five seasons from early 1970 to mid-1974, a longer stint than either of his predecessors in the role, although he ultimately appeared in fewer episodes than William Hartnell because the BBC had reduced the production schedule. Pertwee credited his performance as the Doctor with helping him work out exactly who he really was when he", "title": "Jon Pertwee" }, { "id": "5474845", "score": "1.44293", "text": "character actor Patrick Troughton, having previously considered another actor, Peter Jeffrey, as well as Peter Cushing, who had played Dr. Who in two Dr. Who movies. Troughton first appeared in November 1966 after the changeover from Hartnell had been seen at the end of the story \"The Tenth Planet\". Lloyd's era as producer of \"Doctor Who\" became known as a monster era. It saw the introduction of recurring monsters such as the Cybermen, the Ice Warriors and the Yeti. He also terminated the purely historical stories prominent in the first three seasons of classic \"Doctor Who\". Innes Lloyd also worked", "title": "Innes Lloyd" }, { "id": "1342124", "score": "1.4280028", "text": "records in the early 1960s and was a regular and prolific performer on the BBC's \"Jackanory\" from 1966 to 1991. Having appeared as Tom Campbell, a companion to Dr. Who in the 1966 feature film \"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.\", Cribbins also appeared four decades later as Wilfred Mott, a companion to television's Tenth Doctor. Born in Derker, Oldham, Lancashire, Cribbins served an apprenticeship at the Oldham Repertory Theatre. In 1947, he interrupted his apprenticeship to undertake national service with the Parachute Regiment in Aldershot and in British-administered Mandatory Palestine. Cribbins made his first West End theatre appearance in 1956", "title": "Bernard Cribbins" }, { "id": "3698645", "score": "1.4270024", "text": "the character of Dr Who first begins appearing in existing documentation from May of that year. The character was first portrayed by William Hartnell in 1963. At the programme's beginning, nothing at all is known of the Doctor: not even his name, the actual form of which remains a mystery. In the first serial, \"An Unearthly Child,\" two teachers from Coal Hill School in London, Barbara Wright and Ian Chesterton, become intrigued by one of their pupils, Susan Foreman, who exhibits high intelligence and unusually advanced knowledge. Trailing her to a junk yard at 76 Totter's Lane, they encounter a", "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)" }, { "id": "5215479", "score": "1.423326", "text": "series regular until the 1974 serial \"Planet of the Spiders\", which also marked the end of Pertwee's tenure as the title character. He has maintained his association with \"Doctor Who\" and appears regularly at conventions, and in spin-off and documentary productions. He has recreated Captain Mike Yates on television twice, for the Twentieth Anniversary special \"The Five Doctors\" (1983) and also the Thirtieth Anniversary 3-D Special for Children In Need \"Dimensions In Time\" (1993). A photograph of Franklin in role as Yates appeared on screen in the fiftieth anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\" (2013). He has also appeared", "title": "Richard Franklin (actor)" }, { "id": "2268614", "score": "1.421066", "text": "actors to play the character of the Doctor in the series (Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy, Paul McGann, and David Tennant), as well as many of the regular supporting actors over the many years of the programme. The late Jon Pertwee's voice is featured in the 40th-anniversary story \"Zagreus\". His part in the story was pieced together from snippets of Pertwee's dialogue from the fan-produced \"Doctor Who\" video \"Devious\". The actor John Hurt also recorded appearances as the War Doctor for Big Finish prior to his death in 2017. Of the living Doctors, Tom Baker for years", "title": "Big Finish Productions" }, { "id": "621675", "score": "1.4198811", "text": "This character walked wordlessly across an alleyway in sight of a Liverpool landmark, and entered a garage evidently containing some kind of time machine. Pertwee continued on the \"Doctor Who\" convention circuit, and with his voice and television acting, until his death; he died in his sleep from a heart attack in Connecticut on 20 May 1996, at the age of 76. He was survived by his wife Ingeborg Rhoesa, and two children who had followed him into the acting profession, Sean Pertwee and Dariel Pertwee. His immediate successor in the starring role of \"Doctor Who\", Tom Baker, paid tribute,", "title": "Jon Pertwee" }, { "id": "3698802", "score": "1.4128706", "text": "popularity led \"The Daily Telegraph\" to dub him \"Britain's favourite alien\". UGO Networks listed the Doctor as one of their best heroes of all time. The Doctor (Doctor Who) The Doctor is the title character in the long-running BBC science fiction television programme \"Doctor Who\". Since the show's inception in 1963, the character has been portrayed by thirteen lead actors. In the programme, \"the Doctor\" is the alias assumed by a centuries-old alien—a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey—who travels through space and time in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. The transition to each succeeding actor is explained within the", "title": "The Doctor (Doctor Who)" }, { "id": "5255120", "score": "1.4127884", "text": "of the character was depicted as an abrasive, patronising and cantankerous extraterrestrial, as portrayed by Cushing Dr. Who is an eccentric inventor who claims to have created a time machine, named \"Tardis\", in his back garden. He is a gentle, grandfatherly figure, naturally curious, sometimes absent-minded but not afraid to fight for justice. He is shown to have a keen and somewhat juvenile sense of humour, a strong sense of adventure, a will of iron and very strong morals. Unlike his TV counterpart, for whom the character's name is ambiguous, his surname is clearly stated to be \"Who\" in both", "title": "Dr. Who (Dalek films)" }, { "id": "3698839", "score": "1.4123671", "text": "designed by graphics designer Bernard Lodge and realised by electronic effects specialist Norman Taylor. After actors Hugh David (later a director on the series) and Geoffrey Bayldon had both turned down approaches to star in the series, Verity Lambert and the first serial's director Waris Hussein managed to persuade 55-year-old character actor William Hartnell to take the part of the Doctor. Hartnell was known mostly for playing army sergeants and other tough characters in a variety of films, but Lambert had been impressed with his sensitive performance as a rugby league talent scout in the film version of \"This Sporting", "title": "History of Doctor Who" }, { "id": "5621358", "score": "1.4099457", "text": "had been cast as actor William Hartnell in \"An Adventure in Space and Time\", a BBC docudrama about the creation of \"Doctor Who\" in 1963. The special aired in November 2013, adding to the buildup to the 50th anniversary episode of \"Doctor Who\" later that month. From 2014, Bradley plays Professor Abraham Setrakian, a Holocaust survivor turned vampire hunter in Guillermo del Toro's TV series \"The Strain\". He will voice the Lord High Admiral Suvarov in the PC RPG \"The Mandate\". In 2015, Bradley was announced a public supporter of Chapel Lane Theatre Company based in Stratford-Upon-Avon, UK. In 2017,", "title": "David Bradley (English actor)" }, { "id": "5255124", "score": "1.4061589", "text": "(entitled \"Journey into Time\") featured Dr. Who and his granddaughter travelling to the time of the American Revolution. The script was written by future \"Doctor Who\" TV series writer Malcolm Hulke. The recording was subsequently lost. Dr. Who (Dalek films) Dr. Who is a character based on the Doctor, the protagonist featuring in the long-running BBC science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". The character, portrayed by the actor Peter Cushing, appeared in two films produced by AARU Productions; \"Dr. Who and the Daleks\" (1965) and \"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.\" (1966). Plans for a third film were abandoned following the", "title": "Dr. Who (Dalek films)" }, { "id": "3698857", "score": "1.4057317", "text": "1973 tenth anniversary story, \"The Three Doctors\", a serial which also featured guest appearances from Troughton and Hartnell, the latter in a restricted role due to his poor health. Another innovation of theirs from the eighth season onwards was the introduction of the character of the Master as a new nemesis for the Doctor, conceived as a Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes. Played by Roger Delgado, he became a highly popular character, although over the following two seasons it was felt, by both the Public, and the production company, that he became a little overused. Delgado and the", "title": "History of Doctor Who" }, { "id": "5670860", "score": "1.4049168", "text": "1980s, and as the decade progressed he became an in-demand charismatic support actor with the plump physique and expressive moon face that he developed in his thirties, noted for his acting range, from frenetic intensity and garrulousness through to refined genteel introspection. He began his career on television in the series \"Jukes of Piccadilly\" in 1980. As the decade progressed he appeared in numerous television productions in England, playing the role of the American airman \"Sergeant Elmer Jones\" in the series \"We'll Meet Again\" (1982), and appearing in three episodes entitled \"The Two Doctors\" in the \"Doctor Who\" series (1985).", "title": "James Saxon (actor)" } ]

[ "", "1976", "one thousand, nine hundred and seventy-six", "one thousand nine hundred and seventy six" ]

[ { "id": "12279136", "score": "1.8372257", "text": "work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports. Advances were slow and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held. The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28. Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event. There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries, and it was the first time athletes with impairments other", "title": "Winter Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "764146", "score": "1.77351", "text": "Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2001, and was extended through 2020. On March 10, 2018, the two committees further extended their contract to 2032. The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the same facilities as the Winter Olympics. The first Winter Paralympic Games were held in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. This was the first Paralympics in which multiple categories of athletes with disabilities could compete. The Winter Games were celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart, just as the Olympics were. This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville, France;", "title": "Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "1492547", "score": "1.7688432", "text": "is highlighted. The following nations took part. In brackets is the number of athletes per nation. 1976 Winter Paralympics The 1976 Winter Paralympic Games () were the first Winter Paralympics. They were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, from 21 to 28 February 1976. The disabilities included in this Paralympics were blindness and amputees. Sixteen countries took part with 196 athletes. There were competitions in Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputee and visually impaired athletes, and a demonstration event in ice sledge racing. They were originally known as the 1st Winter Olympic Games for the Disabled. The games consisted of 2 sports.", "title": "1976 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "1492546", "score": "1.750324", "text": "1976 Winter Paralympics The 1976 Winter Paralympic Games () were the first Winter Paralympics. They were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, from 21 to 28 February 1976. The disabilities included in this Paralympics were blindness and amputees. Sixteen countries took part with 196 athletes. There were competitions in Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputee and visually impaired athletes, and a demonstration event in ice sledge racing. They were originally known as the 1st Winter Olympic Games for the Disabled. The games consisted of 2 sports. The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation (Sweden)", "title": "1976 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "2211003", "score": "1.7484393", "text": "1984 Winter Paralympics The 1984 Winter Paralympic Games (German: \"Paralympische Winterspiele 1984\") were the third Winter Paralympics. They were held from 14 to 20 January 1984 in Innsbruck, Austria. They were the first Winter Games organized by the International Co-ordinating Committee (ICC), which was formed on March 15, 1982, in Leysin, Switzerland. These Games were accessible for all athletes with cerebral palsy. For the first time, an exhibition event was held at the Olympic Winter Games in Sarajevo and 30 male three-track skiers took part in the Giant Slalom event. Three sports were contested: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and ice", "title": "1984 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winter Paralympic Games\n\nThe Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete in snow and ice sports. The event includes athletes with mobility impairments, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games and (since 1992) hosted in the same city. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) oversees the Games. Medals are awarded in each event: with gold for first place, silver for second, and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games began in 1904.\n\nThe Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. Those Games were the first Paralympics that featured athletes other than those in wheelchairs. The Games have expanded and grown, including the Summer Paralympic Games, to become part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympics. Given their expansion, the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has also given rise to controversy and opened the door for various forms of cheating, which has tainted the integrity of the Games.\n\nNorway has been the top-ranking (medals) nation for fourth Paralympic Winter Games: 1980,1988, 1994 and 1998. Germany has been the top-ranking (medals) for third Paralympic Winter Games: 1976, 2002, and 2010. Russia (2006 and 2014) and United States (1992 and 2018) have been the top-ranking nation two time each. Austria (1984) and China (2022) have been the top-ranking nation one time each.", "title": "Winter Paralympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1976 Winter Paralympics\n\nThe 1976 Winter Paralympic Games () were the first Winter Paralympics. They were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, from 21 to 28 February 1976. The disabilities included in this Paralympics were blindness and amputees. Sixteen countries took part with 196 athletes. There were competitions in Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputee and visually impaired athletes, and a demonstration event in ice sledge racing.\n\nThey were originally known as the 1st Winter Olympic Games for the Disabled.", "title": "1976 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paralympic Games\n\nThe Paralympic Games or Paralympics, also known as the \"Games of the Paralympiad\", is a periodic series of international multisport events involving athletes with a range of physical disabilities, including impaired muscle power and impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).\n\nThe Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. The Paralympics has grown from 400 athletes with a disability from 23 countries in Rome 1960, where they were proposed by doctor Antonio Maglio, to 4,520 athletes from 163 National Paralympic Committees at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a large funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes.\n\nThe Paralympic Games are organized in parallel and in a similar way with the Olympic Games, while the IOC-recognized Special Olympics World Games include athletes with intellectual disabilities (although since 1992, intellectually disabled people also participate in the Paralympic Games), and the Deaflympics held since 1924 and are exclusive for deaf athletes.\n\nGiven the wide variety of disabilities that Para athletes have, there are several categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types. The categories are impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. These categories are further broken down into various classifications.", "title": "Paralympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2022 Winter Paralympics\n\nThe 2022 Winter Paralympics (), commonly known as Beijing 2022 (), was an international winter multi-sport parasports event held in Beijing, China from 4 to 13 March 2022. This was the 13th Winter Paralympic Games, as administered by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).\n\nBeijing was selected as the host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics in 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; taking into account its hosting of the 2008 Summer Paralympics, Beijing is the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics as well as the Summer and Winter Paralympics. This was the overall second Paralympics in China. It was the last of three consecutive Paralympics hosted in East Asia.\n\nThese Games featured 564 athletes representing 46 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs), competing in 78 medal events across six sports. Participation in the Games was impacted by the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine; the International Olympic Committee (IOC) condemned Russia for violating the Olympic Truce, and called for both Russia and its supporter Belarus to be excluded from international sporting events. While the IPC initially announced that the countries' athletes would be allowed to compete independently under the Paralympic flag, it backtracked on 3 March 2022 – the eve of the opening ceremonies – following threats of a boycott by multiple NPCs, and announced that Belarusian and Russian athletes would be prohibited from competing. The Belarusian and Russian delegations competed at a replacement event from 17 to 21 March in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Armenia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan also competed at the replacement event.\n\nHost nation China finished at the top of the medal table, winning a total of 61 medals, of which 18 were gold, setting a new record as the most successful Asian country at a single Winter Paralympics with the most total medals, gold, silver, and bronze. Ukraine also made their best historical performance and finished in second place with 29 medals, of which 11 were gold, and Canada retained the third place achieved in 2010, 2014 and 2018 with a total of 25 medals, of which eight were gold again.", "title": "2022 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2006 Winter Paralympics\n\nThe 2006 Winter Paralympic Games (), the ninth Paralympic Winter Games, took place in Turin, Italy from 10 to 19 March 2006. These were the first Winter Paralympic Games to be held in Italy. They were also the first Paralympics to use the new Paralympics logo.\n\nItaly will host the Winter Paralympics again in 2026, scheduled to be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.", "title": "2006 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "12279135", "score": "1.7280667", "text": "of the Games. The origins of the Winter Paralympics are much similar to the Summer Paralympics. Injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing. Organized by Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, sports competitions between British convalescent hospitals began in 1948 and continued until 1960 when a parallel Olympics was held in Rome after the 1960 Summer Olympics. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which became known as the first Paralympics. Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of snow sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His", "title": "Winter Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "12279134", "score": "1.7242957", "text": "1904. The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. Those Games were the first Paralympics (Summer or Winter) that featured athletes other than wheelchair athletes. The Games have expanded and grown to be (along with the Summer Games) part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympic Games. Given their expansion, the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has also given rise to controversy and opened the door for cheating. Winter Paralympians have also been convicted of steroid use and other forms of cheating unique to Paralympic athletes, which has tainted the integrity", "title": "Winter Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "2173491", "score": "1.7240582", "text": "1992 Winter Paralympics The 1992 Winter Paralympics (French: Les \"Ve Jeux paralympiques d'hiver\") were the fifth Winter Paralympics. They were the first winter Paralympics to be celebrated concurrently with the Olympic Games. They were also the first ever Paralympics at any event in France. They were held in Tignes and Albertville, France, from March 25 to April 1, 1992. For the first time, demonstration events in Alpine and Nordic Skiing for athletes with an intellectual disability and Biathlon for athletes with a visual impairment were held. The bird logo was designed by Jean-Michel Folon. The official mascot was \"Alpy\", designed", "title": "1992 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "7270005", "score": "1.7075404", "text": "Stoke Mandeville Games, the Paralympics were born. The first Winter Paralympics were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976. In 1984 the centre played host to the Paralympic Games with some 1200 athletes taking part in a festival of sport. Since 1988, the Summer Paralympics have been held in the conjunction with the Olympic Games in the same host city and this practice was adopted in 1992 for the Winter Paralympics. The name Paralympics derives from the Greek \"para\" (\"beside\" or \"alongside\") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. No relation with paralysis or paraplegia", "title": "WheelPower" }, { "id": "16053089", "score": "1.6998354", "text": "standards. The opening ceremony was held on Saturday 21 February in Kempehallen, Sweden in front of an estimated 1500 spectators. Regional Governor of the County of West Norrland, , had the honour of declaring the world's first Winter Olympic Games for the Disabled open. It is reported that 16 nations were represented in the ceremony and Australia's sole athlete, Ron Finneran had to privilege of wearing his nations flag. In 1976, Australian disabled skier Ron Finneran became aware of the Winter Paralympics being held in Ornskoldsvik , Sweden. At the time, there was no governing body in Australia to organise", "title": "Australia at the 1976 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "12279137", "score": "1.6918232", "text": "than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete. Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games. This was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the same facilities as the Winter Olympics. Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have a competitive advantage, and the use of performance-enhancing drugs. German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002. He had won two gold", "title": "Winter Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "2211005", "score": "1.6800587", "text": "1988 Winter Paralympics The 1988 Winter Paralympic Games (German: \"Paralympische Winterspiele 1988\") were the fourth Winter Paralympics, held again in Innsbruck, Austria. These were the last Winter Paralympics to be held in a separate location from the Winter Olympics. Beginning in 1992, the Olympics and the Paralympics were held in the same city or in an adjacent city. These Paralympics were not held at the same Olympic venue in Calgary, Canada, because of financial and recruiting difficulties. A total of 377 athletes from 22 countries took part. The USSR competed for the first and only time. Sit-skiing was introduced as", "title": "1988 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "15211416", "score": "1.6799021", "text": "effort moving forward. Additionally, it was decided that the official name for the organisation would be the International Coordinating Committee (ICC) of World Sports Organisation for the Disabled. Australia at the 1984 Winter Paralympics The 1984 Winter Paralympics, then known as The Third World Winter Games for the Disabled, were held in Innsbruck, Austria. The games took place from the 15 until 21 January. Present at these games were 419 athletes from 21 countries, Spain and the Netherlands competing for the first time in the Winter Paralympics, competing in 107 events across 3 sports. The inclusion of Les Austres and", "title": "Australia at the 1984 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "2177306", "score": "1.6767944", "text": "1994 Winter Paralympics The 1994 Winter Paralympics (Norwegian: \"Paralympiske vinterleker 1994\"), the sixth Winter Paralympics, were held in Lillehammer, Norway, from 10–19 March 1994. These Games marked the first time the Paralympic Winter Games were held in the same location as the Winter Olympics, a tradition that has continued through an agreement of cooperation between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Ice sledge hockey, which became an immediate crowd favorite, was added to the program. These Paralympic Games are the only to be held two years after the previous Games due to the shift in", "title": "1994 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "15944565", "score": "1.6723897", "text": "Australia at the 1988 Winter Paralympics The 1988 Winter Paralympic Games (German: \"Paralympische Winterspiele 1988\") were the fourth Winter Paralympics, held again in Innsbruck, Austria. The Winter Paralympics first began on 18 January at 6pm and ended a week later on 25 January at 4pm. These were the last Winter Paralympics to be held in a separate location from the Summer Paralympic Games. Beginning in 1992, the Olympics and the Paralympics were held in the same city or in an adjacent city. These Winter Paralympics were not held at the same Olympic venue in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, due to the", "title": "Australia at the 1988 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "16053086", "score": "1.6713734", "text": "unofficial idea for the Winter Paralympics arose in 1974 during a pause of the annual general meeting of the International Sports Organisation for the Disabled (ISOD). ISOD Vice President of the time, Bengt Nirije, suggested that the Swedish delegation put forward a bid for the games. The Swedish obliged and the bid was gratefully accepted by the other members of the assembly. This resulted in the Swedish Sports Organisation for the Disabled (SHIF) taking responsibility for the inaugural games and thus the Winter Paralympics was born. Despite there being no official record as to why Sweden was encouraged to host", "title": "Australia at the 1976 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "15944597", "score": "1.6658336", "text": "the first time, demonstration events in Alpine and Nordic Skiing for athletes with an intellectual disability and Biathlon for the visually impaired were added to the programme. In addition, this was the first time at a Winter Paralympics that the athletes were all accommodated in an Athlete's Village as opposed to hotels, which had been the case at previous winter Games. The Games were officially opened by French President Francois Mitterrand with the Opening Ceremony and all other ceremonial events being held in front of the finish area for the Alpine Skiing events. This area was named the Lognan Stadium.", "title": "Australia at the 1992 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "15944604", "score": "1.6590128", "text": "4 year cycles, occurring on even years. Thus, the 1994 games were held a mere 2 years after the previous Winter Olympics of Albertville (France) in 1992. The Games were held from Thursday March 10, to Saturday March 19, and consisted of 133 events across 5 sports. 31 Nations participated, with a total of 471 participating athletes. The 1994 Winter Paralympics were also the first Games organized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The logo for the 1994 Winter Paralympics featured a white sun figure on a blue background, depicting the sun people. It aimed to evoke feelings of power,", "title": "Australia at the 1994 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "2177308", "score": "1.6509326", "text": "for the mascot was chosen in a separate competition and derives from the great skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim. Sports The 1994 Paralympics consisted of five disciplines in four sports. Ice sledge hockey made its Paralympic debut at these games. The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation (Norway) is highlighted. 1994 Winter Paralympics The 1994 Winter Paralympics (Norwegian: \"Paralympiske vinterleker 1994\"), the sixth Winter Paralympics, were held in Lillehammer, Norway, from 10–19 March 1994. These Games marked the first time the Paralympic Winter Games were held in the same location as the Winter", "title": "1994 Winter Paralympics" }, { "id": "16053085", "score": "1.6505566", "text": "Australia at the 1976 Winter Paralympics Australia was represented by one non-competing athlete at the inaugural 1976 Winter Paralympics. The games were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden over seven days from 21 to 28 February 1976. Due to narrow disability requirements, Australia was unofficially represented by Ron Finneran, who was unable to compete as his disability did not meet the event classifications. However, Mr. Finneran's unwavering commitment led to the eventual formation of Disabled Winter Sport Australia (DWSA) and paved the way for Australia's successes at future Winter Paralympic Games. The IPC Winter Paralympic Games history book states that the first,", "title": "Australia at the 1976 Winter Paralympics" } ]

[ "hero of new orleans", "jacksons bank veto", "Andrew jackson", "Andrew Jackson, Sr.", "Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson", "robert b randolph", "Jacksoninan Party (United States)", "sharp knife", "Andrew Jackson/First Inaugural Address", "elizabeth hutchinson jackson", "Seventh President of the United States", "Andrew Jackson presidency", "President Andrew Jackson", "Jackson administration", "andrew jacksons presidency", "Robert B. Randolph", "Andrew Jacksons presidency", "andrew jackson", "jackson administration", "Jacksons bank veto", "Andrew Jackson", "andrew jackson sr", "andrew jackson second inaugural address", "age of jackson", "President Jackson", "Andrew Jackson/Second Inaugural Address", "Andrew Jackson assassination attempts", "Age of Jackson", "Jackson Administration", "Sharp Knife", "andrew jackson assassination attempts", "seventh president of united states", "president jackson", "7th President of the United States", "President Andrew Jackson’s", "andrew jackson presidency", "Hero of New Orleans", "7th president of united states", "jacksoninan party united states", "andrew jackson first inaugural address", "president andrew jackson s", "president andrew jackson" ]

[ { "id": "1862256", "score": "1.8504454", "text": "as it won the presidential elections of 1828, 1832 and 1836. By 1837 the \"Indian Removal policy\" began, to implement the act of Congress signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830. Many historians have sharply attacked Jackson. The 1830 law theoretically provided for voluntary removal and had safeguards for the rights of Indians, but in reality the removal was involuntary, brutal and ignored safeguards. Jackson justified his actions by stating that Indians had \"neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvements\". The forced march of about twenty tribes included the \"Five Civilized Tribes\" (Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee,", "title": "American frontier" }, { "id": "739775", "score": "1.8428545", "text": "1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans, including the Five Civilized Tribes, from the American Southeast; they occupied land that settlers wanted. Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane. Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations, as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears. The Trail", "title": "History of the United States" }, { "id": "791437", "score": "1.817183", "text": "taking office. The removals, conducted under both Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, followed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which provided the President with powers to exchange land with Native tribes and provide infrastructure improvements on the existing lands. The law also gave the president power to pay for transportation costs to the West, should tribes choose to relocate. The law did not, however, allow the President to force tribes to move West without a mutually agreed-upon treaty. Referring to the Indian Removal Act, Martin Van Buren, Jackson's vice president and successor is quoted as saying \"There was", "title": "Trail of Tears" }, { "id": "1620307", "score": "1.8099121", "text": "Indian Removal Act The Indian Removal Act was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands. The Act was signed by Jackson and it was enforced under his administration and that of Martin Van Buren. The act enjoyed strong support from the people of the South, but there was a large amount of resistance from the Indian tribes, the Whig Party, and in the northeast, especially New England. The Cherokee worked", "title": "Indian Removal Act" }, { "id": "14140", "score": "1.795913", "text": "policy in what many historians consider the most controversial aspect of his presidency. In his First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson advocated land west of the Mississippi River be set aside for Indian tribes. On May 26, 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which Jackson signed into law two days later. The Act authorized the president to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands farther west, outside of existing state borders. The act specifically pertained to the Five Civilized Tribes in the South, the conditions being that they could either move west or", "title": "Andrew Jackson" }, { "id": "19893530", "score": "1.7842698", "text": "carefully guarded their remaining land until Jackson became President. After Jackson was elected President in 1828 he resolved to finish the drawn-out question of removal for good. The Indian Removal Act was passed in May, 1830, giving the President direct authority to negotiate the removal treaties for the Five Civilized Tribes still clinging to their southeastern homelands. After the act, Jackson received strong legal and judicial resistance from the more law-savvy Creeks and Cherokees, and the Choctaw Chief Greenwood LeFlore, furiously refused any meeting with the president. However, the Chickasaw agreed to meet him in Franklin Tennessee in the summer", "title": "Treaty of Pontotoc Creek" }, { "id": "201925", "score": "1.7693406", "text": "disagreements, the Senate passed the measure 28–19, the House 102–97. Jackson signed the legislation into law May 30, 1830. In 1830, the majority of the \"Five Civilized Tribes\"—the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee—were living east of the Mississippi. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 implemented the federal government's policy towards the Indian populations, which called for moving Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. While it did not authorize the forced removal of the indigenous tribes, it authorized the President to negotiate land exchange treaties with tribes located in lands of", "title": "Indian removal" }, { "id": "18180731", "score": "1.7598913", "text": "Indian Removal Act, \"With a full understanding of the subject, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw tribes have with great unanimity determined to avail themselves of the liberal offers presented by the act of Congress, and have agreed to remove beyond the Mississippi River.\" 1830 State of the Union Address The 1830 State of the Union Address was given by the seventh United States president, Andrew Jackson on Tuesday, December 6, 1830, to both houses of the United States Congress. He said, \"What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our", "title": "1830 State of the Union Address" }, { "id": "1620318", "score": "1.7558963", "text": "passed the Indian Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19. On May 26, 1830, the House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 101 to 97. On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the West in an event widely known as the \"Trail of Tears,\" a forced resettlement of the Indian population. The first removal treaty signed was the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September", "title": "Indian Removal Act" }, { "id": "284998", "score": "1.7555068", "text": "Jackson, United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which authorized the President to conduct treaties to exchange Native American land east of the Mississippi River for lands west of the river. As many as 100,000 Native Americans relocated to the West as a result of this Indian removal policy. In theory, relocation was supposed to be voluntary and many Native Americans did remain in the East. In practice, great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties. The most egregious violation, the Trail of Tears, was the removal of the Cherokee by President Jackson", "title": "Native Americans in the United States" }, { "id": "791476", "score": "1.7543433", "text": "against the state of Georgia. He was already embroiled in a constitutional crisis with South Carolina (i.e. the nullification crisis) and favored Cherokee relocation over civil war. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties, exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty. The final treaty, passed in Congress by a single vote, and signed by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren.", "title": "Trail of Tears" }, { "id": "11070312", "score": "1.7525268", "text": "the Mississippi River for Native American tribes; while he favored voluntary relocation, he also proposed that any Native Americans who did not relocate would lose their independence and be subject to state laws. A significant political movement, consisting largely of evangelical Christians and others from the North, rejected Indian removal and instead favored continuing efforts to \"civilize\" Native Americans. Overcoming opposition led by Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, Jackson's allies won the passage of the Indian Removal Act in May 1830. The bill passed the House by in a 102 to 97 vote, with most Southern congressmen voting for the bill and", "title": "Presidency of Andrew Jackson" }, { "id": "676894", "score": "1.7479272", "text": "as the destination for the policy of Indian removal, a policy pursued intermittently by American presidents early in the 19th century, but aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the South were the most prominent tribes displaced by the policy, a relocation that came to be known as the Trail of Tears during the Choctaw removals starting in 1831. The trail ended in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there were already many Indians living in the territory, as well as whites and escaped slaves.", "title": "Indian Territory" }, { "id": "2408225", "score": "1.7472951", "text": "were calculated to force the Cherokee to move. In May 1830, Congress endorsed Jackson's policy of removal by passing the Indian Removal Act. Jackson signed the Act on May 23. It authorized the president to set aside lands west of the Mississippi to exchange for the lands of the Indian nations in the Southeast. In the summer of 1830, Jackson urged the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Creek to sign individual treaties accepting removal from their homelands. The Cherokee refused to attend a meeting in Nashville that Jackson proposed. The other tribes signed off on Jackson's terms. When Ross and the", "title": "John Ross (Cherokee chief)" }, { "id": "19492056", "score": "1.7444205", "text": "recognition of Indian tribes and introduced the creation of Indian reservations that continue to the modern day. This absolute disenfranchisement of Native Americans marked the end of any official trading with the United States. The 1830 Indian Removal Act, signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, authorized the President to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. Due to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, and the Second Seminole War, official trade of commercial goods on the East Coast concluded. By 1839 the Cherokee nation was forced to give up", "title": "Indian commerce with early English colonists and the early United States" }, { "id": "10111557", "score": "1.7440522", "text": "the Indian Removal Act (1830) enabled the federal government to offer reservation land in the West in exchange for the purchase of tribal lands east of the Mississippi River. The government's intent during Indian Removal of the 1830s was to extinguish the land claims of Indian nations in the East, and to remove them from the populated eastern states to the remote and relatively unpopulated lands west of the Mississippi River. Other Indian tribes already controlled large territories there. The Act specifically targeted the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. It was also used", "title": "Potawatomi Trail of Death" }, { "id": "2281779", "score": "1.7386067", "text": "not get involved in foreign treaties merely for the sake of \"gratifying national vanity.\" Following Jackson's election to the presidency in 1828, White became one of the Jackson Administration's key congressional allies. White was chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, which drew up the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a major initiative of Jackson. The act called for the relocation of the remaining Native American tribes in the southeastern United States to territories west of the Mississippi River, and would culminate in the so-called Trail of Tears. In an 1836 speech, White described himself as a \"strict constructionist,\"", "title": "Hugh Lawson White" }, { "id": "3266111", "score": "1.7299159", "text": "such, he wrote the Indian Removal Act, which was submitted by the committee in February 1830, and signed by President Jackson later that year. This act led to the removal of the Cherokee and other tribes to Oklahoma, via the Trail of Tears, in the latter half of the decade. One of the bill's most vocal opponents was Massachusetts congressman Edward Everett, Bell's future running mate. Following the shake-up of Jackson's cabinet in the wake of the Petticoat affair in 1831, Senator Hugh Lawson White recommended Bell for Secretary of War, but the appointment went to Lewis Cass. Bell nevertheless", "title": "John Bell (Tennessee politician)" }, { "id": "3079574", "score": "1.7181319", "text": "(Davy) Crockett. Despite this support, in April 1829, John H. Eaton, the secretary of war (1829–1831), informed Ross that President Jackson would support the right of Georgia to extend its laws over the Cherokee Nation. In May 1830, Congress endorsed Jackson's policy of removal by passing the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the president to set aside lands west of the Mississippi River to exchange for the lands of Indian nations in the east. When Ross and the Cherokee delegation failed to protect Cherokee lands through negotiation with the executive branch and through petitions to Congress, Ross challenged the actions", "title": "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia" }, { "id": "201921", "score": "1.7103035", "text": "sometimes purchased, either via a treaty or under duress. The idea of land exchange, that is, that Native Americans would give up their land east of the Mississippi in exchange for a similar amount of territory west of the river, was first proposed by Jefferson in 1803 and had first been incorporated in treaties in 1817, years after the Jefferson presidency. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 incorporated this concept. Under President James Monroe, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun devised the first plans for Indian removal. By late 1824, Monroe approved Calhoun's plans and in a special message to", "title": "Indian removal" } ]

[ "Quebec", "Québec, Canada", "Québec", "Québec Province", "Province de Quebec", "quebec canada", "political culture of quebec", "province de québec", "Capture of quebec", "québec province", "québec", "foreign relations of quebec", "Capture of Quebec", "quebéc", "Province of Québec", "Quebéc", "british conquest of new france", "Québec (Province)", "quèbec", "Foreign relations of Quebec", "québec canada", "Quebec (Province)", "quebec", "Political culture of Quebec", "province of quebec", "CA-QC", "Quebec, Canada", "province of québec", "Province de Québec", "capture of quebec", "Quebec (province)", "Province of Quebec", "quebec province", "province de quebec", "ca qc", "Quèbec", "Quebec province", "British Conquest of New France" ]

[ { "id": "570665", "score": "1.6594759", "text": "outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque, Brockville, Morristown, Ogdensburg, Massena, Cornwall, Montreal, Trois-Rivières, and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the largest estuary in the world. The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans, just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City. The Saint Lawrence River runs from the farthest headwater to the mouth and from the outflow of Lake Ontario. These numbers include the estuary; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca. 500 km (ca. 300 mi). The farthest headwater is the North", "title": "Saint Lawrence River" }, { "id": "10602483", "score": "1.6256444", "text": "marine mammal sanctuaries, lighthouses and verdant and rocky shores. The river is one of the largest navigable waterways in the world, and its estuary is known for its marine mammals, birds and fish. Upstream from Montreal to the tip of Gaspésie, a road borders the shores of the St. Lawrence River, allowing drivers to explore a coastline that changes from mountainous to rural to wilderness. Visitors can explore the rich Saguenay Fjord. The 1,600-kilometre (994-mi.) St. Lawrence River transforms into a gulf that is more like an inland sea. The Gulf of St. Lawrence can be travelled by ferry, sailboat,", "title": "Tourism in Quebec" }, { "id": "15284960", "score": "1.6244774", "text": "Superior voyageurs would normally hug the northern shore because of the danger of frequent squalls that could overturn their boats. The route up the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, Niagara Falls, Lake Erie, Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River and lower Lake Huron developed later (Adrien Jolliet in 1669 was probably the first) and was never the main westward route. North of the St. Lawrence were many complex lakes and rivers that were sometimes used to go as far as James Bay. The Toronto Carrying-Place Trail was a major portage route in the St. Lawrence basin, linking Lake", "title": "Canadian canoe routes" }, { "id": "1596398", "score": "1.6184535", "text": "explorer Jacques Cartier, arriving in the river estuary of the North American Great Lakes on the Feast of St. Lawrence in 1535, named it the \"Gulf of St. Lawrence\". The river emptying into the gulf was named the \"St. Lawrence River\". Many names in what are now Québec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada are references to this important seaway, e. g., the \"Laurentian mountains\" north of the city of Montreal, Saint-Laurent (borough), Saint Lawrence Boulevard which spans the width of the Island of Montreal, and St. Lawrence County, New York, United States near Lake Ontario. The rescue operation for", "title": "Saint Lawrence" }, { "id": "9237502", "score": "1.6134222", "text": "Saint-Charles cycleway and the Saint-Charles River linear park also pass through this site. The estuary of Saint-Charles River in Saint-Lawrence River has a special historical significance since it is at this location that was built the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian village of Stadaconé and that Jacques Cartier spent his first winter on Canadian soil in 1535–36. The river was first named \"Petite Rivière\" or \"Rivière Sainte-Croix\" by Jacques Cartier since he came there on the day of the feast of the Cross. This name was also given to the first fort established by the French in this location. Its current name was", "title": "Saint-Charles River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "St. Lawrence River\n\nThe St. Lawrence River (, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connecting the American Great Lakes to the North Atlantic Ocean, and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. The river traverses the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, as well as the U.S. state of New York, and demarcates part of the international boundary between Canada and the United States. It also provides the foundation for the commercial St. Lawrence Seaway.", "title": "St. Lawrence River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "St. Lawrence Seaway\n\nThe St. Lawrence Seaway () is a system of locks, canals, and channels in Canada and the United States that permits oceangoing vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes of North America, as far inland as Duluth, Minnesota, at the western end of Lake Superior. The seaway is named for the St. Lawrence River, which flows from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean. Legally, the seaway extends from Montreal, Quebec, to Lake Erie, and includes the Welland Canal. Ships from the Atlantic Ocean are able to reach ports in all five of the Great Lakes.\n\nThe St. Lawrence River portion of the seaway is not a continuous canal; rather, it consists of several stretches of navigable channels within the river, a number of locks, and canals along the banks of the St. Lawrence River to bypass several rapids and dams. A number of the locks are managed by the St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation in Canada, and others in the United States by the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; the two bodies together advertise the seaway as part of \"Highway HO\". The section of the river from Montreal to the Atlantic is under Canadian jurisdiction, regulated by the offices of Transport Canada in the Port of Quebec.", "title": "St. Lawrence Seaway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacques Cartier\n\nJacques Cartier ( , , , ; ; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French-Breton maritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named \"The Country of Canadas\" after the Iroquoian names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).", "title": "Jacques Cartier" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hudson River\n\nThe Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between New York City and Jersey City, eventually draining into the Atlantic Ocean at Lower New York Bay. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Even as far north as the city of Troy, the flow of the river changes direction with the tides.\n\nThe Hudson River runs through the Munsee, Lenape, Mohican, Mohawk, and Haudenosaunee homelands. Prior to European exploration, the river was known as the \"Mahicannittuk\" by the Mohicans, \"Ka'nón:no\" by the Mohawks, and \"Muhheakantuck\" by the Lenape. The river was subsequently named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company who explored it in 1609, and after whom Hudson Bay in Canada is also named. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay, but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the \"North River\"—with the Delaware River called the \"South River\"—and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson, and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony.\n\nDuring the 18th century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, an American pastoral style, as well as the concepts of environmentalism and wilderness. The Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early 19th century United States.\n\nPollution in the river increased in the 20th century, more acutely by mid-century, particularly with industrial contamination from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Pollution control regulations, enforcement actions and restoration projects initiated in the latter 20th century have begun to improve water quality, and restoration work has continued in the 21st century.", "title": "Hudson River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Trois-Rivières" }, { "id": "9141374", "score": "1.6101958", "text": "Saint Lawrence River has some of the world's largest sustaining inland Atlantic ports at Montreal (the province's largest city), Trois-Rivières, and Quebec City (the capital). Its access to the Atlantic Ocean and the interior of North America made it the base of early French exploration and settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since 1959, the Saint Lawrence Seaway has provided a navigable link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. Northeast of Quebec City, the river broadens into the world's largest estuary, the feeding site of numerous species of whales, fish, and seabirds. The river empties into the", "title": "Quebec" }, { "id": "570667", "score": "1.5938753", "text": "The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint-Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint-Pierre east of Montreal. It encompasses four archipelagoes: the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay, New York and Kingston, Ontario; the Hochelaga Archipelago, including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus (Laval); the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago (classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé. It is the second longest river in Canada. Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu, Saint-Maurice, Saint-François and", "title": "Saint Lawrence River" }, { "id": "15284958", "score": "1.5781736", "text": "continue up the St. Lawrence, but this was not the case. Possible reasons are the Lachine Rapids and other rapids above Montreal, Niagara Falls, Iroquois hostility, the poorer quality of southern furs and the lack of large birch trees to make canoes. The route west from Montreal has been called the 'first Trans-Canada Highway'. It ran from near Montreal, up the Ottawa River, west up the Mattawa River to Trout Lake and over the 7-mile La Vase portage at what is now North Bay on Lake Nipissing and down the French River to Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. This route", "title": "Canadian canoe routes" }, { "id": "14863868", "score": "1.5692322", "text": "coasting this island [of Orleans] at the end of which we came to a forking of the waters, which is an exceedingly pleasant spot where there's a small river and a harbor a bar, […]. We thought this river St-Charles a suitable place in which to lay up our ships in safety. We named it 'St-Croix' , as we arrive there that day\" Samuel de Champlain wrote: \"Moreover, near Quebec, there's little river, coming from the lake in the interior distant 6 or 7 leagues distant from or settlement . I am of opinion that this river (st-charles), which is", "title": "Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site" }, { "id": "14863863", "score": "1.5670378", "text": "offers a museum exhibition, animations for elementary and high school groups, thematic events, and a natural habitat in an inner-city park. A cycleway and the linear park of Saint-Charles river also cross the park's ground. During his second voyage in Canada, Jacques Cartier still believed that the Saint Lawrence River could lead him through the continent to Asia. When he realized that the river narrows near Quebec City, he started searching for a harbor to leave his two largest ships, the \"Grande Hermine\" and the \"Petite Hermine\", and to continue on exploring on board of the \"Émerillon\" to Hochelaga (Montreal).", "title": "Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site" }, { "id": "2994021", "score": "1.5663412", "text": "travel the river. For some 200 years thereafter, it formed part of the important water route leading from Montreal west to Lake Superior. It was the primary access to the vast Canadian interior in the days of the fur trade. Canoes travelling west up the Ottawa turned left at \"the Forks\" (the mouth of the Mattawa) to enter the \"\"Petite Rivière\"\" (\"Small River\", as compared to the Ottawa), reaching Lake Nipissing by way of \"La Vase Portage\", an stretch of water and portages. Other notable travellers on the Mattawa included Jean Nicolet in 1620, Jean de Brébeuf in 1626, Gabriel", "title": "Mattawa River" }, { "id": "298050", "score": "1.5594771", "text": "the neighbouring province of Quebec. The northerly route, which was a major fur trade route, travels west from Montreal along the Ottawa River, then continues northwestward towards Manitoba. Major cities on or near the route include Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, and Thunder Bay. The southerly route, which was driven by growth in settlements originated by the United Empire Loyalists and later other European immigrants, travels southwest from Montreal along the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie before entering the United States in Michigan. Major cities on or near the route include Kingston, Belleville, Peterborough, Oshawa,", "title": "Ontario" }, { "id": "4471194", "score": "1.5573938", "text": "trading merchandise. From Quebec, he set out for the colony of Saint-Domingue via the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes to Michilimackinac, where he made an excursion to the southern edge of Green Bay. He traveled along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, trying to reach the Illinois River from the Chicago, but the shallowness of the water forced him up the St. Joseph to the headwaters of the Theakiki, whose waters fall into the Illinois River. He traveled along the Illinois until he reached the Mississippi River in 1721, which he considered \"the finest confluence in the world\".|", "title": "Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix" }, { "id": "570676", "score": "1.551093", "text": "Heraldic Authority. In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, \"Cries from the Deep\" and \"St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea\". Musician David Usher released the song \"St. Lawrence River\" on his \"Little Songs\" album in 1998. The novel and film Black Robe is set primarily on the St. Lawrence River during the 17th century. Saint Lawrence River The Saint Lawrence River (; Tuscarora: \"Kahnawáʼkye\"; Mohawk: \"Kaniatarowanenneh\", meaning \"big waterway\") is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a", "title": "Saint Lawrence River" }, { "id": "17491819", "score": "1.5458443", "text": "the river for more than 5,000 to 7,000 years. The Vikings sailed along the east coast of Canada and in the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the 11th century, and French fishermen frequented the Gaspé Peninsula before Jacques Cartier first arrived in Canada in 1534. In 1535, during his second voyage of discovery on the St. Lawrence River, Cartier passed the site of the future town of Champlain. In 1580, the Basque people made several fishing trips to the St. Lawrence River. In 1603, Samuel de Champlain went to Champlain, Quebec. He erected the first permanent post", "title": "Lordship of Champlain" }, { "id": "1897004", "score": "1.5390177", "text": "of the St. Marys River, which they referred to as \"Baawitigong\", meaning \"at the cascading rapids\". French explorer Étienne Brûlé was the first European to travel up the rapids in about 1621. In 1641 Jesuit priests Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault ventured the same route as Brûlé, finding many Ojibwe at the rapids, and named it Sault Ste. Marie. \"Sault\" (Middle and early Modern French spelling of \"saut\") means \"jump\"; hence, the secondary meaning \"rapids\" because the water 'jumps.' Fort St. Joseph was built on the Canadian shore in 1796 to protect a trading post, and ensure continued British control", "title": "St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)" }, { "id": "2385728", "score": "1.5380058", "text": "beaches on Lac St-Louis. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, first explored and settled between 1663 and 1712, though widely used by Iroquois and Algonquins for hundreds if not thousands of years before contact, due to its strategic importance at the confluence of the Ottawa and Saint Lawrence rivers and at the western tip of the Island of Montreal. A mission was established at the present site of the Baie-D'Urfé Yacht Club in 1663, while Fort Senneville was developed beginning in 1671. A post office was established in 1835 while the Saint Anne Canal was established in 1843. Train service on the Grand Trunk began", "title": "West Island" }, { "id": "19079707", "score": "1.5367324", "text": "St. Vincent. However the voyages did change, depending on cargo availability and other operational requirements. In North America, the main ports were Montreal, Port Alfred up the Saguenay River in Quebec, Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick) and New York. In summer time the ships went to the ports in the St. Lawrence River, but in winter time Sunadele/Sunamelia were diverted to the ice-free ports of Halifax and Saint John. In Europe usually the ships called at Antwerp, Hamburg, Rotterdam, and in the U.K. at Avonmouth, Cardiff, Liverpool, London and Glasgow. For her maiden tour, the captain, officers and crew first", "title": "Adele (1952 ship)" }, { "id": "787281", "score": "1.5366983", "text": "at the continental slope and are slowly advected up the channel by estuariane circulation. Over the 20th century, the bottom waters of the end of the channel (i.e. in the Saint Lawrence estuary) have become hypoxic. The gulf has provided a historically important marine fishery for various First Nations that have lived on its shores for millennia and used its waters for transportation. The first documented voyage by a European in its waters was by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in the year 1534. Cartier named the shores of the Saint Lawrence River \"The Country of Canadas\", after an indigenous", "title": "Gulf of Saint Lawrence" }, { "id": "15284953", "score": "1.5333334", "text": "east coast rivers are too short or shallow to be of much use. This leaves the St. Lawrence River. \"French Era:\" In the sixteenth century, cod fishermen began trading for furs, especially at Tadoussac on the St. Lawrence River. With the foundation of Quebec in 1608, Coureurs des bois spread out through the many rivers and lakes to trade with the Indians, while Indians would carry canoe-loads of fur down to Montreal. Nearby tribes became middlemen, drawing furs from further inland. Montreal was the main base where furs were stored before transshipment to Europe. By the end of the period,", "title": "Canadian canoe routes" } ]

[ "canada", "etymology of canada", "canadaa", "canadialand", "Canada", "Canadá", "Canadiophile", "Canadaa", "Xanada", "America's top hat", "canada references", "Commonwealth of Canada", "canadiophile", "america s top hat", "ISO 3166-1:CA", "canadian federation", "Canada/References", "dominion of canada", "Kenadian", "commonwealth of canada", "Canada's", "Canadian Federation", "Canadialand", "canada s", "iso 3166 1 ca", "Čanada", "CANADA", "Dominion of canada", "xanada", "čanada", "Canada.", "cnada", "Dominion of Canada", "ᑲᓇᑕ", "Etymology of Canada", "The Dominion of Canada", "canadá", "kenadian", "Cnada" ]

[ { "id": "7533541", "score": "1.5254713", "text": "South Detroit Earning its fame from the Journey song \"Don't Stop Believin'\", South Detroit is an incorrect reference to the southwest region of Detroit, Michigan. According to Steve Perry, \"I ran the phonetics of east, west, and north, but nothing sounded as good or emotionally true to me as South Detroit...The syntax just sounded right. I fell in love with the line. It's only been in the last few years that I've learned that there is no South Detroit. But it doesn't matter.\" Detroit doesn’t actually have a south side, as that would be Windsor, Ontario in Canada. The reference", "title": "South Detroit" }, { "id": "6338126", "score": "1.4698356", "text": "Michigan area called \"South Detroit\"; the location south of the Detroit city center is actually the Canadian city of Windsor. Steve Perry has said, \"I tried north Detroit, I tried east and west and it didn't sing, but south Detroit sounded so beautiful. I loved the way it sounded, only to find out later it's actually Canada.\" Detroiters often refer to the \"East Side\" and \"West Side\" of the city, but only rarely north (sometimes called \"8 Mile\", after the road of the same name) or south (referred to as \"Downriver\" or \"Mexican Town\"). The lyric \"streetlight people living just", "title": "Don't Stop Believin'" }, { "id": "109660", "score": "1.4651681", "text": "cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a salt mine that is below the surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over of roads within. Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfa\") which", "title": "Detroit" }, { "id": "7533542", "score": "1.4631114", "text": "may also refer to: South Detroit Earning its fame from the Journey song \"Don't Stop Believin'\", South Detroit is an incorrect reference to the southwest region of Detroit, Michigan. According to Steve Perry, \"I ran the phonetics of east, west, and north, but nothing sounded as good or emotionally true to me as South Detroit...The syntax just sounded right. I fell in love with the line. It's only been in the last few years that I've learned that there is no South Detroit. But it doesn't matter.\" Detroit doesn’t actually have a south side, as that would be Windsor, Ontario", "title": "South Detroit" }, { "id": "9003791", "score": "1.4502674", "text": "into the United States (Detroit) from Canada (Windsor), one must proceed north across the border instead of the intuitive southern direction. Detroit is home to the Big Three automobile companies. As a result, Windsor is home to the Chrysler Canada Headquarters and car plants for two of the \"Big Three\". While the inner city of Detroit has experienced economic difficulties over the years, the affluent suburbs are magnets for immigrants, wealth, and population growth. Windsor's economy is reliant on the automotive industry, but has diversified. As an example, Caesars Windsor casino, the largest in Canada, attracts visitors from the Metro", "title": "Detroit–Windsor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Detroit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Michigan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Interstate 75\n\nInterstate 75 (I-75) is a major north–south Interstate Highway in the Great Lakes and Southeastern regions of the United States. As with most Interstates that end in 5, it is a major cross-country, north–south route, traveling from State Road 826 (SR 826, Palmetto Expressway) and SR 924 (Gratigny Parkway) on the Hialeah–Miami Lakes border (northwest of Miami, Florida) to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, at the Canadian border. It is the second-longest north–south Interstate Highway (after I-95) and the seventh-longest Interstate Highway overall.\n\nI-75 passes through six different states. The highway runs the length of the Florida peninsula from the Miami area and up the Gulf Coast through Tampa. Farther north in Georgia, I-75 continues on through Macon and Atlanta before running through Chattanooga and Knoxville and the Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee. I-75 crosses Kentucky, passing through Lexington before crossing the Ohio River into Cincinnati, Ohio. In Ohio, the highway runs up the western side through Dayton and Lima before crossing into Michigan north of Toledo. I-75 runs northeasterly along the Lake Erie shoreline and Detroit River into the city of Detroit before turning northwesterly and northward to the Mackinac Bridge where the freeway crosses the strait between Lakes Huron and Michigan. Farther north, I-75 approaches the Canadian border at Sault Ste. Marie, downriver from Lake Superior, from its origins near the subtropical Atlantic Ocean.", "title": "Interstate 75" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Windsor, Ontario\n\nWindsor is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, on the south bank of the Detroit River directly across from Detroit, Michigan, United States. Geographically located within but administratively independent of Essex County, it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city's population was 229,660 at the 2021 census, making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario, after London and Kitchener. The Detroit–Windsor urban area is North America's most populous trans-border conurbation, and the Ambassador Bridge border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the Canada–United States border.\n\nWindsor is a major contributor to Canada's automotive industry and is culturally diverse. Known as the \"Automotive Capital of Canada\", Windsor's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years.", "title": "Windsor, Ontario" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Detroit\n\nDetroit, the largest city in the state of Michigan, was settled in 1701 by French colonists. It is the first European settlement above tidewater in North America.<ref\n\nThe first Europeans to settle in Detroit were French country traders and colonists from the New Orleans (the La Louisiane) colony. They were joined by traders from Montreal and Quebec; all had to contend with the powerful Five Nations of the League of the Iroquois, who took control of the southern shores of Lakes Erie and Huron through the Beaver Wars of the 17th century, during which they conquered or pushed out lesser tribes. <!-- \n", "title": "History of Detroit" }, { "id": "16047147", "score": "1.4410583", "text": "city to Thunder Bay to the northwest and Sudbury to the east. The International Bridge connects downtown Sault Ste. Marie to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, becoming Interstate 75 on the American side. Interstate 75 continues south to Saginaw, Flint, and Detroit before crossing into Ohio, eventually terminating in Hialeah, Florida, near Miami. The International Bridge also directs traffic from the American side of the border via Sault Ste. Marie's new transport route that runs from the bridge to Second Line. This new limited-access roadway, known as \"Carmen's Way\" after the late MP Carmen Provenzano, will make it much easier for", "title": "Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario" }, { "id": "298051", "score": "1.4406347", "text": "Toronto, Mississauga, Kitchener-Waterloo, Hamilton, London, Sarnia, and Windsor. This route was also heavily used by immigrants to the Midwestern US particularly in the late 19th century. 400-series highways make up the primary vehicular network in the south of province, and they connect to numerous border crossings with the US, the busiest being the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Ambassador Bridge and the Blue Water Bridge (via Highway 402). Some of the primary highways along the southern route are Highway 401, Highway 417, and Highway 400, while other provincial highways and regional roads inter-connect the remainder of the province. The Saint Lawrence Seaway,", "title": "Ontario" }, { "id": "109742", "score": "1.4353446", "text": "500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center. With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada. On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a", "title": "Detroit" }, { "id": "109659", "score": "1.4300327", "text": "Detroit. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Belle Isle Conservatory, the Detroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. The city skyline may be viewed from the island. Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and true north–south roads based on the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–US border in which one travels south in order to", "title": "Detroit" }, { "id": "3051902", "score": "1.4178174", "text": "and Phil Colley in 2007 driving an Aston Martin. Following the AH1 and the AH5 from Tokyo (the Highway grid's furthest point East) to Istanbul (furthest West), they drove a total of 12089 km (7512 miles) before joining the European motorway network for another 3259 km (2025 miles) to London. Including ferry trips and customs clearance delays, the journey took 49 days and crossed 18 countries. The completed route was verified by Aston Martin and the UN's Asian Commission (UNESCAP) in Bangkok, whose director of transport and tourism Barry Cable confirmed \"I can warrant that, to my best knowledge, this", "title": "Asian Highway Network" }, { "id": "116533", "score": "1.415014", "text": "the administration of Essex County, Ontario. The largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan. The Detroit River has only two automobile traffic crossings connecting the United States and Canada: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel. Both of these are strongly protected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Canada Border Services Agency. The upper portion of the river is one of the few places where a Canadian city lies directly south of an American city. In this case, the city of Detroit is directly north", "title": "Detroit River" }, { "id": "2212320", "score": "1.407515", "text": "north to Detroit via Toledo, as well as to study a loop around Lake Michigan and a western route between Tallahassee and Miami. Within a week, Michigan agreed to construct a loop around the Lower Peninsula, passing via South Bend, Mackinaw City, Detroit, and Toledo. Detroit became the northern end of the eastern division, with the old route to Indianapolis becoming a connecting link. In early April 1916, the commission approved the route between Macon and Jacksonville via Savannah, Georgia, and designated the more direct route via Waycross, Georgia as the central division. At the urging of locals, the eastern", "title": "Dixie Highway" }, { "id": "4699861", "score": "1.4043525", "text": "corner is \"as the crow flies\". However, travelers must go around the Great Lakes. For example, when traveling to the Upper Peninsula, it is well to realize that it is roughly from Detroit to the Mackinac Bridge, but it is another from St. Ignace to Ironwood. Likewise direct routes are few and far between Interstate 75 (I-75) and M-115 do angle from the southeast to the northwest), but most roads are oriented either east-west or north-south (oriented with township lines set up under the Land Ordinance of 1785). The primary means of transportation in Northern Michigan is by automobile. Northern", "title": "Northern Michigan" }, { "id": "12196966", "score": "1.3906361", "text": "south of Pittsburgh PA by way of St. Louis MO, Indianapolis IN, and Columbus OH. Interstate 96 serves traffic between the Detroit and Grand Rapids metro areas. The route passes through Lansing on the way and extends to Muskegon to the northwest of Grand Rapids I-69 extends from Evansville IN to Bloomington IN. From there, the route is temporarily an arterial highway, Indiana state route 37, to the I-465 ring-road around Indianapolis IN. From there, I-69 resumes and continues to the west end of the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor which carries the route into southern Ontario and southern Quebec provinces. Intermediate", "title": "Great Lakes Megalopolis" }, { "id": "3826483", "score": "1.3865167", "text": "began in October 2017 to replace the aging concrete ceiling, along with other improvements to the infrastructure, completion of the project is scheduled for June 2018. The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel crosses the Canada–United States border; an International Boundary Commission plaque marking the boundary in the tunnel is between flags of the two countries. The tunnel is the second busiest crossing between the United States and Canada after the nearby Ambassador Bridge. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and $13 billion (U.S.) in annual production depend on the Windsor-Detroit international border crossing. Between 2001 and", "title": "Detroit–Windsor Tunnel" }, { "id": "9432712", "score": "1.3849277", "text": "crossing I-69 in the process. I-94 then runs through Jackson, Ann Arbor, and portions of Metro Detroit, connecting Michigan's largest city to its main airport. Past the east side of Detroit, the Interstate angles northeasterly through farmlands in The Thumb to Port Huron, where the designation terminates on the Blue Water Bridge at the Canadian border. The first segment of what later became I-94 within the state, the Willow Run Expressway, was built near Ypsilanti and Belleville in 1941, with an easterly extension to Detroit in 1945. This expressway was initially numbered M-112. In the mid-1950s, state and federal officials", "title": "Interstate 94 in Michigan" }, { "id": "9540513", "score": "1.3806548", "text": "plan for Washington, DC, and intended to make Detroit the \"Paris of the West\". The southern of these two Indian trails later became the Chicago Road. Father Gabriel Richard, the first priest to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives, petitioned Congress to fund a highway between Detroit and Chicago in March 1824. A year later, the road was established in federal law, and it was surveyed by the end of 1825. Construction started in 1829, and the road was finished across Michigan in 1833. The northern Indian trail was established as an unnamed territorial road in 1829. The State", "title": "U.S. Route 12 in Michigan" }, { "id": "9003790", "score": "1.3788478", "text": "and U.S. Coast Guard Shiprider program of marine border security are examples. The increasing interdependence of Detroit–Windsor was recognized by U.S. regional business and government in 2007 when Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis was invited to take part in, and speak at, the annual \"Mackinac Policy Conference\", a committee of regional business and political leaders, developed to address the economic and quality of life issues that matter most to Southeast Michigan. Geographically, Canada is normally considered north of the United States, (if Alaska is considered an exception). However, this is reversed at the border in Detroit-Windsor -- in order to travel", "title": "Detroit–Windsor" }, { "id": "109613", "score": "1.376034", "text": "design. Detroit is a major port located on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest, behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and the 13th-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, the busiest international crossing in North America. Detroit is best known as the center of the", "title": "Detroit" }, { "id": "247742", "score": "1.3738092", "text": "With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The Michigan Underwater Preserves are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers. Michigan has nine international road crossings with Ontario, Canada: A second international bridge between Detroit and Windsor is under consideration. Michigan is served by four Class I railroads: the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, and the Norfolk Southern", "title": "Michigan" } ]

[ "Salvador dalì", "salvador domingo felipe jacinto dalí i domènech 1st marquis of púbol", "Salvador Dalì", "salvador dalí", "salvador domingo felipe jacinto dalí i domenech", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol", "Salvador Dali", "Salvador dali", "Salvador Dalí", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech", "salvador felip jacint dalí domènech", "Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali", "Marques de Pubol", "Salvador Domenec Felip Jacint Dalí Domenech", "Salvador Felip Jacint Dali Domenech", "dalíesque", "salvador dali i domenech", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech", "Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech", "The Meanings of the Paintings of Salvador Dali", "Dalíesque", "Salvidor Dali", "salvador dalì", "dalí", "Nuclear cross", "Salvador Domenec Felip Jacint Dali Domenech", "nuclear cross", "salvador domenec felip jacint dali domenech", "avida dollars", "meanings of paintings of salvador dali", "daliesque", "Salvador dhali", "meanings of paintings by salvador dali", "Avida Dollars", "dali salvador", "salvador dalí i domènech", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domenech", "salvador domenec felip jacint dalí domenech", "marques de pubol", "Salvadore Dali", "salvador felipe jacinto dala", "Salvador Dalí i Domènech", "Dali Lithograph", "salvador felipe jacinto dali", "Meanings of Paintings by Salvador Dali", "salvador domingo felipe jacinto dali i domenech", "salvador dhali", "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domènech", "salvador felip jacint dali domenech", "salvador domingo felipe jacinto dalí i domènech", "salvidor dali", "dali lithograph", "Dalí", "Salvador Dali i Domenech", "Dali salvador", "Salvador Felip Jacint Dalí Domènech", "salvador dali", "Daliesque", "salvador domingo felipe jacinto dali i domènech", "salvadore dali", "Salvador Felipe Jacinto DalA", "salvador felipe jacinto dali i domenech" ]

[ { "id": "5061569", "score": "1.6759584", "text": "\"Asociación de la Prensa\" expelling him, an act which Azorín likened to that of the Inquisition. He began to be influenced by the avant-garde movement, experimenting in a personal version of surrealism in a short trilogy, \"Lo invisible\" (The Invisible). The outbreak of the Republic saw him re-adopt his old progressive political ideals. He abandoned \"ABC\" to write for the republican newspapers \"El Sol\", \"La Libertad\" and \"Ahora\"). He edited \"Revista de Occidente\", founded by José Ortega y Gasset, a journal promoting European philosophy, from 1923 to 1936. At the outset of the Spanish Civil War, in 1936, Azorín fled", "title": "José Martínez Ruiz" }, { "id": "20424763", "score": "1.6718096", "text": "Josep Pla and Juan Antonio Samaranch, for example. In 1936, André Breton expelled Dalí from his surrealistic circle due to his fascist tendencies, leaving the artist as one of the few intellectuals who supported Franco after the Spanish Civil War. In 1949, Dali returned to Catalonia, after a stay in the US, with the approval of Franco's government, who used it as a political propaganda, which was widely criticized by many intellectuals and progressives. Josep Pla, a moderate Catalanist, was elected deputy of the Commonwealth of Catalonia for the Regionalist League in his hometown, Alt Empordà, in 1921. After exile", "title": "Francoist Catalonia" }, { "id": "11831687", "score": "1.6300492", "text": "in his first group exhibition at the Cabinet Maldoror in Brussels alongside Santos Balmori, Jaime Colson, and Isaías de Santiago. He contributed to the Surrealist artistic and literary movement while in France, becoming fully integrated into the group by the 1930s. He openly criticized the politics of the time by contributing writings to \"La mobilisation contre la guerre n'est pas la paix\" (Mobilization Against the War is Not Peace), an anti-war manifesto. Moro embraced the Surrealist's critiques of bourgeois social values and cultural hierarchies. He used Surrealist art and literature to \"articulate his own marginality or sense of invisibility as", "title": "César Moro" }, { "id": "5141153", "score": "1.6293051", "text": "chien\". In 1936, after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he enrolled in the Republican militia and was forced into exile in France after the end of war. In 1940, while his adoptive country was under German occupation, he was captured and deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp, as were many other Republican exiles. He would not leave until the end of World War II, in 1945. In 1946 he published the first cartoons of \"Placid et Muzo\", an anthropomorphic fox and bear, in the weekly publication \"Vaillant, le journal de Pif\". He was a frequent collaborator of \"L'Humanité\",", "title": "José Cabrero Arnal" }, { "id": "13658418", "score": "1.6160274", "text": "a professor at the School of Arts. After the Spanish Civil War, Planells painted landscapes and still lifes, and in 1974 he returned to surrealism. Angel Planells Àngel Planells i Cruañas (Cadaqués, December 2, 1901 - Barcelona, July 23, 1989) was a Spanish Catalan surrealist painter. Born in Cadaqués, where he met artists like Eliseu Meifrèn, Joan Roig i Soler and Salvador Dalí. In 1918 he went to Barcelona to study painting, lithography and engraving, but he returned home due to economic problems. In 1928 he published his first surrealist poems and some art criticism articles. Between 1928 and 1929,", "title": "Angel Planells" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Salvador Dalí" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Surrealism\n\nSurrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to \"resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality\", or \"surreality.\" It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media.\n\nWorks of Surrealism feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and \"non sequitur\". However, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost (for instance, of the \"pure psychic automatism\" Breton speaks of in the first Surrealist Manifesto), with the works themselves being secondary, i.e. artifacts of surrealist experimentation. Leader Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. At the time, the movement was associated with political causes such as communism and anarchism. It was influenced by the Dada movement of the 1910s.\n\nThe term \"Surrealism\" originated with Guillaume Apollinaire in 1917. However, the Surrealist movement was not officially established until after October 1924, when the Surrealist Manifesto published by French poet and critic André Breton succeeded in claiming the term for his group over a rival faction led by Yvan Goll, who had published his own surrealist manifesto two weeks prior. The most important center of the movement was Paris, France. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, impacting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory.", "title": "Surrealism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Luis Buñuel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jorge Luis Borges\n\nJorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (; ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, as well as a key figure in Spanish-language and international literature. His best-known books, \"Ficciones\" (\"Fictions\") and \"El Aleph\" (\"The Aleph\"), published in the 1940s, are collections of short stories exploring themes of dreams, labyrinths, chance, infinity, archives, mirrors, fictional writers and mythology. Borges' works have contributed to philosophical literature and the fantasy genre, and majorly influenced the magic realist movement in 20th century Latin American literature.\n\nBorn in Buenos Aires, Borges later moved with his family to Switzerland in 1914, where he studied at the Collège de Genève. The family travelled widely in Europe, including Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in surrealist literary journals. He also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. In 1955, he was appointed director of the National Public Library and professor of English Literature at the University of Buenos Aires. He became completely blind by the age of 55. Scholars have suggested that his progressive blindness helped him to create innovative literary symbols through imagination. By the 1960s, his work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages.\n\nIn 1961, he came to international attention when he received the first Formentor Prize, which he shared with Samuel Beckett. In 1971, he won the Jerusalem Prize. His international reputation was consolidated in the 1960s, aided by his works being available in English, by the Latin American Boom and by the success of García Márquez's \"One Hundred Years of Solitude\". He dedicated his final work, \"The Conspirators\", to the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him: \"He, more than anyone, renovated the language of fiction and thus opened the way to a remarkable generation of Spanish-American novelists.\"", "title": "Jorge Luis Borges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Frida Kahlo" }, { "id": "15630603", "score": "1.6150775", "text": "prohibition of this practice under the Vichy regime. He attended the seminars on Gaetan Gatian de Clérambault and Pierre Janetin particular, and took an interest in the Surrealists. He finished his medical studies both in France and Spain, where the Civil War prevented him from taking his final exams. His thesis, pain in the disease of the central nervous system, concluded in 1936, and was prefaced by Jean Lhermitte, for whom he would become assistant in the Laboratory of the anatomy of the nervous system from 1938 to 1946. A member of the French Resistance during the war, he passed", "title": "Julian de Ajuriaguerra" }, { "id": "727497", "score": "1.6056366", "text": "exhibiting Miró's work in New York. Until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Miró habitually returned to Spain in the summers. Once the war began, he was unable to return home. Unlike many of his surrealist contemporaries, Miró had previously preferred to stay away from explicitly political commentary in his work. Though a sense of (Catalan) nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and \"Head of a Catalan Peasant\", it was not until Spain's Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural, \"The Reaper\" , for the Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, that Miró’s work took on", "title": "Joan Miró" }, { "id": "16079558", "score": "1.5945673", "text": "movement. It had concentrated once again all of its energy in order to affirm its significance and potential for provocation. Political circumstances as well as personal, politically motivated differences (for example in 1938 between Breton and Éluard, who sympathized with Stalinism), led Éluard to leave the group of surrealists. Max Ernst and Man Ray followed suit out of solidarity [47]. The final break between Breton and Dalí followed in 1939, which sealed the temporary end of the surrealist community. During World War II many artists went into exile in the United States; their influence played a decisive role in future", "title": "Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme" }, { "id": "391180", "score": "1.5871683", "text": "whose anti-idealist materialism formed a hybrid Surrealism intending to expose the base instincts of humans. To the dismay of many, \"Documents\" fizzled out in 1931, just as Surrealism seemed to be gathering more steam. There were a number of reconciliations after this period of disunion, such as between Breton and Bataille, while Aragon left the group after committing himself to the French Communist Party in 1932. More members were ousted over the years for a variety of infractions, both political and personal, while others left in pursuit of their own style. By the end of World War II the surrealist", "title": "Surrealism" }, { "id": "10122334", "score": "1.5858417", "text": "Objectivity\") emerged as Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz and others politicized their paintings. The work of these artists grew out of expressionism, and was a response to the political tensions of the Weimar Republic, and was often sharply satirical. During the 1930s radical leftist politics characterized many of the artists connected to Surrealism, including Pablo Picasso. On 26 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque town of Gernika was the scene of the \"Bombing of Gernika\" by the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. The Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Francisco Franco to overthrow", "title": "Western painting" }, { "id": "6860098", "score": "1.5818788", "text": "Spanish Literature at City University of New York (CUNY). In 1985 Granell returned to Spain, where he was awarded numerous prizes and recognitions. The Fundación Eugenio Granell was created in 1995 in his home town Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. The only museum in the world entirely devoted to surrealism, it holds some 600 of his paintings along with works by Picabia, Duchamp, Man Ray, Miró, Esteban Francés, and many other surrealist artists. Granell published several books, most of them in Spanish including \"La novela del Indio Tupinamba\", a surrealist, personal and unique vision of the Spanish Civil War. It", "title": "Eugenio Granell" }, { "id": "8411519", "score": "1.5814319", "text": "as \"Cruz y Raya\", \"Noreste\", \"Línea\", \"Caballo Verde para la poesía\", (Green Horse for Poetry) etc. Less known was his participation in the first Drawing Fair (1935) of the Iberian Artist Society. In 1937 he spent months at the battlefront producing drawings and maps. After the war he made surrealist illustrations filled with contents related to Catholicism in magazines such as \"Vértice\" or \"Santo y Seña\" convinced by Dionisio Ridruejo. In 1945 he participated in the III Salón de los Once (Eleven's Hall). Five years later, he was invited to the XXV edition of the Biennale Exhibition of Venice and", "title": "José Caballero" }, { "id": "391173", "score": "1.5779214", "text": "this respect; in fact he was considered, by Breton and his associates, to have betrayed and left Surrealism. Benjamin Péret, Mary Low and Juan Breá joined the POUM during the Spanish Civil War. Breton's followers, along with the Communist Party, were working for the \"liberation of man\". However, Breton's group refused to prioritize the proletarian struggle over radical creation such that their struggles with the Party made the late 1920s a turbulent time for both. Many individuals closely associated with Breton, notably Louis Aragon, left his group to work more closely with the Communists. Surrealists have often sought to link", "title": "Surrealism" }, { "id": "8870406", "score": "1.5682012", "text": "at an elementary school, writing his first published book, \"Campanario de la Primavera\" (1930). He wrote two more works, including \"Romanticismo y cuenta nueva\" (1933) and \"Enigma del invitado\" (1936), and worked as an editor for the Tenerife review, the \"Gaceta de Arte\", an important vehicle for poetic surrealism in Tenerife. During the Spanish Civil War in 1936, he went to \"Gaceta de Arte\" and joined in the activities of the surrealist group on the island. On August 15, 1936, he married Donatila Airenza Fumero. He also edited two other books: \"Los blancos pies en tierra\" (1951), a collection of", "title": "Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo" }, { "id": "2362352", "score": "1.5583298", "text": "It was at this time that he discovered that he was heir to the Marquisate of Casa Real. He also participated in the Mandrágora, a Chilean surrealist movement founded in 1938. There was a scandal when he got married to Ximena Amunátegui in a Muslim ceremony. In 1930, while in the Italian Alps, he wrote \"La Proxima\" (The Next), and published his poem \"Chanson de l'oeuf et de l'infini\" (Song of the Egg and Infinity) in the magazine \"Revue Européenne\" and a fragment of \"Altazor\", in French, in the June edition of \"Transition\". In 1931, he went back to Madrid", "title": "Vicente Huidobro" }, { "id": "5310112", "score": "1.5577137", "text": "conflict between Breton and Ilya Ehrenburg during the first \"International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture\" which opened in Paris in June 1935. Breton, who, like all fellow surrealists, had been insulted by Ehrenburg in a pamphlet which said – among other things – that surrealists were pederasts, slapped Ehrenburg several times on the street, which led to surrealists being expelled from the Congress. Crevel, who, according to Salvador Dalí, was \"the only serious communist among surrealists\", spent a whole day trying to persuade the other delegates to allow surrealists back, but he was not successful and left", "title": "René Crevel" }, { "id": "43070", "score": "1.5569594", "text": "Chirico, Dalí, Marcel Duchamp, René Magritte, Man Ray and Yves Tanguy. On the day of the preview, however, he was expelled from the Surrealist Group by André Breton, who ordered the poet Paul Éluard to take down his pictures. Gysin was 19 years old. His biographer, John Geiger, suggests the arbitrary expulsion \"had the effect of a curse. Years later, he blamed other failures on the Breton incident. It gave rise to conspiracy theories about the powerful interests who seek control of the art world. He gave various explanations for the expulsion, the more elaborate involving 'insubordination' or \"lèse majesté\"", "title": "Brion Gysin" }, { "id": "499315", "score": "1.5563824", "text": "his apology for a surrealist act. While the majority of the Surrealist artists had become increasingly associated with leftist politics, Dalí maintained an ambiguous position on the subject of the proper relationship between politics and art. Leading surrealist André Breton accused Dalí of defending the \"new\" and \"irrational\" in \"the Hitler phenomenon\", but Dalí quickly rejected this claim, saying, \"I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention\". Dalí insisted that surrealism could exist in an apolitical context and refused to explicitly denounce fascism. Among other factors, this had landed him in trouble with his colleagues. Later in 1934, Dalí was", "title": "Salvador Dalí" }, { "id": "6266180", "score": "1.5561655", "text": "his time, he was also politically associated, joining the ranks of the Socialist Party in 1919. As a writer, he joined the Surrealist movement for a short time during the 1930s; this also had political ramifications, influencing him to join the Communist Party. However, his most notable works were to come later in his life. He fought in both World Wars, and it was after his stint in the army in World War II that he decided to leave the Communist Party. It was at this time, in 1942, that he joined the French Resistance and also published what is", "title": "Le parti pris des choses" }, { "id": "391191", "score": "1.5547559", "text": "due to political/philosophical differences with Breton. Though the war proved disruptive for Surrealism, the works continued. Many Surrealist artists continued to explore their vocabularies, including Magritte. Many members of the Surrealist movement continued to correspond and meet. While Dalí may have been excommunicated by Breton, he neither abandoned his themes from the 1930s, including references to the \"persistence of time\" in a later painting, nor did he become a depictive pompier. His classic period did not represent so sharp a break with the past as some descriptions of his work might portray, and some, such as André Thirion, argued that", "title": "Surrealism" } ]

[ "1388", "", "one thousand three hundred and eighty eight", "one thousand, three hundred and eighty-eight" ]

[ { "id": "665443", "score": "1.6730007", "text": "been the object of theft or attempted theft. Legend has it that the statue was removed, in 1745, and found in the Flemish town of Geraardsbergen. As a sign of their appreciation, the people of Brussels gave this city a replica of the statue. In reality, the first attempted theft was made, in 1747, by a group of French grenadiers stationed in Brussels. The population rebelled against this deed and threatened a bloody revenge. To calm things down, the King of France, Louis XV, offered a gentleman's gown of brocade, embroidered with gold, to Manneken Pis. He also authorised him", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665446", "score": "1.6714869", "text": "disappeared in 1965; the statue had been broken by the thief and only the feet and ankles remained. In June 1966, the Antwerp magazine De Post received an anonymous phone call, signaling that the body was in the Charleroi Canal. It was found there by divers, sent by the magazine, and was brought back to Brussels, on 27 June. Restored once again, the statue was sheltered and the original version is now kept and displayed on the second floor of the Museum of the City of Brussels, at the Maison du Roi/Broodhuis, on the Grand Place. The statue now on", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665445", "score": "1.6532347", "text": "base marked \"1620 - REST 1817\". Manneken Pis experienced similar misadventures in the 20th century. Two attempted thefts occurred in 1955 and 1957. Some accounts say that it has been stolen up to seven times; in January 1963, by students of the Antwerp student association \"De Wikings\" of the Sint-Ignatius Handelshogeschool (Higher Business Education), now part of the Antwerp University, who \"hijacked\" the statue for five days before handing it over to the Antwerp authorities. The local and international press covered the story, contributing to the students' collection of funds donated to two orphanages. Things were more serious when it", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665436", "score": "1.574728", "text": "Manneken Pis Manneken Pis (, meaning \"Little Pisser\" in Dutch) is a landmark small bronze sculpture (61 cm) in the centre of Brussels (Belgium), depicting a naked little boy urinating into a fountain's basin. It was designed by and put in place in 1618 or 1619. The current statue is a copy which dates from 1965. The original is kept in the Museum of the City of Brussels. Manneken Pis is the best-known symbol of the people of Brussels. It also embodies their sense of humour (called \"zwanze\" in the dialect of Brussels) and their independence of mind. Manneken Pis", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665452", "score": "1.5637617", "text": "In many countries, replicas in brass or fiberglass are common swimming or garden-pool decorations. Many copies exist worldwide as garden ornaments. Manneken Pis has also been adapted into such \"risqué\" souvenir items as ashtrays and corkscrews. In Bali, Indonesia, there is a Belgian restaurant called Mannekepis. It even has the exact replica of the statue standing in front of the restaurant, urinating. In September 2002, a Belgian-born waffle-maker set up a replica in front of his waffle stand in the Orlando Fashion Square mall, in Orlando, Florida. He recalled the legend as \"the boy who saved Brussels from fire by", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Manneken Pis\n\nManneken Pis (; ) is a landmark bronze fountain sculpture in central Brussels, Belgium, depicting a puer mingens; a naked little boy urinating into the fountain's basin. Though its existence is attested as early as the 15th century, it was designed in its current form by the Brabantine sculptor and put in place in 1618 or 1619.\n\n\"Manneken Pis\" has been repeatedly stolen or damaged throughout its history. The current statue is a replica dating from 1965, with the original being kept in the Brussels City Museum. Nowadays, it is one of the best-known symbols of Brussels and Belgium, inspiring many imitations and similar statues. The figure is regularly dressed up and its wardrobe consists of around one thousand different costumes. Due to its self-derisive nature, it is also an example of \"belgitude\" (French; ), as well as of folk humour (\"\") popular in Brussels.\n\n\"Manneken Pis\" is an approximate five minutes' walk from the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square), at the junction of the / and the pedestrian /. This site is served by the \"premetro\" (underground tram) station Bourse/Beurs (on lines 3 and 4), as well as the bus stops / (on line 95) and Cesar de Paepe (on lines 33 and 48).", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jeanneke Pis\n\nJeanneke Pis (; ) is a modern fountain sculpture in central Brussels, Belgium. It was commissioned by Denis-Adrien Debouvrie in 1985 and erected in 1987 as a counterpoint to the city's famous \"Manneken Pis\". The bronze statue depicts a little girl with short pigtails, squatting and urinating on a blue-grey limestone base.\n\n\"Jeanneke Pis\" is located north of the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square), on the eastern side of the /, a narrow cul-de-sac some long leading northwards off the restaurant-packed /. The sculpture is now protected from vandalism by iron bars.", "title": "Jeanneke Pis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Little Mermaid (statue)\n\nThe Little Mermaid () is a bronze statue by Edvard Eriksen, depicting a mermaid becoming human. The sculpture is displayed on a rock by the waterside at the Langelinie promenade in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is tall and weighs .<ref name=\"AFP\" />\n\nBased on the 1837 fairy tale of the same name by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen, the small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and has been a major tourist attraction since its unveiling in 1913. In recent decades it has become a popular target for defacement by vandals and political activists.\n\n\"Mermaid\" is among iconic statues that symbolize cities; others include: the statue of \"Pania of the Reef\" in Napier, \"Manneken Pis\" in Brussels, the Statue of Liberty in New York and \"Christ the Redeemer\" in Rio de Janeiro.", "title": "The Little Mermaid (statue)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Brussels" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Het Zinneke\n\nHet Zinneke (Brusselian dialect for \"the mutt\"), sometimes called Zinneke Pis by analogy with \"Manneken Pis\", is a bronze sculpture in central Brussels, Belgium, erected in 1998. Created by Tom Frantzen, it represents a urinating dog, along the same lines as \"Manneken Pis\" (a boy) and its derivative \"Jeanneke Pis\" (a girl). It is an example of folk humour (\"zwanze\") popular in Brussels.\n\n\"Het Zinneke\" is located at the junction of the / and the / in the City of Brussels, not far from the /, a former covered market, and one of the trendiest districts of the capital.", "title": "Het Zinneke" }, { "id": "665454", "score": "1.535007", "text": "the club's jersey, after important wins. A working replica of Manneken Pis stands on the platform of Hamamatsuchō Station in Tokyo, Japan. The statue is a great source of pride for station workers who dress it in various costumes—traditional and otherwise—at different times of year. Since 1987, Manneken Pis has had a female equivalent, Jeanneke Pis, located on the east side of a small alley called /, near /, representing a little girl squatting in the act of urinating. It feeds a small fountain. It is, however, less illustrious than its masculine counterpart. Het Zinneke, depicting a dog urinating against", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665444", "score": "1.5237525", "text": "to carry the sword, and decorated him with the Cross of St. Louis. The statue was stolen, in 1817, by the fugitive Antoine Licas. The perpetrator was heavily punished; he was condemned to forced labour for life, and was first tied for an hour to stocks on the Grand Place. The original statue was broken into 11 pieces during this abduction and was restored by a specialised welder, under the supervision of sculptor Gilles-Lambert Godecharle. The pieces were matched and used to make a mold in which the bronze statue was poured. The statue was then screwed onto a new", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665448", "score": "1.521107", "text": "week, according to a published schedule, which is posted on the railings around the fountain. Since 1954, the costumes are managed by the non-profit association \"The Friends of Manneken-Pis\", who review hundreds of designs submitted each year, and select a small number to be produced and used. His wardrobe consists of around one thousand different costumes, many of which may be viewed in a permanent exhibition inside the City Museum, located on the Grand Place, immediately opposite the Town Hall. In February 2017, a specially designed museum, at 19, /, called \"Garderobe MannekenPis\", opened its doors. Although the proliferation of", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665439", "score": "1.4986923", "text": "a preparatory drawing to this painting. The first statue was replaced by a new bronze version, commissioned in 1619. This tall bronze statue, on the corner of / and /, was made by Brussels' sculptor Hieronimus Duquesnoy the Elder (1570–1641), father of Jérôme Duquesnoy the Young and the famous François Duquesnoy. It was probably cast and installed in 1620. During this time, the column supporting the statue and the double rectangular basin collecting water were completely remodeled by Daniel Raessens. During its history, the statue faced many hazards. It survived undamaged the bombardment of Brussels of 1695 by the French", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665451", "score": "1.4982345", "text": "Brussels or the one in Geraardsbergen. Similar statues can also be found in the Belgian cities of Koksijde, Hasselt, Ghent, Bruges, in the town of Braine-l'Alleud (where it is called \"Il Gamin Quipiche\"), and in the French Flemish village of Broxeele, a town with the same etymology as Brussels. Since the 20th century, numerous copies or imitations of Manneken Pis have been created both in Belgium and abroad. It is necessary to distinguish the official copies offered by the City of Brussels from copies and imitations carried out privately by admirers of the little statue. Official copies were offered to:", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "17199979", "score": "1.4863455", "text": "room presents the nearly 750 costumes of the Manneken Pis statue. It is open every day except Mondays from 10am to 5pm. Conceived in 1860 and inaugurated in 1887, the museum is situated on the Grand Place, opposite the Brussels Town Hall, in a building in the Gothic Revival style, known as the (\"King's House\") or (\"Bread hall\"). The building is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the square. The Brussels Town Hall was built on the south side of the Grand Place in stages between 1401 and 1455, and made the Grand Place the seat", "title": "Museum of the City of Brussels" }, { "id": "665440", "score": "1.4737902", "text": "army, but the pipes having been affected, it could not deliver its water for some time. A pamphlet published the same year recounts this episode. This text is the oldest attesting that Manneken Pis had become \"an object of glory appreciated by all and renowned throughout the world\". It is also the first time that it served as a symbol for the people of Brussels. It is also traditionally said that after the bombardment, it was triumphantly placed again on its pedestal. On that occasion, the following passage from the Bible was inscribed above its head : \"In petra exaltavit", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "12600773", "score": "1.4729376", "text": "1980s East Germany when a discussion was started about potentially redisplaying them. On the occasion of the 750th anniversary of Berlin in January 1987 the marble originals were once again transported to the Bode Museum, while the bronze versions were placed in front of the Altes Museum in the Lustgarten. The bronze statues have since been stored away again. After the turn of the millennium, at the urging of the Berlin Schadow Society, it was planned to once again place the statues at or near their historical locations. The bronze copies of the memorials depicting Zieten and Anhalt-Dessau were erected", "title": "Wilhelmplatz" }, { "id": "12600772", "score": "1.4716737", "text": "on advice from Christian Daniel Rauch regarding the vulnerability of the materials, the statues were replaced with bronze copies made by August Kiß in 1857. That is, all but Schwerin and Winterfeldt. Kiß designed these completely new and rid them of their antique appearances. The originals, after moving from place to place, eventually found a home in 1904 in the small dome hall at the Bode Museum. Though both the marble originals and the bronze versions survived World War II, they were hidden from view of the public for decades in different depots. It wasn't until a Prussian Renaissance in", "title": "Wilhelmplatz" }, { "id": "17769460", "score": "1.4673951", "text": "a copy of a work from the school of Polykleitos. The statue was found in 1502 by a farmer beside the river on a terrace south of the mountaintop. It came into the possession of Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg, the Bishop of Gurk and a humanist soon afterward. He took it with him to Salzburg in 1519 when he became Archbishop of Salzburg. Until the 1980s it was assumed that the statue had come from Salzburg to Vienna in 1806 following the Peace of Pressburg. However, investigations of the casting technique and scientific analysis of the metal in 1986 led", "title": "Youth of Magdalensberg" }, { "id": "7941774", "score": "1.4667454", "text": "a unique \"sitting\" Statue of Liberty in the Ukrainian city of Lviv. It is a sculpture on a dome of the house (15, Freedom Avenue) built by architect Yuriy Zakharevych and decorated by sculptor Leandro Marconi in 1874–91. A , 9,200 kg (9.2 tons) replica stood atop the Liberty Shoe factory in Leicester, England, until 2002 when the building was demolished. The statue was put into storage while the building was replaced. The statue, which dates back to the 1920s, was initially going to be put back on the replacement building, but was too heavy, so in December 2008 following", "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty" }, { "id": "9099049", "score": "1.4613711", "text": "1849 the chains between the slave's hands were not shown. In 2004, Vermont Governor James Douglas ordered the removal from his office of a small lamp replicating the artwork, citing fears that schoolchildren might see it. There are six versions: the plaster and five marble statues created from it. In early 2015, the Smithsonian Digitization Program made a three-dimensional scan of the original plaster cast of the sculpture. This scan is now available on their website with an interactive portion, as well as a downloadable version. With this, anyone in possession of a 3D printer can now create their own", "title": "The Greek Slave" }, { "id": "665438", "score": "1.4527695", "text": "fact refers to a now-disappeared fountain of Julian (Juliaenkensborre), by mistakenly confusing two well-distinct fountains. The earliest mention of the existence of Manneken Pis can be found in an administrative text, dating from 1451–1452, about the water lines supplying the fountains of Brussels. From the beginning, the fountain played an essential role in the distribution of drinking water. It stood on a column and poured water into a double rectangular basin of stone. The only representations of this first statue can be found, very schematically, in a painting by Denis Van Alsloot, representing the Brussels' Ommegang of 1615 and in", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "665449", "score": "1.4427522", "text": "costumes is of twentieth-century origin, the occasional use of costumes dates back almost to the date of casting; the oldest costume on display, in the City Museum, being of seventeenth-century origin. In 1756, an inventory indicates that \"Manneken Pis\" had five complete costumes. From 1918 to 1940, he was offered some thirty costumes. But it was especially after 1945 that the movement took on an exceptional dimension; he had more than 400 costumes in 1994, more than 750 in 2005, and more than 950 in 2016. The changing of the costume, on the figure, is a colourful ceremony, often accompanied", "title": "Manneken Pis" }, { "id": "8474836", "score": "1.4425328", "text": "the Uffizi had led earlier scholars to posit a classical fifth-century original, before the bronze was unearthed at Ephesus. A substantially complete bronze \"Apoxyomenos\" of this model, who strigilates his left hand, held close to his thigh, was discovered by René Wouten from the northern Adriatic Sea between two islets, Vele Orjule and Kozjak, near Lošinj in Croatia, in 1996. Rene Wouten found the bronze statue fully covered in sponges and sea life. No parts of the statue were missing, though its head was disconnected from the body. 1.92m long, the statue is currently thought to be a Hellenistic copy", "title": "Apoxyomenos" } ]

[ "On a board", "on board" ]

[ { "id": "952144", "score": "1.8367263", "text": "not even know) the \"official rules\". Games historian Eddie Duggan (University of Suffolk) provides a brief resume of ideas related to the ancient Egyptian game of senet (together with an overview of the so-called \"Royal Game of Ur\") and a version of rules for play in his teaching notes on ancient games. Senet Senet (or senat) is a board game from ancient Egypt, whose original rules are the subject of conjecture. The oldest hieroglyph resembling a senet game dates to around 3100 BC. The full name of the game in Egyptian is thought to have been \"zn.t n.t ḥˁb\", meaning", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": "952139", "score": "1.811818", "text": "Senet Senet (or senat) is a board game from ancient Egypt, whose original rules are the subject of conjecture. The oldest hieroglyph resembling a senet game dates to around 3100 BC. The full name of the game in Egyptian is thought to have been \"zn.t n.t ḥˁb\", meaning the \"game of passing\". Senet is one of the oldest known board games. Fragmentary boards that could be senet have been found in First Dynasty burials in Egypt, c. 3100 BC. A hieroglyph resembling a senet board appears in the tomb of Merknera (3300–2700 BC). The first unequivocal painting of this ancient", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": "952143", "score": "1.80548", "text": "the actual course of ancient Egyptian gameplay. Their rules have been adopted by sellers of modern senet sets. In a presentation to the XX Board Games Studies Colloquium at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Espen Aarseth asked if the game Senet could be said to still exist, given that the rules were unknown. In response, Alexander de Voogt of the American Museum of Natural History pointed out that games did not have a fixed set of rules, but rules varied over time and from place to place. Moreover, many players of games, even today, do not play (or sometimes do", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": "13025499", "score": "1.7620808", "text": "Byzantine game Tabula is a descendant of the game of twelve points. Among the earliest examples of a board game is \"senet\", a game found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burial sites in Egypt (circa 3500 BCE and 3100 BCE, respectively) and in hieroglyphs dating to around 3100 BCE. The game was played by moving draughtsmen on a board of 30 squares arranged into three parallel rows of ten squares each. The players strategically moved their pieces based on the throw of sticks or bones. The goal was to reach the edge of the board first. Senet slowly evolved over", "title": "History of games" }, { "id": "952140", "score": "1.7392033", "text": "game is from the Third Dynasty tomb of Hesy (c. 2686–2613 BC). People are depicted playing senet in a painting in the tomb of Rashepes, as well as from other tombs of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties (c. 2500 BC). The oldest intact senet boards date to the Middle Kingdom, but graffiti on Fifth and Sixth Dynasty monuments could date as early as the Old Kingdom. At least by the time of the New Kingdom in Egypt (1550–1077 BC), senet was conceived as a representation of the journey of the ka (the vital spark) to the afterlife. This connection is", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Senet\n\nSenet or senat (; cf. Coptic ⲥⲓⲛⲉ /sinə/ \"passing, afternoon\") is a board game from ancient Egypt. The earliest representation of senet is dated to E from the Mastaba of Hesy-Re, while similar boards and hieroglyphic signs are found even earlier. The game fell out of use following the Roman period,<ref name=\"Sebbane\"/> and its original rules are the subject of conjecture.", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of games\n\nThe history of games dates to the ancient human past. Games are an integral part of all cultures and are one of the oldest forms of human social interaction. Games are formalized expressions of play which allow people to go beyond immediate imagination and direct physical activity. Common features of games include uncertainty of outcome, agreed upon rules, competition, separate place and time, elements of fiction, elements of chance, prescribed goals and personal enjoyment.\n\nGames capture the ideas and worldviews of their cultures and pass them on to the future generation. Games were important as cultural and social bonding events, as teaching tools and as markers of social status. As pastimes of royalty and the elite, some games became common features of court culture and were also given as gifts. Games such as Senet and the Mesoamerican ball game were often imbued with mythic and ritual religious significance. Games like Gyan chauper and The Mansion of Happiness were used to teach spiritual and ethical lessons while Shatranj and Wéiqí (Go) were seen as a way to develop strategic thinking and mental skill by the political and military elite.\n\nIn his 1938 book, \"Homo Ludens\", Dutch cultural historian Johan Huizinga argued that games were a primary condition of the generation of human cultures. Huizinga saw the playing of games as something that \"is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing\". Huizinga saw games as a starting point for complex human activities such as language, law, war, philosophy and art.", "title": "History of games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dice\n\nDice (singular die or dice) are small, throwable objects with marked sides that can rest in multiple positions. They are used for generating random values, commonly as part of tabletop games, including dice games, board games, role-playing games, and games of chance.\n\nA traditional die is a cube with each of its six faces marked with a different number of dots (pips) from one to six. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing a random integer from one to six on its upper surface, with each value being equally likely. Dice may also have polyhedral or irregular shapes, may have faces marked with numerals or symbols instead of pips and may have their numbers carved out from the material of the dice instead of marked on it. Loaded dice are designed to favor some results over others for cheating or entertainment.", "title": "Dice" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Board game\n\nBoard games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well.\n\nMany board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. \"Pandemic\" is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person.\n\nThere are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as \"Cluedo\". Rules can range from the very simple, such as in Snakes and Ladders; to deeply complex, as in \"Advanced Squad Leader\". Play components now often include custom figures or shaped counters, and distinctively shaped player pieces commonly known as meeples as well as traditional cards and dice.\n\nThe time required to learn or master varies greatly from game to game, but is not necessarily related to the number or complexity of rules; for example, chess or Go possess relatively simple , but have great strategic depth.", "title": "Board game" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yut\n\nYut Nori, also known as Yunnori, Nyout, and Yoot, is a traditional board game played in Korea, especially during Korean New Year. The game is also called \"cheok-sa\" or \"sa-hee\". The combining-form \"-nori\" means 'game'.\n\nAlthough the origins of this popular family game are unclear, some research suggests that yut was played as early as the Three Kingdoms (57 BCE – 668 CE). The \"Taiping Imperial Reader\" states that people of Baekje played a board game similar to Po Yut, which is believed to be similar to Pachisi, a board game originating in India.\n\nThere is a folk explanation for the game, describing a bet by some villagers to raise five different kind of livestock: pigs, dogs, sheep, cows and horses. Each of the villagers would raise only one type.\n\nThe board and the game are known to have been used in casting hexagrams, particularly in mountain-areas and small farming-villages, but this is no longer practiced.", "title": "Yut" }, { "id": "13025500", "score": "1.6861017", "text": "time to reflect the religious beliefs of the Egyptians. The pieces represented human souls and their movement was based on the journey of the soul in the afterlife. Each square had a distinct religious significance, with the final square being associated with the union of the soul with the sun god Re-Horakhty. Senet may have also been used in a ritual religious context. In Ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire, popular games included ball games (Episkyros, Harpastum, Expulsim Ludere - a kind of handball), dice games (Tesserae), knucklebones, Bear games, Tic-tac-toe (Terni Lapilli), Nine Men's Morris (mola) and various", "title": "History of games" }, { "id": "952142", "score": "1.6839379", "text": "games that have been found in Cyprus than have been found in Egypt. The senet gameboard is a grid of 30 squares, arranged in three rows of ten. A senet board has two sets of pawns (at least five of each). Although details of the original game rules are a subject of some conjecture, senet historians Timothy Kendall and R. C. Bell have made their own reconstructions of the game. These rules are based on snippets of texts that span over a thousand years, over which time gameplay is likely to have changed. Therefore, it is unlikely these rules reflect", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": "952141", "score": "1.6822388", "text": "made in the Great Game Text, which appears in a number of papyri, as well as the appearance of markings of religious significance on senet boards themselves. The game is also referred to in chapter XVII of the \"Book of the Dead\". Senet also was played by people in neighboring cultures, and it probably came to those places through trade relationships between Egyptians and local peoples. It has been found in the Levant at sites such as Arad and Byblos, as well as in Cyprus. Because of the local practice of making games out of stone, there are more senet", "title": "Senet" }, { "id": "40236", "score": "1.645911", "text": "of Ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptian game senet was excavated, along with illustrations, from Egyptian royal tombs dating to 3500 BC. Though using a board that is quite different from backgammon, it may be a predecessor. Backgammon, which is known as \"tavla\", from Byzantine Greek τάβλη, is a very popular game in Turkey, and it is customary to name the dice rolls with their Persian number names, with local spellings: yek (1), dü (2), se (3), cehar (4), penç (5), şeş (6). The usual Tavla rules are same as in the neighboring Arab countries and Greece, as established over a", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "2756851", "score": "1.6386988", "text": "side of the same stone as senet, and those from Sotira \"Kaminoudhia\", dating to approximately 2250 BCE, are the oldest surviving double-sided boards known. Mehen survived in Cyprus longer than in Egypt, showing that the game was indigenized upon its adoption into the island's culture. The rules and gameplay of Mehen are entirely unknown. In Egypt, the gameboard depicts a coiled snake whose body is divided into rectangular spaces. Several boards have been found with different numbers of segments, without distinguishing marks or ornamentation. In Cyprus and the Levant, the games take the form of a spiral of depressions, sometimes", "title": "Mehen (game)" }, { "id": "11977978", "score": "1.6151524", "text": "for the afterlife, including any other common 'hobbies' of the deceased–(for example hunting ducks at the marsh using a throwstick). Since board games represent the common man's activities, the Senet game has numerous examples from Ancient Egypt; this also includes the reliefs shown on temple walls, of individuals enjoying their activities in the afterlife. Some example game pieces of Ancient Egypt. One of the more famous games was \"\"Hounds and Jackals\"\", a race game, with far less artefacts found of the game. Senet, with game tokens: Game piece (hieroglyph) The ancient Egyptian Game piece (hieroglyph), also a Token, or the", "title": "Game piece (hieroglyph)" }, { "id": "118591", "score": "1.6133537", "text": "the oldest known board games is Senet, a game played in Ancient Egypt, enjoyed by the pharaoh Tutankhamun. Card games, such as whist, poker and Bridge have long been played as evening entertainment among friends. For these games, all that is needed is a deck of playing cards. Other games, such as bingo, played with numerous strangers, have been organised to involve the participation of non-players via gambling. Many are geared for children, and can be played outdoors, including hopscotch, hide and seek, or Blind man's bluff. The list of ball games is quite extensive. It includes, for example, croquet,", "title": "Entertainment" }, { "id": "101829", "score": "1.5928257", "text": "and it is uncertain where they originated. The oldest known dice were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800–2500 BC. Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin. The Egyptian game of Senet was played with dice. Senet was played before 3000 BC and up to the 2nd century AD. It was probably a racing game, but there is no scholarly consensus on the rules of Senet. Dicing is mentioned as an Indian game in the", "title": "Dice" }, { "id": "2756850", "score": "1.5748711", "text": "of Egypt and Sixth Dynasty of Egypt show people playing the game. No scenes or boards date to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt or New Kingdom of Egypt, and so it appears that the game was no longer played in Egypt after the Old Kingdom. It is, however, depicted in tombs of about 700 BCE, because the tomb decorations are copied from Old Kingdom originals. Mehen also appears to have been played outside of Egypt. It appears alongside other boards displaying the game of senet at Bab 'edu Dhra and in Cyprus. In Cyprus, it sometimes appears on the opposite", "title": "Mehen (game)" }, { "id": "38579", "score": "1.5439913", "text": "chess or Go possess relatively simple , but have great strategic depth. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history. A number of important historical sites, artifacts, and documents shed light on early board games such as Jiroft civilization gameboards in Iran. Senet, found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively, is the oldest board game known to have existed. Senet was pictured in a fresco found in Merknera's tomb (3300–2700 BC). Also from predynastic Egypt is Mehen. Backgammon originated in ancient Persia over 5,000 years ago. Chess,", "title": "Board game" }, { "id": "728756", "score": "1.46627", "text": "8 AD). An ancient example of the game was excavated at the archaeological site of Kibyra in southern Turkey. Ludus duodecim scriptorum Ludus duodecim scriptorum, or XII scripta, was a board game popular during the time of the Roman Empire. The name translates as \"game of twelve markings\", probably referring to the three rows of 12 markings each found on most surviving boards. The game tabula is thought to be a descendant of this game, and both are similar to modern backgammon. It has been speculated that XII scripta is related to the Egyptian game senet, but some consider this", "title": "Ludus duodecim scriptorum" }, { "id": "3783742", "score": "1.463608", "text": "of both strategy and random chance. The Game of Ur was popular across the Middle East and boards for it have been found in Iran, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Cyprus, and Crete. Four gameboards bearing a very close resemblance to the Royal Game of Ur were found in the funeral chamber of the Tomb of Tutankhamun. These boards came with small boxes to store dice and game pieces and many had senet boards on the reverse sides so that the same board could be used to play either game and merely had to be flipped over. The game was", "title": "Royal Game of Ur" }, { "id": "12281201", "score": "1.4529934", "text": "game is played by old persons for time pass.In Ancient time this is played for entertainment purposes. It is an ancient game of INDIA.Ludo(U.K)and parchissi(U.S.A) are the version of Chopat game. A chopat 'board' is traditionally an embroidered cloth in the shape of a cross. Each arm of the cross is divided into three columns and each column is divided into eight squares. The “dice” are seven cowry shells. The “men” or pieces (Sogthi)are usually made of wood. Each player has four men. In another version of CHOPAT GAME 2 players play and one player Say 'A' carries total 8", "title": "Chopat" }, { "id": "13025498", "score": "1.4491427", "text": "The Ur game was also popular with the lower classes, as attested by a 2,700-year-old graffiti version of the game, scratched onto a gateway to a palace in Khorsabad. Similar games have been found in Iran, Crete, Cyprus, Sri Lanka and Syria. Excavations at Shahr-e Sukhteh (\"The Burnt City\") in Iran have shown that the game also existed there around 3000 BCE. The artefacts include two dice and 60 checkers. Games such as Nard and the Roman game Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum (game of 12 points, also known as simply \"dice\", lat. \"alea\") may have developed from this Iranian game. The", "title": "History of games" }, { "id": "17227487", "score": "1.4473596", "text": "combat and self-defense, \"ssireum\" was also part of rituals conducted in the ancient tribal states. Rules evolved, allowing \"ssireum\" to develop into a national sport valued for competition and entertainment. In top-spinning, played primarily by children, a player spins a wooden top with a stick to make it spin on ice or on the ground. Popular in winter, the games have names which vary by region. The best tops (made from birch, jujube or pine) are heavy, with strong tips, and they are often spun in groups. Kite frames are generally made of bamboo, with paper attached. Most kites, rectangular", "title": "Traditional games of Korea" } ]

[ "Caterina de Medici", "Katherine de Medicis", "Catharine di' Medici", "caterina di lorenzo de medici", "Joan of Volois", "Catherine De' Medici", "catherine de medici", "Caterina de' Medici", "catherine demedicis", "Catherine de Medici", "Catharine de Medici", "Catherine de Medicis", "Catherine de' Medici", "Catherine De Medici", "caterine de medici", "caterina de medici", "Catherine de’ Medici", "Catherine of Medici", "Catharine de' Medici", "Catherine de Médici", "katherine de medicis", "Catherine De'Medici", "Catherine deMedicis", "Medici, Catherine de'", "catherine de medicis", "catherine de médicis", "Caterine de'Medici", "Catherine de'Medici", "Catherine De Medicis", "catharine di medici", "medici catherine de", "catharine de medici", "catherine de médici", "Caterina di Lorenzo de' Medici", "catherine of medici", "katarina de medici", "Katarina de Medici", "joan of volois", "Catherine De'Medicis", "Catherine de Médicis" ]

[ { "id": "683915", "score": "1.8954585", "text": "conflict. He named his 16-year-old sister, Catherine de Bourbon, regent of Béarn. Catherine held the regency for nearly thirty years. Henry became heir presumptive to the French throne in 1584 upon the death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, brother and heir to the Catholic Henry III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. Because Henry of Navarre was the next senior agnatic descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognise him as the legitimate successor. Salic law barred the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent through only the female line from", "title": "Henry IV of France" }, { "id": "545786", "score": "1.888428", "text": "future Henry III (born 19 September 1551); and Francis, Duke of Anjou (born 18 March 1555). The long-term future of the Valois dynasty, which had ruled France since the 14th century, seemed assured. Catherine's ability to bear children, however, failed to improve her marriage. In 1534, at the age of 15, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old Diane de Poitiers, whom he adored for the rest of his life. Even so, he respected Catherine's status as his consort. When King Francis I died on 31 March 1547, Catherine became queen consort of France. She was crowned in the", "title": "Catherine de' Medici" }, { "id": "14080317", "score": "1.8787637", "text": "Rouet\". Antoine's frequent absences left Jeanne in Béarn to rule alone, and in complete charge of a household which she managed with a firm and resolute hand. The couple had five children, of whom only two, Henry, king of France (1589 to 1610) and king of Navarre (1572 to 1610), and Catherine, duchess of Lorraine, lived to adulthood. On 25 May 1555, Henry II of Navarre died, at which time Jeanne and her husband became joint rulers of Navarre. On accession to the throne, she inherited a conflict over Navarre and an independent territorial hold on Lower Navarre, Soule, and", "title": "Jeanne d'Albret" }, { "id": "12075078", "score": "1.8760175", "text": "this type were Gabrielle d'Estrées, who died in 1599, and her successor, Henriette d'Entragues, who involved herself in plots against the crown. Henry promised marriage to each of them, exposing himself to a series of political problems. Born in 1553, Henry was the son of Jeanne d'Albret, who became the Queen Regnant of Navarre two years after he was born. His father, Antoine of Bourbon, was constantly unfaithful to Jeanne. The couple also differed over religion: Jeanne became a staunch Huguenot, whereas Antoine wavered, for political reasons, between the Catholicism of his birth and the faith of his wife. His", "title": "Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses" }, { "id": "20627418", "score": "1.8664232", "text": "Poitiers, now widowed, was the mistress of Henry II of France. In so doing, he infuriated Diane de Poitiers and alienated her allies, the Guises. He had also annoyed the queen by rejecting a bride she had chosen for him from her ladies. He had made a further powerful enemy in the Maréchal Brissac (1505/06—1563), when Brissac was opposed to the Guises. When Diane de Poitiers reconciled them, the Vidame was not included in the new alliance. Henry II died at the age of 40 in 1559, and was succeeded by his son, the 15 year-old Francis II of France,", "title": "François de Vendôme, Vidame de Chartres" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Catherine de' Medici\n\nCatherine de' Medici (, ; , ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was a Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King Henry II and the mother of French Kings Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. The years during which her sons reigned have been called \"the age of Catherine de' Medici\" since she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France.\n\nCatherine was born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. In 1533, at the age of 14, Catherine married Henry, the second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France. Catherine's marriage was arranged by her uncle Pope Clement VII. Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favours on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him. Henry's death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. When Francis II died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was thus granted sweeping powers. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life but outlived her by just seven months.\n\nCatherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. However, Catherine maintained the monarchy and the state institutions functioning, even at a minimum level. At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Protestants, or Huguenots, as they became known. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. Later, she resorted in frustration and anger to hardline policies against them. In return, she was blamed for the persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in France.\n\nSome historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. In practice, her authority was limited by the effects of the civil wars. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures to keep the House of Valois on the throne at all costs and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline. Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. Catherine has been called \"the most important woman in Europe” in the 16th century.", "title": "Catherine de' Medici" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Henry IV of France\n\nHenry IV (; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. He was assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a Catholic zealot, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.\n\nHenry was the son of Jeanne III of Navarre and Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme. He was baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother. He inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on his mother's death. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion, barely escaping assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. He later led Protestant forces against the French royal army. \n\nHenry became king of France in 1589 upon the death of Henry III, his brother-in-law and distant cousin. He was the first French monarch from the House of Bourbon. Henry initially kept the Protestant faith (the only French king to do so) and had to fight against the Catholic League, which denied that he could wear France's crown as a Protestant. After four years of stalemate, he converted to Catholicism to obtain mastery over his kingdom (reportedly saying, \"Paris is well worth a mass\"). As a pragmatic politician (in the parlance of the time, a \"politique\"), he promulgated the Edict of Nantes (1598), which guaranteed religious liberties to Protestants, thereby effectively ending the French Wars of Religion.\n\nAn active ruler, Henry worked to regularise state finance, promote agriculture, eliminate corruption and encourage education. During his reign, the French colonization of the Americas truly began with the foundation of the colonies of Acadia and Canada at Port-Royal and Quebec, respectively. He is celebrated in the popular song \"Vive le roi Henri\" (which later became an anthem for the French monarchy during the reigns of his successors) and in Voltaire's \"Henriade\".", "title": "Henry IV of France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French Wars of Religion\n\nThe French Wars of Religion is the term which is used in reference to a period of civil war between French Catholics and Protestants, commonly called Huguenots, which lasted from 1562 to 1598. According to estimates, between two and four million people died from violence, famine or diseases which were directly caused by the conflict; additionally, the conflict severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. The fighting ended in 1598 when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, the Catholics continued to have a hostile opinion of Protestants in general and they also continued to have a hostile opinion of him as a person, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s.\n\nTensions between the two religions had been building since the 1530s, exacerbating existing regional divisions. The death of Henry II of France in July 1559 initiated a prolonged struggle for power between his widow Catherine de' Medici and powerful nobles. These included a fervently Catholic faction led by the Guise and Montmorency families and Protestants headed by the House of Condé and Jeanne d'Albret. Both sides received assistance from external powers, Spain and Savoy supporting the Catholics, while England and the Dutch Republic backed the Protestants.\n\nModerates, also known as Politiques, hoped to maintain order by centralising power and making concessions to Huguenots, rather than the policies of repression pursued by Henry II and his father Francis I. They were initially supported by Catherine de' Medici, whose January 1562 Edict of Saint-Germain was strongly opposed by the Guise faction and led to the outbreak of widespread fighting in March. She later hardened her stance and backed the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris, which resulted in Catholic mobs killing between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants throughout France.\n\nThe wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson, Louis XIV of France, revoked the Edict of Nantes.", "title": "French Wars of Religion" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Valois\n\nThe Capetian house of Valois ( , , ) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. They succeeded the House of Capet (or \"Direct Capetians\") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orléans, Anjou, Burgundy, and Alençon.\n\nThe Valois descended from Charles, Count of Valois (1270–1325), the second surviving son of King Philip III of France (reigned 1270–1285). Their title to the throne was based on a precedent in 1316 (later retroactively attributed to the Merovingian Salic law) which excluded females (Joan II of Navarre), as well as male descendants through the distaff side (Edward III of England), from the succession to the French throne.\n\nAfter holding the throne for several centuries the Valois male line failed and the House of Bourbon succeeded the Valois to the throne as the senior-surviving branch of the Capetian dynasty.", "title": "House of Valois" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francis II of France\n\nFrancis II (; 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was King of France from 1559 to 1560. He was also King consort of Scotland as a result of his marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, from 1558 until his death in 1560.\n\nHe ascended the throne of France at age 15 after the accidental death of his father, Henry II, in 1559. His short reign was dominated by the first stirrings of the French Wars of Religion.\n\nAlthough the royal age of majority was 14, his mother, Catherine de' Medici, entrusted the reins of government to his wife Mary's uncles from the House of Guise, staunch supporters of the Catholic cause. They were unable to help Catholics in Scotland against the progressing Scottish Reformation, however, and the Auld Alliance was dissolved.\n\nFrancis was succeeded by two of his brothers in turn, both of whom were also unable to reduce tensions between Protestants and Catholics.", "title": "Francis II of France" }, { "id": "14080336", "score": "1.8654282", "text": "\"collégiale Saint-Georges\". The tombs were destroyed when the church was sacked in 1793 during the French Revolution. Her son Henry succeeded her, becoming King Henry III of Navarre. In 1589, he ascended the French throne as Henry IV; founding the Bourbon line of kings. Like her mother, Jeanne was a skilled author and enjoyed writing poetry. She also wrote her memoirs in which she justified her actions as leader of the Huguenots. In 1541 Jeanne married William, Duke of Jülich-Berg-Ravensberg-Kleve-Mark, a marriage that was annulled in 1545, with no children. On 20 October 1548, she married Antoine de Bourbon and", "title": "Jeanne d'Albret" }, { "id": "545773", "score": "1.8625507", "text": "the age of fourteen, Catherine married Henry, second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France. Throughout his reign, Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favors on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him. Henry's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail fifteen-year-old King Francis II. When he died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her ten-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her", "title": "Catherine de' Medici" }, { "id": "273196", "score": "1.8459271", "text": "I. When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France. Two of the Queen's uncles, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, were now dominant in French politics, enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians \"la tyrannie Guisienne\". In Scotland, the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops. The Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism,", "title": "Mary, Queen of Scots" }, { "id": "829936", "score": "1.8361866", "text": "family of Florence, on 28 October 1533, when they were both fourteen years old. At this time, his elder brother was alive and there was little prospect of Henry coming to the throne. The following year, he became romantically involved with a thirty-five-year-old widow, Diane de Poitiers. Henry and Diane had always been very close: the young lady had fondly embraced Henry on the day he, as a 7-year-old child, set off to captivity in Spain, and the bond had been renewed after his return to France. In a tournament to honor his father's new bride, Eleanor, Henry and his", "title": "Henry II of France" }, { "id": "11867126", "score": "1.824341", "text": "only her regency of the nine-year-old King Charles IX in 1560 by making a deal with Antoine of Bourbon, who many considered had the right, as First Prince of the Blood, to be the regent. In a kingdom where the Salic Law excluded women from succession to the throne, Catherine had overcome prejudice against government by a woman and been elected governor (\"gouvernante\") of France with sweeping powers. However, she accepted that none of her three daughters would ever inherit the French throne. By 1572, only two of her sons remained alive, she brokered a marriage between her daughter Margaret", "title": "Succession of Henry IV of France" }, { "id": "12075103", "score": "1.8225594", "text": "legitimate heir, Henry felt free to propose to Gabrielle d'Estrées. On Mardi Gras, Henry placed on her finger the ring with which he had \"married\" France at his coronation in 1593. During Holy Week, however, Gabrielle, who was pregnant at the time, fell ill; by Holy Saturday, to the relief of many in France, she was dead. Rumours flew that she had been poisoned, but in fact she died from eclampsia and a premature birth of a stillborn son. Though grief-stricken, Henry grasped that his fiancée's death had saved him from disaster: his plan to declare his two sons by", "title": "Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses" }, { "id": "20444611", "score": "1.8203193", "text": "According to Paul Lacroix, Catherine now directed her hatred towards Henry of Navarre. To end the conflict he announced that he would become a Catholic. During the struggle that continued from 1589 to 1594 Catherine, her mother Anna d'Este and her sister-in-law Catherine of Cleves occupied the Hôtel de la Reine in Paris. In 1593 Charles of Mayenne convoked the States-General in Paris and tried unsuccessfully to be elected King of France with Catherine's support. On 27 February 1594 Henry of Navarre was crowned Henry IV of France at Chartres Cathedral. The leading noblemen supported the coronation, and on 22", "title": "Catherine de Lorraine (1552–1596)" }, { "id": "6100445", "score": "1.8139597", "text": "from this marriage. After the death of Queen Claude, she took in her two nieces Madeleine and Marguerite, for whom she would continue to care during her second marriage. After the death of her first husband in 1525, Marguerite married Henry II of Navarre. Ferdinand II of Aragon had invaded the Kingdom of Navarre in 1512, and Henry ruled only Lower Navarre, the independent principality of Béarn, and several dependencies in Gascony. Approximately a year after the lead image (in the information box) that was painted by Jean Clouet, on 16 November 1528, Marguerite gave birth to a daughter by", "title": "Marguerite de Navarre" }, { "id": "12075094", "score": "1.8105011", "text": "husband's affairs without complaint, recalling proudly that her own conduct as a wife had been impeccable, despite all provocation. Marguerite was reunited with Henry on 13 April 1584, but she failed to heed her mother's words, even though the death of her brother François in June 1584 made her husband heir presumptive to the French throne. Henry himself was under increased pressure to produce an heir. He was advised by his closest friend Philippe Duplessis-Mornay that it was now \"time to make love to France\". In 1585, Henry embarked on a passionate love affair with a widow called Diane d'Andouins,", "title": "Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses" }, { "id": "829937", "score": "1.8102174", "text": "older brother were dressed as chevaliers, in which Henry wore Diane's colors. Extremely confident, mature and intelligent, Diane left Catherine powerless to intervene. She did, however, insist that Henry sleep with Catherine in order to produce heirs to the throne. When his elder brother Francis, the Dauphin and Duke of Brittany, died in 1536 after a game of tennis, Henry became heir apparent to the throne. He succeeded his father on his 28th birthday and was crowned King of France on 25 July 1547 at Reims Cathedral. Henry's reign was marked by wars with Austria and the persecution of Protestants,", "title": "Henry II of France" }, { "id": "545849", "score": "1.807285", "text": "married kings and one married a duke. Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III, who died seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her robust health. Catherine de' Medici Catherine de Medici (Italian: \"Caterina de Medici\", ; French: \"Catherine de Médicis\", ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was queen of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II. As the mother of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III, she had extensive, if at times", "title": "Catherine de' Medici" }, { "id": "829947", "score": "1.8033715", "text": "Queen of Scots, who had been his childhood friend and fiancée since her arrival at the French court when she was five. Francis II died 18 months later in 1560, and Mary returned to Scotland the following summer. Francis II was succeeded by his ten-year-old brother Charles IX. His mother, Catherine de Medici, acted as Regent. Catherine de' Medici bore 10 of Henry's children: (See Children of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici) Henry II also had three illegitimate children: Nostradamus (1503–1566), a French apothecary and astrological writer known for his prophecies, is said by most commentators to", "title": "Henry II of France" }, { "id": "12075101", "score": "1.803343", "text": "as her royal lover's hostess for diplomatic occasions, such as the surrender talks with the rebel Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, in 1596. In October of that year, an Italian observer reported that \"among the French nobility people begin to expect that the king intends to name as his successor the natural son born of Gabrielle\". Henry's advisers were deeply opposed to any such plan, however, which would guarantee a war of succession—but, for a while, Henry seemed determined. When the last of the Catholic League rebels, Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, surrendered in 1598, Henry and Gabrielle's son,", "title": "Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses" }, { "id": "7970441", "score": "1.8023586", "text": "with his longtime mistress, Diane de Poitiers. Victoria of France Victoria of France (; 24 June 1556 – 17 August 1556) and her twin sister Joan were the last children born to King Henry II of France and his wife, Catherine de' Medici. Their mother's confinement came on June 24, 1556. Although Joan died in the womb, Princess Victoria survived the birth—only to die a little more than a month later. Because their birth very nearly cost their mother her life, the king's physician advised the king that there should be no more children; therefore, Henry II stopped visiting his", "title": "Victoria of France" }, { "id": "20096787", "score": "1.8014679", "text": "II of France died of wounds incurred at a joust he had organised in honour of his sister Marguerite's marriage to Emmanuel-Philibert, Duke of Savoy. Henry's son Francis II of France succeeded him and his wife Mary became queen consort. Francis entrusted ruling the kingdom to princes of the House of Guise, accelerating the French Wars of Religion. He died himself in 1560 and his younger brother Charles succeeded him aged only ten years old. Real power lay with the regent, his mother Catherine de Medici and on 24 August 1572 the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre broke out. Aged twenty,", "title": "Jacqueline de Montbel d'Entremont" } ]

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[ { "id": "5370269", "score": "1.8258703", "text": "Handover of Hong Kong The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, commonly known as the handover of Hong Kong (or simply \"the Handover\", also \"the Return\" in mainland China) was the transition of control over the former British colony of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. The returned territory comprised Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula, which were respectively ceded to Britain in 1842 and 1860, as well as the New Territories, which were leased for 99 years from 1898. The transfer was arranged to coincide with the expiration", "title": "Handover of Hong Kong" }, { "id": "52626", "score": "1.7993531", "text": "to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years. The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many, including Charles, Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, \"the end of Empire\". Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Three are uninhabited except for transient", "title": "British Empire" }, { "id": "7623950", "score": "1.7975135", "text": "Hong Kong was closely watched by Chinese warships. Hong Kong handover ceremony The handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 officially marked the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the People's Republic of China. It was an internationally televised event with the ceremony commencing on the night of 30 June 1997 and finishing on 1 July 1997. The ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC) in Wan Chai. For the People's Republic of China For the United Kingdom of Great", "title": "Hong Kong handover ceremony" }, { "id": "5370290", "score": "1.7870057", "text": "on 12 June 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would restore Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong. In accordance with the \"One country, two systems\" principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of", "title": "Handover of Hong Kong" }, { "id": "15318232", "score": "1.7817538", "text": "a Hong Kong representative in the Sino-British negotiation was rejected by Beijing. In 1984, the British and Chinese governments signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration which stated that the sovereignty of Hong Kong should be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997, and Hong Kong should enjoy a \"high degree of autonomy\" under the \"One Country, Two Systems\" principle. From 1983 to 1997, Hong Kong saw an exodus of emigrants to overseas countries, especially in the wake of the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, which more than a million Hongkongers showed up on the streets to support to student protesters in", "title": "Hong Kong independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Handover of Hong Kong\n\nSovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China (PRC) at midnight on 1 July 1997. This event ended 156 years of British rule in the former colony. Hong Kong was established as a special administrative region of China (SAR) for 50 years, maintaining its own economic and governing systems from those of mainland China during this time, although influence from the central government in Beijing increased after the passing of the Hong Kong national security law in 2020.\n\nHong Kong had been a colony of the British Empire since 1841, except for four years of Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945. After the First Opium War, its territory was expanded on two occasions; in 1860 with the addition of Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island, and again in 1898, when Britain obtained a 99-year lease for the New Territories. The date of the handover in 1997 marked the end of this lease. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration had set the conditions under which Hong Kong was to be transferred, with China agreeing to maintain existing structures of government and economy under a principle of \"one country, two systems\" for a period of 50 years. Hong Kong became China's first special administrative region; it was followed by Macau after its transfer from Portugal in 1999 under similar arrangements.\n\nWith a 1997 population of about 6.5 million, Hong Kong constituted 97 percent of the total population of all British Dependent Territories at the time and was one of the United Kingdom's last significant colonial territories. Its handover marked the end of British colonial prestige in the Asia-Pacific region where it had never recovered from the Second World War, which included events such as the sinking of \"Prince of Wales\" and \"Repulse\" and the Fall of Singapore, as well as the subsequent Suez Crisis after the war. The transfer, which was marked by a handover ceremony attended by Charles III (then the Prince of Wales), and broadcast around the world, is often considered to mark the definitive end of the British Empire.", "title": "Handover of Hong Kong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hong Kong\n\nHong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world. Hong Kong is also a major global financial centre and one of the most developed cities in the world.\n\nHong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then again in 1842. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. British Hong Kong was occupied by Imperial Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II; British administration resumed after the surrender of Japan. The whole territory was transferred to China in 1997. As one of China's two special administrative regions (the other being Macau), Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of \"one country, two systems\".\n\nOriginally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, It is the world's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Hong Kong has a market economy characterised by a focus on services, low taxation and free trade; its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world. Hong Kong is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world. Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population. Most notably, housing in Hong Kong has been well-documented to experience a chronic persistent shortage; the extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high housing density are the effects of Hong Kong's housing market being the least affordable and the most expensive housing market in the world.\n\nHong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index. and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world. The dense space has led to a highly developed transportation network with public transport rates exceeding 90%. Hong Kong is ranked 3rd in the Global Financial Centres Index.", "title": "Hong Kong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Macau\n\nMacau or Macao (; ; ; ), officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (MSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. With a population of about 680,000 and an area of , it is the most densely populated region in the world.\n\nFormerly a Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal as a trading post by the Ming dynasty in 1557. Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese sovereignty until 1887. Portugal later gained perpetual colonial rights in the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 1999, when it was transferred to China. Macau is a special administrative region of China, which maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China under the principle of \"one country, two systems\". The unique blend of Portuguese and Chinese architecture in the city's historic centre led to its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005.\n\nOriginally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands, Macau, often referred to as the \"Las Vegas of the East\", has become a major resort city and a top destination for gambling tourism, with a gambling industry seven times larger than that of Las Vegas. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, US$43,770 in 2021, and its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is one of the highest in the world. It has a very high Human Development Index, as calculated by the Macau government,<ref name=\"HDI\" /> and the fourth-highest life expectancy in the world.<ref name=\"CIALifeExpectancy\">\n</ref> The territory is highly urbanised; two-thirds of the total land area is built on land reclaimed from the sea.", "title": "Macau" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Taiwan\n\nThe history of the island of Taiwan dates back tens of thousands of years to the earliest known evidence of human habitation. The sudden appearance of a culture based on agriculture around 3000 BC is believed to reflect the arrival of the ancestors of today's Taiwanese indigenous peoples. From the late 13th to early 17th centuries, Han Chinese gradually came into contact with Taiwan and started settling there. Named Formosa by Portuguese explorers, the south of the island was colonized by the Dutch in the 17th century whilst the Spanish built a settlement in the north which lasted until 1642. These European settlements were followed by an influx of Hoklo and Hakka immigrants from the Fujian and Guangdong areas of mainland China, across the Taiwan Strait.\n\nIn 1662, Koxinga, a loyalist of the Ming dynasty who had lost control of mainland China in 1644, defeated the Dutch and established a base of operations on the island. His descendants were defeated by the Qing dynasty in 1683 and their territory in Taiwan was annexed by the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty gradually extended its control over the western plains and northeast of Taiwan in the following two centuries. Under Qing rule, Taiwan's population became majority Han due to migration from mainland China. The Qing ceded Taiwan and Penghu to the Empire of Japan after losing the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895. Taiwan experienced industrial growth and became a productive rice and sugar exporting Japanese colony. During the Second Sino-Japanese War it served as a base for launching invasions of China, and later Southeast Asia and the Pacific during World War II. Japanese imperial education was implemented in Taiwan and many Taiwanese fought for Japan in the last years of the war.\n\nIn 1945, following the end hostilities in World War II, the nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC), led by the Kuomintang (KMT), took control of Taiwan. The legality and nature of its control of Taiwan, including transfer of sovereignty is debated, with the United States and United Kingdom saying there was no transfer of sovereignty. In 1949, after losing control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to Taiwan where Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law. The KMT ruled Taiwan (along with the islands of Kinmen, Wuqiu and the Matsu on the opposite side of the Taiwan Strait) as a single-party state for forty years until democratic reforms in the 1980s. The first-ever direct presidential election was held in 1996. During the post-war period, Taiwan experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth known as the \"Taiwan Miracle\", and was known as one of the \"Four Asian Tigers\".", "title": "History of Taiwan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Taiwan\n\nTaiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country<ref>Multiple sources:\n\nTaiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years. Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese (specifically the Hakkas and Hoklos) immigration to western Taiwan began under a Dutch colony and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese history. The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown the Qing in 1911, took control of Taiwan on behalf of the Allies of World War II following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The immediate resumption of the Chinese Civil War resulted in the loss of the Chinese mainland to Communist forces who established the People's Republic of China, and the flight of the ROC central government to Taiwan in 1949. The effective jurisdiction of the ROC has since been limited to Formosa, Penghu, and smaller islands.\n\nIn the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialisation called the \"Taiwan Miracle\". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state under martial law to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents since 1996. Taiwan's export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and 19th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country, ranking 20th on GDP per capita. It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties, healthcare, and human development.<ref name=\"HDI 2021\"/>\n\nThe political status of Taiwan is contentious. The ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations, after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead. The ROC maintained its claim of being the sole legitimate representative of China and its territory, although this has been downplayed since its democratization in the 1990s. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 13 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See, though many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions that function as \"de facto\" embassies and consulates. International organisations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only on a non-state basis under various names. Domestically, the major political contention is between parties favouring eventual Chinese unification and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted with those aspiring to formal international recognition and promoting a Taiwanese identity; into the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.", "title": "Taiwan" }, { "id": "4362303", "score": "1.7649206", "text": "and British governments in the early 1980s on the future prospect of Hong Kong. After rounds of intense negotiations, both countries signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration on 9 December 1984; the Declaration stated that the British would give up sovereignty and administration in Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, when China resumes her sovereignty over the city. The signing of this Declaration was initially well received by the international community, despite widespread fear in Hong Kong that Chinese sovereignty would mean authoritarian, one-party rule with a communist economic system. As a response to this fear, the late Chairman Deng Xiaoping", "title": "British National (Overseas)" }, { "id": "17252911", "score": "1.7628455", "text": "of British administration and replaced it with the Provisional Legislative Council. The decision of transfer of the sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 was finalised by the Chinese and British governments on 18 December 1984 in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. The Declaration stated that the Chinese government would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories), effective on 1 July 1997, from the British government. Within these declarations, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be under the direct jurisdiction of the Central People’s Government and shall enjoy a high degree", "title": "1994 Hong Kong electoral reform" }, { "id": "5370274", "score": "1.7605464", "text": "the next 18 years would become difficult. In response to concerns over land leases in the New Territories, MacLehose proposed that British administration of the whole of Hong Kong, as opposed to sovereignty, be allowed to continue after 1997. He also proposed that contracts include the phrase \"for so long as the Crown administers the territory\". In fact, as early as the mid-1970s, Hong Kong had faced additional risks raising loans for large-scale infrastructure projects such as its Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system and a new airport. Caught unprepared, Deng asserted the necessity of Hong Kong's return to China, upon", "title": "Handover of Hong Kong" }, { "id": "7623948", "score": "1.7576854", "text": "Hong Kong handover ceremony The handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 officially marked the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the People's Republic of China. It was an internationally televised event with the ceremony commencing on the night of 30 June 1997 and finishing on 1 July 1997. The ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC) in Wan Chai. For the People's Republic of China For the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland In 2005, the British", "title": "Hong Kong handover ceremony" }, { "id": "10466625", "score": "1.7576561", "text": "Kong was returned to the Chinese in 1997. She signed an agreement with Deng Xiaoping to award the colony the special status within China of a \"Special Administrative Region\". Under the terms of the agreement, China was obliged to leave Hong Kong's economic status unchanged after the handover on 1 July 1997, for a period of at least fifty years. At the Dublin European Council in November 1979, Thatcher argued that the United Kingdom paid far more to the European Economic Community (EEC) than it received in spending. She famously declared at the summit: \"We are not asking the Community", "title": "Premiership of Margaret Thatcher" }, { "id": "20458167", "score": "1.7442541", "text": "together after the signing of Sino-British Joint Declaration to create the basic laws of the new Hong Kong under China based on the ideas stipulated in the Declaration and thus gave national legitimacy to the concept. Effective July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was to be treated as fully autonomous from mainland China. This is followed in the Declaration by the promise that “[Hong Kong] will remain unchanged for 50 years”, until 2047. Hong Kong’s chief executive is chosen by an 800-member committee, while its legislature of 60 is half elected and half chosen by interest groups called functional constituencies, While", "title": "2010 Hong Kong democracy protests" }, { "id": "174388", "score": "1.7424273", "text": "Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer. The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life. Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996. Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule. Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The government was forced to use substantial foreign-exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during", "title": "Hong Kong" }, { "id": "747965", "score": "1.7420132", "text": "trade relations with foreign countries. Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom, ruled by a governor for 156 years (except for four years of Japanese occupation during WWII) until 1997, when it was returned to Chinese sovereignty. China had to accept some conditions, stipulated in the Sino-British Joint Declaration, such as the drafting and adoption of Hong Kong's mini-constitution before its return. The Basic Law ensured Hong Kong will retain its capitalist economic system and own currency (the Hong Kong Dollar), legal system, legislative system, and people's rights and freedom for fifty years, as a special administrative region", "title": "One country, two systems" }, { "id": "3004399", "score": "1.7406455", "text": "sovereignty was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997. Since then, the economy of the former British colony has progressed smoothly. There was ongoing debate about the amount of democracy under the new system. Notably, the central government ran into trouble with Hong Kong legal groups and citizens surrounding the territory's pseudo-constitution, the \"Hong Kong Basic Law\", particularly Article 23, and democratic reform. Although the region enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all areas except for defence and foreign affairs, the Central Government in Beijing desired to keep appointment powers for the Hong Kong Chief Executive as", "title": "History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)" }, { "id": "4049567", "score": "1.7326902", "text": "expired. China promised to implement a \"One Country, Two Systems\" regime, under which for fifty years Hong Kong citizens could continue to practice capitalism and political freedoms forbidden on the mainland. So, on July 1, 1997, the lease ended and the government of Great Britain transferred control of Hong Kong and surrounding territories to the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 23 December 1941 to 15 August 1945. The period, called '3 years and 8 months' halted the economy. The British, Canadians, Indians and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded", "title": "History of Hong Kong" }, { "id": "1728017", "score": "1.719278", "text": "to British consular protection in the HKSAR and other parts of the PRC. After signing of the declaration, the Sino–British Joint Liaison Group was set up according to the Annex II of the declaration. The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong (referred to as the \"return\" or \"handover\" by the Chinese and British press respectively) occurred as scheduled on 1 July 1997. Since the return just a few things changed, such as the flag of Hong Kong and the Prince of Wales Building being renamed into the People's Liberation Army Building. Post boxes were repainted green, as per the practice", "title": "Sino-British Joint Declaration" }, { "id": "3004283", "score": "1.7182918", "text": "recognized by the UN Security Council in 1971. One of Deng's achievements was the agreement signed by the United Kingdom and the PRC on December 19, 1984 under which Hong Kong was to be transferred to the PRC in 1997. With the 99-year lease on the New Territories coming to an end, Deng agreed that the PRC would not interfere with Hong Kong's capitalist system and would allow the locals a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years. This \"one country, two systems\" approach has been touted by the PRC government as a potential framework within which Taiwan", "title": "History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)" }, { "id": "5628292", "score": "1.71685", "text": "The flags of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and China were raised. This marked the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from British colonial rule to Chinese rule. Participated guests in the ceremony included H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair, President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin, Premier of the People's Republic of China Li Peng, the last Hong Kong Governor Chris Patten appointed by the United Kingdom, and Tung Chee Hwa, the first chief executive of Hong Kong elected from a Beijing-controlled election. The population of Hong Kong in", "title": "1990s in Hong Kong" }, { "id": "1728001", "score": "1.7165916", "text": "perceived infringements in the HKSAR by mainland China, the British Foreign Office announced that Chinese officials now treat the Joint Declaration as \"void\". The background of the Sino–British Joint Declaration was the pending expiration of the lease of the New Territories on 1 July 1997. The lease was negotiated between the UK and the Guangxu Emperor of China, and was for a period of 99 years starting from 1 July 1898 under the Second Convention of Peking. At the time of the lease signing, Hong Kong Island had already been ceded to the UK in perpetuity under the Treaty of", "title": "Sino-British Joint Declaration" }, { "id": "4049566", "score": "1.714586", "text": "1898, the British and Chinese governments signed the Second Convention of Peking, which included a 99-year lease agreement for the islands surrounding Hong Kong, called the \"New Territories.\" The lease awarded control of more than 200 surrounding small islands to the British. In return, China got a promise that the islands would be returned to it after 99 years. On December 19, 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and Hong Kong itself when the lease term", "title": "History of Hong Kong" } ]

[ "Evro", "eiro", "Pros and Cons of the Euro", "European Union Euro", "Euro (currency)", "currency of spain", "Currency of Spain", "euro cent", "euros", "currency of greece", "евро", "€uro", "E.U.R", "european euro", "European euro", "currency of austria", "Currency of Portugal", "Euro currency", "Euro-Cent", "Currency of the European Union", "Fixed exchange rates between the euro and old european currencies", "currency of san marino", "Teuro", "currency of monaco", "eur", "currency of portugal", "The Euro", "Currency of Cyprus", "€UR", "currency of european union", "Currency of Latvia", "Currency of Belgium", "currency of netherlands", "EUR", "Currency of Monaco", "European evro", "pros and cons of euro", "baffling pigs", "currency of malta", "european union euro", "euur", "Single European currency", "ευρώ", "European Union euro", "currency of andorra", "Eouro", "currency of cyprus", "BAFFLING PIGS", "currency of france", "currency of belgium", "European Euro", "currency of ireland", "euro currency", "teuro", "euro", "currency of luxembourg", "Currency of France", "Євро", "Euro (EUR)", "євро", "Currency of Slovakia", "Currency of Luxembourg", "Currency of Malta", "Currency of Greece", "currency of slovakia", "Ευρώ", "Currency of Austria", "Currency of the Netherlands", "EURO", "e u r", "EUUR", "evro", "Eiro", "Euro", "currency of latvia", "K€", "Currency of Italy", "fixed exchange rates between euro and old european currencies", "Currency of Andorra", "single european currency", "currency of italy", "Currency of Ireland", "eouro", "k€", "Baffling pigs", "european evro", "Currency of San Marino", "Eur", "euuro", "Евро", "EUuro", "euro eur", "Euros", "Currency of Finland", "currency of finland", "€ur" ]

[ { "id": "119583", "score": "1.7860984", "text": "the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. In 1999 the currency union started, first as", "title": "European Union" }, { "id": "13151420", "score": "1.7834642", "text": "The shift of international industrial production out of Europe is a key outcome of globalization. The Euro became the official currency of certain European Union members on January 1, 2001. The currency was signed into effect in 1992 in the Treaty of Maastricht. The initial idea behind the Euro was that it eliminates exchange rates between European nations and makes currency fluctuation risks minimal. The nations involved in the initial treaty were Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. These nations agreed in principle to the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999 and", "title": "Economic history of Europe" }, { "id": "1826821", "score": "1.7822986", "text": "European Union countries signed the Maastricht Treaty which outlined a three-stage plan to accelerate progress toward an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The first stage centered on liberalizing capital mobility and aligning macroeconomic policies between countries. The second stage established the European Monetary Institute which was ultimately dissolved in tandem with the establishment in 1998 of the European Central Bank (ECB) and European System of Central Banks. Key to the Maastricht Treaty was the outlining of convergence criteria that EU members would need to satisfy before being permitted to proceed. The third and final stage introduced a common currency for", "title": "Global financial system" }, { "id": "164899", "score": "1.7814903", "text": "tied into the EU's economic market via the European Economic Area. These countries also entered the Schengen Agreement which lifted border controls between member states. The Maastricht Treaty created a single currency for most EU members. The \"euro\" was created in 1999 and replaced all previous currencies in participating states in 2002. The most notable exception to the currency union, or \"eurozone\", was the United Kingdom, which also did not sign the Schengen Agreement. EU did not participate in the Yugoslav Wars, and was divided on supporting the United States in the 2003–2011 Iraq War. NATO has been part of", "title": "History of Europe" }, { "id": "9333718", "score": "1.7678063", "text": "three stages and it included the creation of institutions such as the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), which would become responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy. It laid out monetary union being accomplished in three steps. Beginning the first of these steps, on 1 July 1990, exchange controls were abolished, thus capital movements were completely liberalised in the European Economic Community. Leaders reached agreement on currency union with the Maastricht Treaty, signed on 7 February 1992. It agreed to create a single currency, although without the participation of the United Kingdom, by January 1999. Gaining approval for the", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maastricht Treaty\n\nThe Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced \"a new stage in the process of European integration\" chiefly in provisions for a shared European citizenship, for the eventual introduction of a single currency, and (with less precision) for common foreign and security policies. Although these were widely seen to presage a \"federal Europe\", the focus of constitutional debate shifted to the later 2007 Treaty of Lisbon. In the wake of the Eurozone debt crisis unfolding from 2009, the most enduring reference to the Maastricht Treaty has been to the rules of compliance – the \"Maastricht criteria\" – for the currency union.\n\nAgainst the background of the end of the Cold War and the re-unification of Germany, and in anticipation of accelerated globalisation, the treaty negotiated tensions between member states seeking deeper integration and those wishing to retain greater national control. The resulting compromise faced what was to be the first in a series of EU treaty ratification crises.", "title": "Maastricht Treaty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Euro\n\nThe euro (symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 344 million citizens . The euro is divided into 100 cents.\n\nThe currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union, by four European microstates that are not EU members,<ref name=\"EC Euro Area 2\"/> the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo. Outside Europe, a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro.\n\nAs of 2013, the euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world.\n\nThe name \"euro\" was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies.\n\nBetween December 1999 and December 2002, the euro traded below the US dollar, but has since traded near parity with or above the US dollar, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008 and since then returning near to its original issue rate. On 13 July 2022, the two currencies hit parity for the first time in nearly two decades due in part to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "title": "Euro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the euro\n\nThe euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the euro).\n\nThe currency was formed virtually in 1999; notes and coins began to circulate in 2002. It rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded behind the rest of the EU. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty finalised its political authority, the Eurogroup, alongside the European Central Bank.", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "European Union" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Single European Act\n\nThe Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The Act set the European Community an objective of establishing a single market by 31 December 1992, and a forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) it helped codify European Political Co-operation. The amending treaty was signed at Luxembourg City on 17 February 1986 and at The Hague on 28 February 1986. It came into effect on 1 July 1987, under the Delors Commission.\n\nA core element of the SEA was to create a single market within the European Community by 1992, when – it was hoped – the necessary legislative reforms would have been completed. The belief was that in removing non-tariff barriers to cross-border intra-Community trade and investment such measures would provide the twelve Member States a broad economic stimulus. To facilitate their removal, the SEA reformed the Community legislative process both by introducing the cooperation procedure and by extending Qualified Majority Voting to new areas. Measures were also taken to shorten the legislative process.\n\nAnticipating the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the SEA signatories declared themselves \"moved by the will to continue the work undertaken on the basis of the Treaties establishing the European\nCommunities and to transform relations as a whole among their States into a European Union\".", "title": "Single European Act" }, { "id": "500746", "score": "1.7532036", "text": "European currency, the euro (launched 1999). The Maastricht Treaty has been amended by the treaties of Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) and Lisbon (2007). Large areas of Europe had previously been united by empires built on force, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Frankish Empire, the First French Empire and Nazi Germany. A peaceful means of some consolidation of European territories used to be provided by dynastic unions; less common were country-level unions, such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1818, Tsar Alexander, as the most advanced internationalist of the day, suggested a", "title": "History of the European Union" }, { "id": "121790", "score": "1.7383407", "text": "Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro. (For macroeconomic theory, see below.) The name \"euro\" was officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995. Belgian Esperantist Germain Pirlot, a former teacher of French and history is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, suggesting the name \"euro\" on 4 August 1995. Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the", "title": "Euro" }, { "id": "5114742", "score": "1.7260063", "text": "of the then-27 EU member states. The Maastricht Treaty, which was signed in February 1992 and entered into force on 1 November 1993, outlined the 5 convergence criteria EU member states are required to comply with to adopt the new currency the euro. The purpose of setting the criteria was to achieve price stability within the eurozone and ensure it wasn't negatively impacted when new member states accede. The framework of the five criteria was outlined by of the Maastricht Treaty, and the attached and . The original treaty article was later renumbered to become article 121.1 of the Amsterdam", "title": "Euro convergence criteria" }, { "id": "9333716", "score": "1.7227635", "text": "and devaluations set back aspirations for European monetary union. However, in March 1979 the European Monetary System (EMS) was created, fixing exchange rates onto the European Currency Unit (ECU), an accounting currency, to stabilise exchange rates and counter inflation. It also created the European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF). In February 1986 the Single European Act formalised political co-operation within the Community including competency in monetary policy. European Council summit in Hannover on 14 June 1988 began to outline monetary co-operation. France, Italy and European Commission backed a fully monetary union with a central bank, which British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": "9333720", "score": "1.719728", "text": "succeeding the EMCF, under Maastricht. It was created as the forerunner to the European Central Bank. It met for the first time on 12 January under its first president, Alexandre Lamfalussy. After much disagreement, in December 1995 the name \"euro\" was adopted for the new currency (replacing the name \"Ecu\" used for the previous accounting currency), on the suggestion of then-German finance minister Theo Waigel. They also agreed on the date 1 January 1999 for its launch. On 17 June 1997 the European Council decided in Amsterdam to adopt the Stability and Growth Pact, designed to ensure budgetary discipline after", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": "5204439", "score": "1.7152541", "text": "eliminating the transaction costs and fluctuations of currency exchange. Following a Report of the Delors Commission in 1988, the Treaty of Maastricht made economic and monetary union an objective, first by completing the internal market, second by creating a European System of Central Banks to co-ordinate common monetary policy, and third by locking exchange rates and introducing a single currency, the euro. Today, 19 member states have adopted the euro, while 9 member states have either determined to opt-out or their accession has been delayed, particularly since the Eurozone crisis. According to TFEU articles 119 and 127, the objective of", "title": "European Single Market" }, { "id": "12042497", "score": "1.707928", "text": "proposed text. It was signed in Rome on 28 October 2004 by all leaders of the new and old members, but was not ratified. (see also: Lisbon Treaty) On 1 January 1994, the second stage of the EMU began under the Maastricht Treaty with the establishment of the European Monetary Institute. On 16 December 1995, the date for the introduction of the euro was set as 1 January 1999. On 14 October 1996 the Finnish mark entered the ERM and the Italian lira re-entered the ERM on 25 November. The Greek drachma entered the ERM on 16 January 1998, too", "title": "History of the European Union (1993–2004)" }, { "id": "287572", "score": "1.7075455", "text": "member states to enter the third stage of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and adopt the euro as their currency. The four criteria are defined in article 121 of the treaty establishing the European Community. They impose control over inflation, public debt and the public deficit, exchange rate stability and the convergence of interest rates. 1. Inflation rates: No more than 1.5 percentage points higher than the average of the three best performing (lowest inflation) member states of the EU. 2. Government finance: 3. Exchange rate: Applicant countries should have joined the exchange-rate mechanism (ERM II) under the European", "title": "Maastricht Treaty" }, { "id": "119508", "score": "1.7042754", "text": "agriculture, fisheries and regional development. For travel within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993. The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The original members of what came to be known", "title": "European Union" }, { "id": "119522", "score": "1.7019662", "text": "close fiscal integration with the introduction of the euro was not matched by institutional oversight making things more troubling. Attempts to solve the problems and to make the EU more efficient and coherent had limited success. The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty—whose main architects were Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand—came into force on 1 November 1993. The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Cyprus", "title": "European Union" }, { "id": "500760", "score": "1.6934336", "text": "include nearly all others by the end of 1996. The 1990s also saw the further development of the euro. 1 January 1994 saw the second stage of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union begin with the establishment of the European Monetary Institute and at the start of 1999 the euro as a currency was launched and the European Central Bank was established. On 1 January 2002, notes and coins were put into circulation, replacing the old currencies entirely. During the 1990s, the conflicts in the Balkans gave impetus to developing the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy", "title": "History of the European Union" }, { "id": "651354", "score": "1.6903584", "text": "are minted at numerous national mints across the European Union to strict national quotas. Obverse designs are chosen nationally, while the reverse and the currency as a whole is managed by the European Central Bank (ECB). The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. It had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the", "title": "Euro coins" }, { "id": "13033278", "score": "1.6848614", "text": "with the participating countries in \"‘the Snake’\" being founding members. The EMS evolves over the next decade and even results into a truly fixed exchange rate at the start of the 1990s. Around this time, in 1990, the EU introduced the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), as an umbrella term for the group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union over three phases In 1963, the Thai government established the Exchange Equalization Fund (EEF) with the purpose of playing a role in stabilizing exchange rate movements. It linked to the U.S. dollar by", "title": "Fixed exchange-rate system" }, { "id": "287573", "score": "1.6838269", "text": "Monetary System (EMS) for two consecutive years and should not have devalued its currency during the period. 4. Long-term interest rates: The nominal long-term interest rate must not be more than 2 percentage points higher than in the three lowest inflation member states. The purpose of setting the criteria is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone even with the inclusion of new member states. Maastricht Treaty The Maastricht Treaty (officially the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands to further European integration. On 9–10 December 1991,", "title": "Maastricht Treaty" }, { "id": "8460691", "score": "1.6837384", "text": "citizenship\". This ultimately facilitates a new form of \"European identity\" that allows for members of the European Union to function as transnational actors beyond their countries' borders, establishing the entire continent as one cohesive entity. Finally, the creation of the euro serves as the pinnacle of Europe's newfound economic unification. On January 1, 1999, the euro replaced the pre-existing currency in 11 European countries. The Treaty of Maastricht also created the European System of Central Banks, which consists of the Central European Bank and national central banks working together to establish monetary policy across participating countries. Some scholars consider the", "title": "Transnational citizenship" } ]

[ "", "one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven", "one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven", "1997" ]

[ { "id": "3035153", "score": "1.7771243", "text": "Goa'uld faced by Earth is Ra in the \"Stargate\" film, although the concept of the Goa'uld had not yet been developed when the movie was released. In the early seasons of the show, SG-1 faces and defeats the powerful Goa'uld Apophis twice, as well as Hathor and Sokar, and gains an alliance with the Tok'ra. The System Lords begin to play a larger role in the show as SG-1's activities draw their attention to Earth, and SG-1 defeats several of their number as well. In season 5, the half-Ascended Goa'uld Anubis becomes the main threat, eventually leading SG-1 on a", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "11495377", "score": "1.7568674", "text": "expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them. The 100-minute premiere \"Children of the Gods\", which aired on July 27, 1997 at 8 p.m, received Showtime's highest-ever ratings for a series premiere and ranked as the highest-rated original movie to premiere on Showtime at the time. The show got a 10.5 rating in Showtime's approximately 12 million U.S. households, which equaled approximately 1.5 million homes in total. Season one", "title": "Stargate SG-1 (season 1)" }, { "id": "3035145", "score": "1.7524626", "text": "Goa'uld The Goa'uld (; commonly shortened to or ) are a symbiotic race of ancient aliens from the American-Canadian military science fiction television franchise \"Stargate\". The Goa'uld are parasites from the planet P3X-888, integrated within a host (usually, but not always, a human). The resulting creatures are a powerful race bent on galactic conquest and domination, largely without pity, compassion, or remorse. In the first eight seasons of \"Stargate SG-1\", they are the greatest extraterrestrial threat to Earth known to the Stargate Command (SGC). The Goa'uld are the main enemies of SG-1 for most of the show, until they are", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "3035149", "score": "1.7300068", "text": "Fi Channel renewed the series, the producers had grown tired of writing endings. Having had good experiences with the first season of \"Stargate Atlantis\", the producers decided to revamp the series by more than just adding new characters, new villains and new missions. Thus they considered the beginning of Season 9 as the pilot of a new show and replaced the Goa'uld with the Ori as the main villains. The Goa'uld still appeared in the show, but on a regular basis under the command of Ba'al. The astronomers David J. Tholen and Roy A. Tucker enjoyed the \"SG-1\" archvillain Apophis", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "7020292", "score": "1.7164199", "text": "in \"Stargate SG-1\". The character is first mentioned in the season 5 episode \"Between Two Fires\", although he is not seen in person until \"Revelations\". In \"Reckoning\", he is seen in two different host bodies, played by Dean Aylesworth and Rik Kiviaho. In \"Threads\", in the persona of \"Jim\", he is played by George Dzundza. Anubis has a tendency to make pronouncements that are excessively melodramatic even by Goa'uld standards; at one point Jack O'Neill comments, \"Oh come on, who talks like that?\" Anubis had been banished by the System Lords thousands of years ago for crimes that were unspeakably", "title": "Goa'uld characters in Stargate" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stargate SG-1\n\nStargate SG-1 (often stylized in all caps, or abbreviated SG-1) is a military science fiction adventure television series within Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's \"Stargate\" franchise. The show, created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, is based on the 1994 science fiction film \"Stargate\" by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The television series was filmed in and around the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The series premiered on Showtime on July 27, 1997 and moved to the Sci Fi Channel on June 7, 2002; the final episode first aired on Sky1 on March 13, 2007.\n\nThe story of \"Stargate SG-1\" begins about a year after the events of the feature film when the United States government learns that an ancient alien device called the Stargate can access a network of such devices on a multitude of planets and in space. SG-1 is an elite United States Air Force special operations team, one of about 20 teams from Earth who explore the galaxy and defend against alien threats such as the Goa'uld, the Replicators and the Ori. The series draws upon Egyptian, Greek and Norse mythology, as well as the legend of King Arthur.\n\nThe series was a ratings success for its first-run broadcasters and in syndication, and was particularly popular in Europe and Australia. \"Stargate SG-1\" was honored with numerous awards and award nominations in its ten-season run. It also spawned the animated television series \"Stargate Infinity\", the live-action spin-off TV series \"Stargate Atlantis\", \"Stargate Universe\", and \"Stargate Origins\" and the direct-to-DVD films \"\" and \"\". Merchandise for \"Stargate SG-1\" includes games and toys, print media and an original audio series. ", "title": "Stargate SG-1" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stargate SG-1 (season 8)\n\nThe eighth season of \"Stargate SG-1\", an American-Canadian military science fiction television series, began airing on July 9, 2004, on the Sci Fi channel. The eighth season concluded on February 22, 2005, after 20 episodes on British Sky One, which overtook the Sci Fi Channel in mid-season. This was the first season of the show to have 20 episodes instead of 22, as well as the first to air concurrently with \"Stargate SG-1\" spinoff series \"Stargate Atlantis\" (the first season thereof). The series was originally developed by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, while Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper served as executive producers. Season eight regular cast members include Richard Dean Anderson, Amanda Tapping, Christopher Judge, and Michael Shanks", "title": "Stargate SG-1 (season 8)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Teal'c\n\nTeal'c of Chulak is a fictional character in the 1997 military science fiction television series \"Stargate SG-1\". Portrayed by Christopher Judge, Teal'c is a Jaffa warrior from the planet Chulak. As a Jaffa, Teal'c is a genetically modified human with an abdominal pouch that serves as an incubator for a larval Goa'uld. The larval symbiote grants enhanced strength, health, healing, and longevity; Teal'c is around 100 years old during the show's run and ages an additional 50 years in the final \"SG-1\" episode. Teal'c's most notable feature is a golden tattoo found on his forehead, a sign that he once served the System Lord Apophis as First Prime, the most senior Jaffa rank.\n\nTeal'c is introduced in the pilot episode of \"Stargate SG-1\", \"Children of the Gods\". The character appears in all episodes of \"SG-1\" except season 8's \"Prometheus Unbound\", making him the character with the most episode appearances. Teal'c also appears in the direct-to-DVD films \"\" and \"\", as well as the \"Stargate Atlantis\" season 4 episodes \"Reunion\" and \"Midway\". In 2002, Christopher Judge was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category \"Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series\".", "title": "Teal'c" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mythology of Stargate\n\nThe mythology of the \"Stargate\" franchise is the historical backstory of the \"Stargate\" premise, which centers around xeno-mythology as experienced by humans during episodic contact. In the fictional universe of the franchise, the people of Earth have encountered numerous extraterrestrial races on their travels through the Stargate. \n\nIn addition to a diversity of alien life, there is also an abundance of other humans, scattered across the cosmos by advanced aliens in the distant past. Some of the most significant species or beings in \"Stargate SG-1\" are the Goa'uld, the Asgard, and the Replicators. \"Stargate Atlantis\", set in the Pegasus galaxy, introduced the Wraith and the Asurans. One of the most influential species in \"Stargate\", the Ancients, have moved on to a higher plane of existence. \n\nFor practical reasons of television productions, almost all of the alien and human cultures in the Stargate's fictional universe speak native English. Because of the time constraints of an hour-long episode, it would become a major hindrance to the story each week if the team had to spend a sizeable part of each episode learning to communicate with a new species.\n\n\"Stargate SG-1\" (1997–2006) explains the human population in the Milky Way galaxy by revealing that the alien Goa'uld transplanted humans from Earth to other planets for slave labor. Many of these populations were subsequently abandoned, often when deposits of the precious fictional mineral naquadah were exhausted, and developed into their own unique societies. \n\nThe human populations of the Pegasus galaxy are the product of Ancient seeding. Few human races in Pegasus are technologically advanced, as the Wraith destroy any civilization that could potentially pose a threat. There are also large numbers of humans in the Ori galaxy, where they empower the Ori through worship.", "title": "Mythology of Stargate" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stargate SG-1 (season 1)\n\nThe first season of the military science fiction television series \"Stargate SG-1\" commenced airing on the Showtime channel in the United States on July 27, 1997, concluded on the Sci Fi channel on March 6, 1998, and contained 22 episodes. The show itself is a spin-off from the 1994 hit movie \"Stargate\" written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. \"Stargate SG-1\" re-introduced supporting characters from the film universe, such as Jonathan \"Jack\" O'Neill and Daniel Jackson and included new characters such as Teal'c, George Hammond and Samantha \"Sam\" Carter. The first season was about a military-science expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them.", "title": "Stargate SG-1 (season 1)" }, { "id": "3035173", "score": "1.7127022", "text": "hosts, with whom they share the body equally and enjoy a truly symbiotic relationship. In \"Stargate SG-1\", the Tok'ra become valuable allies of Earth and play a critical role in the eventual defeat of the Goa'uld. Goa'uld The Goa'uld (; commonly shortened to or ) are a symbiotic race of ancient aliens from the American-Canadian military science fiction television franchise \"Stargate\". The Goa'uld are parasites from the planet P3X-888, integrated within a host (usually, but not always, a human). The resulting creatures are a powerful race bent on galactic conquest and domination, largely without pity, compassion, or remorse. In the", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "5757916", "score": "1.7039425", "text": "as the System Lords. The Goa'uld are the first and most prominent alien race encountered by the SGC, and also one of the few nonhumanoid species to appear in the early seasons of the series. The Goa'uld are branded as evil by their pretending to be gods and forcing people to submit to their quasireligious pronouncements. The humans of Earth play a central role in the story and mythology of the \"Stargate\" fictional universe. According to the \"Stargate\" film and \"Stargate SG-1\", the parasitic Goa'uld ruled Earth thousands of years ago, posing as gods of ancient Earth mythologies, and transplanted", "title": "Mythology of Stargate" }, { "id": "3035146", "score": "1.6715586", "text": "replaced in this capacity by the Ori in seasons 9 and 10. They also appear in the \"Stargate Atlantis\" episode \"Critical Mass\", and in the DVD movie \"\". They are pejoratively called \"snakes\" or \"snakeheads\" by Jack O'Neill. The Goa'uld were created by writers Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich for the 1994 movie, \"Stargate\". Although the alien race in the film was never named, the pilot episode \"Children of the Gods\" (1997) established that the alien race seen in the movie are the Goa'uld. In the series, it is confirmed that they are a parasitic race that uses hosts to", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "494937", "score": "1.6667609", "text": "major foe in \"Stargate SG-1\" until the end of Season 8. The only influential Goa'uld in the last two seasons of \"Stargate SG-1\" is the System Lord Ba'al (Cliff Simon), who is defeated in the direct-to-DVD film \"\". After Apophis's defeat in the Season 5 premiere (\"Enemies\"), the half-Ascended Goa'uld System Lord Anubis (David Palffy) assumes the role of the primary antagonist of the show. This new villain possesses much of the knowledge of the Ancients and their technology. While Earth builds its first interstellar spaceship (the \"Prometheus\") in seasons Season 6 and Season7, Anubis creates an army of almost", "title": "Stargate SG-1" }, { "id": "7020307", "score": "1.663152", "text": "they co-discovered in 2004, 99942 Apophis as an allusion to the \"Stargate\" villain. Ba'al, played by South African actor Cliff Simon, is a Goa'uld based on the Baʿal of Canaanite religion. He first appears in the season 5 episode \"Summit\", and becomes a recurring adversary in the remaining seasons of \"Stargate SG-1\" as well as in \"\", making him the longest-running villain in \"Stargate\" history. In the show, Ba'al is an intelligent and cunning System Lord, though unlike most of his peers he is rather flippant about his \"godhood\". He has even stated openly that the Goa'uld are not actually", "title": "Goa'uld characters in Stargate" }, { "id": "3035152", "score": "1.6414776", "text": "the third millennium BC, after which the Stargate was buried in the ground to render it unusable, Earth was largely forgotten and for some reason never revisited; this is possibly because Earth contained no notable natural resources such as naqahdah, and the Goa'uld had already established sustainable human slave populations of sufficient size for genetic diversity elsewhere, obviating the need to return to our inconveniently distant planet. Earth passed into legend amongst the human and Jaffa populations of the galaxy, until the 20th century, when the Stargate was discovered and eventually activated. In the continuity of \"Stargate SG-1\", the first", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "3035169", "score": "1.6363944", "text": "is called a lo'taur, a human slave who can be used as a host in an emergency. Some of these loyal humans serve willingly for the chance of one day experiencing the \"pleasures\" of being a Goa'uld host. The first System Lord seen on \"Stargate SG-1\" is Apophis, although the show retroactively established Ra from the film as a System Lord. In \"Fair Game\", the three System Lords that come to Earth are Cronus, Nirrti, and Yu. In \"Summit\" and \"Last Stand\", a meeting of the System Lords is shown, featuring Yu, Ba'al, Bastet, Kali, Olokun, Morrigan, and Svarog. In", "title": "Goa'uld" }, { "id": "7020331", "score": "1.6354048", "text": "inadvertently changes history into one where Ra took the Stargate with him after the rebellion on Earth. The original timeline is restored after a second version of SG-1 travels back and ensures that the Stargate is left behind. An unmasked Ra appears briefly in the alternate timeline of \"\" as one of Ba'al's lieutenants. Sokar, played by David Palffy, is a Goa'uld who replaces Apophis as the principal enemy of SG-1 for the first half of the third season. He is named for the Seker of Egyptian mythology. Sokar only appears in person in \"Jolinar's Memories\" and \"The Devil You", "title": "Goa'uld characters in Stargate" }, { "id": "7020343", "score": "1.6347102", "text": "has served as a source of comic relief on the show, to such a degree that in the beginning of season 8, when Dr. Jackson briefs Dr. Weir regarding Yu's impending arrival on Earth to negotiate a new treaty in the wake of the destruction of Anubis' fleet, Jackson stops her dead in her tracks as she was presumably about to make a joke about Yu's name by saying, \"Don't... every joke, every pun, done to death...\". Goa'uld characters in Stargate This is a list of the Goa'uld characters that appear in \"Stargate\", \"Stargate SG-1\", and \"Stargate Atlantis\". In the", "title": "Goa'uld characters in Stargate" }, { "id": "7057985", "score": "1.6343843", "text": "fiction show \"Stargate SG-1\". The game was to take place in the earlier seasons of the show, before the Atlantis expedition and before the Ori story arc. At release, the game would have revolved around the Milky Way Galaxy during in the storyline of the ongoing conflict between the Tau'ri and the Goa'uld. Playable races were shown to include Tau'ri, Goa'uld, Jaffa, and the Asgard. The combat was designed to incorporate some elements that are familiar to players of first person shooters, with players using an array of ranged weaponry of both earth and alien origin. Combat would have emphasized", "title": "Stargate Worlds" }, { "id": "494935", "score": "1.6326668", "text": "episode (\"Children of the Gods\"), set one year after the events of the original feature film, introduces the Goa'uld System Lord and main villain Apophis (Peter Williams) as he attacks Earth's mothballed SGC military base through the Stargate and kidnaps an airman. The SGC is brought back into action when the Stargate is revealed to be part of an interplanetary network connecting countless planets. SG teams are created to help defend Earth against the Goa'uld, who have interstellar pyramid warships and vast armies of Jaffa (hereditary slaves and human incubators to the Goa'uld) at their disposal. Earth's flagship team SG-1,", "title": "Stargate SG-1" }, { "id": "7020330", "score": "1.6308174", "text": "rebellion amongst the Abydonians. As Ra abandons the planet, O'Neil and Jackson teleport the active bomb to his ship by way of a ring transporter, destroying it and him. Ra's death draws the attention of the other Goa'uld to Earth, and creates a power vacuum amongst the System Lords that allows first Apophis, and later other System Lords, to become more powerful. Although mentioned numerous times, Ra has only appeared once on \"Stargate SG-1\", in masked form, in the season 8 episode \"Moebius\". In that episode, SG-1 travels back in time to steal a ZPM from Ra in Egypt, and", "title": "Goa'uld characters in Stargate" }, { "id": "3335290", "score": "1.629215", "text": "later developed in \"SG-1\" as the Goa'uld, the dominant evil power in the Milky Way. The leaders of this race, the System Lords, pose as gods and use the stargates to transport slaves between worlds. This has resulted in a large number of planets throughout the galaxy supporting human life, often in civilizations more primitive than Earth. The majority of these civilizations, descended from former Goa'uld slaves, treat the Stargate as a religious relic, often as a source of long-forgotten fear and evil. For most of the run of \"Stargate SG-1\", Earth was under constant threat from the Goa'uld, and", "title": "Stargate (device)" }, { "id": "7020306", "score": "1.6264119", "text": "is only turned back after the SG-1 of this reality helps their alternates contact the Asgard. Another version of Apophis appears in the alternate timeline of \"Moebius\", ruling over Chulak. He also captures a team from Earth and has a Goa'uld symbiote implanted into Daniel Jackson to learn about Earth. Apophis appears briefly in \"\" as the last System Lord defeated by Ba'al; Teal'c brings him before Ba'al, who executes him by slicing off the top of his head. David J. Tholen and Roy A. Tucker, two astronomers who are reportedly fans of \"Stargate SG-1\", named a near-Earth asteroid that", "title": "Goa'uld characters in Stargate" }, { "id": "494933", "score": "1.618027", "text": "venture to distant planets using an alien portal known as a Stargate, which in the series is housed in a top-secret United States Air Force military base known as Stargate Command (SGC) in the underground Cheyenne Mountain Complex in Colorado Springs, Colorado. In the first eight seasons, the mission of the SG teams is to explore the galaxy and search for alien technology and allies to defend Earth against the Goa'uld, a snake-like parasitic alien race that takes humans as unwilling hosts. As explained in the series' backstory, the Goa'uld had transported human slaves from Earth to other habitable planets", "title": "Stargate SG-1" } ]

[ "Robin van Persie", "RvP", "robin van persie", "van persey", "Van Persie", "V.Persie", "van persie", "persie", "Persie", "v persie", "Van Persey", "Robin Van Persie", "rvp" ]

[ { "id": "5440044", "score": "1.7067802", "text": "also the top English goalscorer in the Premier League and the fourth highest scorer overall that season with 17 goals, eight of which were scored for Sunderland. In his first full season with Villa, Bent scored his first goal of the season against Blackburn Rovers in a 3–1 victory on 20 August 2011. In his first match against former club Sunderland, a 2–2 draw at the Stadium of Light on 29 October 2011, every time he received a touch on the ball, he was booed by the home support. Bent then suffered an injury during the match against Bolton and", "title": "Darren Bent" }, { "id": "6657502", "score": "1.6762846", "text": "Paul McGrath. Gary Pallister played every minute of Manchester United's title-winning Premier League campaign. No other player matched that feat until the 2014–15 season, more than two decades later. Coventry signed Newcastle striker Micky Quinn for a nominal fee in November, and he responded by scoring 17 Premier League goals (the first 10 in 6 games) to keep the Sky Blues clear of relegation. Striker Les Ferdinand established himself as one of the country's top marksmen with more than 20 goals in all competitions for Queens Park Rangers. Alan Shearer scored 16 goals in his first 21 Premier League games", "title": "1992–93 in English football" }, { "id": "10249594", "score": "1.6729612", "text": "to score in five successive away games since Duncan McKenzie in 1977–78. In scoring twice against Fulham he became the quickest player to reach 10 goals at Everton since Tom Browell in 1912. Jelavić was named the Premier League Player of the Month for April 2012, the first Croatian to achieve this. Jelavić scored his 11th goal for Everton against Newcastle United on the final day of the season and finished the season as Everton's top scorer both in the league and overall. Jelavić started the 2012–13 season with goals against Aston Villa, Southampton, Wigan, Sunderland, Tottenham and Cheltenham Town,", "title": "Nikica Jelavić" }, { "id": "17113312", "score": "1.6712046", "text": "by a 2–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion on 7 May. Norwich City, Fulham, and Cardiff City were the bottom three teams and were relegated to the Football League Championship. Two teams (Manchester City and Liverpool) scored more than 100 goals for the first time in league history. The feat has only once been achieved before – by Chelsea in 2009–10. Luis Suárez won the golden boot for most goals with 31, ahead of teammate Daniel Sturridge who came second with 21 goals. Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal and Petr Čech of Chelsea led the league with 16 clean sheets each.", "title": "2013–14 Premier League" }, { "id": "6657501", "score": "1.6619563", "text": "win their first league title for 26 years. Teddy Sheringham was the new Premier League's top scorer with 22 goals. He scored once for Nottingham Forest and was then transferred to Tottenham Hotspur, opening his goalscoring account with the club by scoring 21 league goals. Chris Waddle was voted FWA Footballer of the Year after helping Sheffield Wednesday reach both domestic cup finals. Guy Whittingham scores a club record 42 league goals during the season for Portsmouth. He was on target 46 times in all competitions. The PFA Players' Player of the Year award went to experienced Aston Villa centre-back", "title": "1992–93 in English football" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012–13 Premier League\n\nThe 2012–13 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 21st season of the Premier League, the English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992, and the 114th season of top-flight English football overall. The fixture schedule was released on 18 June 2012. The season began on 18 August 2012 and ended on 19 May 2013.<ref name=\"=When does the 2012/13 season start?\"/>\n\nManchester City were the defending champions, having won their first Premier League title the previous season. This was their first top division league title since the 1967–68 season.\n\nOn 22 April 2013, Manchester United won their 13th Premier League title and 20th English title overall by defeating Aston Villa 3–0 at Old Trafford. This left reigning champions Manchester City 16 points behind with only 15 left to play for. It was the first time the title had been decided in April since Chelsea were the winners in 2005–06. It was also only the fourth time in the history of the Premier League that it had been won with at least four games remaining in the season, the last time being in 2003–04 when Arsenal were champions. England national football team manager, Roy Hodgson declared that United's manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, was a \"magician\" having won 13 titles in 21 seasons.\n\nOn 28 April 2013, Queens Park Rangers and Reading were both relegated from the Premier League after a 0–0 draw against each other. Wigan Athletic were the third and final club to be relegated, after a 4–1 defeat to Arsenal on 14 May 2013. This brought an end to their eight-year stay in the Premier League, and came three days after winning the season's FA Cup. This made them the first club to win the FA Cup and suffer relegation in the same season.", "title": "2012–13 Premier League" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season\n\nThe 2012–13 season was Manchester United's 21st season in the Premier League, and their 38th consecutive season in the top flight of English football.\n\nUnited's season began on 20 August 2012 with the first game of the Premier League campaign. After narrowly missing out on goal difference the previous season, they won an unprecedented 20th English top-flight title on 22 April 2013 with a win over Aston Villa at Old Trafford, in which top scorer Robin van Persie scored a hat-trick, finishing the season with 26 league goals and 30 goals in all competitions.\n\nUnited competed in two domestic cups, the FA Cup and the League Cup, where they entered both tournaments in the Third Round courtesy of their league position. Chelsea proved to be United's nemesis in both competitions, first beating them 5–4 in the Fourth Round of the League Cup on 31 October 2012, followed by a 1–0 win in the FA Cup Sixth Round Replay on 1 April 2013.\n\nIn Europe, United were knocked out of the Champions League at the Round of 16 stage after losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid.\n\nOn 8 May 2013, United's long time manager, Sir Alex Ferguson announced that he would retire from his position as manager of Manchester United after years in charge, making him the longest-serving manager of any English club by this stage. He had won 38 trophies during that time – more than any other manager in the history of football – and at 71 was the oldest serving manager currently in the Premier League or Football League.\n\nThe next day, Manchester United announced that David Moyes of Everton would take over from Ferguson at the beginning of the 2013–14 season.", "title": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Premier League Golden Boot\n\nThe Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it was called the Carling Golden Boot from 1994 to 2001, the Barclaycard Golden Boot from 2002 to 2004, the Barclays Golden Boot from 2005 to 2016, the Cadbury Golden Boot from 2017 to 2020, and the Coca-Cola Zero Sugar Golden Boot for 2021. Since 2022, it is referred to as the Castrol Golden Boot. In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice, although Robin van Persie was given £30,000 after scoring 26 goals in the 2012–13 season.\n\nThe Premier League was founded in 1992, when the clubs of the First Division left the Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. and it was simply known as the Premier League in its first year.<ref name=history/> As a result, the award was called the \"Premier League Golden Boot\" when Teddy Sheringham received the inaugural award in 1993.<ref name=top/> Originally consisting of 22 teams, the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994–95 season; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38.<ref name=history/>\n\nThierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999. Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons. Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the Premier League Golden Boot, with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005). Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs.\n\nAndy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot when the Premier League was a 42-game season, Mohamed Salah with 32 goals in 2017–18 holds the record for the current 38-game season, while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09. The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11, when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award. Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97. The Premier League Golden Boot is currently shared by Son Heung-min and Mohamed Salah, with 23 goals each. \n", "title": "Premier League Golden Boot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2011–12 Premier League\n\nThe 2011–12 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 20th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. The season began on 13 August 2011 and ended on 13 May 2012 with Manchester City sealing their third league title – their first since 1968 – with victory over Queens Park Rangers on the final day. The title was City's first Premier League success, making them the fifth club to win the Premier League in its 20-year history. City finished level on 89 points with Manchester United, but their goal difference was eight better than their local rivals', making it the only time the Premier League had been won on goal difference.\n\nThe league was contested by 20 teams, 17 returning from the 2010–11 season and three promoted from the Football League Championship. Championship winners Queens Park Rangers and runners-up Norwich City gained automatic promotion whilst Swansea City gained promotion through the Football League Championship play-offs beating Reading 4–2 in May 2011, becoming the first non-English team to play in the Premier League. All three promoted clubs avoided relegation for the first time since the 2001–02 campaign. The season was voted as the greatest Premier League season in the Premier League 20 Seasons Awards.", "title": "2011–12 Premier League" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012–13 UEFA Champions League\n\nThe 2012–13 UEFA Champions League was the 58th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 21st season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.\n\nThe final was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England, in recognition of the 150th anniversary of the formation of England's Football Association, the world's oldest football association. It came just two years after Wembley hosted the final in 2011, making it the seventh occasion Wembley Stadium (current and old) had hosted the Champions League final. Bayern Munich, who had been runners-up in 2011–12, won by defeating Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund 2–1 via an 89th-minute goal from Arjen Robben. This was Bayern's 10th final, their first European Cup title in 12 years and their fifth overall. This was the first all-German final and the fourth final to feature two teams from the same association, after the finals of 2000, 2003 and 2008.\n\nThe defending champions, Chelsea, were eliminated in the group stage, becoming the first title holders to leave the competition at this stage. They went on to win the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final, and became the first team to win the Europa League while holding the Champions League crown.", "title": "2012–13 UEFA Champions League" }, { "id": "142733", "score": "1.6489288", "text": "his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league. The Premier League maintains two trophies – the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season. In the", "title": "Premier League" }, { "id": "4502057", "score": "1.6461885", "text": "for Manchester United in all competitions, thus becoming Manchester United's 50th player to score 50 goals for the club. This was also his first goal of the 2011–12 Premier League season. On 26 December 2011, Berbatov scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 win against Wigan Athletic. This was Berbatov's fourth Premier League hat trick for Manchester United and fifth overall in the division. In the next league game against Blackburn Rovers, Berbatov gave away a first half penalty, when he dragged Christopher Samba to the ground. In the second half, after going 2–0 behind, United responded quickly with two goals", "title": "Dimitar Berbatov" }, { "id": "17231241", "score": "1.6338418", "text": "156 goals in all competitions, breaking the previous goal aggregate record of 143 goals set by Manchester United in 1956–57. Their 100th Premier League goal of the season was scored in the 4–0 victory over Aston Villa on 7 May 2014. This was the first time City had scored more than 100 league goals in the top English division in a season since 1957–58. Coincidentally, their 100th goal was notable for another reason, as it became the first goal in all of English league football to be decided via the Hawk-Eye system, which had been rolled out for use in", "title": "2013–14 Manchester City F.C. season" }, { "id": "8155573", "score": "1.6291999", "text": "January 2014, they had scored 115 goals in all competitions – the most goals scored by any club in Europe. Maintaining such a scoring rate would see them surpass the 143 scored by Manchester United's \"Busby Babes\" in the 1957–58 season. On 2 March 2014, Pellegrini's Manchester City defeated Sunderland 3–1 at Wembley Stadium in the 2014 Football League Cup Final, giving him his first major trophy in European football. On 11 May, Manchester City became Premier League champions, after beating West Ham United 2–0, with goals from Samir Nasri and Vincent Kompany at the City of Manchester Stadium, making", "title": "Manuel Pellegrini" }, { "id": "7155390", "score": "1.626544", "text": "in the game – the first player to score four goals in a Premier League game. 30 September 1993 – September draws to a close with Manchester United still top of the table, leading by three points over Arsenal. Aston Villa, Leeds United, Norwich City and Wimbledon are just some of the many other clubs currently in strong contention. Liverpool, meanwhile, have slumped to 13th place after a disappointing month, mounting the pressure upon Graeme Souness. Swindon are still bottom of the table and looking for their first-ever top division win after nine games, being level on points with a", "title": "1993–94 in English football" }, { "id": "18036993", "score": "1.6264771", "text": "22 September 2012, the second-most goals scored by a Manchester United player at any level during the tenure of manager Sir Alex Ferguson. After scoring a further five goals in his next four competitive appearances, he was rewarded with his first professional contract on his 17th birthday, and celebrated by scoring twice in a 4–2 home win over Southampton that same day. Although he was ruled out by injury from the middle of January to the start of March 2013, he still managed to finish the season as the under-18s' top scorer with 14 goals in 18 league appearances. Despite", "title": "James Wilson (English footballer)" }, { "id": "6103803", "score": "1.6245277", "text": "7–4 win over Reading, which broke the record for the most goals scored in a Premier League match, and a league match shown on \"Match of the Day\". After Portsmouth's visit to Wigan on 20 October, Benjani became the Premier League's top scorer. Portsmouth boss Harry Redknapp banned Benjani from taking any further penalties after he missed a spot-kick in second-half injury time in a home game against West Ham United. He then made amends for his miss scoring in the 4–1 victory over Newcastle United to bring his total to eight for the season. He then scored his ninth", "title": "Benjani Mwaruwari" }, { "id": "15456170", "score": "1.6236212", "text": "for their match ball (white from August to October and March to May; high-visibility yellow from November through February) called Seitiro, featuring a modified flame design. On 21 December in a 2–1 loss to Arsenal at Villa Park, Marc Albrighton of Aston Villa was officially credited with the 20,000th goal scored since the formation of the Premier League in 1992. He was given £20,000 from league sponsor Barclays to donate to a charity of his choice. He chose Acorns Children's Hospice, who used to sponsor Aston Villa. Newcastle United manager Alan Pardew, 50, received the Premier League Manager of the", "title": "2011–12 Premier League" }, { "id": "7956091", "score": "1.6232717", "text": "Fulham. This also meant le Fondre clinched the record for most Premier League goals in a season as a substitute. On 14 May, he was named Reading F.C. Player of the Season. He also scored in Reading's 4–2 defeat at West Ham United on the final day of the season, when he turned in Nick Blackman's cross to equalize after coming off the bench at half time. This meant le Fondre ended the season with 14 goals, including 12 in the Premier League. On 3 August 2013, le Fondre scored on the opening day of the season at home to", "title": "Adam le Fondre" }, { "id": "8718956", "score": "1.6167775", "text": "while playing for German club VfL Wolfsburg, with whom he won the Bundesliga in the 2008–09 season. He was second-highest goalscorer with 26 goals. In the 2009–10 season, Džeko was the top scorer with 22 goals. He also registered ten assists in both seasons. During the 2011–12 Premier League season, Džeko scored four goals in one game for Manchester City against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. On the final day of that season, he scored an equaliser against Queens Park Rangers in the 92nd minute, before Sergio Agüero won it for City with seconds to go, ensuring the team", "title": "Edin Džeko" }, { "id": "7304547", "score": "1.6161542", "text": "On 3 November 2012, he scored his first Premier League goal in just under a year against Sunderland in a run stretching 29 matches. On 6 April 2013, Agbonlahor scored his 60th Premier League goal for Aston Villa, making him joint top Premier League goalscorer for the club alongside Dwight Yorke. On 29 April, in a 6–1 win over Sunderland, Agbonlahor scored his 61st Premier League goal to overtake Yorke as Villa's highest all-time Premier League goal scorer. He scored two goals in a 2–1 win over Norwich on 4 May, moving Aston Villa up to 13th place in the", "title": "Gabriel Agbonlahor" }, { "id": "8167910", "score": "1.6153154", "text": "against Chelsea. He ended the season once again as the club's top goal scorer, scoring 15 league goals and featuring in all 38 league matches. Lambert started the 2013–14 Premier League season with another goal, a last-minute penalty in a 1–0 win over West Bromwich Albion at the Hawthorns on 17 August 2013. His second of the season, and 200th league goal of his career, came from a free kick in a 2–0 home victory against Crystal Palace on 28 September. He finished the season with 13 goals in 37 league matches. On 2 June 2014, Lambert was confirmed as", "title": "Rickie Lambert" }, { "id": "3823123", "score": "1.6138816", "text": "weekend, he scored City's first goal of the 2012–13 Premier League season, against Southampton. On 26 August, Tevez scored his third goal in three matches in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool, his 100th goal in English football. The following week, he scored the final goal in a 3–1 win over QPR to become the first Manchester City player to score 50 goals for the club in the Premier League. On 3 November, when City met West Ham at Upton Park, Tevez received a warm welcome from West Ham fans; he responded by giving them a cross-armed \"Hammers\" salute. Speaking after", "title": "Carlos Tevez" }, { "id": "16365519", "score": "1.6138453", "text": "also scored, making him Villa's highest Premier League goalscorer with 61 goals. Captain Ron Vlaar, with his first goal for the club, and Andreas Weimann wrapped up a memorable night for Villa as they went five points clear of the drop zone and above Newcastle United on goal difference, after an 11-goal swing. The first game of the month saw Villa continue their good form by beating Norwich City 1–2 at Carrow Road to send them up to 13th in the table as well as to the 40-point mark.Gabriel Agbonlahor scored both of Villa's goals, including the 89th-minute winner, either", "title": "2012–13 Aston Villa F.C. season" }, { "id": "8860270", "score": "1.6133697", "text": "highest number of tackles in the league and won possession of the ball 190 times, the most out of any player. In the opening game of the 2012–13 Premier League season against Manchester United, Fellaini received plaudits for his outstanding performance, as he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory. He continued the season in great form with goals against Arsenal, Manchester City, Sunderland and Fulham amongst others. Fellaini was subsequently awarded Premier League Player of the Month for November 2012. Fellaini was banned for three matches by the Football Association on 17 December 2012 after headbutting Ryan Shawcross", "title": "Marouane Fellaini" } ]

[ "New Zealand was included, and had recently toured its rugby team in apartheid South Africa", "new zealand was included and had recently toured its rugby team in apartheid south africa" ]

[ { "id": "800588", "score": "1.9902289", "text": "after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976. The boycott was led by Congolese official Jean Claude Ganga. Some of the boycotting nations (including Morocco, Cameroon and Egypt) had already participated, however, and withdrew after the first few days. Senegal and Ivory Coast were the only African countries that competed throughout the duration of the Games. Elsewhere, both Iraq and Guyana also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott. South Africa had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 due to its apartheid policies. Other countries, such as El Salvador and Zaire, did not", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "6925446", "score": "1.8449194", "text": "Live television broadcast the melee to Egypt. Egypt decided, as a result of these incidents, to withdraw from the competition and the Egyptian Prime minister called the team home immediately. The meeting gave those African nations associated with the Commonwealth a chance to address another brewing controversy; their proposed boycott of the 1978 Commonwealth Games which were to be held the following month in Edmonton, Canada. The discussions were fruitful and the boycott was not carried out. 1978 All-Africa Games The 3rd All-Africa Games – Algiers 1978 was a multi-sport event played from July 13, 1978, to July 28, 1978,", "title": "1978 All-Africa Games" }, { "id": "6925434", "score": "1.8105366", "text": "the games. Security again was very tight at the games. This time in response to the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games just four short months before. Sports heroes from around the world including Abebe Bikila, Pelé, Muhammad Ali, and Jesse Owens were invited to attend the opening ceremonies. Ben Jipcho, Kenya's 3000 meter silver medalist at the Munich Olympics, tied the world record in the steeplechase with a run of 8:20.8. Tanzania's newcomer Filbert Bayi stunned the veteran favorite Kip Keino in the 1500 meters in 3:37.18. African nations continued to put pressure on South Africa", "title": "1973 All-Africa Games" }, { "id": "9105346", "score": "1.8073716", "text": "Games, from 18 to 20 July, before withdrawing from the Olympics, joining a total of 33 countries mainly from Africa in the boycott. Tunisia withdrew after 2 matches. The results were annulled. Tunisia at the 1976 Summer Olympics During the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montréal in Canada, the Tunisian team initially competed but then joined a boycott by all but two African nations. The boycott was called due to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowing the New Zealand team to participate despite the recent tour of South Africa by the country's rugby union team. Sporting contact with South Africans", "title": "Tunisia at the 1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "9142155", "score": "1.8036296", "text": "Mexico. The country has twice boycotted the Olympic Games, first was because of the inclusion of the New Zealand team at the 1976 Summer Olympics despite the breach of the international sports boycott of South Africa by the nation's rugby union team shortly prior. Then in 1980, the country was one of several who joined in with a United States led boycott over the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War. The highest number of Central African athletes entered in a team for an Olympics is 15, occurring at both the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. For the 1984", "title": "Central African Republic at the 1984 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1976 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1976 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad () and commonly known as Montreal 1976 (; ; ), were an international multi-sport event held from July 17 to August 1, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam on May 12, 1970, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles. It was the first and, so far, only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada. Toronto hosted the 1976 Summer Paralympics the same year as the Montreal Olympics, which still remains the only Summer Paralympics to be held in Canada. Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010, respectively.\n\nTwenty-nine countries, mostly African, boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations' calls for a sporting embargo. The Soviet Union won the most gold- and overall medals.", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies\n\nThe Olympic Games is a major international multi-sport event. During its history, both the Summer and Winter Games have been a subject of scandals and controversies, including the use of performance enhancing drugs.\n\nSome countries have boycotted the Games on various occasions, either as a protest against the International Olympic Committee or to protest racial discrimination in or the contemporary politics of other participants. After both World Wars, the defeated countries were not invited. Other controversies include doping programs, decisions by referees and gestures made by athletes.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Summer Olympic Games\n\nThe Summer Olympic Games (), also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years. The inaugural Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and the most recent edition was held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for organising the Games and for overseeing the host city's preparations. The tradition of awarding medals began in 1904; in each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals for second place, and bronze medals for third place. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympic Games, which are regarded as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport international event in the world.\n\nThe Summer Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition programme in 1896 with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 different nations, to 339 events in 2021 with 11,420 competitors (almost half of whom were women) from 206 nations. The Games have been held in nineteen different countries over five continents: four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996); three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), Australia (1956 and 2000), and Japan (1964 and 2020); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), the Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), the Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016).\n\nLondon was the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. , Paris, Los Angeles, Athens and Tokyo have each hosted twice; Paris will host for the third time in 2024, followed by Los Angeles which will host the Games in 2028. Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games: Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. Great Britain is the only country to have won a gold medal at every edition of the Games. The United States leads the all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics, and has topped the medal table on 18 separate occasions—followed by the USSR (six times), and France, Great Britain, Germany, China, and the ex-Soviet 'Unified Team' (once each).", "title": "Summer Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1984 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1984 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXIII Olympiad and also known as Los Angeles 1984) were an international multi-sport event held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, United States. It marked the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games, the first being in 1932. California was the home state of the incumbent U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch.\n\nThe 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union and East Germany, in response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; Romania and Yugoslavia were the only Socialist European states that opted to attend the Games. Albania, Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons. \n\nDespite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott, 140 National Olympic Committees took part in the 1984 Games, a record number at the time. The United States won the most gold and overall medals, followed by Romania and West Germany.\n\nThe 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics, serving as an example on how to run an Olympic games. As a result of low construction costs, due to the use of existing sport infrastructure, coupled with a reliance on private corporate the 1984 Games generated a profit of over . \n\nOn July 18, 2009, a 25th anniversary celebration of the 1984 Games was held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The celebration included a speech by former Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee president Peter Ueberroth, as well as a re-enactment of the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. \n\nLos Angeles will host the Summer Olympics for the third time in 2028.", "title": "1984 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "17369789", "score": "1.8002568", "text": "of the Olympic rings at the South African Open Games. IOC members voted to expel SANOC, by 35 to 28, with 3 abstentions. The conference coincided with a cancelled South African cricket tour of England and the banning of South Africa from the Davis Cup. South Africa was the indirect cause of the 1976 Olympic boycott. A New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa prompted African countries to demand that the New Zealand Olympic team be excluded from the games. The IOC demurred on the grounds that rugby union was not an Olympic sport and the New Zealand Rugby", "title": "Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics" }, { "id": "8962080", "score": "1.7800593", "text": "in the Olympic Games at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. The country has twice boycotted the Olympic Games, first was because of the inclusion of the New Zealand team at the 1976 Summer Olympics despite the breach of the international sports boycott of South Africa by the nation's rugby union team shortly prior. Then in 1980, the country was one of several who joined in with a United States led boycott over the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War. The highest number of Central African athletes entered in a team for an Olympics is 15,", "title": "Central African Republic at the 1988 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "17369796", "score": "1.7744491", "text": "IOC expelled the SANOC in 1970. The South African government claimed there were more than 6 000 competitors, including 126 from abroad, in 36 sports codes. Three national teams withdrew having arrived, after pressure from their home governments. A team from West Germany withdrew after the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa said its members would otherwise boycott the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. A full New Zealand team participated, though the New Zealand governing bodies stated the athletes were present as individuals rather than as representing them. One British athlete competed. The U.S. Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) denied permission", "title": "South African Games" }, { "id": "12647313", "score": "1.7723634", "text": "prepared to readmit South Africa after assurances that its team would be multi-racial; but a threatened boycott by African nations and others forestalled this. The South African Games of 1969 and 1973 were intended to allow Olympic-level competition for South Africans against foreign athletes. South Africa was formally expelled from the IOC in 1970. In 1976, African nations demanded that New Zealand be suspended by the IOC for continued contacts with South Africa, including a tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team. When the IOC refused, the African teams withdrew from the games. This contributed to the Gleneagles", "title": "Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era" }, { "id": "9105345", "score": "1.7702738", "text": "Tunisia at the 1976 Summer Olympics During the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montréal in Canada, the Tunisian team initially competed but then joined a boycott by all but two African nations. The boycott was called due to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowing the New Zealand team to participate despite the recent tour of South Africa by the country's rugby union team. Sporting contact with South Africans was banned by the IOC as a consequence of the system of apartheid operated in the country. Athletes from Cameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed during the first three days of the", "title": "Tunisia at the 1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "19648728", "score": "1.7701635", "text": "Africa in spite of the Soweto uprising. Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's African Qualifiers 3 groups of 2 teams each. Winners qualify for the Final Tournament. \"Nigeria won 3–2 and qualified for the 1976 Summer Olympics football tournament.\" \"Ghana won 2–1 and qualifiyed for the 1976 Summer Olympics football tournament.\" \"Zambia won 5–4 on penalties after 2–2 on aggregates and qualifiyed for the 1976 Summer Olympics football tournament.\" The three African participants withdrew a day before the start of the Games and were not replaced. They boycotted the Olympics protesting the participation of New Zealand, whose rugby", "title": "Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's African Qualifiers" }, { "id": "800570", "score": "1.7516965", "text": "boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations' calls for a sporting embargo. The vote occurred on May 12, 1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, Netherlands. While Los Angeles and Moscow were viewed as the favourites given that they represented the world's two main powers, many of the smaller countries supported Montreal as an underdog and as a relatively neutral site for the games. Los Angeles was eliminated after the", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "6586162", "score": "1.7435035", "text": "participated however, as the teams only withdrew after the first day. From Southern and Central Africa, only Senegal and Ivory Coast took part. Both Iraq and Guyana also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott. \"For the full list of boycotting countries, see 1976 Summer Olympics#Boycotting countries\" <section begin=tracktable /> <section end=tracktable /> Four cyclists represented New Zealand in 1976. Ross Gillespie New Zealand advanced to the semi-finals, while Spain continued to the classification round for fifth to eighth places. Neil McLeod and Les Wilson were not awarded gold medals as they did not take the field during the tournament. The", "title": "New Zealand at the 1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "17369788", "score": "1.7413607", "text": "a multi-sport tournament called the South African Open Games in February 1969, to which foreign white athletes were invited. A team from West Germany withdrew after the SCSA said its members would otherwise boycott the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The IOC felt that expelling a member required a greater degree of due process than mere exclusion from the Games. At its 1969 conference it appointed a committee to investigate and produce specific charges of violation of the Olympic Charter. The committee's report at the 1970 conference in Amsterdam detailed seven allegations of discrimination, as well as the unauthorized use", "title": "Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics" }, { "id": "12647314", "score": "1.7384561", "text": "Agreement being adopted by the Commonwealth in 1977. The IOC adopted a declaration against \"apartheid in sport\" on 21 June 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport. The 1934 British Empire Games, originally awarded in 1930 to Johannesburg, was moved to London after the (pre-apartheid) South Africa government refused to allow nonwhite participants. South Africa continued to participate in every Games until it left the Commonwealth in 1961. The Thatcher government's refusal to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement in the UK led Nigeria to initiate a boycott of the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, from which 32 of 59 eligible", "title": "Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era" }, { "id": "14628263", "score": "1.7363689", "text": "its largest and most diverse delegation. Another threat of boycott from African nations, however, led the IOC to withdraw Rhodesia's invitation by a vote of 36–31 in favor, with three abstentions. The athletes were allowed to remain in the Olympic Village and attend their events, but were forbidden from participating. Following the Munich massacre, IOC President Avery Brundage compared the attacks to the political motivation behind the boycott, arguing that both were seeking to dampen the spirit of Olympism. Hoping to preempt the Rhodesian issue far in advance of the 1976 Summer Olympics, incoming IOC President Lord Killanin sought to", "title": "Rhodesia at the Olympics" }, { "id": "5066762", "score": "1.7350345", "text": "of the inclusion of the New Zealand team at the 1976 Summer Olympics despite the breach of the international sports boycott of South Africa by the nation's rugby union team shortly prior. Then in 1980, the country was one of several who joined in with a United States led boycott over the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War. The highest number of Central African athletes entered in a team for an Olympics is 15, occurring at both the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. The sole archer for the Central African Republic competing in the 2000 Summer Olympics was", "title": "Central African Republic at the 2000 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "9960511", "score": "1.7349565", "text": "the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics with gymnast Mohamed Lazhari. Algeria withdrew from the 1976 Summer Olympics due to the refusal of the IOC to ban countries who had competed in South Africa amidst its apartheid policies. Almost every nation in Africa participated in the boycott. South Africa itself had been banned from the Olympics since 1964. In the 1980 Summer Olympics Algeria participated for the first time in a team sport, competing in both football and handball. Their first medal came at the 1984 Summer Olympics, where Mustapha Moussa won bronze in boxing.", "title": "Algeria at the Olympics" }, { "id": "867230", "score": "1.7257303", "text": "the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka, Benin and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under these names (they participated previously as \"Ceylon\", \"Dahomey\" and \"Rhodesia\", respectively). Although approximately half of the 24 countries that boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics (in protest against the IOC not expelling New Zealand who sanctioned a rugby tour of apartheid South Africa) participated in the Moscow Games, the 1980 Summer Olympics were disrupted by another, even larger, boycott led by the United States in protest at the 1979 Soviet–Afghan War. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum", "title": "1980 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "3929726", "score": "1.7256715", "text": "withdrawal of South Africa and Rhodesia from the games, restoration of Muhammad Ali's world heavyweight boxing title, Avery Brundage to step down as president of the IOC, and the hiring of more African-American assistant coaches. As the boycott failed to achieve support after the IOC withdrew invitations for South Africa and Rhodesia, he decided, together with Smith, to participate but to stage a protest in case he received a medal. Following his third-place finish behind fellow American Smith and Australian Peter Norman in the 200 at the Mexico Olympics, Carlos and Smith made headlines around the world by raising their", "title": "John Carlos" } ]

[ "Roll of the dice", "twenty sided polyhedral die", "12 sided die", "Loaded die", "polyhedral die", "Gaming dice", "fulhams", "Polyhedral die", "⚁", "Fair dice", "⚄", "crystal die", "20 sided die", "dice cup", "gaming dice", "Normal dice", "Gaming die", "Loaded dice", "Game die", "fair dice", "Dice", "gaming die", "12-sided die", "⚃", "six sided dice", "Polyhedral dice", "8-sided die", "dice and dice games", "Dice tray", "Six-sided dice", "dice tray", "loaded die", "crystal dice", "Crystal dice", "Dice and dice games", "six sided die", "20-Sided Die", "polyhedral dice", "🎲", "dice", "roll of dice", "Fair die", "Fulhams", "20-sided die", "game dice", "game die", "Game dice", "chance cube", "Fullams", "⚂", "normal dice", "⚀", "Chance cube", "Six-sided die", "Dice cup", "fullams", "8 sided die", "Seven-sided die", "fair die", "Crystal die", "Twenty-sided polyhedral die", "loaded dice", "seven sided die", "⚅" ]

[ { "id": "40178", "score": "1.5888004", "text": "the dice may determine the outcome of a single game, the better player will accumulate the better record over series of many games, somewhat like poker. With each roll of the dice, players must choose from numerous options for moving their checkers and anticipate possible counter-moves by the opponent. The optional use of a doubling cube allows players to raise the stakes during the game. Like chess, backgammon has been studied with great interest by computer scientists. Owing to this research, backgammon software has been developed that is capable of beating world-class human players (see TD-Gammon for an example). Backgammon", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40213", "score": "1.5387397", "text": "that information in the most effective manner will win.\" After the closing arguments, Judge Stephen S. Walker concluded that backgammon is a game of skill, not a game of chance, and found the defendant, backgammon tournament director Ted Barr, not guilty of promoting gambling. Enthusiasts have formed clubs for social play of backgammon. Local clubs may hold informal gatherings, with members meeting at cafés and bars in the evening to play and converse. A few clubs offer additional services, maintaining their own facilities or offering computer analysis of troublesome plays. Some club leaders have noticed a recent growth of interest", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40206", "score": "1.5347319", "text": "player can quickly gain a running advantage and win the game, often with a gammon. A \"backgame\" is a strategy that involves holding two or more anchors in an opponent's home board while being substantially behind in the race. The anchors obstruct the opponent's checkers and create opportunities to hit them as they move home. The backgame is generally used only to salvage a game wherein a player is already significantly behind. Using a backgame as an initial strategy is usually unsuccessful. \"Duplication\" refers to the placement of checkers such that one's opponent needs the same dice rolls to achieve", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40202", "score": "1.531166", "text": "cannot be completed). Gul Bara and Tapa are also variants of the game popular in southeastern Europe and Turkey. The play will iterate among Backgammon, Gul Bara, and Tapa until one of the players reaches a score of 7 or 5. Coan ki is an ancient Chinese board game that is very similar. Plakoto, Fevga and Portes are three versions of backgammon played in Greece. Together, the three are referred to as Tavli. Other minor variants to the standard game are common among casual players in certain regions. For instance, only allowing a maximum of five checkers on any point", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "7017032", "score": "1.5194364", "text": "backgammon are a mixture of chance and skill. Even though luck (usually the throw of dice) plays a part, choices made by the players in the course of the game also help to decide the winner. Backgammon is one of the oldest board games that people still play. Its name comes from the Saxon (it means ‘back game’ because sometimes pieces have to go back to the beginning), but the Romans played this game too. Luck plays little or no part in games of skill – the outcome is decided by the players’ ability to make the most advantageous moves", "title": "Indoor games and sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Backgammon\n\nBackgammon is a two-player board game played with counters and dice on tables boards. It is the most widespread Western member of the large family of tables games, whose ancestors date back nearly 5,000 years to the regions of Mesopotamia and Persia. The earliest record of backgammon itself dates to 17th-century England, being descended from the 16th-century game of Irish.\n\nBackgammon is a two-player game of contrary movement in which each player has fifteen pieces, known traditionally as 'men' (short for 'tablemen') but increasingly known as 'checkers' in the US in recent decades. These pieces move along twenty-four 'points' according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to move the fifteen pieces around the board and be first to \"bear off\", i.e., remove them from the board. The achievement of this while the opponent is still a long way behind results in a triple win known as a \"backgammon\", hence the name of the game.\n\nBackgammon involves a combination of strategy and luck (from rolling dice). While the dice may determine the outcome of a single game, the better player will accumulate the better record over a series of many games. With each roll of the dice, players must choose from numerous options for moving their pieces and anticipate possible counter-moves by the opponent. The optional use of a doubling cube allows players to raise the stakes during the game.", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chess\n\nChess is a board game between two players. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games, such as xiangqi (Chinese chess) and shogi (Japanese chess). The current form of the game emerged in Spain and the rest of Southern Europe during the second half of the 15th century after evolving from chaturanga, a similar but much older game of Indian origin. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide.\n\nChess is an abstract strategy game and involves no hidden information. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The player controlling the white pieces moves first, followed by the player controlling the black pieces. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king, whereby the king is under immediate attack (in \"check\") and there is no way for it to escape. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw.\n\nOrganized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by FIDE (the International Chess Federation). The first universally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886; Magnus Carlsen is the current World Champion. A huge body of chess theory has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in chess composition, and chess in its turn influenced Western culture and art, and has connections with other fields such as mathematics, computer science, and psychology.\n\nOne of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine. In 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the reigning World Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov. Today's chess engines are significantly stronger than the best human players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory.", "title": "Chess" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Backgammon opening theory\n\nThe first moves of a backgammon game are the opening moves, collectively referred to as the opening, and studied in the backgammon opening theory. Backgammon opening theory is not developed in as much detail as opening theory in chess, which has been widely studied. The is because following the first move in backgammon, there are 21 dice roll outcomes on each subsequent move and many alternative plays for each outcome. Therefore, the tree of possible positions in backgammon expands much more rapidly than in chess.\n\nBy the early 1980s a consensus had developed among backgammon experts on the preferred opening move for some rolls, with other rolls not attracting a consensus. Following the emergence of self-trained backgammon-playing neural networks, the suggested best opening moves for some rolls have changed significantly.", "title": "Backgammon opening theory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Game mechanics\n\nIn tabletop games and video games, game mechanics are the rules or ludemes that govern and guide the player's actions, as well as the game's response to them. A rule is an instruction on how to play, a ludeme is an element of play like the L-shaped move of the knight in chess. A game's mechanics thus effectively specify how the game will work for the people who play it.\n\nThere are no accepted definitions of game mechanics. Some competing definitions include the opinion that game mechanics are \"systems of interactions between the player and the game\", that they \"are more than what the player may recognize, they are only those things that impact the play experience\", and \"In tabletop games and video games, 'game mechanics' are the rules and procedures that guide the player and the game response to the player's moves or actions\".\n\nAll games use mechanics; however, there are different theories as to their ultimate importance to the game. In general, the process and study of game design are efforts to come up with game mechanics that allow for people playing a game to have an engaging, but not necessarily fun, experience. The interaction of various game mechanics in a game determines the complexity and level of player interaction in the game, and in conjunction with the game's environment and resources determine game balance. Some forms of game mechanics have been used in games for centuries, while others are relatively new, having been invented within the past decade.", "title": "Game mechanics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Go – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "id": "40209", "score": "1.5133643", "text": "In a match, the objective is not to win the maximum possible number of points, but rather to simply reach the score needed to win the match. For example, a player leading a 9-point match by a score of 7–5 would be very reluctant to turn the doubling cube, as their opponent could take and make a costless redouble to 4, placing the entire outcome of the match on the current game. Conversely, the trailing player would double very aggressively, particularly if s/he has chances to win a gammon in the current game. In money play, the theoretically correct checker", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40227", "score": "1.5030742", "text": "also be an ancestor of modern-day table games like backgammon. It used tetrahedral dice. In the modern Middle East, backgammon is a common feature of coffeehouses. Race board games involving dice have a long history in Iraq, including the Royal Game of Ur in Babylon. Today the game is commonly played in Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and other Arab countries. In the (modern) Arab Levant and Iraq it is called \"tawle\" which means table, and it is also called \"shesh besh\" (shesh means 6 in Aramaic and Phoenician, but derives from Phoenician). Backgammon is one of the oldest games", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40203", "score": "1.5025866", "text": "(Britain) or disallowing \"hit-and-run\" in your home board (Middle East). Backgammon has an established opening theory, although it is less detailed than that of chess. The tree of positions expands rapidly because of the number of possible dice rolls and the moves available on each turn. Recent computer analysis has offered more insight on opening plays, but the midgame is reached quickly. After the opening, backgammon players frequently rely on some established general strategies, combining and switching among them to adapt to the changing conditions of a game. A blot has the highest probability of being hit when it is", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "18889022", "score": "1.5011977", "text": "the option of the \"free drop\". If the leader is at a disadvantage, however slight, he should drop the double and start a new game at 1-away, 1-away. Whether the leader takes or drops, the next game will be the decider at DMP, so it is preferable to start a new game at 50 - 50 than continue the present game at 49.5 - 50.5. The free drop is only a minor advantage to the leader, so to all intents and purposes a score of 1-away, 2-away post-Crawford is equivalent to 1-away, 1-away. The free drop also comes into consideration", "title": "Backgammon match strategy" }, { "id": "40221", "score": "1.4962552", "text": "proposition bets on specific positions were very common among backgammon players and gamblers. As with most gambling games, successful play requires a combination of luck and skill, as a single dice roll can sometimes significantly change the outcome of the game. Backgammon software has been developed not only to play and analyze games, but also to facilitate play between humans over the internet. Dice rolls are provided by random or pseudorandom number generators. Real-time online play began with the First Internet Backgammon Server in July 1992, but there are now a range of options; many of which are commercial. Backgammon", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40211", "score": "1.4961267", "text": "to the real game, actual doubling strategy may vary, but the 80% number still provides a possible rule of thumb. To reduce the possibility of cheating, most good quality backgammon sets use precision dice and a dice cup. This reduces the likelihood of loaded dice being used, which is the main way of cheating in face-to-face play. A common method of cheating online is the use of a computer program to find the optimal move on each turn; to combat this, many online sites use move-comparison software that identifies when a player's moves resemble those of a backgammon program. Online", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40214", "score": "1.4927173", "text": "in backgammon, and attribute it to the game's popularity on the Internet. A backgammon chouette permits three or more players to participate in a single game, often for money. One player competes against a team of all the other participants, and positions rotate after each game. Chouette play often permits the use of multiple doubling cubes. Backgammon clubs may also organize tournaments. Large club tournaments sometimes draw competitors from other regions, with final matches viewed by hundreds of spectators. The top players at regional tournaments often compete in major national and international championships. Winners at major tournaments may receive prizes", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40225", "score": "1.492269", "text": "move versus following the best move, then averaged for the entire set of taken moves. Neural network research has resulted in three modern proprietary programs, JellyFish, Snowie and eXtreme Gammon as well as the shareware BGBlitz and the free software GNU Backgammon. These programs not only play the game, but offer tools for analyzing games and detailed comparisons of individual moves. The strength of these programs lies in their neural networks' weights tables, which are the result of months of training. Without them, these programs play no better than a human novice. For the bearoff phase, backgammon software usually relies", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40243", "score": "1.4844575", "text": "of Bosch and interior of an Inn by Jan Steen. In the 16th century, Elizabethan laws and church regulations prohibited playing tables, but by the 18th century, backgammon was popular among the English clergy. Edmund Hoyle published \"A Short Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon\" in 1753; this described rules and strategy for the game and was bound together with a similar text on whist. In English, the word \"backgammon\" is most likely derived from \"back\" and Middle English \"\"gamen\"\", meaning \"game\" or \"play\". The earliest use documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1650. The most recent major", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40177", "score": "1.4787331", "text": "Backgammon Backgammon is one of the oldest known board games. Its history can be traced back nearly 5,000 years to archeological discoveries in the Middle East. It is a two player game where each player has fifteen pieces (\"checkers\") which move between twenty-four triangles (\"points\") according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to be first to \"bear off\", i.e. move all fifteen checkers off the board. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games. Backgammon involves a combination of strategy and luck (from rolling dice). While", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40229", "score": "1.4692377", "text": "first written mention of early precursors of backgammon—writes: In the 11th century \"Shahnameh\", the Persian poet Ferdowsi credits Burzoe with the invention of the tables game \"nard\" in the 6th century. He describes an encounter between Burzoe and a Raja visiting from India. The Raja introduces the game of chess, and Burzoe demonstrates \"nard\", played with dice made from ivory and teak. Today, Nard is the name for the Persian version of backgammon, which has different initial positions and objectives. H. J. R. Murray details many versions of backgammon; modern Nard is noted there as being the same as backgammon", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40242", "score": "1.4645511", "text": "games in addition to its extensive discussion of chess. By the 17th century, table games had spread to Sweden. A wooden board and checkers were recovered from the wreck of the Vasa among the belongings of the ship's officers. Backgammon appears widely in paintings of this period, mainly those of Dutch and German painters (Van Ostade, Jan Steen, Hieronymus Bosch, Bruegel and others). Some surviving artworks are \"Cardsharps\" by Caravaggio (the backgammon board is in the lower left) and \"The Triumph of Death\" by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (the backgammon board is in the lower right). Others are the Hell", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "40239", "score": "1.4606533", "text": "the board, and you enter by rolling either doubles or acey-deucey.<br> These games are played one after another, in matches of three, five, or seven points. Before starting a match, each player rolls 1 die, and the player with the highest roll picks up both dice and re-rolls (i.e. it is possible to roll doubles for the opening move). Players use the same pair of dice in turns. After the first game, the winner of the previous game starts first. Each game counts as 1 point, if the opponent has borne off at least 1 stone, otherwise 2 points (gammon/backgammon).", "title": "Backgammon" }, { "id": "18889023", "score": "1.460498", "text": "in any post-Crawford game in which the trailer is an even number of points away from victory. For example 1-away, 6-away post-Crawford is equivalent to 1-away, 5-away save for the leader's free drop. In this case the leader may elect to \"save\" his free drop if he is at only a minimal disadvantage (e.g. having a sound position but losing the opening roll). Backgammon match strategy In backgammon, there are a number of strategies that are distinct to match play as opposed to money play. These differences are most apparent when a player is within a few points of winning", "title": "Backgammon match strategy" }, { "id": "40190", "score": "1.4595922", "text": "according to the normal movement rules. The first player to bear off all fifteen of his/her own checkers wins the game. If the opponent has not yet borne off any checkers when the game ends, the winner scores a \"gammon\", which counts for double stakes. If the opponent has not yet borne off any checkers and has some on the bar or in the winner's home board, the winner scores a \"backgammon\", which counts for triple stakes. To speed up match play and to provide an added dimension for strategy, a doubling cube is usually used. The doubling cube is", "title": "Backgammon" } ]

[ "Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв", "Khrushchevian", "Nikita Kruschov", "krushov", "kruscev nikita", "Nikita Sergejevič Hruščëv", "chrustjev", "Nikita Sergejevic Xruscev", "Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich", "khrushchevian", "nikita sergejevic hruscev", "Nikita Khruschov", "Nikita Xruščëv", "nikita sergejevič hruščëv", "хрущев", "khruschev", "Nikita Sergeevich Kruschev", "Nikita Sergeevič Xruščëv", "Khrushchyov", "Хрущев", "kruyshev", "khrushev", "Nikita Sergejevic Hruscev", "khrushcev", "никита сергеевич хрущёв", "Chrustjev", "khrushchev", "nikita sergejevič xruščëv", "Kruschev", "hruštšov", "nikita khrushov", "Nikita Khrushchev", "Никита Хрущёв", "Nikita Sergeyevich", "nikita krushchev", "Khrushov", "nikita sergeevič xruščëv", "Nikita Hruščëv", "Nikita Khrushchyov", "Krushov", "nikita sergeevich kruschev", "никита хрущёв", "ники́та серге́евич хрущёв", "хрущёв", "Kruschov", "nikita xruščëv", "nikita khrushchev s 1959 visit to united states", "khrushchyov", "nikita hruscev", "Hruštšov", "Kruscev", "kruscev", "nikita sergeyevich khrushchyov", "nikita sergeyevich", "Nikita Krushchev", "Nikita Sergeevic Hruscev", "N. S. Khrushchev", "Kruscev, Nikita", "n s khrushchev", "Nikita Sergejevič Xruščëv", "Nikita (Sergeyevich) Khrushchev", "nikita sergeevich khrushchev", "Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв", "Krushchev", "Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov", "Khrushev", "khrushov", "khrushchev nikita sergeevich", "Nikita Khrushchëv", "Nikita Sergeevič Hruščëv", "Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev", "Nikita Khrushchov", "nikita khrushchëv", "nikita khrushchov", "N.S. Khrushchev", "nikita khrushchyov", "Nikita Hruscev", "Khrusjtsjov", "Nikita Xruscev", "Khrushchov", "nikita s khrushchev", "nikita sergeyevich khrushchev", "khrushchov", "nikita kruschev", "Khruschev", "nikita khruschov", "krushchev", "chrusttjov", "nikita kukuruznik", "Kruyshev", "khrusjtsjov", "Chrusttjov", "nikita kruschov", "Nikita Kruschev", "Nikita Khruschev", "nikita hruščëv", "Nikita Khrushov", "nikita xruscev", "Nikita Sergeevic Xruscev", "Хрущёв", "Khrushchev", "nikita sergeevic xruscev", "Nikita Kukuruznik", "Khrushcev", "Nikita Khrushchev's 1959 visit to the United States", "nikita sergeevič hruščëv", "nikita khrushchev", "Nikita S. Khrushchev", "nikita khruschev", "kruschov", "nikita sergejevic xruscev", "kruschev", "nikita sergeevic hruscev" ]

[ { "id": "11866329", "score": "1.8212975", "text": "Shoe-banging incident Nikita Khrushchev's shoe-banging incident occurred during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York in 1960. During the session on 12 October, Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest at a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong. In 2003, American scholar William Taubman reported that he had interviewed some eyewitnesses who said that Khrushchev had brandished his shoe but not banged it. He also reported that no photographic or video records of the shoe-banging had been found. However, in", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866340", "score": "1.7494104", "text": "German Federal Republic had sent 30,000 pairs of shoes to the Soviet Union. Among them were 2,000 pairs of good low shoes, and one of them might have found its way to Khrushchev. Shoe-banging incident Nikita Khrushchev's shoe-banging incident occurred during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York in 1960. During the session on 12 October, Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest at a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong. In 2003, American scholar William Taubman reported that he", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "529311", "score": "1.6956542", "text": "The notorious shoe-banging incident occurred during a debate on 12 October over a Soviet resolution decrying colonialism. Khrushchev was infuriated by a statement of the Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong charging the Soviets with employing a double standard by decrying colonialism while dominating Eastern Europe. Khrushchev demanded the right to reply immediately and accused Sumulong of being \"a fawning lackey of the American imperialists\". Sumulong resumed his speech and accused the Soviets of hypocrisy. Khrushchev yanked off his shoe and began banging it on his desk. This behavior by Khrushchev scandalized his delegation. Khrushchev considered U.S. Vice President Nixon a hardliner,", "title": "Nikita Khrushchev" }, { "id": "11866334", "score": "1.6607494", "text": "was reported to be delighted with his performance, but other members of Communist delegations to the UN were embarrassed or displeased. Khrushchev was removed as leader in 1964, and he was criticized for the incident: \"a shameful episode that he still presents as an act of valor\". In 1961, revolutionary philosopher Frantz Fanon commented: \"And when Mr. Khrushchev brandishes his shoe at the United Nations and hammers the table with it, no colonized individual, no representative of the underdeveloped countries laughs. For what Mr. Khrushchev is showing the colonized countries who are watching, is that he, the missile-wielding muzhik is", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866330", "score": "1.6230485", "text": "his biography of Khrushchev, he wrote that he accepted that the shoe-banging had occurred. There is at least one fake photograph, where a shoe was added into an existing photograph. However, the Italian public broadcaster RAI has published footage that it says shows the shoe during the incident. On 12 October, head of the Filipino delegation Lorenzo Sumulong referred to \"the peoples of Eastern Europe and elsewhere which have been deprived of the free exercise of their civil and political rights and which have been swallowed up, so to speak, by the Soviet Union\". Upon hearing this, Khrushchev quickly came", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shoe-banging incident\n\nThe shoe-banging incident occurred when Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest at a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York City on 12 October 1960.\n\nIn 2003, American scholar William Taubman reported that he had interviewed some eyewitnesses who said that Khrushchev had brandished his shoe but not banged it. He also reported that no photographic or video records of the shoe-banging had been found. However, in his biography of Khrushchev, he wrote that he accepted that the shoe-banging had occurred. There is at least one fake photograph, where a shoe was added into an existing photograph.", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "We will bury you\n\n\"We will bury you\" () is a phrase that was used by Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow on November 18, 1956. The phrase was originally translated into English by Khrushchev's personal interpreter Viktor Sukhodrev. The phrase was received very negatively by contemporary Western audiences, but modern translators have suggested the phrase was mistranslated or taken out of context.", "title": "We will bury you" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shoes on a table\n\nThere is a superstition that bad luck will come to a person who places shoes on a table.\n\nAnother belief common in the North of England is that the tradition relates to the coal mining industry. When a miner died in a colliery accident, his shoes were placed on the table as a sign of respect. By extension, doing so was seen as tempting fate or simply as bad taste.\n\nIn the world of theatre, putting shoes on a dressing room table is considered by some to bring the risk of a bad performance, just as \"Break a leg!\" is considered good luck. Also described as an old wives' tale, the superstition may date back to medieval times. Some sources ascribe the origin to the fact that criminals were hanged while still wearing their shoes. It may have something to do with death, and the idea of placing a new pair of shoes on the table would signify that someone had just died, or you would have bad luck for the rest of the day, quarrel with someone or lose your job.\n\nEven among people who are not superstitious, shoes can be associated with contamination.\n\nPower trio Beck, Bogert & Appice mention the superstition in their cover of the Stevie Wonder song, \"Superstition\".\n", "title": "Shoes on a table" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "October 1960\n\nThe following events occurred in October 1960:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Nixon Egged and Heckled in Michigan\", \"Milwaukee Journal\", October 28, 1960, p1</ref>\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "October 1960" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Nikita Khrushchev" }, { "id": "11866335", "score": "1.6089525", "text": "treating these wretched capitalists the way they deserve.\" Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev mentioned the shoe-banging in his memoirs, writing that he was speaking strongly against the Franco regime in Spain. A representative of Spain took the floor to reply and, after his speech, the delegates from Socialist countries made a lot of noise in protest. Khrushchev wrote: \"Remembering reports I have read about the sessions of the State Duma in Russia, I decided to add a little more heat. I took off my shoe and pounded it on desk so that our protest would be louder.\" The footnote to", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866338", "score": "1.5932572", "text": "find a tape of the event. However, the Italian public broadcaster RAI has published footage that it says shows the shoe during the incident. In Sergei's opinion, it would be very unlikely that Nikita Khrushchev intentionally removed his shoe. There was little space under the desk, and the Soviet leader, being somewhat overweight, could not reach his feet. This specific issue was addressed in 2002 by a former UN staffer, who said that Khrushchev could not have spontaneously removed his shoe at his desk but had previously lost it after a journalist stepped on it. The UN staffer then retrieved", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866332", "score": "1.5393497", "text": "some sources, Khrushchev pounded his fists on his desk in protest as Sumulong continued to speak, and at one point picked up his shoe and banged the desk with it. Some other sources report a different order of events: Khrushchev first banged the shoe then went to the rostrum to protest. Sumulong's speech was again interrupted. Another Point of Order was raised by the highly agitated Romanian Foreign Vice-minister Eduard Mezincescu, a member of the Eastern Bloc. Mezincescu gave his own angry denunciation of Sumulong and then turned his anger on Boland, managing to provoke, insult and ignore the Assembly", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866336", "score": "1.5337553", "text": "this text says that Khrushchev's recollections are mistaken. \"The Times\" reported that Khrushchev launched an \"angry tirade\" against Franco on 1 October. Khrushchev's granddaughter Nina L. Khrushcheva writes that, after years of embarrassed silence, her family explained their recollection of the event. According to Nina, Khrushchev was wearing new and tight shoes, so he took them off while sitting. He started pounding the table with his fist during his angry response, and his watch fell off. When he was picking it up, his discarded shoes caught his eye and he took the opportunity to pick one up and pound the", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866337", "score": "1.5191989", "text": "desk with it. She also mentions that many versions of the incident have been in circulation, with various dates and occasions. Nina's account is very similar to that of Khrushchev's long-time interpreter Viktor Sukhodrev, who sat with him during the event and reported that his boss pounded on his delegate-desk so hard that his watch stopped, which only infuriated him further and prompted the switch to the shoe. Sergei Khrushchev (Nikita's son) stated that he could not find any photo or video evidence of the incident. Both NBC and CBC ran a search in their archives but were unable to", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "1969102", "score": "1.4693754", "text": "Nations. The formal announcement of the appointment was made on 6 February 1958. As a member of the United Nations Political and Security Committee representing Pakistan, Aly Khan's brief U.N. posting was viewed with surprise by many observers, some of whom considered him \"the Asian-African answer to Irene Dunne\". An American movie star not known for her political skills, Dunne had recently been designated a member of the United States delegation at General Assembly, largely in recognition of her Republican fundraising efforts. He was elected a vice president of the United Nations General Assembly on 17 September 1958 and also", "title": "Prince Aly Khan" }, { "id": "2041033", "score": "1.4449348", "text": "Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China. In 1960, the UN General Assembly voted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. The next year, the Non-Aligned Movement was officially created in Belgrade (1961), and was followed in 1964 by the creation of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) which tried to promote a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The NIEO was opposed to the 1944 Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states which had created it, and remained in force until 1971 after the United States' suspension of", "title": "Decolonization" }, { "id": "11866339", "score": "1.4337189", "text": "the shoe, wrapped it in a napkin, and passed it back to Khrushchev, who was unable to put it back on and had to leave it on the floor next to his desk; the same staffer also confirmed that she saw him later bang the shoe on the desk, thus functionally confirming the reports by Nina Khrushcheva and Viktor Sukhodrev. According to German journalist Walter Heinkels, a shoe producer in Pirmasens said he had seen a picture of the shoe in a newspaper and recognized it as being from his production. The Federal Ministry of Economics explained that the West", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11848434", "score": "1.4253535", "text": "Stratford, East London. His wide experience in radio and television resulted in an appointment as Radio and Television Officer with the United Nations Secretariat in New York in 1968 and for the next two years he travelled far and wide, making documentary programmes based on trips to Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, India, Pakistan and the Far East. Out of these experiences came \"The Dancing Waiters\" (1975). He produced a number of radio programmes for UN radio, later broadcast by the BBC. Joseph Hone held a variety of positions in radio and television, including radio and then television critic for", "title": "Joseph Hone" }, { "id": "764467", "score": "1.419553", "text": "to withdraw. As a result of the conflict, the United Nations created the UNEF military peacekeeping force to police the Egyptian–Israeli border. On October 29, 1957, Meir's foot was slightly injured when a Mills bomb was thrown into the debating chamber of the Knesset. David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Carmel were more seriously injured. The attack was carried out by 25-year-old Moshe Dwek. Born in Aleppo, his motives were attributed to a dispute with the Jewish Agency, but he was described as being \"mentally unbalanced\". In 1958, Meir was recorded as having praised the work of Pope Pius XII on behalf", "title": "Golda Meir" }, { "id": "435916", "score": "1.4175901", "text": "negotiator, René Cassin (1968), a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1945), the latter for his role in the organization's founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis. UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peace-Keeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organisation for the Prohibition", "title": "United Nations" }, { "id": "7892299", "score": "1.4162232", "text": "of Suez Crisis in 1956. At the UN he was an outspoken critic of the Soviet response to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and was appointed the special representative for the 'Hungarian question'. Munro was knighted in 1955 with a KCMG, followed by a KCVO in 1957. Although he was removed from his position as permanent representative in 1958 by the second Labour government he remained a special representative until 1962, and was also secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists from 1961. He wrote the widely read \"United Nations:Hope for a divided world\" in 1960. For the academic year 1960–1961,", "title": "Leslie Munro" }, { "id": "11866333", "score": "1.4096842", "text": "President to such an extent that his microphone was eventually shut off, prompting a chorus of shouts and jeers from the Eastern Bloc delegations. The chaotic scene finally ended when Boland, crimson-faced with frustration, abruptly declared the meeting adjourned and slammed his gavel down so hard he broke it, sending the head flying. This incident was reported at the time by a number of newspapers, including \"The New York Times\", \"The Washington Post\", \"The Guardian\", \"The Times\", and \"Le Monde\". \"The New York Times\" featured a photo that pictured Khrushchev and Andrei Gromyko, with a shoe on Khrushchev's desk. Khrushchev", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "11866331", "score": "1.4037876", "text": "to the rostrum, being recognized on a Point of Order. There he demonstratively, in a theatrical manner, brushed Sumulong aside, with an upward motion of his right arm—without physically touching him—and began a lengthy denunciation of Sumulong, branding him (among other things) as \"a jerk, a stooge, and a lackey\", and a \"toady of American imperialism\" and demanded Assembly President Frederick Boland (Ireland) call Sumulong to order. Boland did caution Sumulong to \"avoid wandering out into an argument which is certain to provoke further interventions\", but permitted him to continue speaking and sent Khrushchev back to his seat. According to", "title": "Shoe-banging incident" }, { "id": "8281844", "score": "1.4005862", "text": "1955 and 1962 and then as the National Youth Officer of the United Nations Association between 1962 and 1966. He was chairman of the British National Committee of the World Assembly of Youth for four years. He first contested Epsom in 1964. He was three times elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the marginal seat of Hornchurch, being elected in 1966. He lost to the Conservative John Loveridge in 1970, but regained the seat in February and was re-elected in October 1974. He was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Rt Hon Denis Healey MP in his role as Defence", "title": "Alan Lee Williams" } ]

[ "Erich Maria Remarque", "Erich Remarque", "Erich-Maria Remarque", "e m remarque", "E.M. Remarque", "Erich Paul Remark", "Erich M. Remarque", "Elfriede Scholz", "erich paul remark", "Full Circle (Remarque play)", "remarque", "em remarque", "full circle remarque play", "elfriede scholz", "erich remarque", "EM Remarque", "Remarque", "erich m remarque", "erich maria remarque" ]

[ { "id": "10176797", "score": "1.8218678", "text": "1962. In his later years, he dabbled in etching and pottery, as well as writing the occasional magazine article. In 1929, when Erich Maria Remarque published \"Im Westen Nichts Neues\", Wheen was quick to read it and compare it with his own experiences, which prompted him to do a translation, rendering the title as \"All Quiet on the Western Front\". It received excellent reviews and is still considered to be the standard English version of that work. He went on to translate two more novels by Remarque: \"Der Weg Zurück\" (\"The Road Back\", 1931) and \"Drei Kameraden\" (\"Three Comrades\", 1937).", "title": "Arthur Wheen" }, { "id": "23239", "score": "1.81852", "text": "All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front () is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front. The novel was first published in November and December 1928 in the German newspaper \"Vossische Zeitung\" and in book form in late January 1929. The book and its sequel, \"The Road Back\" (1930), were among the books banned and burned in", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front" }, { "id": "3173300", "score": "1.8076661", "text": "to feature prominently in both books. Set a few weeks after the end of \"All Quiet on the Western Front\", the novel details the experience of young men in Germany who have returned from the trenches of World War I and are trying to integrate back into civilian life. Its most salient feature is the main characters' pessimism about contemporary society which, they feel, is morally bankrupt because it has allegedly caused the war and apparently does not wish to reform itself. The book was banned during Nazi rule. The Road Back The Road Back () is a novel by", "title": "The Road Back" }, { "id": "3173299", "score": "1.8019654", "text": "The Road Back The Road Back () is a novel by German author Erich Maria Remarque, commonly regarded as a sequel to his 1929 novel \"All Quiet on the Western Front\". It was first serialized in the German newspaper \"Vossische Zeitung\" between December 1930 and January 1931, and published in book form in April 1931. Although the book follows different characters from those in \"All Quiet on the Western Front\", it can be assumed that they were in the same company, as the characters recall other characters from the earlier novel. Tjaden is the only member of the 2nd Company", "title": "The Road Back" }, { "id": "213299", "score": "1.7736902", "text": "of his next film, \"The Road Back\" (1937). The sequel to Erich Maria Remarque's \"All Quiet on the Western Front\", which Universal had filmed in 1930, the novel and film follow the lives of several young German men who have returned from the trenches of World War I and their struggles to re-integrate into society. The Los Angeles consul for Nazi Germany, George Gyssling, learned that the film was in production. He protested to PCA enforcer Joseph Breen, arguing that the film gave an \"untrue and distorted picture of the German people\". Gyssling eventually met Whale, but nothing came of", "title": "James Whale" }, { "id": "728636", "score": "1.755907", "text": "Erich Maria Remarque Erich Maria Remarque (born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German novelist who created many works about the horrors of war. His best known novel \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" (1928), about German soldiers in the First World War, was made into an Oscar-winning film. His book made him an enemy of the Nazis, who burned many of his works. Erich Maria Remarque was born on 22 June 1898 into a working class Roman Catholic family in the German city of Osnabrück to Peter Franz Remark (b. 14 June 1867,", "title": "Erich Maria Remarque" }, { "id": "23240", "score": "1.7279339", "text": "Nazi Germany. \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" sold 2.5 million copies in 22 languages in its first 18 months in print. In 1930, the book was adapted as an Academy-Award-winning film of the same name, directed by Lewis Milestone. It was adapted again in 1979 by Delbert Mann, this time as a television film starring Richard Thomas and Ernest Borgnine. The English translation by Arthur Wesley Wheen gives the title as \" All Quiet on the Western Front\". The literal translation of \"Im Westen nichts Neues\" is \"In the West Nothing New,\" with \"West\" being the Western Front; the", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front" }, { "id": "23280", "score": "1.6764898", "text": "adapted into comic book form as part of the \"Classics Illustrated\" series. All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front () is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front. The novel was first published in November and December 1928 in the German newspaper \"Vossische Zeitung\" and in book form in late January 1929. The book and its sequel,", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front" }, { "id": "23271", "score": "1.6504133", "text": "been, in his own words, \"destroyed by war, even though it might have escaped its shells.\" Remarque's harshest critics, in turn, were his countrymen, many of whom felt the book denigrated the German war effort, and that Remarque had exaggerated the horrors of war to further his pacifist agenda. The strongest voices against Remarque came from the emerging Nazi Party and its ideological allies. In 1933, when the Nazis rose to power, \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" became one of the first degenerate books to be publicly burnt; in 1930, screenings of the Academy Award-winning film based on the", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front" }, { "id": "7492389", "score": "1.641446", "text": "in the creative community, \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" was ranked the seventh-best American epic film. In 1990, the film was selected and preserved by the United States Library of Congress' National Film Registry as being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" The film was the first to win the Academy Awards for both Outstanding Production and Best Director. Its sequel, \"The Road Back\" (1937), portrays members of the 2nd Company returning home after the war. Professor Kantorek gives an impassioned speech about the glory of serving in the Army and \"saving the Fatherland\". On the brink of becoming", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)" }, { "id": "23276", "score": "1.6377052", "text": "was, in its turn, criticized in: \"Hat Mynona wirklich gelebt?\" \"Did Mynona really live?\" by Kurt Tucholsky. Friedlaender’s criticism was mainly personal in nature—he attacked Remarque as being ego-centric and greedy. Remarque publicly stated that he wrote \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" for personal reasons, not for profit, as Friedlaender had charged. wrote a parody titled \"Vor Troja nichts Neues\" (\"Compared to Troy, Nothing New\") under the pseudonym \"Emil Marius Requark\". In 1930, an American film of the novel was made, directed by Lewis Milestone; with a screenplay by Maxwell Anderson, George Abbott, Del Andrews, C. Gardner Sullivan; and", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front" }, { "id": "23272", "score": "1.6186371", "text": "book were met with Nazi-organized protests and mob attacks on both movie theatres and audience members. However, objections to Remarque’s portrayal of the German army personnel during World War I were not limited to the Nazis. Dr. Karl Kroner () objected to Remarque’s depiction of the medical personnel as being inattentive, uncaring, or absent from frontline action. Dr. Kroner was specifically worried that the book would perpetuate German stereotypes abroad that had subsided since the First World War. He offered the following clarification: “People abroad will draw the following conclusions: if German doctors deal with their own fellow countrymen in", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front" }, { "id": "1836019", "score": "1.603677", "text": "Star\", which are still occasionally reprinted in collections of tales of the uncanny. \"Im Westen nichts Neues\" (\"\"All Quiet on the Western Front\"\"), Erich Maria Remarque's best-selling book about World War I, was translated into 28 languages with world sales nearly reaching 4 million in 1930. and the award-winning film which was based on that work of fiction have had a greater influence in shaping public views of the war than the work of any historian. John Galsworthy's perspective was quite different in 1915 when he wrote Remarque's book was partly based on Henri Barbusse's 1916 novel \"Under Fire\". Barbusse", "title": "World War I in literature" }, { "id": "19385853", "score": "1.600518", "text": "Instead, he was interned in 1940 for a few months as an \"enemy alien.\" During the war years he periodically delivered reviews for the BBC. From 1942 he published six novels in English. As editor and co-owner of the publishing house \"Hutchinson International Authors,\" he initiated the publication of English translations of German writers in exile such as Arnold Zweig and Heinrich Mann. His request for an entry visa into the United States was rejected, despite an invitation to Hollywood. Rudolf Walter Leonhardt maintained that the novel \"An den Wassern von Babylon\" (\"By the rivers of Babylon\"), published in 1939", "title": "Robert Neumann (writer)" }, { "id": "19949279", "score": "1.5933285", "text": "and taught French and German Literature at various universities, including Princeton University and University of Wisconsin-Madison. During a journey to Europe, Vordtriede was surprised by the outbreak of the Second World War and interned as an Enemy alien in occupied France. By interventions, he became free months later and was allowed to go back to America. He met his mother in New York City late in 1941, who also emigrated to the USA. He received the American citizenship in 1946 and became a Guggenheim Fellow in 1957. His sister Fränze emigrated in 1947 and went to Philadelphia. In 1960, he", "title": "Werner Vordtriede" }, { "id": "7492404", "score": "1.5891955", "text": "would attend the film's subject matter elsewhere, including Europe. Due to its anti-war and perceived anti-German messages, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party banned the film from Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s. During its brief run in German cinemas in the early 1930s, Nazi brownshirts under the command of Joseph Goebbels disrupted the viewings by setting off stink bombs, throwing sneezing powder in the air and releasing white mice in the theaters, eventually escalating to attacking audience members perceived to be Jewish and forcing projectors to shut down. They yelled out, \"Judenfilm!\" repeatedly while doing this, which translates", "title": "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)" }, { "id": "18822860", "score": "1.5867728", "text": "against the connection of the Saarland into the German Reich. After the Saar status referendum on January 13, 1935, he emigrated first to France, then to Luxembourg. In 1936 his German citizenship was revoked. Fearing German reprisals, the Luxembourg government refused him admission as a journalist, so he was only able to publish a few articles in the \"Luxemburger Wort\". To feed his family, he leased a farm. He was active in the Popular Front movement Lutetia Circle. In 1939 he received a position at the German-language program of French radio in Paris. In his broadcasts, he reported on crimes", "title": "Johannes Hoffmann (CVP)" }, { "id": "15374075", "score": "1.585376", "text": "in his novel \"The Road Back\" (1931). Perk told Remarque of his experiences in World War I and many of these stories appeared in Remarque's antiwar novel \"All Quiet on the Western Front\". Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung: \"Was August Perk Schreckliches als Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg erlebte, hat der weltbekannte Schriftsteller Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970) in seinem Buch „Im Westen nichts Neues“ verarbeitet. Das Werk wurde in über 50 Sprachen übersetzt und gilt mit geschätzten Verkaufszahlen zwischen 15 und 20 Millionen als eines der meistgelesenen Bücher in der ganzen Welt (The horror August Perk experienced as a Soldier in World War", "title": "August Perk" }, { "id": "469917", "score": "1.582042", "text": "memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A major seller was \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" by Erich Maria Remarque. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen and been wounded in the Third Battle of Ypres. He stated that he intended the book to tell the story \"of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war.\" Another 1929 book reflecting on World War I was Ernest Hemingway's \"A Farewell to Arms\", as well as \"Good-Bye to All That\" by Robert", "title": "1929" }, { "id": "178830", "score": "1.5803531", "text": "was found unfit for combat duty, but was assigned to service involving the care of prisoners of war. While most poets and authors of the war participating countries quickly became embroiled in a tirade of mutual hate, Hesse, seemingly immune to the general war-enthusiasm of the time, wrote an essay titled \"O Friends, Not These Tones\" (\"O Freunde, nicht diese Töne\"), which was published in the \"Neue Zürcher Zeitung\", on November 3. In this essay he appealed to his fellow intellectuals not to fall for nationalistic madness and hatred. Calling for subdued voices and a recognition of Europe's common heritage,", "title": "Hermann Hesse" } ]

[ "Wax sculpture", "Wax dummy", "anatomical wax model", "Wax figurine", "wax modelling", "wax dummy", "Wax figure models", "Wax figures", "wax figures", "Wax figure", "wax anatomical model", "Wax anatomical model", "Wax Sculpture", "wax sculpture", "Wax modelling", "wax figurine", "wax figure", "wax figure models", "Anatomical wax model", "Wax-Figures" ]

[ { "id": "3037477", "score": "1.7161406", "text": "She was also called upon to cast the heads of individuals executed by guillotine and whole body casts of prominent figures at the time, such as Jean-Paul Marat. During this period her memoirs claim she became employed to teach votive making to Élisabeth, the sister of Louis XVI. In her memoirs, she admitted to be privy to private conversations between the princess and her brother and members of his court. She also claimed that members of the royal family were so pleased with her work that she was invited to live at Versailles for a period of nine years, though", "title": "Marie Tussaud" }, { "id": "15800260", "score": "1.7007959", "text": "of the Archdiocese of Bordeaux, Fr. Joseph Boyer. Aside from visiting the sick, teaching catechism, visiting prisoners and helping to keep the clergy in touch, Marie Thérèse, dressed as a peasant, would enter the offices of the committee of supervision and read the list of planned arrests and executions while pretending to clean the building. She used this information to help people escape the guillotine. In 1794 authorities in Paris expelled all French nobility from France's port cities. Marie Thérèse, her father, two sisters, and two very young nephews moved to the family’s estate at Pian. Marie Thérèse would still", "title": "Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de Lamourous" }, { "id": "1723271", "score": "1.7000878", "text": "in the tumbril amid a large and curious crowd she remained calm, although drenched by a sudden summer rainfall. Her corpse was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. After Corday's decapitation, a man named Legros lifted her head from the basket and slapped it on the cheek. Charles-Henri Sanson, the executioner, indignantly rejected published reports that Legros was one of his assistants. Sanson stated in his diary that Legros was in fact a carpenter who had been hired to make repairs to the guillotine. Witnesses report an expression of \"unequivocal indignation\" on her face when her cheek was slapped. The", "title": "Charlotte Corday" }, { "id": "13372213", "score": "1.6952369", "text": "Marie-Louise Giraud Marie-Louise Giraud (November 17, 1903 - July 30, 1943) was a housewife and mother who became one of the last women to be guillotined in France. Giraud was a convicted abortionist in 1940s Nazi occupied France. She was executed on July 30, 1943, for having performed 27 abortions in the Cherbourg area. Her story was dramatized in the 1988 film \"Story of Women\" directed by Claude Chabrol. Marie-Louise Giraud, at the age of 39, was guillotined on the morning of July 30, 1943, in the courtyard of the prison de la Roquette in Paris by executioner Jules-Henri Desfourneaux", "title": "Marie-Louise Giraud" }, { "id": "12942604", "score": "1.6837758", "text": "Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, is best remembered for her legendary extravagance and for her death: she was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution in 1793 for the crime of treason. Her life has been subject of many historically accurate biographies, as well as subject of romance novels and films. As were many people and events involved with the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette's life and role in the great social-political conflict were contingent upon many factors. Many have speculated as to how influential she actually was", "title": "Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette" }, { "id": "9312265", "score": "1.6829839", "text": "As France's only female executioner she is feared by many and known throughout Artois as Mam'zelle Guillotine. When the Saint-Lucque family (Fernand, Neve and their three children) are captured as traitors, Gabrielle determines that finally she will have her revenge. English spies manage to rescue the Marquis and his young son, but his wife and two daughters are still in danger of being sent to the guillotine. Gabrielle fails to notice that the new sleuth sent from Paris by Chauvelin to track down the English spies is really the Scarlet Pimpernel in disguise. Mam'zelle Guillotine Mam'zelle Guillotine, by Baroness Orczy,", "title": "Mam'zelle Guillotine" }, { "id": "4614305", "score": "1.682935", "text": "which covered her head was blown off, and thus being the only person with bare head, she attracted special attention by the spectators, and witnesses attested that she was calm during the whole process. At the foot of the guillotine, there was a bench for the condemned who were to depart the cart and wait on the bench before their execution. Élisabeth departed the cart first, refusing the help of the executioner, but was to be the last to be called upon, which resulted in her witnessing the death of all the others. The first to be called upon was", "title": "Élisabeth of France (1764–1794)" }, { "id": "617797", "score": "1.6820154", "text": "in Marseille. In the late 1840s the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for Madame Tussauds wax museum, visited the aged Henry-Clément Sanson, grandson of the executioner Charles Henri Sanson, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had \"pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property\". A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries. In Antwerp (Belgium), the last person to be beheaded was Francis", "title": "Guillotine" }, { "id": "4614300", "score": "1.6730878", "text": "Code\", condemned them to death and to be guillotined the following day. One of her co-accused was reprieved from execution because of pregnancy. In the notes of the trial of Nicolas Pasquin, her valet of the chambers, she is referred to as the sister of the tyrant Capet. Pasquin, at the age of 36 years, was also sentenced to death for his own alleged part in the conspiracy of 10 August 1792, and executed on 6 February. When she left court, Fouquier-Tinville remarked to the President: \"One must allow that she has not uttered a complaint\", upon which Dumas replied:", "title": "Élisabeth of France (1764–1794)" }, { "id": "9312262", "score": "1.6671276", "text": "Gabrielle Damiens, the daughter of Francois Damiens, a man arrested for attacking the King of France with a pocket knife. Although the wound was minor, Damiens' punishment for drawing royal blood was to be hanged, drawn and quartered. At age 16, Gabrielle finds letters written by her father which prove that his crime had been instigated and aided by a body of noble gentlemen, who planned it as warning to the King to change his ways. Damiens bore the brunt of this conspiracy in silence while the aristocrats remained immune. With the evidence of their crime, Gabrielle sets out to", "title": "Mam'zelle Guillotine" }, { "id": "1723277", "score": "1.6597486", "text": "attached to Marat in that they were supporters of his revolutionary efforts and sympathized with him as citizens of France. Charlotte Corday Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont (27 July 1768 – 17 July 1793), known as Charlotte Corday (), was a figure of the French Revolution. In 1793, she was executed by guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was in part responsible for the more radical course the Revolution had taken through his role as a politician and journalist. Marat had played a substantial role in the political purge of the Girondins, with whom Corday sympathized.", "title": "Charlotte Corday" }, { "id": "11572232", "score": "1.6565721", "text": "orders and to rally them at the National Assembly, but the turn of events during the Revolution still forced him to emigrate in 1791, dying a short time later. His sister Diane was guillotined in 1794 during the Reign of Terror, as was her husband the duke of Châtelet, another deputy. Viscountess Marie was also decapitated in April of the same year, and viscountess Elisabeth (friend of Marie-Antoinette) only just escaped such a fate. An arrest warrant was issued on Elisabeth after she helped the queen to evade arrest, shut in the Conciergerie, but Elisabeth escaped to England and Germany,", "title": "House of Rochechouart" }, { "id": "12942630", "score": "1.6535778", "text": "Stone, Imaan Hammam, Joan Smalls, Guinevere van Seenus, Mariacarla Boscono, and others. Chanel's 2013 Resort Collection drew inspiration from Marie Antoinette. Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, is best remembered for her legendary extravagance and for her death: she was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution in 1793 for the crime of treason. Her life has been subject of many historically accurate biographies, as well as subject of romance novels and films. As were many people and events involved with the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette's life and", "title": "Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette" }, { "id": "1723257", "score": "1.6504067", "text": "Charlotte Corday Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont (27 July 1768 – 17 July 1793), known as Charlotte Corday (), was a figure of the French Revolution. In 1793, she was executed by guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was in part responsible for the more radical course the Revolution had taken through his role as a politician and journalist. Marat had played a substantial role in the political purge of the Girondins, with whom Corday sympathized. His murder was depicted in the painting \"The Death of Marat\" by Jacques-Louis David, which shows Marat's dead body after", "title": "Charlotte Corday" }, { "id": "1723272", "score": "1.6454455", "text": "oft-repeated anecdote has served to suggest that victims of the guillotine may in fact retain consciousness for a short while, including by Albert Camus in his \"Reflections on the Guillotine.\" (\"Charlotte Corday's severed head blushed, it is said, under the executioner's slap.\"). This offense against a woman executed moments before was considered unacceptable and Legros was imprisoned for three months because of his outburst. Jacobin leaders had her body autopsied immediately after her death to see if she was a virgin. They believed there was a man sharing her bed and the assassination plans. To their dismay, she was found", "title": "Charlotte Corday" }, { "id": "20708435", "score": "1.6403202", "text": "rejected by the king, Beier was guillotined on July 23, 1908 at the age of 22 years by the state executioner, Moritz Brand, on the scaffold in the courtyard of the district court at the Albert Park in Freiberg. She was buried in the family grave in the Johannisfriedhof in Dresden. An account of the event was published by the Missouri State Medical Association, quoting the \"Kansas City Star\":— “Freiberg, Saxony, July 22, 1908. Grete Beier, the l8-year-old daughter of the mayor of Freiberg, was beheaded last night in punishment for the murder of the man to whom she was", "title": "Grete Beier" }, { "id": "7451323", "score": "1.636357", "text": "younger sister in the Opera dance school—consequently she frequents the Martyrs Tavern and the Rat Mort.\" Neither tavern was a desirable place for a young girl. Though no trace of her subsequent life or death has been found, the historical record indicates her older sister, Antoinette, was jailed just prior to Marie's dismissal for stealing 700 francs from a patron at a tavern and her younger sister, Charlotte, became a dancer of some distinction and teacher at the dance school during her fifty-three-year career with the Paris Opera Ballet. Cathy Marie Buchanan's novel, \"The Painted Girls\", presents a fictionalised account", "title": "Marie van Goethem" }, { "id": "2436820", "score": "1.6316395", "text": "be given the same rights as French men. In her \"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen\" (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists. Marie Gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. She believed that she was the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. Her mother afforded", "title": "Olympe de Gouges" }, { "id": "12137168", "score": "1.6312784", "text": "man and registered for 1 Jägerbataillon of the Lützow Free Corps under the name August Renz in 1813, serving first as a drummer, then later in the infantry. She was severely wounded at the Battle of the Göhrde and field-surgeons, rushing to treat her wounds, discovered she was a woman and took her to Dannenberg, where she succumbed to her wounds three weeks later. In retrospect, she was strongly idealized as a chaste heroine and honoured as \"Potsdam's Joan of Arc\" (\"die Potsdamer Jeanne d'Arc\"). Various plays and poems were written on her life (including those by Friedrich Rückert and", "title": "Eleonore Prochaska" }, { "id": "10024795", "score": "1.6288309", "text": "stool. At dawn Anne was awakened by the jailer the clerk of the court, and a friar minor, who announced the fatal news to her. She was led out. The executioner was waiting with the cart, and the condemned girl climbed into it. When they reached the end of the village where the pyre was prepared, Anne collected all the strength that remained to her. In a loud voice, she denied that she was a witch, acknowledged her sins as a thief, and admitted to having no accomplices. Léonard Balzat helped her to climb the pyre, seated her on the", "title": "Anne de Chantraine" } ]

[ "actor kevin spacey", "Actor Kevin Spacey" ]

[ { "id": "3369616", "score": "1.8541154", "text": "displayed at the Royal Armouries, Fort Nelson, Portsmouth. Another section was on display at The Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, London, until 2016. The events of Project Babylon are dramatized in the 1994 HBO movie \"Doomsday Gun\" starring Frank Langella as Bull, with Kevin Spacey, Alan Arkin, and Clive Owen in supporting roles, and in Frederick Forsyth's novel \"The Fist of God\". The novel \"Splinter Cell\", written by Raymond Benson under the pseudonym David Michaels, refers to Project Babylon and Gerald Bull as the antagonists in the story who develop and manage to fire a new supergun, \"Babylon Phoenix.\" The novel", "title": "Project Babylon" }, { "id": "3369617", "score": "1.8271885", "text": "\"Nature of the Beast\" by Louise Penny also revolves around the story of Gerald Bull and Project Babylon.' Project Babylon Project Babylon was a project with unknown objectives commissioned by then Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to build a series of \"superguns\". The design was based on research from the 1960s Project HARP led by the Canadian artillery expert Gerald Bull. There were most likely four different devices in the program. The project began in 1988; it was halted in 1990 after Bull was assassinated, and parts of the superguns were seized in transit around Europe. The components that remained in", "title": "Project Babylon" }, { "id": "13067852", "score": "1.8219662", "text": "Doomsday Gun Doomsday Gun is a 1994 television film produced by HBO, dramatizing the life of Canadian supergun designer Dr. Gerald Bull and his involvement in Project Babylon, Saddam Hussein's plan to build a supergun with a range of over 500 miles. The young Catholic Gerald Bull is fascinated with large-bore guns, inspired by Jules Verne's novel \"From The Earth To The Moon\". The adult Dr. Gerald Bull's career as a successful large-bore gun designer takes a turn as he is defunded by the U.S. Army; he then produces weapons for China, Israel, and ultimately South Africa which results in", "title": "Doomsday Gun" }, { "id": "7659589", "score": "1.8069181", "text": "Babylon A.D. Babylon A.D. is a 2008 science fiction action film based on the novel \"Babylon Babies\" by Maurice Georges Dantec. The film was directed by Mathieu Kassovitz and stars Vin Diesel, Mélanie Thierry, Michelle Yeoh, Lambert Wilson, Mark Strong, Jérôme Le Banner, Charlotte Rampling, and Gérard Depardieu. It was released on 29 August 2008 in the United States. It is an international co-production between France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 2027, Russian mobster Gorsky hires mercenary Toorop to bring a young woman known only as Aurora to New York City. Gorsky gives Toorop a variety of", "title": "Babylon A.D." }, { "id": "953473", "score": "1.729305", "text": "Syrian, Iraqi, or South African government could have been behind his assassination. Project Babylon was stopped when supergun parts were seized by Customs in the United Kingdom in November 1990, and most of Bull's staff returned to Canada. The smaller test gun was later broken up after the Persian Gulf War. Bull's assassination and the supergun are central plot elements in Louise Penny's 2015 novel \"The Nature of the Beast\". Gerald Bull Gerald Vincent Bull (March 9, 1928 – March 22, 1990) was a Canadian engineer who developed long-range artillery. He moved from project to project in his quest to", "title": "Gerald Bull" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2011 in American television\n\nThis is a list of significant events involving American television in 2011. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and re-branding, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.", "title": "2011 in American television" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Notability/Listing by project/Page 9" }, { "id": "13067854", "score": "1.7087454", "text": "threaten his life, with no effect. As the \"Baby Babylon\" version of the gun is assembled and tested successfully horizontally in Iraq, Bull's second in command, Cowley, quits after a roadside run-in with Mossad agent Dov, who also shadowed Bull. The Iraqis demand an additional, 45-degree, test of the prototype gun, using threats to coerce Bull into compliance. That completed test firing results in a direct hit on a target 100 miles away, and Bull brags that the full size \"Babylon\" gun can fire \"ten times as far.\" As production of the full-size sections of the gun continues in England", "title": "Doomsday Gun" }, { "id": "3369608", "score": "1.6983721", "text": "Project Babylon Project Babylon was a project with unknown objectives commissioned by then Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to build a series of \"superguns\". The design was based on research from the 1960s Project HARP led by the Canadian artillery expert Gerald Bull. There were most likely four different devices in the program. The project began in 1988; it was halted in 1990 after Bull was assassinated, and parts of the superguns were seized in transit around Europe. The components that remained in Iraq were destroyed by the United Nations after the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The first of these superguns,", "title": "Project Babylon" }, { "id": "13067853", "score": "1.6973258", "text": "his arrest and conviction for illegal arms dealing. After his release, Bull promotes his supergun idea to Saddam Hussein, and, with funding through BCCI, begins design work on the top secret project, \"Babylon\". Bull solves several manufacturing challenges by forging and assembling it in sections which are bolted together by flanges, and lining the relatively soft barrel material with an alloy sleeve to reduce wear on the barrel. British and U.S. government agencies are shown to be aware of Bull's activities, but do nothing to stop him. The Israeli Mossad tries to dissuade Bull, and goes so far as to", "title": "Doomsday Gun" }, { "id": "19278350", "score": "1.6889901", "text": "young man battling muscular dystrophy. He is the director of \"Forte\" and \"Nordic Pulse\", feature-length documentaries focusing on the world of classical music and scheduled for international release throughout 2018 and 2019. David Donnelly David Donnelly is an American filmmaker, writer, and artist. He has directed short films as well as a full-length documentary. Donnelly graduated from the International Baccalaureate program and continued his education at Washington University in St. Louis. In his mid-twenties, Donnelly began directing commercials and educational films, selling his first short film series, \"Think About It\", in 2008. In 2010, the Miami-based Consequences Foundation commissioned Donnelly", "title": "David Donnelly" }, { "id": "7659596", "score": "1.6567652", "text": "in the forest, finds Aurora, and takes her to a hospital, where she dies after giving birth. Aurora was \"designed to breed\", not to live, so her death after childbirth was preprogrammed. Toorop takes care of her two children. In a scene that is only present in the theatrical cut but was removed from the director's cut, the twins are shown to be of different ethnicities, one looking like Aurora and the other like Toorop. Mathieu Kassovitz developed an English-language film adaptation of Maurice Georges Dantec's French novel \"Babylon Babies\" for five years; in June 2005, this project got financed", "title": "Babylon A.D." }, { "id": "3369614", "score": "1.6460965", "text": "Spain, Switzerland, and Italy. Baby Babylon was completed, and test shots were fired from it, revealing problems with the seals between the barrel segments. However, as those were being worked on, Bull was assassinated in March 1990, possibly by Mossad, halting the project. Most of the barrel sections for Big Babylon were delivered to, and assembled on, a site excavated from the side of a hill; instead of being suspended by cables from a steel framework as originally planned: calculations had shown that the original support framework would be insufficiently rigid. However, it was never completed. In early April 1990,", "title": "Project Babylon" }, { "id": "17856954", "score": "1.6381788", "text": "Miller (James Nesbitt) to drag the force into the new media age, and her conflicts with her own department and legal bureaucracy. This is intercut with the happenings within a team in the Territorial Support Group and a team of authorised firearms officers in the Specialist Firearms Command. Channel 4 originally announced that \"Babylon\" had been commissioned for Autumn 2014 on 23 December 2013. They further announced the six-part series had begun filming, in Liverpool and London on 17 April 2014. Danny Boyle directed the pilot episode, whilst Jon S. Baird directed the first three episodes of Series 1 with", "title": "Babylon (TV series)" }, { "id": "5866831", "score": "1.6310272", "text": "narrated numerous audiobooks. In 2006, Tompkinson made his directing debut in the Midlands, at the helm of the BBC1 afternoon drama \"The Lightning Kid\". He was shadowed by a film crew making the documentary \"Director's Debut: Stephen Tompkinson's Story\" that aired immediately prior to the drama, with the intent of revealing the challenges faced by a new director. \"(Source: Internet Movie Database (IMDB), unless otherwise cited)\" Tompkinson has supported various causes by providing promotional videos or voiceovers. These include a fundraising effort toward research to find a cure for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and a financial appeal by Chester Zoo", "title": "Stephen Tompkinson" }, { "id": "4128177", "score": "1.623687", "text": "The Fist of God The Fist of God is a 1994 suspense novel by British writer Frederick Forsyth, based loosely around the Iraqi Project Babylon and the resulting \"supergun\". Featuring a story set during the Persian Gulf War, the novel details an Allied effort to find a suspected Iraqi nuclear weapon. The story features the brothers Mike and Terry Martin who also appear in Forsyth's 2006 novel \"The Afghan\". Dr. Gerald Bull designs a supergun codenamed Project Babylon for Iraq. He believes that it is for launching Arab satellites into space and that it could serve no military purpose because", "title": "The Fist of God" }, { "id": "7659597", "score": "1.6177111", "text": "from StudioCanal and Twentieth Century Fox. The adapted screenplay was written by Kassovitz and screenwriter Éric Besnard. Production was initially slated to begin in February 2006 in Canada and Eastern Europe. French actor Vincent Cassel was initially sought to be cast in the lead role. In February 2006, actor Vin Diesel entered negotiations to star in the film, titled \"Babylon A.D.\", dropping out of the lead role of \"Hitman\" in the process. Production of the futuristic thriller about genetic manipulation was slated to begin in June 2006. By February 2007, filming was slated to wrap in April to release \"Babylon", "title": "Babylon A.D." }, { "id": "14378380", "score": "1.6161995", "text": "2006 and 2007, he spent time in Belfast, working on his last film as director and producer, \"Closing the Ring\", a love story set in Belfast during World War II, and starring Shirley MacLaine, Christopher Plummer and Pete Postlethwaite. Despite maintaining an acting career alongside his directorial roles, Attenborough never directed himself (save for an uncredited cameo appearance in \"A Bridge Too Far\"). After 33 years of dedicated service as President of the Muscular Dystrophy campaign, Attenborough became the charity's Honorary Life President in 2004. In 2012, the charity, which leads the fight against muscle-wasting conditions in the UK, established", "title": "Richard Attenborough" }, { "id": "3369609", "score": "1.6141953", "text": "\"Baby Babylon\", was a horizontally mounted device which was simply a prototype for test purposes. It had a bore of 350 mm (13.8 inches), and a barrel length of 46 metres (151 feet), and weighed some 102 tonnes. After conducting tests with lead projectiles, this gun was set up on a hillside at a 45 degree angle. It was expected to achieve a range of 750 km. Although its mass was similar to some World War II German \"superguns\", it was not designed to be a mobile weapon and therefore it was not considered a security risk by Israel. The", "title": "Project Babylon" }, { "id": "17856955", "score": "1.6016406", "text": "Sally El Hosaini directing the last three. Jon Brown joined the writing group (from the pilot episode) alongside Sam Bain and Jesse Armstrong. The programme was created by Boyle, Robert Jones, Armstrong and Bain who were also Executive Producers. The Producers were Jones and Derrin Schlesinger. Episode two was partly filmed at the Metropolitan Police Training Ground in Gravesend, Kent and features in the scenes where Robbie (Adam Deacon) trains at the firing range. Episode six, the series finale, recreated the London Riots of 2011. In a 2015 interview with \"Radio Times\" magazine, Sam Bain stated that it was unlikely", "title": "Babylon (TV series)" }, { "id": "16013854", "score": "1.6010294", "text": "can gain from this experience. Emma had decided to attempt the Zip-line and Fan drop for her Challenge and if this is a success, it could mark the beginning of a new chapter in her life. Simon Jameson, who has muscular dystrophy, has spent five years trying to adapt a wheelchair to enable him to play airsoft. This game, where players engage in battles using replica weapons, was never meant for someone in a wheelchair. Simon wants to prove it can be done, and with the support of his parents Joe and Ita he has managed to design and build", "title": "Yes I Can (TV series)" }, { "id": "2293364", "score": "1.5956198", "text": "public and critics alike. He directed 2016's \"A Hologram for the King,\" starring Tom Hanks and Sarita Choudhury, based on a novel by American novelist Dave Eggers. In 2017 Tykwer co-created the television series Babylon Berlin with directing and writing the screenplay. It's set in the Berlin of the 1920s with 16 episodes in it's first season. Since \"Winter Sleepers\", the music for all of Tykwer's films (with the exception of \"Heaven\") has been composed by Johnny Klimek, Reinhold Heil, and Tykwer, unusual for a film director. The trio named Pale 3, originally a film scoring group, expanded to produce", "title": "Tom Tykwer" } ]

[ "Haydos", "matty hayden", "Matthew Hayden", "Mathew Hayden", "haydos", "Matty hayden", "mathew hayden", "ML Hayden", "Matt Hayden", "ml hayden", "matt hayden", "matthew hayden" ]

[ { "id": "9647864", "score": "1.906064", "text": "Matthew Hayden recorded the highest score ever in Test cricket, at the time, with his 380 in the first innings, surpassing the 375 set by Brian Lara in Antigua a decade earlier. Lara went on to reclaim the record less than six months later, however, with his 400 not out against England. Australia's Matthew Hayden was named Man of the Series for his 501 runs over the two Tests and the historic triple-century. Comparatively, Mark Vermeulen scored the most runs for Zimbabwe with 166. Andy Bichel took the most wickets of the series with 10, with Ray Price taking six", "title": "Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2003–04" }, { "id": "3655693", "score": "1.8626019", "text": "Cup. A right batsman, he was often shuffled up and down the order. He made his maiden Test century in October 2003, against Australia at Sydney. In 2004,he along with Sean Ervine set the record for the highest 4th wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODIS (202). After and unbeaten 103 in a Test against Bangladesh in early 2004, he became involved in the dispute with the Zimbabwean Cricket Board over the controversial sacking of Heath Streak. As one of the rebel players he refused to play for Zimbabwe and after a brief return in 2005 he had had enough of", "title": "Stuart Carlisle" }, { "id": "6196515", "score": "1.8508896", "text": "With 310 runs in the series at an average of 310.00 and a strike rate of over 100, Taylor was adjudged the Man of the Series. His 310 runs was at the time the record number of runs in a three-match ODI series. He scored 50 and 117 in the one off test match. By the process, Taylor became only the second Zimbabwean batsman after Kevin Arnott to score a century in the fourth innings of a Test match, and contained 5 huge sixes. Despite his half-century and his second Test cricket ton, New Zealand outlasted him to win a", "title": "Brendan Taylor" }, { "id": "6221968", "score": "1.8490713", "text": "of 499 runs by scoring 501 not out against Durham at Edgbaston. Shivnarine Chanderpaul made his Test debut in the second Test of the series, when he made his maiden half-century. Chanderpaul was Lara's last batting partner when he made his record-breaking 375, scoring 75 not out himself and combining in a 219 fifth wicket partnership. Both teams were evenly matched, with the West Indies not the force they had been, and England on the rise. The key players for the West Indies were Lara, Walsh and Bishop while England had a strong opening pair of Atherton and Graham Thorpe", "title": "Wisden Trophy" }, { "id": "6202391", "score": "1.8479402", "text": "team's six-year exile from Test cricket (2005–2011), he increased his ability in One Day Internationals. His first century in this format came on 14 August 2009, against Bangladesh in Bulawayo, and in October 2009 he made scores of 156 and 178 not out in a home ODI series against Kenya – thus becoming the first Zimbabwean to make two scores of 150 or more in ODIs, and the first player from any country to make two such scores in the same series. He has the record for scoring the most number of runs in a 5 match ODI series(467) When", "title": "Hamilton Masakadza" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Matthew Hayden\n\nMatthew Lawrence Hayden (born 29 October 1971) is an Australian cricket commentator and former cricketer. His career spanned fifteen years. Hayden was a powerful and aggressive left-handed opening batsman, who along with opening partners, Justin Langer and Adam Gilchrist contributed heavily to Australia's success during its \"golden era\" (2004-2011) in Test and ODI (One Day International) cricket respectively. He is widely considered to be one of the best openers in Test cricket and holds the record of highest individual score by an Australian batsman, where he scored 380 against Zimbabwe during Zimbabwe's 2003 tour of Australia. This stands as the second highest individual score in test cricket (being behind Brian Lara‘s 400*) and is the highest score by an opening batsman in tests.\n\nDomestically, Hayden played for the state he was born in, Queensland, and also played for the state's Twenty20 (T20) competition team, the Brisbane Heat. Hayden retired from all forms of cricket in September 2012. In 2017, Hayden was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame. In September 2021, Hayden was appointed as the Batting Coach of Pakistan for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.", "title": "Matthew Hayden" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of international cricket centuries by Matthew Hayden\n\nMatthew Hayden is a former Australian international cricketer. An opening batsman, Hayden scored 8,625 runs in Tests and 6,133 runs in One Day Internationals (ODIs), accruing a total of 40 centuries30 in Tests and 10 in ODIs. He was described by Yahoo! Cricket as \"a strong-built left-hander, an intimidating personality and [possessing] an aggressive attitude\", \"[with] all the ingredients\" needed for success. He was named as one of \"Indian Cricket's\" \"Cricketers of the Year\" in 2001 and as \"Wisden's\" Cricketers of the Year in 2003. Hayden was chosen as the \"ICC ODI Cricketer of the Year\" in 2007.\n\nHayden made his Test debut against South Africa in March 1994. His first century came three years later at the Adelaide Oval when he scored 125 against the West Indies. It took another four years to score his second international century. He scored centuries against all the Test cricket playing nations, except Bangladesh. however, Lara reclaimed his record six months later when he scored 400 not out against England. Hayden scored centuries in each innings of a Test match on two different occasions.\n\nHayden made his ODI debut in 1993 and scored his first century in 2001 when he made 100 against India at the Indira Priyadarshini Stadium, Visakhapatnam. He made ten centuries against five different opponents and was most successful against New Zealand (four centuries) and India (three centuries). Hayden's highest score of 181 not out was made against New Zealand in 2007;\n\nHayden played nine Twenty20 International (T20I) matches between 2005 and 2007; his highest score in the format is 73 not out. , he ranks fourteenth in the list of century-makers in international cricket.\n\n\n", "title": "List of international cricket centuries by Matthew Hayden" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brian Lara\n\nBrian Charles Lara, (born 2 May 1969) is a Trinidadian former international cricketer, widely acknowledged as one of the greatest batsmen of all time. He topped the Test batting rankings on several occasions and holds several cricketing records, including the record for the highest individual score in first-class cricket, with 501 not out for Warwickshire against Durham at Edgbaston in 1994, which is the only quintuple-hundred in first-class cricket history.\n\nLara also holds the record for the highest individual score in a Test innings after scoring 400 not out at Antigua during the 4th test against England in 2004. Lara also held the record of scoring the highest number of runs in a single over in a Test match for 18 years when he scored 28 runs off an over by Robin Peterson of South Africa in 2003 (overtaken by Jasprit Bumrah in 2022).\n\nLara's match-winning performance of 153 not out against Australia in Bridgetown, Barbados in 1999 has been rated by Wisden as the second-best batting performance in the history of Test cricket, next only to the 270 runs scored by Sir Donald Bradman in The Ashes Test match of 1937. Muttiah Muralitharan has hailed Lara as his toughest opponent among all batsmen in the world. Lara was awarded the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World awards in 1994 and 1995 and is also one of only three cricketers to receive the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year, the other two being Sir Garfield Sobers and Shane Warne.\n\nBrian Lara was appointed honorary member of the Order of Australia on 27 November 2009. In September 2012 he was inducted to the ICC's Hall of Fame as a 2012–13 season inductee. In 2013, Lara received Honorary Life Membership of the MCC becoming the 31st West Indian to receive the honor.\n\nBrian Lara is popularly nicknamed as \"The Prince of Port of Spain\" or simply \"The Prince\". He has the dubious distinction of playing in the second-highest number of test matches (63) in which his team was on the losing side, just behind Shivnarine Chanderpaul (68).", "title": "Brian Lara" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\nThe Zimbabwean cricket team toured Australia in the 2003–04 season. On the tour, the Zimbabweans played two unclassified matches, one First-class match, three List A matches and two Tests, as well as taking part in the 2003–04 VB Series with Australia and India – who were touring Australia for four Tests at the same time. The Zimbabweans lost all but one international match – both Tests and seven of the eight One Day Internationals – the exception being called off for rain.\n\nThe tour was notable for Matthew Hayden's score of 380 in the first Test, this being the highest individual score in Test cricket at the time, beating Brian Lara's 375.", "title": "Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2003–04" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of Australia Test cricket records" }, { "id": "6488081", "score": "1.8423545", "text": "offer made to him and was committed to the country in future. On 19 February 2015, he scored an unbeaten 76 runs in the Cricket World Cup against the United Arab Emirates. When he came to the crease, Zimbabwe was in deep trouble on 177/5. But finally he guided the team to victory with 76 runs off 65 balls with 7 fours and one six. He scored his first Test century in his third Test. Playing against New Zealand at Bulawayo in July 2016, he batted at number eight in the second innings and scored 119 off 148 balls. His", "title": "Sean Williams (cricketer)" }, { "id": "5498569", "score": "1.8346977", "text": "Pakistan in the Defence Housing Authority Stadium. Zimbabwe would go on to lose the game by 131 runs and Whittall contributed an innings of 33 and the wicket of Basit Ali. He would not have to wait long to make his mark, with his maiden Test century coming in just his 6th Test. At Harare Sports Club in February 1995, Whittall scored an unbeaten 113 to help his side to a historic first-ever Test victory, against the Pakistanis. Two years later he wrote his name into the record books with an unbeaten 203 at Queens Sports Club against New Zealand.", "title": "Guy Whittall" }, { "id": "9647863", "score": "1.8227344", "text": "the first Test, this being the highest individual score in Test cricket at the time, beating Brian Lara's 375. Zimbabwe and Australia played in a tri-series tournament with India for the Australian Tri-Series, at the time sponsored by Victoria Bitter. Played in a round-robin format, all three teams played each other four times, meaning eight matches each, with the top two teams going through to a head-to-head final to decide the winner. The deciding factors, in order, on table position were: Adam Gilchrist was named Man of the Series for being leading run scorer, with 996 runs to his name.", "title": "Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2003–04" }, { "id": "6202389", "score": "1.812937", "text": "is the first player to score multiple 150-plus scores in a series or tournament, where he achieved the feat against Kenya in 2009. In October 2018, during Zimbabwe's tour to South Africa, Masakadza became the fourth cricketer for Zimbabwe to play in 200 One Day International (ODI) matches. In February 2000, aged just 16 and still a schoolboy at Churchill School, Masakadza became the first black Zimbabwean,and youngest player to score a first-class century. He made his Test debut soon after, in July 2001, against the West Indies in Harare. In his team's second innings, he made 119, thus becoming", "title": "Hamilton Masakadza" }, { "id": "7124840", "score": "1.8105701", "text": "Trevor Madondo Trevor Nyasha Madondo (November 22, 1976, Mount Darwin, Mashonaland – June 11, 2001, Parirenyatwa Hospital, Harare) was a Zimbabwean cricketer who played in 3 Tests and 13 ODIs from 1998 to 2001. Growing up, Madondo attended Lilfordia School and Falcon College. At Falcon. he also played hockey and rugby union. He gave up his studies at Rhodes University to become a full-time cricketer. A middle-order batsman, he hit his highest first-class score in his last Test when he scored 74 not out against New Zealand in 2000-01. He died a few months later at the age of 24", "title": "Trevor Madondo" }, { "id": "1616552", "score": "1.8073024", "text": "half century not out in the second innings. Although losing the second test, Sri Lanka won the third test and went on to whitewash England in the subsequent ODI series. On 26 June 2007 at Colombo, he made his maiden test century against Bangladesh when he scored 100 not out in a total of 577–6 declared. This occurred in his 97th Test Match, which at the time was a record for the most number of Tests before scoring a maiden century (since overtaken by Anil Kumble). Soon after in November 2007, Vaas played his 100th Test match against England, in", "title": "Chaminda Vaas" }, { "id": "7124691", "score": "1.8072271", "text": "Edward School, Harare and graduated from Cape Town University. He is the first Test cap for Zimbabwe. Kevin Arnott (cricketer) Kevin John Arnott (born 8 March 1961 in Salisbury - now Harare) is a former Zimbabwe cricketer who played in 4 Tests and 13 ODIs from 1987 to 1993. He was the first Zimbabwean to face a ball in Test cricket, and the second to make a Test century. His highest score in a Test innings was 101 not out made against New Zealand at Bulawayo in 1992. He appeared in both the World Cup tournaments in 1987 and 1992.", "title": "Kevin Arnott (cricketer)" }, { "id": "3342165", "score": "1.8059477", "text": "has scored heavily for Sussex. Another world-class batsman was David Houghton, who holds the record for the highest individual Test score for Zimbabwe of 266 against Sri Lanka in 1994/95. Sometime captain and middle order batsman Alistair Campbell, leg-spinning all rounder Paul Strang, Eddo Brandes, and pace bowler/opener Neil Johnson were other important contributors for Zimbabwe on the world stage at this time. With the appearance of these quality players, a breakthrough was achieved in levels of performance in the late 1990s where the Zimbabwean team began winning Tests against other nations, which included a series win against Pakistan. Unfortunately,", "title": "Zimbabwe national cricket team" }, { "id": "7124838", "score": "1.8050002", "text": "a good start to his Test career, scoring half centuries in each of his first four Tests during 1997-98. He never scored a Test hundred and instead had to settle with a highest score of 93, made against New Zealand in 2000. Rennie holds the record for the most Test matches in a complete career (23) where a batsman batted twice in every match. Rennie and Grant Flower set the record for the highest 2nd wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODI cricket(150) He was part of the Zimbabwean squad which won their first ever Test series away from home, against", "title": "Gavin Rennie" }, { "id": "6175183", "score": "1.8049481", "text": "time. Later the same year he scored 237 not out against Somerset playing for Hampshire. Ervine made his debut for Zimbabwe in October 2001 in a One Day International against England. He was a member of the 2003 World Cup squad and ever-present during the England tour later that year. He had begun to show signs that he was maturing into a genuine international player with his last three Test innings all half-centuries 53 against Australia, and 86 and 74 against Bangladesh. He played 42 one-day internationals, scoring a total of 698 runs at a batting average of nearly 26", "title": "Sean Ervine" }, { "id": "3586426", "score": "1.8042977", "text": "2004, Bangladesh toured Zimbabwe. At the time, Zimbabwe were without many of their senior players, but still won the Test series 1–0 and the ODI series 2–1. The solitary ODI victory was Bangladesh's first international win since defeating Pakistan in the 1999 World Cup; Ashraful scored 51 runs from 32 balls in the match and was named man of the match. Ashraful returned to the team in December 2004 against the Indian cricket team and scored his second century, 158 not out, claiming the record for the highest individual Test score by a Bangladeshi. India's captain, Sourav Ganguly, described the", "title": "Mohammad Ashraful" }, { "id": "2569155", "score": "1.8024985", "text": "of the Year. In the first innings of the First Test against Zimbabwe on 10 October 2003 at the WACA, Hayden scored 380 runs from only 437 balls to set a new world record for an individual Test innings, passing the previous record of Brian Lara (375), set in April 1994. Hayden's total remained the record until 12 April 2004, when Lara scored 400 not out. As of December 2011, it remains the second-highest innings in Test history, and is the highest ever by an Australian. Hayden suffered a considerable form-slump towards the end of 2004, and went for sixteen", "title": "Matthew Hayden" }, { "id": "6202392", "score": "1.7979858", "text": "Zimbabwe made its return to Test cricket in August 2011, playing a one-off match against Bangladesh in Harare, Masakadza made 104 in the first innings – thus making his second Test century ten years after his first. In 2015, he made his first appearance in the senior Cricket World Cup, having previously made two appearances in the Under-19 version (in 2000 and 2002). In 2014 he along with Sikandar Raza set the record for the highest ever partnership for Zimbabwe in ODIs. (224 for the first wicket) As of November 2015, Masakadza is Zimbabwe's sixth-highest Test run-scorer and fifth-highest ODI", "title": "Hamilton Masakadza" }, { "id": "12631914", "score": "1.7969322", "text": "and scoring 37 and 5 batting at number seven. Chakabva scored his maiden Test century on 3 July 2014 against Bangladesh at Khulna. However, Zimbabwe lost the match. Regis Chakabva Regis Wiriranai Chakabva (born 20 September 1987) is a Zimbabwean cricketer, who plays all formats of the game. He is a wicket-keeper who bats right-handed. Chakabva made his first-class debut for Northerns in an April 2007 Logan Cup match against Easterns. Opening the batting, he made scores of 0 and 5 in the match. After just four first-class matches for his province and with a top score of 35, he", "title": "Regis Chakabva" }, { "id": "4126886", "score": "1.7969043", "text": "England until 2014. During the 2003 England tour he received a late call-up to the South African squad and impressed with 16 wickets in the Test series. He scored a match-winning 99 not out at Headingley and became the 5th batsman in Test cricket to have been stranded one short of a hundred. In 2004, due to the absence of the recently retired Gary Kirsten and non-touring Herschelle Gibbs, he was promoted to open the batting in the Test series against India. He reacted to the added responsibility by scoring 163 at Kanpur - his maiden Test century. The century", "title": "Andrew Hall" } ]

[ "wyatt earp", "wyatt berry stapp earp", "Wyatt ERP", "Wyatt Erp", "Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp", "Wyatt Earp", "Wyatt Earp (lawman)", "wyatt erp", "wyatt earp lawman" ]

[ { "id": "4044409", "score": "1.5917776", "text": "time to Charles Over from 1935 to 1936; the marriage ended in divorce. Her second marriage, to George Jay, also ended in divorce. Her third and final marriage was to Ray Murphy, and lasted more than 30 years until his death in 1983. None of the marriages produced children. Adrian died in Los Angeles, from injuries sustained during the 1994 Northridge earthquake eight months earlier. She was buried at the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles. Iris Adrian Iris Adrian Hostetter (May 29, 1912 – September 17, 1994) was an American stage, film actress and dancer. Iris Adrian", "title": "Iris Adrian" }, { "id": "15067514", "score": "1.5727003", "text": "Warren and India Adams. They were invited to perform at one of that year's Oscar events by the Motion Picture Academy. A CD compilation of her work was produced by her last manager Alan Eichler and released in 2012 by Jasmine Records. Greer's second marriage was to Stan Stout, a trumpet player with the Les Brown orchestra, and following their divorce she married another trumpet player, Mickey McMahan. She also appeared with him on three episodes of the \"Lawrence Welk Show\" in 1966 and 1967, on which he had become a regular. She had three children, Bryan, Jayme and Patrick.", "title": "Jo Ann Greer" }, { "id": "20806774", "score": "1.5673299", "text": "Colgate Theatre\" (1949), and in \"Follow Me\" for \"Lights Out\" (1951). Myrtle Tannehill married actor Hale Hamilton in 1912, a month after he divorced actress Jane Oaker. Tannehill and Hamilton divorced in 1920, before he married his third wife, actress Grace La Rue. Tannehill sued La Rue for alienation of affections. In 1925, Tannehill married stock broker Charles G. Nichols. She retired from the stage after her second marriage, but returned to acting after the stock market crash of 1929. Myrtle Tannehill Nichols died in 1977, aged 91 years. Myrtle Tannehill Myrtle Tannehill (May 18, 1886 – July 25, 1977)", "title": "Myrtle Tannehill" }, { "id": "19342458", "score": "1.5525036", "text": "featuring Betty Grable, which Marcus had produced in the 1930s. In early 1947, Marcus produced his final film, \"Lost Honeymoon\", which was written by Fields. Starring Franchot Tone, Ann Richards, and Tom Conway, the picture was produced and released by Eagle-Lion Films. On October 17, 1927 Marcus married Claire S. Warner. The two were married at the restaurant, Sherry's, before leaving on their three-week honeymoon in Bermuda. Marcus died on January 30, 1969, at the age of 75. Lee Marcus Lee Marcus, also known as Lee S. Marcus (December 7, 1893 – January 30, 1969), was an American film producer", "title": "Lee Marcus" }, { "id": "1565737", "score": "1.5485169", "text": "Several songs she sang, including her version of \"Cow-Cow Boogie\" were recorded on soundies and are not included on this list. Dandridge married dancer and entertainer Harold Nicholas on September 6, 1942, and gave birth to her only child, Harolyn Suzanne Nicholas, on September 2, 1943. Unfortunately, Harolyn was born brain-damaged and required constant care. By 1948, their marriage had deteriorated and Nicholas abandoned his family. Due to his adultery and abandonment, the couple divorced in October 1951. Dandrige was a Democrat who supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election. While filming \"Carmen Jones\" (1954), the", "title": "Dorothy Dandridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Josephine Earp" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scandal (season 3)\n\nThe third season of the American television drama series \"Scandal\", created by Shonda Rhimes, began on October 3, 2013, in the United States, on ABC, and consisted of 18 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. \n\nThe season continues the story of Olivia Pope's crisis management firm, Olivia Pope & Associates, and its staff, as well as staff at the White House in Washington D.C. Season three had ten series regulars, all returning from the previous season, of whom seven are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season. The season aired in the Thursday 10:00 pm timeslot, the same as the previous seasons.\n\nFor her performance, Kerry Washington won the Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and was nominated for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series at the Screen Actors Guild Award, Best Actress in a Television Series at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards.", "title": "Scandal (season 3)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wyatt Earp" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geraldine Chaplin\n\nGeraldine Leigh Chaplin (born July 31, 1944)<ref name=HollywoodDOTcom/><ref name=Allocine/> is an American actress. She is the daughter of Charlie Chaplin, the first of eight children with his fourth wife, Oona O'Neill.<ref name=WilliamsIndep110715/> After beginnings in dance<ref name=WilliamsIndep110715/><ref name=HollywoodDOTcom/> and modeling,<ref name=McDonald52ndChgo/> she turned her attention to acting, and made her English-language acting debut (and came to prominence in what would be a Golden Globe-nominated role<ref name=Variety660106/>) in her portrayal of Tonya in David Lean's \"Doctor Zhivago\" (1965).<ref name=Debut/> She made her Broadway acting debut in Lillian Hellman's \"The Little Foxes\" in 1967,<ref name=LittleFoxes/> and played the role of ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti in Raúl Araiza's \"Nefertiti and Akhenaton\" (1973) alongside famous Egyptian actor Salah Zulfikar. Chaplin received her second Golden Globe nomination for Robert Altman's \"Nashville\" (1975). She received a BAFTA nomination for her role in \"Welcome to L.A.\" (1976). She played her grandmother Hannah Chaplin in the biopic \"Chaplin\" (1992) for which she received her third Golden Globe nomination.\n\nChaplin has appeared in a wide variety of critically recognized Spanish and French films. She starred in \"Les Uns et les Autres\" (1981), \"Life Is a Bed of Roses\" (1983) and the Jacques Rivette experimental films \"Noroît\" (1976) and \"Love on the Ground\" (1984). She was the partner of director Carlos Saura for 12 years until 1979, starring in his films \"Ana and the Wolves\" (1973), \"Cría Cuervos\" (1976), \"Elisa, vida mía\" (1977), and \"Mamá cumple cien años\" (1979). She was awarded a Goya Award for her role in \"En la ciudad sin límites\" (2002),", "title": "Geraldine Chaplin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Marie Osmond\n\nOlive Marie Osmond (born October 13, 1959) is an American singer, actress, television host, and a member of the show business family the Osmonds. Although she was never part of her family's singing group, she gained success as a country and pop music artist and television variety show cohost in the 1970s and 1980s. Her best-known song is a remake of the country pop ballad \"Paper Roses\". From 1976 to 1979, she and her singer brother Donny Osmond hosted the television variety show \"Donny & Marie\".", "title": "Marie Osmond" }, { "id": "1404022", "score": "1.5450755", "text": "his by five days. His third wife, the former Judith Balaban, daughter of Barney Balaban, and author of the book, \"The Bridesmaids\", about her friend Princess Grace of Monaco, in whose wedding she served as a bridesmaid. This marriage produced Franciosa's only daughter, Nina. His last wife (from November 27, 1970 until his death in 2006) was Rita Theil, by whom he had two sons, organic farmer Marco and actor Christopher. Rita, his last wife, when asked about Anthony's hair-trigger temper said, \"He was never taught how to control his temper ... I changed him a lot ... We still", "title": "Anthony Franciosa" }, { "id": "18346398", "score": "1.5410125", "text": "Lenora E. Gill (1833-1904). He was first married to the former Nancy Elmira Coody (1869-1918), by whom he had four children. After Nancy's death he married the former Chloe Josephine McDonald, who was twenty-nine years his junior. In the 1930 United States Census, Teekell and his second wife and their two children, Milam Judson Teekell (1920-1966) and Ollie Jo Teekell, later Ollie Manasco (1922-2001), were living in Many in Sabine Parish. After Teekell's death, Josephine, known as \"Josie\", married a man named \"Hatfield\" and lived in Shreveport. Teekell's youngest son, Milam, a retired United States Army captain, was killed in", "title": "Benjamin Milam Teekell" }, { "id": "16979714", "score": "1.5405655", "text": "their divorce in 1946, they had: On August 27, 1949, she married for the fifth time to Owen Denis de la Garde Johnson in Paris. He was on the staff of the American Embassy in Paris, and was the son of Owen Johnson, a prominent writer from Stockbridge, Massachusetts. They also divorced. In 1956, she married her sixth and final husband, Leon Eugene Barzin (1900–1999), a prominent Belgian-born American conductor and founder of the National Orchestral Association, and the founding musical director of the New York City Ballet in combination with Lincoln Kirstein and George Balanchine. The couple moved to", "title": "Eleanor Post Hutton" }, { "id": "20514066", "score": "1.5372968", "text": "\"Nero Wolfe\", \"Hart to Hart\", \"Three's Company\", and \"The Thorn Birds\", as well as roles in TV movies \"Miracle On Ice\" (1981), \"The Rules of Marriage\" (1982), \"Double Switch\" (1987), and \"Lies of the Children\" (1991, credited as Lucinda Schiff). She gave up her acting career in the early 1990s, subsequently working as an interior designer. She married film executive David Schiff in 1980, with whom she had three children. She died on December 30, 2015 after a 15-year long battle with recurring brain tumors, aged 61. Lucinda Dooling Lucinda Schiff (née Valles) (April 19, 1954 – December 30, 2015),", "title": "Lucinda Dooling" }, { "id": "3496878", "score": "1.5354531", "text": "married his second wife, actress Beverly Adams. They had three biological children and one adopted son: daughter Catya (1968–2002), an actress who died from a drug-induced heart attack; son Elan BenVidal (b. 17 January 1970); son David (b. circa 1972); and daughter Eden Sassoon. Some sources additionally cite Oley Sassone, a music-video director who spells his last name slightly differently, as a son but this appears to be in error. Sassoon and Adams divorced after 13 years of marriage. His third wife was Jeanette Hartford-Davis, a dressage champion and former fashion model; they married in 1983 and divorced soon after.", "title": "Vidal Sassoon" }, { "id": "4730600", "score": "1.5330716", "text": "of kidney disease in Harrisburg on July 10, 1874, Reno was in the field in Montana's Milk River Valley. On learning of her death, he requested leave to attend her funeral. He started for home only to learn that General Alfred Terry had denied his request. On October 20, 1882, he married Isabella Steele Ray McGunnegle of New York City. She was the widow of Lieutenant Commander Wilson McGunnegle and a mother of three adult children. Almost immediately, friction arose between the new Mrs. Reno and her eighteen year old stepson Robert. She was concerned with his excessive gambling and", "title": "Marcus Reno" }, { "id": "3507302", "score": "1.5304146", "text": "a dancer in a 1952 revue called \"Paris to Piccadilly\", a version of the Folies Bergère in London. She became Marks' lover and began working with him as a model. Their relationship ended in 1961 and he married his second wife Vivienne Warren in 1964. While he was filming \"The Naked World of Harrison Marks\" he began a relationship with Toni Burnett, an actress and model who made a brief appearance in the film. In 1967, the year the film came out, Marks and Burnett had a daughter, Josie Harrison Marks. Marks' and Green's business partnership was dissolved in the", "title": "Harrison Marks" }, { "id": "17281432", "score": "1.5304112", "text": "Ellis Marcus Ellis Marcus (May 6, 1918 – June 23, 1990), was an American television writer whose career spanned four decades. He contributed episodes to over fifty television programs from 1949 through 1984. His wife, Ann (1921-2014), was a writer and producer; the couple had three children. Marcus got his start writing for live television shows in New York in the 1940s. His credits include episodic work on television shows such as \"Highway Patrol\", \"Lassie\", \"Falcon Crest\", and \"Mission Impossible\". He and his wife created the soap opera spoof, \"The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts\", also commonly known as", "title": "Ellis Marcus" }, { "id": "7250005", "score": "1.5262241", "text": "their birth year to unofficially use the higher age. Therefore, Zender was considered to be 18, having lived more than six months as a 17-year-old. When news of Gage's marriage broke, she was showered with television appearances. Her subsequent appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" was one of CBS's highest rated shows at the time. She also received hate mail. In 1957, she moved to Las Vegas, Nevada with her two sons. She worked as a featured showgirl at the Hotel Tropicana. In early 1958, Gage divorced Ennis. She met dancer Nick Covacevich, who became her third husband. In 1960,", "title": "Mary Leona Gage" }, { "id": "3360024", "score": "1.5256976", "text": "(Dramatic) for Helen of Troy in Jean Giraudoux's \"Tiger at the Gates\". She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in \"Tom Jones\" in 1963 and appeared in \"The Third Secret\" the following year. However, she allowed her film career to decline following her marriage to actor Sean Connery, the second of her three husbands and to whom she was married from 1962 to 1973. They had one son, the actor Jason Connery. She had previously had a daughter, Giovanna, with her first husband. Cilento stated that she was beaten unconscious by Connery in", "title": "Diane Cilento" }, { "id": "9105331", "score": "1.524467", "text": "(1879–1953) in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was previously married to Anna Fessenden Bradley (1900). They had a son, Tom Torre Bevans (1912–2003), who renewed copyright to several of her books in the 1970s. Her son was married to Margaret Van Doren Bevans, also a writer and illustrator. She married secondly screenwriter Roy Edwin Chanslor (1899–1964), who wrote \"The Menace\". In April 1935, she was fined $1,450 () for throwing a cocktail at screenwriter Lon Young at a New Year's Eve party at the Cafe Trocadero nightclub in Los Angeles. She died September 1, 1964 in Manhattan, age 72. There", "title": "Marjorie Torrey" }, { "id": "7252667", "score": "1.5236335", "text": "\"The Geisha Boy\", a slapstick comedy, opposite Jerry Lewis. In 1963, she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy \"Promises! Promises!\", opposite Jayne Mansfield. McDonald's seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career. McDonald's first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940. The marriage was annulled after three weeks. In January 1943, McDonald married her agent, Victor Orsatti, in Reno, Nevada. They divorced in May 1947. While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti, McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel. Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness. McDonald's third", "title": "Marie McDonald" }, { "id": "4993995", "score": "1.5178041", "text": "for \"\". Lessard married long-time girlfriend Josie Baucom in 1997. They had one son together, \"Diggy\" Elijah Diego (born January 9, 1998) and lost a daughter, Aslan, to SIDS in 1996. They divorced in 2004. In October 2005 he married Jaclyn Burton, and together they have three daughters, Hazel Bailey (born March 6, 2004), Flora Jude (born July 13, 2006), and India (born November 2015). On November 29, 2007, Lessard's home in western Albemarle County, Virginia, burned down, with a loss estimated at over 2 million dollars. It took over 40 firefighters from five different fire departments to extinguish the", "title": "Stefan Lessard" }, { "id": "10160809", "score": "1.5169525", "text": "de Navas of Madrid (1964), Houston oil heiress Susan Smithford (1966), and Spanish dancer Maria Rosa Marcos (1967). Russell was married five times: His first wife was Evelyn Marie Morse (1919-1993). Date of marriage was June 30, 1940 in Los Angeles, CA. Their divorce was finalized in 1945. His second wife was Della Norrell (née Adelina Naccarelli) (1921-2006), a New York nightclub singer. They wed at the Little Church of the West, Las Vegas, Nevada on October 23, 1945. \"During the ceremony, Della was crying when the minister asked, 'Do you?' So, Russell just upped and said, 'Yes, she do.'\"", "title": "Andy Russell (singer)" }, { "id": "2620834", "score": "1.5159867", "text": "September that year, she was already pregnant from an affair with future husband Howard Duff. The child was born seven months after she filed for divorce from Young. Lupino's third and final marriage was to actor Howard Duff, whom she married on 21 October 1951. Six months later, the couple had a daughter, Bridget, on 23 April 1952. Lupino and Duff divorced in 1983. She petitioned a California court in 1984 to appoint her business manager, Mary Ann Anderson, as her conservator due to poor business dealings from her prior business management company and her long separation from Howard Duff.", "title": "Ida Lupino" } ]

[ "With Shakespeare, in Henry V", "with shakespeare in henry v" ]

[ { "id": "10880194", "score": "1.4254057", "text": "essay about the libidinal aspects of femininity),1996 (Translated to Spanish: Dios es una Mujer, Seix Barral, Madrid. (\"Addicts and Addictions\", A psychanalytical understanding of addictions),1990 Vol. 11, N° 1, 1993 (\"The Eternal Damnation\", a study of the history of drugs and family dynamics in addict patients),1993 (A comprehensive recount of several forms of rehabilitationfor addictive behavior), 1994 All envies are originally intrapsychic. This book explores the destructive consequence of envy acted out against creative aspects of the self. Jason Aronson, New York, (Translated to Spanish, Edit. Planeta 1996),1994 (Translated to Spanish, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid; Translated to Italian, Borla, Roma),2002 An", "title": "Rafael E. López-Corvo" }, { "id": "6523863", "score": "1.3896706", "text": "the Shadows\", one of the earliest popular books to describe sex addiction, came out in 1983, and Melody Beattie, whose \"Codependent No More\" was published in 1986. \"Love and Addiction\" pre-dated the current popular use of the terms \"sex addiction\" and \"codependency\" to describe disorders of love attachment, as these terms were not part of Peele and Brodsky's nomenclature. However, because \"Love and Addiction\" was concerned with observing the same condition of addictive human attachments, it has been argued that this is the first book to be written on the subject of codependent relationships. In reviewing the legacy of \"Love", "title": "Stanton Peele" }, { "id": "4096839", "score": "1.3895526", "text": "predominance to pop music from overseas. In 1982, Argov toured the United States, and was invited to parties and clubs. It was there that he was first exposed to hard drugs and began to develop his heroin and crack cocaine addiction. He claimed that he was first introduced to hard drugs at Club Halleluyah in Los Angeles. He developed an addiction to crack cocaine and heroin, which from 1983 began to affect his functioning. By the end of the year, his drug abuse coupled with his demanding performance schedule was beginning to visibly affect his health. In late 1983, three", "title": "Zohar Argov" }, { "id": "16918199", "score": "1.3787875", "text": "September 23, 1852, in New York City, received his degree in medicine in 1877. Throughout his medical career as a surgeon he contributed surgical techniques that ultimately led to improvement of the patient's outcome following surgery. During Halsted's professional career, he (along with Freud) conducted experiments with the drug cocaine. While their research was in process they became guinea pigs for their own experiments when they became addicted to cocaine. In 1884 he became the first to describe how cocaine could be utilized as a localized anesthetic when injecting into the trunk of a sensory nerve, and how the localized", "title": "Addiction psychology" }, { "id": "821901", "score": "1.376154", "text": "Garcia, who arrived later, outgoing keyboardist Tom Constanten, who abstained from all drugs as a member of the Church of Scientology, and McKernan, who eschewed illegal drugs in favor of alcohol. According to Bill Kreutzmann, the band's use of cocaine accelerated throughout the early 1970s. After experimenting with heroin in a brothel in 1974 (likely on the band's second European tour), Garcia was introduced to a smokeable form of the drug (initially advertised as refined opium) colloquially known as \"Persian\" or \"Persian Base\" during the group's 1975 hiatus. Influenced by the stresses of creating and releasing \"The Grateful Dead Movie\"", "title": "Jerry Garcia" }, { "id": "3623155", "score": "1.3674202", "text": "the NA logo, The Group Logo, The Service Symbol and wrote the Gratitude Prayer and \"Fruit of the Harvest\" statement found in the beginning of the NA book \"The Basic Text\". This book was the first ever known that was written by recovering addicts for recovering addicts. It was first published in 1982. 9.3 million copies of the Basic Text have been published since 1982, and are in 31 languages. It is currently in its 6th Edition. James Kinnon died of lung cancer on 9 July 1985, in California. Prior to his death he said, if he ever had a", "title": "Jimmy Kinnon" }, { "id": "5799602", "score": "1.3669558", "text": "waves of the introduction of this suffix into English language. The first was driven by Yinglish words contributed by Yiddish speakers from Eastern Europe. The second surge was observed after the launch of the first Sputnik satellite by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. In his book \"The American Language\", first published in 1919, H. L. Mencken (1880–1956) credited the mania for adding \"-nik\" to the ends of adjectives to create nouns to Al Capp's American comic strip \"Li'l Abner\" (1934–77) rather than to the influence of \"Sputnik\", first recorded in 1957, or \"beatnik\", first recorded in 1958. Words", "title": "-nik" }, { "id": "16918195", "score": "1.3600639", "text": "or alcoholism However, it wasn't until the 19th century when the diagnosis was first printed in medical literature. In the 1880s, Sigmund Freud and William Halsted began experimenting with users of cocaine. Unaware of the drug's powerful addictive qualities, they inadvertently became guinea pigs in their own research and, as a result, their contributions to psychology and medicine changed the world. While working in Vienna General Hospital (Vienna Krankenhaus), in Austria, cocaine took possession over Freud's life when he found cocaine to relieve his migraine. When the effect of cocaine decreased, the amount of cocaine Freud consumed increased. With information", "title": "Addiction psychology" }, { "id": "1876078", "score": "1.3566303", "text": "had been written by just a few addicts (primarily by Jimmy Kinnon), the NA Basic Text was written as a massive collaboration between hundreds of people. There were a total of seven World Literature Conferences within three years, all of them open to any addict who wished to help. It was decided that the book would use the Little White Book as its outline, filling in and expanding on the subjects discussed in that text. In November 1981, a finalized version was distributed to all of NA for approval, and the text was approved with a 2/3 majority required for", "title": "Narcotics Anonymous" }, { "id": "15264039", "score": "1.3531934", "text": "two reports. The first report is also known as The Report of the Second Inter-departmental Committee on Drug Addiction, and was published in 1961. It stated that the incidence of addiction to dangerous drugs in Great Britain was small. This was the same conclusion drawn by the previous committee, The Rolleston Committee, in 1926. The second report was published in 1964. This report showed that there had been a significant rise in the incidence of addiction to heroin and cocaine, that the main source of supply was a small number of over-prescribing doctors. The Rolleston defined addiction as an individualised", "title": "Brain Committee" }, { "id": "12752489", "score": "1.3511114", "text": "direction of regarding it as an individual, treatable psychopathology'. In 1976, the 12-Step program Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (S.L.A.A.) started hosting weekly meetings based on Alcoholics Anonymous. They published their Basic Text, \"Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous\", in 1986 discussing characteristics of and recovery from both love addiction and sex addiction. As of late 2012, S.L.A.A.'s membership had grown to an estimated 16,000 members in 43 countries. In 1985, Robin Norwood's \"Women Who Love Too Much\" popularized the concept of love addiction for women. In 2004 a program just for love addicts was created--Love Addicts Anonymous. Since, variations on", "title": "Love addiction" }, { "id": "14994861", "score": "1.3438573", "text": "just after the popularity of drugs has peaked\". By 1992 Musto believed that the cocaine epidemic in the U.S. had already hit its peak, but challenged the notion that legalization of cocaine and other drugs would curb their effects on society. His 1973 book \"The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control\", expanded and reissued in 1987 and 1999, presents a history of drug use, abuse and control from the 19th century to the time of publication. Describing the connection between drug prohibition and their use by minority populations, it was written in \"a non-polemical tone rare in a field dominated", "title": "David F. Musto" }, { "id": "12608523", "score": "1.3402816", "text": "era (1910-1920) version of the lyrics of La Cucaracha. Forms using the letter (\"marijuana\") seem to be an innovation of English, and their later appearance in French and Spanish are probably due to English influence. The word entered English usage in the late 19th century. According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", the first known appearance of a form of the word in English is in Hubert Howe Bancroft's 1873 \"The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America\". Other early variants include \"mariguan\" (1894), \"marihuma\" first recorded in 1905, \"marihuano\" in 1912, and \"marahuana\" in 1914. The use of", "title": "Marijuana (word)" }, { "id": "8517261", "score": "1.3394625", "text": "for the purpose of causing systemic absorption and the beginnings of scientific understanding of the functioning of the lungs. During most of the 1850s, the previously-held belief that opiate dependence and addiction (often called \"the opium appetite\", or, when relevant, the \"morphine appetite\" or \"codeine appetite\") was due to the drug's action on the digestive system—just like any hunger or thirst—caused doctors to opt to inject morphine rather than administer it orally, in the hope that addiction would not develop. Certainly, by c. 1870 or earlier, it was manifest that this was \"not\" the case and the title of earliest", "title": "Drug injection" }, { "id": "5873121", "score": "1.3366504", "text": "Novel with Cocaine Novel with Cocaine, or sometimes Cocain Romance ( - \"Roman s kokainom\"), is a mysterious Russian novel first published in 1934 in a Parisian émigré publication, \"Numbers,\" and subtitled \"Confessions of a Russian opium-eater\". Its author was given as M. Ageyev. The English translation of the title fails to convey the double meaning of the Russian \"Роман,\" meaning both \"novel\" and \"romance.\" \"Novel with Cocaine\" is a Dostoevskyan psychological novel of ideas, which explores the interaction between psychology, philosophy, and ideology in its frank portrayal of an adolescent's cocaine addiction. The story relates the formative experiences of", "title": "Novel with Cocaine" }, { "id": "12752488", "score": "1.3323822", "text": "\"Spontaneous [romantic] love makes a man free and in the next moment dependent ... spontaneous love can become unhappy, can reach the point of despair.\" However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that the concept came to the popular fore. Stanton Peele opened the door, almost unwittingly, with his 1975 book \"Love and Addiction\"; but (as he later explained), while that work had been intended as 'a social commentary on how our society defines and patterns intimate relationships ... all of this social dimension has been removed, and the attention to love addiction has been channeled in the", "title": "Love addiction" }, { "id": "17309541", "score": "1.3283548", "text": "throughout his life. Marvin was first introduced to cocaine in the early 1960s. At first, Marvin had issues snorting, so he would use it by either rubbing it on his gums or eating it, but by the late 1970s, he had developed a serious dependence and addiction to the drug and would later begin free basing while in London. The singer was also a user of PCP. Gaye was briefly sober after having moved to Belgium under the watchful eye of Freddy Cousaert, only to relapse when he returned to the United States from Belgium in October 1982. His addiction", "title": "Personal life of Marvin Gaye" }, { "id": "12928222", "score": "1.3278229", "text": "Sin. Addictive were formed in 1987 in Blacktown by Greg Smith (vocals and bass guitar) and Joe Buttigieg (guitar), with Matt Coffey (drums) joining soon after. They expanded to a quartet when Mick Sultana (guitar) joined in February of the following year. In October 1988 they recorded a five-track extended play, \"Ward 74\", which was released by the end of that year. The group completed a tour of Sydney, Newcastle and Canberra. Their first studio album, \"Pity of Man\" was released in November 1989 on the Survival label. Justin Gaines of \"Hardrock Haven\" felt it was \"a harsher, more Kreator", "title": "Addictive (Australian band)" }, { "id": "11619707", "score": "1.3244212", "text": "Addiction (journal) Addiction is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1884 by the Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and other Drugs. It covers original research relating to alcohol, illicit drugs, tobacco, and behavioural addictions. The Editor in Chief is Robert West of University College London and its Regional Editor for the Americas is Keith Humphreys of Stanford University. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 5.789, ranking it first out of 34 journals in the category \"Substance Abuse\" and 15th out of 142 journals in the category of \"Psychiatry\".", "title": "Addiction (journal)" }, { "id": "18452499", "score": "1.3241405", "text": "internationally and inspired domestic drug control laws such as the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act in the United States. ‘Binge’ is 19th century slang, although the meaning has evolved. However, the specific application of the term ‘great binge’ relative to drug use and popular attitudes towards drug use circa 1870–1914 is relatively recent. As well as its use by Bryars and Harper cited above, it was used by British author and comedian Stephen Fry to describe this period in 'More Fool Me' and by academic Nicholas J. Saunders in 'The Poppy: A History of Conflict, Loss, Remembrance, and Redemption', speaking primarily", "title": "The Great Binge" } ]

[ "radarrange", "Microwave cooker", "Popty ping", "microwave ovens", "popty ping", "microwave refrigerator combo", "microwavable", "Microwave refrigerator combo", "Microwave ovens", "Cooking/Microwaving", "Microwave oven", "radar range", "Microwave cooking", "microwave cooking", "Radarrange", "microwaveable", "nuclearator", "Microwavable", "Microwaveable", "radarange", "microwave oven", "multimode applicator", "Radarange", "Nuclearator", "browning tray", "Radar range", "cooking microwaving", "Microwave Oven", "microwave cooker", "Browning tray", "Multimode Applicator", "Multimode Applicators", "multimode applicators", "Microwaving", "microwaving" ]

[ { "id": "2039776", "score": "2.02986", "text": "produce combat radar equipment for M.I.T.’s Radiation Laboratory. This was of huge importance to the Allies and became the military’s second highest priority project during WWII, behind the Manhattan Project. At that time, magnetrons were used to generate the microwave radio signals that are the core mechanism of radar, and they were being made at the rate of 17 per day at Raytheon. While working there, Spencer developed a more efficient way to manufacture them, by punching out and soldering together magnetron parts, rather than using machined parts. It also saw Spencer’s staff rise from 15 employees to 5,000 over", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": "2039781", "score": "1.9725552", "text": "November 18, 1960. Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems, which deals extensively in radar systems, has named a building after Spencer in the Woburn, Massachusetts facility. An early Radarange model sits in the lobby, across from the dining center. Percy Spencer Percy Lebaron Spencer (July 19, 1894 – September 8, 1970) was an American physicist and inventor. He became known as the inventor of the microwave oven. Spencer was born in Howland, Maine. Eighteen months later, Spencer's father died, and his mother soon left him in the care of his aunt and uncle. His uncle then died when Spencer was just seven", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": "2039775", "score": "1.950758", "text": "it sank. While with the navy, he made himself an expert on radio technology: \"I just got hold of a lot of textbooks and taught myself while I was standing watch at night.\" He also subsequently taught himself trigonometry, calculus, chemistry, physics, and metallurgy, among other subjects. By 1939 Spencer became one of the world’s leading experts in radar tube design. Spencer worked at Raytheon, a contractor for the U.S. Department of Defense, as the chief of the power tube division. Largely due to his reputation and expertise, Spencer managed to help Raytheon win a government contract to develop and", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": "2039777", "score": "1.9039812", "text": "the course of the next few years. His improvements were among those that increased magnetron production to 2,600 per day. For his work, he was awarded the Distinguished Public Service Award by the U.S. Navy. One day while building magnetrons, Spencer was standing in front of an active radar set when he noticed the candy bar he had in his pocket had melted. Spencer was not the first to notice this phenomenon, but he was the first to investigate it. He decided to experiment using food, including popcorn kernels, which became the world’s first microwaved popcorn. In another experiment, an", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": "2039773", "score": "1.8567607", "text": "Percy Spencer Percy Lebaron Spencer (July 19, 1894 – September 8, 1970) was an American physicist and inventor. He became known as the inventor of the microwave oven. Spencer was born in Howland, Maine. Eighteen months later, Spencer's father died, and his mother soon left him in the care of his aunt and uncle. His uncle then died when Spencer was just seven years old. Spencer subsequently left grammar school to earn money to support himself and his aunt. From the ages of twelve to sixteen, he worked from sunrise to sunset at a spool mill. At the later age,", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Percy Spencer\n\nPercy Lebaron Spencer (July 19, 1894 – September 8, 1970) was an American physicist and inventor. He became known as the inventor of the microwave oven.", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Microwave oven\n\nA microwave oven (commonly referred to as a microwave) is an electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer of a homogeneous, high-water-content food item.\n\nThe development of the cavity magnetron in the UK made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (microwaves). American engineer Percy Spencer is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after World War II from radar technology developed during the war. Named the \"Radarange\", it was first sold in 1946.\n\nRaytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was introduced by Tappan in 1955, but it was still too large and expensive for general home use. Sharp Corporation introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable between 1964 and 1966. The countertop microwave oven was introduced in 1967 by the Amana Corporation. After microwave ovens became affordable for residential use in the late 1970s, their use spread into commercial and residential kitchens around the world, and prices fell rapidly during the 1980s. In addition to cooking food, microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes.\n\nMicrowave ovens are a common kitchen appliance and are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They rapidly heat foods which can easily burn or turn lumpy if cooked in conventional pans, such as hot butter, fats, chocolate or porridge. Microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperature to produce Maillard reactions. Exceptions occur in cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water.\n\nMicrowave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking, because the boiling-range temperatures of a microwave oven does not produce the flavorful chemical reactions that frying, browning, or baking at a higher temperature produces. However, such high heat sources can be added to microwave ovens in the form of a convection microwave oven.", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "id": "685718", "score": "1.8460321", "text": "government in September 1940. The magnetron was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter III as \"[t]he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores\". Contracts were awarded to Raytheon and other companies for mass production of the magnetron. In 1945, the specific heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Employed by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a chocolate bar he had in his pocket. The first food deliberately cooked with", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "id": "2039778", "score": "1.8118865", "text": "egg was placed in a tea kettle, and the magnetron was placed directly above it. The result was the egg exploding in the face of one of his co-workers, who was looking in the kettle to observe. Spencer then created the first true microwave oven by attaching a high density electromagnetic field generator to an enclosed metal box. The magnetron emitted microwaves into the metal box blocking any escape, allowing for controlled and safe experimentation. He then placed various food items in the box, while observing effects and monitoring temperatures. Raytheon filed a patent on October 8, 1945 for a", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": "1841546", "score": "1.7827594", "text": "radar systems, particularly for submarine detection. Raytheon ranked 71st among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. Raytheon's research on the magnetron tube revealed the potential of microwaves to cook food. In 1945, Raytheon's Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use. In 1945, the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed the", "title": "Raytheon" }, { "id": "15330940", "score": "1.7769406", "text": "for much greater currents to be run through it. These boosted the power to 10 kW, about the same power as the conventional tube systems used in existing radar sets. The success of the magnetron revolutionised the development of radar, and almost all new radar sets from 1942 on used one. In 1943 Randall left Oliphant's physical laboratory in Birmingham to teach for a year in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge. In 1944 Randall was appointed professor of natural philosophy at University of St Andrews and began planning research in biophysics (with Maurice Wilkins) on a small Admiralty grant. In", "title": "John Randall (physicist)" }, { "id": "14707795", "score": "1.7756238", "text": "sensation that continues to this day. A microwave oven cooks or heats food by dielectric heating. Cooking food with microwaves was discovered by Percy Spencer on October 8, 1945, while building magnetrons for radar sets at Raytheon. Spencer was working on an active radar set when he noticed a strange sensation, and saw that a peanut candy bar he had in his pocket started to melt. Although he was not the first to notice this phenomenon, as the holder of 120 patents, Spencer was no stranger to discovery and experiment, and realized what was happening. The radar had melted his", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)" }, { "id": "6437727", "score": "1.7720823", "text": "the problem. By late February 1940, they had invented the much more powerful cavity magnetron which was fitted in an experimental radar by May 1940. James Sayers later refined the magnetron still further by strapping alternate cavities. As with many British inventions of this period, the magnetron was provided to the US for free when they entered World War II. Initially Boot and Randall were awarded £50 each for the magnetron for \"improving the safety of life at sea\" but later Boot, Randall and Sayers received a £36,000 prize in 1949 for their work. After a brief time at British", "title": "Harry Boot" }, { "id": "2039780", "score": "1.7695205", "text": "the Institute of Radio Engineers, Fellowship in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Massachusetts, despite having no formal education. For his invention, Spencer received no royalties, but he was paid a one-time $2.00 gratuity from Raytheon, the same token payment the company made to all inventors on its payroll at that time for company patents. Spencer and his wife, Louise, had three children: John, James, and George. He counted Vannevar Bush, Omar Bradley, William Redington Hewlett and David Packard as friends. Later, he was married to Lillian Ottenheimer on", "title": "Percy Spencer" }, { "id": "3020928", "score": "1.7476741", "text": "University, to drop some of his nuclear research and concentrate on development of an improved source of short-wave radiation. This led to the invention by John Turton Randall and Harry Boot of the cavity magnetron, a major advance in radar technology, which in turn provided the basis for airborne interceptors using radar. In September 1940 after a top secret landmark conference with Winston Churchill at which his opposition to R.V. Jones' view that the Germans had established a system of radio-beam bombing aids (Battle of the Beams) over the UK had been overruled, Tizard led what became known as the", "title": "Henry Tizard" }, { "id": "14249144", "score": "1.7409286", "text": "in 1937-1940, by the British physicist, Sir John Turton Randall, FRSE together with a team of British coworkers for the British and American, military radar installations in WWII. At the same time, the Telefunken Company of Berlin was 'searching' for such a device but has apparently met with much less success than the British inventors or Th. V. Ionescu. (However, the split anode magnetron had first been developed in 1921 by Dr. A.E.Hull at General Electric Company in USA; also in 1921, Ernst Haban, who was working in Germany, developed a similar device that worked on a 3 cm wavelength.", "title": "Theodor V. Ionescu" }, { "id": "521433", "score": "1.7312722", "text": "magnetron developed in 1940 by John Randall and Harry Boot at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom provided a good power source and made microwave radars feasible. The most important centre of research was at the Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) at MIT but many others took part in the US, and in the UK such as the Telecommunications Research Establishment. The head of the Fundamental Development Group at Rad Lab was Edward Mills Purcell. His researchers included Julian Schwinger, Nathan Marcuvitz, Carol Gray Montgomery, and Robert H. Dicke. Much of the Rad Lab work concentrated on finding lumped", "title": "Waveguide" }, { "id": "19910973", "score": "1.7263119", "text": "of radar stations built in Canada and the United States in the 1950s for the purpose of detecting Soviet bombers approaching North America. Guptill and co-inventor W.H. Watson were granted a United States patent for the device, described as a \"directive antenna for microwaves\", in 1951. Guptill began teaching at Dalhousie University in 1947. After a sabbatical year at the University of Leiden he was named head of Dalhousie's physics department, a position he held for ten years before returning to teaching and research full-time. He was described as \"that treasure, an excellent researcher and a gifted teacher\". Among his", "title": "Ernest Wilmot Guptill" }, { "id": "2128014", "score": "1.7205993", "text": "of , published in 1940, was a major advance over earlier work. The British Tizard Mission to the United States in 1940 demonstrated to leading American scientists the successful application of the cavity magnetron to produce short wavelength pulsed radar. The National Defense Research Committee, established only months earlier by President Franklin Roosevelt, created a central national laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the purpose of developing military applications of microwave radar. Lawrence immediately recruited his best \"cyclotroneers\", among them Alvarez, who joined this new laboratory, known as the Radiation Laboratory, on November 11, 1940. Alvarez contributed", "title": "Luis Walter Alvarez" }, { "id": "7019365", "score": "1.7180414", "text": "he had invented. During his career in electronics he was the author or coauthor of 72 technical publications and was awarded 94 patents. Albert W. Hull Albert Wallace Hull (19 April 1880 – 22 January 1966) is an American physicist and electrical engineer who made contributions to the development of vacuum tubes, and invented the magnetron. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was born on 19 April 1880 in Southington, Connecticut. He majored in Greek and after taking one undergraduate course in physics, graduated from Yale University. He taught languages at The Albany Academy before", "title": "Albert W. Hull" }, { "id": "117986", "score": "1.7135363", "text": "a crucial enabling technology for electronic television. John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Two years later, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube, called the triode. In 1920, Albert Hull developed the magnetron which would eventually lead to the development of the microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer. In 1934, the British military began to make strides toward radar (which also uses the magnetron) under the direction of Dr Wimperis, culminating in the operation of the first radar station at Bawdsey in August 1936. In 1941, Konrad Zuse presented", "title": "Electrical engineering" }, { "id": "2099905", "score": "1.7123095", "text": "of the Second World War in Europe in 1939. He became involved with the development of radar, heading a group at the University of Birmingham that included John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a radical new design, the cavity magnetron, that made microwave radar possible. Oliphant also formed part of the MAUD Committee, which reported in July 1941, that an atomic bomb was not only feasible, but might be produced as early as 1943. Oliphant was instrumental in spreading the word of this finding in the United States, thereby starting what became the Manhattan Project. Later in the war,", "title": "Mark Oliphant" } ]

[ "firenze italy", "Firenze", "Florentine", "Florence, Italy", "Florence (Italy)", "Folrenz", "folrenz", "Florence", "florentine", "Montughi", "Gualfonda", "gualfonda", "un locode itflr", "Firenze, Italy", "UN/LOCODE:ITFLR", "frorence", "florence", "florence italy", "פירנצה", "montughi", "Frorence", "firenze" ]

[ { "id": "2489282", "score": "1.6709794", "text": "language, but is now officially known as Torino in Italian. The International Olympic Committee made the choice to regard the city officially as \"Torino\" throughout the 2006 Winter Olympics. The English and French name for Florence in Italy is closer to the original name in Latin (\"Florentia\") than is the modern Italian name (Firenze). In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like", "title": "Anglicisation" }, { "id": "16325268", "score": "1.5239725", "text": "A.C.F. Firenze Associazione Calcio Femminile Firenze A.S.D. is an Italian women's football team from Florence. Founded in 1979 as Polisportiva Firenze Oltrano, it took its current name in 1983. The following year the team attained promotion to Serie A for the first time. In 1993 Firenze achieved its best result, a 3rd position, but it subsequently had to register in the 3rd tier for financial reasons. Firenze returned to Serie A in 2006. It subsequently was relegated in 2008 and promoted in 2010. In 2011 it was 11th, two points from relegation. ACF Firenze gave their place in Serie A", "title": "A.C.F. Firenze" }, { "id": "8632569", "score": "1.5080745", "text": "Firenzuola Firenzuola is a \"comune\" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about northeast of Florence. Firenzuola borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Borgo San Lorenzo, Castel del Rio, Castiglione dei Pepoli, Monghidoro, Monterenzio, Palazzuolo sul Senio, San Benedetto Val di Sambro, Scarperia. The medieval jurist Giovanni d'Andrea was born in the \"frazione\" of Rifredo around 1270. Firenzuola is one of the largest communes of the so-called “Tuscan Romagna”. Its territory includes the mountain valley of the Santerno river, beyond the Apennines. The town attracted the attention of local powers like Florence due", "title": "Firenzuola" }, { "id": "8632570", "score": "1.4983258", "text": "to its strategic location guarding the road that connected Florence to Bologna, in a territory until then in the hands of the Ubaldini family, hostile to the Florentine Republic. Giovanni Villani gave Firenzuola its name, which means “small Florence” and to propose as its symbol a half lily (symbol of the Commune of Florence) and a half cross (symbol of the people). Its city plan, drawn by the engineers of the Republic, who planned it around the year 1350 (the first stone was set in 1332), seems similar to the “new lands” of the late 13th century, beginning of the", "title": "Firenzuola" }, { "id": "5520190", "score": "1.4233683", "text": "connecting to: Pisa, Livorno (Leopolda railway); Lucca, Viareggio (Viareggio–Florence railway); Bologna (Bologna–Florence railway) and Faenza (Faentina railway). The station was inaugurated on 3 February 1848 to serve the railway to Pistoia and Pisa, and was initially called \"Maria Antonia\" (from the name of the railway, named in honour of Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies); it was much closer to the Santa Maria Novella church than the current station. It was renamed after the church after the unification of Italy. In 1932 through a number of newspaper editorials, published in La Nazione, Florence's main daily, Romano Romanelli a reputed", "title": "Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anglicisation\n\nAnglicisation is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into, influenced by or dominated by Englishness or Britishness. It can be socio-cultural, where a non-English person, people or place adopt(s) the English language or English customs; institutional, where institutions are modified to resemble or replaced with the institutions of England or the United Kingdom; or linguistic, where a foreign term or name is altered to become easier to say in English. It can also refer to the influence of English culture and business on other countries outside England or the United Kingdom, including media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws, or political systems.\n\nAnglicisation first occurred in the British Isles, particularly to Celtic populations under the sovereignty of the King of England. Decline of the Celtic languages in England mostly occurred by 1000 AD, but continued up to the 18th century. In Scotland, the decline of Gaelic began under Malcolm III, such that by the mid-14th century, Scots was the dominant national language of Scotland. In Wales, however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population, though the country still experienced anglicisation through colonisation, institutional reform and industrialisation.<ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\":1\" />", "title": "Anglicisation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Petrarch\n\nFrancesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.\n\nPetrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism. In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio, and, to a lesser extent, Dante Alighieri. Petrarch was later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the Accademia della Crusca.\n\nPetrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the \"Dark Ages\".", "title": "Petrarch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Endonym and exonym\n\nAn endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, \"native\" name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, or linguistic community in question; it is their self-designated name for themselves, their homeland, or their language.\n\nAn exonym (from Greek: , 'outer' + , 'name'; also known as xenonym) is an established, \"non-native\" name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used only outside that particular place, group, or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words.<ref name=\":0\" />\n\nFor instance, is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonym \"Germany\" in English, in Spanish and in French.", "title": "Endonym and exonym" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Florence (given name)\n\nFlorence is an androgynous French and English given name. It is derived from the French version of (Saint) \"Florentia\", a Roman martyr under Diocletian. The Latin \"florens, florentius\" means \"blossoming\", verb \"floreo\", meaning \"I blossom / I flower / I flourish\". Florence was in olden times also used as a translation of the Latin version Florentius, and may be used in this context as a male given name.\n\nA notable increase use of the name came in the aftermath of Florence Nightingale, a nurse in British hospitals during the Crimean War and is usually considered the founder of modern nursing. She was given the name because she was born in Florence, Italy. Contrary to popular belief, Nightingale was not the first person to be given this given name in the English speaking world. The wife of Richard de Wylughby, of London, was Florence, in 1349 A later example was Florence Wrey (d.1718), wife of John Cole of the Irish County of Fermanagh (married in 1707), who was herself named after her mother, Florence Rolle, the wife of Sir Bourchier Wrey, 4th Baronet (c. 1653–1696) of Tawstock, Devon, and the daughter of Sir John Rolle (d.1706) of Stevenstone, by his wife and distant cousin Florence Rolle (1630–1705), an even earlier Florence, the daughter and heiress of Denys Rolle (1614–1638), of Stevenstone and Bicton in Devon. This name is also of note because John Cole built a large mansion in Northern Ireland which he named Florence Court after his wife. One of John Cole's descendants, who had become \"Lord Enniskillen\", planted a peculiarly upright yew tree in the grounds of Florence Court, which was to become the mother tree of all Irish Yews or \"Florence Court Yews\".\n\nFlorencia, a Spanish version, is among the most popular names for baby girls in Argentina and Uruguay. Florence was most popular in the United States between 1900 and 1940, when it was in the top 100 names given to baby girls. The name last ranked in the top 1,000 names given to baby girls in the 1970s. Florence was the fourth most popular name given to baby girls in Quebec, Canada in 2007 and the name has also risen in popularity in England and Wales, where it was the 109th most popular name given to baby girls in 2007.", "title": "Florence (given name)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maiolica\n\nMaiolica is tin-glazed pottery decorated in colours on a white background. Italian maiolica dating from the Renaissance period is the most renowned. When depicting historical and mythical scenes, these works were known as \"istoriato\" wares (\"painted with stories\"). By the late 15th century, multiple locations, mainly in northern and central Italy, were producing sophisticated pieces for a luxury market in Italy and beyond. In France maiolica developed as faience, in the Netherlands and England as delftware, and in Spain as talavera. \nIn English the spelling was anglicised to \"majolica\" but the pronunciation usually preserved the vowel with an \"i\" as in \"kite\" ().", "title": "Maiolica" }, { "id": "19055004", "score": "1.4189605", "text": "Complex of San Firenze The Complesso di San Firenze (Complex of San Firenze) is a 17th-century Baroque-style building, consisting of a church, palace, and former oratory, located on the southeast corner of the saucer-shaped piazza of San Firenze, located in the quartiere of Santa Croce in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. The buildings were commissioned by the Oratorians of Saint Philip Neri. Prior to the 17th-century, paintings of the Piazza depict a drab 12th-century Romanesque brick church of San Florenzio hemmed by tall medieval houses. The Oratorians acquired the church in the 1640s, and commissioned plans from Pier Francesco", "title": "Complex of San Firenze" }, { "id": "13295166", "score": "1.397815", "text": "41st Infantry Division Firenze The 41st Infantry Division Firenze was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II. It was formed 15 September 1939 in Florence and was officially dissolved 28 September 1943.<br> The division was made up of Tuscans, and especially Florentines (a rare case of Italian Infantry Division whose name coincides with the ethnicity or place of residence of its members). 7 June 1940, the \"Firenze\" division was assigned a police duties in Piedmont region, as part of the Army Group Reserve. The garrisons were established in Carmagnola, Poirino, Villanova d'Asti and remained in place", "title": "41st Infantry Division Firenze" }, { "id": "18812342", "score": "1.3965286", "text": "in the rebirth of a historical society. The following season (2008/2009), while maintaining a rose almost unchanged, the team of firefighters reached, with great satisfaction of the company, the playoffs for promotion to B2, but did not succeed in boarding. For the 2009/2010 season the team has been considerably reinforced by two grafts superior; all this with the hope of doing well but avoid making the mistakes of the past. In the 2011/2012 season again dispute the series D. Italian League CEV Champions League Ruini Firenze Gruppo Sportivo Vigili del Fuoco Otello Ruini known simply as Ruini Firenze is a", "title": "Ruini Firenze" }, { "id": "13686774", "score": "1.3941064", "text": "Firenze & e di tutti e fatti & guerre state fatte dai fiorentini nella Italia dal principio del mondo al tempo dell’autore”, in “Rerum Italicarum Scriptores”, Milano 1778, tomo XIII, cap. XXXIII, pag. 147. 7 S. AMMIRATO, “Istorie fiorentine”, Firenze 1846, vol. I, pag. 128 8 SANZANOME IUDICIS, “Gesta Florentinorum”, ed G. Milanesi in “Cronache dei secoli XII-XIV” (“Documenti di storia italiana”, VI) pag. 137-138: \" “Est factum planum Mons Altum nomine vanum”. \" 9 P. CAMMAROSANO, “La famiglia dei Berardenghi. Contributo alla storia della società senese nei scoli XI-XIII”, Spoleto, 1974, pag. 260. 10 Archivio di Stato di Siena,", "title": "Castello di Montalto" }, { "id": "16325269", "score": "1.3925499", "text": "to Fiorentina Women's F.C., the women team of ACF Fiorentina in 2015. ACF Firenze still participated in youth level. ACF Firenze and Fiorentina Women had a derby in 2016. A.C.F. Firenze Associazione Calcio Femminile Firenze A.S.D. is an Italian women's football team from Florence. Founded in 1979 as Polisportiva Firenze Oltrano, it took its current name in 1983. The following year the team attained promotion to Serie A for the first time. In 1993 Firenze achieved its best result, a 3rd position, but it subsequently had to register in the 3rd tier for financial reasons. Firenze returned to Serie A", "title": "A.C.F. Firenze" }, { "id": "18812340", "score": "1.3916522", "text": "Ruini Firenze Gruppo Sportivo Vigili del Fuoco Otello Ruini known simply as Ruini Firenze is a sports club founded by the body of the Fire Department of Florence, practicing disciplines such as rowing, wrestling, skiing, kick boxing and more importantly, volleyball, sports in which excelled nationally during the sixties and seventies. The Sports Group was born in September 17, 1962 on the initiative of the Fire Department of Florence, being named Otello Ruini, officer died in 1958 at the consequences of a fire. A few months after its establishment absorbed the Moose, Florentine society militant in Serie A volleyball, getting", "title": "Ruini Firenze" }, { "id": "18263577", "score": "1.3902643", "text": "Ischia, Florence and Teramo. In the late 12th Century to early 13th Century the Italian Arm of De Berard studying in the Roman Catholic Church were part of the Apostolic Nuncio one of which was eventually Appointed Bishop and Later Arch Bishop to over see as Diocese in the greater Abruzzi Provence. With this appointment the name went from De Berard to adding the name extension \" IGNIS \" in Latin, meaning \" Fire \" , the French preferring \" INIS \" in ode to Irish Proto Celtic meaning \" Standing In Water \" or \" Island \" hence the", "title": "De Berardinis" }, { "id": "8632572", "score": "1.3894732", "text": "Firenzuola had already been completely destroyed by the bombardments of the Allies on September 12, 1944. In memory of the dead soldiers and warning for the future generations there are two cemeteries: the “Germanic Cemetery” (at the Futa pass), planned by the architect Oesterlen, that guards over 31,000 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, and the “Santerno Valley War Cemetery”, near the village called Coniale, that contains about 300 corpses of Allies of various origin. The reconstruction of Firenzuola immediately started as soon the war was over. Ninety-eight percent of the inhabited area had been destroyed, so that the Prefecture of Florence", "title": "Firenzuola" }, { "id": "5520196", "score": "1.374289", "text": "Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station Firenze Santa Maria Novella (in English Florence Santa Maria Novella) or Stazione di Santa Maria Novella is a terminus railway station in Florence, Italy. The station is used by 59 million people every year and is one of the busiest in Italy. It is at the northern end of the Florence–Rome direttissima, which was completed on 26 May 1992 and the southern end of the Bologna–Florence Direttissima, opened on 22 April 1934. A new high speed line to Bologna opened on 13 December 2009. The station is also used by regional trains on lines", "title": "Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station" }, { "id": "5520189", "score": "1.374289", "text": "Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station Firenze Santa Maria Novella (in English Florence Santa Maria Novella) or Stazione di Santa Maria Novella is a terminus railway station in Florence, Italy. The station is used by 59 million people every year and is one of the busiest in Italy. It is at the northern end of the Florence–Rome direttissima, which was completed on 26 May 1992 and the southern end of the Bologna–Florence Direttissima, opened on 22 April 1934. A new high speed line to Bologna opened on 13 December 2009. The station is also used by regional trains on lines", "title": "Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station" }, { "id": "5890219", "score": "1.37085", "text": "Agnolo Firenzuola Agnolo Firenzuola (28 September 149327 June 1543) was an Italian poet and litterateur. Agnolo Firenzuola was born at Florence. The family name was taken from the town of Firenzuola, situated at the foot of the Apennines, its original home. Agnolo's grandfather had obtained the citizenship of Florence and transmitted it to his family. Agnolo was destined for the profession of the law, and pursued his studies first at Siena and afterwards at Perugia. There he became the associate of the notorious Pietro Aretino, whose foul life he was not ashamed to make the model of his own. They", "title": "Agnolo Firenzuola" }, { "id": "5890215", "score": "1.37085", "text": "Agnolo Firenzuola Agnolo Firenzuola (28 September 149327 June 1543) was an Italian poet and litterateur. Agnolo Firenzuola was born at Florence. The family name was taken from the town of Firenzuola, situated at the foot of the Apennines, its original home. Agnolo's grandfather had obtained the citizenship of Florence and transmitted it to his family. Agnolo was destined for the profession of the law, and pursued his studies first at Siena and afterwards at Perugia. There he became the associate of the notorious Pietro Aretino, whose foul life he was not ashamed to make the model of his own. They", "title": "Agnolo Firenzuola" }, { "id": "7899397", "score": "1.3684555", "text": "which was one of the smallest on the European Tour that year. Volvo Open di Firenze The Volvo Open di Firenze was a men's professional golf tournament on the European Tour which was played in Italy from 1989 to 1992. The first edition took place in Sardinia and was called the Volvo Open Championship, with the other three taking place in Florence, and being named for that city. The most notable winner was future World Number 1 Vijay Singh of Fiji, whose victory in 1989 was his first on the European Tour, and the most prestigious of his career up", "title": "Volvo Open di Firenze" }, { "id": "15379801", "score": "1.3631473", "text": "Firenze Rifredi railway station Firenze Rifredi railway station, or Florence Rifredi railway station (), serves the city and \"comune\" of Florence, in the region of Tuscany, central Italy. It is the third most important railway station in Florence, after Firenze Santa Maria Novella and Firenze Campo di Marte. It also forms part of the traditional Bologna–Florence railway, and the railways linking Florence with Viareggio, and Pisa and Livorno, respectively. The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). Train services to and from the station are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello", "title": "Firenze Rifredi railway station" }, { "id": "6879559", "score": "1.3595235", "text": "Carapelli Carapelli (Carapelli Firenze SpA) is an Italian food company, currently owned by Deoleo, S.A, based in Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, which is a small town in the Metropolitan City of Florence, most famous for its extra virgin olive oil. The company was started as a home business in 1893 by Cesira and Costantino Carapelli. Other members of the Carapelli family joined the business and the company rapidly grew in size and popularity, to become the most modernised food company in Italy by the 1940s. Today, Carapelli Firenze SpA is the leading Italian extra virgin olive oil company (with brand", "title": "Carapelli" } ]

[ "icedland", "lýðveldið ísland", "hyui", "The land of ice and snow", "mainland iceland", "Icelandic isles", "Mainland Iceland", "Ísland", "Hyui", "Republic of Iceland", "republic of iceland", "Icedland", "Ice land", "IJsland", "ice land", "iso 3166 1 is", "iceland", "island of iceland", "Ice-land", "icelandic isles", "lydveldid island", "ijsland", "Iceland", "ISO 3166-1:IS", "The Republic of Iceland", "Icealnd", "land of ice and snow", "Lydveldid island", "ísland", "Lýðveldið ísland", "Island of Iceland", "ICELAND", "icealnd" ]

[ { "id": "10466677", "score": "1.7084959", "text": "Parliamentary records The oldest recorded parliament still in existence is the \"Althing\", the ruling legislative body of Iceland. It was founded in 930 and originally consisted of 39 local chieftains. Abolished in 1800 it was restored by Denmark in 1843. The oldest continuous parliament is the \"Tynwald\" of the Isle of Man. Its exact formation date is generally believed to be 979 but some sources suggest that its origins lie in the early 9th century, which would predate even the \"Althing\". The first recorded legislative body on record is the bicameral \"ukkim\" found in Erech in Iraq that was founded", "title": "Parliamentary records" }, { "id": "118440", "score": "1.6770906", "text": "and Democrats (S&D). The last union-wide elections were the 2014 elections. The European Parliament has three places of work – Brussels (Belgium), the city of Luxembourg (Luxembourg) and Strasbourg (France). Luxembourg is home to the administrative offices (the \"General Secretariat\"). Meetings of the whole Parliament (\"plenary sessions\") take place in Strasbourg and in Brussels. Committee meetings are held in Brussels. The Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on 10 September 1952. One of the oldest common institutions, it began as the \"Common Assembly\" of the European Coal and Steel Community", "title": "European Parliament" }, { "id": "189943", "score": "1.6465502", "text": "parliamentary republic. The modern parliament, \"Alþingi\" (English: Althing), was founded in 1845 as an advisory body to the Danish monarch. It was widely seen as a re-establishment of the assembly founded in 930 in the Commonwealth period and suspended in 1799. Consequently, \"it is arguably the world's oldest parliamentary democracy.\" It currently has 63 members, elected for a maximum period of four years. The president is elected by popular vote for a term of four years, with no term limit. The elections for president, the Althing, and local municipal councils are all held separately every four years. The president of", "title": "Iceland" }, { "id": "10505527", "score": "1.6448748", "text": "how it appeared in 1866. The building opened to the public as a museum in November 2001. The parliament of the Isle of Man—Tynwald—is the oldest currently running parliament in the world. It is generally considered to have its origins in the 10th century, but could date back as far as the 8th century. Originally a 32-member Tynwald ruled over the Kingdom of the Isles, with half of its representatives coming from the Isle of Man. In the 12th century, this dropped to a 24-member Tynwald when the islands of Mull and Islay were lost to Argyll. By the 16th", "title": "Old House of Keys" }, { "id": "12049328", "score": "1.6246974", "text": "Italy (born 1928 making him 81). Usually the oldest member would preside over the chamber for the election of the Parliament's President. However, with concern that the far-right Jean-Marie Le Pen would be the oldest member (rather than De Mita) the rules were changed to give this role to the outgoing President. Edward McMillan-Scott was expelled from the Conservative Party on 15 September 2009; Seventh European Parliament The seventh European Parliament was elected in the 2009 elections and lasted until the 2014 elections. After the 2009 election, the members formed seven groups with around 26 independent members, mainly from the", "title": "Seventh European Parliament" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Althing\n\nThe Alþingi (\"general meeting\" in Icelandic, , anglicised as or ) is the supreme national parliament of Iceland. It is one of the oldest surviving parliaments in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at (\"thing fields\" or \"assembly fields\"), situated approximately east of what later became the country's capital, Reykjavík. Even after Iceland's union with Norway in 1262, the Althing still held its sessions at until 1800, when it was discontinued. It was restored in 1844 by royal decree and moved to Reykjavík. The restored unicameral legislature first came together in 1845 and after 1874 operated in two chambers with an additional third chamber taking on a greater role as the decades passed until 1991 when Althing became once again unicameral. The present parliament building, the , was built in 1881, made of hewn Icelandic stone. The unicameral parliament has 63 members, and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation. The current speaker of the Althing is Birgir Ármannsson.\n\nThe constitution of Iceland provides for six electoral constituencies with the possibility of an increase to seven. The constituency boundaries and the number of seats allocated to each constituency are fixed by legislation. No constituency can be represented by fewer than six seats. Furthermore, each party with more than 5% of the national vote is allocated seats based on its proportion of the national vote in order that the number of members in parliament for each political party should be more or less proportional to its overall electoral support. If the number of voters represented by each member of the Althing in one constituency would be less than half of the comparable ratio in another constituency, the Icelandic National Electoral Commission is tasked with altering the allocation of seats to reduce that difference.", "title": "Althing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Scotland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Parliament\n\nThe European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts European legislation, following a proposal by the European Commission. The Parliament is composed of 705 members (MEPs). It represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India), with an electorate of 375 million eligible voters in 2009.\n\nSince 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage. Voter turnout in parliamentary elections decreased each time after 1979 until 2019, when voter turnout increased by eight percentage points, and rose above 50% for the first time since 1994. The voting age is 18 in all EU member states except for Malta and Austria, where it is 16, and Greece, where it is 17.\n\nAlthough the European Parliament has legislative power, as does the Council, it does not formally possess the right of initiative as most national parliaments of the member states do, with the right of initiative being solely a prerogative of the European Commission.<ref name=\"Parliament's powers\"/><ref name=\"Pot initiative\"/> The Parliament is the \"first institution\" of the European Union (mentioned first in its treaties and having ceremonial precedence over the other EU institutions),<ref name=\"Protocol\"/> and shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the Council (except on a few issues where special legislative procedures apply). It likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Ultimately, the European Commission, which serves as the executive branch of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament can decide whether or not to approve the European Council's nominee for President of the Commission, and is further tasked with approving (or rejecting) the appointment of the Commission as a whole. It can subsequently force the current Commission to resign by adopting a motion of censure.<ref name=\"Parliament's powers\"/>\n\nThe president of the European Parliament is the body's speaker and presides over the multi-party chamber. The five largest political groups are the European People's Party Group (EPP), the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), Renew Europe (previously ALDE), the Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) and Identity and Democracy (ID). The last EU-wide election was held in 2019.\n\nThe Parliament is headquartered in Strasbourg, France, and has its administrative offices in Luxembourg City. Plenary sessions take place in Strasbourg as well as in Brussels, Belgium, while the Parliament's committee meetings are held primarily in Brussels.", "title": "European Parliament" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Iceland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Constitution\n\nA constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.\n\nWhen these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a \"written constitution\"; if they are encompassed in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a \"codified constitution\". The Constitution of the United Kingdom is a notable example of an \"uncodified constitution\"; it is instead written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature, court cases or treaties.\n\nConstitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign countries to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights.\n\nThe Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any country in the world, with 146,385 words while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution with 3,814 words. The Constitution of San Marino might be the world's oldest active written constitution, since some of its core documents have been in operation since 1600, while the Constitution of the United States is the oldest active codified constitution. The historical life expectancy of a constitution since 1789 is approximately 19 years.", "title": "Constitution" }, { "id": "13610699", "score": "1.6220324", "text": "reputed to be the oldest working parliament in the world. In Denmark, Iceland and Sweden elections are held at least once every four years. Finland, Åland and Norway have fixed four-year election periods. Elections in the Faroe Islands and Greenland follow the Danish system of elections. The Danish Folketing has 179 seats, including two seats each for the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The Finnish Eduskunta has 200 seats, including one seat for Åland. The Icelandic Althing has 63 seats, the Norwegian Storting 169 seats and the Swedish Riksdag 349 seats. The Faroese Løgting has 32 seats, Greenland's Inatsisartut 31 seats", "title": "Nordic countries" }, { "id": "12009890", "score": "1.6026403", "text": "and hence there are separate elections for the head of government and the Parliament, leading to greater discontinuity, yet more independence, between the two branches of government. However, only Cyprus follows a fully presidential system, with France following a semi-presidential system. National parliaments of the European Union The national parliaments of the European Union are those legislatures responsible for each member state of the European Union (EU). They have a certain degree of institutionalised influence which was expanded under the Treaty of Lisbon to include greater ability to scrutinise proposed European Union law. Originally, national members of Parliament (MPs) were", "title": "National parliaments of the European Union" }, { "id": "2224803", "score": "1.5938855", "text": "Jersey\"). Jersey has its own separate international vehicle registration (GBJ – Jersey), internet domain (.je – Jersey), and ISO 3166-2 codes, first reserved on behalf of the Universal Postal Union (JEY – Jersey) and then added officially by the International Organization for Standardization on 29 March 2006. The Isle of Man's Tynwald claims to be the world's oldest parliament in continuous existence, dating back to 979. (However, it does not claim to be the oldest parliament, as Iceland's Althing dates back to 930.) It consists of a popularly elected \"House of Keys\" and an indirectly elected \"Legislative Council\", which may", "title": "Crown dependencies" }, { "id": "11916759", "score": "1.5767976", "text": "is believed to be one of the oldest parliaments in the world. The parliament currently has 33 members. In contemporary times, elections are held at municipal, national (\"Løgting\") and Danish (\"Folketing\") levels. Until 2007, there were seven electoral districts, each comprising a \"sýsla\", while Streymoy was divided into a northern and southern part (Tórshavn region). However, on 25 October 2007, changes were made such that the entire country is one electoral district, giving each vote equal weight. Administratively, the islands are divided into 30 municipalities (\"kommunur\") within which there are 120 or so settlements. Traditionally, there are also the six", "title": "Faroe Islands" }, { "id": "6446663", "score": "1.5642385", "text": "elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. However, all laws passed by the Parliament are published by the Albanian Official Journal (), which is the official journal of the Government of Albania. The oldest Parliament with extant records was held in Lezhë on 2 March 1444. The League of Lezhë (Kuvëndi i Lezhës) forged in Lezhë under Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu as the leader against the Ottoman Empire. The legislative system in Albania has evolved under many different regimes, most notably in the period before", "title": "Parliament of Albania" }, { "id": "12009880", "score": "1.5626819", "text": "National parliaments of the European Union The national parliaments of the European Union are those legislatures responsible for each member state of the European Union (EU). They have a certain degree of institutionalised influence which was expanded under the Treaty of Lisbon to include greater ability to scrutinise proposed European Union law. Originally, national members of Parliament (MPs) were appointed to the European Parliament (EP) as Member of the European Parliament (MEPs). In 1979 the first direct elections were held, however national MPs still tended to contest these leading to them holding a \"dual mandate\". As the work load of", "title": "National parliaments of the European Union" }, { "id": "118438", "score": "1.5612113", "text": "election since that date, and has been under 50% since 1999. Voter turnout in 2014 stood at 42.54% of all European voters. Although the European Parliament has legislative power that the Council and Commission do not possess, it does not formally possess legislative initiative, as most national parliaments of European Union member states do. The Parliament is the \"first institution\" of the EU (mentioned first in the treaties, having ceremonial precedence over all authority at European level), and shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the Council (except in a few areas where the special legislative procedures apply). It likewise", "title": "European Parliament" }, { "id": "12009888", "score": "1.5556922", "text": "in 2010, there were proposals to ensure that EU cooperation between national parliaments took over its role informally through regular meetings of defence-interested national MPs. The Lisbon Treaty calls for COSAC to establish a body to scrutinise European foreign and defence policy; however no agreement has been reached. There are a number of differences between the national parliaments of member states, owing to the various historical development of each country. 15 states have unicameral parliaments, with the remainders choosing bicameral systems. Unicameral or lower houses are always directly elected, whereas an upper house may be directly elected (e.g. the Senate", "title": "National parliaments of the European Union" }, { "id": "1146017", "score": "1.5548784", "text": "European Youth Parliament The European Youth Parliament is a politically unbound non-profit organisation, which encourages European youth to actively engage in citizenship and cultural understanding. It involves 50,000 youngsters from all around Europe in its events and has around 5,000 active members in the different countries. It was established in 1987 in Fontainebleau, France. The European Youth Parliament was founded by Bettina Carr-Allinson, initially as a school project at the Lycée François-Ier in Fontainebleau, to the south of Paris. It is there that three of the first four International Sessions were held, starting in 1988, about a year after the", "title": "European Youth Parliament" }, { "id": "1103674", "score": "1.5547161", "text": "Althing The Alþingi (\"parliament\" (Icelandic) and anglicised as or ) is the national parliament of Iceland. It is the oldest parliament in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at (\"thing fields\"), situated approximately east of what later became the country's capital, Reykjavík. Even after Iceland's union with Norway in 1262, the Althing still held its sessions at until 1800, when it was discontinued for 45 years. It was restored in 1844 and moved to Reykjavík, where it has resided ever since. The present parliament building, the , was built in 1881, made of hewn Icelandic stone. The unicameral", "title": "Althing" }, { "id": "118513", "score": "1.5518992", "text": "as well as committee meetings are held in Brussels. Luxembourg hosts the Secretariat of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is the only assembly in the world with more than one meeting place and one of the few that does not have the power to decide its own location. The Strasbourg seat is seen as a symbol of reconciliation between France and Germany, the Strasbourg region having been fought over by the two countries in the past. However, the cost and inconvenience of having two seats is questioned. While Strasbourg is the official seat, and sits alongside the Council of", "title": "European Parliament" }, { "id": "6096790", "score": "1.5506678", "text": "meets four times a year for week-long plenary sessions in Strasbourg. It is one of the two statutory bodies of the Council of Europe, along with the Committee of Ministers, the executive body representing governments, with which it holds an ongoing dialogue. However, it is the Assembly which is usually regarded as the \"motor\" of the organisation, holding governments to account on human rights issues, pressing states to maintain democratic standards, proposing fresh ideas and generating the momentum for reform. The Assembly held its first session in Strasbourg on 10 August 1949, making it one of the oldest international assemblies", "title": "Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe" }, { "id": "323001", "score": "1.5456479", "text": "\"eduskunta\"), a word used since the Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word Reichstag. Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures, political and judicial institutions in the North-Germanic countries. In the Yorkshire and former Danelaw areas of England, which were subject to much Norse invasion and settlement, the wapentake was another name for the same institution. The Sicilian Parliament, dating to 1097, evolved as the legislature of the Kingdom of Sicily. The Federal Diet of Switzerland was one of the longest-lived representative bodies in history, continuing from the 13th century to 1848. Originally, there", "title": "Parliament" }, { "id": "9791455", "score": "1.5451751", "text": "who was 86 at the time, was found to be Parliament's oldest member and hence presided over the chamber while the election of the President took place (July 1979). Before that could happen however, she immediately had to deal with Ian Paisley MEP who, in the first speech of the session, protested that the British flag outside the building was flying upside down. She dealt with the interruption swiftly. The confrontation was seen as one of her finest hours and she later confided that, as a grandmother, she was used to dealing with \"recalcitrant youngsters\". There were five candidates for", "title": "European Parliament election, 1979" }, { "id": "118444", "score": "1.5393306", "text": "Euratom were established in 1958 by the Treaties of Rome. The Common Assembly was shared by all three communities (which had separate executives) and it renamed itself the \"European Parliamentary Assembly\". The first meeting was held on 19 March 1958 having been set up in Luxembourg, it elected Schuman as its president and on 13 May it rearranged itself to sit according to political ideology rather than nationality. This is seen as the birth of the modern European Parliament, with Parliament's 50 years celebrations being held in March 2008 rather than 2002. The three communities merged their remaining organs as", "title": "European Parliament" } ]

[ "King George I", "george i disambiguation", "George the First", "George I", "George I (disambiguation)", "george i", "george first", "George 1", "george 1", "king george i" ]

[ { "id": "532497", "score": "1.829591", "text": "Daniel Defoe's wildly successful \"Robinson Crusoe\", \"Gulliver's Travels\" may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In \"The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man\", Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned to refute the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's novel seems to suggest. Swift regarded such thought as a dangerous endorsement of Thomas Hobbes' radical political philosophy and for this reason Gulliver repeatedly encounters established societies rather than desolate islands. The captain who invites Gulliver to serve as a surgeon aboard his ship on the disastrous", "title": "Gulliver's Travels" }, { "id": "100832", "score": "1.8204741", "text": "Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (; c. 1660 – 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel \"Robinson Crusoe\", which is second only to the Bible in its number of translations. He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson. Defoe wrote many political tracts and often was in trouble with the authorities, including a spell in prison. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to", "title": "Daniel Defoe" }, { "id": "658528", "score": "1.8143268", "text": "novels, written by Ambrose Evans, Penelope Aubin, and others, became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Most of these have fallen into obscurity, but some became established, including \"The Swiss Family Robinson\", which borrowed Crusoe's first name for its title. Jonathan Swift's \"Gulliver's Travels\", published seven years after \"Robinson Crusoe\", may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In \"The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man\", Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned about refuting the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "id": "100870", "score": "1.8141322", "text": "his memory in 1870. Defoe is known to have used at least 198 pen names. Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (; c. 1660 – 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel \"Robinson Crusoe\", which is second only to the Bible in its number of translations. He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson. Defoe wrote many political tracts and often was in trouble", "title": "Daniel Defoe" }, { "id": "1392792", "score": "1.7536411", "text": "as the \"Robinson Crusoe\" (1719) of Daniel Defoe. Joshua Barnes Joshua Barnes FRS (10 January 1654 – 3 August 1712), was an English scholar. His work \"Gerania; a New Discovery of a Little Sort of People, anciently discoursed of, called Pygmies\" (1675) was an Utopian romance. Barnes was born in London, the son of Edward Barnes, a merchant taylor. Educated at Christ's Hospital and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he was chosen in 1695 as Regius Professor of Greek, a language which he wrote and spoke with facility. One of his early publications was \"Gerania; a New Discovery of a Little Sort", "title": "Joshua Barnes" }, { "id": "2025815", "score": "1.7485666", "text": "the Restoration, developed into a major art form. Daniel Defoe turned from journalism and writing criminal lives for the press to writing fictional criminal lives with \"\" and \"Moll Flanders.\" The English novel has generally been seen as beginning with Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\" (1719) and \"Moll Flanders\" (1722), though John Bunyan's \"The Pilgrim's Progress\" (1678) and Aphra Behn's, \"Oroonoko\" (1688) are also contenders. Other major 18th-century British novelists are Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), author of the epistolary novels \"Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded\" (1740) and \"Clarissa\" (1747–48); Henry Fielding (1707–54), who wrote \"Joseph Andrews\" (1742) and \"The History of Tom Jones,", "title": "British literature" }, { "id": "3924591", "score": "1.7155918", "text": "also published the pamphlet titled \"The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Mr. D––– De F____, of London, Hosier\" (1719) just after \"The Farther Adventure of Robinson Crusoe\". This hilarious pamphlet includes the dialogue between Defoe and his characters Robinson Crusoe and Friday, in which Gildon exposes narrative inconsistencies in the novel. In the ending of this pamphlet, Crusoe and Friday made Defoe swallow his own big books as a punishment for his unfair depiction of characters, saying \"if you will make such large Compositions, you must take them for your Pains\". Daniel Defoe defends himself against Gildon's attacks in", "title": "Charles Gildon" }, { "id": "6818445", "score": "1.6996603", "text": "Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan\". This was the first English translation directly from the Arabic original. Samuel Johnson was born on 18 September 1709 in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. Horace Walpole was born on 24 September 1717. Daniel Defoe was another political pamphleteer turned novelist like Jonathan Swift and was publishing in the early 18th century. In 1719, he published \"Robinson Crusoe\". Alexander Smith was a biographer who authored \"A Complete History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highwaymen\" (1719) which includes heavily fictionalised accounts of English criminals from the medieval period to", "title": "18th century in literature" }, { "id": "658506", "score": "1.6934638", "text": "in 1709 by Woodes Rogers during an English expedition that led to the publication of Selkirk's adventures in both \"A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World\" and \"A Cruising Voyage Around the World\" in 1712. According to Tim Severin, \"Daniel Defoe, a secretive man, neither confirmed or denied that Selkirk was the model for the hero of his book. Apparently written in six months or less, \"Robinson Crusoe\" was a publishing phenomenon. The author of \"Crusoe's Island,\" Andrew Lambert states, \"the ideas that a single, real Crusoe is a 'false premise' because Crusoe's story is a complex", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "id": "658511", "score": "1.6873634", "text": "in the Monmouth Rebellion. His short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony, followed by his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learned of his experiences first-hand, or possibly through submission of a draft. Severin also discusses another publicised case of a", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "id": "658521", "score": "1.6862062", "text": "his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Street, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and since Defoe was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman and learned of his experiences as a castaway. If he did not meet Pitman, Severin points out that Defoe, upon submitting even a draft of a novel", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "id": "2248790", "score": "1.6801465", "text": "old age. By 1721, Defoe had become a recognised novelist, with the success of \"Robinson Crusoe\" in 1719. His political work was tapering off at this point, due to the fall of both Whig and Tory party leaders with whom he had been associated; Robert Walpole was beginning his rise, and Defoe was never fully at home with the Walpole group. Defoe's Whig views are nevertheless evident in the story of Moll, and the novel's full title gives some insight into this and the outline of the plot: It is usually assumed that the novel was written by Daniel Defoe,", "title": "Moll Flanders" }, { "id": "532515", "score": "1.6773549", "text": "individuals mentioned, politicians and monarchs present and past, and most other countries and cities of Europe (\"Degulia\") and America (\"Columbia\") were thinly disguised under a variety of Swiftian pseudonyms. The disguised names, and the pretence that the accounts were really translations of speeches by Lilliputian politicians, were a reaction to an Act of Parliament forbidding the publication of accounts of its debates. Cave employed several writers on this series: William Guthrie (June 1738 – November 1740), Samuel Johnson (November 1740 – February 1743), and John Hawkesworth (February 1743 – December 1746). The astronomers of Laputa have discovered \"two lesser stars,", "title": "Gulliver's Travels" }, { "id": "13222979", "score": "1.6736252", "text": "Coleridge's albatross-shooting Ancient Mariner, Selkirk, probably the original for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Dampier, possibly the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's Lemuel Gulliver (of \"Gulliver's Travels\"), shared the same vessel. Opportunities for plundering were soon found; they captured several vessels, while negotiating the ransom of the town of Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador by threatening to burn it. Hatley played his part in these exploits, being in the \"Duchess\"'s pinnace as part of a planned boarding party, when the expedition's two ships fought and captured a Spanish vessel known as the \"Havre de Grace\" in the Gulf of Guayaquil on 15", "title": "Simon Hatley" }, { "id": "211768", "score": "1.6700046", "text": "seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of \"Gulliver's Travels\". During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated copies were printed in", "title": "Jonathan Swift" }, { "id": "5292617", "score": "1.6640943", "text": "types of novel. Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\" (1719) was the first major novel of the new century and was published in more editions than any other works besides \"Gulliver's Travels\" (Mullan 252). Defoe worked as a journalist during and after its composition, and therefore he encountered the memoirs of Alexander Selkirk, who had been stranded in South America on an island for some years. Defoe took aspects of the actual life and, from that, generated a fictional life, satisfying an essentially journalistic market with his fiction (Hunter 331–338). In the 1720s, Defoe interviewed famed criminals and produced accounts of their", "title": "Augustan literature" }, { "id": "211767", "score": "1.652175", "text": "responded with an attack on the Irish judiciary almost unparalleled in its ferocity, his principal target being the \"vile and profligate villain\" William Whitshed, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, \"Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships\", better known as \"Gulliver's Travels\". Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be", "title": "Jonathan Swift" }, { "id": "7432531", "score": "1.6490946", "text": "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain is an account of his travels by English author Daniel Defoe, first published in three volumes between 1724 and 1727. Other than \"Robinson Crusoe\", \"Tour\" was Defoe's most popular and financially successful work during the eighteenth century. Pat Rogers notes that in Defoe’s use of the “literary vehicle (the ‘tour’ or ‘circuit’) that could straddle the literal and the imaginative,” “Nothing...anticipated Defoe’s Tour”. Thanks in part to his extensive travels and colourful background as a soldier, businessman, and spy, Defoe had “hit", "title": "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" }, { "id": "658510", "score": "1.6486204", "text": "his story, 200 years old by then but still very popular, in one of his visits to Spain before becoming a writer. Yet another source for Defoe's novel may have been the Robert Knox account of his abduction by the King of Ceylon Rajasinha II of Kandy in 1659 in \"An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon\". Tim Severin's book \"Seeking Robinson Crusoe\" (2002) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration, and concludes by identifying castaway surgeon Henry Pitman as the most likely. An employee of the Duke of Monmouth, Pitman played a part", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "id": "5437898", "score": "1.6467941", "text": "(1688) had come from her theatrical experience. Delarivier Manley's \"New Atlantis\" (1709) comes closest to an inheritor of Behn's, but her novel, while political and satirical, was a minor scandal. On the other hand, Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\" (1719) was the first major novel of the new century. Defoe had written political and religious polemics prior to \"Robinson Crusoe,\" and he worked as a journalist during and after its composition. Thus, Defoe encountered the memoirs of Alexander Selkirk, who was a rather brutish individual who had been stranded in South America on an island for some years. Defoe took the", "title": "Augustan prose" } ]

[ "Queen in The Mousetrap", "queen in mousetrap" ]

[ { "id": "13973261", "score": "1.8381938", "text": "subject is male. As in the play, it is commonly used to imply that someone who denies something very strongly is hiding the truth. It is often shortened to \"[X] protest[s] too much\", or misquoted with \"methinks\" at the beginning, as in \"methinks the lady doth protest too much\". The lady doth protest too much, methinks \"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\" is a line from the play \"Hamlet\" by William Shakespeare, where it is spoken by Queen Gertrude in response to the insincere overacting of a character in the play within a play created by Prince Hamlet to", "title": "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" }, { "id": "13973258", "score": "1.7950133", "text": "The lady doth protest too much, methinks \"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\" is a line from the play \"Hamlet\" by William Shakespeare, where it is spoken by Queen Gertrude in response to the insincere overacting of a character in the play within a play created by Prince Hamlet to prove his uncle's guilt in the murder of his father, the King of Denmark. The phrase is used in everyday speech to indicate doubt in someone's sincerity. A common misquotation places \"methinks\" first, as in \"methinks the lady doth protest too much\". The line, like most of Shakespeare's works,", "title": "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" }, { "id": "13973260", "score": "1.7850342", "text": "husband dies. Hamlet then turns to his mother and asks her, \"Madam, how like you this play?\", to which she replies ironically \"The lady doth protest too much, methinks\", meaning that the Player Queen's protestations of love and fidelity are too excessive to be believed. The quotation comes from the Second Quarto edition of the play. Later versions contain the simpler line, \"The lady protests too much, methinks\". The line's allusion to Gertrude's (lack of) fidelity to her husband has become a cliché of sexually fickle womanhood and a shorthand expression conveying doubt in a person's sincerity, even when the", "title": "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" }, { "id": "13973259", "score": "1.4860381", "text": "is in iambic pentameter. It is found in Act III, Scene II of \"Hamlet\", where it is spoken by Queen Gertrude, Hamlet's mother. Hamlet believes that his father, the king, was murdered by his uncle Claudius (who then married Gertrude). Hamlet decides to stage a play, the \"Murder of Gonzago\", that matches Hamlet's theory in its basic storyline, in order to test whether viewing it will trigger a guilty conscience on the part of Claudius. As Hamlet, Gertrude, Claudius and others watch the play-within-the-play, the Player Queen, representing Gertrude, declares in flowery language that she will never remarry if her", "title": "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" }, { "id": "8602558", "score": "1.4681475", "text": "Statesman\" contributor Stephen Howe described it as \"engrossing and illuminating\" and the Irish Independent journalist John A. Murphy described it as \"enormously readable, entertaining and informative\", but \"[her argument] 'extremely disingenuous'\", and he quotes Othello, 'The lady doth protest too much, methinks', when describing one of her counter-arguments as 'exaggerated'. He added \"Historically in Ireland, Protestant `liberties' tended to mean Protestant `privilege,' and many Protestants (even including some United Irishmen) doubted whether Roman Catholics were constitutionally capax libertatis capable of appreciating or enjoying liberty at all, because of Roman tyranny and priest-craft. In short, the Orange Protestant is still benightedly", "title": "Ruth Dudley Edwards" }, { "id": "2544872", "score": "1.4389317", "text": "doth protest too much\"). Another set of forms are associated with the archaic second person singular pronoun \"thou\", which often have the ending \"-est\", pronounced as a full syllable, e.g. \"thou makest\" (\"you make\"), \"thou leadest\" (\"you lead\"). In some verbs, a shortened form \"-st\" appears: \"thou hast\" (\"you have\"), \"thou dost\" (\"you do\"; rhymes with \"must\"). In the case of the verb \"be\", such forms included \"art\" (present tense), \"wast\" (past), \"wert\" (past subjunctive) and \"beest\" (present subjunctive; pronounced as two syllables). In all other verbs, the past tense is formed by the base past tense form of the", "title": "English verbs" }, { "id": "7735385", "score": "1.3093147", "text": "was ANGER that did write it.\" The first \"epistle\" is devoted to Gentlewomen making an apology for a female's choleric directness. In the second \"epistle\" she blames \"railing\" male speech: Fie on the falshoode of men, whose minds goe off a madding, & whose tongues can not so soone be wagging, but straight they fal a railing...shall not Anger stretch the vaines of her braines, the stringes of her fingers, and the listes of her modestie, to answere theire Surfeitings: Yes truly. Then, using the Surfeiter's own vein, she uses the comic potential in the discourse, which enables her readers", "title": "Jane Anger" }, { "id": "3185849", "score": "1.3012178", "text": "\"The Georgiad\" (published in 1931). According to Joseph Pearce, As with so much of Campbell's satire, \"The Georgiad's\" invective is too vindictive. It is all too often spoiled by spite. This underlying weakness has obscured the more serious points its author sought to make. Embedded between the attacks on Bertrand Russell, Marie Stopes, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf and a host of other Bloomsbury's and Georgians are classically refined objections to the prevailing philosophy of scepticism, mounted like pearls of wisdom in the basest of metal. \"Nor knew the Greeks, save in the laughing page, The philosophic emblem of our age.\"...", "title": "Roy Campbell (poet)" }, { "id": "1751597", "score": "1.297734", "text": "attention-seeking behaviour is a wilful mischief rather than the result of an improperly nurtured upbringing. Yet her conscientious and modern-minded aunt neglectfully left Matilda at home. There is also a reference in Harry Graham's 1909 poem, \"Poetical Economy\", where abbreviation of words is used for comic effect, without, it is assumed, loss of meaning. This includes the verse This reference may or may not be a critique of verbosity in the play, but it is certainly evidence for the work's continuing fame. The play is also referenced in the very first episode of \"Round the Horne\" as a play that", "title": "The Second Mrs Tanqueray" }, { "id": "16771182", "score": "1.2970212", "text": "it. He writes \"the times are loose and come to a great disregard of the King or Court.\" The letter itself was so finely tuned to the political dynamics of the day that though the printer was arrested, the court censor writes that \"I can fasten nothing on \"The Poor Whore's Petition\" that a jury will take notice of.\" The Petition caused a flurry of broadside satires, poems and ballads on the subject through the following year. The historian James Turner terms this event as an example of a new carnivalisation of sexuality in Restoration England, where genuine political attack,", "title": "The Poor-Whores Petition" }, { "id": "16771184", "score": "1.2960756", "text": "style from fiery sermonizing to sexual mockery and ventriloquistic parody, anti-monarchist dissidents exploit the amphibiousness of festive-aggressive satire.\" They represented further political ventriloquism, especially on behalf of lady Castlemaine. Turner describes the transgressive satires as \"mingling the political protest against absolutism and corruption with the misogynistic hatred of 'female' secrecy, passion, and influence. Castlemaine becomes a figure of extravagance and carnivalesque theatricality, an embodiment of the kind of libertines and radicals in early modern London. The Poor-Whores Petition The Whores' Petition (also known as The Poor Whores' Petition) was a satirical letter addressed from brothel owners and prostitutes affected by", "title": "The Poor-Whores Petition" }, { "id": "16771183", "score": "1.2937132", "text": "satire, street commentary and bawdy theatre came together. Many anonymous, satirical broadside responses to the Petition circulated in the London coffee houses. They included four pamphlets entitled \"The Gracious answer of the most illustrious lady of pleasure, the Countess of Castlem---- to the poor-whores petition\"; \"The Prentices' Answer to the Whores' Petition\"; \"The Most gracious answer of Dame Barbara CountesseofC to the peticion of undone, poore, and distressed company of Whores\" and \"The Citizen's Reply to the Whores' Petition and the Prentices' Answer\". Turner comments: \"These broadsides were indeed printed, distributed, and enjoyed by the radical underground; by changing their", "title": "The Poor-Whores Petition" }, { "id": "9324007", "score": "1.2916489", "text": "The Englishwoman is traditional in outlook, while her Dutch counterparts think that women should rule. Some readers, like Algernon Charles Swinburne, stated that this was anti-feminist satire. The play was censored by George Buck, the Master of the Revels, for its political content. Buc was not interested in suppressing a play that endorsed the official line on the subject; rather, he worked to ensure that the play did its job in a way that served the government's interests. The surviving manuscript shows that most of Buc's edits consisted of small changes, \"altering the tone or tweaking a phrase.\" In one", "title": "John van Olden Barnavelt" }, { "id": "7735382", "score": "1.2915918", "text": "querelle because it relies largely on the traditional issue of sexual behavior to evaluate woman’s moral nature.\" Anger's arguments are a compilation of allusions, sayings, and some examples that match to those in the Book his Surfeit. She exposes the mono-gendered basis of the Surfeiter's \"objective\" or \"natural\" assertions. Anger's text responds to the male-dominated rhetoric of the female gender, passionately defends and attacks the male writes' complaint stating that he is \"surfeit\", or \"sick with sensual indulgence of women.\" Through defending her intervention in the debate, she constantly touches the reader's awareness that women were not confident enough to", "title": "Jane Anger" }, { "id": "4560304", "score": "1.2907577", "text": "Ellison\", \"Troublemakers\" and \"The Top of the Volcano\". Stylistically, the story deliberately ignores many \"rules of good writing\", including a paragraph about jelly beans which is almost entirely one run-on sentence. The story opens with a passage from \"Civil Disobedience\" by Henry David Thoreau. The story is a satirical look at a dystopian future in which time is strictly regulated and everyone must do everything according to an extremely precise time schedule. In this future, being late is not merely an inconvenience, but a crime. The crime carries a hefty penalty in that a proportionate amount of time is \"revoked\"", "title": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman" }, { "id": "9461325", "score": "1.2893736", "text": "to marry his \"niece,\" who is actually Hero in disguise. Another motif is the play on the words \"nothing\" and \"noting\", which in Shakespeare's day were near-homophones. Taken literally, the title implies that a great fuss (\"much ado\") is made of something which is insignificant (\"nothing\"), such as the unfounded claims of Hero's infidelity and the unfounded claims that Benedick and Beatrice are in love with one another. The title could also be understood as \"Much Ado About Noting\". Much of the action is in interest in and critique of others, written messages, spying, and eavesdropping. This is mentioned several", "title": "Much Ado About Nothing" }, { "id": "16635293", "score": "1.2890651", "text": "so finely tuned to the political dynamics of the day that though the printer was arrested, the court censor writes that \"I can fasten nothing on \"The Poor Whore's Petition\" that a jury will take notice of.\" The Petition caused a flurry of broadside satires, poems and ballads on the subject through the following year. The historian James Turner terms this event as an example of a new carnivalisation of sexuality in Restoration England, where genuine political attack, satire, street commentary and bawdy theatre came together. In her last years Page became close to her sister Margaret, to whom she", "title": "Damaris Page" }, { "id": "10760909", "score": "1.2838258", "text": "The poem's many commas and semicolons create pauses that instill reflection in the reader. In each pause the reader is given space to contemplate and engage with the message. The World Is Too Much with Us \"The World Is Too Much with Us\" is a sonnet by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth. In it, Wordsworth criticises the world of the First Industrial Revolution for being absorbed in materialism and distancing itself from nature. Composed circa 1802, the poem was first published in \"Poems, in Two Volumes\" (1807). Like most Italian sonnets, its 14 lines are written in iambic pentameter.", "title": "The World Is Too Much with Us" }, { "id": "11168889", "score": "1.2834466", "text": "the general query\". Initially, the debate gained little media attention, but the \"Daily Telegraph\" ran an article about the debate headlined \"DISLOYALTY AT OXFORD: GESTURE TOWARDS THE REDS\". The \"Daily Express\" wrote: \"There is no question but that the woozy-minded Communists, the practical jokers, and the sexual indeterminates of Oxford have scored a great success in the publicity that has followed this victory... Even the plea of immaturity, or the irresistible passion of the undergraduate for posing, cannot excuse such a contemptible and indecent action as the passing of that resolution\". The \"Manchester Guardian\" responded differently: \"The obvious meaning of", "title": "The King and Country debate" }, { "id": "7543810", "score": "1.2826297", "text": "at our expense and no roughness\". The \"Daily Mail\"—which supported women's suffrage—carried an eyewitness account, \"How It Felt\", by Constance Smedley of the Lyceum Club. Smedley described a divided reaction from the crowd \"that shared by the poorer class of men, namely, bitter resentment at the possibility of women getting any civic privilege they had not got; the other that of amusement at the fact of women wanting any serious thing ... badly enough to face the ordeal of a public demonstration\". Approaching Trafalgar Square the march divided: representatives from the northern industrial towns broke off for an open-air meeting", "title": "Mud March (suffragists)" } ]

[ "Holly came from Miami F L A", "holly came from miami f l" ]

[ { "id": "5010454", "score": "2.0857024", "text": "peaked at #16 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles charts in early 1973. After the announcement of Reed's death in October 2013, both the song and the \"Transformer\" album re-charted via iTunes. Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song) \"Walk on the Wild Side\" is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, \"Transformer\" (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with \"Perfect Day\". The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transsexual people, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "5010447", "score": "2.0735369", "text": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song) \"Walk on the Wild Side\" is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, \"Transformer\" (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with \"Perfect Day\". The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transsexual people, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "5010453", "score": "1.9378979", "text": "maybe hadn't met before, or hadn't wanted to meet,\" Reed said. The original release was a worldwide hit. In 2010, \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranked it as the 223rd greatest song of all time. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In the UK, the reference has sometimes slipped past the censors, who were apparently unfamiliar with the term \"giving head\". The term \"colored girls\" was also an issue in the US; RCA provided radio stations with a version in which it was edited out. The single", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "5010452", "score": "1.9257138", "text": "of the 1962 film based on Algren's novel. During his performance of the song on his 1978 \"\" album, Reed humorously explains the song's development from a request that he write the music for the never-completed musical version of Algren's novel. Each verse refers to one of the \"superstars\" at Andy Warhol's New York studio, The Factory. The lyrics were groundbreaking and risqué for their time, telling stories not usually told in rock songs up to then, and containing references to prostitution, transsexuals, and oral sex. \"I always thought it would be kinda fun to introduce people to characters they", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "5010451", "score": "1.895394", "text": "pay to £34 (). In the 2001 documentary \"Classic Albums: Lou Reed: Transformer\", Reed says that it was Nelson Algren's 1956 novel, \"A Walk on the Wild Side\" (itself titled after the 1952 song \"The Wild Side of Life\"), that was the launching point for the song, even though, as it grew, the song became inhabited by characters from his own life. As with several other Reed songs from the 1970s, the title may also be an allusion to an earlier song, in this case Mack David and Elmer Bernstein's song of the same name, the Academy Award-nominated title song", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "699291", "score": "1.8817575", "text": "during the mid-to-late 1960s: (1) Holly Woodlawn, (2) Candy Darling, (3) \"Little Joe\" Dallesandro, (4) \"Sugar Plum Fairy\" Joe Campbell and (5) Jackie Curtis. The song's transgressive lyrics evaded radio censorship. Though the jazzy arrangement (courtesy of bassist Herbie Flowers and saxophonist Ronnie Ross) was musically atypical for Reed, it eventually became his signature song. It came about as a result of a commission to compose a soundtrack to a theatrical adaptation of Nelson Algren's novel of the same name; the play failed to materialize. \"Walk on the Wild Side\" was Reed's only entry in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles", "title": "Lou Reed" }, { "id": "5010449", "score": "1.8742626", "text": "di-doot...\"\" The baritone saxophone solo played over the fadeout of the song is performed by Ronnie Ross, who had taught David Bowie to play the saxophone during Bowie's childhood. The backing vocals are sung by Thunderthighs, a vocal group that included Dari Lalou, Karen Friedman, and Casey Synge. The upright bass and bass guitar are both played by Herbie Flowers who was paid a £17 flat fee (). Like many of Reed's songs, \"Walk on the Wild Side\" is based on a plagal cadence, alternating from C to F. The F is played as a sixth chord. The pre-chorus introduces", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "5010450", "score": "1.8672315", "text": "the major second, D Major, although in some live performances this was changed to D minor, resulting in a completely diatonic song. The song is also noted for its twin interlocking bass lines played by Herbie Flowers on double bass and overdubbed on a stacked knob 1960 fretless Fender Jazz Bass. In an interview on BBC Radio 4 (\"Playing Second Fiddle\", aired July 2005), Flowers claimed that the reason he came up with the twin bass line was that as a session musician he would be paid double for playing two instruments on the same track, thus likely totalling his", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "5010448", "score": "1.8555532", "text": "the 500 greatest songs of all time. The lyrics, describing a series of individuals and their journeys to New York City, refer to several of the regular \"superstars\" at Andy Warhol's New York studio, the Factory, namely Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his nickname \"Sugar Plum Fairy\"). Candy Darling was also the subject of Reed's earlier song for The Velvet Underground, \"Candy Says\". Two decades after the song's release, Reed told interviewer David Fricke, \"I know my obituary has already been written. And it starts out, \"Doot, di-doot,", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "699290", "score": "1.819844", "text": "album. ... which embodied the spirit of the Velvets.\" Holden went on to compare Reed's voice with those of Mick Jagger and Bob Dylan and to praise the poetic quality of his lyrics. Reed's breakthrough album, \"Transformer\", was released in November 1972. \"Transformer\" was co-produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and it introduced Reed to a wider audience, especially in the UK. The single \"Walk on the Wild Side\" was a salute to the misfits and hustlers who once surrounded Andy Warhol. Each of the song's five verses describes a person who had been a fixture at The Factory", "title": "Lou Reed" }, { "id": "3484802", "score": "1.8064253", "text": "had stuffed down his jeans before the photo shoot. The first single from the album, \"Walk on the Wild Side\", became an international success, despite its controversial subject matter. The song's lyrics mention transgender issues, sex acts, and drugs, causing it to be edited in some countries and banned in others. It is now generally regarded by fans and critics as Reed's signature tune. \"Satellite of Love\" was issued as the second single in February 1973. In 2002, a 30th anniversary edition of the album was released; in addition to demos of \"Hangin' Round\" and \"Perfect Day\", it includes a", "title": "Transformer (album)" }, { "id": "5584215", "score": "1.7924361", "text": "by John Fante, with Edmund Morris and Ben Hecht (the latter uncredited), and the film starred Laurence Harvey, Capucine, Jane Fonda, Anne Baxter, and Barbara Stanwyck. In 1970, Lou Reed was approached about a project to turn \"A Walk on the Wild Side\" into a musical, a story he tells during his song of the same name on his 1978 \"\" album. The project never materialized, but he used the title for his song, \"Walk on the Wild Side\", describing the lives of the transsexuals and transvestites he saw at The Factory. In the \"South Park\" season 14 episode, \"The", "title": "A Walk on the Wild Side" }, { "id": "699292", "score": "1.7288656", "text": "chart, at number 16. Ronson's arrangements brought out new aspects of Reed's songs. \"Perfect Day\", for example, features delicate strings and soaring dynamics. It was rediscovered in the 1990s and allowed Reed to drop \"Walk on the Wild Side\" from his concerts. Bowie and Reed fell out during a late-night meeting which led to Reed hitting Bowie. Bowie had told Reed that he would have to \"clean up his act\" if they were to work together again. Reed hired an inexperienced bar band, the Tots, to tour in support of \"Transformer\" and spent much of 1972 and early 1973 on", "title": "Lou Reed" }, { "id": "18522773", "score": "1.7265654", "text": "Reed's 1972 single \"Walk on the Wild Side\", stating that the \"bass riff\" was \"oddly borrowed\" from Reed's song. Kurt Wolff of \"Country Music: The Rough Guide\" called Smith's composition \"lyrical boldness\". Wolff continued to say, \"Few singers spoke so unabashedly of attempting to reinvigorate love's fading fires, especially from a woman's perspective.\" Robert K. Oermann and A. Mary Bufwakck of \"Finding Her Voice: The History of Women in Country Music\" said the song represented, \"a theme song\" for middle-aged women during the late 1970s and early 1980s. They also compared Smith's musical representation to similar artists from the time", "title": "Still a Woman" }, { "id": "3475097", "score": "1.7073328", "text": "Perfect Day (Lou Reed song) \"Perfect Day\" is a song written by Lou Reed in 1972. It was originally featured on \"Transformer\", Reed's second post-Velvet Underground solo album, and as a double A-side with his major hit, \"Walk on the Wild Side\". Its fame was given a boost in the 1990s when it was featured in the 1996 film \"Trainspotting\" and after a star-studded version was released as a BBC charity single in 1997, reaching number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Norway. Reed re-recorded the song for his 2003 album \"The Raven\". A version by Duran Duran reached", "title": "Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "3484796", "score": "1.6788752", "text": "Transformer (album) Transformer is the second solo studio album by American recording artist Lou Reed. The album is considered an influential landmark of the glam rock genre, anchored by Reed's most successful single, \"Walk on the Wild Side\", which touched on controversial topics of sexual orientation and drugs. Produced by David Bowie and arranged by Mick Ronson, the album was released in November 1972 by RCA Records. Though Reed's self-titled debut solo album had been unsuccessful, Bowie had been an early fan of Reed's former band The Velvet Underground, and used his own fame to promote Reed, who had not", "title": "Transformer (album)" }, { "id": "8006008", "score": "1.6727409", "text": "by Lou Reed for Sister Ray Enterprises LTD. This is a binaural sound recording.\" Bruce Springsteen, who acted as an uncredited vocalist on the studio version of the song \"Street Hassle\", was in the crowd during the recording of the live album. During the performance of \"Walk on the Wild Side\" featured on \"Take No Prisoners\", Reed addresses the musician is in the crowd, saying, \"Hi Bruce. Springsteen is alright, by the way. He gets my seal of approval. I think he's groovy.\" The illustrations on the cover were officially credited to Brent Bailer but Spanish illustrator won in 2000", "title": "Live: Take No Prisoners" }, { "id": "3475111", "score": "1.6623576", "text": "is widely interpretated by listeners to be drug-related, the cardinal later clarified that he did not condone drug use. Perfect Day (Lou Reed song) \"Perfect Day\" is a song written by Lou Reed in 1972. It was originally featured on \"Transformer\", Reed's second post-Velvet Underground solo album, and as a double A-side with his major hit, \"Walk on the Wild Side\". Its fame was given a boost in the 1990s when it was featured in the 1996 film \"Trainspotting\" and after a star-studded version was released as a BBC charity single in 1997, reaching number one in the United Kingdom,", "title": "Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)" }, { "id": "9486589", "score": "1.6591048", "text": "released spread over two sides of a 45-rpm single; Smith's organ is not heard until Part Two. The single reached No. 21 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in June 1962. Harry James recorded a version in 1965 on his album \"Harry James Plays Green Onions & Other Great Hits\" (Dot DLP 3634 and DLP 25634). The Persuasions covered the song in 1971 on their second album \"We Came To Play\" (Capitol Records). Walk on the Wild Side (David and Bernstein song) \"Walk on the Wild Side\" originated as the title song of the 1962 film as performed by Brook", "title": "Walk on the Wild Side (David and Bernstein song)" }, { "id": "8006010", "score": "1.64643", "text": "Reed record.\" Live: Take No Prisoners Live: Take No Prisoners is a 1978 live album by Lou Reed, recorded during May 1978 at The Bottom Line in New York. The album contains ad libs by Reed during and between songs, among them a detailed story of the origin of \"Walk on the Wild Side,\" and a rant against rock music critics, particularly Robert Christgau. \"Live: Take No Prisoners\" was recorded during the series of albums where Reed employed the use of a binaural recording setup, using a dummy head with microphones in each ear. The back cover of the album", "title": "Live: Take No Prisoners" } ]

[ "bantermeisters", "Bantermeisters" ]

[ { "id": "2346105", "score": "1.6598842", "text": "have been released, and international versions of \"QI\" have been made in other countries. The panel consists of four participants: three rotating guests and one regular, Alan Davies, who has the seat to the immediate right of the host. Davies has appeared in every episode, although in \"Divination\" he was not able to appear at the studio but was still able to play \"from beyond\". Despite frequent wins, Davies often finishes last due to incurring forfeits. Questions posed to the panellists are often misleading, obscure, or very difficult. Providing an \"obvious but wrong\" answer (referred to as a \"forfeit\") results", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346138", "score": "1.6409019", "text": "van Luyn taking the role of regular panellist. Japin also appeared (in the audience) in a British \"QI\" episode, \"Gothic\", explaining how the name Vincent van Gogh should be pronounced. The Dutch series was discontinued after six episodes. A Swedish version of \"QI\" started airing on SVT1 8 September 2012, and is called \"Intresseklubben\". Comedian Johan Wester hosts \"Intresseklubben\", and Anders Jansson is featured as the regular panellist. A second series covering the letter B started airing in September 2013; Series C was recorded in June 2014 and aired in late 2014, while season D was recorded in June 2015", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346124", "score": "1.6190324", "text": "on set during filming who is able to communicate with the host during the show to provide and correct information. Other people involved in researching questions and compiling the scripts are John Mitchinson and Piers Fletcher, known (along with Justin Pollard, Molly Oldfield, and James Harkin) as the \"Question Wranglers\", whose research uses both \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" and \"Wikipedia\". The \"QI\" website also has a forum. A QI Elves podcast, \"No Such Thing As A Fish\" began on 8 March 2014. The title is taken from an entry into the \"Oxford Dictionary of Underwater Life\", which was used on the show.", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346137", "score": "1.6027455", "text": "beginning with Series J, on 19 February 2015. Davies has criticised \"QI\" being repeated so often, saying \"\"QI\" being in a soup of shows on one of these repeat channels ... completely devalues the brand\". Davies thought the show would gain more viewers when a new series aired if channels \"[made] an audience wait for a couple of months\". In 2008, the \"QI\" format was sold to the Dutch broadcaster VARA. Also called \"QI\", the Dutch version of the show aired for the first time on 27 December and was hosted by the writer Arthur Japin with the comedian Thomas", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346123", "score": "1.5955963", "text": "I'll make sure that person is given a list from another programme because they don't need them.\" Following this comment people asked Fry to come out and say who it was, with several people posting their suggestions as to who it was. Fry later posted on his Twitter account that it was neither Davies nor Rob Brydon. The research for the show is mostly carried out by seven people called the \"\"QI\" Elves\", a team which has included Justin Pollard, Vitali Vitaliev, and Molly Oldfield (daughter of Mike Oldfield). The \"elves\" devise the questions for the show, and one is", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346139", "score": "1.563828", "text": "and started airing in August 2015. A Danish version of QI, called \"Quiz i en hornlygte\" aired on DR2 between 2012 and 2013. The show was hosted by Danish comedian Carsten Eskelund. While not directly branded as a Danish version of QI, it maintained some recognizable elements, such as the difficulty of some questions and awarding points for interesting answers as well as negative points for wrong, but widely believed, answers. The Czech version of \"QI\" was first broadcast on TV Prima on 14 August 2013. The programme is hosted by Leoš Mareš, with Patrik Hezucký appearing as a guest", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346174", "score": "1.5630468", "text": "have been broadcast during the daytime schedules. The pilot was not hosted by Fry and was recorded in November 2009, but a series has yet to be broadcast. QI QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy panel game television quiz show created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. Stephen Fry was host of the show from its initial pilot, before departing after the final episode of the M series in 2016, with frequent \"QI\" panellist Sandi Toksvig replacing him prior to the beginning of the N series in 2016. The format of the show focuses", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346101", "score": "1.555439", "text": "QI QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy panel game television quiz show created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. Stephen Fry was host of the show from its initial pilot, before departing after the final episode of the M series in 2016, with frequent \"QI\" panellist Sandi Toksvig replacing him prior to the beginning of the N series in 2016. The format of the show focuses on Davies and three other guest panellists answering questions that are extremely obscure, making it unlikely that the correct answer will be given. To compensate, the panellists are", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "1457303", "score": "1.5542449", "text": "appeared as a panellist in one of the episodes. All episodes of \"QI\" (including the pilot) have been directed by Ian Lorimer. Lloyd currently presents the radio series \"The Museum of Curiosity\" (2011), which he co-created with producers Richard Turner and Dan Schreiber and former co-host Bill Bailey. In December 2011, Lloyd appeared as captain of the winning Trinity College, Cambridge, team on the \"Christmas University Challenge\". Lloyd was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to broadcasting. Lloyd was also awarded an honorary degree from Southampton Solent University.", "title": "John Lloyd (producer)" }, { "id": "2346104", "score": "1.5487193", "text": "the regular show's broadcast under the title of \"QI XL\". Series G and H saw the regular show broadcast in a pre-watershed slot with the extended edition remaining within a post-watershed slot. Beginning with the I series, the regular show returned to a post-watershed slot on BBC Two. Syndicated episodes of previous series are regularly shown on UKTV G2/Dave. The show has received very positive ratings from critics and has been nominated for multiple awards; \"QI\" itself has the highest viewing figures for any show broadcast on BBC Four and Dave. Several books, DVDs and other tie-ins to the show", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346136", "score": "1.5360737", "text": "background of the show are only cleared for UK usage, so until the show is bought by a Stateside TV company and the rights cleared for World, the programme (is) unaffordable by smaller countries.\" Amongst the famous names also to express anger over \"QI\" not being shown in the US include comedian John Hodgman, who appeared as a \"fifth guest\" in the second episode of Series G. In 2013, \"QI\" was picked up in the US by the streaming video service Hulu. On 30 January 2015 BBC America announced that they had acquired \"QI\" and planned on airing the show,", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346128", "score": "1.5164613", "text": "episodes from previous series were retroactively given titles. A video podcast (featuring the best moments with some out-takes) was planned to accompany Series E, but this was instead turned into a set of \"Quickies\" featured on the \"QI\" homepage of the BBC's website. As this decision was not reached until after recording, the videos are still referred to as \"vodcasts\" by whoever is introducing them (usually Fry but occasionally a panellist or even the audience.) Points may be given to (or taken from) the audience, and five episodes have the distinction of being won by the audience: \"Death\", the 5th", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346133", "score": "1.5068407", "text": "the live Comic Relief episode. c. Also made an additional appearance in the live Sport Relief episode. d. Excluding Series N onwards. Toksvig took over hosting duties from Fry from the start of Series N. As of 2011, \"QI\" is distributed by FremantleMedia. In Australia, \"QI\" is broadcast on the ABC. The programme was first broadcast on 20 October 2009 after the surprise ratings success of \"Stephen Fry in America\". The ABC aired \"QI\" Series F first, but subsequently, in July 2010, ABC1 began broadcasting \"QI\" from the very beginning with Series A. The show was regularly repeated and screened", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "10346399", "score": "1.5050864", "text": "Fellow of the RSA and one of Trustees of the London Centre for International Storytelling. Mitchinson lives in the Oxfordshire village of Great Tew where his spare time spent with his wife and children, raising pigs, chickens, and sheep. John Mitchinson (researcher) John Mitchinson is the head of research for the British television panel game \"QI\", and is also the managing director of Quite Interesting Limited. He is co-writer of the \"QI\" series of books with the show's creator John Lloyd. The two men are normally referred to as \"The Two Johns\" and are seen as the main controllers of", "title": "John Mitchinson (researcher)" }, { "id": "2346130", "score": "1.5022813", "text": "March 2011 as part of Comic Relief's special \"24 Hour Panel People\" featuring David Walliams, who appeared in various old and new panel game shows throughout a 24-hour period. The shows were streamed live on the Red Nose Day website, and parts of each show were shown during five half-hour specials on Comic Relief. The \"QI\" episode featured panellists Sue Perkins, Jo Brand, Russell Tovey and David Walliams. Davies admitted through Twitter that he was asked to host the episode when it was not certain if Fry would be available, but Davies declined. Once Fry confirmed his participation, Davies did", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "2346122", "score": "1.5002787", "text": "given a list of questions about an hour before the show, for preparatory purposes, but the guests are forbidden to ask for preparatory materials or other help. Alan Davies never does any preparation. In an interview with the \"Radio Times\" regarding the current state of the BBC, Fry revealed one of the regular panellists insists on seeing the questions before they appear in the show. \"There's only one regular guest who always insists on seeing the questions beforehand and prepares for them. I won't tell you his or her name,\" he said. \"It really annoys me. In fact, one day,", "title": "QI" }, { "id": "10927861", "score": "1.4977632", "text": "contributions were sometimes provided by correspondent Graham Prince (Robert Meakin). Off-screen, the Producer (Voice of Alexander McConnell) tried to keep Squire and Langton in order. Each programme ended with one of the characters mentioning a final fact. The other would say, \"Is that news?\" to which the first responded, \"It's news to me\". As the credits roll, a disclaimer appeared which read, \"All the information in this programme is believed to be true\", followed by humorous comments swearing that it is true. The script for \"QI News\" was written by Meakin and Justin Gayner. The research for the show was", "title": "QI News" }, { "id": "19633565", "score": "1.4930902", "text": "from for the duration of the experiment. Once filming had begun, the identities of participants were initially withheld by Channel 4 until they had decided when the series would be broadcast. Participants were selected to provide a broad cross section of skills deemed to be needed in the community. On the day of the first broadcast, the \"Radio Times\" identified six participants as \"ones to watch\": Jack, Katie, Lloyd, Jane, Jasmine and Raphael. The show was first broadcast weekly on Channel 4, in the 9pm-10pm Monday slot (episode one being an extended 80 minutes). Due to strong language and the", "title": "Eden (2016 TV series)" }, { "id": "10346396", "score": "1.4882613", "text": "John Mitchinson (researcher) John Mitchinson is the head of research for the British television panel game \"QI\", and is also the managing director of Quite Interesting Limited. He is co-writer of the \"QI\" series of books with the show's creator John Lloyd. The two men are normally referred to as \"The Two Johns\" and are seen as the main controllers of \"QI\", as they do most of the research of the show. His most recent work, \"1,411 Quite Interesting Facts to Knock You Sideways\", a collaboration with John Lloyd and James Harkin, will be released in 2015 with W.W. Norton", "title": "John Mitchinson (researcher)" }, { "id": "2346150", "score": "1.4850538", "text": "digitally altered picture of Thatcher, showcasing the Thatcher effect optical illusion, was shown on-screen. Several Conservative politicians condemned the remarks; and Lord Tebbit complained that \"Lady Thatcher has been treated like this by the BBC for the past 30 years\". A spokesperson for the BBC said that the episode was filmed in June 2010 and had no relation to current events. In 2011, an episode of \"QI\" featuring Jeremy Clarkson was withdrawn due to controversial comments Clarkson had recently made about people committing suicide by jumping in front of trains. The \"QI\" episode did not contain any such statements, but", "title": "QI" } ]

[ "eutere", "euterpe muse", "Eutere", "euterpe", "plectis", "Euterpean", "euterpe mythical", "euterpe mythology", "Eὐτέρπη", "Euterpe (muse)", "eὐτέρπη", "Euterpe", "Plectis", "euterpean", "Euterpe (mythology)", "Euterpe (mythical)" ]

[ { "id": "789771", "score": "1.6693692", "text": "poetry), Melpomene (tragedy), Terpsichore (dance), Erato (love poetry), Polyhymnia (sacred poetry), and Urania (astronomy). According to Pausanias in the later second century AD, there were originally three Muses, worshipped on Mount Helicon in Boeotia: Aoide (\"song\" or \"tune\"), Melete (\"practice\" or \"occasion\"), and Mneme (\"memory\"). Together, these three form the complete picture of the preconditions of poetic art in cult practice. In Delphi three Muses were worshiped as well, but with other names: Nete, Mese, and Hypate, which are assigned as the names of the three cords of the ancient musical instrument, the lyre. Alternatively, later they were called Cephisso,", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "789770", "score": "1.6583142", "text": "Aoide or \"Song\". Three ancient Muses were also reported in Plutarch's (46–120 AD) \"Quaestiones Convivales\" (9.I4.2–4). However, the classical understanding of the Muses tripled their triad and established a set of nine goddesses, who embody the arts and inspire creation with their graces through remembered and improvised song and mime, writing, traditional music, and dance. It was not until Hellenistic times that the following systematic set of functions was assigned to them, and even then there was some variation in both their names and their attributes: Calliope (epic poetry), Clio (history), Euterpe (flutes and lyric poetry), Thalia (comedy and pastoral", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "247214", "score": "1.6568024", "text": "and composers), individuals who perform music (which include orchestra, jazz band and rock band musicians, singers and conductors), individuals who record music (music producers and sound engineers), individuals who organize concert tours, and individuals who sell recordings and sheet music and scores to customers. The word derives from Greek μουσική (\"mousike\"; \"art of the Muses\"). In Greek mythology, the nine Muses were the goddesses who inspired literature, science, and the arts and who were the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, song-lyrics, and myths in the Greek culture. According to the \"Online Etymological Dictionary\", the term \"music\" is", "title": "Music" }, { "id": "789776", "score": "1.6129638", "text": "daughters of Harmonia (the daughter of Aphrodite and Ares), which contradicts the myth in which they were dancing at the wedding of Harmonia and Cadmus. The Muses had several temples and shrines in ancient Greece, their two main cult centres being Mount Helikon in Boiotia and Pieria in Makedonia. Strabo wrote: The cult of the Muses where also commonly connected to that of Apollo. Some Greek writers give the names of the nine Muses as Kallichore, Helike, Eunike, Thelxinoë, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Eukelade, Dia, and Enope. In Renaissance and Neoclassical art, the dissemination of emblem books such as Cesare Ripa's \"Iconologia\"", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "789769", "score": "1.6097648", "text": "and Europe, teaching the arts of cultivation wherever he went. According to Hesiod's account (c. 600 BC), generally followed by the writers of antiquity, the Nine Muses were the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (i.e., \"Memory\" personified), figuring as personifications of knowledge and the arts, especially literature, dance and music. The Roman scholar Varro (116–27 BC) relates that there are only three Muses: one born from the movement of water, another who makes sound by striking the air, and a third who is embodied only in the human voice. They were called Melete or \"Practice\", Mneme or \"Memory\" and", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Muses\n\nIn ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses (, ) are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths that were related orally for centuries in ancient Greek culture.\n\nMelete, Aoede, and Mneme are the original Boeotian Muses, and Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania are the nine Olympian Muses.\n\nIn modern figurative usage, a Muse may be a source of artistic inspiration.", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Euterpe\n\nEuterpe (; , from + ) was one of the Muses in Greek mythology, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse of lyric poetry. She has been called \"Giver of delight\" by ancient poets.", "title": "Euterpe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Artemis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Persephone\n\nIn ancient Greek mythology and religion, Persephone ( ; ), also called Kore or Cora ( ; ), is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. She became the queen of the underworld after her abduction by and marriage to her uncle Hades, the king of the underworld.\n\nThe myth of her abduction, her sojourn in the underworld, and her temporary return to the surface represents her functions as the embodiment of spring and the personification of vegetation, especially grain crops, which disappear into the earth when sown, sprout from the earth in spring, and are harvested when fully grown. In Classical Greek art, Persephone is invariably portrayed robed, often carrying a sheaf of grain. She may appear as a mystical divinity with a sceptre and a little box, but she was mostly represented in the process of being carried off by Hades.\n\nPersephone as a vegetation goddess and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which promised the initiated a happy afterlife. The origins of her cult are uncertain, but it was based on ancient agrarian cults of agricultural communities. In Athens, the mysteries celebrated in the month of Anthesterion were dedicated to her. The city of Epizephyrian Locris, in modern Calabria (southern Italy), was famous for its cult of Persephone, where she is a goddess of marriage and childbirth in this region.\n\nHer name has numerous historical variants. These include Persephassa () and Persephatta (). In Latin, her name is rendered Proserpina. She was identified by the Romans as the Italic goddess Libera, who was conflated with Proserpina. Myths similar to Persephone's descent and return to earth also appear in the cults of male gods including Attis, Adonis, and Osiris, and in Minoan Crete.", "title": "Persephone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nike (mythology)\n\nIn Greek mythology, Nike (; , , ) was a goddess who personified victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics. She is often portrayed in Greek art as Winged Victory in the motion of flight; however, she can also appear without wings as \"Wingless Victory\" when she is being portrayed as an attribute of another deity such as Athena. In Greek literature Nike is described as both an attribute and attendant to the gods Zeus and Athena. Nike gained this honored role beside Zeus during the Titanomachy where she was one of the first gods to offer her allegiance to Zeus. At Athens, Nike became a servant to Athena as well as an attribute of her due to the prominent status Athena held in her patron city. The fusion of the two goddesses at Athens has contributed to the ambiguity surrounding Nike's origins. It is unclear whether she originated from a character trait of the Greek goddess Athena or has always existed as an independent deity. Her origin story in Greek mythology is also slightly ambiguous, with the \"Theogony\" claiming Nike to be the daughter of Styx and Pallas Her Roman equivalent was Victoria. The company Nike, Inc. was named after the goddess.", "title": "Nike (mythology)" }, { "id": "789766", "score": "1.5969036", "text": "though most mythographers credit Marsyas or Athena with its invention. Some say she also invented other wind instruments. Euterpe is often depicted holding a flute in artistic renditions of her. Euterpe In Greek mythology, Euterpe (/juːˈtɜːrpiː/; Greek: Eὐτέρπη, Ancient Greek: [eu̯térpɛː]; \"rejoicing well\" or \"delight\" from Ancient Greek εὖ 'well' + τέρπειν terpein 'to please') was the one of the Muses, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse of lyric poetry. She has been called “Giver of delight” by ancient poets. Euterpe was born as one of the daughters of Mnemosyne, Titan goddess of memory, and", "title": "Euterpe" }, { "id": "999341", "score": "1.5815167", "text": "represents folk music on the left and classical music on the right, both united at the top of the arch. In a semicircle on the sides of the back of the stage are the figures of 18 young women popularly known as the muses (although there are only nine muses in Greek mythology). The upper bodies were sculpted by Eusebi Arnau and the mosaic work of their lower bodies was created by Lluís Bru. The monotone upper bodies of the women protrude from the wall and their lower bodies are depicted by colorful mosaics that form part of the wall.", "title": "Palau de la Música Catalana" }, { "id": "8479941", "score": "1.5763991", "text": "An Ancient Muse An Ancient Muse is the seventh full-length studio album of the Canadian singer, songwriter, accordionist, harpist, and pianist, Loreena McKennitt. It was released on November 20, 2006 internationally, and November 21, 2006 in the United States and Canada. It was her first studio album after a 9-year gap. It has sold over a half a million copies worldwide since its release. Work on \"An Ancient Muse\" started in 2005. According to reports on McKennitt's Quinlan Road website, most of the inspiration for the tracks of the album came from the music of Greece, Turkey, the Middle East", "title": "An Ancient Muse" }, { "id": "20131555", "score": "1.5671506", "text": "to Mnemosyne in Pieria and became father of the Muses. Around about that time Pierus, was king of Emathia, sprung from its very soil. He had nine daughters. They were the ones who formed a choir in opposition to the Muses. And there was a musical contest in Helicon.\"\"Whenever the daughters of Pierus began to sing, all creation went dark and no one would give an ear to their choral performance. But when the Muses sang, heaven, the stars, the sea and rivers stood still, while Mount Helicon, beguiled by the pleasure of it all, swelled skywards tilI, by the", "title": "Pierides (mythology)" }, { "id": "789767", "score": "1.5658276", "text": "Muses In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses (Ancient Greek: Μοῦσαι, \"Moũsai\") are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They are considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths that were related orally for centuries in these ancient cultures. In current English usage, \"muse\" can refer in general to a person who inspires an artist, musician, or writer. The word \"Muses\" (, \"Moũsai\") perhaps came from the o-grade of the Proto-Indo-European root *\"men-\" (\"to think\") or from root *\"men-\" (\"to tower, mountain\") since all the most important cult-centres of the", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "2846461", "score": "1.5465755", "text": "to dwell at either Mount Helicon or Mount Parnassos. Other common locations for the Muses are Pieria in Thessaly, near to Mount Olympus. She had one son, Hyacinth, with one of several kings, in various myths—with Pierus or with king Oebalus of Sparta, or with king Amyclas, progenitor of the people of Amyclae, dwellers about Sparta. Some sources say she is also the mother of Hymenaios. Other accounts credit her as the mother of Linus, a poet who was buried at Argos, although Linus has a number of differing parents depending upon the account, including several accounts in which he", "title": "Clio" }, { "id": "20294161", "score": "1.5436361", "text": "text which has been transmitted mentions only a single Muse and presents a difficulty in that while representations of Marsyas playing the flute with a single Maenad are common, there are no known representations of Marsyas playing the flute with a single Muse. To resolve the problem, it has been suggested that Pausanias, whose descriptions are often very vague, was confused and has mistaken Apollo for a Muse. Fougères proposed to emend Μοῦσα (Muse) to Μοῦσαι (Muses), a correction which has been widely accepted since. The main objection to this hypothesis concerns the proposed arrangement of the base, with the", "title": "Mantineia Base" }, { "id": "789768", "score": "1.5388576", "text": "Muses were on mountains or hills. R. S. P. Beekes rejects both etymologies and suggests a Pre-Greek origin. The earliest known records of the Nine Muses are from Boeotia, the homeland of Hesiod. Some ancient authorities thought that the Nine Muses were of Thracian origin. There, a tradition persisted that the Muses had once been three in number. In the first century BC, Diodorus Siculus cited Homer and Hesiod to the contrary, observing: Diodorus states (Book I.18) that Osiris first recruited the nine Muses, along with the satyrs, while passing through Ethiopia, before embarking on a tour of all Asia", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "789762", "score": "1.5329523", "text": "Euterpe In Greek mythology, Euterpe (/juːˈtɜːrpiː/; Greek: Eὐτέρπη, Ancient Greek: [eu̯térpɛː]; \"rejoicing well\" or \"delight\" from Ancient Greek εὖ 'well' + τέρπειν terpein 'to please') was the one of the Muses, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse of lyric poetry. She has been called “Giver of delight” by ancient poets. Euterpe was born as one of the daughters of Mnemosyne, Titan goddess of memory, and fathered by Zeus, god of the gods. Her sisters include Calliope (muse of epic poetry), Clio (muse of history), Melpomene (muse of tragedy), Terpsichore (muse of dancing), Erato (muse of", "title": "Euterpe" }, { "id": "789784", "score": "1.5292664", "text": "and in Delphi and the Parnassus, where Apollo became known as \"Mousagetes\" (\"Muse-leader\") after the sites were rededicated to his cult. Often Muse-worship was associated with the hero-cults of poets: the tombs of Archilochus on Thasos and of Hesiod and Thamyris in Boeotia all played host to festivals in which poetic recitations accompanied sacrifices to the Muses. The Library of Alexandria and its circle of scholars formed around a \"mousaion\" (i.e., \"museum\" or shrine of the Muses) close to the tomb of Alexander the Great. Many Enlightenment figures sought to re-establish a \"Cult of the Muses\" in the 18th century.", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "8365244", "score": "1.5281053", "text": "Valley of the Muses The Valley of the Muses was the site of an ancient Greek sanctuary to the Muses and the \"Mouseia\" festivals held in their honor. It is an open-air historical site open permanently to the public. It is located at Thespies on the eastern slopes of Mount Helicon in Boeotia, Greece. The recorded history of the valley began in the 6th century BC. Its greatest period started in the 3rd century BC with the establishment of the \"Mouseia\" festivals (Grk \"Μουσεῖα\"), organised every fifth year by the Thespians. Poets and musicians from all over Greece participated in", "title": "Valley of the Muses" }, { "id": "789772", "score": "1.5248253", "text": "Apollonis, and Borysthenis, names which characterize them as daughters of Apollo. In a later tradition, a set of four Muses were recognized: Thelxinoë, Aoide Archē, and Melete, said to be daughters of Zeus and Plusia or of Ouranos. One of the people frequently associated with the Muses was Pierus. By some he was called the father (by a Pimpleian nymph, called Antiope by Cicero) of a total of seven Muses, called Neilṓ (Νειλώ), Tritṓnē (Τριτώνη), Asōpṓ (Ἀσωπώ), Heptápora (Ἑπτάπορα), Achelōís, Tipoplṓ (Τιποπλώ), and Rhodía (Ῥοδία). According to Hesiod's \"Theogony\" (seventh century BC), they were daughters of Zeus, king of the", "title": "Muses" }, { "id": "846773", "score": "1.522104", "text": "Polyhymnia Polyhymnia (; ; \"the one of many hymns\"), also spelt Polymnia (Πολύμνια) was in Greek mythology the Muse of sacred poetry, sacred hymn, dance, and eloquence as well as agriculture and pantomime. Her name comes from the Greek words \"poly\" meaning \"many\" and \"hymnos\", which means \"praise\". She is depicted as very serious, pensive and meditative, and often holding a finger to her mouth, dressed in a long cloak and veil and resting her elbow on a pillar. Polyhymnia is also sometimes credited as being the Muse of geometry and meditation. In Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus Siculus wrote, \"Polyhymnia, because", "title": "Polyhymnia" }, { "id": "7184115", "score": "1.5148914", "text": "'find' and 'invent', it is unclear; however, the writer Telestes in the 5th century states that Athena found the instrument in a thicket. In Plutarch's essay \"On the Restraint of Anger\", he writes that Athena, after seeing her reflection while playing the aulos, threw the instrument away because it distorted her facial features when played. After which Marsyas a satyr, picked up her aulos and took it up as his own. Myths of skill Orpheus is a significant figure in the ancient Greek mythology of music. Orpheus was a legendary poet and musician, his lineage is unclear as some sources", "title": "Music of ancient Greece" }, { "id": "846730", "score": "1.5114285", "text": "which are the names of the three chords of the ancient musical instrument, the lyre. Alternatively they were called Cēphisso, Apollonis, and Borysthenis, whose names characterise them as daughters of Apollo. In later tradition, four Muses were recognized: Thelxinoē, Aoedē, Archē, and Meletē, said to be daughters of Zeus and Plusia (or of Uranus). Melete In Greek mythology, Melete (Μελέτη) was one of the three original (Boeotian) muses before the Nine Olympian Muses were founded. Her sisters were Aoide and Mneme. She was the muse of thought and meditation. Melete literally means \"ponder\" and \"contemplation\" in Greek. According to Pausanias", "title": "Melete" } ]

[ "\"One where losses among the \"\"victors\"\" are so great as to make it barely worthwhile if at all\"", "one where losses among victors are so great as to make it barely worthwhile if at all" ]

[ { "id": "1613229", "score": "1.9884741", "text": "Pyrrhic victory A Pyrrhic victory ( ) is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Someone who wins a Pyrrhic victory has also taken a heavy toll that negates any true sense of achievement. \"Pyrrhic victory\" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius: In both Epirote victories, the Romans suffered", "title": "Pyrrhic victory" }, { "id": "1613232", "score": "1.9571154", "text": "dissent, A related expression is \"winning a battle but losing the war\". This describes a poor strategy that wins a lesser objective but overlooks and loses the larger objective. A \"hollow victory\" or \"empty victory\" is one in which the victor gains little or nothing. Examples include: Pyrrhic victory A Pyrrhic victory ( ) is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Someone who wins a Pyrrhic victory has also taken a heavy toll that negates any true sense of achievement. \"Pyrrhic victory\" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus,", "title": "Pyrrhic victory" }, { "id": "1613231", "score": "1.7494466", "text": "Latin history teaching books said that Pyrrhus suffered losses in the tens of thousands. This list comprises examples of battles that ended in a Pyrrhic victory. It is not intended to be complete but to illustrate the concept. The term is used as an analogy in business, politics and sport to describe struggles that end up ruining the victor. Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr commented on the necessity of coercion in preserving the course of justice by warning, In \"Beauharnais v. Illinois\", a 1952 U.S. Supreme Court decision involving a charge proscribing group libel, Associate Justice Black alluded to Pyrrhus in his", "title": "Pyrrhic victory" }, { "id": "5228647", "score": "1.6672542", "text": "and losses were difficult to replace. Besides, weakening own's army might expose to other enemies, or political struggles, and even internal enemies: a pretender to the throne or a coalition of nobles might challenge the king, a province might rebel to the central government or a third nation could exploit the situation, while the main army suffered heavy casualties after the battle. Winning a battle with a high cost is commonly referred to as a Pyrrhic victory. Pyrrhus of Epirus obtained a decisive battle against the Romans, but suffered so heavy casualties that was unable to continue the campaign and", "title": "Battle of annihilation" }, { "id": "4432621", "score": "1.6325206", "text": "we shall be utterly ruined.\" He could not call up more men from home and his allies in Italy were becoming indifferent. The Romans, by contrast, had a very large pool of military manpower and could replenish their legions even if their forces were depleted in many battles. This has led to the expression \"Pyrrhic victory\", a term for a victory that inflicts losses the victor cannot afford in the long term. Worn down by the battles against Rome, Pyrrhus moved his army to Sicily to war against the Carthaginians instead. After several years of campaigning there (278-275 BC), he", "title": "Pyrrhic War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pyrrhic victory\n\nA Pyrrhic victory ( ) is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Such a victory negates any true sense of achievement or damages long-term progress. \n\nThe phrase originates from a quote from Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose triumph against the Romans in the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC destroyed much of his forces, forcing the end of his campaign.", "title": "Pyrrhic victory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pyrrhic War\n\nThe Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC) was largely fought between the Roman Republic and Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus, who had been asked by the people of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy to help them in their war against the Romans.\n\nA skilled commander, with a strong army fortified by war elephants (which the Romans were not experienced in facing), Pyrrhus enjoyed initial success against the Roman legions, but suffered heavy losses even in these victories. Plutarch wrote that Pyrrhus said after the second battle of the war, \"If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.\" He could not call up more men from home and his allies in Italy were becoming indifferent. The Romans, by contrast, had a very large pool of military manpower and could replenish their legions even if their forces were depleted in many battles. This has led to the expression \"Pyrrhic victory\", a term for a victory that inflicts losses the victor cannot afford in the long term.\n\nWorn down by the battles against Rome, Pyrrhus moved his army to Sicily to war against the Carthaginians instead. After several years of campaigning there (278–275 BC), he returned to Italy in 275 BC, where the last battle of the war was fought, ending in Roman victory. Following this, Pyrrhus returned to Epirus, ending the war. Three years later, in 272 BC, the Romans captured Tarentum.\n\nThe Pyrrhic War was the first time that Rome confronted the professional mercenary armies of the Hellenistic states of the eastern Mediterranean. Rome's victory drew the attention of these states to the emerging power of Rome. Ptolemy II, the king of Egypt, established diplomatic relations with Rome. After the war, Rome asserted its hegemony over southern Italy.", "title": "Pyrrhic War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pyrrhic Victory (EP)\n\nPyrrhic Victory is an EP by metalcore band Zao, released on November 3, 2017. It is the third release by the band on their own Observed/Observer Recordings label since their reactivation in 2015 after several years of hiatus. The songs were recorded during the same sessions that resulted in 2015's \"Xenophobe\" and 2016's \"The Well-Intentioned Virus\". The EP in its entirety was streamed on the Metal Injection website on October 31, 2017.", "title": "Pyrrhic Victory (EP)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pyrrhic Victory (album)\n\nPyrrhic Victory is the third studio album by Dutch band Intwine. It was released on October 9, 2006 by V2.\n\n\n\n", "title": "Pyrrhic Victory (album)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pyrrhus of Epirus\n\nPyrrhus (; ; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house, and later he became king (Malalas also called him toparch) of Epirus. He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome, and had been regarded as one of the greatest generals of antiquity. Several of his victorious battles caused him unacceptably heavy losses, from which the term \"Pyrrhic victory\" was coined.\n\nPyrrhus became king of Epirus in 306 BC at the age of 13, but was dethroned by Cassander four years later. He saw action during the Wars of the Diadochi and regained his throne in 297 BC with the support of Ptolemy I Soter. During what came to be known as the Pyrrhic War, Pyrrhus fought Rome at the behest of Tarentum, scoring costly victories at Heraclea and Asculum. He proceeded to take over Sicily from Carthage but was soon driven out, and lost all his gains in Italy after the Battle of Beneventum in 275 BC.\n\nPyrrhus seized the Macedonian throne from Antigonus II Gonatas in 274 BC and invaded the Peloponnese in 272 BC. The Epirote assault on Sparta was thwarted, however, and Pyrrhus was killed during a street battle at Argos.", "title": "Pyrrhus of Epirus" }, { "id": "16310624", "score": "1.6077073", "text": "Pyrrhic defeat theory Pyrrhic defeat theory is the idea that those with the power to change a system, benefit from the way it currently works. In criminology, pyrrhic defeat theory is a way of looking at criminal justice policy. It suggests that the criminal justice system’s intentions are the very opposite of common expectations; it functions the way it does in order to create a specific image of crime: one in which it is actually a threat from the poor. However, to justify the truth of the idea there must be some substance to back it up. The system needs", "title": "Pyrrhic defeat theory" }, { "id": "4432673", "score": "1.5940399", "text": "and Cassius Dio. In the version of Plutarch, the battle took place over two days. In the other two versions it lasted one day. In Cassius Dio's version the Romans won. In Plutarch's version Pyrrhus won. Plutarch noted that Dionysius of Halicarnassus \"made no mention two battles, nor of an admitted defeat of the Romans.\" In fact, Dionysius did not say who won the battle. Plutarch also wrote that Pyrrhus said to someone who was congratulating him: \"If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.\" This was because he lost a great", "title": "Pyrrhic War" }, { "id": "1613230", "score": "1.5711964", "text": "greater casualties but they had a much larger pool of replacements, so the casualties had less impact on the Roman war effort than the losses of King Pyrrhus. The report is often quoted as or Ironically enough, it can never fairly be said that Pyrrhus of Epirus ever incurred such a \"victory\", having handily defeated the Romans in each of their engagements by a large margin, all the while suffering substantially fewer casualties (see, for example, the Battle of Heraclea). The term entered the English vernacular due to popular misconceptions of the magnitude of Pyrrhus's losses: beginning before the 1800s,", "title": "Pyrrhic victory" }, { "id": "4432620", "score": "1.5502228", "text": "Pyrrhic War The Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC) was a war fought by Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus. Pyrrhus was asked by the people of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy to help them in their war with the Roman Republic. A skilled commander, with a strong army fortified by war elephants (which the Romans were not experienced in facing), Pyrrhus enjoyed initial success against the Roman legions, but suffered heavy losses even in these victories. Plutarch wrote that Pyrrhus said after the second battle of the war, \"If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans,", "title": "Pyrrhic War" }, { "id": "13646387", "score": "1.5359267", "text": "resulted in the loss of all his Italian holdings. Because of his costly victories, the term \"Pyrrhic victory\" is often used for a victory with devastating cost to the victor. In 233 BC, the last surviving member of the Aeacid royal house, Deidamia, was murdered. Her death brought the Epirote royal family to an abrupt extinction and a federal republic was set up, though with diminished territory, since western Acarnania had asserted its independence, and the Aetolians seized Ambracia, Amphilochia, and the remaining land north of the Ambracian Gulf. The new Epirote capital was therefore established at Phoenice, the political", "title": "Epirus (ancient state)" }, { "id": "2605438", "score": "1.5345217", "text": "invaded southern Italy to aid the city state of Tarentum. Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea and at the Battle of Asculum. Though victorious, he was forced to retreat due to heavy losses, hence the term \"Pyrrhic victory\". Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy. After the Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) Pyrrhus lost all his Italian holdings and left for Epirus. Pyrrhus then went to war with Macedonia in 275, deposing Antigonus II Gonatas and briefly ruling over Macedonia and Thessaly until 285. Afterwards he invaded southern Greece, and", "title": "Hellenistic period" }, { "id": "16310626", "score": "1.5141182", "text": "the very tapestry that holds it together. He suggests that an act is perceived criminal because it affects a peoples opinions. “…we must not say that an action shocks the \"conscience collective\" because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the \"conscience collective\". We do not condemn it because it is a crime, it is a crime because we condemn it.” Pyrrhic defeat theory Pyrrhic defeat theory is the idea that those with the power to change a system, benefit from the way it currently works. In criminology, pyrrhic defeat theory is a way of", "title": "Pyrrhic defeat theory" }, { "id": "4432659", "score": "1.5054629", "text": "Pyrrhus from pursuit and the Romans thus managed to cross the river and make their escape into an Apulian city.\" Cassius Dio wrote that \"Pyrrhus became famous for his victory and acquired a great reputation from it, to such an extent that many who had been remaining neutral came over to his side and all the allies who had been watching the turn of events joined him. He did not openly display anger towards them nor did he entirely conceal his suspicions; he rebuked them somewhat for their delay, but otherwise received them kindly.\" Plutarch noted that Dionysius of Halicarnassus", "title": "Pyrrhic War" }, { "id": "1376712", "score": "1.5045402", "text": "say that the losses on French side were significantly higher because of their aggressive attack tactics which failed to cut off the allies from their lines and the allies in fact only lost 11,000 – 14,000. The French victory at Bautzen is therefore often called a Pyrrhic victory. Although a success for the French, Bautzen was not the decisive, strategic result Napoleon was looking for. Ney's failure to cut the line of retreat robbed the French of complete victory. Once more Napoleon had to settle for a narrow, pyrrhic victory. To make matters worse, during the battle, Napoleon's close friend", "title": "Battle of Bautzen" }, { "id": "12389752", "score": "1.5023689", "text": "Victory The term victory (from Latin \"victoria\") originally applied to warfare, and denotes success achieved in personal combat, after military operations in general or, by extension, in any competition. Success in a military campaign is considered a strategic victory, while the success in a military engagement is a tactical victory. In terms of human emotion, victory accompanies strong feelings of elation, and in human behaviour often exhibits movements and poses paralleling threat display preceding the combat, which are associated with the excess endorphin built up preceding and during combat. Victory dances and victory cries similarly parallel war dances and war", "title": "Victory" }, { "id": "12477489", "score": "1.501498", "text": "the similar expression Pyrrhic victory. Cadmean victory A Cadmean victory () is a reference to a victory involving one's own ruin, from Cadmus (Greek: \"Kadmos\"), the legendary founder of Thebes in Boeotia and the mythic bringer of script to Greece. On seeking to establish the city, Cadmus required water from a spring guarded by a water-dragon similar to the Lernaean Hydra. He sent his companions to slay the dragon, but they all perished. Although Cadmus eventually proved victorious, the victory cost the lives of those who were to benefit from the new settlement. The phrase \"Cadmean victory\" has been largely", "title": "Cadmean victory" }, { "id": "49559", "score": "1.4804385", "text": "the other when the latter is unable to withdraw from combat. A battle always has as its purpose the reaching of a mission goal by use of military force. A victory in the battle is achieved when one of the opposing sides forces the other to abandon its mission, or to surrender its forces, or routs the other, i.e., forces it to retreat or renders it militarily ineffective for further combat operations. However, a battle may end in a Pyrrhic victory, which ultimately favors the defeated party. If no resolution is reached in a battle, it can result in a", "title": "Battle" }, { "id": "18178918", "score": "1.4778669", "text": "Victory's Short Victory's Short ( La Victoire est de courte durée ) is a 2014 black comedy short film directed by Mika'ela Fisher . and co-directed by Benjamin Feitelson After nine years without celebrating their wedding anniversary, Gabrielle Montvignier, heir of a fortune in decline, is invited by her husband to a supper to make up for the past nine years. What she doesn't know is that he has planned to eliminate her during this strange supper. The movie is mainly supported by dialogues, and the two protagonists throw the words like in a ping pong game. A Kammerspiel ,", "title": "Victory's Short" }, { "id": "1564978", "score": "1.4771692", "text": "for war, and noted the intense speed of the dance. In Plato's \"Laws\", the dance is described as representing the offensive and defensive movements in battle. Other Greeks associated it with Dionysus. Pyrrhic A pyrrhic (; \"pyrrichios\", from πυρρίχη \"pyrrichē\") is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. It consists of two unaccented, short syllables. It is also known as a dibrach. Tennyson used pyrrhics and spondees quite frequently, for example, in \"In Memoriam\": When the blood creeps and the nerves prick. \"When the\" and \"and the\" in the second line may be considered as pyrrhics (also analyzable as ionic", "title": "Pyrrhic" }, { "id": "16310625", "score": "1.4747286", "text": "to fight crime, to some extent at least, but to an amount only to control it and ensure it stays in a prominent position in the public eye, not enough to eliminate it. This concept amalgamates ideas from Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Kai Erikson and Richard Quinney, drawn together by Jeffrey Reiman. Reiman’s ideas differ from those of Marx’s slightly. Whereas Marx suggests that the criminal justice system serves the rich by conspicuously repressing the poor, Reiman suggests that it does so instead by its failure to reduce crime. Durkheim suggests that crime is functional for society, and part of", "title": "Pyrrhic defeat theory" } ]

[ "removalists", "The Removalists" ]

[ { "id": "2832841", "score": "1.853569", "text": "in the 2001 revival of \"The Coming of Stork\" at the Stables Theatre in Sydney, produced by Felix's company, the Bare Naked Theatre Company. Sydney Theatre Company box office revenue from David Williamson plays: David Williamson David Keith Williamson, AO (born 24 February 1942) is one of Australia's best-known dramatists and playwrights. He has also written screenplays and teleplays. David Williamson was born in Melbourne in 1942 and was brought up in Bairnsdale. He was born on 24 February. He initially studied mechanical engineering at the University of Melbourne from 1960, but left and graduated from Monash University with a", "title": "David Williamson" }, { "id": "2832837", "score": "1.8189931", "text": "plays in 1967 with La Mama Theatre Company and The Pram Factory, and rose to prominence in the early 1970s, with works such as \"Don's Party\" (later turned into a 1976 film), a comic drama set during the 1969 federal election; and \"The Removalists\" (1971). He also collaborated on the screenplays for \"Gallipoli\" (1981) and \"The Year of Living Dangerously\" (1982). Williamson's work as a playwright focuses on themes of politics, loyalty and family in contemporary urban Australia, particularly in two of its major cities, Melbourne and Sydney. Major stage works include \"The Club\", \"The Department\", \"Travelling North\", \"The Perfectionist\",", "title": "David Williamson" }, { "id": "16863897", "score": "1.7983978", "text": "1974, making it the first full Australian production to have played in London since \"Summer of the Seventeenth Doll\". What If You Died Tomorrow? What If You Died Tomorrow? is a 1973 play written by David Williamson. It was commissioned by the Old Tote Theatre Company for its first drama season at the new Sydney Opera House. The play has a number of autobiographical elements, being about a doctor turned novelist and journalist who have left their respective spouses to live in an artists colony. David Williamson was an engineer turned playwright who lived in an artists colony in Eltham", "title": "What If You Died Tomorrow?" }, { "id": "2832835", "score": "1.7891624", "text": "David Williamson David Keith Williamson, AO (born 24 February 1942) is one of Australia's best-known dramatists and playwrights. He has also written screenplays and teleplays. David Williamson was born in Melbourne in 1942 and was brought up in Bairnsdale. He was born on 24 February. He initially studied mechanical engineering at the University of Melbourne from 1960, but left and graduated from Monash University with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1965. His early forays into the theatre were as an actor and writer of skits for the Engineers' Revue at Melbourne University's Union Theatre at lunchtime during the early", "title": "David Williamson" }, { "id": "3917542", "score": "1.6797416", "text": "Steele Rudd, told of the adventures of a pioneer farming family and became immensely popular. In 1955, \"Summer of the Seventeenth Doll\" by Ray Lawler portrayed resolutely Australian characters and went on to international acclaim. A new wave of Australian theatre debuted in the 1970s with the works of writers including David Williamson, Barry Oakley and Jack Hibberd. The Belvoir St Theatre presented works by Nick Enright and David Williamson. Williamson is Australia's best known playwright, with major works including: \"The Club, Emerald City\", and \"Brilliant Lies\". In \"The One Day of the Year\", Alan Seymour studied the paradoxical nature", "title": "Australian literature" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michael Hordern\n\nSir Michael Murray Hordern CBE (3 October 19112 May 1995) was an English actor, best known for his Shakespearean roles, especially that of King Lear. He often appeared in film appearing in nearly 140 cinema roles. His later work was predominantly in television and radio.\n\nBorn in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Hordern was attended Windlesham House School in Pulborough, West Sussex and went on to Brighton College where his interest in the theatre developed. After leaving the college he joined an amateur dramatics company, and was cast in minor Shakespearean roles in. \n\nDuring the Second World War he served on HMS \"Illustrious\" where he reached the rank of lieutenant commander. Upon his demobilisation he resumed his acting career and made his television debut, becoming a bit-part actor in many films, particularly in war films.\n\nHordern came to prominence in the early 1950s when he took part in a theatrical competition at the Arts Theatre in London, where he secured him a season-long contract at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre where he played several major parts. The following season Hordern joined Michael Benthall's company at the Old Vic where, among other parts, he played Polonius in \"Hamlet\", and the title role in \"King John\". In 1957 he won a best actor award at that year's British Academy Television Awards for his role in \"The Dock Brief\". Hordern had regular supporting roles in various films including \"Cleopatra\" (1963), and \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\" (1966).\n\nIn the late 1960s Hordern played in \"Whistle and I'll Come to You\". Hordern's next major play was \"Jumpers\" which appeared at the Royal National Theatre at the start of 1972. His performance was praised by critics and he reprised the role four years later. His television commitments increased towards the end of his life. His credits include \"Paradise Postponed\", the BAFTA award-winning \"Memento Mori\", and the BBC adaptation of \"Middlemarch\". He was appointed a CBE in 1972 and was knighted eleven years later. Hordern suffered from kidney disease during the 1990s and died from it in 1995 at the age of 83.", "title": "Michael Hordern" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Anthony Perkins" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of University of Edinburgh people\n\nThis is a list of notable graduates as well as non-graduate former students, academic staff, and university officials of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. It also includes those who may be considered alumni by extension, having studied at institutions that later merged with the University of Edinburgh. The university is associated with 19 Nobel Prize laureates, three Turing Award winners, an Abel Prize laureate and Fields Medallist, four Pulitzer Prize winners, three Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and several Olympic gold medallists.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of University of Edinburgh people" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of vegans\n\nVeganism involves following a vegan diet, which is a diet that includes no animal products of any kind. It can extend to ethical veganism which avoids or boycotts all products and activities whose production or undertaking is perceived to exploit animals, such as leather, silk, fur, wool, and cosmetics that have been tested on animals, as well as blood sports such as bullfighting and fox hunting.\n\nAll the people on this list are reportedly practising a vegan diet, or were at the time of their death.\n\n", "title": "List of vegans" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1981 in film\n\nThe following is an overview of events in 1981 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.", "title": "1981 in film" }, { "id": "9114471", "score": "1.6796042", "text": "very aware of her power and exercised it and demanded rewrites that she assumed would suit her character. I either did them or the play didn’t go on. I think the Australian version of the play was probably better. Up for Grabs (play) Up For Grabs (2000) is a play by Australian playwright David Williamson. Set in the booming international art market from 1990, which was fuelled by the dot com boom, it involves scenes of an alternate sexual nature. Not seen critically as one of Williamson strongest plays, it is a play of bad manners, an analysis of how", "title": "Up for Grabs (play)" }, { "id": "17802374", "score": "1.6397407", "text": "in international publications including: Melbourne Now Limited Edition (NGV, Australia, 2013); Multimedia Performance (Macmillan, UK, 2012) and Making Contemporary Theatre (MUP, UK, 2010). A recipient of the Sidney Myer Performing Arts Award and the Kenneth Myer Performing Arts Medal for his work as a director and actor. He was also recognised by the Victorian Green Room Awards for his work in theatre, dance and opera. As a writer, he has been commissioned by SBS, Sydney Opera House, Playbox Theatre, Circe Films and cinemedia, and recognised by the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards (his play Blowback was short-listed for the Louis Esson", "title": "David Pledger" }, { "id": "16863896", "score": "1.6250896", "text": "What If You Died Tomorrow? What If You Died Tomorrow? is a 1973 play written by David Williamson. It was commissioned by the Old Tote Theatre Company for its first drama season at the new Sydney Opera House. The play has a number of autobiographical elements, being about a doctor turned novelist and journalist who have left their respective spouses to live in an artists colony. David Williamson was an engineer turned playwright who lived in an artists colony in Eltham with wife Kristin after both left their respective spouses. The Old Tote production was performed in England in September", "title": "What If You Died Tomorrow?" }, { "id": "10430895", "score": "1.6215823", "text": "Adam Foundation Playwrights’ Award for \"The Learner’s Stand\" in 1994. In 2002, David Geary moved to Canada, where he has written a series of short plays - Menu Turistico, A Man Walks Into A Bar …, and Oedipus Butchers the Classics for the Walking Fish Festival of Vancouver. These plays have also had successful seasons in New Zealand. He’s continued to maintain strong ties with New Zealand theatre, with A Shaggy Dog Story (2005), The Underarm (2006) and a revival of The Farm (2007) all having productions at Centrepoint Theatre in Palmerston North. In 2007, Penumbra, a piece originally co-devised", "title": "David Geary" }, { "id": "6110602", "score": "1.6172988", "text": "first performed at Sydney's Belvoir Street Theatre in 1991. Awarded a special Australian arts scholarship by the then Prime Minister, Paul Keating. He has also received an honorary doctorate in literature from the University of Queensland, and an honorary doctorate of letters from the University of Western Australia. He has been writer-in-residence at the University of Western Australia, La Trobe University in Melbourne, the Southbank Centre at Royal Festival Hall, London, and at HM Prison Brixton in London. He has served as a member of the Literature Board of the Australia Council and the management committees of the Australian Society", "title": "Robert Drewe" }, { "id": "16882586", "score": "1.6172891", "text": "he faxed five critics asking for a fair go. Williamson later says this was \"ill-judged. To try to influence critics' opinion before the play is not something you should do and I wouldn't do it if I had my time over again\". The play was enormously successful, touring Australia for a year, and is frequently revived. The play was also performed in the US directed by Michael Blakemore. Fellow Australian playwright Louis Nowra said he never understood Williamson's popularity with audiences until he saw a production of \"Money and Friends\". I watched an audience laughing with recognition as the story", "title": "Money and Friends" }, { "id": "8043800", "score": "1.6096289", "text": "David Williamson \"and\" Shakespeare.\" Richardson says: Richardson was nominated for a Sydney Theatre Critics Circle Award in 1989 and was awarded an Australian Arts Council Literary Fellowship in 1990. In 2005 Richardson was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for her services to the Arts and to the Community, and in 2006 she was honoured in the Illawarra Australia Day Awards for her contribution to the Arts. Her plays have also been produced by the Riverina Theatre Company and heard on ABC Radio. She was made a lifetime member of Theatre South and the South Coast Writers' Centre. For Theatre", "title": "Wendy Richardson" }, { "id": "5765534", "score": "1.6048565", "text": "the Royal Court Theatre. His first major success came in 1964 with John Osborne's \"Inadmissible Evidence\" for which he was nominated for a Tony Award when it transferred to Broadway in 1965. 1964 also saw him appearing as Vladimir in Samuel Beckett's \"Waiting for Godot\" at the Royal Court Theatre. In 1968, he starred in the film version. Williamson's \"Hamlet\" for Tony Richardson at the Roundhouse caused a sensation and was later transferred to New York and made into a film, with a cast including Anthony Hopkins and Marianne Faithfull. Faithfull later stated in her autobiography \"Faithfull\" that she and", "title": "Nicol Williamson" }, { "id": "18140350", "score": "1.5883523", "text": "Queensland's Gold Coast, before abandoning law and moving to Sydney in 1983. In Sydney, Sheehy became a theatre critic for the now defunct \"Sydney City Express\" newspaper and in late 1984 joined the Sydney Theatre Company (STC) under the stewardship of Richard Wherrett. At STC he held various positions over a ten-year period including Artistic Associate, Literary Manager and Deputy General Manager, and he was dramaturg of a dozen productions. While at STC, Sheehy is credited with helping give Sydney the now often-used moniker and nickname of 'Emerald City' by suggesting this as the title for playwright David Williamson's 1987", "title": "Brett Sheehy" }, { "id": "18954975", "score": "1.5868073", "text": "Devon Williamson Devon Williamson is a New Zealand playwright, based in Tauranga. He has written plays that have been widely performed in New Zealand, as well as Australia, and will be performed in the United States. He mainly writes for the comedy genre. Williamson was born in Nelson, but moved to Tauranga in 1993. He is the co-founder of Detour Theatre, a theatre company in Tauranga. He has been working full-time in theatre, and related industries, for over 17 years and is currently employed by the Detour Theatre Trust as a director and tutor. Williamson has a wife, Kim, who", "title": "Devon Williamson" }, { "id": "19326668", "score": "1.5824182", "text": "Theatre Awards. In 2009 his co-adaptation of Shakespeare's history plays, performed under the title \"The War of the Roses\", was directed by Benedict Andrews for Sydney Theatre Company. This production collected four Helpmanns in 2009, including Best Play, and was listed as the theatre masterpiece of the decade by \"The Monthly\" in October 2011. Wright's 2012 play \"On The Misconception of Oedipus\" played at Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne and Perth Theatre Company, under the direction of Matthew Lutton. It won four Green Room Awards that year including Best Writing. In 2014 Wright's play \"Black Diggers\" premiered in Sydney under the", "title": "Tom Wright (Australian playwright)" }, { "id": "18954976", "score": "1.5818539", "text": "also directs for Detour Theatre, and two children. There have been over 50 theatre productions of Williamson's plays. Williamson's plays have been performed extensively throughout New Zealand by community theatre groups, as well as in Australia. In September 2015 \"The Old People Are Revolting\" will be performed at the Topeka Civic Theatre in the United States. Williamson mainly writes comedy and comedy-drama plays, and most feature small casts of less than 10. Notable works by Williamson are: Devon Williamson Devon Williamson is a New Zealand playwright, based in Tauranga. He has written plays that have been widely performed in New", "title": "Devon Williamson" }, { "id": "2832839", "score": "1.5754236", "text": "\"Flatfoot\" and \"Operator\", which premiered at the Ensemble Theatre). In 2005, he announced his retirement from main-stage productions, although he has continued to write new plays for the mainstage, many produced with the Ensemble Theatre. He had a serious health problem, cardiac arrhythmia, which had required frequent hospitalisation. An operation resolved this issue, but then in 2009 he had a mild stroke, from which he recovered fully. Williamson was instrumental in the founding of the Noosa Longweekend Festival, a cultural festival in Noosa, Queensland, where he lives. In August 2006 Cate Molloy, former Australian Labor Party member of the Queensland", "title": "David Williamson" }, { "id": "9453079", "score": "1.5728323", "text": "since 1976, beginning with his play \"Destiny\"; he was the company's literary consultant (1984–88), and became an honorary associate artist of the company in 1989. His plays have been directed by former artistic directors of both of the largest British subsidised companies, Trevor Nunn for the RSC and Peter Hall for the National Theatre. His works have been performed in Ireland, throughout western and eastern Europe, America and as far afield as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Japan. He is also the author of \"The Second Time as Farce: Reflections on the Drama of Mean Times\" (1988) and editor of", "title": "David Edgar (playwright)" }, { "id": "10025781", "score": "1.5708305", "text": "for the musical \"Variations\". Writers Daniel Keene and Stephen Sewell have each won the Award three times. In 2010, the judges decided not to shortlist any plays for the Award, instead bestowing a $30,000 grant for new playwrights. Their decision was widely criticised by many of Australia's most experienced playwrights. Gil Appleton, head of the judging panel, called for all future judges to see a performance of the play rather than judging the work on the script alone. In 1984, the Film Writing Award and the Television Writing Award were established, followed by the Radio Writing Award in 1988. In", "title": "New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards" } ]

[ "380 kilometres 240 mi south of arabian peninsula", "380 kilometres (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula" ]

[ { "id": "2706609", "score": "1.6824589", "text": "May 14, 2018, Saudi troops were also deployed on the island and a deal was brokered between the United Arab Emirates and Yemen for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of Socotra airport and seaport under Yemeni control. Socotra is one of the most isolated landforms on Earth of continental origin (i.e. not of volcanic origin). The archipelago was once part of the supercontinent of Gondwana and detached during the Miocene epoch, in the same set of rifting events that opened the Gulf of Aden to its northwest. The archipelago consists of the main island", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706623", "score": "1.6805124", "text": "are found nowhere else on Earth. The archipelago previously formed two districts of the Hadhramaut Governorate: In 2013, however, the archipelago was removed from the Hadramaut Governorate and created a governorate (Socotra Governorate) in its own right, consisting of the two above-mentioned districts. The primary occupations of the people of Socotra have traditionally been fishing, animal husbandry, and the cultivation of dates. Monsoons long made the archipelago inaccessible from June to September each year. In July 1999, however, a new airport opened Socotra to the outside world all year round. There is regular service to and from Aden and Sana'a.", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706618", "score": "1.6706744", "text": "species. The island was recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a world natural heritage site in July 2008. The European Union has supported such a move, calling on both UNESCO and International Organisation of Protecting Environment to classify the island archipelago among the environmental heritages. Most of the inhabitants are indigenous Soqotri people from Al-Mahrah tribe, who are of Southern Arabian descent from Al Mahrah Governorate, and are said to be especially closely related with the Qara and Mahra groups of Southern Arabia. There are also a small number of residents of Somali origin.", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706629", "score": "1.6638503", "text": "each year until 2014. Socotra Socotra ( ), also called Soqotra, located between the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea, is the largest of four islands of the Socotra archipelago. The territory is located near major shipping routes and is officially part of Yemen, and had long been a subdivision of the Aden Governorate. In 2004, it became attached to the Hadhramaut Governorate, which is much closer to the island than Aden (although the nearest governorate was the Al Mahrah Governorate). In 2013, the archipelago became its own governorate, the Socotra Governorate. The island of Socotra constitutes around 95% of", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706596", "score": "1.6577332", "text": "Socotra Socotra ( ), also called Soqotra, located between the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea, is the largest of four islands of the Socotra archipelago. The territory is located near major shipping routes and is officially part of Yemen, and had long been a subdivision of the Aden Governorate. In 2004, it became attached to the Hadhramaut Governorate, which is much closer to the island than Aden (although the nearest governorate was the Al Mahrah Governorate). In 2013, the archipelago became its own governorate, the Socotra Governorate. The island of Socotra constitutes around 95% of the landmass of the", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Socotra\n\nSocotra or Soqotra (; ; ) is an island of the Republic of Yemen in the Indian Ocean, under the \"de facto\" control of the UAE-backed Southern Transitional Council, a secessionist participant in Yemen’s ongoing civil war. Lying between the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea and near major shipping routes, Socotra is the largest of the four islands in the Socotra archipelago. Since 2013, the archipelago has constituted the Socotra Governorate.\n\nThe island of Socotra represents around 95% of the landmass of the Socotra archipelago. It lies south of the Arabian Peninsula, but is considered to be part of Africa. The island is isolated and home to a high number of endemic species. Up to a third of its plant life is endemic. It has been described as \"the most alien-looking place on Earth.\" The island measures in length and in width. In 2008 Socotra was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\nIn 2018, the United Arab Emirates invaded Socotra and relieved Yemeni government soldiers of their duties.", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "East Africa\n\nEast Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:\n\nDue to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term \"East Africa\" is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.\n", "title": "East Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Somalia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arabian Peninsula\n\nThe Arabian Peninsula, (; , , \"Arabian Peninsula\" or , , \"Island of the Arabs\") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate. At , the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.\n\nGeographically, the Arabian Peninsula includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen, as well as the southern portions of Iraq and Jordan. The largest of these is Saudi Arabia. In the classical era, the southern portions of modern-day Syria, Palestine, Jordan, and the Sinai Peninsula were also considered parts of Arabia (see Arabia Petraea).\n\nThe Arabian Peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast, the Levant and Mesopotamia to the north and the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world and globally due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.\n\nBefore the modern era, the region was divided into primarily four distinct regions: the Central Plateau (Najd and Al-Yamama), South Arabia (Yemen, Hadhramaut and Oman), Al-Bahrain (Eastern Arabia or Al-Hassa), and the Hejaz (Tihamah for the western coast), as described by Ibn al-Faqih.", "title": "Arabian Peninsula" }, { "id": "2706598", "score": "1.6458638", "text": "Oldowan lithic culture in Socotra. Oldowan stone tools were found in the area around Hadibo by V.A. Zhukov, a member of the Russian Complex Expedition in 2008. Socotra appears as \"Dioskouridou\" (\"of the Dioscuri\") in the \"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\", a 1st-century AD Greek navigation aid. A recent discovery of texts in several languages, including a wooden tablet in Palmyrene dated to the 3rd century AD, indicate the diverse origins of those who used Socotra as a trading base in antiquity. In 2001 a group of Belgian speleologists of the Socotra Karst Project investigated a cave on the island", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706599", "score": "1.6113901", "text": "Socotra. There, they came across a large number of inscriptions, drawings and archaeological objects. Further investigation showed that these had been left by sailors who visited the island between the 1st century BC and the 6th century AD. Most of the texts are written in the Indian Brāhmī script, but there are also inscriptions in South Arabian, Ethiopic, Greek, Palmyrene and Bactrian scripts and languages. This corpus of nearly 250 texts and drawings thus constitutes one of the main sources for the investigation of Indian Ocean trade networks in that time period. A local tradition holds that the inhabitants were", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706612", "score": "1.5923002", "text": "of Socotra received more than of rain from Cyclone Chapala in November 2015. Socotra is considered the jewel of biodiversity in the Arabian Sea. In the 1990s, a team of United Nations biologists conducted a survey of the archipelago’s flora and fauna. They counted nearly 700 endemic species, found nowhere else on earth; only New Zealand, Hawaii, New Caledonia, and the Galápagos Islands have more impressive numbers. The long geological isolation of the Socotra archipelago and its fierce heat and drought have combined to create a unique and spectacular endemic flora. Botanical field surveys led by the Centre for Middle", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2242676", "score": "1.5913118", "text": "this remote and isolated archipelago consists of four islands and two rocky islets delineating the southern limit of the Gulf of Aden. The site has a rich biodiversity. Nowhere else in the world do 37% of Socotra's 825 plants, 90% of its reptiles and 95% of its snails occur. It is home to 192 bird species, 253 species of coral, 730 species of coastal fish, and 300 species of crab and lobster, as well as a range of \"Aloes\" and the Dragon's Blood Tree (\"Dracaena cinnabari\"). The cultural heritage of Socotra includes the unique Soqotri language. The adult literacy rate", "title": "Yemen" }, { "id": "2706619", "score": "1.5908841", "text": "In addition, the island is inhabited by various Black African people, who are believed to be descendants of runaway slaves. Almost all inhabitants of Socotra, numbering about 145,000, live on the main island of the archipelago. The principal city, Hadibu (with a population of 8,545 at the census of 2004); the second largest town, Qalansiyah (population 3,862); and Qād̨ub (population 929) are all located on the north coast of the island of Socotra. Only about 450 people live on 'Abd-al-Kūrī and 100 on Samha; the island of Darsa and the islets of the archipelago are uninhabited. The Semitic language Soqotri,", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706597", "score": "1.5872295", "text": "Socotra archipelago. It lies some east off the coast of Cape Guardafui and south of the Arabian Peninsula. The island is very isolated, home to a high number of endemic species; up to a third of its plant life is endemic. It has been described as \"the most alien-looking place on Earth.\" The island measures in length and in width. In the notes to his translation of the \"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\", G.W.B. Huntingford remarks that the name Suqotra is not Greek in origin, but from the Sanskrit ' (\"island\") ' (\"supporting, or providing bliss\"). There was initially an", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "2706625", "score": "1.5801164", "text": "of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, had a residence there. According to 2012 and 2014 sources analysed by the American Enterprise Institute's Critical Threats Project, a naval infantry brigade was stationed on Socotra at the time. Some residents raise cattle and goats. The chief export products of the island are dates, ghee, tobacco, and fish. At the end of the 1990s, a United Nations Development Program was launched with the aim of providing a close survey of the island of Socotra. The project called Socotra Governance and Biodiversity Project have listed following goals from 2009: In February 2014, the \"Economist magazine\"", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "722235", "score": "1.5761781", "text": "covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene. The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean. Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Its size is 3,600 km (1,390 sq mi) and it is a territory of Yemen. The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator. This is because the winds of the tropical monsoons that give seasonal rains to the Sahel and the Sudan blow from the west.", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "id": "17860143", "score": "1.5739602", "text": "War, deployed troops and took administrative control of Socotra Airport and seaport. On May 14, 2018, Saudi troops were also deployed on the island and a deal was brokered between the United Arab Emirates and Yemen for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of Socotra's airport and seaport to Yemen. The archipelago consists of four large islands, socotra, Abd al Kuri, Samhah, and Darsah, as well as 3 small islets to the north of the archipelago. Socotra Governorate Socotra Archipelago ( ') or Suqutra is officially one of the governorates of Yemen. It is composed", "title": "Socotra Governorate" }, { "id": "20219279", "score": "1.5572753", "text": "Socotra: The Hidden Land Socotra: The Hidden Land is a documentary film produced by Kilogram Box in 2015. The documentary brings to light how the society of the island of Socotra, Yemen, is emerging from its isolation and its daily struggle to preserve their traditions in the face of globalization. The ancient beliefs and lifestyles of the Island of Socotra had remained unchanged for centuries, hidden from the eyes of the world. In their own words, the people use their traditional tales, beliefs and ways of life to explain how their island is, not always willingly, adapting its mode of", "title": "Socotra: The Hidden Land" }, { "id": "14692933", "score": "1.5538683", "text": "island of Socotra, hitherto unknown to the Portuguese. With the monsoon already reversed, Fernandes anchored in and spent his winter on the island. Socotra was, however, well-enough known to eastern merchants, having been the principal source of \"Socotra aloe\", a highly valued balm in the markets of Arabia and India. More interesting to Fernandes was its strategic location (optimal for a Red Sea patrol) and the existence of an isolated but strong Christian community on the island - Syriac Christians (quasi-Nestorians) to be precise. Fernandes's reports would be excitedly received back in Lisbon, and one squadron of the 8th Portuguese", "title": "5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)" }, { "id": "2706602", "score": "1.5434108", "text": "the loss of many moored Portuguese ships, the most important of which was the \"Santo António\" galleon under the command of captain Manuel Pais da Veiga. Thus the Portuguese abandoned the island four years later, as it was not advantageous as a base. The islands passed under the control of the Mahra sultans in 1511, and its inhabitants were Islamized during their rule. In 1737, however, Captain de la Garde-Jazier, commander of a French naval expedition heading for Mocha, was surprised to find Christian tribes living in the interior of Socotra during a five-week stopover on the island. He reported", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "8640884", "score": "1.5302199", "text": "Socotra Rock Socotra Rock () is a submerged rock below sea level (at low tide) located in the Yellow Sea. International maritime law stipulates that a submerged rock outside of a nation's territorial sea (generally 12 nautical miles) can not be claimed as territory by any nation. However, the rock is the subject of a maritime dispute between South Korea and China, which consider it to lie within their respective exclusive economic zones. The rock is located southwest of Marado (just off Jeju island) in Korea. For China, Yushan Island of Zhejiang, is away from the rock. The rock serves", "title": "Socotra Rock" }, { "id": "2706617", "score": "1.5267153", "text": "represent a degraded fraction of what once existed.\" The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea says the island had crocodiles and large lizards, and the present reptilian fauna appears to be greatly reduced. Until a few centuries ago, there were rivers and wetlands on the island, greater stocks of the endemic trees, and abundant pasture. The Portuguese recorded the presence of water buffaloes in the early 17th century. Now there are only sand gullies, and many native plants only survive where there is greater moisture or protection from livestock. The remaining Socotra fauna is greatly threatened by goats and other introduced", "title": "Socotra" }, { "id": "17860142", "score": "1.5251021", "text": "Socotra Governorate Socotra Archipelago ( ') or Suqutra is officially one of the governorates of Yemen. It is composed of the archipelago of Socotra. Since before British rule, Socotra had been part of the Mahra Sultanate, and remained so after Mahra became part of Aden Protectorate. With the independence of South Yemen in 1967, the archipelago was attached to the Aden Governorate, despite its distance. In 2004, it was moved to the Hadhramaut Governorate. Since December 2013, it has been a governorate of its own. On April 30, 2018, the United Arab Emirates, as part of the ongoing Yemen Civil", "title": "Socotra Governorate" } ]

[ "Platform Divers Float", "platform divers float" ]

[ { "id": "7215163", "score": "1.4133413", "text": "PDF/A, text/font usage is specified uniquely enough to ensure that it cannot be incorrect. If viewers or printers do not offer complete support for encoding systems, this can result in problems with regard to PDF/A.\" Meaning that for a document to be completely compliant with the standard, it will be correct internally, while the system used for viewing or printing the document may produce undesired results. A document produced with OCR conversion into PDF/A-2 or PDF/A-3 doesn't support the notdefglyph flag. Therefore, this type of conversion can result in unrendered content. PDF/A PDF/A is an ISO-standardized version of the Portable", "title": "PDF/A" }, { "id": "7215152", "score": "1.3724699", "text": "when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document beyond what is needed to print it. PDF/A was originally a new joint activity between the Association for Suppliers of Printing, Publishing and Converting Technologies (NPES) and the Association for Information and Image Management to develop an international standard defining the use of the Portable Document Format (PDF) for archiving documents. The goal was to address the growing need to electronically archive documents in a way that would ensure", "title": "PDF/A" }, { "id": "321620", "score": "1.3307114", "text": "\"tagged\" PDF (see clause 14.8 in ISO 32000) includes document structure and semantics information to enable reliable text extraction and accessibility. Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes. Tagged PDF is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the feature is optional, and since the rules for Tagged PDF were relatively", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "321634", "score": "1.3290074", "text": "30, 2010 security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked. A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics, text, and bitmap graphics. The basic types of content in a PDF are: In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page), forms, JavaScript (initially available as plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded contents that can be handled using plug-ins. PDF 1.6 supports interactive 3D documents embedded in the PDF –", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "7215151", "score": "1.3206874", "text": "PDF/A PDF/A is an ISO-standardized version of the Portable Document Format (PDF) specialized for use in the archiving and long-term preservation of electronic documents. PDF/A differs from PDF by prohibiting features unsuitable for long-term archiving, such as font linking (as opposed to font embedding) and encryption. The ISO requirements for PDF/A file viewers include color management guidelines, support for embedded fonts, and a user interface for reading embedded annotations. PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an \"as printed\" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen", "title": "PDF/A" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Acronym\n\nAn acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in \"NATO\" (\"North Atlantic Treaty Organization\"), but sometimes use syllables, as in \"Benelux\" (short for \"Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg\"). They can also be a mixture, as in \"radar\" (\"Radio Detection And Ranging\").\n\nAcronyms can be pronounced as words, like \"NASA\" and \"UNESCO\"; as individual letters, like \"FBI\", \"TNT\", and \"ATM\"; or as both letters and words, like \"JPEG\" (pronounced \"\") and \"IUPAC\". Some are not universally pronounced one way or the other and it depends on the speaker's preference or the context in which it is being used, such as \"SQL\" (either \"sequel\" or \"ess-cue-el\").\n\nThe broader sense of \"acronym\"—the meaning of which includes terms pronounced as letters—is sometimes criticized, but it is the term's original meaning Dictionary and style-guide editors are not in universal agreement on the naming for such abbreviations, and it is a matter of some dispute whether the term \"acronym\" can be legitimately applied to abbreviations which are not pronounced \"as words\", nor do these language authorities agree on the correct use of spacing, casing, and punctuation.\n\nAbbreviations formed from a string of initials and usually pronounced as individual letters are sometimes more specifically called initialisms or alphabetisms; examples are \"FBI\" from \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\", and \"e.g.\" from Latin .", "title": "Acronym" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Latin abbreviations\n\nThis is a list of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for example, \"versus\" or \"modus operandi\"), most of the Latin referent words and phrases are perceived as foreign to English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the original Latin ones (e.g., \"rest in peace\" for RIP and \"postscript\" for PS).\n\nLatin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language.", "title": "List of Latin abbreviations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Doctor (title)\n\nDoctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb 'to teach'. It has been used as an academic title in Europe since the 13th century, when the first doctorates were awarded at the University of Bologna and the University of Paris.\n\nHaving become established in European universities, this usage spread around the world. Contracted \"Dr\" or \"Dr.\", it is used as a designation for a person who has obtained a doctorate (commonly a PhD/DPhil). In many parts of the world it is also used by medical practitioners, regardless of whether they hold a doctoral-level degree.", "title": "Doctor (title)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Abbreviation\n\nAn abbreviation (from Latin \"brevis\", meaning \"short\") is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word \"abbreviation\" can itself be represented by the abbreviation \"abbr.\", \"abbrv.\", or \"abbrev.\"; \"NPO\", for nil (or nothing) per (by) os (mouth) is an abbreviated medical instruction. It may also consist of initials only, a mixture of initials and words, or words or letters representing words in another language (for example, e.g., i.e. or RSVP). Some types of abbreviations are acronyms (some pronounceable, some initialisms) or grammatical contractions or crasis.\n\nAn abbreviation is a shortening by any of these or other methods.", "title": "Abbreviation" }, { "id": "7215161", "score": "1.3110893", "text": "in use; accordingly, a PDF/A file will often be larger than an equivalent PDF file that does not include embedded fonts. The use of transparency is forbidden in PDF/A-1. The majority of PDF generation tools that allow for PDF/A document compliance, such as the PDF export in OpenOffice.org or PDF export tool in Microsoft Office 2007 suites, will also make any transparent images in a given document non-transparent. That restriction was removed in PDF/A-2. Some archivists have voiced concerns that PDF/A-3, which allows arbitrary files to be embedded in PDF/A documents, could result in circumvention of memory institution procedures and", "title": "PDF/A" }, { "id": "7215154", "score": "1.3104773", "text": "is the requirement for PDF/A documents to be 100% self-contained. All of the information necessary for displaying the document in the same manner is embedded in the file. This includes, but is not limited to, all content (text, raster images and vector graphics), fonts, and color information. A PDF/A document is not permitted to be reliant on information from external sources (e.g. font programs and data streams), but may include annotations (e.g. hypertext links) that link to external documents. Other key elements to PDF/A conformance include: Part 1 of the standard was first published on September 28, 2005, and specifies", "title": "PDF/A" }, { "id": "321625", "score": "1.3099666", "text": "of information rights management. Not only can they restrict document access but they also reliably enforce permissions in ways that the standard security handler does not. Beginning with PDF 1.5, Usage rights (UR) signatures are used to enable additional interactive features that are not available by default in a particular PDF viewer application. The signature is used to validate that the permissions have been granted by a bona fide granting authority. For example, it can be used to allow a user: For example, Adobe Systems grants permissions to enable additional features in Adobe Reader, using public-key cryptography. Adobe Reader verifies", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "321595", "score": "1.306781", "text": "PDF The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF was standardized as an open format, ISO 32000, in 2008, and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation. Today, PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "16383212", "score": "1.3041492", "text": "PDF Association The PDF Association promotes the adoption and use of International Standards related to PDF technology by assisting enterprise content management (ECM), document management system (DMS) and advanced PDF users with the implementation of PDF technology on an organizational level. In order to assist companies in making the most of PDF technology, the PDF Association provides organizations with information and resources on the variety of International Standards available for PDF. The PDF Association's stated mission is to promote Open Standards-based electronic document implementations using PDF technology through education, expertise and shared experience for stakeholders worldwide. Established in 2006 as", "title": "PDF Association" }, { "id": "321598", "score": "1.3029344", "text": "Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable for the full implementation of the ISO 32000-1 specification. These proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are also not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. On July 28, 2017, ISO 32000-2:2017 (PDF 2.0) was published. ISO 32000-2 does not include any proprietary technologies as normative references. The PDF combines three technologies: PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "9231538", "score": "1.3018923", "text": "digital form, there have been several measures to standardize electronic file formats so software to read them is widely available and can be re-implemented on new platforms if necessary. PDF/A is an open standard based on Adobe Systems PDF format. It has been widely adopted by governments and archives around the world, such as the United Kingdom. The Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) has been standardized by OASIS in 2005, and by ISO in 2006. Since then, support for OpenDocument has been implemented in a large number of open source and proprietary software. Therefore, using OpenDocument is one", "title": "Digital dark age" }, { "id": "7215162", "score": "1.2990723", "text": "restrictions on archived formats. The PDF Association had addressed various misconceptions regarding PDF/A in its publication \"PDF/A in a Nutshell 2.0\". Converting a PDF (up to version 1.4) into a PDF/A-2 usually works as expected, except for problems with glyphs. According to the PDF Association, \"Problems can occur before and/or during the generation of PDFs. A PDF/A file can be formally correct yet still have incorrect glyphs. Only a careful visual check can uncover this problem. Because generation problems also affect Unicode mapping, the problem attracts the attention when a visual check is carried out on the extracted text. In", "title": "PDF/A" }, { "id": "321624", "score": "1.2957518", "text": "including some free online services. Thus, the use restrictions that a document author places on a PDF document are not secure, and cannot be assured once the file is distributed; this warning is displayed when applying such restrictions using Adobe Acrobat software to create or edit PDF files. Even without removing the password, most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the permission \"protections\" and allow the user to print or make copy of excerpts of the text as if the document were not limited by password protection. There are a number of commercial solutions that offer more robust means", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "19972196", "score": "1.2955319", "text": "to defend. For example, most PDF related tools allow their users to copy or print without paying attention to password or protection. Vulnerabilities are quite common in Adobe Reader's long history with Adobe Systems providing appropriate solutions. Most PDF security concerns arise around the use of the full version of Adobe Acrobat whereas PDF documents are only the object of security analysis that is restricted to attacks and vulnerabilities. Like HTML files, PDF files are also vulnerable. Here, vulnerability of a PDF document means its susceptibility to flaw, attackers access to the flaw, and their capability to exploit the flaw.", "title": "Portable Document Format security" }, { "id": "321607", "score": "1.2937294", "text": "by the use of \"external streams\" or \"Alternate Images\". Standardized subsets of PDF, including PDF/A and PDF/X, prohibit these features. Text in PDF is represented by \"text elements\" in page content streams. A text element specifies that \"characters\" should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the \"encoding\" of a selected \"font resource\". A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface. It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded \"font file\". The latter case is called an \"embedded font\" while the former is called an \"unembedded", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "321597", "score": "1.2922703", "text": "a proprietary format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008, at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF compliant implementations. PDF 1.7, the sixth edition of the PDF specification that became ISO 32000-1, includes some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as", "title": "PDF" }, { "id": "10524208", "score": "1.292161", "text": "is an XML-based e-book format created by E-Book Systems; it has been superseded by the EPUB electronic publication standard. Invented by Adobe Systems, and first released in 1993, PDF became ISO 32000 in 2008. The format was developed to provide a platform-independent means of exchanging fixed-layout documents. Derived from PostScript, but without language features like loops, PDF adds support for features such as compression, passwords, semantic structures and DRM. Because PDF documents can easily be viewed and printed by users on a variety of computer platforms, they are very common on the World Wide Web and in document management systems", "title": "Comparison of e-book formats" }, { "id": "19501842", "score": "1.2870631", "text": "required longer download times over the slower modems common at the time; and rendering PDF files was slow on the less powerful machines of the day. Adobe distributed its Adobe Reader (now Acrobat Reader) program free of charge from version 2.0 onwards, and continued supporting the original PDF, which eventually became the \"de facto\" standard for fixed-format electronic documents. In 2008 Adobe Systems' PDF Reference 1.7 became ISO 32000:1:2008. Thereafter, further development of PDF (including PDF 2.0) is conducted by ISO's TC 171 SC 2 WG 8 with the participation of Adobe Systems and other subject matter experts. From 1993-2006", "title": "History of the Portable Document Format (PDF)" }, { "id": "321604", "score": "1.2844543", "text": "to scale, rotate, or skew graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the \"graphics state\", which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by a \"page description\". PDF has (as of version 1.6) 24 graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are: As in PostScript, vector graphics in PDF are constructed with \"paths\". Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic Bézier curves, but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines", "title": "PDF" } ]

[ "", "one thousand nine hundred and eighty", "one thousand, nine hundred and eighty", "1980" ]

[ { "id": "2177792", "score": "2.042862", "text": "cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member", "title": "Turner Broadcasting System" }, { "id": "721042", "score": "2.0396028", "text": "CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System, a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel. Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is", "title": "CNN" }, { "id": "13319804", "score": "2.0258527", "text": "History of CNN (1980–2003) Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel. Four years before CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "id": "721044", "score": "1.9520595", "text": "The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international),", "title": "CNN" }, { "id": "2199630", "score": "1.9065783", "text": "On Sundays it airs \"Fox News Sunday\", produced by its sister Fox News Channel. Fox does provide coverage of breaking news of major events such as presidential debates, primarily hosted by Fox News Channel anchor Shepard Smith. The advent of cable television in the United States led to the eventual birth of cable news. On June 1, 1980, Ted Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour cable news operation, and sister channel Headline News followed in 1982. CNN gained reputation significantly with its 1991 coverage of the Gulf War. The success of CNN inspired many other 24-hour cable news stations. In", "title": "Television news in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "CNN\n\nCNN (Cable News Network) is a multinational cable news channel headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.\n\nAs of September 2018, CNN had 90.1 million television households as subscribers (97.7% of households with cable). According to Nielsen, in June 2021 CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks, behind Fox News and MSNBC, averaging 580,000 viewers throughout the day, down 49% from a year earlier, amid sharp declines in viewers across all cable news networks. While CNN ranked 14th among all basic cable networks in 2019, then jumped to 7th during a major surge for the three largest cable news networks (completing a rankings streak of Fox News at number 5 and MSNBC at number 6 for that year), it settled back to number 11 in 2021.\n\nGlobally, CNN programming has aired through CNN International, seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories; since May 2019, however, the US domestic version has absorbed international news coverage in order to reduce programming costs. The American version, sometimes referred to as CNN (US), is also available in Canada, some islands of the Caribbean and in Japan, where it was first broadcast on CNNj in 2003, with simultaneous translation in Japanese.", "title": "CNN" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of CNN\n\nThe Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by the CNN Global division of Warner Bros. Discovery. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States.\n\nFounded under Turner Broadcasting System in 1980, the channel's success set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's acquisition of said parent company in 1996. Time Warner later became WarnerMedia after AT&T Inc.'s buyout in 2018. However, due to creative differences and debts, AT&T split from WarnerMedia as it merged with Discovery, Inc., forming Warner Bros. Discovery.", "title": "History of CNN" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ted Turner\n\nRobert Edward \"Ted\" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American entrepreneur, television producer, media proprietor, and philanthropist. He founded the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television, which later became TBS.\n\nAs a philanthropist, he gave $1 billion to create the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden U.S. support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded the Nuclear Threat Initiative with US Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA). NTI is a non-partisan organization dedicated to reducing global reliance on, and preventing the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. He currently serves as Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors.\n\nTurner's media empire began with his father's billboard business, Turner Outdoor Advertising, which he took over in 1963 after his father's suicide. It was worth $1 million. His purchase of an Atlanta UHF station in 1970 began the Turner Broadcasting System. CNN revolutionized news media, covering the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" disaster in 1986 and the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Turner turned the Atlanta Braves baseball team into a nationally popular franchise (including winning the 1995 World Series under his ownership), and launched the charitable Goodwill Games. He helped revive interest in professional wrestling by buying World Championship Wrestling (WCW).\n\nTurner's penchant for controversial statements earned him the nicknames \"The Mouth of the South\" and \"Captain Outrageous\". Turner has also devoted his assets to environmental causes. He was the largest private landowner in the United States until John C. Malone surpassed him in 2011. He uses much of his land for ranches to re-popularize bison meat (for his Ted's Montana Grill chain), amassing the largest herd in the world. He also created the environmental-themed animated series \"Captain Planet and the Planeteers\".", "title": "Ted Turner" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "HLN (TV network)\n\nHLN is an American basic cable network. Owned by Warner Bros. Discovery U.S. Networks, the network primarily carries true-crime programming, as well as limited live news programming.\n\nThe channel was originally launched on January 1, 1982 by Turner Broadcasting as CNN2 (later renamed Headline News or CNN Headline News), a sister network to CNN that broadcast a looping, half-hour cycle of segments covering various news topics. In 2005, HLN began to diverge from this format and air more personality-based programs, including a primetime block featuring pundits such as Glenn Beck and legal commentator Nancy Grace. In the mid-2010s, HLN repositioned itself as a social media-centric network, highlighting headlines popular on social networks, and introducing social media-themed shows. Under CNN president Jeff Zucker, the channel began to backpedal on this programming in 2016, gradually shifting to a focus on crime, \"regional\" headlines, and entertainment stories (in contrast to CNN's current focus on politics) during its daytime programming, with the remainder of its lineup being devoted primarily to true-crime programming.\n\nWith the 2022 merger of CNN parent WarnerMedia and Discovery Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery, HLN became a sister to Discovery's true-crime channel Investigation Discovery (ID). In December 2022, new CNN president Chris Licht announced that HLN would abandon original live news programming entirely as part of a reorganization, with HLN now being overseen by ID's staff, and news programming limited to a simulcast of \"CNN This Morning\" for contractual reasons.\n\nAs of September 2018, HLN was available to approximately 88.7 million households (92.5 percent of pay television subscribers) in the United States. Since the mid-2000s, HLN has been available internationally on pay television providers in parts of Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, the Middle East, North Africa, and Canada.", "title": "HLN (TV network)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Turner Broadcasting System\n\nTurner Broadcasting System, Inc. (alternatively known as Turner Entertainment Networks from 2019 until 2022) was an American television and media conglomerate. Founded by Ted Turner and based in Atlanta, Georgia, it merged with Time Warner (later WarnerMedia) on October 10, 1996. As of April 2022, its assets are now owned by Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD). The headquarters of Turner's properties are largely located at the CNN Center in Downtown Atlanta, and the Turner Broadcasting campus off Techwood Drive in Midtown Atlanta, which also houses Turner Studios. Some of their operations are housed within WBD's corporate and global headquarters inside 30 Hudson Yards in Manhattan's West Side district, and at 230 Park Avenue South in Midtown Manhattan, both in New York City, respectively.\n\nTurner is known for several pioneering innovations in U.S. multichannel television, including its satellite uplink of local Atlanta independent station WTCG channel 17 as TBS—one of the first national \"superstations\", and its establishment of CNN—the first 24-hour news channel. It later launched a sister cable network, TNT, the children's channel Cartoon Network, and the movie channel Turner Classic Movies (TCM). Turner South—a network devoted to regional sports and southern lifestyle programming—was launched by Turner in 1999, but was later sold to Fox Sports Networks in 2006 to form SportSouth. The same year, it acquired Liberty Media's stake in their joint venture Court TV.\n\nOn June 14, 2018, Time Warner, including Turner Broadcasting System, was acquired by telecom firm AT&T and re-branded WarnerMedia. After the purchase, \"Turner\" was phased out as a corporate brand, and on March 4, 2019, its properties were dispersed into either WarnerMedia Entertainment (TBS, TNT, and TruTV), WarnerMedia News & Sports (CNN, Turner Sports, and AT&T SportsNet), or brought directly under Warner Bros. (Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, and Turner Classic Movies). On August 10, 2020, the WarnerMedia Entertainment and Warner Bros. Entertainment assets were merged to form WarnerMedia Studios & Networks Group.\n\nAs of 2020, AT&T reported the financial results for WarnerMedia's ad-supported cable networks under the Turner business unit, while also using the term \"the TNets\" to refer to the group of TBS, TNT, and TruTV in press releases. On April 8, 2022, WarnerMedia merged with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery, and almost all of both companies' ad-supported cable networks were brought under the unit Warner Bros. Discovery U.S. Networks (though Turner International remained as the international company website until 2022 (due to result of the Warner Bros. Discovery merger)).", "title": "Turner Broadcasting System" }, { "id": "12894551", "score": "1.8775237", "text": "news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman and Peter Arnett. Throughout the 1990s, CNN (which was at the time the only major cable news channel) became very influential, an influence later coined as the CNN effect. CNN was the first cable news network to begin broadcasting in high definition in September 2007. Today, CNN's television personalities include Wolf Blitzer, Erin Burnett, Anderson Cooper and Jake Tapper. In 1982, the Turner Broadcasting System (which", "title": "United States cable news" }, { "id": "12894552", "score": "1.8426225", "text": "would merge with Time Warner in 1996) created a spin-off of CNN called CNN2, which was originally formatted to show the top news stories of the day on a 30-minute \"wheel\" schedule. The channel rebranded as CNN Headline News in 1983, before the network abandoned the CNN branding and changed its name to the orphaned initialism HLN in 2008, following a shift from news programming towards a mix of news during the day and discussion programs and documentary series at night that began two years earlier. Turner founded CNN International in 1985, with a straight focus on international news stories", "title": "United States cable news" }, { "id": "721045", "score": "1.8320284", "text": "more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource), and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage", "title": "CNN" }, { "id": "13319808", "score": "1.8215771", "text": "would scale back its rolling news coverage in February 2005, with the incorporation of personality-based news discussion programs during its nighttime schedule. Following the launch of CNN, other cable news channels launched in an attempt to capitalize on the channel's growing success, which often had marginal to no success in competing with CNN. One of the first was Satellite News Channel, which launched on June 21, 1982 with a mix of national and regionally focused newscasts; after the channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, its satellite transponder slot was subsequently purchased by Ted Turner to expand the distribution of", "title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)" }, { "id": "5219139", "score": "1.8120277", "text": "and Jim Kitchell, former general manager of news at NBC as vice president of production and operations. While at CNN, Schonfeld is credited with originating the 24-hour cable news concept. In 1982, Schonfeld was succeeded as CEO by Ted Turner after a dispute over Schonfeld's firing of Sandi Freeman; and was succeeded as president by CNN's executive vice president, Burt Reinhardt. After leaving CNN, Schonfeld joined Cablevision Systems in New York, where he developed and oversaw the first 24-hour all-news service on a local cable system, \"News Twelve\" on Long Island. Schonfeld also produced \"People Magazine on TV\" for CBS", "title": "Reese Schonfeld" }, { "id": "412811", "score": "1.8073717", "text": "victory. Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded", "title": "Ted Turner" }, { "id": "412776", "score": "1.8043813", "text": "Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded the", "title": "Ted Turner" }, { "id": "8075024", "score": "1.8035595", "text": "news summary; this lent credence to SNC's slogan, \"Give us 18 minutes, we'll give you the world,\" which was derived through Group W's experience in all-news radio. Each 18-minute national newscast featured content gathered from both in-house newsgathering and reporting staffs and reports sourced from international television networks that maintained content agreements with Group W/ABC to supply stories for the channel. ABC Video Enterprises and Group W Satellite Communications announced the formation of the Satellite News Channel (as the News-Channel) on August 12, 1981, with a tentative launch set for early 1982. CNN founder Ted Turner subsequently announced plans to", "title": "Satellite News Channel" }, { "id": "12894548", "score": "1.779881", "text": "United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was created in 1989, taking control of FNN in 1991. Through the 1990s and beyond, the cable news industry continued to grow, with the establishment of several other networks, including, Fox News Channel (FNC), MSNBC, and specialty channels such as Bloomberg Television, Fox", "title": "United States cable news" }, { "id": "836255", "score": "1.7745852", "text": "of many classics that were originally filmed in black-and-white. The channel launched with an estimated 17 million subscribers, its initial coverage totaling 6.8 times that of the largest previous cable network launch (VH1, which launched on January 1, 1985 with 2.5 million homes estimated to have initially received that channel). The channel's operations were based inside office space at Turner Broadcasting's Techwood Drive complex in midtown Atlanta that formerly served as the facilities for CNN Headline News from its launch as CNN2 in January 1982 until it and parent network CNN moved their operations into the CNN Center downtown in", "title": "TNT (U.S. TV network)" }, { "id": "12894550", "score": "1.7559416", "text": "are primarily concerned with local programming and cover some statewide interest have included Spectrum News (a brand used for multiple networks including in upstate New York, North Carolina, Florida and Texas), NY1 (which operates from New York City), News 12 Networks, FiOS1, and the former Northwest Cable News (NWCN) (which operated from Seattle). New England Cable News covers the six-state region of New England. Cable News Network (CNN) launched on June 1, 1980, as the first cable channel devoted to news programming. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 catapulted CNN into the spotlight, largely because the channel was the only", "title": "United States cable news" }, { "id": "12821760", "score": "1.7544818", "text": "a new era of 24-hour satellite news broadcasting. In 1991, the BBC introduced a competitor, BBC World Service Television. Rupert Murdoch's Australian News Corporation entered the picture with Fox News Channel in the US, Sky News in Britain, and STAR TV in Asia. Combining this new appartus with the use of embedded reporters, the United States waged the 1991–1992 Gulf War with the assistance of nonstop media coverage. CNN's specialty is the crisis, to which the network is prepared to shift its total attention if so chosen. CNN news was transmitted via INTELSAT communications satellites. CNN, said an executive, would", "title": "News" }, { "id": "836248", "score": "1.7529113", "text": "III himself, in response to the Olympic boycotts involving the United States and the Soviet Union of the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics – in 1986. On October 6, 1987, Ted Turner announced the launch of Turner Network Television (TNT) – his fifth basic cable network venture, following SuperStation TBS, CNN, Headline News (now HLN) and the short-lived Cable Music Channel – in a keynote address at the opening day of the Atlantic Cable Show in Atlantic City, New Jersey, stating that the channel would center around major television events. Turner originally estimated that TNT would be offered to cable", "title": "TNT (U.S. TV network)" }, { "id": "2143802", "score": "1.7513754", "text": "channel was launched at midnight Eastern Time on January 1, 1982, as CNN2. The channel's launch was simulcast nationwide on sister networks CNN and Superstation WTBS (now simply TBS), starting at 11:45 p.m. on December 31, 1981, as a preview for cable providers that had not yet reached agreements to carry CNN2. Following a preview reel by original CNN anchor Lou Waters and an introduction by founder and then-Turner Broadcasting CEO Ted Turner, Chuck Roberts (who would become the channel's longest-serving news anchor, with a 28-year career with CNN2/Headline News that lasted until his retirement on July 30, 2010) and", "title": "HLN (TV network)" }, { "id": "5219138", "score": "1.7502723", "text": "of approximately 300 if they used an all electronic newsroom and satellites for all transmissions. It would require an initial investment of $15–20 million and several million dollars per month to operate. In 1979, Turner sold his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarter's in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). He hired Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personal,", "title": "Reese Schonfeld" } ]

[ "cliff diving disambiguation", "cliffdiving", "Cliffdiving (disambiguation)", "Cliffdiving", "cliffdiving disambiguation", "Cliff diving", "Cliff diving (disambiguation)", "Cliff Diving", "cliff diving" ]

[ { "id": "19123293", "score": "1.8005023", "text": "in 15 years in the small gym owned Volochisk Machine-Building Plant \"Motor Sich\". Through \"Motor Sich\" Vadym in 2004 went to the first World Cup held in Pretoria, South Africa for the first time and became world champion. After these events were 10 world championships where Vadym stood on the highest step of the base (pedestal). At the age of 17 fulfilled standard of master of sports of Ukraine. At 19 fulfilled standard of master of sports of Ukraine of international class. In 2011, he was in the main part of the national team of Ukraine. In 2012 at the", "title": "Vadym Dovhanyuk" }, { "id": "14560318", "score": "1.7745123", "text": "Adilson Kindlemann Adilson Kindelmann (born May 4, 1973) is a Brazilian pilot, who competes in the Red Bull Air Race World Series. Working hard since 2007 to be able to compete, Kindlemann faced five training sessions and also participated at the World Aerobatic Championship in 2009. In October of the same year, he joined the Red Bull Air Race Qualification Camp at Cassarubios, in Madrid, Spain, gaining the Super License and allowing him to start competing in the 2010 Season. Adilson Kindlemann is the first South American to compete in the Red Bull Air Race World Championship – South America", "title": "Adilson Kindlemann" }, { "id": "19855478", "score": "1.7568574", "text": "One of Erdil's main sponsors is Red Bull since 2011. She is nicknamed \"Rüzgarin Kızı\" (\"Daughter of the Wind\") in her country. Lena Erdil Lena Aylin Erdil (born February 28, 1989) is a professional windsurfer from İzmir, Turkey. She is competing in the PWA World Tour mostly in the slalom event. She is currently sponsored by Red Bull. Lena Aylin Erdil was born to a Turkish father and a German mother in İzmir, Turkey on February 28, 1989. When she was two years old, the family moved to Germany, and at the age of ten, she moved with her parents", "title": "Lena Erdil" }, { "id": "20358661", "score": "1.7499316", "text": "different countries: Red Bull 400 Red Bull 400 is a world series founded by Red Bull in 2011, the most extreme and steepest global 400 m uphill sprint. Competitors from all over the world run from the bottom to the top of ski jumping and ski flying hills, beating the total distance of 400 metres (1312 ft) with max incline angle of 37 degrees (75%). Fourteen different countries hosted Red Bull 400 races so far: Austria, Slovenia, Finland, Czech Republic, Canada, Germany, United States, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Japan, Russia, Norway, France, Italy, Poland. All 21 locations around the globe hosting events", "title": "Red Bull 400" }, { "id": "8649525", "score": "1.7469641", "text": "surprised everyone by pulling off the last win of 2011. But the tour title that year belonged to someone else, Dany Torres. In 2012 the Red Bull X-Fighters tour took a huge leap forward. It started in Dubai with a course that included the biggest jump distance ever built in a competitive freestyle course but the next event was a giant leap of FMX kind. In Glen Helen, Red Bull created the biggest course ever constructed. After the huge course the tour moved to Europe in Madrid where New Zealander Levi Sherwood took a stunning victory and extended his lead", "title": "Red Bull X-Fighters" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series\n\nThe Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, established in 2009 and created by Red Bull, is an annual international series of cliff diving events in which a limited number of competitors determine the Cliff Diving World Series winner.\n\nDivers jump from a platform at a height ranging from 26 to 28 m (85–92 ft). Competitions are held in a limited number of venues around the globe.", "title": "Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series" }, { "id": "9432069", "score": "1.7443421", "text": "the cancellation of the 4th leg in Saint Petersburg. The race in Longleat, United Kingdom was also cancelled due to high winds, however, Friday’s Qualifying results were used as the official race results. Michael Goulian from the USA, who had paused in 2005, returned in 2006 to compete again as the 11th pilot. The American pilot Kirby Chambliss, took four wins and became World Champion with a total of 38 points followed by Hungarian Peter Besenyei (35 points). 2005 World Champion Mike Mangold from the United States, finished third with 30 points. Legend: 2006 Red Bull Air Race World Series", "title": "2006 Red Bull Air Race World Series" }, { "id": "8179197", "score": "1.7412891", "text": "them. After two years in planning and development, the first official Red Bull Air Race was ready to take off in Zeltweg, Austria in 2003. A second was staged the same year near Budapest in Hungary. In 2004, three races took place in Kemble (England), Budapest (Hungary) and Reno (USA). The series was expanded in 2005 to become the Red Bull Air Race World Series. Ten pilots competed in seven races around the world – Mike Mangold was crowned the champion with Péter Besenyei and Kirby Chambliss in second and third place respectively. Eight races took place in 2006 with", "title": "Red Bull Air Race World Championship" }, { "id": "15289671", "score": "1.7412479", "text": "to defend his title with 860 points, just 20 points ahead of Orlando Duque. Gary narrowly missed the top spot at the end of the season coming second to the Russian, Artem Silchenko. Gary won his 4th Red Bull Cliff Diving World series. Gary won his 5th Red Bull Cliff Diving World series. Gary won his 6th Red Bull Cliff Diving World series with 1350 points, 320 ahead of his nearest rival. Gary finished 2nd in the 2017 Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series on 710 points 10 points behind winner Jonathan Paredes Gary Hunt Gary Hunt (sometimes listed as", "title": "Gary Hunt" }, { "id": "15733629", "score": "1.7378712", "text": "Sunday of July. 2008 7th 2011 1st Located in a small valley in the Swiss Italian mountains in Ponte Brolla in Switzerland. Presented by WHDF World High Diving Federation every year in finals of July. Started with the annual Red Bull World Wide Series - Cliff Diving competition which draws hundreds of spectators to the sites around the world, watchers hold their collective breath as the competitors take off from rocks and platforms set high on cliffs at 27 or 28 meters. Qualification Results: 1st Australia - Hawkesbury River Results Stop 1: 5th Chile - Easter Island Results Stop 2:", "title": "Michal Navrátil" }, { "id": "12664239", "score": "1.7255857", "text": "received an extra point for the fastest time in Qualifying 2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship The 2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship was the seventh official Red Bull Air Race World Championship series. The 2009 champion was Paul Bonhomme, who won the series for the first time. Four new pilots joined the Red Bull Air Race Series for the 2009 season as Steve Jones left the series. They were Matthias Dolderer from Germany, Matt Hall from Australia, Yoshihide Muroya from Japan and Pete McLeod from Canada. McLeod was the youngest pilot in the history of the series,", "title": "2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship" }, { "id": "14391593", "score": "1.725522", "text": "won Crankworx Whistler and also became one of the first to land a double backflip on a mountain bike in competition; he was the first to land a backflip from a snow-covered big air ramp. In 2012 he won the Red Bull Berg Line event in Winterberg, In 2013 Lacondeguy earned a Bronze medal in the Munich X-Games Slopestyle event, and in 2014 he won the Red Bull Rampage. He came second in 2015 and 2018. In 2015, he and Kurt Sorge, Graham Aggasiz, Nico Vink, Makken Haugen and Nick Pescetto launched the Fest series of one-week invitational Freeride meets", "title": "Andreu Lacondeguy" }, { "id": "17462439", "score": "1.7206349", "text": "at his first event in Glen Helen, coming in fourth in Madrid and finally winning his first ever Red Bull X-Fighters event in Munich, Germany.That season he went on to battle Levi Sherwood in the closest ever final of Red Bull X-Fighters in Sydney, Australia, with both riders going into the last tour stop sharing first place in the world tour. He crashed twice on his final run, doing the Volt and attempting the first backflip, an Indy Flip, since 2009 which he jumped with the wrong gear, in a head-to-head competition against Sherwood, who went on to win the", "title": "Tom Pagès" }, { "id": "15616946", "score": "1.7157342", "text": "Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series The Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, established in 2009 and created by Red Bull, is an annual international series of cliff diving events in which a limited number of competitors determine the Cliff Diving World Series winner. Divers jump from a platform at a height ranging from 26–28 m (85–92 ft). Competitions are held in a limited number of venues around the globe. Every athlete scores a number of points in every competition as distributed here: In 2012 the Series introduced a new point system that was continued to be used also during", "title": "Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series" }, { "id": "8649541", "score": "1.7155032", "text": "'El Destroyer'), Mat Rebeaud (2008, 'Air Mat'), Dany Torres (2009/11, 'El Pajarillo'), Robbie Maddison (2010, 'Mad Dog'), Levi Sherwood (2012/17 'El Chico de Goma') and Thomas Pagès (2013/14/15/16, 'Mr Flair'). Red Bull X-Fighters Red Bull X-Fighters is a freestyle motocross motorbike stunt competition, contested in bullrings and famous locations and sites. Created back in 2001, Red Bull X-Fighters is the most popular freestyle motocross event in the world with a 15-year plus history and more than 50 past events on six continents. The riders are invited to compete head-to-head through a series of knockout rounds in front of some of", "title": "Red Bull X-Fighters" }, { "id": "16319514", "score": "1.7135136", "text": "the World Indoor Archery Cup (25 February - 3 March 2014, Nimes, France), Champion of Europe (15–21 July 2013, Bucharest, Romania); Vita Semerenko - biathlon bronze medalist of the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi (2014), five-time winner of the World Championships in biathlon, the World Cup winner, five-time European champion in biathlon, participant of the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver; Yevhen Hutsol – track and field athlete, participant of the World Championship in track and field athletics (March 7–9, 2014, Sopot, Poland), where he set a new national record of Ukraine (3,08,79). According to the rating of the Academy", "title": "Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine" }, { "id": "9448435", "score": "1.7098312", "text": "became second before the American pilot Kirby Chambliss. Legend: 2003 Red Bull Air Race World Series The 2003 Red Bull Air Race World Series was the 1st Red Bull Air Race World Series season. It started on June 28, 2003 and ended on August 20. In the 2003 season, there were two air race venues only, Zeltweg in Austria and Budapest in Hungary. Six pilots competed in the first leg. Due to a timing dispute, no points were given. In the second and final round, only three pilots participated. Hungarian Peter Besenyei won the race in Budapest and so the", "title": "2003 Red Bull Air Race World Series" }, { "id": "16407837", "score": "1.7082818", "text": "title in 2011. He retained the title again in 2012. In addition to promoting the series, Global Rallycross Management managed invitations and competition for X Games Rallycross contests. In 2013, the series held races outside the United States for the first time. Later in the season, it introduced the Lites division, a developmental series. Making its debut at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, Joni Wiman was the inaugural champion after winning all six races. On October 28, 2016, the series announced the formation of an electric racing division. In 2018 Global Rallycross ceased operations. To date Red Bull GRC hasn't made", "title": "Red Bull Global Rallycross" }, { "id": "20358660", "score": "1.7076432", "text": "Red Bull 400 Red Bull 400 is a world series founded by Red Bull in 2011, the most extreme and steepest global 400 m uphill sprint. Competitors from all over the world run from the bottom to the top of ski jumping and ski flying hills, beating the total distance of 400 metres (1312 ft) with max incline angle of 37 degrees (75%). Fourteen different countries hosted Red Bull 400 races so far: Austria, Slovenia, Finland, Czech Republic, Canada, Germany, United States, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Japan, Russia, Norway, France, Italy, Poland. All 21 locations around the globe hosting events in sixteen", "title": "Red Bull 400" }, { "id": "12664238", "score": "1.7039018", "text": "2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship The 2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship was the seventh official Red Bull Air Race World Championship series. The 2009 champion was Paul Bonhomme, who won the series for the first time. Four new pilots joined the Red Bull Air Race Series for the 2009 season as Steve Jones left the series. They were Matthias Dolderer from Germany, Matt Hall from Australia, Yoshihide Muroya from Japan and Pete McLeod from Canada. McLeod was the youngest pilot in the history of the series, joining at 25 years of age. (*) indicates the pilot", "title": "2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship" }, { "id": "19907185", "score": "1.7001107", "text": "event of the 2016 Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series. Competitors dive from heights of 20 metres and reach speeds of 85 kmh. The 2016 Championship was held over a circuit of seven events at various venues. The first event of the 2016 series was held at Possum Kingdom Lake in Texas. After her final dive, a back triple somersault with twist, she was over 10 points ahead and won the round one event. In round two of the championship, held in July at Vila Franca do Campo, Portugal, Iffland again placed first. In the third round held at Polignano", "title": "Rhiannan Iffland" } ]

[ "The Kunlun Mountains", "mount kunlun", "kunlun mountain", "Kunlun Mountains (Asia)", "Mount Kunlun", "kuenlun", "Kunlun mountains", "kunlun mountains", "Kuenlun", "K'un-lun Mountains", "Kwenlun Mountains", "kunlun shan", "Kun Lun Mountains", "Kunlun Range", "arkatag", "Kuen Lun", "mt kunlun", "Kuen-lun", "kunlun mountains asia", "Kun-Lun mountain range", "kuen lun", "kunlun range", "Arkatag", "Kunlun Mountains", "kunlun mountains china and india", "kun lun mountain range", "kun lun mountains", "Kunlun Mountains (China and India)", "kwenlun mountains", "Mt. Kunlun", "Kuen-Lun mountain range", "Kunlun Shan", "k un lun mountains", "kuen lun mountain range", "Kunlun Mountain", "Kuen-Lun" ]

[ { "id": "1695286", "score": "1.6193528", "text": "present agrees, with the Tian Shan including the Bogda Shan and Barkol ranges. The Tian Shan are a part of the Himalayan orogenic belt, which was formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates in the Cenozoic era. They are one of the longest mountain ranges in Central Asia and stretch some eastward from Tashkent in Uzbekistan. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Jengish Chokusu (also called Victory Peak) on the border of China. At high, it is the highest point in Kyrgyzstan. The Tian Shan's second highest peak, Khan Tengri (Lord of the Spirits), straddles", "title": "Tian Shan" }, { "id": "309986", "score": "1.5372281", "text": "m, 14th) of the Tibetan Himalayas in Nyalam County of Tibet Autonomous Region. In all, 9 of the 14 mountain peaks in the world over 8,000 m are in or on the border of China. Another notable Himalayan peak in China is Namchabarwa (7782 m, 28th), near the great bend of the Yarlungtsanpo (upper Brahmaputra) River in eastern Tibet, and considered to be the eastern anchor of the Himalayas. Outside the Himalayas and Karakorum, China's tallest peaks are Kongur Tagh (7649 m, 37th) and Muztagh Ata (7546 m, 43rd) in the Pamirs of western Xinjiang, Gongga Shan (7556 m, 41st)", "title": "Geography of China" }, { "id": "492679", "score": "1.5270584", "text": "of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River). The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. To the north, the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture. Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain. The range varies in width from in the west (Pakistan) to in the east (Arunachal Pradesh). The Himalayas", "title": "Himalayas" }, { "id": "492678", "score": "1.5228353", "text": "Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (), form a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is tall. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc long. Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south", "title": "Himalayas" }, { "id": "1695287", "score": "1.5075636", "text": "the Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan border and at is the highest point of Kazakhstan. Mountaineers class these as the two most northerly peaks over in the world. The Torugart Pass, at , is located at the border between Kyrgyzstan and China's Xinjiang province. The forested Alatau ranges, which are at a lower altitude in the northern part of the Tian Shan, are inhabited by pastoral tribes that speak Turkic languages. The Tian Shan are separated from the Tibetan Plateau by the Taklimakan Desert and the Tarim Basin to the south. The major rivers rising in the Tian Shan are the Syr Darya, the", "title": "Tian Shan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tian Shan\n\nThe Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, meaning the \"Mountains of Heaven\" or the \"Heavenly Mountain\", is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Jengish Chokusu, at high. Its lowest point is the Turpan Depression, which is below sea level.<ref name=\"readersnatural\" />\n\nOne of the earliest historical references to these mountains may be related to the Xiongnu word \"Qilian\" () – according to Tang commentator Yan Shigu, \"Qilian\" is the Xiongnu word for sky or heaven. Sima Qian in the \"Records of the Grand Historian\" mentioned \"Qilian\" in relation to the homeland of the Yuezhi and the term is believed to refer to the Tian Shan rather than the Qilian Mountains further east now known by this name. The Tannu-Ola mountains in Tuva has the same meaning in its name (\"heaven/celestial mountains\" or \"god/spirit mountains\"). The name in Chinese, Tian Shan, is most likely a direct translation of the traditional Kyrgyz name for the mountains, Teñir Too. At the 2013 Conference on World Heritage, the eastern portion of Tian Shan in western China's Xinjiang Region was listed as a World Heritage Site. The western portion in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan was then listed in 2016.", "title": "Tian Shan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tectonics of the Tian Shan\n\nThe Tian Shan is a mountain range in central Asia that extends through western China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.<ref name=\"Jolivet\" /> The Tian Shan is long, and up to high. Throughout the Tian Shan there are several intermontane basins separated by high ranges.<ref name=\"Jolivet\" /> Plate tectonic theory makes the assumption that deformation is concentrated along plate boundaries. However, active deformation is observed in the Tian Shan, far from plate boundaries. This apparent contradiction of plate tectonic theory makes the Tian Shan a key place to study the dynamics of intracontinental deformation.<ref name=\"Wang11\" />", "title": "Tectonics of the Tian Shan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pamir Mountains\n\nThe Pamir Mountains are a mountain range between Central Asia and Pakistan. It is located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu Kush and the Himalaya mountain ranges. They are among the world's highest mountains.\n\nMuch of the Pamir Mountains lie in the Gorno-Badakhshan Province of Tajikistan. To the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Pakistan. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the \"Eastern Pamirs\", separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.", "title": "Pamir Mountains" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Tajikistan\n\nTajikistan is nestled between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Mountains cover 93 percent of Tajikistan's surface area. The two principal ranges, the Pamir Mountains and the Alay Mountains, give rise to many glacier-fed streams and rivers, which have been used to irrigate farmlands since ancient times. Central Asia's other major mountain range, the Tian Shan, skirts northern Tajikistan. Mountainous terrain separates Tajikistan's two population centers, which are in the lowlands of the southern (Panj River) and northern (Fergana Valley) sections of the country. Especially in areas of intensive agricultural and industrial activity, the Soviet Union's natural resource utilization policies left independent Tajikistan with a legacy of environmental problems.", "title": "Geography of Tajikistan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of China\n\nChina has great physical diversity. The eastern plains and southern coasts of the country consist of fertile lowlands and foothills. They are the location of most of China's agricultural output and human population. The southern areas of the country (South of the Yangtze River) consist of hilly and mountainous terrain. The west and north of the country are dominated by sunken basins (such as the Gobi and the Taklamakan), rolling plateaus, and towering massifs. It contains part of the highest tableland on earth, the Tibetan Plateau, and has much lower agricultural potential and population.\nTraditionally, the Chinese population centered on the Chinese central plain and oriented itself toward its own enormous inland market, developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the northern plains. More recently, the coastline has been used extensively for export-oriented trade, causing the coastal provinces to become the leading economic center.\nThe People's Republic of China has an area of about . The exact land area is sometimes challenged by border disputes, most notably about Taiwan, Aksai Chin, the Trans-Karakoram Tract, and South Tibet. The area of the People's Republic of China is according to the CIA's \"The World Factbook\".<ref name=\"CIA Factbook China\"/> The People's Republic of China is either the third or fourth largest country in the world, being either slightly larger or slightly smaller than the United States depending on how the area of the United States is measured. Both countries are smaller than Russia and Canada and larger than Brazil.", "title": "Geography of China" }, { "id": "309981", "score": "1.499563", "text": "China. North of Tian Shan is Xinjiang's second great basin, the Junggar, which contains the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The Junggar Basin is enclosed to the north by the Altay Mountains, which separate Xinjiang from Russia and Mongolia. Northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the Altun Shan-Qilian Mountains range branches off the Kunlun and creates a parallel mountain range running east-west. In between in northern Qinghai is the Qaidam Basin, with elevations of 2,600–3,000 m and numerous brackish and salt lakes. North of the Qilian is Hexi Corridor of Gansu, a natural passage between Xinjiang and China Proper that was part of the", "title": "Geography of China" }, { "id": "1695291", "score": "1.497691", "text": "line of the Tian Shan continues as Narat Range from the base of the Borohoros west to the point where China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan meet. Here is the highest part of the range – the Central Tian Shan, with Peak Pobeda (Kakshaal Too range) and Khan Tengri. West of this, the Tian Shan split into an ‘eye’, with Issyk Kul Lake in its center. The south side of the lake is the Terskey Alatau and the north side the Kyungey Ala-Too (shady and sunny Ala-Too). North of the Kyungey Ala-Too and parallel to it is the Trans-Ili Alatau in Kazakhstan", "title": "Tian Shan" }, { "id": "1695283", "score": "1.4972669", "text": "Tian Shan The Tian Shan, (, ; \"Tjansan\"; Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰣 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃, \"Tenğri tağ\"; ; , \"Tenger uul\"; , Тәңри тағ, \"Tengri tagh\"; , \"Teñir-Too/Ala-Too\", تەڭىر-توو/الا-توو; , ', تأڭئرتاۋ; , \"Тян-Шан, Тангритоғ\", تيەن-شەن) also known as the Tengri Tagh\"', meaning the \"Mountains of Heaven\" or the \"Heavenly Mountain\", is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Jengish Chokusu, at high. Its lowest point is the Turpan Depression, which sits at below sea level. The Chinese name for Tian Shan may have been derived from the Xiongnu word \"Qilian\" ()", "title": "Tian Shan" }, { "id": "10153185", "score": "1.4946277", "text": "the Lingzi Tang plains, which are south of the Laktsang range, in India, and Aksai Chin proper, which is north of the Laktsang range, in China. This border, along the Karakoram Mountains, was proposed and supported by British officials for a number of reasons. The Karakoram Mountains formed a natural boundary, which would set the British borders up to the Indus River watershed while leaving the Tarim River watershed in Chinese control, and Chinese control of this tract would present a further obstacle to Russian advance in Central Asia. The British presented this line, known as the Macartney-MacDonald Line, to", "title": "Sino-Indian border dispute" }, { "id": "1695285", "score": "1.4890594", "text": "Shan is north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang in northwest China. In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. In Western cartography such as National Geographic, the eastern end of the Tian Shan is usually understood to be east of Ürümqi, with the range to the east of that city known as the Bogda Shan as part of the Tian Shan. Chinese cartography from the Han Dynasty to the", "title": "Tian Shan" }, { "id": "191109", "score": "1.4886715", "text": "() on the Nepal–China border. They form India's northeastern border, separating it from northeastern Asia. They are one of the world's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for , covering an area of . The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. These states along with Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region. Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over and the snow line ranges between in Sikkim to around in Kashmir. Kanchenjunga—on the Sikkim–Nepal border—is the highest point in the area administered by India. Most peaks in the", "title": "Geography of India" }, { "id": "12267841", "score": "1.4826673", "text": "(greater Himalaya), Himanchal (lesser Himalaya) and the Siwaliks (outer Himalaya) extending almost uninterrupted throughout its length, are separated by major geological fault lines. Mighty but older streams like the Indus, Sutlej, Kali, Kosi and Brahmaputra have cut through steep gorges to escape into the Great Plains and have established their antecedence. The northernmost range of mountains are the Karakoram Mountains that continue into Pakistan and China. To the south of the Karakoram Range lies the Zaskar Ranges. Parallel to the Zaskar Ranges lie the Pir Panjal Ranges. These three mountain ranges lie parallel to each other in the north-western part", "title": "Indian Himalayan Region" }, { "id": "8263303", "score": "1.4818716", "text": "Hengduan Mountains The Hengduan Mountains () are a group of mountain ranges in southwest China that connect the southeast portions of the Tibetan Plateau with the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. The Hengduan Mountains are primarily large north-south mountain ranges that effectively separate lowlands in northern Myanmar from the lowlands of the Sichuan Basin. These ranges are characterized by significant vertical relief originating from the Indian subcontinent's collision with the Eurasian Plate, and further carved out by the major rivers draining the eastern Tibetan Plateau. These rivers, the Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween, are recognized today as the Three Parallel Rivers UNESCO World Heritage", "title": "Hengduan Mountains" }, { "id": "309983", "score": "1.4801524", "text": "Yellow River its color and name. The Loess Plateau is bound to the east by the Luliang Mountain of Shanxi, which has a narrow basin running north to south along the Fen River. Further east are the Taihang Mountains of Hebei, the dominant topographical feature of North China. The world's tallest mountains, the Karakorum, Pamirs and Tian Shan divide China from South and Central Asia. Eleven of the seventeen tallest mountain peaks on Earth are located on China's western borders. They include the world's tallest peak Mt. Everest (8848 m) in the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and the", "title": "Geography of China" }, { "id": "309984", "score": "1.4794044", "text": "world's second tallest peak, K2 (8611 m) on the border with Pakistan. From these towering heights in the west, the land descends in steps like a terrace. North of the Himalayas and east of the Karakorum/Pamirs is the vast Tibetan Plateau, the largest and highest plateau in the world, also known as the \"Roof of the World.\" The plateau has an average elevation of 4,000 meters above sea level and covers an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, or about one-fifth of China's land mass. In the north, the plateau is hemmed in by the Kunlun Mountains, which extends eastward", "title": "Geography of China" }, { "id": "18917538", "score": "1.4760404", "text": "feet) till it joins the Karakoram Range main watershed at a peak (reference co-ordinates approximately Longitude 75° 57' E. and Latitude 36° 03' N.). (5) Thence, the boundary line, running generally southward and then eastward, strictly follows the Karakoram Range main watershed which separates the Tarim River drainage system from the Indus River drainage system, passing through the East Mustagh Pass (Muztagh Pass), the top of the Chogri Peak (K2), the top of the Broad Peak, the top of the Gasherbrum Mountain (8068) Indirakoli Pass (named on the Chinese map only) and the top of the Teram Kangri Peak, and", "title": "China–Pakistan border" }, { "id": "20264359", "score": "1.4755878", "text": "Pamir-Alay, and the Kunlun Mountains are further important mountain ranges in this region. These ranges surround the mountainous Chinese provinces of Tibet and Xinjiang, including Xinjiang's large Tarim Basin desert. The nations of Nepal and Bhutan are located within this region, and HMA abuts Pakistan and India. High-mountain Asia High-mountain Asia is a high geographic region that includes the Asian mountain ranges surrounding the Tibetan Plateau. The region is the \"world's largest reservoir of perennial glaciers and snow outside of the Earth's polar ice sheets\". These headwaters support more than 1 billion people, and changes in the mountains affect \"ecosystem", "title": "High-mountain Asia" }, { "id": "492682", "score": "1.4751717", "text": "Nepali and Hindi (both written ), the \"Himalaya\" () or 'The Land of Snow' () in Tibetan, the \"Hamaleh\" Mountain Range () in Urdu and the \"Ximalaya\" Mountain Range in Chinese. In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the peaks of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal, separated by the Kali Gandaki Gorge. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the Kora La is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and K2. To the east of Annapurna", "title": "Himalayas" }, { "id": "309985", "score": "1.4750593", "text": "from the intersection of the Pamirs, Karakorum and Tian Shan. Besides Mt. Everest and K2, the other 9 of the world's 17 tallest peaks on China's western borders are: Lhotse (8516 m, 4th highest), Makalu (8485 m, 5th), Cho Oyu (8188 m, 6th), Gyachung Kang (7952 m, 15th) of the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and Gasherbrum I (8080 m, 11th), Broad Peak (8051 m, 12th), Gasherbrum II (8035 m, 13th), Gasherbrum III (7946 m, 16th) and Gasherbrum IV (7932 m, 17th) of the Karakorum on the border with Pakistan. The tallest peak entirely within China is Shishapangma (8013", "title": "Geography of China" }, { "id": "492716", "score": "1.4750106", "text": "are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains. Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (), form a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the", "title": "Himalayas" } ]

[ "Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering", "Geodesey", "geodetic engineering", "geodesy", "Geodetic Engineering", "erdmessung", "geodetics engineering", "geodetic and geomatic engineering", "geodesey", "geodetic surveying", "geodetic line", "Geodesist Engineer", "Geodesist", "geodesist", "geodetics", "geodosy", "Geodetic line", "Geodetic surveying", "Geodesy", "Erdmessung", "Geodetics", "geodetic science", "Surveyors' tools", "Geodetic survey", "Geodetic Science", "Geodesist engineer", "geodesist engineer", "Geodetics engineering", "geodetic survey", "surveyors tools", "Geodosy" ]

[ { "id": "1777790", "score": "1.6249142", "text": "zhi cao\" treatise also used the same terminology to describe the shape of the Earth that the Eastern-Han scholar Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) had used to describe the shape of the sun and moon (i.e. that the former was as round as a crossbow bullet, and the latter was the shape of a ball). Geodesy, also called geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion, Earth tides, and crustal motion) in three-dimensional time-varying space. Geodesy is primarily concerned with positioning and the gravity field and", "title": "Spherical Earth" }, { "id": "162050", "score": "1.6231952", "text": "Geodesy Geodesy (), is the earth science of accurately measuring and understanding the Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equivalent measurements for other planets (known as planetary geodesy). Geodynamical phenomena include crustal motion, tides, and polar motion, which can be studied by designing global and national control networks, applying space and terrestrial techniques, and relying on datums and coordinate systems. The word \"geodesy\" comes from the Ancient Greek word \"geodaisia\" (literally, \"division of the Earth\"). It is primarily concerned with positioning within the temporally", "title": "Geodesy" }, { "id": "16604130", "score": "1.6196578", "text": "deals with the measurement and representation of the planets of the Solar System, their gravitational fields and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion in three-dimensional, time-varying space. The science of geodesy has elements of both astrophysics and planetary sciences. The shape of the Earth is to a large extent the result of its rotation, which causes its equatorial bulge, and the competition of geologic processes such as the collision of plates and of vulcanism, resisted by the Earth's gravity field. These principles can be applied to the solid surface of Earth (orogeny; Few mountains are higher than , few deep sea trenches", "title": "Planetary science" }, { "id": "14483584", "score": "1.6103945", "text": "a point in spacetime requires three numbers, the components of the gravitational field vector at that point. Moreover, within each category (scalar, vector, tensor), a field can be either a \"classical field\" or a \"quantum field\", depending on whether it is characterized by numbers or quantum operators respectively. In fact in this theory an equivalent representation of field is a field particle, namely a boson. To Isaac Newton, his law of universal gravitation simply expressed the gravitational force that acted between any pair of massive objects. When looking at the motion of many bodies all interacting with each other, such", "title": "Field (physics)" }, { "id": "232275", "score": "1.6044192", "text": "( or ). It is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds or decimal degrees, north or south of the equator. The precise measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth, either to set up theodolites or to determine GPS satellite orbits. The study of the figure of the Earth together with its gravitational field is the science of geodesy. This article relates to coordinate systems for the Earth: it may be extended to cover the Moon, planets and other celestial objects by a simple change of nomenclature. The graticule is formed by the lines of", "title": "Latitude" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spherical Earth\n\nSpherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of figure of the Earth as a sphere.\nThe earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of Greek philosophers. In the 3rd century BC, Hellenistic astronomy established the roughly spherical shape of Earth as a physical fact and calculated the Earth's circumference. This knowledge was gradually adopted throughout the Old World during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. A practical demonstration of Earth's sphericity was achieved by Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano's circumnavigation (1519–1522).\n\nThe concept of a spherical Earth displaced earlier beliefs in a flat Earth: In early Mesopotamian mythology, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean with a hemispherical sky-dome above, and this forms the premise for early world maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus. Other speculations on the shape of Earth include a seven-layered ziggurat or cosmic mountain, alluded to in the Avesta and ancient Persian writings (see seven climes).\n\nThe realization that the figure of the Earth is more accurately described as an ellipsoid dates to the 17th century, as described by Isaac Newton in \"Principia\". In the early 19th century, the flattening of the earth ellipsoid was determined to be of the order of 1/300 (Delambre, Everest). The modern value as determined by the US DoD World Geodetic System since the 1960s is close to 1/298.25.", "title": "Spherical Earth" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geodesy\n\nGeodesy ( ) is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's figure (geometric shape and size), orientation in space, and gravity. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equivalent measurements for other planets (known as \"planetary geodesy\"). Geodynamical phenomena, including crustal motion, tides and polar motion, can be studied by designing global and national control networks, applying space geodesy and terrestrial geodetic techniques and relying on datums and coordinate systems.\nThe job title is geodesist or geodetic surveyor.", "title": "Geodesy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geodetic Reference System 1980\n\nThe Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) is a geodetic reference system consisting of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model.", "title": "Geodetic Reference System 1980" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Planetary science\n\nPlanetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes of their formation. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, which originally grew from astronomy and Earth science, Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with the effects of the Sun on the bodies of the Solar System, and astrobiology.\n\nThere are interrelated observational and theoretical branches of planetary science. Observational research can involve combinations of space exploration, predominantly with robotic spacecraft missions using remote sensing, and comparative, experimental work in Earth-based laboratories. The theoretical component involves considerable computer simulation and mathematical modelling.\n\nPlanetary scientists are generally located in the astronomy and physics or Earth sciences departments of universities or research centres, though there are several purely planetary science institutes worldwide. Generally, planetary scientists study one of the Earth sciences, astronomy, astrophysics, geophysics, or physics at the graduate level and concentrate their research in planetary science disciplines. There are several major conferences each year, and a wide range of peer-reviewed journals. Some planetary scientists work at private research centres and often initiate partnership research tasks.", "title": "Planetary science" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Outline of physical science\n\nPhysical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a \"physical science\", together called the \"physical sciences\".", "title": "Outline of physical science" }, { "id": "1777791", "score": "1.5945172", "text": "geometrical aspects of their temporal variations, although it can also include the study of Earth's magnetic field. Especially in the German speaking world, geodesy is divided into geomensuration (\"Erdmessung\" or \"höhere Geodäsie\"), which is concerned with measuring the Earth on a global scale, and surveying (\"Ingenieurgeodäsie\"), which is concerned with measuring parts of the surface. The Earth's shape can be thought of in at least two ways; As the science of geodesy measured Earth more accurately, the shape of the geoid was first found not to be a perfect sphere but to approximate an oblate spheroid, a specific type of", "title": "Spherical Earth" }, { "id": "1644755", "score": "1.5913564", "text": "respect to the model parameters. One such system from geophysics is that of the Earth's gravitational field. The Earth's gravitational field is determined by the density distribution of the Earth in the subsurface. Because the lithology of the Earth changes quite significantly, we are able to observe minute differences in the Earth's gravitational field on the surface of the Earth. From our understanding of gravity (Newton's Law of Gravitation), we know that the mathematical expression for gravity is: where formula_11 is a measure of the local gravitational acceleration, formula_12 is the universal gravitational constant, formula_13 is the local mass (which", "title": "Inverse problem" }, { "id": "2886328", "score": "1.5855453", "text": "cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geographical sciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or \"spheres\" of Earth. The Earth's crust, or lithosphere, is the outermost solid surface of", "title": "Natural environment" }, { "id": "656965", "score": "1.5778937", "text": "the gravity fields of the planets to be mapped. For example, in the 1970s, the gravity field disturbances above lunar maria were measured through lunar orbiters, which led to the discovery of concentrations of mass, mascons, beneath the Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Nectaris and Humorum basins. Geophysics emerged as a separate discipline only in the 19th century, from the intersection of physical geography, geology, astronomy, meteorology, and physics. However, many geophysical phenomena – such as the Earth's magnetic field and earthquakes – have been investigated since the ancient era. The magnetic compass existed in China back as far as the fourth", "title": "Geophysics" }, { "id": "5310251", "score": "1.5641026", "text": "geodesy for Astronomical algorithms are the algorithms used to calculate ephemerides, calendars, and positions (as in celestial navigation or satellite navigation). Many astronomical and navigational computations use the Figure of the Earth as a surface representing the earth. The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service, is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups. The Deep Space Network, or DSN, is an international of large antennas and communication facilities that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, and", "title": "Theoretical astronomy" }, { "id": "8749024", "score": "1.5620728", "text": "earth's gravitational data is measured with the help of gravitational wave sensor or gradiometer by placing it in different instances at different instances of time. The Fourier expansion of a time domain signal is the representation of the signal as a sum of its frequency components, specifically sum of sines and cosines. came up with the Fourier representation to estimate the heat distribution of a body. The same approach can be followed to analyse the multi-dimensional signals such as gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves. The 4D Fourier representation of such signals is given by The motivation for development of the", "title": "Geophysical survey" }, { "id": "162051", "score": "1.5616399", "text": "varying gravity field. Geodesy in the German-speaking world is divided into \"higher geodesy\" (\"\"Erdmessung\"\" or \"\"höhere Geodäsie\"\"), which is concerned with measuring the Earth on the global scale, and \"practical geodesy\" or \"engineering geodesy\" (\"\"Ingenieurgeodäsie\"\"), which is concerned with measuring specific parts or regions of the Earth, and which includes surveying. Such geodetic operations are also applied to other astronomical bodies in the solar system. It is also the science of measuring and understanding the earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field. To a large extent, the shape of the Earth is the result of its rotation, which", "title": "Geodesy" }, { "id": "2821089", "score": "1.551853", "text": "an observer on Earth (in a lower gravitational potential) should measure a different rate at which time passes than an observer that is sufficiently high up in Earth's atmosphere (at higher gravitational potential). This effect is known as gravitational time dilation. The experiment was a test of a major fallout of Einstein's general relativity, the equivalence principle. The equivalence principle states that a reference frame in a uniform gravitational field is indistinguishable from a reference frame that is under uniform acceleration. Further, the equivalence principle predicts that phenomenon of different time flow rates, present in a uniformly accelerating reference frame,", "title": "Gravity Probe A" }, { "id": "8834669", "score": "1.5517232", "text": "the reduction of observations of weight and the subject known as isostasy (the study of gravitational equilibrium within the Earth). From the 1930s he concentrated on the study of the reference ellipsoid and phase diagrams, as well as the elliptical shape of the Equator, the level spheroid, and the triaxial Jacobi ellipsoid. Hopfner did pioneering work on the determination of geographical distances without the use of wires (the first employment of time-signals), as well as on gravimetry. His study of the Earth's magnetic field helped make a name for the ZAMG, or Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (\"Zentralanstalt für", "title": "Friedrich Hopfner" }, { "id": "505449", "score": "1.5470936", "text": "The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation, although it was triggered by earlier work of astronomers such as Kepler. By the 19th century, astronomy had developed into a formal science, with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much-improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories. Earth science (also known as geoscience), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth, including geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, physical geography, oceanography, and soil science. Although mining and precious stones have been human interests throughout", "title": "Natural science" }, { "id": "14483585", "score": "1.5373982", "text": "as the planets in the Solar System, dealing with the force between each pair of bodies separately rapidly becomes computationally inconvenient. In the eighteenth century, a new quantity was devised to simplify the bookkeeping of all these gravitational forces. This quantity, the gravitational field, gave at each point in space the total gravitational acceleration which would be felt by a small object at that point. This did not change the physics in any way: it did not matter if all the gravitational forces on an object were calculated individually and then added together, or if all the contributions were first", "title": "Field (physics)" }, { "id": "14546288", "score": "1.5352807", "text": "length. Miller’s Index is also helpful in the application of the Metrical Matrix. Brag’s equation is also useful when using an electron microscope to be able to show relationship between light diffraction angles, wavelength, and the d-spacings within a sample. Geophysics is one of the most math heavy disciplines of geology. There are many applications which include gravity, magnetic, seismic, electric, electromagnetic, resistivity, radioactivity, induced polarization, and well logging. Gravity and magnetic methods share similar characteristics because they’re measuring small changes in the gravitational field based on the density of the rocks in that area. While similar gravity fields tend", "title": "Geomathematics" }, { "id": "6367219", "score": "1.5309763", "text": "matter exists. However, this space is only one example of a large variety of spaces in three dimensions called 3-manifolds. In this classical example, when the three values refer to measurements in different directions (coordinates), any three directions can be chosen, provided that vectors in these directions do not all lie in the same 2-space (plane). Furthermore, in this case, these three values can be labeled by any combination of three chosen from the terms \"width\", \"height\", \"depth\", and \"length\". In mathematics, analytic geometry (also called Cartesian geometry) describes every point in three-dimensional space by means of three coordinates. Three", "title": "Three-dimensional space" }, { "id": "14678541", "score": "1.5309136", "text": "Earth Sciences, Digital Mathematics Registry, INIS Atomindex, Inspec, Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, VINITI Database RAS, and Zentralblatt MATH. General Relativity and Gravitation General Relativity and Gravitation is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It was established in 1970, and is published by Springer Science+Business Media under the auspices of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. The two editors-in-chief are Abhay Ashtekar and Roy Maartens; former editors include George Francis Rayner Ellis and Hermann Nicolai. The journal's field of interest is modern gravitational physics, encompassing all theoretical and experimental aspects of general relativity and gravitation. The aims of \"General", "title": "General Relativity and Gravitation" }, { "id": "14483597", "score": "1.5282423", "text": "understood as a collection of two vector fields in space. Nowadays, one recognizes this as a single antisymmetric 2nd-rank tensor field in spacetime. Einstein's theory of gravity, called general relativity, is another example of a field theory. Here the principal field is the metric tensor, a symmetric 2nd-rank tensor field in spacetime. This replaces Newton's law of universal gravitation. Waves can be constructed as physical fields, due to their finite propagation speed and causal nature when a simplified physical model of an isolated closed system is set . They are also subject to the inverse-square law. For electromagnetic waves, there", "title": "Field (physics)" } ]

[ "Eton", "Eton (disambiguation)", "eton disambiguation", "eton" ]

[ { "id": "1338142", "score": "1.8169676", "text": "Winchester College, and wanted his own achievements to surpass those of Wykeham. The King had in fact founded Eton College on 11 October 1440, but up until 1443 King's and Eton had been unconnected. However, that year the relationship between the two was remodelled upon Wykeham's successful institutions and the original sizes of the colleges scaled up to surpass Wykeham's. A second royal charter which re-founded the now much larger King's College was issued on 12 July 1443. On 1 September 1444, the Provosts of King's and Eton, and the Wardens of Winchester and New College formally signed the \"Amicabilis", "title": "King's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "3017176", "score": "1.8092318", "text": "1440, founded, in imitation of Winchester College, a college in the parish church of Eton by Windsor (not far from his own birthplace) called the King's College of the Blessed Mary of Eton by Windsor, as a sort of first-fruits of his taking the government on himself. The college was to consist of a provost, 10 priests, 6 choristers, 25 poor and needy scholars, 25 almsmen and a \"magister informator\" (later \"headmaster\") to teach (Latin) grammar to the foundation scholars and to all others coming from any part of England, at no cost. On 5 March 1440/41, the king endowed", "title": "William Waynflete" }, { "id": "2055548", "score": "1.7503375", "text": "called Queens' College, in the University of Cambridge\". In 1446 Andrew Dokett obtained a charter from Henry VI to found St Bernard's College, on a site now part of St Catharine's College. A year later the charter was revoked and Dokett obtained a new charter from the king to found St Bernard's College on the present site of Old Court and Cloister Court. In 1448 Queen Margaret received from her husband, King Henry VI, the lands of St Bernard's College to build a new college to be called \"Queen's College of St Margaret and St Bernard\". On 15 April 1448,", "title": "Queens' College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "1338141", "score": "1.7445258", "text": "laid by the King on Passion Sunday, 2 April 1441, on a site which lies directly north of the modern college and which was formerly a garden belonging to Trinity Hall. William Millington, a fellow of Clare College (then called Clare Hall) was installed as the rector. Henry directed the publication of the college's first governing statutes in 1443. His original modest plan for the college was abandoned, and provision was instead made for community of seventy fellows and scholars headed by a provost. Henry had belatedly learned of William of Wykeham's 1379 twin foundation of New College, Oxford and", "title": "King's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "1338140", "score": "1.7270017", "text": "and choristers from the nearby King's College School, is one of the most accomplished and renowned in the world. Every year on Christmas Eve the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols (a service devised specifically for King's by college dean Eric Milner-White) is broadcast from the chapel to millions of listeners worldwide. On 12 February 1441 King Henry VI issued letters patent founding a college at Cambridge for a rector and twelve poor scholars. This college was to be named after Saint Nicholas, upon whose saint day Henry had been born. The first stone of the college's Old Court was", "title": "King's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eton College\n\nEton College () is a public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI under the name \"Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore\", intended as a sister institution to King's College, Cambridge, making it the 18th-oldest Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) school. Eton is particularly well-known for its history, wealth, and notable alumni, called .\n\nEton is one of only three public schools, along with Harrow (1572) and Radley (1847), to have retained the boys-only, boarding-only tradition, which means that its boys live at the school seven days a week. The remainder (such as Rugby in 1976, Charterhouse in 1971, Westminster in 1973, and Shrewsbury in 2015) have since become co-educational or, in the case of Winchester, as of 2021 are undergoing the transition to that status. Eton has educated prime ministers, world leaders, Nobel laureates, Academy Award and BAFTA award-winning actors, and generations of the aristocracy, having been referred to as \"the nurse of England's statesmen\".\n\nThe school is the largest boarding school in England ahead of Millfield and Oundle. Eton charges up to £46,296 per year (£15,432 per term, with three terms per academic year, for 2022/23). Eton was noted as being the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK in 2013–14; however, the school admits some boys with modest parental income: in 2011 it was reported that around 250 boys received \"significant\" financial help from the school, with the figure rising to 263 pupils in 2014, receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Eton has also announced plans to increase the figure to around 320 pupils, with 70 educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance from the school continues to increase.<ref name=Telegraph1 />", "title": "Eton College" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Henry VI of England" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "King's College, Cambridge\n\nKing's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Formally The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, the college lies beside the River Cam and faces out onto King's Parade in the centre of the city.\n\nKing's was founded in 1441 by King Henry VI soon after he had founded its sister institution at Eton College. Initially, King's accepted only students from Eton College. However, the king's plans for King's College were disrupted by the Wars of the Roses and the resultant scarcity of funds, and then his eventual deposition. Little progress was made on the project until 1508, when King Henry VII began to take an interest in the college, probably as a political move to legitimise his new position. The building of the college's chapel, begun in 1446, was finished in 1544 during the reign of Henry VIII.\n\nKing's College Chapel is regarded as one of the finest examples of late English Gothic architecture. It has the world's largest fan vault, while its stained-glass windows and wooden chancel screen are considered some of the finest from their era. The building is seen as emblematic of Cambridge. The Choir of King's College, Cambridge, composed of male students at King's and choristers from the nearby King's College School, Cambridge, is one of the most accomplished and renowned in the world. Every year on Christmas Eve, the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols (a service originally devised for Truro Cathedral by Edward White Benson in 1880, adapted by the college dean Eric Milner-White in 1918) is broadcast from the chapel to millions of listeners worldwide.", "title": "King's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1440s\n\nThe 1440s decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449.\n", "title": "1440s" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1440", "title": "1440" }, { "id": "15228128", "score": "1.7103665", "text": "1446 Dokett obtained a royal charter for a college, to consist of a president and four fellows. Eight months later, Dokett having in the meanwhile obtained a better site for his proposed buildings, this charter was cancelled at his own request, and a second issued by the king 21 August 1447, authorising the refoundation of the college on the new site, under the name of ‘the College of St. Bernard of Cambridge.’ Dokett secured the protection of the young Queen Margaret of Anjou for his college, which was refounded by her as ‘the Queen's College of St. Margaret and St.", "title": "Andrew Dokett" }, { "id": "436692", "score": "1.6964769", "text": "described as \"the first secondary-school training college on record\". The original site of Godshouse was surrendered in 1443 to King's College, and currently about three quarters of King's College Chapel stands on the original site of God's House. After the original royal licence of 1439, three more licences, two in 1442 and one in 1446, were granted before in 1448 God's House received the charter upon which the college was in fact founded. In this charter, King Henry VI was named as the founder, and in the same year the college moved to its current site. In 1505, the college", "title": "Christ's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "3017175", "score": "1.6931096", "text": "VI went for a weekend visit to Winchester College to see the school for himself. Here he seems to have been so much impressed with Waynflete that by the autumn Waynflete had ceased to be headmaster of Winchester. In October he appears dining in the hall there as a guest, and at Christmas 1442 he received a royal livery, five yards of violet cloth, as provost of Eton. Under the influence of Archbishop Chichele (who had himself founded two colleges in imitation of Wykeham); Thomas Bekynton, the king's secretary and privy seal; and other Wykehamists, Henry VI, on 11 October", "title": "William Waynflete" }, { "id": "901850", "score": "1.6916518", "text": "Henry V founded Syon Abbey in 1415, as penance for his father’s execution of Archbishop Scrope, and three monasteries in London: for Carthusian, Bridgettine and Celestine orders. The equally devout Henry VI continued the architectural patronage begun by his father, founding Eton College and King's College, Cambridge and leaving a lasting educational and architectural legacy in buildings including King's College Chapel and Eton College Chapel. The Lancastrian regime was founded and legitimised by formal lying that was both public and official. This has been described as \"a series of unconstitutional actions\" based \"upon three major acts of perjury\". The historian", "title": "House of Lancaster" }, { "id": "1338138", "score": "1.6728861", "text": "King's College, Cambridge King's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Formally The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, the college lies beside the River Cam and faces out onto King's Parade in the centre of the city. King's was founded in 1441 by Henry VI, soon after he had founded its sister college in Eton. However, the King's plans for the college were disrupted by the Wars of the Roses and resultant scarcity of funds, and his eventual deposition. Little progress was made on the project until in 1508", "title": "King's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "639694", "score": "1.6695385", "text": "receiving financial assistance from the school continues to increase. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to provide free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to King's College, Cambridge, founded by the same King in 1441. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster and some of the Scholars to start his new school. When Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. The group of feoffees appointed by the king to", "title": "Eton College" }, { "id": "1930822", "score": "1.66802", "text": "and warned the fellows against regarding the college as \"a perpetual abode\" — they were to look forward to spreading outside the knowledge they acquired within its walls. Mildmay otherwise showed his interest in education by acting as an original governor of Chelmsford Chantry School, now King Edward VI Grammar School, founded in 1550-1; by giving an annuity of 52s. to Christ's Hospital (10 April 1556); and by bestowing £20 a year on Christ's College, Cambridge (10 March 1568-1569), to be expended on a Greek lectureship, six scholarships and a preachership to be filled by a fellow of the college.", "title": "Walter Mildmay" }, { "id": "15228129", "score": "1.6493609", "text": "Bernard.’ Henry VI granted £200 to it, and the names of some of the Queen's court appear on the roll of benefactors. The foundation-stone was laid for the Queen by Sir John Wenlock, her chamberlain, on 15 April 1448, and the quadrangle was approaching completion when the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses put a temporary stop to the undertaking. Later Dokett became a Yorkist, and persuaded the new Queen Elizabeth Woodville to support the college. The prosperity of the college was due to her influence with her husband, and she gave it the first statutes in 1475; the", "title": "Andrew Dokett" }, { "id": "2239820", "score": "1.6403717", "text": "first appearance in the college, which had been going on since 1375 at least, and was chartered in 1379. He must have come from Winchester College in one of the earliest batches of scholars from that college, the sole feeder of New College, not from St John Baptist College, Winchester, as guessed by Dr William Hunt in the \"Dict. Nat. Biog.\" (and repeated in Charles Grant Robertson's \"History of All Souls College\") to cover the mistaken supposition that St Mary's College was not founded till 1393. St Mary's College was in fact formally founded in 1382, and the school had", "title": "Henry Chichele" }, { "id": "3017179", "score": "1.6361414", "text": "the Fellows and scholars of Winchester College to Eton to start the school there. However, only five scholars and perhaps one commoner (pupil not on the foundation) left Winchester for Eton in 1443, probably in July, just before the election. Three of them were admitted scholars of King's College, Cambridge on 19 July. (That college, by its second charter of 10 July 1443, had been placed in the same relation to Eton that New College bore to Winchester: i.e. it was to be recruited entirely from Eton.) The chief part of Waynflete's duties as Provost was the financing and completion", "title": "William Waynflete" }, { "id": "577175", "score": "1.6259966", "text": "education: he founded Eton College, King's College, Cambridge and All Souls College, Oxford. He continued a career of architectural patronage started by his father: King's College Chapel and Eton College Chapel and most of his other architectural commissions (such as his completion of his father's foundation of Syon Abbey) consisted of a late Gothic or Perpendicular-style church with a monastic or educational foundation attached. Each year on the anniversary of Henry VI's death, the Provosts of Eton and King's lay white lilies and roses, the respective floral emblems of those colleges, on the spot in the Wakefield Tower at the", "title": "Henry VI of England" }, { "id": "13092759", "score": "1.622084", "text": "the order in Oxford. A site was found at the eastern end of what is now the modern frontage of Balliol College. However, this scheme was abandoned because the King died in 1422. Later, in 1435, Thomas Holden and his wife Elizabeth founded St Mary's College, donating land in the parishes of St Michael's North, and St Peter le Bailey, and also building a chapel. Rules were created by the Abbot of Oseney in 1448. Secular clerks could also be admitted, but had to pay for their accommodation. The college was headed by the \"prior studentium\". The College was located", "title": "St Mary's College, Oxford" }, { "id": "3017180", "score": "1.6132076", "text": "of the buildings and establishment. The number of scholars was considerably increased by an election of 25 new foundation scholars on 26 September 1444. The college's annual income was then £946, of which the king contributed £120 and Waynflete £18, or more than half his stipend of £30 a year. The full number of 70 scholars was not filled up until Waynflete's last year as Provost, 1446–1447 (\"Eton Audit Roll\"). So greatly did Waynflete ingratiate himself with Henry that when Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, Henry's uncle, died on 11 April 1447, the king wrote to the chapter of Winchester, instructing", "title": "William Waynflete" }, { "id": "436693", "score": "1.6108525", "text": "was endowed by Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII, and was given the name Christ's College, perhaps at the suggestion of her confessor, the Bishop John Fisher. The expansion in the population of the college in the seventeenth century led to the building, in the 1640s, of the Fellow's Building in what is now Second Court. The original 15th/16th century college buildings now form part of First Court, including the chapel, Master's Lodge and Great Gate tower. The gate itself is disproportionate: the bottom has been cut off to accommodate a rise in street level, which can also", "title": "Christ's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "577145", "score": "1.6086879", "text": "legacy of educational institutions, having founded Eton College, King's College, Cambridge, and All Souls College, Oxford. Shakespeare wrote a trilogy of plays about his life, depicting him as weak-willed and easily influenced by his wife, Margaret. Henry was the only child and heir of King Henry V. He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor Castle. He succeeded to the throne as King of England at the age of nine months upon his father's death on 31 August 1422; he was the youngest person ever to succeed to the English throne. A few weeks later on 21 October 1422", "title": "Henry VI of England" } ]

[ "serve kosher food and treat their workers fairly", "Serve kosher food and treat their workers fairly" ]

[ { "id": "14669845", "score": "2.2791324", "text": "Tav HaYosher The Tav HaYosher is a certification mark offered, free of charge, to Kosher food establishments that meet a series of ethical criteria developed by the organization, Uri L'Tzedek. Particularly, the Tav HaYosher confirms that an eating establishment with its seal pays minimum wage to all employees and overtime to those employees working more than 40 hours a week. It also ensures the establishment offers employees appropriate breaks as required by law, and provides a safe and abuse-free working environment. Traditional kosher certification agencies such as the Orthodox Union and Star-K offer kosher certification (known in Hebrew as a", "title": "Tav HaYosher" }, { "id": "14669849", "score": "2.173406", "text": "and that Tav HaYosher offered a means \"to have an additional agency supervising an aspect we feel is important.\" Sokolow stated that he had to make no changes in his business practices to meet the certification standards in any of his restaurants. Tav HaYosher The Tav HaYosher is a certification mark offered, free of charge, to Kosher food establishments that meet a series of ethical criteria developed by the organization, Uri L'Tzedek. Particularly, the Tav HaYosher confirms that an eating establishment with its seal pays minimum wage to all employees and overtime to those employees working more than 40 hours", "title": "Tav HaYosher" }, { "id": "14669847", "score": "2.1155868", "text": "to defiance of child labor laws to immigration violations. In 2009, the Tav HaYosher was announced by Uri L'Tzedek as the Orthodox Jewish community's response to these legal and ethical offenses. Each restaurant applying for the certificate is reviewed by one of 60 volunteers, who audit the company's ledgers and speak with workers to ensure that they are being treated fairly. The Tav HaYosher ensures that workers receive their rights according to federal and state law as well as ethical standards. After the free initial certification, inspectors visit each establishment unannounced every two to three months to verify continuing compliance.", "title": "Tav HaYosher" }, { "id": "14669848", "score": "2.0839176", "text": "In May 2009 only five New York City restaurants carried Tav HaYosher seal and by January 2010, Tav HaYosher certification had been granted to over 70 dining establishments in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, California, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Montreal. However, it didn't went without a controversy that happened on June 15, 2009, at Mike's Italian Kitchen and Mike’s Bistro. Businesses such as Noah's Ark, with locations in Manhattan and Teaneck, New Jersey, were covered by the Tav HaYosher, with owner Noam Sokolow remarking that he wanted his \"restaurants to be on a level where everyone feels comfortable\"", "title": "Tav HaYosher" }, { "id": "14669846", "score": "1.7379947", "text": "Hechsher), which confirms that the food meets the standards of kosher dietary law and can be eaten by those Jews who observe the laws of Kashrut. Many non-Jews purchase kosher food, believing that the kosher certification implies that the food was produced to meet a higher ethical standard all around, not just in terms of Jewish law (Halacha) and Kashrut. Many kosher consumers were shocked to discover that Agriprocessors, a kosher slaughterhouse and meat processor in Postville, Iowa, had been raided by Federal authorities on May 12, 2009, where U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement had discovered breaches ranging from fraud", "title": "Tav HaYosher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tav HaYosher\n\nThe Tav HaYosher is a certification mark offered, free of charge, to Kosher food establishments that meet a series of ethical criteria developed by the organization, Uri L'Tzedek. Particularly, the Tav HaYosher confirms that an eating establishment with its seal pays minimum wage to all employees and overtime to those employees working more than 40 hours a week. It also ensures the establishment offers employees appropriate breaks as required by law, and provides a safe and abuse-free working environment.\n\nTraditional kosher certification agencies such as the Orthodox Union and Star-K offer kosher certification (known in Hebrew as a Hechsher), which confirms that the food meets the standards of kosher dietary law and can be eaten by those Jews who observe the laws of Kashrut. Many non-Jews purchase kosher food, believing that the kosher certification implies that the food was produced to meet a higher ethical standard all around, not just in terms of Jewish law (Halacha) and Kashrut. Many kosher consumers were shocked to discover that Agriprocessors, a kosher slaughterhouse and meat processor in Postville, Iowa, had been raided by Federal authorities on May 12, 2009, where U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement had discovered breaches ranging from fraud to defiance of child labor laws to immigration violations. \n\nIn 2009, the Tav HaYosher was announced by Uri L'Tzedek as the Orthodox Jewish community's response to these legal and ethical offenses. Each restaurant applying for the certificate is reviewed by one of 60 volunteers, who audit the company's ledgers and speak with workers to ensure that they are being treated fairly. The Tav HaYosher ensures that workers receive their rights according to federal and state law as well as ethical standards. After the free initial certification, inspectors visit each establishment unannounced every two to three months to verify continuing compliance.\n\nIn May 2009 five New York City restaurants carried Tav HaYosher seal and by January 2010, Tav HaYosher certification had been granted to over 70 dining establishments in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, California, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Montreal. However, it didn't went without a controversy that happened on June 15, 2009, at Mike's Italian Kitchen and Mike’s Bistro. Businesses such as Noah's Ark, with locations in Manhattan and Teaneck, New Jersey, were covered by the Tav HaYosher, with owner Noam Sokolow remarking that he wanted his \"restaurants to be on a level where everyone feels comfortable\" and that Tav HaYosher offered a means \"to have an additional agency supervising an aspect we feel is important.\" Sokolow stated that he had to make no changes in his business practices to meet the certification standards in any of his restaurants.<ref name=Standard/>\n\n", "title": "Tav HaYosher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Recent additions/2010/June" }, { "id": "18598889", "score": "1.5365117", "text": "It also staffs an Institute of Halacha, Kashrus Training Programs, a Kashrus Foodservice Training Seminar, and Telekosher Conference Series Webinars. Kosher certification agency A kosher certification agency is an organization that grants a \"hechsher\" (, \"seal of approval\") to ingredients, packaged foods, beverages, and certain materials, as well as food-service providers and facilities in which kosher food is prepared or served. This certification verifies that the ingredients, production process, and/or food-service process complies with the standards of \"kashrut\" (Jewish dietary law) as stipulated in the \"Shulchan Arukh\", the benchmark of religious Jewish law. The certification agency employs \"mashgichim\" (rabbinic field", "title": "Kosher certification agency" }, { "id": "18671163", "score": "1.4959022", "text": "80 locations across 16 states. The franchise was the first in the United States to earn REAL certification from the United States Healthful Food Council (USHFC). The certification is given to restaurants that serve vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and where the food is primarily prepared from scratch. The award recognises that the chain uses minimal processed foods, and give priority to local and organic ingredients. However, there is no way to accurately measure the REAL certification's health benefits or what it actually means to consumers. According to a corporate spokesperson, every restaurant location supports at least one charitable organization.", "title": "Taziki's Mediterranean Café" }, { "id": "10520242", "score": "1.4944553", "text": "Star-K Star-K Kosher Certification, also known as the Vaad Hakashrut of Baltimore (), is a kosher certification agency based in Baltimore, Maryland, under the administration of Rabbi Moshe Heinemann, with the involvement of many other rabbis. It is one of the largest Jewish dietary certification agencies in North America. It is trusted by many orthodox Jews worldwide for dedication to preserving Kashrut. The organization supervises tens of thousands of commercial food products and food establishments (such as restaurants and caterers) around the world. The organization also provides another kosher certification label known as Star-D for certain dairy products and establishments.", "title": "Star-K" }, { "id": "18598885", "score": "1.436532", "text": "in the United States. In addition to the symbol, many agencies indicate whether the product is dairy (\"D\"), meaty (\"Meat\"), \"pareve\" (\"Pareve\"), or kosher for Passover (\"P\"). It should be noted that the letter \"K\" by itself cannot be trademarked, and therefore can be affixed to a product by anyone. It carries no legal or halakhic significance, and is therefore not a guarantee of kosher status. The \"mashgiach\", or rabbinic field representative, is the kosher certification agency's \"eyes and ears\" at the point of production or distribution. He must ensure that kosher and non-kosher production runs are kept completely separate.", "title": "Kosher certification agency" }, { "id": "18774869", "score": "1.4361339", "text": "Alternative Kosher Alternative Kosher (or Alternative Kosher Certificate or Alternative Kashrut or Private Kosher, Hebrew: כשרות אלטרנטיבית, \"Kashrut Alternatvit\", or תעודת כשרות אלטרנטיבית, \"Teudat Kashrut Alternativit\") refers in Israel to the phenomenon, especially among restaurants in Jerusalem, where restaurants abandon the procedure of obtaining kosher certification from the traditional establishment players in favor of extra-establishment entities in order to obtain a kosher certificate for their businesses. The Israeli Chief Rabbinate's Kashrut has been a monopoly for many years, while many restaurants chafed under the rabbinate’s monopoly on kosher certification, complaining that the organization overcharges for its services and enforces a", "title": "Alternative Kosher" }, { "id": "18598883", "score": "1.4251082", "text": "the kosher run. The client must also agree to specific documentation and record-keeping systems in order to track raw ingredients coming in and processed foods going out, as well as production schedules. A food-service venue must comply with additional halakhic requirements, such as respecting the laws of Shabbat, Yom Tov, Passover, and certain Jewish fast days. The agency and client sign a one-year contract which is renewed automatically, unless either party notifies the other of its desire to end the relationship. Upon approval, the client receives permission to display the kosher certification agency's symbol, or \"hechsher\", on its product packaging", "title": "Kosher certification agency" }, { "id": "10264443", "score": "1.4197781", "text": "Magen Tzedek Magen Tzedek, originally known as Hekhsher Tzedek, ( English translation \"Shield of Justice\" or \"Justice Certification\", with variant English spellings) is a complementary certification for kosher food produced in the United States in a way that meets Jewish Halakhic (legal) standards for workers, consumers, animals, and the environment, as understood by Conservative Judaism. Magen Tzedek certification is not a kashrut certification which certifies that food is kosher in that it meets certain requirements regarding ingredients of food and technical methods of animal slaughter, but an ethical certification complementary to conventional kosher certification. Magen Tzedek was initiated by Conservative", "title": "Magen Tzedek" }, { "id": "10520244", "score": "1.4172738", "text": "not to Ashkenazi Jews on Passover. Star-K Star-K Kosher Certification, also known as the Vaad Hakashrut of Baltimore (), is a kosher certification agency based in Baltimore, Maryland, under the administration of Rabbi Moshe Heinemann, with the involvement of many other rabbis. It is one of the largest Jewish dietary certification agencies in North America. It is trusted by many orthodox Jews worldwide for dedication to preserving Kashrut. The organization supervises tens of thousands of commercial food products and food establishments (such as restaurants and caterers) around the world. The organization also provides another kosher certification label known as Star-D", "title": "Star-K" }, { "id": "223289", "score": "1.4118336", "text": "but since many countries do not allow letters to be trademarked (the method by which other symbols are protected from misuse), it only indicates that the company producing the product claims that it is kosher. Many of the certification symbols are accompanied by additional letters or words to indicate the category of the product, according to Jewish law; the categorisation may conflict with legal classifications, especially in the case of food that Jewish law regards as \"dairy\", but legal classification does not. In many cases constant supervision is required because, for various reasons, such as changes in manufacturing processes, products", "title": "Kashrut" }, { "id": "18598876", "score": "1.4005438", "text": "agency has its own trademarked symbol that it allows manufacturers and food-service providers to display on their products or in-store certificates; use of this symbol can be revoked for non-compliance. A kosher certification agency's purview extends only to those areas mandated by Jewish law. Kosher certification is not a substitute for government or private food safety testing and enforcement. As of 2014, there are more than 1,100 kosher certification agencies. These include international, national, regional, Israeli, specialty, and non-Orthodox agencies. Specialty agencies endorse ethical business practices, animal welfare, and environmental awareness on the part of the food producer. Non-Orthodox agencies", "title": "Kosher certification agency" }, { "id": "18774872", "score": "1.3985215", "text": "as one that holds an alternative kashrut certificate. Alternative Kosher Alternative Kosher (or Alternative Kosher Certificate or Alternative Kashrut or Private Kosher, Hebrew: כשרות אלטרנטיבית, \"Kashrut Alternatvit\", or תעודת כשרות אלטרנטיבית, \"Teudat Kashrut Alternativit\") refers in Israel to the phenomenon, especially among restaurants in Jerusalem, where restaurants abandon the procedure of obtaining kosher certification from the traditional establishment players in favor of extra-establishment entities in order to obtain a kosher certificate for their businesses. The Israeli Chief Rabbinate's Kashrut has been a monopoly for many years, while many restaurants chafed under the rabbinate’s monopoly on kosher certification, complaining that the", "title": "Alternative Kosher" }, { "id": "1810086", "score": "1.3977726", "text": "retailers in the West. The kosher certified products can be determined from the small \"OU\" symbol on the lid (small container), the back of the box (large container) or on the outside back of multi-packs near the nutrition information. Due to mixed inventory on store shelves, it is advisable to confirm the product one selects does indeed contain the symbol to avoid ingesting the non-certified product. Forty-five per cent of the world's Tic Tacs are manufactured in the Ferrero factory in Cork, Ireland. Tic Tacs are also manufactured in Australia, Canada, India and Ecuador. For Fresh mint (Europe/US/Canada); Peppermint (Australia)", "title": "Tic Tac" }, { "id": "20980938", "score": "1.3970492", "text": "Supreme Court with over 50 restaurants and the public on their side. The decision came that the authority to grant kosher certificates still belongs to the Rabbinate, but establishments have the right to present their standards of kashrut. The Supreme Court ruled that the “Law Against Kashrut Fraud” is to ensure kosher food being presented properly. The president of the Supreme Court, Miriam Naor, stated Hashgacha Pratit is committed to Orthodox \"halachic\" standards of kashrut. Their certification entails that dairy restaurants are completely dairy or pareve, dairy comes from certified kosher milk, all meat in meat restaurants is kosher (i.e.", "title": "Hasgacha Pratit" }, { "id": "12786914", "score": "1.3910002", "text": "supermarket is today a national chain. In addition to the supermarkets throughout Israel, Tiv Ta'am is also involved in food processing and production, which include meat processing, hot dogs, chicken, fish, seafood, dried fruits, cheeses and wine, and telecommunication, which includes the import, market, and distribution of telecommunication switchboards. However, in 2007, Tiv Ta'am sold its holding in the telecommunication satellite company Satcom Ltd., and in September 2008 Tiv Ta'am sold its holdings in Tadiran Telecom. In June 2007 a lot of news was made and uproar among certain segments of the Israeli public, when Arcadi Gaydamak, Israeli businessman, made", "title": "Tiv Ta'am" }, { "id": "18598875", "score": "1.3906955", "text": "Kosher certification agency A kosher certification agency is an organization that grants a \"hechsher\" (, \"seal of approval\") to ingredients, packaged foods, beverages, and certain materials, as well as food-service providers and facilities in which kosher food is prepared or served. This certification verifies that the ingredients, production process, and/or food-service process complies with the standards of \"kashrut\" (Jewish dietary law) as stipulated in the \"Shulchan Arukh\", the benchmark of religious Jewish law. The certification agency employs \"mashgichim\" (rabbinic field representatives) to make periodic site visits and oversee the food-production or food-service process in order to verify ongoing compliance. Each", "title": "Kosher certification agency" } ]

[ "She-asses", "Wild donkeys", "Mating donkeys", "domestic ass", "mating donkeys", "Equus africanus asinus", "Feral donkey", "equus asinus", "Donkey", "feral donkey", "she ass", "jenny donkey", "She asses", "Ass (animal)", "She-ass", "domestic donkey", "Equus asinus", "Donkey meat", "donkey", "Jenny (donkey)", "donkeys", "Domestic ass", "Male donkey", "ass animal", "she asses", "Braying", "Domestic donkey", "Female donkey", "wild donkeys", "Donkeys", "donkey meat", "She ass", "female donkey", "equus africanus asinus", "braying", "male donkey" ]

[ { "id": "895637", "score": "1.6955237", "text": "Eeyore Eeyore ( ) is a character in the \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" books by A. A. Milne. He is generally characterized as a pessimistic, gloomy, depressed, anhedonic, old grey stuffed donkey who is a friend of the title character, Winnie-the-Pooh. Eeyore appears in chapters IV, VI, VII, and X of \"Winnie-the-Pooh\", and is mentioned in a few others. He also appears in all the chapters of \"The House at Pooh Corner\" except chapter VII. His name is an onomatopoeic representation of the braying sound made by a normal donkey, usually represented as \"hee haw\" in American English: the spelling with an \"r\"", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "895639", "score": "1.637476", "text": "with a drawing pin. In \"The House at Pooh Corner\", Eeyore's level of literacy is unclear. When Christopher Robin shows him the letter \"A,\" Eeyore does not understand its meaning, knowing only that \"it means learning,\" something he desperately wants to be seen as having, but he angrily destroys the letter after finding that Rabbit (who is quite literate) knows about it already. Nevertheless, he spells his own name \"eoR\" when signing the \"rissolution\" that the animals give to Christopher Robin as a farewell present in the final chapter. Eeyore also wrote the awkwardly-rhymed poem called \"POEM\", which appeared on", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "895638", "score": "1.6231327", "text": "is explained by the fact that Milne and most of his intended audience spoke a non-rhotic variety of English in which the \"r\" in \"Eeyore\" is not pronounced as /r/. Physically, Eeyore is described as an \"old grey donkey.\" In Ernest H. Shepard's illustrations, he appears to be about chin-high to Pooh and about hip-high to Christopher Robin. He has a long, detachable tail with a pink bow on the end, of which he is very fond, but which he is also prone to losing (Owl once mistakes it for a bell-pull). Christopher Robin is able to reattach the tail", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "895642", "score": "1.6152213", "text": "at the game Poohsticks, winning more times than anyone else when it is played in the sixth chapter. Eeyore appears in the \"Winnie the Pooh\" cartoons popularized by The Walt Disney Company. He is somewhat less caustic and sarcastic in the Disney version than in Milne's original stories. Though often a supporting character, \"Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore\" focuses on him. He is physically one of the stronger animals and is often treated as a pack animal whenever a plot calls for one. His house is regularly knocked down, but he always rebuilds it. He usually expects", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "895641", "score": "1.6015263", "text": "is thistles. He lives in the southeast corner of the Hundred Acre Wood, in an area labeled \"Eeyore's Gloomy Place: Rather Boggy and Sad\" on the map in the book. He has a stick house therein called The House at Pooh Corner. Pooh and Piglet built it for him after accidentally mistaking the original house that Eeyore built for a pile of sticks. On Eeyore's birthday, he is given an empty honey jar from Pooh for keeping things in, a popped red balloon from Piglet to keep in the pot, and a note from Owl. Eeyore is also surprisingly good", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eeyore\n\nEeyore ( ) is a fictional character in the \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" books by A. A. Milne. He is generally characterized as a pessimistic, gloomy, depressed, anhedonic, old grey stuffed donkey who is a friend of the title character, Winnie-the-Pooh.", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winnie-the-Pooh\n\nWinnie-the-Pooh, also called Pooh Bear and Pooh, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A. A. Milne and English illustrator E. H. Shepard.\n\nThe first collection of stories about the character was the book \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" (1926), and this was followed by \"The House at Pooh Corner\" (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book \"When We Were Very Young\" (1924) and many more in \"Now We Are Six\" (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.\n\nThe Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, including Alexander Lenard's Latin translation, , which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list.\n\nIn 1961, Walt Disney Productions licensed certain film and other rights of Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories from the estate of A. A. Milne and the licensing agent Stephen Slesinger, Inc., and adapted the Pooh stories, using the unhyphenated name \"Winnie the Pooh\", into a series of features that would eventually become one of its most successful franchises.\n\nIn popular film adaptations, Pooh has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings in English, and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian.", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winnie-the-Pooh (book)\n\nWinnie-the-Pooh is a 1926 children's book by English author A. A. Milne and English illustrator E. H. Shepard. The book is set in the fictional Hundred Acre Wood, with a collection of short stories following the adventures of an anthropomorphic teddy bear, Winnie-the-Pooh, and his friends Christopher Robin, Piglet, Eeyore, Owl, Rabbit, Kanga, and Roo. It is the first of two story collections by Milne about Winnie-the-Pooh, the second being \"The House at Pooh Corner\" (1928). Milne and Shepard collaborated previously for English humour magazine \"Punch\", and in 1924 created \"When We Were Very Young\", a poetry collection. Among the characters in the poetry book was a teddy bear Shepard modelled after his son's toy. Following this, Shepard encouraged Milne to write about his son Christopher Robin Milne's toys, and so they became the inspiration for the characters in \"Winnie-the-Pooh\".\n\nThe book was published on October 14, 1926, and was both well-received by critics and a commercial success, selling 150,000 copies before the end of the year. Critical analysis of the book has held that it represents a rural Arcadia, separated from real-world issues or problems, and is without purposeful subtext. More recently, criticism has been levelled at the lack of positive female characters (i.e. that the only female character, Kanga, is depicted as a bad mother). \n\n\"Winnie-the-Pooh\" has been translated into over fifty languages; a 1958 Latin translation, \"Winnie ille Pu\", was the first foreign-language book to be featured on the \"New York Times\" Best Seller List, and the only book in Latin ever to have been featured. The stories and characters in the book have been adapted in other media, most notably into a franchise by The Walt Disney Company, beginning with \"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree\", released on February 4, 1966 as a double feature with \"The Ugly Dachshund\". On January 1, 2022, the original \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" book entered the public domain in the United States, but remains protected under copyright in other countries, including the UK.", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh (book)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "A. A. Milne\n\nAlan Alexander Milne (; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English writer best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh, as well as for children's poetry. Milne was primarily a playwright before the huge success of Winnie-the-Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, as a lieutenant in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in the First World War and as a captain in the Home Guard in the Second World War.\n\nMilne was the father of bookseller Christopher Robin Milne, upon whom the character Christopher Robin is based. It was during a visit to London Zoo, where Christopher became enamoured with the tame and amiable bear Winnipeg, that Milne was inspired to write the story of Winnie-the-Pooh for his son.", "title": "A. A. Milne" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)\n\nPiglet is a fictional character from A. A. Milne's \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" books. Piglet is Winnie‑the‑Pooh's closest friend amongst all the toys and animals featured in the stories. Although he is a \"Very Small Animal\" of a generally timid disposition, he tries to be brave and on occasion conquers his fears.", "title": "Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)" }, { "id": "14168037", "score": "1.5993655", "text": "belongs to Eeyore. Owl has been using Eeyore's tail as a bell-pull for his door. Pooh chooses to leave and return the tail to Eeyore instead of sharing a pot of honey with Owl. Christopher Robin is proud of Pooh's selflessness and rewards him with a large pot of honey. In 2009, John Lasseter, Stephen J. Anderson and Don Hall viewed the classic \"Winnie the Pooh\" feature shorts and films to figure out how to make the title character culturally relevant. Following a trip to Ashdown Forest in Sussex, South East England to explore the location of A. A. Milne's", "title": "Winnie the Pooh (2011 film)" }, { "id": "895640", "score": "1.5879792", "text": "the \"rissolution\", making him the only character in the Winnie-the-Pooh books other than Pooh himself who attempts to write poetry (a fact that Eeyore himself notes). When Pooh humbly declares that Eeyore's poetry is better than his own, \"really believing it to be true,\" Eeyore vainly replies that \"it was meant to be.\" Eeyore has a poor opinion of most of the other animals in the Forest, describing them as having \"No brain at all, some of them\", \"only grey fluff that's blown into their heads by mistake\" (from chapter 1 of \"The House at Pooh Corner\"). Eeyore's favorite food", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "895647", "score": "1.5875208", "text": "re-enacted a scene at BotCon to demonstrate a scene where his character Optimus Prime meets Eeyore; Cullen later returned to the role in the 2017 crossover with \"Doc McStuffins\". Gregg Berger voiced Eeyore in the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series and \"\". Brad Garrett voices Eeyore in the 1990s video games \"\" and \"Ready to Read with Pooh\". Garrett reprised the role for the 2018 live-action film \"Christopher Robin\" and the animated film, \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". Eeyore Eeyore ( ) is a character in the \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" books by A. A. Milne. He is generally characterized as a pessimistic, gloomy, depressed, anhedonic,", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "895643", "score": "1.5831892", "text": "misfortune to happen to him, accepts it when it does and rarely even tries to prevent it. His catchphrases are \"Thanks for noticin' me\" and \"Ohhh-kayyy\". Despite his depressive nature, Eeyore is capable of great compassion, whereas in the books he is more apathetic. Several episodes of \"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" episodes exemplify this, including \"Donkey for a Day\", \"Stripes\", \"Home is Where the Home is\" and \"Eeyi Eeyi Eeyore\". Eeyore is usually one of the core group of animals, along with Pooh, Piglet, Rabbit and Tigger. Of these five, he is the most reluctant to go", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "18204950", "score": "1.5452707", "text": "animated feature film. Inspired by A. A. Milne's stories of the same name, the film is part of Disney's \"Winnie the Pooh\" franchise, the fifth theatrical Winnie the Pooh film released, and Walt Disney Animation Studios' second adaptation of \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" stories. Upon learning that Eeyore has lost his tail, the residents of the Hundred Acre Wood start a contest to see who can find a new one for the melancholy donkey — with a pot of honey going to the winner. Amid the goings-on, Owl mistakenly relates the news that Christopher Robin has been abducted by a monster called The", "title": "Winnie the Pooh (franchise)" }, { "id": "6946643", "score": "1.5449088", "text": "before the beginning of ‘dead week’, hosted by Plan 2 students and faculty, and first led by Lloyd Birdwell, an English professor at the University of Texas at Austin. It was named for Eeyore, a chronically depressed donkey in A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories who, in one story, believes his friends have forgotten his birthday only to discover they have planned a surprise party for him. Despite its name, the event does not fall on the official birthday of the fictional character. The original event featured a trashcan full of lemonade, beer, honey sandwiches, a live, flower-draped donkey, and a", "title": "Eeyore's Birthday Party" }, { "id": "6835714", "score": "1.5414162", "text": "Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore is a 1983 Disney Winnie the Pooh animated featurette, based on two chapters from the books \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" and \"The House at Pooh Corner\", originally released theatrically on March 25, 1983, with the 1983 re-issue of \"The Sword in the Stone\". It is the fourth and final of Disney's original theatrical featurettes adapted from the Pooh books by A. A. Milne. Produced by Rick Reinert Productions, this was the first Disney animated film since the 1938 Silly Symphonies short \"Merbabies\" to be produced by an", "title": "Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore" }, { "id": "2129569", "score": "1.5408925", "text": "the character from The Royal Literary Fund, whom the estate of Milne had sold the rights to. The $350M purchase gave Disney full rights to the franchise until copyright expires in 2026. Winnie-the-Pooh (book) Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) is the first volume of stories about Winnie-the-Pooh, written by A. A. Milne and illustrated by E. H. Shepard. It is followed by \"The House at Pooh Corner\". The book focuses on the adventures of a teddy bear called Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends Piglet, a small toy pig; Eeyore, a toy donkey; Owl, a live owl; and Rabbit, a live rabbit. The characters of", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh (book)" }, { "id": "6106889", "score": "1.5387907", "text": "party celebrating Pooh's heroic deed. During the party, Eeyore announces that he has found a new home for Owl. He leads everyone over to his discovery, which, known to everyone except for Owl and Eeyore, is Piglet's beech tree. Owl is very impressed with the house, but before anyone can tell him who the home belongs to, Piglet decides that Owl should have the house. Pooh decides to allow Piglet to move into his home and, very impressed by his selflessness, asks Christopher Robin to make the hero party for two instead of one. Shortly before Walt Disney's death in", "title": "Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day" }, { "id": "895645", "score": "1.5363965", "text": "fixed to him by a nail, although Disney has chosen this as part of his permanent image. When Eeyore lost his tail, Owl found it and used it as a bell-pull beside his door before Pooh found it for Eeyore. Christopher Robin then pinned it back on. According to \"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree\", this was possible because Eeyore is full of sawdust. In Disney merchandise, Eeyore sometimes has an uncharacteristic smile. In animation, Eeyore is coloured his natural grey, though he is coloured blue with a pink muzzle in merchandising. He appears at the Walt Disney Parks", "title": "Eeyore" }, { "id": "12472155", "score": "1.5206218", "text": "visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return. An authorised sequel \"Return to the Hundred Acre Wood\" was published on 5 October 2009. The author, David Benedictus, has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by Mark Burgess, are in the style of Shepard. Another authorised sequel, \"The Best Bear in All", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh" }, { "id": "10712", "score": "1.5156314", "text": "Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into A. A. Milne's stories, and two more characters – Rabbit and Owl – were created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now on display in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year. The fictional Hundred Acre Wood of the Pooh stories derives from Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, South East England, where the Pooh stories were", "title": "A. A. Milne" }, { "id": "18204969", "score": "1.5041914", "text": "bounce and get caught in a tree. \"Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons\" is a short film made by Walt Disney Productions' educational media division, released on September 6, 1981. \"Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore\" is the Disney's Winnie the Pooh animated featurette, based on two chapters from the books \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" and \"The House at Pooh Corner\", originally released theatrically on March 11, 1983, with the 1983 re-issue of \"The Sword in the Stone\". It is the fourth and final of Disney's original theatrical featurettes adapted from the Pooh books by A. A. Milne. Produced by Rick", "title": "Winnie the Pooh (franchise)" }, { "id": "19795925", "score": "1.4960549", "text": "with a hand-painted Christopher Robin tea set. A PDF e-book version was also released by Disney. In this edition, Jane Riordan is not credited as author. Christopher Robin informs Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore, Rabbit, Tigger, and Kanga that Queen Elizabeth II is about to celebrate her 90th birthday. The toys discuss the need for a very special present to mark the occasion. Pooh comes up with a hum that everyone agrees would make a charming gift. Christopher Robin, Pooh, Piglet, and Eeyore set off to London to deliver the hum in person. They take a bus from Victoria and enjoy such", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen" }, { "id": "19769723", "score": "1.492445", "text": "Robin says Penguin needs Bringing Out of Himself. But will Penguin stay long enough for the friends to get to know him? In \"Spring\" by Jeanne Willis, the birds are nesting and Winnie-the-Pooh is admiring the daffodils and humming to himself when he encounters Eeyore feeling gloomy because he is convinced that another donkey is after his thistles. Pooh sets out to find this other donkey and Piglet agrees to help as long as the other donkey is not a Heffalump. In \"Summer\" by Kate Saunders, Christopher Robin tells Winnie-the-Pooh all about the Sauce of the Nile, which makes Pooh", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh: The Best Bear in All the World" } ]

[ "eden project cornwall", "Eden Project, Cornwall", "eden project", "Eden Sessions", "Eden Project", "Eden project", "eden sessions", "The Eden Project" ]

[ { "id": "127417", "score": "1.8809371", "text": "Eden Project The Eden Project () is a popular visitor attraction in Cornwall, England, UK. Inside the two biomes are plants that are collected from many diverse climates and environments. The project is located in a reclaimed china clay pit, located from the town of St Blazey and from the larger town of St Austell. The complex is dominated by two huge enclosures consisting of adjoining domes that house thousands of plant species, and each enclosure emulates a natural biome. The biomes consist of hundreds of hexagonal and pentagonal, inflated, plastic cells supported by steel frames. The largest of the", "title": "Eden Project" }, { "id": "6591533", "score": "1.8039489", "text": "station in the town, and still exists as part of the Atlantic Coast Line. Whilst St Blazey depot is still in use, St Blazey station closed to passengers in 1925, and the town is now served by Par station on the Cornish Main Line in Par village. The Eden Project is located within the civil parish, and about a mile and half (2 km) from the centre of the town. The large number of visitors this attracts has led to the development of tourism in the town. Other attractions, such as the Treffry Viaduct and the Luxulyan Valley, are also", "title": "St Blazey" }, { "id": "17135585", "score": "1.7566799", "text": "hamlet of Stoke, near Hartland. In 1959 the North Devon Coast was designated as an AONB, the first in Devon. In 1976, Braunton Burrows was designated a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, with a focus on research questions and on environmental conservation. The reserve was greatly expanded in 2002 under a new set of guidelines that promoted the interactions of mankind with nature in terms of sustainable living, income generation, and reducing local poverty. It became the first of these \"new style\" biosphere reserves in the United Kingdom. The dune system of Braunton Burrows was", "title": "North Devon's Biosphere Reserve" }, { "id": "12147775", "score": "1.7462935", "text": "St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town The St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town is a plan to build a new town on a cluster of sites owned by mining company Imerys near St Austell, in Cornwall, England. The plan was given outline government approval in July 2009. The plan would need to gain full planning permission before construction commenced. A number of organisations are involved in the development. A joint venture company called ECO-BOS has been set up by Imerys, and Orascom, with assistance from the Eden Project. This company will prepare the planning application and build the development if", "title": "St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town" }, { "id": "3947243", "score": "1.7459471", "text": "three research themes: clean technologies, natural environment, and social science and sustainability. It was officially opened in April 2013, and houses over 140 researchers, professors, lecturers and PhD students. Professor Juliet Osborne (Chair of Applied Ecology at the ESI) succeeded Prof. Kevin Gaston as Director of the ESI in May 2017. The four-storey Daphne du Maurier (DDM) building houses teaching facilities that include science and engineering laboratories, IT facilities, library and lecture and seminar rooms. Falmouth University's Design Centre occupies a much of the south of the building, whilst most of the top floor is used by University of Exeter's", "title": "Penryn Campus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eden Project\n\nThe Eden Project () is a visitor attraction in Cornwall, England, UK. The project is located in a reclaimed china clay pit, located from the town of St Blazey and from the larger town of St Austell.\n\nThe complex is dominated by two huge enclosures consisting of adjoining domes that house thousands of plant species, and each enclosure emulates a natural biome. The biomes consist of hundreds of hexagonal and pentagonal ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) inflated cells supported by geodesic tubular steel domes. The larger of the two biomes simulates a rainforest environment (and is the largest indoor rainforest in the world) and the second, a Mediterranean environment. The attraction also has an outside botanical garden which is home to many plants and wildlife native to Cornwall and the UK in general; it also has many plants that provide an important and interesting backstory, for example, those with a prehistoric heritage.\n\nThere are plans to build an Eden Project North in the seaside town of Morecambe, Lancashire, with a focus on the marine environment.", "title": "Eden Project" }, { "id": "12147778", "score": "1.7222366", "text": "for the revival of the project in the West Carclaze area along the A391 from the Carclaze to the edges of Stenalees and Penwithick. The revised plans, include 1,500 homes, a primary school, a technology park, solar farms and recreational facilities. A community consultation was held in May and June 2014, this resulted in several changes to the master plan. A planning application which is due to be submitted in December 2014. The project was included in a list of fourteen garden villages announced by the Government in January 2017. The plan has received some local opposition. The \"No Ecotown\"", "title": "St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town" }, { "id": "7215028", "score": "1.7008", "text": "St Blazey engine shed St Blazey Engine Shed is located in Par, Cornwall, United Kingdom, although it is named after the adjacent village of St Blazey. It was built in 1874 as the headquarters of the Cornwall Minerals Railway but for many years was a depot of the Great Western Railway. The current depot operator (in 2016) is DB Cargo and the depot TOPS code is BZ. St Blazey engine shed dates from the opening of the Cornwall Minerals Railway on 1 June 1874. This line linked Fowey and Newquay via Par in Cornwall. The engineer was Sir Morton Peto", "title": "St Blazey engine shed" }, { "id": "2319358", "score": "1.6987357", "text": "the return of Peacocks to St Austell following the demolition of its old store to make way for the new development. Bonmarche has since closed. In October 2008, it was announced that the developer David McLean Developments had gone into administration and concern was expressed that this could jeopardise the completion of the project. In December 2008, the new White River Cinema opened its doors for the first time: the cinema is technically advanced and the first purpose-built cinema in Cornwall for over 60 years. The Torchlight Carnival was revived in November 2009 as a direct result of public demand", "title": "St Austell" }, { "id": "7215033", "score": "1.6984186", "text": "St Blazey railway station A passenger station was opened at Par on 20 June 1876 when the Cornwall Minerals Railway started a passenger service from Fowey to Newquay. It was adjacent to the railway's workshops. Although the station was built to serve Par, the entrance was on the west side of the town and close to the adjacent town of St Blazey. On 1 January 1879 a loop line was built to the Cornwall Railway station at Par and the Cornwall Minerals Railway station renamed St Blazey to avoid the confusion of two stations with the same name. St Blazey", "title": "St Blazey railway station" }, { "id": "12147777", "score": "1.6800938", "text": "level of energy efficiency including some with a zero-carbon rating. The plan includes several renewable energy sources such as geo-thermal, solar, biomass generation, wind farms, water source heating/cooling and rainwater harvesting. Matthew Taylor, former local MP, was appointed as an independent chair of a board set up to develop the project. In December 2012, the developers of the St Austell eco-town announced that plans had been put on hold indefinitely, blaming the depressed economic situation for their decision. In September 2013, it was announced that Cornwall Council had accepted a grant of more than £1.5million from Central Government to push", "title": "St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town" }, { "id": "2319359", "score": "1.6798232", "text": "through a survey conducted with local residents. The Torchlight Procession has become an important event in the town's calendar, heralding in the Winter celebrations and drawing thousands of people from across Cornwall and Devon. The event is run by a small group of non affiliated volunteers. The St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town is a plan for several new settlements around St Austell on old Imerys sites. It was given outline government approval in July 2009. In July 2011, the Cornwall Council strategic planning committee voted to approve a £250 million beach resort scheme at Carlyon Bay, St Austell. The", "title": "St Austell" }, { "id": "7215030", "score": "1.6796074", "text": "station at Par after which the Cornwall Minerals Railway engine shed and adjacent station were known as St Blazey to avoid the confusion of two stations with the same name. The Cornwall Minerals Railway was operated by the Great Western Railway from October 1877. A new, elevated coaling road and 45,000 gallon water tank was provided before 1908. The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948. The first diesel locomotive was allocated to St Blazey in November 1960. The last steam locomotive workings from the shed were on 28 April 1962. The roundhouse has since", "title": "St Blazey engine shed" }, { "id": "7215034", "score": "1.6725395", "text": "station closed to the public on 21 September 1925 but continued to be used by workmen's trains to Fowey until 29 December 1934. Goods traffic is still sometimes loaded in the goods yard at St Blazey, which is otherwise used for storing wagons from the adjacent marshalling yard. St Blazey railway station A passenger station was opened at Par on 20 June 1876 when the Cornwall Minerals Railway started a passenger service from Fowey to Newquay. It was adjacent to the railway's workshops. Although the station was built to serve Par, the entrance was on the west side of the", "title": "St Blazey railway station" }, { "id": "127418", "score": "1.6633782", "text": "two biomes simulates a rainforest environment and the second, a Mediterranean environment. The attraction also has an outside botanical garden which is home to many plants and wildlife native to Cornwall and the UK in general; it also has many plants that provide an important and interesting backstory, for example, those with a prehistoric heritage. The project was conceived by Tim Smit and designed by architect Nicholas Grimshaw and engineering firm Anthony Hunt and Associates (now part of Sinclair Knight Merz). Davis Langdon carried out the project management, Sir Robert McAlpine and Alfred McAlpine did the construction, MERO designed and", "title": "Eden Project" }, { "id": "80250", "score": "1.656654", "text": "Roche 50. Tywardreath Marsh, near Par 51. Upton Meadow, near Bude 52. Upton Towans, near St. Ives 53. Ventongimps Moor, near Zelah, Cornwall 54. Marsland Valley, north of Bude 55. Windmill Farm, on The Lizard Cornwall Wildlife Trust The Cornwall Wildlife Trust is a charitable organisation founded in 1962 that is concerned solely with Cornwall, England. It deals with the conservation and preservation of Cornwall's wildlife and habitats managing over 50 nature reserves covering approximately , amongst them Looe Island. Cornwall Wildlife Trust is part of The Wildlife Trusts partnership of 47 wildlife trusts in the United Kingdom. It works", "title": "Cornwall Wildlife Trust" }, { "id": "10204497", "score": "1.6526754", "text": "St Blazey. It also had a direct connection from the St Austell direction on the main line, originally provided as the Cornwall Railway access to the harbour. St Blazey had the semi-roundhouse built by the Cornwall Minerals Railway; the buildings are still (2014) in existence and are in use as workshops. They are grade II* listed buildings. Cornwall Minerals Railway The Cornwall Minerals Railway owned and operated a network of of standard gauge railway lines in central Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It started by taking over an obsolescent horse-operated tramway in 1862, and it improved and extended it, connecting Newquay", "title": "Cornwall Minerals Railway" }, { "id": "1351648", "score": "1.650629", "text": "platinum and gold discs. In 1987 he moved with his family to Cornwall and became involved with Rob Poole, John Nelson and The Lost Gardens of Heligan. During his time at Heligan, Smit wrote a popular book about the project. Later he dreamt up and then created the Eden Project, near St Austell, an £80 million initiative to build two transparent biomes in an old china clay pit near the village of Bodelva. The biomes contain different eco-climates; rainforest and Mediterranean. The outside area is also described as a biome and features areas such as \"Wild Cornwall\". Eden aims to", "title": "Tim Smit" }, { "id": "16581348", "score": "1.6494951", "text": "Heartlands Cornwall Heartlands Cornwall, often known simply as Heartlands, is a World Heritage Site Gateway and visitor attraction in Pool, Cornwall, England, UK. It has been dubbed as Cornwall's first free cultural playground. It was developed at South Crofty's Robinson Shaft and spread over 19 acres in the former mining heart of Cornwall. The project was funded by the National Lottery and was opened on 20 April 2012 after 14 years of planning. In 2014 the project came close to closure and was forced to reorganise its business plan and reduce its paid staff as a consequence of low visitor", "title": "Heartlands Cornwall" }, { "id": "12147776", "score": "1.64725", "text": "granted. Cornwall Council will lead on some part of the project. The plan was provisionally termed Imerys China Clay Community, in 2008 it was shortlisted by the UK's Department for Communities and Local Government as one of the 10 eco-towns proposed for construction in the UK. Under the company's plans, 5,000 eco-homes would be built on former china clay quarries and other sites owned by Imerys over a 20-year period. The sites are: A pilot project consisting of 48 homes, community and employment buildings is planned for the Baal & West Carclaze site. The homes will be built with high", "title": "St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town" }, { "id": "16732683", "score": "1.6443253", "text": "Mr Edwin Derriman O.B.E. (the Chief fishery Officer for Cornwall) eventually culminating in the purpose-designed building being erected on the quayside of Padstow, in 2000. The organisation was initially run as a not-for-profit company and charitable status was awarded in 2004. The organisation is now run as a company limited by guarantee and charity and in 2009 the organisation gained accreditation as a social enterprise. The Directors/Trustees are drawn from relevant disciplines and bodies and are unpaid. The hatchery was eventually opened to the public in August 2000 although there were many problems associated with life support systems during the", "title": "National Lobster Hatchery" } ]

[ "Queen Elizabeth the First", "Queen Elisabeth of england", "Queen Elizabeth of England", "good queen bess", "Queen Elizabeth I", "queen elizabeth first", "Queen Elizabeth 1", "Elizabeth I (England)", "queen elisabeth i", "Elizabeth the First", "Elizabeth 1", "elisabeth i of england", "Virgin Queen", "Elisabeth of England", "queene elisabeth of england", "elisabeth i", "elizabeth 1st", "Elizabeth I of England", "Elizabeth I", "elisabeth 1st", "elizabeth i", "elizabeth i of ireland", "Elizabeth I of Great Britain", "elizabeth of england", "bess of england", "La Vita della Regina Elizabetta", "QEI", "Elizabeth the 1st", "Queen Elizabeth I of England", "Elisabeth I", "Good Queen Bess", "queen elizabeth l", "Elisabeth 1st", "Elisabeth I of England", "Elizabeth i of england", "elizabeth first", "queen of england elizabeth i", "elisabeth of england", "virgin queen", "elizabeth i of england", "Elizabeth the first", "Queen Elizabeth l", "Liz 1", "Elizabeth Tudor", "liz 1", "elizabeth i queen of england", "queen elizabeth i of england", "qei", "Bess of England", "Queen Elizabeth the first", "Elizabeth I, Queen of England", "elizabeth tudor", "elizabeth i england", "Elizabeth I of Ireland", "la vita della regina elizabetta", "elizabeth i tudor", "Queen Elisabeth I", "Elizabeth I Tudor", "Queen of England Elizabeth", "queen elisabeth of england", "gloriana", "Queene Elisabeth of England", "Elizabeth of England", "elizabeth 1", "elizabeth i of united kingdom", "Elizabeth I of the United Kingdom", "Queen of England Elizabeth I", "The Gloriana", "queen elizabeth 1", "queen elizabeth of england", "queen of england elizabeth", "elizabeth i of great britain", "queen elizabeth i" ]

[ { "id": "874653", "score": "2.0577989", "text": "films until \"Spectre\" (2015). A seven-time Oscar nominee, Dench won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in \"Shakespeare in Love\", and has received nominations for her roles in \"Mrs Brown\" (1997), \"Chocolat\" (2000), \"Iris\" (2001), \"Mrs Henderson Presents\" (2005), \"Notes on a Scandal\" (2006), and \"Philomena\" (2013). She has also received many other accolades for her acting in theatre, film, and television; her other competitive awards include six British Academy Film Awards, four BAFTA TV Awards, seven Olivier Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Tony Award.", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874671", "score": "2.0035625", "text": "daunting Elizabeth is one of the film's utmost treats\". The following year, she was nominated for most of the high-profile awards, winning both the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. On her Oscar win, Dench joked on-stage, \"I feel for eight minutes on the screen, I should only get a little bit of him.\" Also in 1999, Dench won the Tony Award for her 1999 Broadway performance in the role of Esme Allen in Sir David Hare's \"Amy's View\". The same year, she co-starred along with Cher, Joan Plowright, Maggie Smith, and Lily", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "17426402", "score": "1.9302701", "text": "performers, working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company. In television, she achieved success during this period, in the series \"A Fine Romance\" from 1981 until 1984 and in 1992 began a continuing role in the television romantic comedy series \"As Time Goes By\". Her film appearances were infrequent until she was cast as M in \"GoldenEye\" (1995), a role she continued to play in James Bond in films through to \"Spectre\". She has starred in many acclaimed films since then, and won an Academy Award as Best Supporting Actress in 1999 for \"Shakespeare in Love\". Judi", "title": "Judi Dench filmography" }, { "id": "17426401", "score": "1.9004183", "text": "Judi Dench filmography Dame Judi Dench is an English actress who has worked in theater, television, and film. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years she played in several of Shakespeare's plays in such roles as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\", Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\" and Lady Macbeth in \"Macbeth\". She branched into film work, and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer; however, most of her work during this period was in theatre. Over the next two decades, she established herself as one of the most significant British theatre", "title": "Judi Dench filmography" }, { "id": "874651", "score": "1.8799703", "text": "Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\", Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\", and Lady Macbeth in \"Macbeth\". Although most of her work during this period was in theatre, she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer. She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical \"Cabaret\" in 1968. Over the next two decades,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874670", "score": "1.8452625", "text": "Dench commented that the project launched her Hollywood career and joked that \"it was thanks to Harvey, whose name I have had tattooed on my bum\". Dench's other film of 1997 was Roger Spottiswoode's \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", her second film in the \"James Bond\" series. The same year, Dench reteamed with director John Madden to film \"Shakespeare in Love\" (1998), a romantic comedy-drama that depicts a love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes, while he was writing the play \"Romeo and Juliet\". On her performance as Queen Elizabeth I, \"The New York Times\" commented that \"Dench's shrewd,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "894045", "score": "1.8411627", "text": "would go on to win seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress (Gwyneth Paltrow), Best Supporting Actress (Judi Dench), and Best Original Screenplay. In 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlain's Men and poor playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Shakespeare is working on a new comedy, \"Romeo and Ethel, the Pirate's Daughter\". Suffering from writer's block, he has barely begun the play, and is further distracted by attempts both to seduce Rosaline, the mistress of Richard Burbage, owner of the rival Curtain Theatre and to convince Burbage to buy the", "title": "Shakespeare in Love" }, { "id": "874652", "score": "1.7998955", "text": "Dench established herself as one of the most significant British theatre performers, working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company. She received critical praise in television during this period, in the series \"A Fine Romance\" from 1981 until 1984, and from 1992 to 2005 with a starring role in the romantic comedy series \"As Time Goes By\". Her film appearances were infrequent, and included supporting roles in major films, such as \"A Room with a View\" (1986), before she rose to international fame as M in \"GoldenEye\" (1995), a role she continued to play in James Bond", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "529883", "score": "1.782265", "text": "breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light.\" \"Shakespeare in Love\" made US$289 million in box office receipts, and earned Paltrow the award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role from the Screen Actors Guild, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Academy Award for Best Actress, among other honors. Her Pink Ralph Lauren dress worn at the 71st Academy Awards in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion. In 1999, Paltrow co-starred alongside Jude Law, Matt Damon and Cate Blanchett in the", "title": "Gwyneth Paltrow" }, { "id": "874669", "score": "1.7791051", "text": "was eventually acquired by Miramax mogul Harvey Weinstein, who felt the drama film should receive a theatrical release after seeing it and took it from the BBC to US cinemas. Released to generally positive reviews and unexpected commercial success, going on to earn more than $13 million worldwide, the film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival. For her performance, Dench garnered universal acclaim by critics and was awarded her fourth BAFTA and first Best Actress nomination at the 70th Academy Awards. In 2011, while accepting a British Film Institute Award in London,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874687", "score": "1.776035", "text": "Also starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Marion Cotillard, Penélope Cruz, and Sophia Loren, she played Lilli La Fleur, an eccentric but motherly French costume designer, who performs the song \"Folies Bergères\" in the film. Despite mixed to negative reviews, \"Nine\" was nominated for four Academy Awards, and awarded both the Satellite Award for Best Film and Best Cast. Also in 2009, Dench reprised the role of Matilda Jenkyns in \"Return to Cranford\", the two-part second season of a Simon Curtis television series. Critically acclaimed, Dench was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Satellite Award. In 2010,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "7210795", "score": "1.7670515", "text": "\"' \"Elizabeth\" - \"Jenny Shircore\" \"' \"Elizabeth\" - \"David Hirschfelder\" 52nd British Academy Film Awards The 52nd BAFTA Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 11 April 1999, honoured the best in film for 1998. Shakespeare in Love won the award for Best Film (also won the Academy Award for Best Picture) and Best Editing. \"Elizabeth\" was voted Best British Film. Both Judi Dench and Cate Blanchett won awards for their portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I. Geoffrey Rush won the award for Best Supporting Actor. Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the award for Best", "title": "52nd British Academy Film Awards" }, { "id": "1840925", "score": "1.7501853", "text": "Hagen appeared in the role opposite Robeson in Margaret Webster's production at the Shubert Theatre in New York City in 1943. In cinema, Suzanne Cloutier played Desdemona opposite Orson Welles in a version that won the Palme D'Or at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival. In a 1966 film which holds the record for the most Academy Award nominations given to a Shakespeare film, Maggie Smith played the character opposite Laurence Olivier. Smith and co-stars Olivier, Frank Finlay (Iago), and Joyce Redman (Emilia) all received acting nominations. Irène Jacob played the character in a 1995 film opposite Laurence Fishburne. There have", "title": "Desdemona" }, { "id": "874660", "score": "1.7482867", "text": "365 in 1966, as Terry in the four-part series Talking to a Stranger, for which she won a BAFTA Television for Best Actress. The 1966 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles was made to Dench for her performance in \"Four in the Morning\" and this was followed in 1968 by a BAFTA Television Best Actress Award for her role in John Hopkins' 1966 BBC drama \"Talking to a Stranger\". In 1968, she was offered the role of Sally Bowles in the musical \"Cabaret\". As Sheridan Morley later reported: \"At first she thought they were joking. She", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874674", "score": "1.744564", "text": "Winslet, both actresses portraying Murdoch at different phases of her life. Each of them was nominated for an Oscar the following year, earning Dench her fourth nomination within five years. In addition, she was awarded both an ALFS Award and the Best Leading Actress Award at the 55th British Academy Film Awards. Following \"Iris\", Dench immediately returned to Canada to finish \"The Shipping News\" alongside Kevin Spacey and Julianne Moore. Based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by E. Annie Proulx, the drama revolves around a quiet and introspective typesetter (Spacey) who, after the death of his daughter's mother, moves to", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874690", "score": "1.742301", "text": "worldwide. In Simon Curtis' \"My Week with Marilyn\", which depicts the making of the 1957 film \"The Prince and the Showgirl\" starring Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier, Dench played actress Sybil Thorndike. The film garnered largely positive reviews, and earned Dench a Best Actress in a Supporting Role nomination at the 65th BAFTA Awards. Dench's last film of 2011 was Clint Eastwood's \"J. Edgar\", a biographical drama film about the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, played by Leonardo DiCaprio, from the Palmer Raids onwards, including an examination of his private life as a closeted homosexual. Hand-picked by Eastwood", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874688", "score": "1.7372632", "text": "she renewed her collaboration with Peter Hall at the Rose Theatre in Kingston upon Thames in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", which opened in February 2010; she played Titania as Queen Elizabeth I in her later years – almost 50 years after she first played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In July 2010, Dench performed \"Send in the Clowns\" at a special celebratory promenade concert from the Royal Albert Hall as part of the proms season, in honour of composer Stephen Sondheim's 80th birthday. In 2011, Dench starred in \"Jane Eyre\", \"My Week with Marilyn\" and \"J. Edgar\". In", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874662", "score": "1.7329775", "text": "\"best actress\" awards. Among her roles with the RSC, she was the Duchess in John Webster's \"The Duchess of Malfi\" in 1971. In the Stratford 1976 season, and then at the Aldwych in 1977, she gave two comedy performances, first in Trevor Nunn's musical staging of \"The Comedy of Errors\" as Adriana, then partnered with Donald Sinden as Beatrice and Benedick in John Barton's \"British Raj\" revival of \"Much Ado About Nothing\". As Bernard Levin wrote in \"The Sunday Times\": \"...demonstrating once more that she is a comic actress of consummate skill, perhaps the very best we have.\" One of", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874714", "score": "1.7309346", "text": "to independence, published in August 2014, a few weeks before the Scottish referendum. In September 2018, Dench criticized the response to the sexual misconduct allegations made against actor Kevin Spacey, referring to him as a \"good friend\". Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\", Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\", and Lady Macbeth in \"Macbeth\". Although most of her work during this period", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "id": "874675", "score": "1.7282344", "text": "Newfoundland along with his daughter and his aunt, played by Dench, in hopes of starting his life anew in the small town where she grew up. The film earned mixed reviews from critics, and was financially unsuccessful, taking in just US$24 million worldwide with a budget of US$35 million. Dench received BAFTA and SAG Award nominations for her performance. In 2002, Dench was cast opposite Rupert Everett, Colin Firth, and Reese Witherspoon in Oliver Parker's \"The Importance of Being Earnest\", a comedy about mistaken identity set in English high society during the Victorian Era. Based on Oscar Wilde's classic comedy", "title": "Judi Dench" } ]

[ "", "one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven", "one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven", "1997" ]

[ { "id": "14778857", "score": "1.8059995", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 6) The sixth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on October 2, 2001 with a two-hour premiere on UPN and concluded its 22-episode season with a two-hour finale on May 21, 2002. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. This season marked the series' network change from The WB to UPN. At the beginning of season six Willow resurrects Buffy with a powerful spell. Although her friends believe that they have taken her out of Hell, Buffy had actually been in Heaven since her death (a fact", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 6)" }, { "id": "14778728", "score": "1.7693831", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 2) The second season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 15, 1997 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 19, 1998. The first 13 episodes aired on Mondays at 9:00 pm ET, beginning with episode 14 the series moved to Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET, a timeslot the series would occupy for the rest of its run. The emotional stakes are raised in season two. New vampires Spike and Drusilla come to town along with the new slayer, Kendra Young, who was activated as a result of", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 2)" }, { "id": "14778709", "score": "1.7488823", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1) The first season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on March 10, 1997 as a mid-season replacement on The WB and concluded its 12-episode season on June 2, 1997. The first season aired on Mondays at 9:00 pm ET. The first season exemplifies the \"high school as hell\" concept. Buffy Summers has just moved to Sunnydale after burning down her old school's gym and hopes to escape her Slayer duties. Her plans are complicated by Rupert Giles, her new Watcher, who reminds her of the inescapable presence of evil. Sunnydale High", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1)" }, { "id": "14778904", "score": "1.7162635", "text": "began in November 2016. A canonical graphic novel set during the seventh season of the show, \"Spike: Into the Light,\" written by James Marsters, was released by Dark Horse Comics on July 16, 2014. \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\": The Complete Seventh Season was released on DVD in region 1 on November 16, 2004 and in region 2 on April 5, 2004. The DVD includes all 22 episodes on 6 discs presented in full frame 1.33:1 aspect ratio (region 1) and in anamorphic widescreen 1.78:1 aspect ratio (region 2 and 4). Special features on the DVD include seven commentary tracks—\"Lessons\" by", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7)" }, { "id": "14778885", "score": "1.7045496", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7) The seventh and final season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 24, 2002 on UPN and concluded its 22-episode run on May 20, 2003. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. Season seven deals with the Potential Slayers, normal girls around the world who are candidates to succeed the Slayer upon her death. It is revealed that Buffy's resurrection caused an instability which allows The First Evil, a spiritual entity that Buffy encountered in the third season, to begin tipping the balance between good and", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer\n\nBuffy the Vampire Slayer is an American supernatural drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon. It is based on the 1992 film of the same name, also written by Whedon, although the events of the film are not considered canon to the series. Whedon served as executive producer and showrunner under his production tag Mutant Enemy Productions.\n\nThe series premiered on March 10, 1997, on The WB and concluded on May 20, 2003, on UPN. The series narrative follows Buffy Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar), the latest in a line of young women known as \"Vampire Slayers\", or simply \"Slayers\". In the story, Slayers, or the \"Chosen Ones\", are chosen by fate to battle against vampires, demons and other forces of darkness. Buffy wants to live a normal life, but as the series progresses, she learns to embrace her destiny. Like previous Slayers, Buffy is aided by a Watcher, who guides, teaches and trains her. Unlike her predecessors, Buffy surrounds herself with a circle of loyal friends who become known as the \"Scooby Gang\" – a reference to the animated franchise \"Scooby-Doo\" that features a group of friends solving mysteries together.\n\nThe series received critical and popular acclaim and usually reached between four and six million viewers on original airings. Although such ratings are lower than successful shows on the \"big four\" networks (ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox), they were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB Television Network. Despite the fact that \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" was almost entirely ignored by major award shows during its run, the series was nominated for the American Film Institute Award for Drama Series of the Year, Gellar was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her performance in the show and the series was nominated five times for Television Critics Association Awards, winning once in 2003 for the Television Critics Association Heritage Award.\n\nThe success of \"Buffy\" has led to hundreds of tie-in products, including novels, comics and video games. The series has received attention in fandom (including fan films), parody, and academia, and has influenced the direction of other television series. \"Buffy\" is considered to be part of a wave of television series from the late 1990s and early 2000s that feature strong female characters, alongside \"\", \"La Femme Nikita\", \"Dark Angel\", and \"Alias\". The series, as well as its spin-off series, \"Angel\", and extensions thereof, have been collectively termed the \"Buffyverse\". A second spin-off of the series was being developed for television, with Monica Owusu-Breen as showrunner, before being shelved in 2022.<ref name=\"IGNreboot\" />", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Angel (1999 TV series)\n\nAngel is an American television series, a spinoff of the supernatural drama series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". The series was created by \"Buffy\"s creator, writer and director Joss Whedon, in collaboration with David Greenwalt. It aired on The WB from October 5, 1999, to May 19, 2004, consisting of five seasons and 110 episodes. Like \"Buffy\", it was produced by Whedon's production company, Mutant Enemy.\n\nThe show details the ongoing trials of Angel, a vampire whose human soul was restored to him by a Romani curse as a punishment for the murder of one of their own. After more than a century of murder and the torture of innocents, Angel's restored soul torments him with guilt and remorse. Angel moves to Los Angeles, California, after it is clear that his doomed relationship with Buffy, the vampire slayer, cannot continue. During the majority of the show, he works as a private detective in L.A., where he and a variety of associates work to \"help the helpless\", restoring the faith and saving the souls of those who have lost their way. While he must also battle his own demonic nature, he typically battles with evil demons or humans allied to them, primarily related to Wolfram & Hart, a law firm supported by occult practices which is an extension of otherworldly demonic forces.", "title": "Angel (1999 TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dawson's Creek\n\nDawson's Creek is an American teen drama television series about the lives of a close-knit group of friends in the fictional town of Capeside, Massachusetts, beginning in high school and continuing into college that ran from 1998 to 2003. The series starred James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery, Katie Holmes as his best friend and love interest, Joey Potter, Joshua Jackson as their fellow friend Pacey Witter, and Michelle Williams as Jen Lindley, a New York City transplant to Capeside. The show was created by Kevin Williamson and debuted on The WB on January 20, 1998. It was produced by Columbia TriStar Television (renamed Sony Pictures Television before the sixth and final season) and was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina. The series ended on May 14, 2003.\n\nAlong with \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Dawson's Creek\" became the flagship show for The WB and launched its main cast to international stardom. The show placed at No. 90 on \"Entertainment Weekly\" \"New TV Classics\" list in 2007. It has also been credited with kicking off a boom of teen-centered shows in the late 1990s that continued into the 2000s.", "title": "Dawson's Creek" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The X-Files" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)\n\n\"Once More, with Feeling\" is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the supernatural drama television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" (1997–2003) and the only one in the series performed as a musical. It was written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon and originally aired on UPN in the United States on November 6, 2001.\n\n\"Once More, with Feeling\" explores changes in the relationships of the main characters, using the plot device that a demon—credited as \"Sweet\" but unnamed in the episode—compels the people of Sunnydale to break into song at random moments to express hidden truths. The title of the episode comes from a line sung by Sweet; once the characters have revealed their truths and face the consequences of hearing each other's secrets, he challenges them to \"say you're happy now, once more, with feeling\".\n\nAll of the regular cast performed their own vocals, although two actors were given minimal singing at their request. \"Once More, with Feeling\" is the most technically complex episode in the series, as extra voice and dance training for the cast was interspersed with the production of four other \"Buffy\" episodes. It was Joss Whedon's first attempt at writing music, and different styles—from 1950s sitcom theme music to rock opera—express the characters' secrets in specific ways. The episode was well received critically upon airing, specifically for containing the humor and wit to which fans had become accustomed. The musical format allowed characters to stay true to their natures while they struggled to overcome deceit and miscommunication, fitting with the sixth season's themes of growing up and facing adult responsibilities. It is considered one of the most effective and popular episodes of the series, and—prior to a financial dispute in 2007—was shown in theaters with the audience invited to sing along.", "title": "Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)" }, { "id": "582855", "score": "1.6962138", "text": "briefly aired on MTV. In March 2010, it began to air in Canada on MuchMusic and MuchMore. On November 7, 2010, it began airing on Chiller with a 24-hour marathon; the series airs weekdays. Chiller also aired a 14-hour Thanksgiving Day marathon on November 25, 2010. In 2011, it began airing on Oxygen and TeenNick. On June 22, 2015, it began airing on ABC Family. While the seventh season was still being broadcast, Sarah Michelle Gellar told \"Entertainment Weekly\" she was not going to sign on for an eighth year; \"When we started to have such a strong year this", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" }, { "id": "14778824", "score": "1.6883229", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 5) The fifth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 26, 2000 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 22, 2001. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. This was the final season to air on The WB before it moved to UPN; The WB billed the season five finale as \"\"The WB\" series finale\". In the season premiere, the famous vampire Count Dracula makes an appearance in Sunnydale in search of Buffy. He then bites Buffy in the same place where she", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 5)" }, { "id": "14778843", "score": "1.6818954", "text": "crew members discuss the season. Also included are series outtakes, \"Buffy\" video game trailer, photo galleries, and DVD-ROM content. Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 5) The fifth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 26, 2000 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 22, 2001. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. This was the final season to air on The WB before it moved to UPN; The WB billed the season five finale as \"\"The WB\" series finale\". In the season premiere, the famous vampire Count Dracula", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 5)" }, { "id": "14778768", "score": "1.6695229", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 3) The third season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 29, 1998 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on July 13, 1999. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. Two episodes, \"Earshot\" and \"Graduation Day, Part Two\", were delayed in the wake of the Columbine High School massacre because of their content. After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) returns to Sunnydale in season three, and is reunited with her friends and her mother. She is", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 3)" }, { "id": "14778779", "score": "1.6607023", "text": "galleries. Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 3) The third season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 29, 1998 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on July 13, 1999. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. Two episodes, \"Earshot\" and \"Graduation Day, Part Two\", were delayed in the wake of the Columbine High School massacre because of their content. After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) returns to Sunnydale in season three, and is reunited with her friends and her mother. She", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 3)" }, { "id": "14778801", "score": "1.656301", "text": "showcases all the sets on the show with tours of sets; \"\"Buffy\": Inside the Music\", which details the music and bands featured on the show; and \"Season 4 Overview\", a 30-minute featurette where cast and crew members discuss the season. Also included are cast biographies and photo galleries. Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4) The fourth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on October 5, 1999, on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 23, 2000. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. Beginning with this season, the character of", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4)" }, { "id": "14778784", "score": "1.6529187", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4) The fourth season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on October 5, 1999, on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 23, 2000. It maintained its previous timeslot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. Beginning with this season, the character of Angel was given his own \"series\", which aired on The WB following \"Buffy\". Various \"Buffy\" characters made appearances in \"Angel\", including Buffy herself; Cordelia Chase, formerly a regular in \"Buffy\", and Wesley Wyndam-Pryce, who appeared in \"Buffy\" season three. Season four sees Buffy and Willow enroll at UC", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4)" }, { "id": "14778876", "score": "1.6494036", "text": "stated that the show's sixth season \"has always been a thorn in its fandom's side. It was a little darker, a little meaner, and a little too different from what came before for the entrenched base to accept.\" Joanna Robinson of \"Vanity Fair\" wrote on the 20th anniversary of the show's premiere that season 6, \"a dark, unpopular chapter in the show's seven-year run...once its' most hated - has become its most important.\" Robinson praised the introduction of the Evil Trio, the much-maligned \"Big Bad\" villains for season 6, as presaging the later trend of \"entitled, misogynistic rhetoric that rose", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 6)" }, { "id": "14808479", "score": "1.6472048", "text": "cast and crew members discuss the season. Also included are cast biographies and photo galleries. Angel (season 1) The first season of the television series Angel, the spin-off of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", premiered on October 5, 1999 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 23, 2000. The season aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm ET, following \"Buffy\". Series co-creator David Greenwalt points out \"there's no denying that \"Angel\" grew out of \"Buffy\"\". Several years before \"Angel\" debuted, Joss Whedon developed the concept behind \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" to invert the Hollywood formula of \"the little blonde", "title": "Angel (season 1)" }, { "id": "14808458", "score": "1.6264646", "text": "Angel (season 1) The first season of the television series Angel, the spin-off of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", premiered on October 5, 1999 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season on May 23, 2000. The season aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm ET, following \"Buffy\". Series co-creator David Greenwalt points out \"there's no denying that \"Angel\" grew out of \"Buffy\"\". Several years before \"Angel\" debuted, Joss Whedon developed the concept behind \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" to invert the Hollywood formula of \"the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie.\" The", "title": "Angel (season 1)" }, { "id": "9659498", "score": "1.6098635", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight is a comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics from 2007 to 2011. The series serves as a canonical continuation of the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", and follows the events of that show's final televised season. It is produced by Joss Whedon, who wrote or co-wrote three of the series arcs and several one-shot stories. The series was followed by \"Season Nine\" in 2011. The series was originally supposed to consist of about 25 issues, but eventually expanded to a 40-issue run. The series also", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight" }, { "id": "9136075", "score": "1.6089072", "text": "was going to be simply titled \"Slayer\". Whedon went on to write and partly fund a 25-minute non-broadcast pilot that was shown to networks and eventually sold to the WB Network. \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" first aired on March 10, 1997, as a mid season replacement for the show \"Savannah\" on The WB network, and played a key role in the growth of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years. Whedon has declared in June 2003 that the non-broadcast pilot would not be included with DVDs of the series \"while there is strength in these bones,\" stating that", "title": "Welcome to the Hellmouth" }, { "id": "14818732", "score": "1.5967377", "text": "outtakes from all five seasons; and \"\"Angel\": The Final Season\", a summary of the season featuring interviews with cast and crew members. Angel (season 5) The fifth and final season of the television series Angel, the spin-off of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", premiered on October 1, 2003 on The WB and concluded its 22-episode season and its television run on May 19, 2004. The season aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm ET. This was the first and only season of \"Angel\" to air following the finale of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". Having been handed the reins to the Los Angeles", "title": "Angel (season 5)" }, { "id": "14778902", "score": "1.5967193", "text": "a funny, weird show that packs a punch and a whole lot of feeling.\" In late 2006, series creator Joss Whedon announced that a canonical comic book continuation of the series would be written. The comic book, titled \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight\", is published by Dark Horse Comics; and the first issue (written by Whedon), titled \"The Long Way Home\" was released on March 14, 2007. The storyline picks up after the end of the final episode with the Scooby Gang in Europe and Buffy in charge of all the new Slayers. Most of the characters from the", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7)" }, { "id": "582854", "score": "1.5897307", "text": "replacement for the show \"Savannah\") on the WB network, and played a key role in the growth of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years. After five seasons, it transferred to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its final two seasons. In 2001, the show went into syndication in the United States on local stations and on cable channel FX; the local airings ended in 2005, and the FX airings lasted until 2008 but returned to the network in 2013. Beginning in January 2010, it began to air in syndication in the United States on Logo. Reruns also", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" } ]

[ "burnt sienna", "dark sienna", "sienna", "Burnt sienna", "Dark Sienna", "terra di sienna", "Sienna", "Burnt Sienna", "Terra di Sienna" ]

[ { "id": "601185", "score": "1.4536761", "text": "chemists created inexpensive substitutes for carmine, an industry and a way of life went into steep decline. Before the Industrial Revolution, many pigments were known by the location where they were produced. Pigments based on minerals and clays often bore the name of the city or region where they were mined. Raw Sienna and Burnt Sienna came from Siena, Italy, while Raw Umber and Burnt Umber came from Umbria. These pigments were among the easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the", "title": "Pigment" }, { "id": "6876827", "score": "1.4012283", "text": "the colour had a variety of names; it was sometimes called Venetian red, or \"Terra di Siena\" (Sienna earth), or \"Ocra rosso\" (red ochre). The colour shown in the box above is one more recent commercial variety of the colour. The Italian painter and writer Cennino Cennini (c. 1370- c. 1440) described sinopia in his handbook on painting, \"Il libro dell'arte\", this way: \"A natural pigment called sinoper, cinabrese or porphyry is red. This pigment has a lean and dry character. It responds well to mulling, as the more it is mulled the finer it becomes. It is good for", "title": "Sinopia" }, { "id": "2501504", "score": "1.3984067", "text": "ochre pigments were widely used in painting panels and frescoes. The colours vary greatly from region to region, depending upon whether the local clay was richer in yellowish limonite or reddish hematite. The red earth from Pozzuoli near Naples was a salmon pink, while the pigment from Tuscany contained manganese, making it a darker reddish brown called terra di siena, or sienna earth. The 15th-century painter Cennino Cennini described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting. In early modern Malta, red ochre paint was commonly used on public buildings. The industrial process for making ochre pigment", "title": "Ochre" }, { "id": "569357", "score": "1.3971956", "text": "Magenta took its name from an aniline dye made and patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin, who originally called it \"fuchsine\". It was renamed to celebrate the Italian-French victory at the Battle of Magenta fought between the French and Austrians on June 4, 1859, near the Italian town of Magenta in Lombardy. A virtually identical color, called roseine, was created in 1860 by two British chemists: Chambers Nicolson and George Maule. The web color magenta is also called fuchsia. Magenta is an extra-spectral color, meaning that it is not found in the visible spectrum of light. Rather,", "title": "Magenta" }, { "id": "1656332", "score": "1.3969839", "text": "Magenta, Lombardy Magenta (, ) is a town and \"comune\" in the province of Milan in Lombardy, northern Italy. It is notable as the site of the Battle of Magenta. The color magenta is named after the battle, most likely referring to the uniforms used by Zouave French troops. Magenta is the birthplace of St. Gianna Beretta Molla. Magenta was probably a settlement of the Insubres, a Celtic tribe, who founded it around the 5th century BC. The area was conquered by the Romans in 222 BC. The name is traditionally connected to \"castrum Maxentiae\", meaning \"castle of Maxentius\". After", "title": "Magenta, Lombardy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sienna\n\nSienna (from , meaning \"Siena earth\") is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state, it is yellowish brown and is called raw sienna. When heated, it becomes a reddish brown and is called burnt sienna. It takes its name from the city-state of Siena, where it was produced during the Renaissance. Along with ochre and umber, it was one of the first pigments to be used by humans, and is found in many cave paintings. Since the Renaissance, it has been one of the brown pigments most widely used by artists.\n\nThe first recorded use of \"sienna\" as a color name in English was in 1760.\n\nThe for sienna are identical to kobe, first recorded as a color name in English in 1924.", "title": "Sienna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Umbria\n\nUmbria ( , ) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the River Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The regional capital is Perugia.\n\nThe region is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.", "title": "Umbria" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sinopia\n\nSinopia (also known as sinoper, named after the now Turkish city Sinop) is a dark reddish-brown natural earth pigment, whose reddish colour comes from hematite, a dehydrated form of iron oxide. It was widely used in Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages for painting, and during the Renaissance it was often used on the rough initial layer of plaster for the underdrawing for a fresco. The word came to be used both for the pigment and for the preparatory drawing itself, which may be revealed when a fresco is stripped from its wall for transfer. \n\nDuring the Middle Ages sinopia in Latin and Italian came to mean simply a red ochre. It entered the English language as the word sinoper, meaning a red earth colour.\n\nSinopia is a colour in various modern colour systems.", "title": "Sinopia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Orange (colour)\n\nOrange is the colour between yellow and red on the spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive orange when observing light with a dominant wavelength between roughly 585 and 620 nanometres. In traditional colour theory, it is a secondary colour of pigments, produced by mixing yellow and red. In the RGB colour model, it is a tertiary colour. It is named after the fruit of the same name.\n\nThe orange colour of many fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, and oranges, comes from carotenes, a type of photosynthetic pigment. These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the Sun into chemical energy for the plants' growth. Similarly, the hues of autumn leaves are from the same pigment after chlorophyll is removed.\n\nIn Europe and America, surveys show that orange is the colour most associated with amusement, the unconventional, extroversion, warmth, fire, energy, activity, danger, taste and aroma, the autumn and Allhallowtide seasons, as well as having long been the national colour of the Netherlands and the House of Orange. It also serves as the political colour of the Christian democracy political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties.", "title": "Orange (colour)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fresco\n\nFresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid (\"wet\") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The word \"fresco\" () is derived from the Italian adjective \"fresco\" meaning \"fresh\", and may thus be contrasted with fresco-secco or secco mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting. The word \"fresco\" is commonly and inaccurately used in English to refer to any wall painting regardless of the plaster technology or binding medium. This, in part, contributes to a misconception that the most geographically and temporally common wall painting technology was the painting into wet lime plaster. Even in apparently \"Buon fresco\" technology, the use of supplementary organic materials was widespread, if underrecognized.", "title": "Fresco" }, { "id": "403886", "score": "1.3958535", "text": "higher content of manganese (5 to 20 percent) which makes it greenish brown or dark brown. When heated, raw umber becomes burnt umber, a very dark brown. The pigment sienna was known and used, in its natural form, by the ancient Romans. It was mined near Arcidosso, formerly under Sienese control, now in the province of Grosseto, on Monte Amiata in southern Tuscany. It was called \"terra rossa\" (red earth), \"terra gialla\", or terra di Siena\".\" During the Renaissance, it was noted by the most widely read author about painting techniques, Giorgio Vasari, under the name terra rossa. It became,", "title": "Sienna" }, { "id": "1699815", "score": "1.3756747", "text": "on painting, \"Il Libro Dell'Arte\", Cennino Cennini described it this way: \"This pigment is made from the loveliest and lightest sinopia that is found and is mixed and mulled with St. John’s white, as it is called in Florence; and this white is made from thoroughly white and thoroughly purified lime. And when these two pigments have been thoroughly mulled together (that is, two parts cinabrese and the third white), make little loaves of them like half walnuts and leave them to dry. When you need some, take however much of it seems appropriate. And this pigment does you great", "title": "Pink" }, { "id": "349523", "score": "1.3732024", "text": "Marseille. Venice was the major depot importing and manufacturing pigments for artists and dyers from the end of the 15th century; the catalog of a Venetian \"Vendecolori\", or pigment seller, from 1534 included vermilion and kermes. There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and", "title": "Red" }, { "id": "12743301", "score": "1.3582015", "text": "color is also called rich magenta to distinguish it from the colors \"printer's magenta\" and \"electric magenta\", shown below. Magenta was one of the first aniline dyes, discovered shortly after the Battle of Magenta (1859), which occurred near the town of Magenta in northern Italy. The color was originally called fuchsine or roseine, but for marketing purposes in 1860 the color name was changed to \"magenta\" after the battle. Hence, the color is named indirectly after the town. In color printing, the color called process magenta or pigment magenta is one of the three primary pigment colors which, along with", "title": "Shades of magenta" }, { "id": "2922519", "score": "1.351589", "text": "Palace in the Vatican City, painted by Raphael. \"S. marcescens\" was discovered in 1819 by Venetian pharmacist Bartolomeo Bizio, as the cause of an episode of blood-red discoloration of polenta in the city of Padua. Bizio named the organism four years later in honor of Serafino Serrati, a physicist who developed an early steamboat; the epithet \"marcescens\" (Latin for \"decaying\") was chosen because of the pigment's rapid deterioration (Bizio's observations led him to believe that the organism decayed into a mucilage-like substance upon reaching maturity). \"Serratia\" was later renamed \"Monas prodigiosus\" and \"Bacillus prodigiosus\" before Bizio's original name was restored", "title": "Serratia marcescens" }, { "id": "6876825", "score": "1.348056", "text": "Sinopia Sinopia (also known as sinoper, named after the now Turkish city Sinop) is a dark reddish-brown natural earth pigment, whose reddish colour comes from hematite, a dehydrated form of iron oxide. It was widely used in Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages for painting, and during the Renaissance it was often used on the rough initial layer of plaster for the underdrawing for a fresco. The word came to be used both for the pigment and for the preparatory drawing itself, which may be revealed when a fresco is stripped from its wall for transfer. During the Middle Ages", "title": "Sinopia" }, { "id": "403887", "score": "1.347358", "text": "along with umber and yellow ochre, one of the standard browns used by artists from the 16th to 19th centuries, including Caravaggio (1571-1610) and Rembrandt (1606-1669), who used all the earth colours, including ochre, sienna and umber, in his palette. By the 1940s, the traditional sources in Italy were nearly exhausted. Much of today's sienna production is carried out in the Italian islands of Sardinia and Sicily, while other major deposits are found in the Appalachian Mountains, where it is often found alongside the region's iron deposits. It is also still produced in the French Ardennes, in the small town", "title": "Sienna" }, { "id": "13530335", "score": "1.3464122", "text": "the same time research continued on fuels, paints, special woods and plastic materials” (From a 1939 report by the Undersecretary of State for Defense, Gen. G.Valle) =Città dell'aria Montecelio (Lazio) Sky City Montecelio (Lazio) “Città dell’Aria” (Sky City) was the name given by insiders in the 1930s to the area dedicated to Italian aeronautic research in the village of Montecelio, in the region of Lazio, near Rome. In 1937 the village was renamed Guidonia Montecelio to honour Gen. Alessandro Guidoni, a pioneer of the Italian Air Force, who had died testing a new parachute. Sky City was abandoned in 1943", "title": "Sky City Montecelio (Lazio)" }, { "id": "601190", "score": "1.3297068", "text": "discovery in the 1930s. In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thanos Blue) as a trademark. Colour Index International resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. In the CII, all phthalocyanine blue pigments are designated by a generic color index number as either PB15 or PB16, short for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16; these two numbers", "title": "Pigment" }, { "id": "3810295", "score": "1.3295636", "text": "Venetian red Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet, derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (FeO) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide. Historically, Venetian red was a red earth color often used in Italian Renaissance paintings. It was also called sinopia, because the best-quality pigment came from the port of Sinop in northern Turkey. It was the major ingredient in the pigment called ', described by the 15th-century Italian painter and writer in his handbook on painting, '. Cennini recommended mixing Venetian", "title": "Venetian red" }, { "id": "16820233", "score": "1.3294127", "text": "(somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet, derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (FeO) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide. The first recorded use of \"Venetian red\" as a color name in English was in 1753. Deep Indian red is the color originally called \"Indian red\" from its formulation in 1903 until 1999, but now called \"chestnut\", in Crayola crayons. This color was also produced in a special limited edition in which it was called Vermont maple syrup. At the request of educators worried that children (mistakenly) believed the", "title": "Indian red (color)" }, { "id": "7312575", "score": "1.3277001", "text": "red (with red at the top) which is considered the first Italian tricolor. It currently hosts the Municipality of Reggio Emilia and the presentation of prizes and main events to citizens and the city. On March 16, 2015 the \"Sala del Tricolore\" hosted an important young political event for Emilia-Romagna and the city: the opening ceremony of the XV Regional Session of the Model European Parliament, hosting delegations from the host city, Ferrara, Mirandola, Modena, Carpi, Cento and Prato; the mayor Luca Vecchi, the MEP president Andrea Russo and other authorities opened the session to a full Sala del Tricolore.", "title": "Sala del Tricolore (Reggio Emilia)" }, { "id": "4873827", "score": "1.3266858", "text": "Naples yellow Naples yellow, also called antimony yellow, is an inorganic pigment used paintings during 1700-1850. Colors range from a muted, or earthy, reddish yellow pigment to a bright light yellow. It is the chemical compound lead antimonate (PbSbO). Also known as jaune d'antimoine, it is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, dating from around 1620. The related mineral is bindheimite. However, this natural version was rarely, if ever, used as a pigment. The mineral orpiment is the oldest yellow pigment, but Naples yellow, is the oldest clear yellow pigment of synthetic origin. The first recorded use of \"Naples yellow\"", "title": "Naples yellow" }, { "id": "14768606", "score": "1.324245", "text": "the courtyards of cathedrals. Known as \"madonnari\", these artists were \"the visual arts counterpart of minstrels\", and would most commonly paint icons of the Madonna. Street painting festivals are now held throughout the world. In 1994, Via Colori was founded by author, playwright and performer Rick Compton in Naples, Florida. Now raising hundreds of thousands of dollars a year for not-for-profits, it has continued to grow since that time. Via Colori is owned, supported and licensed by Compton and is licensable by any not-for-profit with a widely-supported mission. Festivals are currently (2010) held in the following cities: Houston, Texas; Elizabethtown,", "title": "Via Colori" }, { "id": "14345731", "score": "1.3232718", "text": "tourists. The web color for Capri is called \"Deep sky blue\" which is another name for this color. The first use of \"Capri\" as a colour name in English was in 1920. Capri (color) Capri is a deep shade of sky blue which is between cyan and azure on the color wheel. The colour \"Capri\" in general is named for the colour of the Mediterranean sea around the island of Capri off Italy, the site of several villas belonging to the Roman Emperor Tiberius, including his Imperial residence in his later years, the \"Villa Jovis\". Specifically, the colour Capri is", "title": "Capri (color)" } ]

[ "two lines joined at angle", "Two lines joined at an angle" ]

[ { "id": "696720", "score": "1.6673514", "text": "Chevron (insignia) A chevron (also spelled cheveron, especially in older documents) is a V-shaped mark, often inverted. The word is usually used in reference to a kind of fret in architecture, or to a badge or insignia used in military or police uniforms to indicate rank or length of service, or in heraldry and the designs of flags (see flag terminology). The chevron occurs in early art including designs on pottery and rock carvings. Examples can be found approximately 1800 BC in archaeological recovery of pottery designs from the palace of Knossos on Crete in the modern day country of", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "696721", "score": "1.6667087", "text": "Greece. Sparta (Lacedaemonia (Λακεδαιμονία)) used a capital lambda (Λ) on their shields. A chevron is one of the ordinaries in heraldry, one of the simple geometrical figures which are the chief images in many coat of arms. It can be subject to a number of modifications including inversion. When the ends are cut off in a way that looks like the splintered ends of a broken piece of wood, with an irregular zig-zag pattern, it is called éclaté. When shown as a smaller size than standard, it is a diminutive called a chevronel. Chevrons appeared early in the history of", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "696726", "score": "1.6235497", "text": "to. French car maker, Citroën uses a double chevron as its logo. Chevrons on their side are also used as road signs to denote bends. Chevron (insignia) A chevron (also spelled cheveron, especially in older documents) is a V-shaped mark, often inverted. The word is usually used in reference to a kind of fret in architecture, or to a badge or insignia used in military or police uniforms to indicate rank or length of service, or in heraldry and the designs of flags (see flag terminology). The chevron occurs in early art including designs on pottery and rock carvings. Examples", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "696724", "score": "1.5916519", "text": "Although usually associated with Non-Commissioned Officers, the chevron was originally used as an insignia to denote General Officer ranks in the British Army. It was adopted from the insignia worn by cavalry during the 18th Century, in particular the Household Cavalry. It was worn on the cuffs, forearms and tails of their coats, embroidered in gold bullion for the guards and silver for Dragoons Regiments. George III favoured the uniform of the Horse Guards, and his Windsor Uniform followed a similar pattern. After 1768, A similar pattern uniform as worn the King was introduced to General Officers, with the number", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "3180780", "score": "1.5715828", "text": "Blazon: Or a chevron Gules, on a chief Sable a label of the first. The red chevron refers to the military (armed services) which supports and is under the civil jurisdiction of the federal government represented by the label, the three points alluding to the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches. The label also is indicative of The Institute of Heraldry being the direct descendant (offspring) of the heraldic activity initially created in 1919 under The General Staff, United States Army, in 1924 transferred to the Quartermaster General and in 1962 reassigned to The Adjutant General. Furthermore, the label alludes to", "title": "United States Army Institute of Heraldry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chevron (insignia)\n\nA chevron (also spelled cheveron, especially in older documents) is a V-shaped mark or symbol, often inverted. The word is usually used in reference to a kind of fret in architecture, or to a badge or insignia used in military or police uniforms to indicate rank or length of service, or in heraldry and the designs of flags (see flag terminology).", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charge (heraldry)\n\nIn heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an \"escutcheon\" (shield). That may be a geometric design (sometimes called an \"ordinary\") or a symbolic representation of a person, animal, plant, object, building, or other device. In French blazon, the ordinaries are called \"pièces\", and other charges are called \"meubles\" (\"[the] mobile [ones]\").\n\nThe term \"charge\" can also be used as a verb; for example, if an escutcheon depicts three lions, it is said to be \"charged with three lions\"; similarly, a crest or even a charge itself may be \"charged\", such as a pair of eagle wings \"charged with trefoils\" (as on the coat of arms of Brandenburg). It is important to distinguish between the ordinaries and divisions of the field, as that typically follow similar patterns, such as a shield \"divided\" \"per chevron\", as distinct from being \"charged with\" a chevron.\n\nWhile thousands of objects found in religion, nature, mythology, or technology have appeared in armory, there are several charges (such as the cross, the eagle, and the lion) which have contributed to the distinctive flavour of heraldic design. Only these and a few other notable charges (crowns, stars, keys, etc.) are discussed in this article, but a more exhaustive list will be found in the list of heraldic charges.\n\nIn addition to being shown in the regular way, charges may be blazoned as \"umbrated\" (shadowed), \"detailed\", (rather incorrectly) \"outlined\", highly unusually \"shaded\" and rather irregularly \"in silhouette\" or, more ambiguously, confusingly, and unhelpfully, \"futuristic\", \"stylized\" or \"simplified\". There are also several units in the United States Air Force with charges blazoned as \"mythical\", or beasts as \"chimerical\", but those conceptions are meaningless and irrelevant to the conception of heraldry, and it does not affect the appearance of those charges.", "title": "Charge (heraldry)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fleur-de-lis\n\nThe fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural \"fleurs-de-lis\" or \"fleurs-de-lys\"), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol.\n\nThe fleur-de-lis has been used in the heraldry of numerous European nations, but is particularly associated with France, notably during its monarchical period. The fleur-de-lis became \"at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic,\" especially in French heraldry. The fleur-de-lis has been used by French royalty and throughout history to represent saints of France. In particular, the Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph are often depicted with a lily.\n\nThe fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at in the Miscellaneous Symbols block.", "title": "Fleur-de-lis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United States Army enlisted rank insignia\n\nThe chart below shows the current enlisted rank insignia of the United States Army, with seniority, and pay grade, increasing from right to left. The enlisted ranks of corporal (E-4) and higher are considered non-commissioned officers (NCOs). The rank of specialist is also in pay grade E-4, but does not hold non-commissioned officer status; it is common that a soldier may never hold the rank of corporal, and instead be promoted from specialist to sergeant, attaining junior NCO status at that time.\n\nIn the beginning, U.S. Army enlisted rank was indicated by colored epaulets. The use of chevrons came into being in 1821, with the orientation changing over time from point-down to point-up and back again, to the point-down orientation seen in the American Civil War. Around the turn of the 20th century, point-up wear of chevrons returned and has remained so.", "title": "United States Army enlisted rank insignia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ordinary (heraldry)\n\nIn heraldry, an ordinary (or honourable ordinary) is a simple geometrical figure, bounded by straight lines and running from side to side or top to bottom of the shield. There are also some geometric charges known as subordinaries, which have been given lesser status by some heraldic writers, though most have been in use as long as the traditional ordinaries. Diminutives of ordinaries and some subordinaries are charges of the same shape, though thinner. Most of the ordinaries are theoretically said to occupy one-third of the shield; but this is rarely observed in practice, except when the ordinary is the only charge (as in the coat of arms of Austria).\n\nThe terms \"ordinary\" and \"subordinary\" are somewhat controversial, as they have been applied arbitrarily and inconsistently among authors, and the use of these terms has been disparaged by some leading heraldic authorities. In his \"Complete Guide to Heraldry\" (1909), Arthur Charles Fox-Davies asserted that the terms are likely inventions of \"heraldic writers\" and not of \"heralds\", arguing the \"utter absurdity of the necessity for any [such] classification at all,\" and stating that the ordinaries and sub-ordinaries are, in his mind, \"no more than first charges.\"", "title": "Ordinary (heraldry)" }, { "id": "696722", "score": "1.5493064", "text": "heraldry, especially in Normandy. In Scandinavia the chevron is known as \"sparre\"; an early example appears in the arms of Armand desmondly. In areas observing Commonwealth of Nations or United States doctrine, chevrons are used as an insignia of enlisted or NCO rank by military forces and by police. One chevron usually designates a private or lance corporal, two a corporal, and three a sergeant. One to four \"rockers\" may also be incorporated to indicate various grades of sergeant. In American usage, chevrons typically point towards the neck; in Commonwealth usage they usually point away from the neck. In the", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "3633054", "score": "1.5474894", "text": "bend, pale, or chevron occupying one-third of the field makes the coat look clumsy and disagreeable.\" Woodcock goes so far as to enumerate the ordinaries thus: \"The first Honourable Ordinary is the cross,\" the second is the chief, the third is the pale, the fourth is the bend, the fifth is the fess, the sixth is the inescutcheon, the seventh is the chevron, the eighth is the saltire, and the ninth is the bar, while stating that \"some writers\" prefer the bordure as the ninth ordinary. Volborth, having decidedly less to say on the matter, agrees that the classifications are", "title": "Charge (heraldry)" }, { "id": "696725", "score": "1.5124228", "text": "and spacing of the chevrons denoting rank. For example, a Major General would wear his chevrons in pairs: two on the sleeves, and two on the tails. A Lieutenant General would wear them in groups of three, and a full General's would be equidistant. This practice continued into the early Victorian Era. In some armies, small chevrons are worn on the lower left sleeve to indicate length of service, akin to service stripes in the U.S. military. The Israel Defense Forces use chevrons in various orientations as organizational designators on their vehicles, specifically which company within a battalion they belong", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "176080", "score": "1.4975154", "text": "stripes may be called \"bendy\" or \"bendy sinister\", depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include \"chevrony\", \"gyronny\" and \"chequy\". Wave shaped stripes are termed \"undy\". For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of \"barry-bendy\", \"paly-bendy\", \"lozengy\" and \"fusilly\". Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field. The Rule of tincture applies to all semés and variations of the field. The field of a shield in heraldry can be divided into more than one tincture, as can the various heraldic charges. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division", "title": "Heraldry" }, { "id": "2308355", "score": "1.4966584", "text": "two chevronels \"round embattled\" (the merlons are rounded rather than squares). There are also examples of \"embattled pointed\" and \"embattled in the form of mine dumps\". James Parker cites the arms of Christopher Draisfield: \"Gules, a chevron raguly of two bastons couped at the top argent.\" The arms of Zodwa Special School for Severely Mentally Handicapped Children show a chevron dovetailed, the peak ensigned with a potent issuant\". Some examples also exist of \"urdy,\" where the line is in the shapes of the upside-down and rightside-up \"shields\" of vair (this is to be distinguished from \"couped urdy\", in which the", "title": "Line (heraldry)" }, { "id": "2443117", "score": "1.4882112", "text": "in actual heraldry are extremely hard to find. An ordinary \"embowed\" has the edges bowed inwards producing a concavity; this is sometimes more explicitly blazoned \"inwardly embowed\". Its opposite is \"enarched\". This variation is most often applied to the chevron and pile. The term \"embowed\" is also applied to bent arms and legs, arched fish, and serpents in circles. The chevron \"ecimé\" has its peak \"blunted\", i.e. squared off rather than meeting in a point. Much more common is \"couped at the peak (or point)\" or even truncated. In the Canadian Public Register truncated is used in the Anglophone versions", "title": "Variations of ordinaries" }, { "id": "176082", "score": "1.4419432", "text": "main purpose of heraldry: identification. As more complicated shields came into use, these bold shapes were set apart in a separate class as the \"honorable ordinaries\". They act as charges and are always written first in blazon. Unless otherwise specified they extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined, they are generally described as including the cross, the fess, the pale, the bend, the chevron, the saltire, and the pall. There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of a geometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they are distinguished", "title": "Heraldry" }, { "id": "2443118", "score": "1.4221029", "text": "of blazons, and ecimé in the Francophone ones. The chevron disjointed or disjoined has the central, pointed portion missing.[5] The chevron éclaté has each end with roughly-made points or spikes on it.[6]. The chevron brisy (or brisé) as in the Scots Public Register, vol 52, p54 also has the point part removed though in this case the two remaining sections are squared off and 'lean' against each other, as can be seen in the French coat of Meaudre de la Pouyade.[7] The Armorial de Gelre shows Bernard v.d. Wilten as bearing a \"fasce palissée\" (similar to a fess embattled with", "title": "Variations of ordinaries" }, { "id": "697301", "score": "1.4165422", "text": "as in \"The English word is spelled .\" In epigraphy, they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin script. In textual criticism, and hence in many editions of pre-modern works, chevrons denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert their own reconstruction where possible within them. Chevrons are infrequently used to denote words that are thought instead of spoken, such as: The mathematical or logical symbols for \"greater-than\" (>) and \"less-than\" (<) are inequality symbols; when either symbol is bisected by a vertical line, it represents \"not", "title": "Bracket" }, { "id": "2308301", "score": "1.4112387", "text": "enhanced\". A shield may also be \"party per chevron reversed (inverted)\", which is like party per chevron except upside down. A section formed by two (straight) lines drawn from the corners of the chief to the point in base is called \"chaussé\" (shod), which must be distinguished from the \"pile\", the point of which does not reach the bottom of the shield. With arched or bent (French: \"\") lines it is called \"chaussé ployé\". One common reason for dividing the field in heraldry is for purposes of combining two or more coats of arms to express alliance, inheritance, occupation of", "title": "Division of the field" }, { "id": "3633055", "score": "1.404899", "text": "arbitrary and the subject of disagreement, and lists the \"definite\" ordinaries as the chief, pale, bend, fess, chevron, cross and saltire. Boutell lists the chief, pale, bend, bend sinister, fess, bar, cross, saltire and chevron as the \"honourable ordinaries\". Thus, the chief, bend, pale, fess, chevron, cross and saltire appear to be the undisputed ordinaries, while authors disagree over the status of the pile, bar, inescutcheon, bordure and others. Several different figures are recognised as \"honourable ordinaries\", each normally occupying about one-fifth to one-third of the field. As discussed above, much disagreement exists among authors regarding which ordinary charges are", "title": "Charge (heraldry)" }, { "id": "2308295", "score": "1.4043652", "text": "Division of the field In heraldry, the field (background) of a shield can be divided into more than one area, or subdivision, of different tinctures, usually following the lines of one of the ordinaries and carrying its name (e.g. a shield divided in the shape of a chevron is said to be parted \"per chevron\"). Shields may be divided this way for \"differencing\" (to avoid conflict with otherwise similar coats of arms) or for purposes of \"marshalling\" (combining two or more coats of arms into one), or simply for style. The lines that divide a shield may not always be", "title": "Division of the field" }, { "id": "696723", "score": "1.4033837", "text": "Commonwealth, the correct terminology for rank chevrons includes the number of stripes, called \"bars\", therefore, the sergeants' insignia is properly termed a \"3-bar chevron\". Canadian and Australian Forces often refer to chevrons as \"hooks\". In the Dutch armed forces they are nicknamed \"bananas\". In the British Armed Forces chevrons are worn point down to denote NCO rank, with one for lance corporal, two for corporal, three for sergeant, and three with a crown for Colour Sergeant (Infantry), Staff Sergeant (Corps), or Flight Sergeant (RAF). However Regimental traditions cause variations in spellings (Serjant for the Rifles), or indeed rank titles used.", "title": "Chevron (insignia)" }, { "id": "2306363", "score": "1.4024931", "text": "has been used to line the cloaks and robes of various nobles, as well as the \"chapeaux\" and caps of maintenance worn by peers, and used to line crowns; these appear beneath many crests in place of a torse. There is considerable variation in the shape of ermine spots; in the oldest depictions, they were drawn realistically, as long, tapering points; in modern times they are typically drawn as arrowheads, usually topped by three small dots; but as with other details, the form used is left to the heraldic artist. Ermine spots are considered part of the tincture known as", "title": "Tincture (heraldry)" }, { "id": "2308300", "score": "1.4004166", "text": "Okakarara Technical Institute: \"Gules, chapé Azure, on the partition lines respectively a bend and a bend sinister enhanced, in base a demi-cogwheel, Or, with a fountain issuant.\" Shields may also be divided into three parts by a combination of two methods of division, such as \"party per fess, in chief per pale\". Another example is in the arms of Clive Cheesman: \"per pale and per pall\". This is to be distinguished from the essentially unique partition in the arms of the 2nd Weather Group of the United States Air Force, which is \"Dexter per chevron ployé and sinister per fess", "title": "Division of the field" } ]

[ "richard starkey jr", "Richard Starky", "Beatle Ringo", "22ringo 22", "Richard Starkey, Jr.", "Starr, Ringo", "Ringo Starr", "Ringo starr", "beatle ringo", "richard henry parkin starkey jr", "ringo starr", "Ringo", "Ringo (film)", "Ringo Star", "Richard Starkey", "ringo starkey", "Richard Henry Parkin Starkey Jr.", "Richie Snare", "Richard Starkey Jr.", "richard starrkey", "RINGO", "richard starkey", "ringo star", "ringo film", "Richard Starrkey", "richie snare", "Ringo Starkey", "%22Ringo%22", "ringo", "starr ringo", "richard starky", "Ringo starkey" ]

[ { "id": "2911525", "score": "1.6541739", "text": "after Tim Wright left to join DNA. Their debut album, \"The Modern Dance\" (1978), containing a remix of \"The Modern Dance\" and the original mix of \"Street Waves\", sold poorly, but has proven influential. Musicians of many types, including progressive rock, punk rock, post punk and new wave, were influenced by the dark, abstract record. With the song \"Sentimental Journey,\" the debut also introduced the practice of re-appropriating titles from well-known popular songs: Pere Ubu's \"Sentimental Journey\" has no obvious relation to the Doris Day hit song of the same name; \"Drinking Wine Spodyody\" has no apparent connection to the", "title": "Pere Ubu" }, { "id": "783359", "score": "1.6207261", "text": "Road\" (often mistakenly named as \"Long Lonesome Road\") in 1969. \"Venus\" was followed by \"Mighty Joe\" (flip-side \"Wild Wind\") in 1969 and \"Never Marry a Railroad Man\" (flip-side \"Roll Engine Roll\") in 1970, both of which sold over a million records. The latter became a top-ten hit in several countries around the world. Later songs – including \"Hello Darkness\" (1970), \"Shocking You\", \"Blossom Lady\" and \"Out of Sight, Out of Mind\" (1971), \"Inkpot\", \"Rock in the Sea\" and \"Eve and the Apple\" (1972) and \"Oh Lord\" (1973) were successful in Europe, Latin America and Asia, but failed to chart in", "title": "Shocking Blue" }, { "id": "4178612", "score": "1.6155838", "text": "older recordings originally released as by The Staccatos (including \"Half Past Midnight\") and was similarly successful in Canada. Follow-up singles failed to chart. At the end of 1969, the band ended their relationship with Capitol and signed with MGM Records. The band's first two singles on MGM (released in 1970) both charted in the mid-50s in Canada. The group's 1970 album \"Good-byes and Butterflies\" created a minor controversy with a front cover picture that featured a marijuana plant; the album was withdrawn and subsequently reissued with a new cover. In 1971, the band had their first international success when their", "title": "Five Man Electrical Band" }, { "id": "1312772", "score": "1.5994799", "text": "\"Evening\" also called\" The Fall of Day\" (1869) by painter William Rimmer. By March 1975, Swan Song had four albums (\"Bad Company\", \"Silk Torpedo\", \"Physical Graffiti\", and \"Suicide Sal\") in the \"Billboard\" Top 200 chart. The recording label also partly funded film projects such as \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail\" in 1975. In an interview he gave in January of that year, Page offered his perspective on the label: Two years later, he elaborated on Led Zeppelin's intention to found the label: Artists who signed with the label but did not produce any releases included Metropolis (which featured members", "title": "Swan Song Records" }, { "id": "6278103", "score": "1.5933607", "text": "was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 36769, with the flip side \"Twilight Time\". The record first reached the \"Billboard\" charts on March 29, 1945 and lasted 23 weeks on the chart, peaking at #1. The song actually reached the charts after the later-recorded \"My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time\". About this same time, the Merry Macs had a recording following Brown and Day which featured a bouncy arrangement where the group modulates (or augments) the verse eight times in the last half of the song. A vocal feat for any group attempting to record a song", "title": "Sentimental Journey (song)" }, { "id": "5532538", "score": "1.5876651", "text": "day as the \"Only You (And You Alone)\" single in the UK on 15 November. The album reached only number 30 in the UK, and would be Starr's last chart album in his homeland until 1998. The album was released in the US on 18 November, and peaked at number 8, ultimately going gold, and its reviews were generally favourable. It was also originally released in quadrophonic. A promo film for \"Only You (And You Alone)\" was aired on Top of the Pops on 19 December. On 27 January 1975, \"No No Song\", backed with \"Snookeroo\", was released in the", "title": "Goodnight Vienna" }, { "id": "5532535", "score": "1.5823228", "text": "Goodnight Vienna Goodnight Vienna is the fourth studio album by Ringo Starr. It was recorded in the summer of 1974 in Los Angeles, and released later that year. \"Goodnight Vienna\" followed the commercially successful predecessor \"Ringo\", and Starr used many of the same players, including Billy Preston, Klaus Voormann, Robbie Robertson, Harry Nilsson, and producer Richard Perry. The title is a Liverpool slang phrase meaning \"it's all over\". While all three other former Beatles had contributed to \"Ringo\" (1973), only John Lennon contributed to \"Goodnight Vienna\". On 17 June 1974, Starr called Lennon, who was about to record his \"Walls", "title": "Goodnight Vienna" }, { "id": "3520972", "score": "1.58125", "text": "\"Yesterday\" and \"Michelle\", had each been number 1 hits in other European countries overseen by EMI. Aside from their appearances on albums or as standalone singles, most of the songs on \"A Collection of Beatles Oldies\" had also been available on the various compilation EPs issued by EMI since 1963, one of which was the December 1965 release \"The Beatles' Million Sellers\". EMI therefore pushed for the inclusion of \"Bad Boy\", to ensure that British fans had a reason to buy the new compilation album. Several tracks, including \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"Day Tripper\", \"We Can Work It", "title": "A Collection of Beatles Oldies" }, { "id": "17470200", "score": "1.5742207", "text": "1969 they signed with Phonogram Records, with whom they released their first album, \"Blues on the Ceiling\". Their greatest hits, \"Ridin' on the L & N\" and \"Travelling in the U.S.A., were released in 1969 and 1970, respectively. By this time, the band had a steel guitar player as well, Rob van Donselaar. An album, \"Travelling in the U.S.A.\", was released in 1970 by Phonogram, and while another single from that album, \"He Didn't Wanna Go Home\", did not do as well as expected (though it did chart in the Netherlands), album sales were reported to be strong. In a", "title": "Bintangs" }, { "id": "11001088", "score": "1.5705901", "text": "and \"Seven\" (1974) were briefly available on CD in 1993. \"Noah\" (1969), \"Brand New Morning\" (1971) and \"Back in '72\" (1973) were available only on vinyl/tape formats and have never been officially reissued on CD, but all three were unofficially reissued in 2008 in Argentina on the Lost Diamonds label. Bob Seger was considered for quite a few more film soundtracks that he ultimately did not appear on. In 1983, after the success of \"Old Time Rock and Roll\" in \"Risky Business\" (1983) starring Tom Cruise, the song \"No Man's Land\" was slated for Cruise's next film \"All the Right", "title": "Bob Seger discography" }, { "id": "4211869", "score": "1.5590217", "text": "\"Vertical Man\" (1998), \"I Wanna Be Santa Claus\" (1999), \"Ringo Rama\" (2003), \"Choose Love\" (2005) and \"Liverpool 8\" (2008). Three live albums were also released during this relationship: \"VH1 Storytellers\" (1998), \"Ringo Starr and Friends\" (2006) and \"\" (2007). The ninth album – a compilation album \"\" – included remixes of thirteen tracks originally produced by Hudson and Starr. It was nominated for \"Best Surround Sound Album\" in the 51st annual Grammy Awards for the year 2007–2008. The nine albums co-produced by Hudson featured a total of 82 different songs. 17 of the 82 songs were cover versions of various", "title": "Mark Hudson (musician)" }, { "id": "5532289", "score": "1.5563664", "text": "Sentimental Journey (Ringo Starr album) Sentimental Journey is the debut studio album by English rock musician and former Beatles drummer Ringo Starr, released in 1970, as the band was splintering apart. Although Starr was the third member of the group to issue solo work (after George Harrison and John Lennon), \"Sentimental Journey\" is the first non-avant-garde studio album by a member of the band, in light of the experimental, soundtrack or live releases his aforementioned bandmates had already released. Paul McCartney's debut, \"McCartney\", would follow three weeks after \"Sentimental Journey\"'s release. Recording of the album was completed in early March", "title": "Sentimental Journey (Ringo Starr album)" }, { "id": "6278107", "score": "1.5551628", "text": "Sentimental Journey (song) \"Sentimental Journey\" is a popular song, published in 1944. The music was written by Les Brown and Ben Homer, and the lyrics were written by Bud Green. Les Brown and His Band of Renown had been performing the song, but were unable to record it because of the 1942–44 musicians' strike. When the strike ended, the band, with Doris Day as vocalist, had a hit record with the song, Day's first #1 hit, in 1945. The song's release coincided with the end of WWII in Europe and became the unofficial homecoming theme for many veterans. The recording", "title": "Sentimental Journey (song)" }, { "id": "6278102", "score": "1.5551628", "text": "Sentimental Journey (song) \"Sentimental Journey\" is a popular song, published in 1944. The music was written by Les Brown and Ben Homer, and the lyrics were written by Bud Green. Les Brown and His Band of Renown had been performing the song, but were unable to record it because of the 1942–44 musicians' strike. When the strike ended, the band, with Doris Day as vocalist, had a hit record with the song, Day's first #1 hit, in 1945. The song's release coincided with the end of WWII in Europe and became the unofficial homecoming theme for many veterans. The recording", "title": "Sentimental Journey (song)" }, { "id": "13780066", "score": "1.5546358", "text": "the Sand\"), Anita Bryant (\"Till There Was You\", \"Paper Roses\"), Connie Francis (\"Who’s Sorry Now\", \"Among My Souvenirs\", \"My Happiness\"), Gogi Grant (\"Suddenly There’s a Valley\", \"The Wayward Wind\"), Bobby Darin (\"Dream Lover\", \"Beyond the Sea\", \"Mack the Knife\"), and Andy Williams (\"Canadian Sunset\", \"Butterfly\", \"Hawaiian Wedding Song\"). Even Rock ‘n’ Roll icon Elvis Presley spent the rest of his career alternating between Pop and Rock (\"Love Me Tender\", \"Loving You\", \"I Love You Because\"). Pop would resurface on the charts in the mid-1960s as \"Adult Contemporary\". In 1951, Little Richard Penniman began recording for RCA Records in the late-1940s", "title": "1950s in music" }, { "id": "9114164", "score": "1.553699", "text": "\"Last Train to Clarksville.\" Both of these singles were minor hits. In 1969, Bruce signed with Monument Records, where he continued to have minor successes with \"Everybody Wants To Get To Heaven\" and \"Song For Jenny\". Meanwhile, he continued to write songs like \"The Man That Turned My Mama On,\" which was a major hit for Tanya Tucker in 1974 and \"Restless\" for Crystal Gayle the same year. He signed with United Artists Records in 1973 and released several singles, but only one single in 1974 became a minor hit. He finally made the upper regions of the charts when", "title": "Ed Bruce" }, { "id": "934571", "score": "1.5529076", "text": "label was distributed in the US by Atlantic from 1973 to 1975. During this period, 14 albums were issued. All had been previously issued in the UK on Virgin, although one album, \"Marjory Razorblade\" by Kevin Coyne, was truncated from a 20-song double album to an 11-song single album. Beginning with Mike Oldfield's \"Ommadawn\" album in 1975, American distribution switched to Columbia Records. Columbia was unwilling to release all Virgin artists, and so many were licensed to other labels: Epic (the sister company of Columbia) (Mike Oldfield [1980s releases], Culture Club, Holly and the Italians, some XTC [1982], and Shooting", "title": "Virgin Records" }, { "id": "9284285", "score": "1.5506573", "text": "m4a). (PFS is the Decca (UK) original catalogue number; SP is the London label (USA) version) / (*) Also issued as \"Romantic Screen Themes\" in Japan (London SLC4484) / (**) \"Togetherness\" (UK double-disc set) was issued as two separate albums in the USA Seaward also issued a vinyl LP, \"The Wonderful World of Man\", which contained recordings of the sounds of the Isle of Man, where Ronnie Aldrich lived from the 1960s onwards. This record was sold in the island to tourists. Released as two separate albums in US: Here Come The Hits! (+) and Close to You (++) Released", "title": "Ronnie Aldrich" }, { "id": "17058115", "score": "1.5496801", "text": "Sentimental Journey (Emmy Rossum album) Sentimental Journey is the second album by singer-actress Emmy Rossum and her first album in six years. Unlike her first album, in which she co-wrote every song but one, \"Sentimental Journey\" is a cover album and includes song from the 1920s through the 1960s. \"Sentimental Journey\" features many of the same people who worked on her first album, including producer Stuart Brawley and musician Joe Corcoran. \"Pretty Paper\" was the first single from the album and was released as a digital single on November 27, 2012. Rather than traditional music videos, \"vignettes\" were filmed and", "title": "Sentimental Journey (Emmy Rossum album)" }, { "id": "2638132", "score": "1.5473404", "text": "Carousel\", and \"Carrie Anne\"). The move to Epic followed by Graham Nash's departure ended this streak; after that, the Hollies had a few more huge hits: \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" (No.7, 1969), \"Long Cool Woman\" (No.2, 1972), and \"The Air That I Breathe\" (No.6, 1974). They did have additional US chart hits with the non-UK singles \"Pay You Back With Interest\" (No.28 in 1966), \"Dear Eloise\" (No.50 in 1967), \"Long Dark Road\" (No.26 in 1972), and the \"reunion\" single \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" (No.29 in 1983). In 2010, the Hollies were included in the Rock and", "title": "The Hollies" } ]

[ "Homicide detectives", "Police detectives", "Detectivists", "Criminal investigator", "junior detective", "Police detective", "detectivisms", "Detectivistic", "Detective", "detective", "police detective", "homicide detectives", "Detectivisms", "JUNIOR DETECTIVE", "detectivists", "detectivist", "detectivistically", "Detectivistically", "detectivism", "Detectivism", "senior detective", "police detectives", "Detectives", "detectives", "Senior detective", "Detectivist", "Senior Detective", "criminal investigator", "detectivistic" ]

[ { "id": "4418474", "score": "1.5904566", "text": "Taggart Taggart is a Scottish detective television programme, created by Glenn Chandler, who wrote many of the episodes, and made by STV Productions for the ITV network. It originally ran as the miniseries \"Killer\" from 6 until 20 September 1983, before a full series was commissioned that ran from 2 July 1985 until 7 November 2010. The series revolved around a group of detectives, initially in the Maryhill CID of Strathclyde Police, though various storylines were set in other parts of Greater Glasgow and in other areas of Scotland. The team operated out of the fictional John Street police station.", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "4418486", "score": "1.557616", "text": "been released on DVD in the UK by Acorn Media UK, Delta Home Entertainment, GO Entertain and John Williams Productions. There are also Region 1 and Region 4 releases for North American and Australasian markets. Some of the DVD releases are now quite rare and deleted and there has been no Blu-ray release at present. Actors appearing on \"Taggart\" episodes over the years include: The show was primarily shot in and around Glasgow and its metropolitan area, but the show occasionally ventured further, for example to Loch Lomond, Edinburgh and the Highlands. The original title card of the show used", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "4418482", "score": "1.5534065", "text": "STV had put their wider commercial differences to one side to make a new series, which Scottish viewers got to see first. The two broadcasters co-commissioned a six-part series of the show, and the pay-TV broadcaster UKTV also invested in return for repeat rights. New episodes of \"Taggart\" debuted on STV in autumn 2010 before being broadcast on ITV across the rest of the UK in 2011. UKTV's Alibi digital channel showed the episodes in 2013. Online catch-up of the new series was not available to users of STV Player until the show had been broadcast on ITV/UTV. The format", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "4418475", "score": "1.5311707", "text": "\"Taggart\" was one of the UK's longest-running television dramas and the longest-running police drama after the cancellation of \"The Bill\". Mark McManus, who played the title character Jim Taggart, died in 1994; however, the series continued under the same name. The series theme music is \"No Mean City\" sung by Maggie Bell. The Scottish BAFTA-winning pilot episode, \"Killer\", directed by Laurence Moody and broadcast in 1983, introduced the character Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) Jim Taggart (played by Mark McManus until his death in 1994), a tough and experienced detective who had worked his way up through the ranks. His original", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "4418485", "score": "1.5253615", "text": "with current or recent shows. This made it very difficult to understand the history of the show. Re-runs of \"Taggart\" are shown in Scotland, initially on STV city channels STV Glasgow and STV Edinburgh, now on STV2 as well as UK-wide channels Drama, True Drama, True Entertainment and Alibi. The show is regularly re-run in Australian on ABC TV, its initial purchaser, and more recently on the 7 Network. The DVD rights in the UK for many Taggart episodes – the earlier series in particular – are held by Clearvision. However some episodes in particular those from 2002 onwards have", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "4418488", "score": "1.5003502", "text": "location within the campus. Since 1983, there have been a total of 110 episodes of \"Taggart\". Early episodes were split into multiple parts, and aired over three weeks, while later episodes were self-contained. In Australia, the series airs on ABC1, 7TWO, 13th Street. In 2011, ABC1 aired episodes on Friday at 8:30 pm. ABC1 actually broadcast episodes 101 (\"IOU\"), 102 (\"Local Hero\") and 103 (\"The Rapture\") before STV did, because of scheduling conflicts. 7TWO airs repeat episodes right back to the first episode. In New Zealand, the series airs on Vibe. In Ireland, the series airs on RTÉ 1. Taggart", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "8026508", "score": "1.4918661", "text": "2008, to coincide with its parent company renaming from SMG plc to STV Group plc on the same day. STV Productions are the makers of \"Taggart\", the longest running crime drama on British television, broadcast on the ITV network and sold overseas for transmission in over 40 territories. Other successful drama productions include television adaptions of Ian Rankin's \"Rebus\", and \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\" as well as Neil Buchanan's \"Art Attack\". STV Productions' Factual department has a long track record in award-winning documentary production for national and regional transmission with past output including \"After Lockerbie\", \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\",", "title": "STV Productions" }, { "id": "11982609", "score": "1.4900153", "text": "(including its series \"Crown Court\") before creating and writing his own series \"Taggart\" for STV Productions (ITV Network). Chandler created \"Taggart\" for STV's Controller of Drama, Robert Love, who wanted to set a police series in Glasgow. Chandler was inspired by true crime and real life, and even lifted the names of characters for the series from gravestones in Maryhill Cemetery in Glasgow. The series continued even after the death of the actor Mark McManus, who played the lead role of Jim Taggart, and became the longest-running police drama on British television. Chandler has continued to write for his first", "title": "Glenn Chandler" }, { "id": "4418481", "score": "1.4894664", "text": "completed on series 26, in December 2009, Colin McCredie was informed that he and his character would not be returning for filming of the next series. ITV plc, the company that operates the ITV franchises in England, Wales and southern Scotland, failed to announce whether it planned to show any new episodes of \"Taggart\", prompting STV to suspend production of the programme in September 2009. STV announced in November 2009 that it would produce new episodes of \"Taggart\" for broadcast in 2010, regardless of whether ITV plc decided to screen it. In February 2010 it was announced that ITV and", "title": "Taggart" }, { "id": "17881443", "score": "1.462129", "text": "Bronágh Taggart Bronágh Taggart is a Northern Irish actress and writer, born in Belfast. She has appeared in BAFTA-winning \"Occupation\", \"\", and \"The Fall\" and has written for BBC Northern Ireland series \"6Degrees\" since it first aired in 2012. In 2013, she wrote a half-hour film, \"Call it a Night\", for broadcast on Channel 4 as part of the late-night \"Coming Up\" series. In 2017, Taggart wrote, produced and starred in, Guard, a female-led boxing film directed by \"Jonathan Harden\". It had its debut at the Oscar-qualifying \"Galway Film Fleadh\" in July 2017, and soon after its North American premiere", "title": "Bronágh Taggart" }, { "id": "5820753", "score": "1.451049", "text": "he was in include: McManus began playing the title character in the crime drama Taggart in September 1983 alongside Neil Duncan, Tom Watson and Robert Robertson. The pilot attracted an estimated 7.6 million viewers. When Duncan left the show in 1987, James MacPherson joined the show as the new character Michael Jardine. This was followed by new Superintendent Jack McVitie in the 1985 episode \"Murder In Season\". A new female Detective Constable, Jackie Reid (portrayed by Blythe Duff), was introduced in 1990 and, in \"Rogue's Gallery\", (1990) Taggart promoted her to Detective Sergeant. McManus drank heavily and, after several years", "title": "Mark McManus" }, { "id": "11982608", "score": "1.4474127", "text": "Glenn Chandler Glenn Chandler (born 12 March 1949) is a Scottish playwright and novelist. He has written plays for theatre and radio, original screenplays for television and films, television series, and novels. His best known work is the Scottish television detective series \"Taggart\", which is broadcast around the world. Glenn Chandler was born in Edinburgh in 1949, and educated at the Royal High School in the city. He moved from Scotland to London and began writing for the Soho Poly, where his early plays were produced. He went on to write for BBC Television and Radio, and for Granada Television", "title": "Glenn Chandler" }, { "id": "13229449", "score": "1.4371059", "text": "Jim Taggart \"See also: James Taggart (disambiguation)\" Detective Chief Inspector James Taggart was the main character in \"Taggart\" from 1983 to 1995. He was played by Mark McManus until his death in June 1994, with the last episode featuring Taggart being broadcast in January 1995. A tough, no-nonsense policeman of the old school, Taggart has little time for subtlety, sensitivity or many of the more modern aspects of police work that his junior colleagues place faith in. His focus is always on solving the crime, using traditional police methods of evidence and proof. He had worked his way up from", "title": "Jim Taggart" }, { "id": "14760067", "score": "1.4321079", "text": "James MacTaggart James MacTaggart (25 April 1928 – 29 May 1974) was a Scottish-born television producer, director and writer. After an initial career as an actor, MacTaggart worked for BBC Radio in Scotland before moving into television, relocating to London around 1961, at the request of his friend scriptwriter Troy Kennedy Martin. MacTaggart aimed to break down the use of naturalism in television drama: \"We were going to destroy naturalism\", Kennedy Martin once said, \"if possible, before Christmas\". After his involvement with such series as \"Storyboard\" (1961), wholly written by Kennedy Martin, and \"Studio 4\" (1962), MacTaggart was given the", "title": "James MacTaggart" }, { "id": "7475610", "score": "1.4290824", "text": "around Vancouver, the Lower Mainland and on Vancouver Island. In January 2011, Taggart transferred to the CTV news desk. Taggart also hosted a home renovation show, \"Love It or Lose It\" for two seasons, on the Home and Garden TV network (HGTV). Taggart had minor roles in the films \"Antitrust\", \"Josie and the Pussycats\", \"\" and \"Along Came a Spider\", and on several television series, including \"Robson Arms\", \"Cold Squad\", and \"Touching Evil\". The \"Georgia Straight\" Annual Reader’s Poll named Taggart as Vancouver's \"Best TV Weather Person\" and \"Best TV Personality\" in 2002, 2003 and 2004. She was named \"Woman", "title": "Tamara Taggart" }, { "id": "10777878", "score": "1.4277059", "text": "weeks after a previously planned drama, \"The Robert Taylor Show\", based on case files of the former United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, was abandoned with four unaired episodes. In addition, the \"Temple Houston\" pilot episode was unusable for the introduction to the new series because James Coburn, who played the secondary character, a gunslinger turned U.S. marshal, would not accept a role in a series. Coburn's character was hence assumed by Jack Elam as George Taggart. A leading character actor in film and television, Elam had just left the short-lived ABC/Warner Bros. western, \"The Dakotas\", which had", "title": "Temple Houston (TV series)" }, { "id": "1811797", "score": "1.4149877", "text": "it does to a more obvious relation, Jim Taggart. The post-war upbringing on a Scottish housing scheme amidst the decline of heavy industry, a fondness for alcohol, an identification with those who struggle against adversity, a distrust of authority, stubbornness and an intimidating personal manner. He sees things in black and white and classifies people as either good or bad. For example in \"Dead Souls\" he outs a convicted paedophile who has been released after serving time and is trying to reform. The paedophile dies and Rebus shows little remorse. He has a strong love for books and music, owns", "title": "John Rebus" }, { "id": "4005957", "score": "1.412127", "text": "on \"Loving\" from 1988–1991 and a recent stint for \"Guiding Light\" from 2002 - 2003. Taggart was also Co-Executive Producer of the reality TV series, \"Starting Over\". She is also sometimes credited as Millee Taggart-Radcliffe. Taggart and novelist Barbara Taylor Bradford wrote a \"bible\" for a new daytime serial which was titled, \"Saints And Sinners\". Ms Taggart-Ratcliffe is currently Co-Ep of Emmy Award winning series, Born This Way, on AE. \"All My Children\" \"As the World Turns\" \"The City\" \"Guiding Light\" \"Loving\" \"Ryan's Hope\" \"Santa Barbara\" \"Search for Tomorrow\" \"Starting Over\" Daytime Emmy Awards WINS NOMINATIONS Writers Guild of America", "title": "Millee Taggart" }, { "id": "5820750", "score": "1.407135", "text": "Mark McManus Mark McManus (21 February 1935 – 6 June 1994) was a Scottish actor, who also worked in England and Australia. McManus was best known for playing tough Glaswegian Detective Chief Inspector Jim Taggart in the long-running STV television series \"Taggart\" for eleven years from (1983-1994) until his death, McManus was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland, on 21 February 1935 and moved to Hillingdon, Uxbridge, in London when he was three years old, until he moved again at the age of sixteen to Australia, where he performed in amateur theatre groups that led him to becoming a professional actor.", "title": "Mark McManus" }, { "id": "4418483", "score": "1.3941104", "text": "of the show changed over the years. Originally the show ran with three one-hour episodes to each story (130 minutes without advertisements), with occasional exceptions. This was later changed, starting with the last transmitted story in 1998, to a regular pattern of two-hour stand-alone stories, and beginning in July 2002 these were shortened to 60 minutes. After a two-hour special episode in January 2003, episodes were again lengthened starting in October, this time to 90 minutes, continuing through the 2008 New Year special (\"Genesis\"). After this the show became a series of one-hour stand-alone stories for the first time since", "title": "Taggart" } ]

[ "articulationes pedis", "Muscles of the Feet", "Foot taboo", "foot fracture", "dorsum of foot", "Foot", "Pedis", "Plates of meat", "human foot", "foot type", "pedis", "insteps", "Articulationes pedis", "Joints of foot", "articulations of foot", "plates of meat", "foot deformities", "Broken foot", "Human foot", "foot anatomy", "Feet", "Foot deformities", "Foot type", "Foot sweat", "instep", "Human feet", "foot taboo", "foot muscles", "Insteps", "muscles of feet", "Articulations of foot", "Foot dorsum", "foot dorsum", "Instep", "Foot muscles", "Articulatio pedis", "Foot fractures", "human feet", "foot fractures", "foot", "foot sweat", "joints of foot", "Foot fracture", "Foot (anatomy)", "articulatio pedis", "feet", "broken foot", "Dorsum of foot", "Joints of the foot" ]

[ { "id": "2145982", "score": "1.6463788", "text": "Metatarsal bones The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus are a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are, in descending order: second, third, fourth, fifth and first. The five metatarsals are dorsally convex long", "title": "Metatarsal bones" }, { "id": "9386803", "score": "1.5735005", "text": "Second metatarsal bone The second metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is the longest of the metatarsal bones, being prolonged backward and held firmly into the recess formed by the three cuneiform bones. The second metatarsal forms joints with the second proximal phalanx (a bone in the second toe) through the metatarsophalangeal joint, the cuneiform bones, third metatarsal and occasionally the first metatarsal bone. Like the four other metatarsal bones, it can be divided into three parts: base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to", "title": "Second metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386809", "score": "1.5530248", "text": "fractures to the same 2nd metatarsal bone. Second metatarsal bone The second metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is the longest of the metatarsal bones, being prolonged backward and held firmly into the recess formed by the three cuneiform bones. The second metatarsal forms joints with the second proximal phalanx (a bone in the second toe) through the metatarsophalangeal joint, the cuneiform bones, third metatarsal and occasionally the first metatarsal bone. Like the four other metatarsal bones, it can be divided into three parts: base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the", "title": "Second metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386795", "score": "1.550674", "text": "Fourth metatarsal bone The fourth metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is smaller in size than the third metatarsal bone and is the third longest (and smallest) of the five metatarsal bones. The fourth metatarsal is analogous to the fourth metacarpal bone in the hand As the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body or shaft of the bone.", "title": "Fourth metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386810", "score": "1.5498109", "text": "First metatarsal bone The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the foot just behind the big toe. The first metatarsal bone is the shortest of the metatarsal bones and by far the thickest and strongest of them. Like the four other metatarsals, it can be divided into three parts: base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the big toe. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body of the bone. The bone is somewhat flattened, giving it two sides: the plantar (towards the", "title": "First metatarsal bone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Metatarsal bones\n\nThe metatarsal bones, or metatarsus, are a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are, in descending order, second, third, fourth, fifth, and first.", "title": "Metatarsal bones" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fourth metatarsal bone\n\nThe fourth metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is smaller in size than the third metatarsal bone and is the third longest (and smallest) of the five metatarsal bones. The fourth metatarsal is analogous to the fourth metacarpal bone in the hand\n\nAs the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head.\nThe base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body or shaft of the bone. The bone is somewhat flatten giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing).<ref name=Bojsen246/> These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above.\n\nThe base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped.<ref name=Bojsen246/> The base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal.\n\nThe head or anterior extremity articulates with the fourth proximal phalanx, the first bone in the fourth toe.", "title": "Fourth metatarsal bone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fifth metatarsal bone\n\nThe fifth metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot, and is palpable along the distal outer edges of the feet. It is the second smallest of the five metatarsal bones. The fifth metatarsal is analogous to the fifth metacarpal bone in the hand.\n\nAs with the four other metatarsal bones it can be divided into three parts; a base, body and head.\nThe base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body (or shaft) of the bone. The bone is somewhat flat giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing).<ref name=Bojsen246/> These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above.\n\nThe base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. The fifth metatarsal has a rough eminence on the lateral side of its base, known as the tuberosity or the styloid process. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the abductor digiti quinti.\n\nThe head articulates with the fifth proximal phalanx, the first bone in the fifth toe.\n\nA strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus.", "title": "Fifth metatarsal bone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "First metatarsal bone\n\nThe first metatarsal bone is the bone in the foot just behind the big toe. The first metatarsal bone is the shortest of the metatarsal bones and by far the thickest and strongest of them.\n\nLike the four other metatarsals, it can be divided into three parts: base, body and head.\nThe base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the big toe. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body of the bone. The bone is somewhat flattened, giving it two sides: the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing).<ref name=Bojsen246/>\n\nThe base presents, as a rule, no articular facets (joint surfaces) on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. On the lateral part of the plantar surface there is a rough oval prominence, or tuberosity, for the insertion of the tendon of the fibularis longus.\n\nThe first metatarsal articulates (forms joints) with the medial cuneiform and to a small extent with the intermediate cuneiform bone. Its proximal articular surface is large and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the tibialis anterior.\n\nThe body of the bone is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form.\n\nThe head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets on which the sesamoid bones glide; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation.", "title": "First metatarsal bone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Third metatarsal bone\n\nThe third metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is the second longest metatarsal. The longest being the second metatarsal. The third metatarsal is analogous to the third metacarpal bone in the hand\n\nAs the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head.\nThe base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body of the bone. The bone is somewhat flatten giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing).<ref name=Bojsen246/> These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above.\n\nThe base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped.<ref name=Bojsen246/>\nThe third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base.\n\nThe head or anterior extremity articulates with the third proximal phalanx.", "title": "Third metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386799", "score": "1.5488691", "text": "Third metatarsal bone The third metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is the second longest metatarsal. The longest being the second metatarsal. The third metatarsal is analogous to the third metacarpal bone in the hand As the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body of the bone. The bone is somewhat flatten giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards", "title": "Third metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386790", "score": "1.543997", "text": "Fifth metatarsal bone The fifth metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot, and is palpable along the distal outer edges of the feet. It is the second smallest of the five metatarsal bones. The fifth metatarsal is analogous to the fifth metacarpal bone in the hand As with the four other metatarsal bones it can be divided into three parts; a base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body (or shaft) of the", "title": "Fifth metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386813", "score": "1.5425434", "text": "first dorsal interosseus muscle originates from the medial side of the bone. Its function is to spread the toes. First metatarsal bone The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the foot just behind the big toe. The first metatarsal bone is the shortest of the metatarsal bones and by far the thickest and strongest of them. Like the four other metatarsals, it can be divided into three parts: base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the big toe. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to", "title": "First metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "2145986", "score": "1.5249944", "text": "the metatarsals are the bones most often involved. These fractures are sometimes called march fractures, based on their traditional association with military recruits after long marches. The second and third metatarsals are fixed while walking, thus these metatarsals are common sites of injury. The fifth metatarsal may be fractured if the foot is oversupinated during locomotion. Protection from injuries can be given by the use of safety footwear which can use built-in or removable metatarsal guards. Metatarsal bones The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus are a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the", "title": "Metatarsal bones" }, { "id": "9386791", "score": "1.5108414", "text": "bone. The bone is somewhat flat giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing). These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. The fifth metatarsal has a rough eminence on the lateral side of its base, known as the tuberosity or the styloid process. The plantar surface of", "title": "Fifth metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386802", "score": "1.5083526", "text": "from the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, a narrow band which runs across and connects together the heads of all the metatarsal bones. Third metatarsal bone The third metatarsal bone is a long bone in the foot. It is the second longest metatarsal. The longest being the second metatarsal. The third metatarsal is analogous to the third metacarpal bone in the hand As the four other metatarsals bones it can be divided into three parts; base, body and head. The base is the part closest to the ankle and the head is closest to the toes. The narrowed part in the", "title": "Third metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386804", "score": "1.5056603", "text": "the big toe. The narrowed part in the middle is referred to as the body of the bone. The bone is somewhat flattened, giving it two sides: the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing). Its base is broad above, narrow and rough below. It presents four articular surfaces: one behind, of a triangular form, for articulation with the intermediate cuneiform bone; one at the upper part of its medial surface, for articulation with the medial cuneiform; and two on its lateral surface, an upper and lower, separated by a", "title": "Second metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "2145984", "score": "1.4929712", "text": "flattened, and on each is a depression, surmounted by a tubercle, for ligamentous attachment. Its plantar surface is grooved antero-posteriorly for the passage of the flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface. During growth, the growth plates are located distally on the metatarsals, except on the first metatarsal where it is located proximally. Yet it is quite common to have an accessory growth plate on the distal first metatarsal. The base of each metatarsal bone articulates with one or more of the tarsal bones at the tarsometatarsal joints, and the", "title": "Metatarsal bones" }, { "id": "9386796", "score": "1.490773", "text": "The bone is somewhat flatten giving it two surfaces; the plantar (towards the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing). These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped. The base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform;", "title": "Fourth metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "9386800", "score": "1.4887815", "text": "the sole of the foot) and the dorsal side (the area facing upwards while standing). These surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The bone is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped. The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base. The head or anterior extremity articulates with the", "title": "Third metatarsal bone" }, { "id": "2145983", "score": "1.4760237", "text": "bones consisting of a shaft or body, a base (proximally), and a head (distally). The body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped, articulating proximally with the tarsal bones, and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones: its dorsal and plantar surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The head or distal extremity presents a convex articular surface, oblong from above downward, and extending farther backward below than above. Its sides are", "title": "Metatarsal bones" }, { "id": "20103791", "score": "1.4561853", "text": "foot shows the arctometatarsalian condition. Metatarsal II is without ginglymi on its distal end. The authors identify the fingers in the maniraptoran hand as the second, third and fourth, whereas most researchers see them as the first, second and third so that \"metacarpal II\" would become metacarpal I etc. The articulated tail has elongate rod-like extensions of the prezygaphophyses and chevrons characteristic of most dromaeosaurids, and these reach almost to the most anterior caudals. The sternum is large, with a maximum anteroposterior length 56% of the femoral length and is long axially in proportion. Bone fusion in the scapula, vertebrae,", "title": "Zhongjianosaurus" }, { "id": "6764779", "score": "1.4546205", "text": "indicating the presence of a cap of cartilage between the femur and tibia. The foot has four digits. Like the metacarpals, the second metatarsal is curved, the third is straight, and the fourth is strongly curved. The phalanges of the foot are very stout, with the terminal phalanges near the end of each digit being particularly stout. As with the second and third claws on the hand, the second, third, and fourth claws of the foot are uniformly broad, flat, and hoof-like. In 1979 Peter Galton and James A. Jensen described a fragmentary femur belonging to a hadrosauroid discovered in", "title": "Eolambia" }, { "id": "9023821", "score": "1.4543654", "text": "above the inside edge of this trochlea. A ridge extends between the metatarsals II and III in the lower part of each bone. The middle of metatarsal II preserved a large tubercule (a node for muscle attachment) while the near part of metatarsal III possesses a thin ridge. No metatarsal I or hallux is preserved in any of the specimens. As in most enantiornitheans, no hypotarsus (a wide ridge on the back of the tarsometatarsus) is present. Due to the peculiar autapomorphies present in this taxon's remains, its affinities are uncertain. It has sometimes been compared to avisaurids, a group", "title": "Yungavolucris" }, { "id": "19290562", "score": "1.4532423", "text": "shaft, below the scar for the \"musculus coracobrachialis\", runs a diagonal ridge, from the upper and outer side to the inner and lower side. The first metatarsal has an upper width exceeding its length. The third metatarsal is relatively short with 1.2 times the length of the first metatarsal. The upper toe phalanges are 50% wider at their tops than their respective metatarsals are long. The toe claws are reduced, rough and truncated. The foot or pes of \"Notocolossus\", a skeleton part that is not often preserved in sauropods, shows a unique build. It contains a compact, homogeneous metatarsus, thought", "title": "Notocolossus" } ]

[ "thomas bach", "Thomas Bach" ]

[ { "id": "925980", "score": "1.7351775", "text": "the first ever IOC President to stay in the Olympic village, thereby enjoying closer contact with the athletes. In October 2009 he was re-elected for a new term as President of the IOC. In September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires a new IOC President was elected. In 2011, a \"Forbes\" magazine list of the 68 most powerful people in the world listed Rogge at no. 67. On 27 July 2011, one year prior to London 2012, Rogge attended a ceremony at Trafalgar Square where he invited athletes worldwide to compete in the forthcoming Olympic Games. Former", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "12377324", "score": "1.731097", "text": "IOC President at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 10 September 2013. He secured 49 votes in the final round of voting, giving him the majority needed to be elected. He succeeds Jacques Rogge who served as IOC President from 2001 to 2013. Bach will be eligible to run for second six-year term at the 134th IOC Session in 2019 until 2025. Bach's successful election came against five other candidates, Sergey Bubka, Richard Carrión, Ng Ser Miang, Denis Oswald and Wu Ching-Kuo. The result of the election was as follows: Bach officially moved into the IOC presidential office", "title": "Thomas Bach" }, { "id": "14307293", "score": "1.7264321", "text": "August, and one at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base on the 40th anniversary of the attack, 5 September. Thomas Bach was elected President of the IOC on 10 September 2013, as the successor to Jacques Rogge, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires. Bach is the first Olympic medallist to have risen to the position of IOC President – he won a gold medal in men's team foil fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He is the third IOC President to have been an Olympian (Brundage and Rogge were also former Olympic athletes). President of the International Olympic Committee The President", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "14307288", "score": "1.6921489", "text": "the IOC since 1980. Under his leadership, the IOC aimed to create more possibilities for developing countries to bid for and host the Olympic Games. Rogge believes that this vision can be achieved in the not too distant future through government backing and new IOC policies that constrain the size, complexity and cost of hosting the Olympic Games. At the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, Rogge became the first IOC President to stay in the Olympic village, to enjoy closer contact with the athletes. During the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Rogge delivered a commemoration of Georgian luge", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "12862174", "score": "1.6869352", "text": "International Olympic Committee (IOC). Since 2000 he is a member of the IOC's executive board and since 2005 he has been presiding over the IOC's coordination committee for the 2012 Summer Olympics. On 24 May 2013, Denis Oswald confirmed that he would run for President of the IOC. On 10 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, he lost the election to Thomas Bach. He is a head of the IOC Disciplinary Commission. Denis Oswald Denis Oswald (born 9 May 1947 in Neuchâtel) is a Swiss rower and sports official. He competed in the 1968, 1972, and", "title": "Denis Oswald" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "President of the International Olympic Committee\n\nThe president of the International Olympic Committee is head of the executive board that assumes the general overall responsibility for the administration of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the management of its affairs. The IOC Executive Board consists of the president, four vice-presidents and ten other IOC members; all of the board members are elected by the IOC Session, using a secret ballot, by a majority vote.\n\nThe IOC organizes the modern Olympic Games, held every two years, alternating summer and winter Games (each every four years). The IOC president holds the office for two terms of four years, renewable once for another term, so would expect to lead the organization of at least two Summer Olympic Games and two Winter Olympic Games. If reelected, the president is expected to lead through three of each season Olympics.", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thomas Bach\n\nThomas Bach (born 29 December 1953) is a German lawyer, former Olympic foil fencer and Olympic gold medalist, serving as the ninth and current president of the International Olympic Committee since 10 September 2013. He is also a former member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation executive board. Bach is the first ever Olympic champion to be elected President of the IOC.", "title": "Thomas Bach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of members of the International Olympic Committee\n\nThis is a list of members of the International Olympic Committee. According to the Olympic Charter, the members of the IOC \"represent and promote the interests of the IOC and of the Olympic Movement in their countries and in the organisations of the Olympic Movement in which they serve\". Currently there are 98 members, 46 honorary members and one honour member.", "title": "List of members of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "International Olympic Committee\n\nThe International Olympic Committee (IOC; , CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss Civil Code (articles 60–79). Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern (Summer, Winter, and Youth) Olympic Games.\n\nThe IOC is the governing body of the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and of the worldwide \"Olympic Movement\", the IOC's term for all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games. As of 2020, there are 206 NOCs officially recognised by the IOC. The current president of the IOC is Thomas Bach.\n\nThe stated mission of the IOC is to promote the Olympics throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement:\n\n\nBeginning in 1995, the IOC has worked to address environmental health concerns resulting from the hosting of the Olympic games. Since 2002, the IOC has been involved in several high-profile controversies including taking gifts, its DMCA take down request of the 2008 Tibetan protest videos, Russian doping scandals, and its support of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics despite China's human rights violations documented in the Xinjiang Papers.", "title": "International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Indian Olympic Association\n\nThe Indian Olympic Association (IOA) or Indian Olympic Committee (IOC) is the body responsible for selecting athletes to represent India at the Olympic Games, Asian Games and other international athletic meets and for managing the Indian teams at these events. It plays with the name of Team India. It also acts as the Indian Commonwealth Games Association, responsible for selecting athletes to represent India at the Commonwealth Games.", "title": "Indian Olympic Association" }, { "id": "12377327", "score": "1.6822685", "text": "at the 131st IOC Session in Lima where both cities were unanimously elected. The next Olympic host city election he will preside over as President will be the election of the host city of the 2026 Winter Olympics. The full IOC membership will elect the host city at the 134th IOC Session in Milan. Thomas Bach's duties as IOC President have included responding to Russia's state-sponsored doping scandal. In an address to Olympic Committees at the national level, Bach criticized what he saw as a rush to judgment and stated that Russian athletes had a right to due process. He", "title": "Thomas Bach" }, { "id": "15801010", "score": "1.6801016", "text": "Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahad Al-Sabah. Madrid's bid was considered to have been hampered by Spain's weak economy and Istanbul's was considered to have been damaged by recent internal political instability and doping scandals as well as match fixing in 2011 (2011 Turkish football corruption scandal). On 10 September 2013, Thomas Bach of Germany was elected to succeed Jacques Rogge as IOC President, winning in two rounds of voting, over five other candidates. The results of the vote were as follows: Nine individuals were elected IOC members at the 125th IOC Session on 10 September: King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands was awarded", "title": "125th IOC Session" }, { "id": "14307268", "score": "1.6691387", "text": "President of the International Olympic Committee The President of the International Olympic Committee is head of the Executive Board that assumes the general overall responsibility for the administration of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the management of its affairs. The IOC Executive Board consists of the President, four Vice-Presidents and ten other IOC members; all of the board members are elected by the IOC Session, using a secret ballot, by a majority vote. The IOC organizes the modern Olympic Games, held every two years, alternating summer and winter Games (each every four years). The IOC President holds the office", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "11112389", "score": "1.650552", "text": "February 2007 and the ethics commission headed by François Carrard discussed financial irregularities charges against Doganeli. On May 23, 2013, Wu Ching-kuo confirmed that he would run for President of the IOC. He has served as an IOC member since 1988. At the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires he lost the election to Thomas Bach. As the president of AIBA, Wu believes Cuba’s historic first professional boxing bout in more than 50 years proves yet again to IOC members that he can deliver. He was proud to have been the facilitator of engineering the Cuban return to the professional", "title": "Wu Ching-kuo" }, { "id": "12377325", "score": "1.6464791", "text": "at the IOC headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 17 September 2013, a week after being elected President. Following his election as IOC President, Bach stated that he wished to change the Olympic bidding process and make sustainable development a priority. He stated that he felt that the current bidding process asks \"too much, too early\". These proposed reforms became known as Olympic Agenda 2020. These forty proposed reforms were all unanimously approved at the 127th IOC Session in Monaco. The first bidding process over which Thomas Bach presided over as President was the bidding process for the 2022 Winter Olympics.", "title": "Thomas Bach" }, { "id": "9111371", "score": "1.6405425", "text": "As President, he was elected to the IOC in 2000. He also serves as a council member of the World Anti-Doping Agency. He is also Vice President of the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF). In 2010 he received the Olympic Order on February 28, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, this is awarded to individuals for particularly distinguished contribution to the Olympic Movement. Tamás Aján Tamás Aján (born January 12, 1939) is the President of the International Weightlifting Federation and a member of the International Olympic Committee. Aján graduated from the Budapest University of Physical Education in 1964", "title": "Tamás Aján" }, { "id": "925981", "score": "1.6366055", "text": "Olympians HRH The Princess Royal and Sebastian Coe unveiled the medals up for grabs, after both Prime Minister David Cameron and London Mayor Boris Johnson had given speeches. In December 2011, Jacques Rogge was invested as an Officer of the Légion d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. Jacques Rogge's IOC Presidency came to an end at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires. German Thomas Bach was elected as the new IOC President at the session on 10 September 2013. He then went on to become the Honorary President of the IOC. For the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China,", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "14307269", "score": "1.6330451", "text": "for a term of eight years, renewable once for another four years, so would expect to lead the organization of at least two Summer Olympic Games and two Winter Olympic Games. If reelected, the President is expected to lead through three of each season Olympics. The Baron de Coubertin had already attempted to restart the Olympic Games at the congress for the fifth anniversary of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques in 1892. While he may have raised the enthusiasm of the public, he did not manage to establish a proper commitment. He decided to reiterate his efforts", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "14369320", "score": "1.6272889", "text": "became the Interim President after Marcel Aubut resigned his position. She was subsequently elected President at the COC Session in November 2015, and in June 2016 was nominated for membership of the International Olympic Committee. Smith is also a member of the Board of the International Council of Arbitration for Sport, headquartered in Lausanne Switzerland. Tricia Smith Patricia Catherine M. Smith, (born April 14, 1957) is a Canadian rower. She won a silver medal in the coxless pair event with Betty Craig at the 1984 Summer Olympics. She also finished fifth in the same event at the 1976 Summer Olympics", "title": "Tricia Smith" }, { "id": "14307281", "score": "1.6229165", "text": "years, and was succeeded by Lord Killanin. Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, was elected as Honorary President of the Olympic Council of Ireland (OCI) in 1950, and became the Irish delegate at the IOC in 1952. He eventually became senior vice-president of the IOC in 1968, and succeeded Avery Brundage to the presidency on 23 August 1972, being elected at the 73rd IOC Session in Munich, just prior to the 1972 Summer Olympics. The Olympic Movement experienced a difficult period during his presidency, having to deal with the aftermath of the tragedy at the 1972 Munich Games and the financial", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "5565296", "score": "1.6229072", "text": "2010. Aubut was the first francophone ever elected President of the COC. During his time as President, Aubut greatly raised the profile of Canada's Olympic athletes and expanded the COC's operations, with corresponding increases in revenues and expenditures supporting amateur sport. In 2014 Aubut was acclaimed to a second four-year term as President. He served as a member of the Board of the organizing committee for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver and the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, and was appointed to the International Relations Commission of the International Olympic Committee. On September 25, 2015, the COC", "title": "Marcel Aubut" }, { "id": "16423564", "score": "1.6203289", "text": "2001. Pierre de Coubertin who headed the organizing committees for the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics as well as the 1924 Winter Olympics was the founder of the modern Olympic movement and International Olympic Committee. He served as President of the International Olympic Committee from 1896 to 1925. Peter Ueberroth who headed the organizing committee for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles went on to serve as the Commissioner of Baseball from 1984 to 1989. Sebastian Coe who headed the organizing committee for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London is now serving as the President of the International Association", "title": "President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games" }, { "id": "202611", "score": "1.6178558", "text": "in Sochi 2014 were reinstated. The IOC was harshly criticized for their handling of the Russian doping scandal. After reinstating the Russian Olympic committee following the 2018 Winter Olympics, Jim Walden, attorney for Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, who masterminded Russia's programme, called the move \"weakness in the face of evil.\" International Olympic Committee The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: \"Comité International Olympique\", CIO) is a private non-governmental organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern Olympic Games. The IOC is the controlling body for the", "title": "International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "11620283", "score": "1.6168023", "text": "the head of the secretariat of the All-China Sports Federation. In 1979, he was promoted to the deputy secretary general of the All-China Sports Federation and the Chinese Olympic Committee (COC). He served as the secretary general of COC between 1982 and 1986, vice president between 1986 and 1989, and the president of COC between 1989 and 1994. He was elected to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1981. In 1985, he was elected to the executive board of IOC, and subsequently served three 5-year terms (1985-1989，1994-1998，1999-2003). He was elected the vice-president of the IOC in 1989, and served one", "title": "He Zhenliang" }, { "id": "14486319", "score": "1.613172", "text": "COU for the period 2012–2016. Julio Maglione Julio César Maglione (born November 14, 1935 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from Uruguay. He has been an IOC member since 1996. Between 1989 and 1990, he served as President of the Uruguayan Football Association Maglione is the current President of the Uruguayan Olympic Committee (Comité Olímpico Uruguayo, COU), and has held the position since 1987. In July 2009, he was elected President of FINA, the International Swimming Federation. As of July 2013, he is about to be reelected for that post. In September 2012 he", "title": "Julio Maglione" } ]

[ "echidna spiny anteater", "Echidna (spiny anteater)" ]

[ { "id": "2691193", "score": "1.683556", "text": "with cooler temperatures favouring males. Not all reptiles lay eggs; some are viviparous (\"live birth\"). Dinosaurs laid eggs, some of which have been preserved as petrified fossils. Among mammals, early extinct species laid eggs, as do platypuses and echidnas (spiny anteaters). Platypuses and two genera of echidna are Australian monotremes. Marsupial and placental mammals do not lay eggs, but their unborn young do have the complex tissues that identify amniotes. The eggs of the egg-laying mammals (the platypus and the echidnas) are macrolecithal eggs very much like those of reptiles. The eggs of marsupials are likewise macrolecithal, but rather small,", "title": "Egg" }, { "id": "326931", "score": "1.6596801", "text": "Platypus The platypus (\"Ornithorhynchus anatinus\"), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The animal is the sole living representative of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and genus (\"Ornithorhynchus\"), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record. The first scientists to examine a preserved platypus body (in 1799) judged it a fake, made of several animals sewn together. The", "title": "Platypus" }, { "id": "850919", "score": "1.6154813", "text": "delicacy. Echidna Echidnas (), sometimes known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. The four extant species, together with the platypus, are the only surviving members of the order Monotremata, and are the only living mammals that lay eggs. The diet of some species consists of ants and termites, but they are not closely related to the true anteaters of the Americas. Echidnas live in Australia and New Guinea. Echidnas evolved between 20 and 50 million years ago, descending from a platypus-like monotreme. This ancestor was aquatic, but echidnas adapted to life", "title": "Echidna" }, { "id": "850902", "score": "1.6077166", "text": "Echidna Echidnas (), sometimes known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. The four extant species, together with the platypus, are the only surviving members of the order Monotremata, and are the only living mammals that lay eggs. The diet of some species consists of ants and termites, but they are not closely related to the true anteaters of the Americas. Echidnas live in Australia and New Guinea. Echidnas evolved between 20 and 50 million years ago, descending from a platypus-like monotreme. This ancestor was aquatic, but echidnas adapted to life on", "title": "Echidna" }, { "id": "850914", "score": "1.6032505", "text": "(egg-laying) and viviparous (offspring develop internally) mammals is believed to have occurred during the Triassic period. However, there is still some disagreement on this estimated time of divergence. Though most findings from genetics studies (especially those concerning nuclear genes) are in agreement with the paleontological findings, some results from other techniques and sources, like mitochondrial DNA, are in slight disagreement with findings from fossils. Molecular clock data suggest echidnas split from platypuses between 19 and 48 million years ago, and that platypus-like fossils dating back to over 112.5 million years ago therefore represent basal forms, rather than close relatives of", "title": "Echidna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Echidna\n\nEchidnas (), sometimes known as spiny anteaters, monotremes (egg-laying mammals) belonging to the family Tachyglossidae . The four extant species of echidnas and the platypus are the only living mammals that lay eggs and the only surviving members of the order Monotremata.<ref name=nwf03/> The diet of some species consists of ants and termites, but they are not closely related to the true anteaters of the Americas, which (along with sloths and armadillos) are xenarthrans. Echidnas live in Australia and New Guinea.\n\nEchidnas evolved between 20 and 50 million years ago, descending from a platypus-like monotreme.<ref name=Phillips/> This ancestor was aquatic, but echidnas adapted to life on land.<ref name=Phillips/>", "title": "Echidna" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monotreme\n\nMonotremes () are prototherian mammals of the order Monotremata. They are one of the three groups of living mammals, along with placentals (Eutheria), and marsupials (Metatheria). Monotremes are typified by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. In addition, they lay eggs rather than bearing live young, but, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.\n\nMonotremes have been considered members of Australosphenida, a clade that contains extinct mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America, and Australia, though this is disputed.\n\nThe only surviving examples of monotremes are all indigenous to Australia and New Guinea, although there is evidence that they were once more widespread, as \"Monotrematum\" is known from the Paleocene of South America. The extant monotreme species are the platypus and four species of echidnas. There is currently some debate regarding monotreme taxonomy.\n\nThe name \"monotreme\" derives from the Greek words ( 'single') and ( 'hole'), referring to the cloaca.", "title": "Monotreme" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Platypus\n\nThe platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or monotypic taxon of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record.\n\nTogether with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. Like other monotremes, it senses prey through electrolocation. It is one of the few species of venomous mammals, as the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom, capable of causing severe pain to humans. The unusual appearance of this egg-laying, duck-billed, beaver-tailed, otter-footed mammal baffled European naturalists when they first encountered it, and the first scientists to examine a preserved platypus body (in 1799) judged it a fake, made of several animals sewn together.\n\nThe unique features of the platypus make it an important subject in the study of evolutionary biology, and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia. It is culturally significant to several Aboriginal peoples of Australia, who also used to hunt the animal for food. It has appeared as a mascot at national events and features on the reverse of the Australian twenty-cent coin, and the platypus is the animal emblem of the state of New South Wales. Until the early 20th century, humans hunted the platypus for its fur, but it is now protected throughout its range. Although captive-breeding programs have had only limited success, and the platypus is vulnerable to the effects of pollution, it is not under any immediate threat.\n\n, the platypus is a legally protected species in all states where it occurs. It is listed as an endangered species in South Australia and vulnerable in Victoria. The species is classified as a near-threatened species by the IUCN, but a November 2020 report has recommended that it is upgraded to threatened species under the federal \"EPBC Act\", due to habitat destruction and declining numbers in all states.", "title": "Platypus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mammal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Egg\n\nAn egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches.\n\nMost arthropods such as insects, vertebrates (excluding live-bearing mammals), and mollusks lay eggs, although some, such as scorpions, do not.\n\nReptile eggs, bird eggs, and monotreme eggs are laid out of water and are surrounded by a protective shell, either flexible or inflexible. Eggs laid on land or in nests are usually kept within a warm and favorable temperature range while the embryo grows. When the embryo is adequately developed it hatches, i.e., breaks out of the egg's shell. Some embryos have a temporary egg tooth they use to crack, pip, or break the eggshell or covering.\n\nThe largest recorded egg is from a whale shark and was in size. Whale shark eggs typically hatch within the mother. At and up to , the ostrich egg is the largest egg of any living bird, though the extinct elephant bird and some non-avian dinosaurs laid larger eggs. The bee hummingbird produces the smallest known bird egg, which weighs half of a gram (around 0.02 oz). Some eggs laid by reptiles and most fish, amphibians, insects, and other invertebrates can be even smaller.\n\nReproductive structures similar to the egg in other kingdoms are termed \"spores,\" or in spermatophytes \"seeds,\" or in gametophytes \"egg cells\".", "title": "Egg" }, { "id": "326976", "score": "1.5983012", "text": "a secret agent. The choice of a platypus was inspired by media underuse, as well as to exploit the animal's striking appearance. As a character, Perry has been well received by both fans and critics. Platypus The platypus (\"Ornithorhynchus anatinus\"), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The animal is the sole living representative of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and", "title": "Platypus" }, { "id": "5671283", "score": "1.5878997", "text": "New Guinea, and Kangaroo Island while the long-beaked echidna (\"Zaglossus bruijni\") lives only in New Guinea. The platypus lives in the waters of eastern Australia. They have been introduced to Tasmania, King Island, and Kangaroo Island. These Monotremes are totally absent in the rest of the world. On the other hand, Australia is missing many groups of placental mammals that are common on other continents (carnivorans, artiodactyls, shrews, squirrels, lagomorphs), although it does have indigenous bats and murine rodents; many other placentals, such as rabbits and foxes, have been introduced there by humans. Other animal distribution examples include bears, located", "title": "Evidence of common descent" }, { "id": "607133", "score": "1.5792828", "text": "species are nocturnal and many arboreal. Two of the five living species of monotreme occur in Australia: the platypus and the short-beaked echidna. The monotremes differ from other mammals in their methods of reproduction; in particular, they lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The platypus—a venomous, egg-laying, duck-billed amphibious mammal—is considered to be one of the strangest creatures in the animal kingdom. When it was first presented by Joseph Banks to English naturalists it was thought to be so strange that it was a cleverly created hoax. The short-beaked echidna is similarly strange, covered in hairy spikes", "title": "Fauna of Australia" }, { "id": "10912548", "score": "1.5671942", "text": "in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. The first amniotes apparently arose in the late Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs (a group of amphibians whose only living descendants are amniotes). Within a few million years two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of all these groups date from about 320 to 315M years ago. It is difficult to be sure about when each of them evolved, since vertebrate", "title": "Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles" }, { "id": "16708660", "score": "1.5602052", "text": "Mammalian reproduction Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. The mammary glands of mammals are specialized to produce milk, a liquid used by newborns as their primary source of nutrition. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals, but they do", "title": "Mammalian reproduction" }, { "id": "10079525", "score": "1.5530336", "text": "evidence that \"Teinolophos\" was a full-fledged platypus, which means it would have had a mammalian jaw joint and middle ear. It has been suggested that lactation's original function was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes (egg-laying mammals): Later research demonstrated that caseins already appeared in the common mammalian ancestor approximately 200–310 million years ago. The question of whether secretion of a substance to keep egg moist translated into actual lactation in therapsids is open. A small mammaliomorph called \"Sinocodon\", generally assumed to be the sister group of all later mammals, had front teeth in", "title": "Evolution of mammals" }, { "id": "7730551", "score": "1.5525997", "text": "among the least controversial mammalian clades, with strong support from morphological and molecular interpretations. That is, elephants, hyraxes, and manatees share a common ancestry. The ancestry of Sirenia is distinct from that of Cetacea and Pinnipedia, although they are thought to have evolved an aquatic lifestyle around the same time. The oldest fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago, during the Quaternary period. The extinct monotremes \"Teinolophos\" and \"Steropodon\" were once thought to be closely related to the modern platypus, but more recent studies show that platypi are more related to the modern echidnas than", "title": "Aquatic mammal" }, { "id": "10079508", "score": "1.5510247", "text": "mammals (group that includes marsupials and placentals, see below). \"Teinolophos\", from Australia, is the earliest known monotreme. A 2007 study (published 2008) suggests that it was not a basal (primitive, ancestral) monotreme but a full-fledged platypus, and therefore that the platypus and echidna lineages diverged considerably earlier. A more recent study (2009), however, has suggested that, while \"Teinolophos\" was a type of platypus, it was also a basal monotreme and predated the radiation of modern monotremes. The semi-aquatic lifestyle of platypuses prevented them from being outcompeted by the marsupials that migrated to Australia millions of years ago, since joeys need", "title": "Evolution of mammals" }, { "id": "1792298", "score": "1.5466291", "text": "for survival on land include a sturdy but porous leathery or hard eggshell and an allantois evolved to facilitate respiration while providing a reservoir for disposal of wastes. Their kidneys and large intestines are also well-suited to water retention. Most mammals do not lay eggs, but corresponding structures develop inside the placenta. The ancestors of true amniotes, such as \"Casineria kiddi\", which lived about 340 million years ago, evolved from amphibian reptiliomorphs and resembled small lizards. At the late Devonian mass extinction (360 million years ago), all known tetrapods were essentially aquatic and fish-like. Because the reptiliomorphs were already established", "title": "Amniote" }, { "id": "5671282", "score": "1.5415711", "text": "throughout the world: Even greater differences can be found if Australia is taken into consideration, though it occupies the same latitude as much of South America and Africa. Marsupials like kangaroos, bandicoots, and quolls make up about half of Australia's indigenous mammal species. By contrast, marsupials are today totally absent from Africa and form a smaller portion of the mammalian fauna of South America, where opossums, shrew opossums, and the monito del monte occur. The only living representatives of primitive egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the echidnas and the platypus. The short-beaked echidna (\"Tachyglossus aculeatus\") and its subspecies populate Australia, Tasmania,", "title": "Evidence of common descent" }, { "id": "2797379", "score": "1.5414164", "text": "to land to lay eggs. These marine reptiles had ancestors who moved back into the oceans. In the case of ichthyosaurs adapting as fully as the dolphins they superficially resemble, even giving birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs. Euryapsida is now no longer considered a valid taxonomic group (Motani, 2009). During the Paleocene Epoch (about 66 - 55 million years ago), a group of wolf-like artiodactyls related to \"Pakicetus\" began pursuing an amphibious lifestyle in rivers or shallow seas. They were the ancestors of modern whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The cetacea are extensively adapted to marine life and", "title": "Secondarily aquatic tetrapods" }, { "id": "10079489", "score": "1.5357847", "text": "their choice was based on the fact that \"the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved.\" Today, most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion. The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes — their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, such as the common Suriname toad, have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation). The first", "title": "Evolution of mammals" }, { "id": "247124", "score": "1.5241508", "text": "the metatherian \"Sinodelphys\", both dated to 125 million years ago. [[Epipubic]] bones, a feature that strongly influenced the reproduction of most mammal clades, are first found in [[Tritylodontidae]], suggesting that it is a synapomorphy between them and [[mammaliformes]]. They are omnipresent in non-placental mammaliformes, though \"[[Megazostrodon]]\" and \"[[Erythrotherium]]\" appear to have lacked them. It has been suggested that the original function of [[lactation]] ([[milk]] production) was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes, the egg-laying mammals. Therian mammals took over the medium- to large-sized ecological niches in the [[Cenozoic]], after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] approximately", "title": "Mammal" }, { "id": "17362352", "score": "1.5183096", "text": "with fossil embryos. Some fossil eggs possibly laid by fish cannot be confidently distinguished from those laid by amphibians. Several fossilized fish or amphibian eggs have been classified as ichnogenera, including \"Mazonova\", \"Archaeoovulus\", \"Chimaerotheca\", \"Fayolia\", and \"Vetacapsula\". The fossil record of reptile eggs goes back at least as far as the Early Permian. However, since the earliest reptile eggs probably had soft shells with little preservation potential, reptilian eggs may go back significantly farther than their fossil record. Many ancient reptile groups are known from egg fossils including crocodilians, dinosaurs, and turtles. Some ancient reptiles, like ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs are", "title": "Egg fossil" }, { "id": "13185872", "score": "1.5121865", "text": "for egg shell formation) is shared with birds; the presence of this symplesiomorphy suggests that the common ancestor of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals was oviparous, and that this trait was retained in monotremes but lost in all other extant mammal groups. DNA analyses suggest that although this trait is shared and is synapomorphic with birds, platypuses are still mammals and that the common ancestor of extant mammals lactated. L-ascorbic acid is synthesized only in the kidneys. The monotremes also have extra bones in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle and coracoid, which are not found in other mammals. Monotremes", "title": "Monotreme" } ]

[ "Japan", "Nihon", "etymology of japan", "japanese financial sector", "Japanese financial sector", "JPN", "nippon", "Republic of Japan", "rìběn", "nihon", "JapaN", "nippon koku", "State of Japan", "Modern–era Japan", "The State of Japan", "Riben", "Japang", "state of japan", "riben", "modern–era japan", "Jpan", "Japan (country)", "日本國", "japan country", "JAPAN", "japoa", "Japian", "jpn", "Nippon-koku", "Japoa", "Rìběn", "Nihon-koku", "ISO 3166-1:JP", "japian", "Nippon", "japao", "Etymology of Japan", "nihon koku", "日本", "iso 3166 1 jp", "republic of japan", "jpan", "🗾", "Ja-pan", "日本国", "japang", "Japao", "ja pan", "japan" ]

[ { "id": "7833908", "score": "1.3838756", "text": "the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda, but was returned to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. In the spring and summer northern fulmar and fork-tailed storm petrel nest on the island. Broutona Broutona (;", "title": "Broutona" }, { "id": "8160872", "score": "1.3573198", "text": "main task of informing the Mauritian Prime Minister of the management of the island's concerns. In 1994 Gagauzia, a territory in the southern part of the Republic of Moldova inhabited by the Gagauz people, an ethnic group distinct from the majority Moldovans, was given autonomy including \"the right of external self-determination\". This is in contrast to the other subdivisions of Moldova (raioane) which are county-level administrative areas with little autonomy. However, the eastern part of Moldova is an internationally unrecognized breakaway republic (Transnistria) which is \"de facto\" self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four autonomous countries, linked by", "title": "Federacy" }, { "id": "7833985", "score": "1.3532166", "text": "Islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shumushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. In the spring and early summer crested, whiskered, and parakeet auklet nest on the island. Chirinkotan Chirinkotan (; Japanese 知林古丹島; Chirinkotan-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the centre of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its name is derived from the Ainu language for \"mudslide\". It", "title": "Chirinkotan" }, { "id": "2802427", "score": "1.3405397", "text": "other countries, such as the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland; Haiti and the Dominican Republic; and Indonesia, which shares islands with Papua New Guinea, Brunei, East Timor, and Malaysia. Geographically, the country of Australia is considered a continental landmass rather than an island, covering the largest landmass of the Australian continent. In the past, however, it was considered an island country for tourism purposes (among others) and is sometimes referred to as such. Island country An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. As of 2011, 46", "title": "Island country" }, { "id": "7840403", "score": "1.3399556", "text": "Japan formally gave up sovereignty over the island under the terms of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951. The island remained a part of Russia after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. Shumshu Shumshu (, Shumushu; Shumushu-tō) is the second-northernmost island of the Kuril Islands chain, which divides the Sea of Okhotsk from the northwest Pacific Ocean. The name of the island is derived from the Ainu language, meaning \"good island\". It is separated from Paramushir by the very narrow Second Kuril Strait in", "title": "Shumshu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Honshu\n\n, historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separates the Sea of Japan, which lies to its north and west, from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east. It is the seventh-largest island in the world, and the second-most populous after the Indonesian island of Java.\n\nHonshu had a population of 104 million , constituting 81.3% of the entire population of Japan, and is mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains. Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain. As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power, the island includes several past Japanese capitals, including Kyōto, Nara and Kamakura. Much of the island's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt, a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands.\n\nMost of Japan's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu's southern coast, from Tokyo to Nagoya, Kyōto, Osaka, Kobe, and Hiroshima; The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels. The island primarily shares two climates, with Northern Honshu being mainly humid continental climate while the south has a humid subtropical climate.", "title": "Honshu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hokkaido\n\nThe largest city on Hokkaidō is its capital, Sapporo, which is also its only ordinance-designated city. Sakhalin lies about 43 kilometers (26 mi) to the north of Hokkaidō, and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands, which are administered by Russia, though the four most southerly are claimed by Japan. Hokkaidō was formerly known as \"Ezo\", \"Yezo\", \"Yeso\", or \"Yesso\".\nAlthough there were Japanese settlers who ruled the southern tip of the island since the 16th century, Hokkaido was considered foreign territory that was inhabited by the indigenous people of the island, known as the Ainu people. While geographers such as Mogami Tokunai and Mamiya Rinzō explored the island in the Edo period, Japan's governance was limited to Oshima Peninsula until the 17th century. The Japanese settlers began their migration to Hokkaido in the 17th century, which often resulted in clashes and revolts between Japanese and Ainu populations. In 1869, following the Meiji Restoration, Ezo was annexed by Japan under on-going colonial practices, and renamed Hokkaido. After this event, Japanese settlers started to colonize the island.<ref name=\"oxfordre.com\"/> While Japanese settlers colonized the island, the Ainu people were dispossessed of their land, forced to assimilate, and aggressively discriminated against by the Japanese settlers.<ref name=\"oxfordre.com\"/><ref name=\"apjjf.org\"/>", "title": "Hokkaido" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of islands of Japan\n\nJapan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands, of which approximately 260 are inhabited. Japan is the largest island country in East Asia and the fourth largest in the world.", "title": "List of islands of Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Geography of Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tōhoku region" }, { "id": "8523717", "score": "1.3364658", "text": "per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) along with the rest of the Kuril islands, no inhabitants remained as they had chosen to move north to Kamchatka, which remained under the Russian jurisdiction. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. In 1893, a settlement was attempted by nine members of the Chishima Protective Society led by Gunji Shigetada; however, when a ship called on the island a year later, five of the colonists had already died, and the remaining four were critically ill with beri-beri. After World War II, the island came", "title": "Shiashkotan" }, { "id": "11961699", "score": "1.328327", "text": "must be one of the bleakest and least inviting islands anywhere in the world.\"\" The island is administered by the Sakha Republic of Russia. Peschany Island Peschany Island (; 'Sandy Island'), also known as Ostrov Mel, is an unusually-shaped island in the Laptev Sea. Peschany Island consists of a -long elliptical landspit which is broken in its eastern and southeastern side forming three smaller islands. The curved spit encloses a shallow lagoon, making Peschany look like a tropical atoll in the maps. This island is barren and uninhabited. Peschany is located to the east of Bolshoy Begichev Island. The Siberian", "title": "Peschany Island" }, { "id": "7832049", "score": "1.3254538", "text": "Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. The island is now part of a wildlife refuge, and approach within 20 km by fishing vessels is prohibited. Antsiferov Island Antsiferov Island (; also known as Shirinki Japanese 志林規島; Shirinki-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the northern Kuril Islands", "title": "Antsiferov Island" }, { "id": "2802426", "score": "1.3227359", "text": "to suffer environmental damage to infrastructure; exceptions include Japan and the United Kingdom. The dominant industry for many island countries is tourism. Island countries are typically small with low populations, although some, like Indonesia and Japan are notable exceptions. Some island countries are centred on one or two major islands, such as the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago, New Zealand, Cuba, Bahrain, Singapore, Iceland, Malta, and Taiwan. Others are spread out over hundreds or thousands of smaller islands, such as Indonesia, the Philippines, The Bahamas, Seychelles, and the Maldives. Some island countries share one or more of their islands with", "title": "Island country" }, { "id": "8523718", "score": "1.3195436", "text": "under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. Shiashkotan Shiashkotan (); (; Shasukotan-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island near the center of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean, separated from Ekarma by the Ekarma Strait. Its name is derived from the Ainu language, from “Konbu village”. Shiashkotan is roughly dumbbell shaped, formed by two volcanic islands joined together by a narrow landspit. The island has a total length of with a width ranging from at its widest point to", "title": "Shiashkotan" }, { "id": "686222", "score": "1.3164876", "text": "of Sakhalin is Cape of Elisabeth on the Schmidt Peninsula, while Cape Crillon is the southernmost point of the island. Sakhalin has two smaller islands associated with it, Moneron Island and Ush Island. Moneron, the only land mass in the Tatar strait, long and wide, is about west from the nearest coast of Sakhalin and from the port city of Nevelsk. Ush Island is an island off of the northern coast of Sakhalin. At the beginning of the 20th century, some 32,000 Russians (of whom over 22,000 were convicts) inhabited Sakhalin along with several thousand native inhabitants. In 2010, the", "title": "Sakhalin" }, { "id": "8702440", "score": "1.3156483", "text": "of Russia, sovereignty over Ushishir was passed to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril Islands. Approaches to the island are difficult due to frequent fogs, rapid ocean currents and the presence of numerous small offshore rocks. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushiro District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. Ushishir Ushishir (; Japanese: 宇志知島; Ushishiru-tō; Ainu: ウシシㇼ) is an", "title": "Ushishir" }, { "id": "686196", "score": "1.312377", "text": "Sakhalin Sakhalin ( or ; ; , \"Karafuto\") is a large Russian island in the North Pacific Ocean, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N. It is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin, which is about one third the size of Honshu, is just off the east coast of Russia, and just north of Japan. The island's population was 497,973 as of the 2010 census, made up of mostly ethnic Russians and a smaller Korean community. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks and Nivkhs. Sakhalin was claimed by both Russia and", "title": "Sakhalin" }, { "id": "8523716", "score": "1.3077724", "text": "on the sandy isthmus. Shiashkotan was inhabited by the Ainu, who subsided off of hunting and fishing at the time of European contact. The island appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715. Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda. During an eruption of 1872, Russian authorities recorded that 13 inhabitants died; however, when the island was returned to the Empire of Japan", "title": "Shiashkotan" }, { "id": "2802423", "score": "1.3060439", "text": "Island country An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. As of 2011, 46 (approximately 24%) of the 193 UN member states are island countries. The percentage of island countries that are democratic is higher than that of continental countries. Historically they have been less prone to political instability than their continental counterparts. Island countries have often been the basis of maritime conquest and historical rivalry between other countries. Island countries are more susceptible to attack by large, continental countries due to their size and dependence on sea and", "title": "Island country" }, { "id": "16648960", "score": "1.3040298", "text": "Ukraine's existing borders. The island Tuzla Spit became a major dispute between Russia and Ukraine in 2003. The island is located in the Kerch Strait and administratively is part of Crimea. During the Soviet period the island along with Crimea was transferred to Ukraine in 1954, the fact which was also fiercely contested by several Russian politicians the legal background of the territorial change. The main trade routes lay completely within the deeper part of the Kerch Strait which is located between the island and Crimea and considered a part of territorial waters of Ukraine. On the other hand, ships", "title": "Russia–Ukraine border" }, { "id": "3472899", "score": "1.3014417", "text": "Kish Island Kish ( (Kīsh) ) is a resort island in Bandar Lengeh County, Hormozgān Province off the southern coast of Iran in the Persian Gulf . Owing to its free trade zone status, the island is touted as a consumer's paradise, with numerous malls, shopping centres, tourist attractions, and resort hotels. It has an estimated population of 26,000 residents and about 1 million visitors annually. Kish Island is the third most-visited vacation destination in Southwest Asia, after Dubai and Sharm el-Sheikh. Tourists from many—but not all—foreign nations wishing to enter Kish Free Zone from legal ports are not required", "title": "Kish Island" }, { "id": "5657678", "score": "1.2993761", "text": "tsunami of 1952, and general economic hardships in the more remote reaches of Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. The island is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. Paramushir Paramushir (, , , is a volcanic island in the northern portion of Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is separated from Shumshu by the very narrow Second Kuril Strait in the northeast , from Antsiferov by the Luzhin Strait (15 km) to the southwest, from Atlasov in the northwest by , and from Onnekotan", "title": "Paramushir" }, { "id": "285487", "score": "1.2943175", "text": "the government quarter in Oslo and a summer camp of the Labour party's youth movement at Utøya island, resulting in 77 deaths and 319 wounded. The 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election brought a more conservative government to power, with the Conservative Party and the Progress Party winning 43% of the electorate's votes. Norway's core territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered", "title": "Norway" }, { "id": "8702397", "score": "1.2930093", "text": "and the island became uninhabited. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushiru District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. Rasshua Rasshua (, ), is an uninhabited volcanic island near the center of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean, from Ushishir and southwest of Matua. Its name is derived from the Ainu language for “fur coat”. Rasshua is roughly oval, with a length of", "title": "Rasshua" } ]

[ "nonrespiratory functions of lungs", "Avian lungs", "pulmanary", "Circulatory lung", "superior lobe of left lung", "Superior lobe of left lung", "circulatory lung", "alveolar sacs", "lung", "pulmonary", "bellows lung", "pulmonary gas exchange", "lunged", "Lung", "pulmonarily", "Bellows lung", "Pulmones", "Bird lung", "pulmo sinister", "Alveolar sacs", "Pulmonarily", "pulmonary surgical procedures", "Inferior lobe of left lung", "Pulmanary", "lungs", "bird lung", "Inferior lobe", "Pulmo sinister", "pulmones", "inferior lobe of left lung", "Pulmo", "Lungs", "Nonrespiratory functions of the lungs", "pulmo", "Pulmonary gas exchange", "Pulmonary surgical procedures", "inferior lobe", "Pulmonary", "Lunged", "avian lungs" ]

[ { "id": "762075", "score": "1.7397082", "text": "lungs may collapse, which requires immediate medical attention. Thoracic cavity The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet. The thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back, spine or", "title": "Thoracic cavity" }, { "id": "762073", "score": "1.7395889", "text": "Thoracic cavity The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet. The thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back, spine or the neck. Structures within the thoracic cavity include:", "title": "Thoracic cavity" }, { "id": "762074", "score": "1.651891", "text": "It contains three potential spaces lined with mesothelium: the paired pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum comprises those organs which lie in the centre of the chest between the lungs. The cavity also contains two openings one at the top, the superior thoracic aperture also called the thoracic inlet, and a lower inferior thoracic aperture which is much larger than the inlet. If the pleural cavity is breached from the outside, as by a bullet wound or knife wound, a pneumothorax, or air in the cavity, may result. If the volume of air is significant, one or both", "title": "Thoracic cavity" }, { "id": "820549", "score": "1.6500161", "text": "and spinal cord are protected by the bones of the skull and vertebral column and by cerebrospinal fluid, a colorless fluid produced by the brain, which cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity. The thoracic cavity consists of three cavities that fill the interior area of the chest. The diaphragm divides the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. The abdominal cavity occupies the entire lower half of the trunk, anterior to the spine. Just under the abdominal cavity, anterior to the buttocks, is the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is funnel shaped and is located inferior and", "title": "Body cavity" }, { "id": "5461591", "score": "1.5631499", "text": "hormonal changes in menstruating women. The thoracic cavity is a chamber within the chest, containing the lungs, heart, and numerous major blood vessels. The parietal pleura lines the chest wall, while the visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs. The visceral and parietal pleura are separated by a thin layer serous fluid. When a hemothorax occurs, blood enters the pleural cavity, which normally only contains a small amount of pleural fluid. As blood builds up within the pleural cavity, it begins to interfere with the normal movement of the lungs, resulting in dypsnea, poor ventilation, and abnormal oxygenation. As", "title": "Hemothorax" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thorax\n\nThe thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments.\n\nThe human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.", "title": "Thorax" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rib cage\n\nThe rib cage, as an enclosure that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs and great vessels.\nThe sternum, together known as the thoracic cage, is a semi-rigid bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the human skeleton. A typical human thoracic cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the adjoining costal cartilages, the sternum (along with the manubrium and xiphoid process), and the 12 thoracic vertebrae articulating with the ribs. Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, the thoracic cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for extrinsic skeletal muscles of the neck, upper limbs, upper abdomen and back.\n\nThe rib cage intrinsically holds the muscles of respiration (diaphragm, intercostal muscles, etc.) that are crucial for active inhalation and forced exhalation, and therefore has a major ventilatory function in the respiratory system.", "title": "Rib cage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Body cavity\n\nA body cavity is any space or compartment, or potential space, in an animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures; cavities as potential spaces contain fluid.\n\nThe two largest human body cavities are the ventral body cavity, and the dorsal body cavity. In the dorsal body cavity the brain and spinal cord are located.\n\nThe membranes that surround the central nervous system organs (the brain and the spinal cord, in the cranial and spinal cavities) are the three meninges. The differently lined spaces contain different types of fluid. In the meninges for example the fluid is cerebrospinal fluid; in the abdominal cavity the fluid contained in the peritoneum is a serous fluid.\n\nIn amniotes and some invertebrates the peritoneum lines their largest body cavity called the coelom.", "title": "Body cavity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thoracic cavity\n\nThe thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet.\n\nThe thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back, spine or the neck.", "title": "Thoracic cavity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thoracic diaphragm\n\nThe thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration, and separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, creating a negative pressure there, which draws air into the lungs. Its high oxygen consumption is noted by the many mitochondria and capillaries present; more than in any other skeletal muscle.<ref name=\"Spencer\"/>\n\nThe term \"diaphragm\" in anatomy, created by Gerard of Cremona, can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm or pelvic diaphragm, but \"the diaphragm\" generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. In humans, the diaphragm is slightly asymmetric—its right half is higher up (superior) to the left half, since the large liver rests beneath the right half of the diaphragm. There is also speculation that the diaphragm is lower on the other side due to heart's presence.\n\nOther mammals have diaphragms, and other vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles have diaphragm-like structures, but important details of the anatomy may vary, such as the position of the lungs in the thoracic cavity.", "title": "Thoracic diaphragm" }, { "id": "762076", "score": "1.5538452", "text": "Abdominal cavity The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle under the lungs, and its floor is the pelvic inlet, opening into the pelvis. Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The inside", "title": "Abdominal cavity" }, { "id": "820550", "score": "1.5376664", "text": "anterior to the abdominal cavity. Together the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity while the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities together can be referred to as the ventral body cavity. Subdivisions of the Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral) Cavities The anterior (ventral) cavity has two main subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and it is enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the floor", "title": "Body cavity" }, { "id": "2136996", "score": "1.5333968", "text": "sacs can be clearly seen. They extend quite far caudally into the abdomen. Thoracic diaphragm The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs. The term \"diaphragm\" in anatomy can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm", "title": "Thoracic diaphragm" }, { "id": "1911175", "score": "1.5220156", "text": "Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ \"thorax\" \"breastplate, cuirass, corslet\" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along", "title": "Thorax" }, { "id": "2136974", "score": "1.5097158", "text": "Thoracic diaphragm The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs. The term \"diaphragm\" in anatomy can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm or pelvic diaphragm, but \"the diaphragm\" generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. In", "title": "Thoracic diaphragm" }, { "id": "1911189", "score": "1.5075419", "text": "mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions (or tagmata) of the creature's body, each of which is in", "title": "Thorax" }, { "id": "6127051", "score": "1.5071244", "text": "hypochondriac regions; the right and left lumbar regions which flank the umbilical region (which surrounds the umbilicus, or belly button), the right and left iliac and inguinal regions which are where the hips are, and the hypogastric/pubic region, which lies between the hips. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity is further separated into the pleural cavity which contains the lungs and the superior mediastinum which includes the pericardial (heart) cavity. The organs within the ventral body cavity are called the viscera. Ventral body cavity The ventral body cavity is a human", "title": "Ventral body cavity" }, { "id": "1911192", "score": "1.5066372", "text": "cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees. Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ \"thorax\" \"breastplate, cuirass, corslet\" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the", "title": "Thorax" }, { "id": "762082", "score": "1.4951024", "text": "the cavity. An abscess may also form as a secondary reaction to an infection. Antibiotics have become an important tool in fighting abscesses; however, external drainage is usually required also. Abdominal cavity The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle under the lungs, and its floor is the pelvic inlet, opening into the pelvis. Organs of the abdominal", "title": "Abdominal cavity" }, { "id": "473661", "score": "1.4889109", "text": "volume of the thoracic cavity. This is achieved by the muscles of respiration, through the contraction of the diaphragm, and the intercostal muscles which pull the rib cage upwards as shown in the diagram. During breathing out the muscles relax, returning the lungs to their resting position. At this point the lungs contain the functional residual capacity (FRC) of air, which, in the adult human, has a volume of about 2.5–3.0 litres. During heavy breathing as in exertion, a large number of accessory muscles in the neck and abdomen are recruited, that during exhalation pull the ribcage down, decreasing the", "title": "Lung" }, { "id": "820551", "score": "1.485384", "text": "of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, the division that houses the digestive organs, and the pelvic cavity, the division that houses the organs of reproduction. The cavities include: At the end of the third week, the neural tube, which is a fold of one of the layers of the trilaminar germ disc, called the ectoderm, appears. This layer elevates and closes dorsally, while the gut", "title": "Body cavity" }, { "id": "8235679", "score": "1.4770231", "text": "plasma, which is reabsorbed when the organism leaves the pressurized environment. This stage of the diving reflex has been observed in humans (such as world champion freediver Martin Štěpánek) during extremely deep (over 90 metres or 300 ft) free dives. In rare cases intentional or accidental trauma may lead to chest wall (thoracic wall) necrosis. Thoracic wall The thoracic wall or chest wall is the boundary of the thoracic cavity. The bony skeletal part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage, and the rest is made up of muscle, skin, and fasciae. The chest wall has 10 layers, namely", "title": "Thoracic wall" }, { "id": "6158675", "score": "1.4761028", "text": "and trachea, and is separated from them by the other vessels and nerves listed above. Furthermore, they extend slightly superior past the level of the inlet (e.g. the horizontal plane of the first rib). Thoracic inlet The thoracic inlet, also known as the superior thoracic aperture, refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. It is also clinically referred to as the thoracic outlet, in the case of thoracic outlet syndrome; this refers to the \"superior\" thoracic aperture, and not to the lower, larger opening, the inferior thoracic aperture. The thoracic inlet is essentially a hole surrounded", "title": "Thoracic inlet" }, { "id": "674882", "score": "1.4647243", "text": "(brachial plexus) going to the arm. In several ethnic groups, most significantly the Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a floating rib, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib. The human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out. Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the", "title": "Rib cage" }, { "id": "8235677", "score": "1.4619753", "text": "Thoracic wall The thoracic wall or chest wall is the boundary of the thoracic cavity. The bony skeletal part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage, and the rest is made up of muscle, skin, and fasciae. The chest wall has 10 layers, namely skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, serratus anterior, layer for ribs (containing intercostal muscles), and endothoracic fascia from superficial to deep. However, the muscular layers vary according to the region of the chest wall. For example, they may include muscles like pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi. When not breathing for long and dangerous periods of time", "title": "Thoracic wall" } ]

[ "Il divo", "Il Divo", "il divo", "Il DIvo" ]

[ { "id": "2500247", "score": "1.5223222", "text": "as the best Artist of the Decade for the 2000s. He joins the list with Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Elton John, Michael Jackson, and Mariah Carey, who have also been awarded this honor in their respective decades. Following after the success of Radiohead and The Verve in the 1990s, Post-Britpop act Coldplay saw major success in European album charts during the decade. British Indie rock and indie pop returned to popularity in the mid-late 2000s with artists such as Arctic Monkeys, Franz Ferdinand, Belle and Sebastian, Amy Winehouse, Kaiser Chiefs, Keane, The Libertines, Editors, Lily Allen, Kate Nash, Florence And", "title": "2000s in music" }, { "id": "1358536", "score": "1.4562104", "text": "Daltrey received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1988, and from the Grammy Foundation in 2001. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. The Who are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide. He and Pete Townshend received Kennedy Center Honors in 2008 and The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016. Daltrey has also been an actor and film producer, with", "title": "Roger Daltrey" }, { "id": "4272250", "score": "1.4230461", "text": "album's critical standing had improved dramatically. \"Select\" named \"The Man Who\" the best album of 1999, and the album also placed on the year-end lists of publications such as \"Melody Maker\", \"Mojo\", and former detractors \"NME\" and \"Q\". \"The Man Who\" won the award for Best Album at the 2000 Brit Awards, with Travis being named Best British Group. At the Ivor Novello Awards, Travis frontman Fran Healy won the awards for Best Songwriter(s) and Best Contemporary Song for \"Why Does It Always Rain on Me?\". \"The Man Who\" received a belated American release in early 2000, and the same", "title": "The Man Who" }, { "id": "14145221", "score": "1.4174509", "text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, the Fashion Icon Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2016, and a Peabody Award for her universally acclaimed sixth studio album \"Lemonade\" in 2017. In 2016, Beyoncé surpassed Madonna as the most-awarded artist at the MTV Video Music Awards (24 wins). The late 2010s have seen a resurgence of mainstream popularity in R&B, with albums such as \"24K Magic\" by Bruno Mars, \"Heartbreak on a Full Moon\" by Chris Brown and songs such as \"Redbone\" by Childish Gambino and \"Boo’d Up\" by Ella Mai.", "title": "2010s in music" }, { "id": "863922", "score": "1.4149635", "text": "with 24 wins, including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyoncé as the Top Certified Artist in America, during the 2000s decade. In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade, and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011. In 2014, she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row. \"Forbes\" ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "id": "15428125", "score": "1.414718", "text": "up two awards for Best British Album and British Female, whilst Sheeran also won two awards for Best British Male and British Breakthrough. Blur received an award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, the last time the award was given before the category was discontinued. The statue was designed by Peter Blake. Adele was cut short by host James Corden during her acceptance speech for the MasterCard British Album of the Year award, causing her to 'give the finger' on national television. Adele stated that the gesture was aimed at \"the suits\", not her fans. ITV offered its apologies to the", "title": "2012 Brit Awards" }, { "id": "19941898", "score": "1.4116781", "text": "the November prior to the awards ceremony. The award was first presented in 2008 and has been awarded every year since then. Sam Fender is the most current winner. The 1982 Brit Awards were the 2nd edition of the biggest annual pop music awards in the United Kingdom. They are run by the British Phonographic Industry and took place on 4 February 1982 at Grosvenor House Hotel in London. The 1983 Brit Awards were the 3rd edition of the biggest annual pop music awards in the United Kingdom. They are run by the British Phonographic Industry and took place on", "title": "Critics' Choice (Brit Award)" }, { "id": "5393582", "score": "1.4101245", "text": "named the Digital Songs Artist of the 2000s century, the top Hot 100 artist of the 2000s century, as well as the all-time top Pop Songs artist by \"Billboard\". Additionally, she is Spotify and Apple Musics most streamed female artist of all time. Among numerous awards and accolades, Rihanna has won nine Grammy Awards, thirteen American Music Awards and twelve \"Billboard\" Music Awards. She currently holds six Guinness World Records. Furthermore, she was awarded with the inaugural American Music Award for Icon in 2013 and the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in 2016. Rihanna received the Fashion Icon lifetime achievement", "title": "Rihanna" }, { "id": "2685719", "score": "1.4092345", "text": "with Oasis becoming the first band in the modern era to win three awards. Again in 1996 Oasis won four awards - Best Band, Best Live Band, Best Album (\"(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\") and Best Single (\"Wonderwall\"). Later in the decade major winners were the Manic Street Preachers (4 awards in 1999) and Blur (3 awards in 2000). In 2002, the awards reflected the \"NME\"s support for the \"New Rock Revolution\" Garage Rock revival, with The Strokes winning three awards (\"Best New Act\", \"Best Album\" and \"Band of the Year\"). After the 2002 awards an article on telegraph.co.uk reported", "title": "NME Awards" }, { "id": "2500222", "score": "1.4092114", "text": "Usher, whose careers began in the 1990s and continued in the dawn of the new millennium. The year 2001, in particular its summer, has been described as a golden age for contemporary R&B and urban soul music, with artists such as Janet Jackson, Jill Scott, Mariah Carey and Destiny's Child, who paved the way for Alicia Keys, Blu Cantrell, and the revival of Aaliyah. Janet Jackson was awarded the American Music Awards' Award of Merit in March 2001 for \"her finely crafted, critically acclaimed and socially conscious, multi-platinum albums.\" She became the inaugural honoree of the \"mtvICON\" award, \"an annual", "title": "2000s in music" }, { "id": "17795840", "score": "1.4081295", "text": "won by Robbie Williams the most times, with four wins. Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist The Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist is an award given by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), an organisation which represents record companies and artists in the United Kingdom. The accolade is presented at the Brit Awards, an annual celebration of British and international music. The winners and nominees are determined by the Brit Awards voting academy with over one-thousand members, which comprise record labels, publishers, managers, agents, media, and previous winners and nominees. The award was first presented in 1977 as", "title": "Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist" }, { "id": "1951128", "score": "1.4027956", "text": "the iconic red, white and blue Union Jack mini-dress, which became an enduring image of the Cool Britannia era. In 2009, British artists topped the decade end ranking, with \"Chasing Cars\" by Snow Patrol announced as the most widely played song of the decade in the UK, and \"Back to Bedlam\" by James Blunt the best selling album of the 2000s in the UK. Other successful 2000s UK acts include Dido, Arctic Monkeys, Mika, Bullet for My Valentine and Bring Me the Horizon. Since the early-2000s, British hip hop and grime has become increasingly popular, mainly within the youth of", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "2500212", "score": "1.4025581", "text": "accompanying songs went on to win five Grammy Awards, helping Beyoncé set a record for the most Grammy Awards won by a female artist in one night. Lady Gaga took the latter part of the decade by storm and revived the electronic influence of pop music that had not been prominent since 2000. Her debut album, \"The Fame\" (2008), reached number-one in Canada, Austria, Germany, United Kingdom and Ireland and topped the \"\"Billboard\"\" Top Electronic Albums chart. Its first two singles, \"Just Dance\" and \"Poker Face\", became international number-one hits, topping the Hot 100 in the United States as well", "title": "2000s in music" }, { "id": "7583368", "score": "1.399929", "text": "developed The Elders, which was launched by Nelson Mandela in 2007. Gabriel has won numerous music awards throughout his career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 1987, six Grammy Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, the first Pioneer Award at the BT Digital Music Awards, and in 2007, he was honoured as a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his \"influence on generations of music makers\". In recognition of his many years of human rights activism, he received the Man of Peace award from the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in 2006, and in 2008,", "title": "Peter Gabriel discography" }, { "id": "2284359", "score": "1.399596", "text": "to my fans\". Adele received an apology from the show's organisers, who stated; \"We send our deepest apologies to Adele that her big moment was cut short. We don't want this to undermine her incredible achievement in winning our night's biggest award. It tops off what's been an incredible year for her.\" Due to the tight schedule, only three of the five songs Blur played were broadcast on ITV. At 67 years of age, the influential musician David Bowie became the oldest recipient to date of the Best British Male Solo Artist Award. Bowie used his acceptance speech, delivered in", "title": "Brit Awards" }, { "id": "662396", "score": "1.3990021", "text": "rights organisation in 1992. Gabriel developed The Elders with Richard Branson, which was launched by Nelson Mandela in 2007. Gabriel has won three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 1987, six Grammy Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, the first Pioneer Award at the BT Digital Music Awards, the \"Q\" magazine Lifetime Achievement, the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the Polar Music Prize. He was made a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his \"influence on generations of music makers\". In recognition of his many years of human rights activism, he received the Man", "title": "Peter Gabriel" }, { "id": "429248", "score": "1.3976262", "text": "history of popular music. Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees, and Elton John, all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200 million or more. The Brit Awards are the BPI's annual music awards, and some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include; The Who, David Bowie, Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart and The Police. More recent UK music acts that have had international success include Coldplay, Radiohead, Oasis, Arctic Monkeys, Spice Girls, Robbie Williams, Amy", "title": "United Kingdom" }, { "id": "17225594", "score": "1.3976007", "text": "30 November 2010 at Stationers' Hall, London. BBC Radio 3 presenters Sara Mohr-Pietsch and Andrew McGregor hosted the awards, which were presented by Jude Kelly. The Record of the Year was awarded on 10 December 2010 to Owl City for their song \"Fireflies\". 2010 in British music This is a summary of 2010 in music in the United Kingdom. The 2010 BRIT Awards were hosted by Peter Kay on 16 February 2010. The Classical BRIT Awards were hosted by Myleene Klass on 13 May 2010. The 55th Ivor Novello Awards were held on 20 May 2010 at Grosvenor House, London.", "title": "2010 in British music" }, { "id": "1273051", "score": "1.3952935", "text": "has a reputation for being awarded to outside chances rather than the favourites. The 1994 award winner was \"Elegant Slumming\" by the pop act M People, which some felt was a controversial decision considering the shortlist included popular albums from Britpop figureheads Paul Weller, Blur and Pulp, and electronica band The Prodigy. Other music journalists critical of the awards stated that the 2005 award should not have been given to Antony and the Johnsons for their album \"I Am a Bird Now\" as, although they are British-born and therefore eligible for the Prize, the band were based in the United", "title": "Mercury Prize" }, { "id": "14156941", "score": "1.3945713", "text": "in 2010. Based on having the largest airplay and sales in the US, Muse were named the Billboard Alternative and Rock artist for 2010. In 2011 albums by British artists totaled 1 in 8 of all albums sold in North America. This represented a 25% jump from 2010 and according to the British Phonographic Industry trade organization this was believed to represent the largest market share there since the Second British Invasion of the 1980s. 30 albums by British artists sold over 100,000 copies. During one week that year from three British artists, Adele, Mumford & Sons and Marsha Ambrosius,", "title": "Music of the United Kingdom (2000s & 2010s)" } ]

[ "uilleam uallas", "willliam wallace", "Wallace's Larder", "wallace s larder", "Guillelmum le Walois de Scotia militem", "w wallace", "william wallace", "guillelmum le walois de scotia", "Battle of Loudoun Hill (1297)", "Sir William Wallace", "loudoun hill skirmish", "william walles", "William walles", "Willliam wallace", "Loudoun Hill Skirmish", "Battle of elcho park", "William Wallace", "Guillelmum le Walois de Scotia", "W. Wallace", "sir william wallace", "guillelmum le walois de scotia militem", "battle of elcho park", "Uilleam Uallas", "guillelmum le walois", "Guillelmum le Walois", "battle of loudoun hill 1297" ]

[ { "id": "54853", "score": "1.7520626", "text": "Scottish political landscape in the mid to late 1990s. In 1997, a 12-ton sandstone statue depicting Mel Gibson as William Wallace in \"Braveheart\" was placed in the car park of the Wallace Monument near Stirling, Scotland. The statue, which was the work of Tom Church, a monumental mason from Brechin, included the word \"Braveheart\" on Wallace's shield. The installation became the cause of much controversy; one local resident stated that it was wrong to \"desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap\". In 1998, someone wielding a hammer vandalized the statue's face. After repairs were made, the", "title": "Braveheart" }, { "id": "14754314", "score": "1.7276759", "text": "It was the first film produced by Icon Productions, a production company he co-founded with Bruce Davey. Gibson's directorial debut was \"The Man Without a Face\" (1993), an adaptation of Isabelle Holland's novel of the same name. Two years later he directed and produced \"Braveheart\", a historical epic drama in which he also portrayed Sir William Wallace, a 13th-century Scottish knight. The film earned him a Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Director, and the film won an Academy Award for Best Picture. Gibson went on to star in \"Ransom\" (1996), \"Payback\" (1999), \"What Women Want\" and", "title": "Mel Gibson filmography" }, { "id": "546575", "score": "1.6876795", "text": "\"Hamlet\". Gibson was cast alongside experienced Shakespearean actors Ian Holm, Alan Bates, and Paul Scofield. He compared working with Scofield to being \"thrown into the ring with Mike Tyson\". Scofield said of Gibson \"Not the sort of actor you'd think would make an ideal Hamlet, but he had enormous integrity and intelligence.\" In 1995, Mel Gibson directed, produced, and starred in \"Braveheart\", a biographical film of Sir William Wallace, a Scottish nationalist who was executed in 1305 for \"high treason\" against King Edward I of England. Gibson received two Academy Awards, Best Director and Best Picture, for his second directorial", "title": "Mel Gibson" }, { "id": "546552", "score": "1.649513", "text": "Gibson has it.\" Gibson has also been likened to \"a combination Clark Gable and Humphrey Bogart.\" Gibson's roles in the \"Mad Max\" series of films, Peter Weir's \"Gallipoli\", and the \"Lethal Weapon\" series of films earned him the label of \"action hero\". Later, Gibson expanded into a variety of acting projects including human dramas such as \"Hamlet\", and comedic roles such as those in \"Maverick\" and \"What Women Want\". He expanded beyond acting into directing and producing, with: \"The Man Without a Face\", in 1993; \"Braveheart\", in 1995; \"The Passion of the Christ\", in 2004; and \"Apocalypto\", in 2006. Jess", "title": "Mel Gibson" }, { "id": "546547", "score": "1.5823733", "text": "he founded Icon Entertainment, a production company, which independent film director Atom Egoyan has called \"an alternative to the studio system\". Director Peter Weir cast him as one of the leads in the critically acclaimed World War I drama \"Gallipoli\" (1981), which earned Gibson a Best Actor Award from the Australian Film Institute, as well as a reputation as a serious, versatile actor. Gibson produced, directed, and starred in the epic historical drama film \"Braveheart\" (1995), for which he won the Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for Best Director, along with the Academy Award for Best Picture. He later", "title": "Mel Gibson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Braveheart\n\nBraveheart is a 1995 American historical drama film directed and produced by, and starring Mel Gibson. Gibson portrays Sir William Wallace, a late-13th century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England. The film also stars Sophie Marceau, Patrick McGoohan and Catherine McCormack. The story is inspired by Blind Harry's 15th century epic poem \"The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace\" and was adapted for the screen by Randall Wallace.\n\nDevelopment on the film initially started at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) when producer Alan Ladd Jr. picked up the project from Wallace, but when MGM was going through new management, Ladd left the studio and took the project with him. Despite initially declining, Gibson eventually decided to direct the film, as well as star as Wallace. \"Braveheart\" was filmed in Scotland and Ireland from June to October 1994 with a budget around $65–70 million. The film, which was produced by Gibson's Icon Productions and The Ladd Company, was distributed by Paramount Pictures in North America and by 20th Century Fox internationally.\n\nReleased on May 24, 1995, \"Braveheart\" was praised for its action, drama, and romance, Nonetheless, the film was successful both critically and commercially. A legacy sequel, \"Robert the Bruce\", was released on June 28, 2019, with Angus Macfadyen reprising his role.", "title": "Braveheart" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mel Gibson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pocahontas (1995 film)\n\nPocahontas is a 1995 American animated musical historical drama film based on the life of Powhatan woman Pocahontas and the arrival of English colonial settlers from the Virginia Company. The film romanticizes Pocahontas' encounter with John Smith and her legendary saving of his life. The film was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 33rd Disney animated feature film and the sixth film produced and released during the Disney Renaissance.\n\nThe film was directed by Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Jim Pentecost, from a screenplay written by Philip LaZebnik, Carl Binder, and Susannah Grant. The voice cast features Irene Bedard and Mel Gibson as Pocahontas and Smith, respectively, with David Ogden Stiers, Russell Means, Christian Bale, Billy Connolly, and Linda Hunt providing other voices. The score was composed by Alan Menken, who also wrote the film's songs with lyricist Stephen Schwartz.\n\nAfter making his directorial debut with \"The Rescuers Down Under\" (1990), Gabriel conceived the film during a Thanksgiving weekend. The project went into development concurrently with \"The Lion King\" (1994), and attracted most of Disney's top animators. Meanwhile, Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg decided that the film should be a serious romantic epic in the vein of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), in hope that like \"Beauty\", it would also be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Screenwriters Binder, Grant, and LaZebnik took creative liberties with history in an attempt to make the film palatable to audiences.\n\n\"Pocahontas\" was released on June 16, 1995, to mixed reactions from reviewers, who praised its animation, voice performances, and music, but criticized its story with its lack of focus on tone. The film's historical inaccuracies and racial overtones received polarized responses. \"Pocahontas\" earned over $346 million at the box office. The film received two Academy Awards for Best Musical or Comedy Score for Menken and Best Original Song for \"Colors of the Wind\". According to critics, the depiction of Pocahontas as an empowered heroine influenced subsequent Disney films like \"Mulan\" (1998) and \"Frozen\" (2013).<ref name=atlantic/>", "title": "Pocahontas (1995 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mel Gibson filmography\n\nMel Gibson is an Australian actor, director, and producer, who made his acting debut on the Australian television drama series \"The Sullivans\" (19761983). While a student at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney, he was given an uncredited role in \"I Never Promised You a Rose Garden\" and subsequently appeared as a leading actor in the micro budget surf drama \"Summer City\" (both in 1977). Gibson rose to prominence during the Australian New Wave cinema movement in the early 1980s, having appeared in his breakthrough role in George Miller's dystopian action film \"Mad Max\" (1979), portraying the eponymous hero. He reprised the role in its sequels, \"Mad Max 2\" (1981) and \"Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome\" (1985). He appeared in Peter Weir's war drama \"Gallipoli\" (1981) and the romantic drama \"The Year of Living Dangerously\" (1982).<ref name=\"tasteofcinema\"/> Five years later he played Martin Riggs in the buddy cop action comedy \"Lethal Weapon\" alongside Danny Glovera role he later reprised in its sequels \"Lethal Weapon 2\" (1989), \"Lethal Weapon 3\" (1992), and \"Lethal Weapon 4\" (1998).<ref name=\"lifetimeuk\"/>\n\nGibson starred in Franco Zeffirelli's \"Hamlet\" in 1990, as the eponymous character of the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name. Gibson went on to star in \"Ransom\" (1996), \"Payback\" (1999), \"What Women Want\" and \"The Patriot\" (both in 2000), and \"We Were Soldiers\" (2002).<ref name=\"huffpostmel\"/><ref name=\"lifetimeuk\"/>\n\nGibson co-wrote, directed and produced \"The Passion of the Christ\" in 2004, a Biblical epic drama which chronicled the Passion of Jesus. On its release, the film garnered mixed reviews as well as notoriety for its graphic violence from critics. It grossed $370.3 million in the United States and $611.4 million worldwide, making it Gibson's highest-grossing film to date. Two years later he co-wrote, directed and produced \"Apocalypto\", an epic adventure set in Central America depicting the last days of Mayan civilization before Spanish arrival in the 16th century. Gibson then took a ten-year hiatus from directing during which time he landed roles in \"Edge of Darkness\" (2010), \"Machete Kills\" (2013), \"The Expendables 3\" (2014), and \"Blood Father\" (2016). He directed \"Hacksaw Ridge\" in 2016, a biographical war drama focusing on American World War II veteran Desmond Doss, the first conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor. The film garnered praise from critics and audiences alike,<ref name=\"deadline\"/> as well as various accolades.\n", "title": "Mel Gibson filmography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Angus Macfadyen\n\nAngus Macfadyen (born 21 September 1963) is a Scottish actor. His roles include Robert the Bruce, both in \"Braveheart\" and \"Robert the Bruce\", Komodo in \"Warriors of Virtue\", Vice-Counsel Dupont in \"Equilibrium\", Jeff Denlon in the \"Saw\" franchise, Robert Rogers in the AMC historical drama \"\", McCreedy in Cameron Crowe's \"We Bought a Zoo,\" and biologist James Murray in \"The Lost City of Z\". He has made appearances on several television series such as \"Californication\", \"Criminal Minds\", the final season of \"Chuck\" and \"Superman & Lois\".", "title": "Angus Macfadyen" }, { "id": "54833", "score": "1.580867", "text": "Braveheart Braveheart is a 1995 American epic war film directed by Mel Gibson. The film is fictionally based on the struggle of William Wallace, played by Gibson, a late 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England. The film also stars Sophie Marceau, Patrick McGoohan and Catherine McCormack. The story is inspired by Blind Harry's epic poem \"The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace\" and was adapted for the screen by Randall Wallace. Development on the film initially started at Metro Goldwyn", "title": "Braveheart" }, { "id": "54872", "score": "1.5568709", "text": "Angus Macfadyen reprising his role from \"Braveheart\". The cast will also include Jared Harris, Patrick Fugit, Zach McGowan, Emma Kenney, Diarmaid Murtagh, Seoras Wallace, Shane Coffey, Kevin McNally and Melora Walters. Richard Gray will direct the film, with Macfadyen and Eric Belgau writing the script. Helmer Gray, Macfadyen, Hutchison, Kim Barnard, Nick Farnell, Cameron Nuggent and Andrew Curry will produce the film. Braveheart Braveheart is a 1995 American epic war film directed by Mel Gibson. The film is fictionally based on the struggle of William Wallace, played by Gibson, a late 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the", "title": "Braveheart" }, { "id": "8115489", "score": "1.5489523", "text": "novel, \"A Rock and a Hard Place\". David has explained that Calhoun was not intentionally a remodeled Stone, but that both were based to some extent by characters portrayed by film actor Mel Gibson: the apparently unstable \"cowboy diplomat\" Stone was based on Martin Riggs from the \"Lethal Weapon\" films, and Calhoun, who was a rebel leader at 20, was inspired by the Scottish rebel leader William Wallace from \"Braveheart\". David has added that Calhoun is closer to the historical Wallace, in that like Calhoun, Wallace was much younger than the real-life Gibson was when he portrayed Wallace in the", "title": "Mackenzie Calhoun" }, { "id": "14754313", "score": "1.5413495", "text": "Max\" (1979), portraying the eponymous hero. He reprised the role in its sequels, \"Mad Max 2\" (1981) and \"Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome\" (1985). He appeared in Peter Weir's war drama \"Gallipoli\" (1981) and the romantic drama \"The Year of Living Dangerously\" (1982). Five years later he played Martin Riggs in the buddy cop action comedy \"Lethal Weapon\" alongside Danny Glovera role he later reprised in its sequels \"Lethal Weapon 2\" (1989), \"Lethal Weapon 3\" (1992), and \"Lethal Weapon 4\" (1998). Gibson starred in Franco Zeffirelli's \"Hamlet\" in 1990, as the eponymous character of the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name.", "title": "Mel Gibson filmography" }, { "id": "6176950", "score": "1.5376902", "text": "(1992). In 1991 he had a supporting role in the Swedish comedy film \"Den ofrivillige golfaren\", which was partly filmed in Scotland. Logan was awarded an honorary doctorate by Glasgow Caledonian University (1994), honoured with an Order of the British Empire (OBE) for \"services to Scottish theatre\" in 1996, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in 1998. Logan's last two performances were at Pitlochry Festival Theatre and the Glasgow's Pavilion Theatre respectively. An extensive archive of his personal papers and performance ephemera is now held by the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland archives.", "title": "Jimmy Logan" }, { "id": "8926155", "score": "1.5284467", "text": "Celtic in December 1997. He also starred in the popular football film \"When Saturday Comes\", ironically playing the captain of Sheffield United. His autobiography \"Boozing, Betting & Brawling\" (Green Umbrella Publishing), was co-written with Sheffield-based journalist Nick Johnson and was published in August 2008. Howard Wilkinson wrote the foreword. Mel Sterland Melvyn \"Mel\" Sterland (born 1 October 1961 in Sheffield) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Sheffield Wednesday and Leeds United and in the Scottish Football League Premier Division for Rangers, and was capped once for England. Sterland's career is distinctly in two", "title": "Mel Sterland" }, { "id": "671604", "score": "1.5220308", "text": "as the thug \"Ferguson\" alongside John Sessions in \"Jute City\", a four-part 1991 BBC drama based on a group of Masonic ruffians. In 1994, he appeared in \"Chasing the Deer\", a film set during the 1745 Jacobite rebellion, as \"Angus Cameron\". He also missed out on a role in \"Braveheart\". He spent two days with Mel Gibson in London who kept asking him to be involved but he was committed to touring his \"Suits\" album instead. In 1998, he appeared as \"David Lawson\" in series 14, episode 44 of the ITV series \"The Bill\", titled 'Manhunt' and was aired on", "title": "Fish (singer)" }, { "id": "14754312", "score": "1.5177606", "text": "Mel Gibson filmography Mel Gibson, AO, is an American actor director producer and filmmaker who made his acting debut on the Australian television drama series \"The Sullivans\" (19761983). While a student at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney, he was given an uncredited role in \"I Never Promised You a Rose Garden\" and subsequently appeared as a leading actor in the micro budget surf drama \"Summer City\" (both in 1977). Gibson rose to prominence during the Australian New Wave cinema movement in the early 1980s, having appeared in his breakthrough role in George Miller's dystopian action film \"Mad", "title": "Mel Gibson filmography" }, { "id": "10431170", "score": "1.5149686", "text": "Dave Gibson (Scottish footballer) David Wedderburn Gibson (born 23 September 1938 in Kirkliston, West Lothian) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Livingston United, Hibernian, Leicester City, Aston Villa, Exeter City and the Scotland national team. Considered to be one of the finest and most skilful players in Leicester's history, he was the playmaker and creative force of the great Leicester side of the 1960s under Matt Gillies, including the \"Ice Kings\" side that fell just short of winning the double in 1962–63. He scored in both legs of Leicester's 1964 League Cup final victory and also played in a", "title": "Dave Gibson (Scottish footballer)" }, { "id": "546559", "score": "1.5135641", "text": "in three films back-to-back: \"Bird on a Wire\", \"Air America\", and \"Hamlet\"; all were released in 1990. During the 1990s, Gibson alternated between commercial and personal projects. His films in the first half of the decade were \"Forever Young\", \"Lethal Weapon 3\", \"Maverick\", and \"Braveheart\". He then starred in \"Ransom\", \"Conspiracy Theory\", \"Lethal Weapon 4\", and \"Payback\". Gibson also served as the speaking and singing voice of John Smith in Disney's \"Pocahontas\". In 2000, Gibson acted in three films that each grossed over $100 million: \"The Patriot\", \"Chicken Run\", and \"What Women Want\". In 2002, Gibson appeared in the Vietnam", "title": "Mel Gibson" }, { "id": "4260496", "score": "1.5123677", "text": "who runs a radio station in a mental institution. That role led to his role as Robert the Bruce in Mel Gibson's film \"Braveheart\" (1995). In 1995 he also portrayed Richard Burton in the TV miniseries \"\". After \"Braveheart\" won Best Picture at the Academy Awards, Macfadyen acted in the independent film \"Nevada\" (1997), before giving the most over-the-top performance of his career in the action/fantasy \"Warriors of Virtue\" (1997). He also co-starred alongside Don Cheadle and Ray Liotta when he played Peter Lawford in the HBO film \"The Rat Pack\" (1998). Macfadyen played Orson Welles in Tim Robbins's third", "title": "Angus Macfadyen" }, { "id": "11636350", "score": "1.5111175", "text": "Ian Gibson (footballer, born July 1956) Ian Gibson (born 24 July 1956 in Hamilton) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a midfielder. Gibson began his professional career with Partick Thistle and made over 100 league appearances for \"The Jags\" during his seven years at Firhill. A move to Dundee United during the 1980-81 season beckoned, although Gibson played little over twenty league matches during his eighteen months at Tannadice, spending time on loan with Morton and St Johnstone. Gibson returned to Muirton Park permanently in 1983 and became player/manager in July 1985, a position he held until April", "title": "Ian Gibson (footballer, born July 1956)" }, { "id": "2430016", "score": "1.5102181", "text": "premiere at its cinema in 1972. The artist and musician Bill Drummond of the KLF and K Foundation grew up in the town. Scottish Under 23 international footballer Ian Gibson 30 March 1943 – 25 May 2016, played for Middlesbrough, Coventry City and Cardiff City amongst others. Educationalist Prof William Wither McClelland FRSE (1889–1968) professor of Education at St Andrews University. Newton Stewart Newton Stewart (Gd: \"Baile Ùr nan Stiùbhartach\") is a former burgh town in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland. The town is on the River Cree with most of the town to the west of the river, and", "title": "Newton Stewart" }, { "id": "546566", "score": "1.5083992", "text": "critic Matt Zoller Seitz named Gibson as \"the pre-eminent religious filmmaker in the United States\". Gibson's screen acting career began in 1976, with a role on the Australian television series \"The Sullivans\". In his career, Gibson has appeared in 43 films, including the \"Mad Max\" and \"Lethal Weapon\" film series. In addition to acting, Gibson has also directed four films, including \"Braveheart\" and \"The Passion of the Christ\"; produced 11 films; and written two films. Films either starring or directed by Mel Gibson have earned over US$2.5 billion, in the United States alone. Gibson's filmography includes television series, feature films,", "title": "Mel Gibson" }, { "id": "546556", "score": "1.5080369", "text": "in the pilot episode of prison serial \"Punishment\" which was produced in 1980, screened 1981. Gibson joined the cast of the World War II action film \"Attack Force Z\", which was not released until 1982 when Gibson had become a bigger star. Director Peter Weir cast Gibson as one of the leads in the critically acclaimed World War I drama \"Gallipoli\", which earned Gibson another Best Actor Award from the Australian Film Institute. The film \"Gallipoli\" also helped to earn Gibson the reputation of a serious, versatile actor and gained him the Hollywood agent Ed Limato. The sequel \"Mad Max", "title": "Mel Gibson" } ]

[ "Madegasgar", "Island of the Moon", "administrative divisions of madagascar", "Madagaskar", "first republic of madagascar", "Island of the moon", "Etymology of Madagascar", "Madagascar", "island of madagascar", "The Republic of Madagascar", "island of moon", "Island of Madagascar", "First Republic of Madagascar", "Administrative divisions of madagascar", "Madagasgar", "madegasgar", "madegascar", "iso 3166 1 mg", "madigascar", "madagascar", "health care in madagascar", "health in madagascar", "madgascar", "Madigascar", "Madegascar", "Health in Madagascar", "Madgascar", "Sport in Madagascar", "madagasgar", "Health care in Madagascar", "etymology of madagascar", "ISO 3166-1:MG", "madagaskar", "republic of madagascar", "Republic of Madagascar", "sport in madagascar" ]

[ { "id": "6726692", "score": "1.7642114", "text": "Malagasy people The Malagasy () are an Austronesian and Southeast African ethnic group native to the island and country of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the \"Highlander\" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra \"(Ambatondrazaka)\" and Fianarantsoa, and the \"coastal dwellers\" elsewhere in the country. This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement. The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes. Sometime", "title": "Malagasy people" }, { "id": "6726699", "score": "1.7161341", "text": "in Memphis, Tennessee in the 19th century, was said to be of Malagasy descent through his enslaved mother. Malagasy people The Malagasy () are an Austronesian and Southeast African ethnic group native to the island and country of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the \"Highlander\" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra \"(Ambatondrazaka)\" and Fianarantsoa, and the \"coastal dwellers\" elsewhere in the country. This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement. The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the", "title": "Malagasy people" }, { "id": "251164", "score": "1.7142636", "text": "ethnic group forms over 90 percent of Madagascar's population and is typically divided into eighteen ethnic subgroups. Recent DNA research revealed that the genetic makeup of the average Malagasy person constitutes an approximately equal blend of Southeast Asian and East African genes, although the genetics of some communities show a predominance of Southeast Asian or East African origins or some Arab, Indian or European ancestry. Southeast Asian features – specifically from the southern part of Borneo – are most predominant among the Merina of the central highlands, who form the largest Malagasy ethnic subgroup at approximately 26 percent of the", "title": "Madagascar" }, { "id": "614081", "score": "1.6604409", "text": "uninhabited prior to Austronesian settlement in the early centuries AD. Austronesian features are most predominant in the central highlands people, the Merina (3 million) and the Betsileo (2 million); the remaining 16 tribal groupings are coastal peoples who are predominantly of East African origin, with various Malay, Arab, European and Indian admixtures. The largest coastal groups are the Betsimisaraka (1,500,000) and the Tsimihety and Sakalava (700,000 each). Malagasy society has long been polarized between the politically and economically advantaged highlanders of the central plateaux and the people along the coast. For example, in the 1970s there was widespread opposition among", "title": "Demographics of Madagascar" }, { "id": "614080", "score": "1.6602881", "text": "(CBR): Fertility data as of 2008-2009 (DHS Program): Source: \"UN World Population Prospects\" The island of Madagascar is predominantly populated by people broadly classified as belonging to the Malagasy ethno-linguistic group. This group is further subdivided a number of ethnic groups, often into the standard eighteen. In addition, communities of Indians and Arabs have long been established on the island and have assimilated into local communities to varying degrees, in some places having long since become identified \"Malagasy\" ethnic groups, and in others maintaining distinct identities and cultural separation. More recent arrivals include Europeans and Chinese immigrants. Madagascar was probably", "title": "Demographics of Madagascar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Malagasy peoples" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Madagascar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Demographics of Madagascar\n\nThis article is about the demographic features of the population of Madagascar, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.\n\nMadagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Austronesian and East African origin.", "title": "Demographics of Madagascar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Merina people\n\nThe Merina people (also known as the Imerina, Antimerina, or Hova) are the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. They are the \"highlander\" Malagasy ethnic group of the African island and one of the country's eighteen official ethnic groups. Their origins are mixed, predominantly with Austronesians arriving before the 5th century AD, then many centuries later with Arabs, Africans and other ethnic groups. They speak the Merina dialect of the official Malagasy language of Madagascar.<ref name=\"Shoup2011p180\"/>\n\nThe Merina people are most commonly found in the center of the island (former Antananarivo Province). Beginning in the late 18th century, Merina sovereigns expanded the political region under their control from their interior capital, outwards into the island, with their king Radama I ultimately helping unite the island under their rule. The French fought two wars with the Merina people in 1883–1885 and in 1895, colonized Madagascar in 1895–96 and abolished the Merina monarchy in 1897.<ref name=\"Shoup2011p180\"/>\n\nThey built innovative and elaborate irrigation infrastructure and highly productive rice farms in high plateaus of Madagascar by the 18th century.<ref name=britmerina/> The Merina people were socially stratified with hierarchical castes, inherited occupations and endogamy,<ref name=\"Campbell2005p120\"/> and one or two of the major and long serving monarchs of the Merina people were queens.<ref name=green20/>", "title": "Merina people" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Madagascar" }, { "id": "251165", "score": "1.6495495", "text": "population, while certain communities among the coastal peoples (collectively called \"côtiers\") have relatively stronger East African features. The largest coastal ethnic subgroups are the Betsimisaraka (14.9 percent) and the Tsimihety and Sakalava (6 percent each). Chinese, Indian and Comorian minorities are present in Madagascar, as well as a small European (primarily French) populace. Emigration in the late 20th century has reduced these minority populations, occasionally in abrupt waves, such as the exodus of Comorans in 1976, following anti-Comoran riots in Mahajanga. By comparison, there has been no significant emigration of Malagasy peoples. The number of Europeans has declined since independence,", "title": "Madagascar" }, { "id": "6726697", "score": "1.649456", "text": "by a very small group, which consists of approximately 30 women; where 28 (93%) of them have Island Southeast Asian descent and 2 (7%) of them have African descent. The closest Asian parental population of the Malagasy are the Banjarese and other South Kalimantan Dayak people of south east Borneo. Many people of Madagascar share heavy Malay genetic affinity because of their ancestors who were known to have come from Borneo (present Kalimantan, Indonesia) back in 7th or 8th century AD. There is a community of Malagasy expatriates living in France and elsewhere in Europe. Some Malagasy were among peoples", "title": "Malagasy people" }, { "id": "6726695", "score": "1.6374428", "text": "historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups, who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices. These were namely agricultural, hunting, or fishing practices; construction style of dwellings; music; hair and clothing styles; and local customs or taboos, the latter known in the Malagasy language as \"fady\". The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated. The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the 21st century than they were in the past. But, many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as", "title": "Malagasy people" }, { "id": "4117790", "score": "1.6227565", "text": "almost an even mixture of Southeast Asian and Bantu origin, while the coastal ethnic group have much higher Bantu mixture in their autosomal DNA suggesting they are mixture of new Bantu migrants and the already established highlander ethnic group. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which Madagascar was settled approximately 1,200 years ago by a very small group of women of approximately 30. The Malagasy people existed through intermarriages between the small founding population. Intermarriage between native Malagasy women and Chinese men were not uncommon. Several thousand Cantonese men intermarried and cohabited with Malagasy women. 98% of the Chinese traced", "title": "Afro-Asians" }, { "id": "6726696", "score": "1.5960011", "text": "part of their own cultural identity. Recent genetic studies on the Malagasy people showed that they have mixed African and Asian ancestries. Three Malagasy populations, Temoro, Vezo, and Mikea, have approx. 70% African ancestry and 30% Asian ancestry. In a 2010 study, the Polynesian motif (mtDNA haplotype B4a1a1a) frequency occurs varied among three ethnic groups: 50% in Merina, 22 % in Vezo, and 13% in Mikea. There are two additional mutations (1473 and 3423A) found in all Polynesian motif carriers of Madagascar, hence named the Malagasy motif. The most likely scenario is that Madagascar was settled approximately 1200 years ago", "title": "Malagasy people" }, { "id": "1295375", "score": "1.5861715", "text": "maternal 62%. In the study of Malagasy, autosomal DNA shows the highlanders ethnic group like Merina are almost an even mixture of Southeast Asian and Bantu origin, while the coastal ethnic group have much higher Bantu mixture in their autosomal DNA suggesting they are mixture of new Bantu migrants and the already established highlander ethnic group. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which Madagascar was settled approximately 1200 years ago by a very small group of women of approximately 30. The Malagasy people existed through intermarriages between the small founding population. Intermarriage between Chinese men and native Malagasy women was", "title": "Miscegenation" }, { "id": "6726693", "score": "1.5857434", "text": "later, a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines. The Bantu Africans mixed with the Austronesian settlers and this resulted in the today Malagasy people. The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions. In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy, one may speak of a political distinction as well. Merina monarchs in the late 18th and early 19th century, the Malagasy people united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first. They later extended Merina control", "title": "Malagasy people" }, { "id": "15110963", "score": "1.5701914", "text": "of Antaifasy from their coastal homeland to seek employment farther north. Antaifasy The Antaifasy are an ethnic group of Madagascar inhabiting the southeast coastal region around Farafangana. Historically a fishing and farming people, the Antaifasy were heavily conscripted into forced labor (\"fanampoana\") and brought to Antananarivo as slaves under the 19th century authority of the Kingdom of Imerina. Antaifasy society was historically divided into three groups, each ruled by a king and strongly concentrated around the constraints of traditional moral codes. Approximately 150,000 Antaifasy inhabit Madagascar as of 2013. The origins of the Antaifasy are uncertain. According to Étienne de", "title": "Antaifasy" }, { "id": "614087", "score": "1.5691245", "text": "more than 8.000 members in 33 congregations in Madagascar. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. Sex ratio: <br>\"at birth:\" 1.03 male(s)/female <br>\"under 15 years:\" 1.01 male(s)/female <br>\"15–64 years:\" 0.98 male(s)/female <br>\"65 years and over:\" 0.89 male(s)/female <br>\"total population:\" 0.99 male(s)/female (2000 est.) Life expectancy at birth: <br>\"total population:\" 66.3 years <br>\"male:\" 64.7 years <br>\"female:\" 67.8 years (2017 est.) Nationality: <br>\"noun:\" Malagasy (singular and plural) <br>\"adjective:\" Malagasy Ethnic groups: Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), coastal ethnics (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry – Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Desi, Creole, Comorian, Chinese Religions: indigenous", "title": "Demographics of Madagascar" }, { "id": "4607134", "score": "1.5653147", "text": "Merina people The Merina people (also known as the Imerina, Antimerina or Hova) are the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. They are the \"highlander\" Malagasy ethnic group of the African island and one of the country's eighteen official ethnic groups. Their origins are mixed, predominantly with Malayo-Indonesians arriving before the 5th century AD, then many centuries later by Arabs, Africans and other ethnic groups. They speak the Merina dialect of the official Malagasy language of Madagascar. The Merina people are most commonly found in the center of the island (former Antananarivo Province). Beginning in the late 18th century, Merina sovereigns", "title": "Merina people" }, { "id": "614082", "score": "1.5628839", "text": "coastal ethnics against the policy of \"Malagasization\" which intended to phase out the use of the French language in public life in favour of a more prominent position for the Malagasy language, whose orthography is based on the Merina dialect. Identity politics were also at the core of the brief civil unrest during 2002. Indians in Madagascar descend mostly from traders who arrived in the newly independent nation looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the west coast of India known as Karana (Muslim) and Banian (Hindu). The majority speak Hindi or Gujarati, although some other Indian", "title": "Demographics of Madagascar" }, { "id": "8300772", "score": "1.5615199", "text": "nearby Fur people. The Merina people are the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. They historically have had a highly stratified caste system. The Merina society emerged in the 15th century in the central high plateau region of Madagascar. Its society, like many ethnic groups in Africa, had two category of people, the free locally called the \"fotsy\", and the serfs or \"mainty\". These were divided into three strata: the \"Andriana\" (nobles), the \"Hova\" (freemen), and the lowest strata called \"Andevo\" (slaves). Each strata was hierarchically subdivided. The \"Andriana\" are divided into six sub-strata, for example, each had an inherited occupation,", "title": "Caste systems in Africa" }, { "id": "10888655", "score": "1.5596864", "text": "The Merina people of Madagascar along with the Betsileo tribe are likely of Polynesian descent. Together, they represent about 35% of the population of the island of Madagascar. These two dominant ethnic groups are commonly accepted as indigenous to Madagascar, though they are likely descendants of Malay and Polynesian immigrations. For example, the Malagasy language is unrelated to nearby African languages, instead being the westernmost member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Asian Africans There is a large Asian presence in Africa. Most arriving following European settlement in the late 19th and early 20th century but there", "title": "Asian Africans" }, { "id": "11452347", "score": "1.5572317", "text": "concentrated in the northwestern provinces of Mahajanga and Antsiranana. The vast majority of Muslims are Sunni and are divided between those of Malagasy ethnicity, Indians, Pakistanis and Comorians. More recently, Hinduism was introduced to Madagascar through Gujarati people immigrating from the Saurashtra region of India in the late 19th century. The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two sub-groups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo; and western Malagasy,", "title": "Culture of Madagascar" }, { "id": "15110955", "score": "1.5511096", "text": "Antaifasy The Antaifasy are an ethnic group of Madagascar inhabiting the southeast coastal region around Farafangana. Historically a fishing and farming people, the Antaifasy were heavily conscripted into forced labor (\"fanampoana\") and brought to Antananarivo as slaves under the 19th century authority of the Kingdom of Imerina. Antaifasy society was historically divided into three groups, each ruled by a king and strongly concentrated around the constraints of traditional moral codes. Approximately 150,000 Antaifasy inhabit Madagascar as of 2013. The origins of the Antaifasy are uncertain. According to Étienne de Flacourt in his book Histoire de l'isle de Madagascar, an ethnic", "title": "Antaifasy" } ]

[ "A Libyan national", "libyan national" ]

[ { "id": "7956790", "score": "2.3543594", "text": "Pan Am Flight 103 Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via London and New York. On 21 December 1988, N739PA, the aircraft operating the transatlantic leg of the route was destroyed by a bomb, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew – a disaster known as the Lockerbie bombing. Large sections of the aircraft crashed onto residential areas of Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 11 people on the ground. Following a three-year joint investigation by Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), arrest warrants were issued for", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103" }, { "id": "7956887", "score": "2.2995217", "text": "the Boeing 747, which was cut into several pieces to assist in removal from Tundergarth Hill. Pan Am Flight 103 Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via London and New York. On 21 December 1988, N739PA, the aircraft operating the transatlantic leg of the route was destroyed by a bomb, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew – a disaster known as the Lockerbie bombing. Large sections of the aircraft crashed onto residential areas of Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 11 people on the ground. Following a three-year joint investigation by Dumfries", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103" }, { "id": "6027808", "score": "2.2899568", "text": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation The investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 19:03 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The perpetrators had intended the plane to crash into the sea, destroying any traceable evidence, but the late departure time of the aircraft meant that its explosion over land left a veritable trail of evidence. The investigation led to the prosecution, conviction, and imprisonment of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi. In Scotland, responsibility for the investigation of sudden deaths rests with the local Procurator Fiscal", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation" }, { "id": "6200455", "score": "2.1915507", "text": "the bomb that brought the aircraft down over Lockerbie in Scotland on 21 December 1988. In the early stages of the investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, the Scottish police showed Bollier a photograph of what he said was a brown 8-ply timer fragment, from a prototype timer that was never supplied to Libya. At the Lockerbie trial, Bollier was asked to identify a green 9-ply timer fragment from an MST-13 timer, 20 of which had been delivered to Libya. He wanted to dispute the evidence but trial Judge, Lord Sutherland, did not permit him to do", "title": "Edwin Bollier" }, { "id": "15192408", "score": "2.187065", "text": "President's commission on aviation security and terrorism Pan American Flight 103 blew up over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988. 243 passengers, 16 crew members, and 11 people on the ground were killed by the explosion. It was the second most disastrous passenger airline explosion up to that time By the next day, experts found enough evidence to declare the explosion to be deliberate sabotage. Within days intelligence sources reported an anonymous telephone call to the United States embassy in Helsinki, Finland, on December 5, 1988, warned of possible sabotage on the flight. Newly elected President George H. W. Bush", "title": "President's commission on aviation security and terrorism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pan Am Flight 103\n\nPan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via a stopover in London and another in New York City. The transatlantic leg of the route was operated by \"Clipper Maid of the Seas\", a Boeing 747-121 registered N739PA. Shortly after 19:00 on 21 December 1988, while the aircraft was in flight over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, it was destroyed by a bomb that had been planted on board, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew in what became known as the Lockerbie bombing. Large sections of the aircraft crashed in a residential street in Lockerbie, killing 11 residents. With a total of 270 fatalities, it is the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of the United Kingdom, as well as its deadliest aviation disaster.\n\nFollowing a three-year joint investigation by Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), arrest warrants were issued for two Libyan nationals in November 1991. In 1999, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi handed over the two men for trial at Camp Zeist, the Netherlands, after protracted negotiations and UN sanctions. In 2001, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, a Libyan intelligence officer, was jailed for life after being found guilty of 270 counts of murder in connection with the bombing. In August 2009, he was released by the Scottish government on compassionate grounds after being diagnosed with prostate cancer. He died in May 2012 as the only person to be convicted for the attack.\n\nIn 2003, Gaddafi accepted Libya's responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and paid compensation to the families of the victims, although he maintained that he had never given the order for the attack.\n\nDuring the First Libyan Civil War in 2011, former Minister of Justice Mustafa Abdul Jalil claimed that the Libyan leader had personally ordered the bombing, though this was later denied, while investigators have long believed that Megrahi did not act alone, and have been reported as questioning retired Stasi agents about a possible role in the attack.\n\nSome relatives of the dead, including Lockerbie campaigner Jim Swire, believe the bomb was planted at Heathrow Airport, and not sent via feeder flights from Malta, as per the US and UK governments. A sleeper cell belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (General Command) had been operating in West Germany in the months before the Pan Am bombing.\n\nIn 2020, US authorities indicted the Tunisia resident and Libyan national Abu Agila Mohammad Mas'ud Kheir Al-Marimi for participating in the bombing, who was 37 years old at the time of the bombing, and in December 2022, they obtained custody of him.", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories\n\nPan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories suggest a number of possible explanations for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 on December 21, 1988. Some of the theories preceded the official investigation by Scottish police and the FBI; others arose from different interpretation of evidence presented at Libyan agent Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's 2000–2001 trial; yet others have been developed independently by individuals and organisations outside the official investigation.\n\nThe Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) was the first suspect, in light of a threat it issued against U.S. and Israeli interests before the bombing. The state of Iran was also in the frame very early, with its motive thought to be revenge for the July 1988 shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by . This theory was later reinforced by Abolghasem Mesbahi, former head of Iranian intelligence operations in Europe, who stated after defecting to Germany that Iran had asked Libya and Abu Nidal, a Palestinian guerrilla leader, to carry out the attack on Pan Am 103. In his 1994 film \"The Maltese Double Cross\", Allan Francovich suggested that rogue CIA agents were implicated in a plot that involved them turning a blind eye to a drug running operation in return for intelligence. Evidence presented at Megrahi's trial, together with concerns about the reliability of his conviction, spawned a theory that Libya was framed. Abu Nidal allegedly confessed to the bombing before his death, thereby triggering another theory, while Joe Vialls put forward his own explanation that relied on the bomb being detonated remotely. Finally, in December 2013, Patrick Haseldine suggested that the bombing was an assassination by South Africa's apartheid government of United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, Bernt Carlsson.", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation\n\nThe investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 19:03 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The perpetrators had intended the plane to crash into the sea, destroying any traceable evidence, but the late departure time of the aircraft meant that its explosion over land left a veritable trail of evidence. The investigation led to the prosecution, conviction, and imprisonment of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi.", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi\n\nAbdelbaset al-Megrahi (a Libyan who was head of security for Libyan Arab Airlines, director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in Tripoli, Libya, and an alleged Libyan intelligence officer) was convicted on 31 January 2001 by a special Scottish Court in the Netherlands for the bomb attack on Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988 over Lockerbie. After he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer, he was released from prison on compassionate grounds on 20 August 2009, having served 8½ years of a life sentence. His release was authorised by Scottish Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill. The decision attracted significant news coverage, engendering widespread celebration in Libya, a largely hostile reaction in the United States and a more equally divided reaction in Britain.\n\nHis prolonged survival, exceeding the approximate three months suggested in August 2009, generated much controversy. In Libya, he was released from hospital and later lived at his family's villa. His death was announced on 20 May 2012.", "title": "Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lockerbie\n\nLockerbie (, ) is a small town in Dumfries and Galloway, south-western Scotland. It is about from Glasgow, and from the border with England. The 2001 Census recorded its population as 4,009. The town came to international attention in December 1988 when the wreckage of Pan Am Flight 103 crashed there following a terrorist bomb attack aboard the flight.", "title": "Lockerbie" }, { "id": "6027847", "score": "2.1466286", "text": "were loaded onto Flight KM 180; and, 39 passengers travelled on the flight. Air Malta has been informed that all 55 pieces of baggage have been accounted for and that every one of the 39 passengers has been identified,\" Air Malta declared. Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation The investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 19:03 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The perpetrators had intended the plane to crash into the sea, destroying any traceable evidence, but the late departure time", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation" }, { "id": "853590", "score": "2.1447291", "text": "Pan Am's third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to New York John F. Kennedy Airport. On December 21, 1988 the aircraft flying this route, a Boeing 747–121 (N739PA) named \"Clipper Maid of the Seas\", was blown up and crashed on Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, when approximately of plastic explosive was detonated in its forward cargo hold, triggering a sequence of events that led to the rapid destruction of the aircraft. The aircraft that crashed was the 15th 747 built and was delivered to Pan Am in February 1970. A total of 270 people lost their", "title": "Pan American World Airways" }, { "id": "7242715", "score": "2.124642", "text": "the UK government but, since devolution, is now a member of the Scottish Executive. On 28 December 1988 – just a week after the crash – air accident investigators were able to announce that they had found traces of high explosive and that there was evidence that PA 103 had been brought down by an improvised explosive device. The prime responsibility for the investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 fell to Jimmy McDougall, the Procurator Fiscal in the nearby town of Dumfries, and to the Dumfries & Galloway police force – the force with the fewest officers", "title": "Jimmy McDougall" }, { "id": "853551", "score": "2.11097", "text": "aircraft and improve the company's on-time performance began showing positive results (in fact, Pan Am's most profitable quarter ever was the third quarter of 1988), on December 21, 1988, the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 above Lockerbie, Scotland, resulted in 270 fatalities. Faced with a $300 million lawsuit filed by more than 100 families of the victims, the airline subpoenaed records of six U.S. government agencies, including the CIA, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the State Department. Though the records suggested that the U.S. government was aware of warnings of a bombing and failed to pass the information to", "title": "Pan American World Airways" }, { "id": "7956885", "score": "2.1082337", "text": "main wreckage fell there, destroying their homes. A charity football match was arranged for the benefit of the disaster appeal fund. The game took place at Palmerston Park, the ground of Queen of the South, the nearest senior football club to Lockerbie. Opposition was provided by Manchester United and managed by Alex Ferguson. The game took place on 1 March 1989. QoS had several guest players in their side as reflected in their scorers, including goals by Roy Aitken and Fraser Wishart. The final score was 6–3 to Manchester United. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch reassembled a large part of", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103" }, { "id": "7956831", "score": "2.107757", "text": "KM180 from Malta. Although documentation for flight KM180 indicated that all bags on that flight were accounted for, the court inferred that the bag came from that flight and that it contained the bomb. In 2009, it was revealed that security guard Ray Manley had reported that Heathrow's Pan Am baggage area had been broken into 17 hours before Flight 103 took off. Police lost the report and it was never investigated or brought up at trial. Known as the Lockerbie bombing and the Lockerbie air disaster in the UK, it was described by Scotland's Lord Advocate as the UK's", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103" }, { "id": "15499369", "score": "2.1065707", "text": "kept the airline alive only by selling its transpacific routes to United Airlines for $750 million. He left Pan Am in 1988. The Lockerbie Bombing of a Pan American 747-100 occurred in December 1988. Pan American was ultimately found liable for negligent security practices directly contributing to the Lockerbie Bombing. The explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 at Lockerbie in December 1988 is widely regarded as the 'final straw' in the ability of Pan American to remain a going concern. Pan Am was a pioneer of aviation, a premier American brand and was considered the de facto flag carrier of", "title": "Ed Acker" }, { "id": "7956797", "score": "2.0804858", "text": "wreckage had a spread. A British Airways pilot, flying the London–Glasgow shuttle near Carlisle, called Scottish authorities to report that he could see a huge fire on the ground. The explosion punched a 50-cm (20-inch) hole on the left side of the fuselage. Investigators from the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) concluded that no emergency procedures had been started in the cockpit. The cockpit voice recorder, located in the tail section of the aircraft, was found in a field by police searchers within 24 hours. There was no evidence of a distress signal; a 180-millisecond hissing noise could be heard", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103" }, { "id": "305129", "score": "2.0693665", "text": "tape. His body was found in November 2009. On 21 December 1988 Libya bombed Pan Am Flight 103, which exploded in mid-air and crashed on the town of Lockerbie in Scotland after a bomb detonated, killing all 259 people aboard, and 11 people in Lockerbie. Iran was initially thought to have been responsible for the bombing in revenge for the downing of Iran Air flight 655 by the American missile cruiser USS \"Vincennes\" over the Persian Gulf, but in 1991 two Libyans were charged, one of whom was convicted of the crime in a controversial judgement on 31 January 2001.", "title": "1986 United States bombing of Libya" }, { "id": "6027812", "score": "2.0531688", "text": "flew over the crash site, pointing out large pieces of wreckage to the search parties. Private helicopters, equipped with thermographic cameras, were drafted in to survey the heavily wooded areas surrounding Lockerbie. Within hours of the crash, photographs of the area taken by a French satellite were delivered to the investigators. High-resolution photographs from spy satellites were also provided by the United States Department of Defense and National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Every item picked up was tagged, placed in a clear plastic bag, labelled and taken to the gymnasium of a local school, where everything was X-rayed and checked", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation" }, { "id": "5647895", "score": "2.0495644", "text": "the ongoing second Lockerbie appeal process saying it \"bears the hallmarks of an 'intelligence operation'.\" Some general statistics: Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on 3 May 2000, 11 years, 4 months and 13 days after the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988. The 36-week trial took place at a specially convened Scottish Court in the Netherlands set up under Scots law and held at a disused United States Air Force base called Camp Zeist near Utrecht. Upon the indictment of the two Libyan suspects in November 1991,", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial" }, { "id": "7073328", "score": "2.0447612", "text": "heart attack in a Customs area at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas, on April 17, 1997 whilst entering the United States from England; he was 56. The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie is a documentary film about the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Produced, written, and directed by Allan Francovich and financed by Tiny Rowland, the film was released by Hemar Enterprises in November 1994. With a controversial premise, it was immediately threatened with legal action by lawyers acting for a US government official, and the British government prevented screenings", "title": "The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie" }, { "id": "7073306", "score": "2.0381393", "text": "The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie is a documentary film about the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Produced, written, and directed by Allan Francovich and financed by Tiny Rowland, the film was released by Hemar Enterprises in November 1994. With a controversial premise, it was immediately threatened with legal action by lawyers acting for a US government official, and the British government prevented screenings at the 1994 London Film Festival, at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and at several universities. But Labour MP Tam Dalyell ignored libel warnings and went ahead and", "title": "The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie" }, { "id": "5016995", "score": "2.034556", "text": "and 40 Britons on Pan American Worldways' Flight 103 over the town of Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988. He was sentenced to life in prison in 2001, but was released after being diagnosed with terminal cancer, with around three months to live. Americans said the decision was uncompassionate and insensitive to the memory of the victims of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. President Barack Obama said that the decision was \"highly objectionable.\" U.S. Ambassador Louis Susman said that although the decision made by Scotland to release Abdelbaset al-Megrahi was seen by the United States as extremely regrettable, relations with the", "title": "United Kingdom–United States relations" }, { "id": "6027967", "score": "2.0282278", "text": "team headed by Pierre Salinger accused the prosecution of disinformation, and of attempting to steer the investigation toward Libya. Towards the end of the bombing trial, lawyers for Megrahi argued that the PA 103 bomb could have started its journey at Heathrow, rather than at Luqa Airport in Malta. The Boeing 747 that was destined to carry the 259 passengers and crew on the London–New York leg had arrived from San Francisco at noon on December 21, 1988, and stood unguarded on the tarmac for much of the period before PA 103's passengers began to board the aircraft after 5:00", "title": "Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories" } ]

[ "Sir John Wolfe-Barry", "sir john wolfe barry" ]

[ { "id": "2258384", "score": "1.7045178", "text": "John Wolfe Barry Sir John Wolfe Barry (7 December 1836 – 22 January 1918), the youngest son of famous architect Sir Charles Barry, was an English civil engineer of the late 19th and early 20th century. His most famous project is Tower Bridge over the River Thames in London which was constructed 1886–1894. After receiving a knighthood in 1897, he added \"Wolfe\" to his inherited name in 1898 to become Sir John Wolfe Barry. Wolfe Barry was educated at Glenalmond and King's College London, where he was a pupil of civil engineer Sir John Hawkshaw, as was Henry Marc Brunel,", "title": "John Wolfe Barry" }, { "id": "5250621", "score": "1.5960109", "text": "Cuthbert A. Brereton Cuthbert Arthur Brereton (17 September 1850 – 12 September 1910) was a civil engineer and a partner of Sir John Wolfe Barry. Together they completed numerous projects in England and Wales, the most prominent being the King Edward VII Bridge over the Thames at Kew, London. Also with Barry he had been involved with the construction of Barry Docks and railways, the Middlesbrough Docks, the Surrey Commercial docks, and the great Northern, District & and Piccadilly underground lines. He had previously been resident engineer to the Llynvi and Ogmore Railways, and the Portcawl Docks and was afterwards", "title": "Cuthbert A. Brereton" }, { "id": "2258385", "score": "1.5862153", "text": "son of the great Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Barry and Hawkshaw worked on railway bridge crossings across the Thames, among other projects (Brunel pursued his own business from 1871, but in 1878 went into partnership with Barry). Barry began his own practice in 1867, and carried out more work for the railways. However, it was Tower Bridge that made Wolfe Barry's name. In 1878, architect Horace Jones first proposed a bascule bridge. An Act of Parliament allowing the Corporation of the City of London to build it was passed in 1885. Jones was appointed architect, and developed an initial scheme for", "title": "John Wolfe Barry" }, { "id": "2203888", "score": "1.5859604", "text": "for the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire where he was concerned with the repair and construction of reservoirs and large water supply projects. He was then offered the post of Chief Engineer to the London County Council in 1890, a post he held until 1902. As chief engineer for the London County Council, his design feats included the first Blackwall Tunnel (1897) and Greenwich foot tunnel (1902) (both in Greenwich, London) and, further upstream, Vauxhall Bridge (1906). He was knighted in 1897 by Queen Victoria for services to engineering and elected President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1905.", "title": "Alexander Binnie" }, { "id": "19588439", "score": "1.5748193", "text": "London and served there until 1901. He then went to work for London County Council. His first major project was their Electricity Generating Station at Greenwich. Later in 1901, he became Assistant Engineer at the Great Western Railway. In 1907, he moved to the Great Central Railway as Steelwork Assistant. He later became Principal Bridge Assistant, responsible for building over 30 bridges. The most unusual of these was the bridge at Keadby (1916) at its time, the largest lifting bridge in Europe. From 1918 onwards, he served as the Dock Engineer for Grimsby and Immingham, working for the London and", "title": "Alfred Charles Gardner" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tower Bridge\n\nTower Bridge is a Grade I listed combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, built between 1886 and 1894, designed by Horace Jones and engineered by John Wolfe Barry with the help of Henry Marc Brunel. It crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and is one of five London bridges owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust founded in 1282. The bridge was constructed to give better access to the East End of London, which had expanded its commercial potential in the 19th century. The bridge was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales in 1894.\n\nThe bridge is in length and consists of two bridge towers connected at the upper level by two horizontal walkways, and a central pair of bascules that can open to allow shipping. Originally hydraulically powered, the operating mechanism was converted to an electro-hydraulic system in 1972. The bridge is part of the London Inner Ring Road and thus the boundary of the London congestion charge zone, and remains an important traffic route with 40,000 crossings every day. The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians, whereas the bridge's twin towers, high-level walkways and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition.\n\nTower Bridge has become a recognisable London landmark. It is sometimes confused with London Bridge, about upstream, which has led to a persistent urban legend about an American purchasing the wrong bridge. ", "title": "Tower Bridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Wolfe Barry\n\nSir John Wolfe Barry (7 December 1836 – 22 January 1918), the youngest son of famous architect Sir Charles Barry, was an English civil engineer of the late 19th and early 20th century. His most famous project is Tower Bridge over the River Thames in London which was constructed between 1886 and 1894. After receiving a knighthood in 1897, he added \"Wolfe\" to his inherited name in 1898 to become Sir John Wolfe Barry.", "title": "John Wolfe Barry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel\n\nIsambard Kingdom Brunel (; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was a British civil engineer who is considered \"one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history,\" \"one of the 19th-century engineering giants,\" and \"one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, [who] changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions.\" Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway (GWR), a series of steamships including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.\n\nThough Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering firsts, including assisting in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river (the River Thames) and the development of the , the first propeller-driven, ocean-going iron ship, which, when launched in 1843, was the largest ship ever built.\n\nOn the GWR, Brunel set standards for a well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimise gradients and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, and the Box Tunnel. One controversial feature was the \"broad gauge\" of , instead of what was later to be known as \"standard gauge\" of . He astonished Britain by proposing to extend the GWR westward to North America by building steam-powered, iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering: the (1838), the (1843), and the (1859).\n\nIn 2002, Brunel was placed second in a BBC public poll to determine the \"100 Greatest Britons.\" In 2006, the bicentenary of his birth, a major programme of events celebrated his life and work under the name \"Brunel 200\".", "title": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joseph Bazalgette\n\nSir Joseph William Bazalgette CB (; 28 March 181915 March 1891) was a 19th-century English civil engineer. As chief engineer of London's Metropolitan Board of Works, his major achievement was the creation (in response to the Great Stink of 1858) of a sewerage system for central London which was instrumental in relieving the city from cholera epidemics, while beginning to clean the River Thames. He was also the designer of Hammersmith Bridge.", "title": "Joseph Bazalgette" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of civil engineers\n\nThis list of civil engineers is a list of notable people who have been trained in or have practiced civil engineering.\n", "title": "List of civil engineers" }, { "id": "6887136", "score": "1.5645304", "text": "Rennie's 1819 Southwark Bridge over the Thames, it was the largest iron structure then existing, and in 1836 Rendel received a Telford Medal from the Institution of Civil Engineers for a paper describing its construction. He soon entered into partnership at Plymouth with Nathaniel Beardmore, and his practice rapidly grew. In 1826 he erected Bowcombe Bridge, near Kingsbridge, Devon, when hydraulic power was first applied to the machinery for making swing bridges. In 1831 he introduced a new system of crossing rivers by means of chain ferries worked by steam, and in 1832 he constructed a floating bridge on this", "title": "James Meadows Rendel (engineer)" }, { "id": "5250623", "score": "1.5524036", "text": "irrigation canals in California. Cuthbert A. Brereton Cuthbert Arthur Brereton (17 September 1850 – 12 September 1910) was a civil engineer and a partner of Sir John Wolfe Barry. Together they completed numerous projects in England and Wales, the most prominent being the King Edward VII Bridge over the Thames at Kew, London. Also with Barry he had been involved with the construction of Barry Docks and railways, the Middlesbrough Docks, the Surrey Commercial docks, and the great Northern, District & and Piccadilly underground lines. He had previously been resident engineer to the Llynvi and Ogmore Railways, and the Portcawl", "title": "Cuthbert A. Brereton" }, { "id": "13484401", "score": "1.5507848", "text": "England and France. Page died in Paris on 8 January 1877. Thomas Page (engineer) Thomas Page (26 October 1803 – 8 January 1877) was a British architect & civil engineer,who was responsible for the design and construction of many bridges, including Westminster Bridge and the first Chelsea Bridge (both crossing the River Thames) Page was born in London on 26 October 1803. The education he received whilst growing up in Romaldkirk (a village in the North Riding of Yorkshire, as it was then termed, by the River Tees) was designed to prepare him for life as a sailor. However, the", "title": "Thomas Page (engineer)" }, { "id": "13484400", "score": "1.5471272", "text": "the Irish mail traffic (1846) and docks for Swansea (1847). He then designed and built the Albert and Victoria Bridges in Datchet, with new roads between Windsor and Frogmore (1848–49). He also designed Westminster Bridge (built between 1854 and 1862), the first Chelsea Bridge (opened 1858), and Lendal Bridge in York (opened 1863), and was responsible for the plans for the embankment and road on the stretch of the Thames between Vauxhall Bridge and Battersea Bridge (opened 1869). In 1870, addressing the Society of Arts, he put forward the idea of a submerged tube to act as a tunnel between", "title": "Thomas Page (engineer)" }, { "id": "2253450", "score": "1.542577", "text": "reservoirs at Barnes to Hammersmith and other parts of London were designed by him). He designed the first suspension bridge to span the River Thames in London: Hammersmith Bridge, opened in 1827. He also designed the Marlow Bridge, a suspension bridge across the Thames in Marlow, Buckinghamshire (built 1829–32) and Norfolk Bridge, a suspension bridge over the River Adur in Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex (designed with Captain Samuel Brown, opened in 1834, replaced in 1923). Internationally, he is revered for his design of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge across the Danube in Budapest, Hungary, for which Marlow Bridge was a nearly identical,", "title": "William Tierney Clark" }, { "id": "2875634", "score": "1.5394037", "text": "Dartford, and was in charge of several renovations and additions to the Guildhall. He designed and built some of London's most famous markets, in particular Smithfield, Billingsgate and Leadenhall. He also designed the memorial at Temple Bar, replacing Wren's arch which was a notorious traffic obstacle. Jones' final legacy is one of the most recognised buildings in the world, Tower Bridge. It was designed in collaboration with the civil engineer John Wolfe Barry, who was brought in as an expert to devise the mechanism for the bascule bridge. Following Jones' death during the initial stages of construction, the execution lay", "title": "Horace Jones (architect)" }, { "id": "712457", "score": "1.5373957", "text": "Two massive piers, containing over 70,000 tons of concrete, were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction. Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways. This was then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone, both to protect the underlying steelwork and to give the bridge a pleasing appearance. Jones died in 1886 and George D. Stevenson took over the project. Stevenson replaced Jones's original brick façade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style, which makes the bridge a distinctive landmark, and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby Tower of London.", "title": "Tower Bridge" }, { "id": "7426111", "score": "1.5370206", "text": "the tunnel became part of the London Underground system, and remains in use today, originally as part of the East London Line now incorporated into the London Overground. Brunel is perhaps best remembered for designs for the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol. The bridge was built to designs based on Brunel's, but with significant changes. Spanning over , and nominally above the River Avon, it had the longest span of any bridge in the world at the time of construction. Brunel submitted four designs to a committee headed by Thomas Telford, but Telford rejected all entries, proposing his own design", "title": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel" }, { "id": "712458", "score": "1.5358346", "text": "The total cost of construction was £1,184,000 (equivalent to £ in ). The bridge was officially opened on 30 June 1894 by the then Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII), and his wife, The Princess of Wales (Alexandra of Denmark). The bridge connected Iron Gate, on the north bank of the river, with Lane, on the south – now known as Tower Bridge Approach and Tower Bridge Road, respectively. Until the bridge was opened, the Tower Subway – 400 m to the west – was the shortest way to cross the river from Tower Hill to Tooley Street", "title": "Tower Bridge" }, { "id": "7426115", "score": "1.5347704", "text": "year. Brunel designed many bridges for his railway projects, including the Royal Albert Bridge spanning the River Tamar at Saltash near Plymouth, Somerset Bridge (an unusual laminated timber-framed bridge near Bridgwater), the Windsor Railway Bridge, and the Maidenhead Railway Bridge over the Thames in Berkshire. This last was the flattest, widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the west, even though today's trains are about ten times heavier than in Brunel's time. Throughout his railway building career, but particularly on the South Devon and Cornwall Railways where economy was needed and there", "title": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel" }, { "id": "2971794", "score": "1.5344644", "text": "all of the bridges over the Thames and freed them of tolls. However, the Board's desire for a new bridge by Little Tower Hill could not be fulfilled because its revenue source was not secure. Tower Bridge was eventually built by the City of London Corporation. The Board also acquired the power to clear slums in 1875, but found the process cumbersome and expensive, resulting in small progress (although it accelerated when further Acts of Parliament removed some restrictions). Several parks were also bought by the Board and opened to the public. However, McGarel-Hogg's administration was hit by scandal in", "title": "James McGarel-Hogg, 1st Baron Magheramorne" }, { "id": "1297160", "score": "1.5337069", "text": "(1811–1817), with its nine equal arches and perfectly flat roadway (thought to be influenced by Thomas Harrison's design of Skerton Bridge over the River Lune in Lancaster). His later efforts in this line also show that he was a skilful architect, endowed with a keen sense of beauty of design. Waterloo Bridge was considered his masterpiece and was the most prestigious bridge project in England, described as 'perhaps the finest large masonry bridge ever built in this or any other country'. The Italian sculptor Canova called it ‘the noblest bridge in the world’ and said that ‘it is worth going", "title": "John Rennie the Elder" }, { "id": "9942271", "score": "1.5289547", "text": "City of London, powered by undershot waterwheels housed in the northernmost arches of London Bridge spanning the River Thames. The machinery was largely destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 but replacements engineered by his grandson remained under the bridge until the early 19th century, before the New London Bridge was erected in the 1830s. Hugh Myddleton was the driving force behind the construction of the New River, the engineering project that brought fresh water from Hertford, Hertfordshire to 17th century London. After the initial project encountered financial difficulties, Myddleton helped fund the project through to completion. The", "title": "London water supply infrastructure" }, { "id": "2915978", "score": "1.5236979", "text": "the Blackfriars Railway Bridge over the River Thames in central London. Their other works included the docks at Barry in south Wales and the Creagan Bridge, a railway bridge over the narrows of Loch Creran in Scotland (jointly credited to Wolfe Barry, Brunel and E.M. Crutwell). Sir Alexander Gibb was a pupil of Brunel and Wolfe Barry in 1895. He also designed the SS \"Chauncy Maples\", which was built in Glasgow in 1899 and transported overland to Lake Nyasa in Africa, where it served for more than one hundred years as a mission and hospital clinic. Brunel is buried with", "title": "Henry Marc Brunel" }, { "id": "2173400", "score": "1.5220081", "text": "tunnel in 2001. It should not be confused with the nearby earlier more historic Thames Tunnel, designed and built under the supervision of Marc Isambard Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel, used by London Overground for the East London Line. Following the success of the Blackwall Tunnel, opened in 1897, the London County Council decided to construct another toll-free road crossing of the River Thames located in heart of the then flourishing London Docks, midway between Tower Bridge and Blackwall Tunnel. When originally opened the route served the Surrey Commercial Docks (since closed) on the south side and Limehouse", "title": "Rotherhithe Tunnel" } ]

[ "atcvet code qa06ag06", "Oil", "Oil (liquid)", "diathermal oil", "atc code a06ag06", "fixed oils", "oil", "thermal oil", "Heat-transfer oil", "Petro", "Heat transfer oil", "Fixed oils", "heat transfer oil", "ATCvet code QA06AG06", "ATC code A06AG06", "🝆", "Diathermal oil", "oily", "Thermal oil", "oil liquid", "Oily", "oils", "petro", "Oils" ]

[ { "id": "17707560", "score": "1.5477333", "text": "a \"wet sump\" system. When there is a different oil reservoir the crankcase still catches it, but it is continuously drained by a dedicated pump; this is called a \"dry sump\" system. On its bottom, the sump contains an oil intake covered by a mesh filter which is connected to an oil pump then to an oil filter outside the crankcase, from there it is diverted to the crankshaft main bearings and valve train. The crankcase contains at least one \"oil gallery\" (a conduit inside a crankcase wall) to which oil is introduced from the oil filter. The main bearings", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "4819994", "score": "1.527164", "text": "water outside of the house may be used. Another example is the oil pan of an engine. The oil is used to lubricate the engine's moving parts and it pools in a reservoir known as its sump, at the bottom of the engine. Use of a sump requires the engine to be mounted slightly higher to make space for it. Often though, oil in the sump can slosh during hard cornering, starving the oil pump. For these reasons, racing and piston aircraft engines are \"dry sumped\" using scavenge pumps and a swirl tank to separate oil from air, which is", "title": "Sump" }, { "id": "4186350", "score": "1.4988134", "text": "moving parts and then draining, via gravity, into the sump at the base of the engine. In the wet-sump system of most production automobile engines, a pump collects this oil from the sump and directly circulates it back through the engine. In a dry-sump, the oil still falls to the base of the engine, however instead of collecting in a reservoir-style oil sump, it falls into a much shallower sump, where one or more scavenge pumps draw it away and transfer it to a (usually external) reservoir, where it is both cooled and de-aerated before being recirculated through the engine", "title": "Dry sump" }, { "id": "17707559", "score": "1.4811788", "text": "that it receives splashed oil and allows it to drain back to the sump. Splash lubrication is common for small 4-stroke engines. In a \"forced\" (also called \"pressurized\") \"lubrication system\", lubrication is accomplished in a closed loop which carries motor oil to the surfaces serviced by the system and then returns the oil to a reservoir. The auxiliary equipment of an engine is typically not serviced by this loop; for instance, an alternator may use ball bearings sealed with their own lubricant. The reservoir for the oil is usually the sump, and when this is the case, it is called", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "2889579", "score": "1.4772453", "text": "51 kpm (510 N·m) of torque. In the interest of both engine longevity as well as creating some extra space under the hood, a \"dry sump\" engine lubrication system was used. The system circulated twelve quarts of oil between the storage tank and the engine, as opposed to the usual four or five quarts found in V8s with a standard oil pan and oil pump. As a result, the engine itself had no dipstick for checking the oil level. Rather, the dipstick was attached to the inside of the tank's filler cap (accessible from the engine compartment) and the oil", "title": "Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dry sump\n\nA dry-sump system is a method to manage the lubricating motor oil in four-stroke and large two-stroke piston driven internal combustion engines. The dry-sump system uses two or more oil pumps and a separate oil reservoir, as opposed to a conventional wet-sump system, which uses only the main sump (U.S.: oil pan) below the engine and a single pump. A dry-sump engine requires a pressure relief valve to regulate negative pressure inside the engine, so internal seals are not inverted.\n\nDry-sumps are common on larger diesel engines such as those used in ships, as well as gasoline engines used in racing cars, aerobatic aircraft, high-performance personal watercraft and motorcycles. Dry sump lubrication may be chosen for these applications due to increased reliability, oil capacity, reduction of oil starvation under high g-loads and/or other technical or performance reasons. Dry sump systems may not be suitable for all applications due to increased cost, complexity, and/or bulk, among other factors.", "title": "Dry sump" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transverse engine\n\nA transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the direction of travel. Many modern front-wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration. Most rear-wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine configuration, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel with the direction of travel, except for some rear-mid engine vehicles, which use a transverse engine and transaxle mounted in the rear instead of the front. Despite typically being used in light vehicles, it is not restricted to such designs and has also been used on armoured fighting vehicles to save interior space.", "title": "Transverse engine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Motor oil\n\nMotor oil, engine oil, or engine lubricant is any one of various substances used for the lubrication of internal combustion engines. They typically consist of base oils enhanced with various additives, particularly antiwear additives, detergents, dispersants, and, for multi-grade oils, viscosity index improvers. The main function of motor oil is to reduce friction and wear on moving parts and to clean the engine from sludge (one of the functions of dispersants) and varnish (detergents). It also neutralizes acids that originate from fuel and from oxidation of the lubricant (detergents), improves sealing of piston rings, and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts.\n\nIn addition to the aforementioned basic constituents, almost all lubricating oils contain corrosion and oxidation inhibitors. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts.\n\nMotor oils are blended using base oils composed of petroleum-based hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO), or their mixtures in various proportions, sometimes with up to 20% by weight of esters for better dissolution of additives.", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sump\n\nA sump is a low space that collects often undesirable liquids such as water or chemicals. A sump can also be an infiltration basin used to manage surface runoff water and recharge underground aquifers. Sump can also refer to an area in a cave where an underground flow of water exits the cave into the earth.", "title": "Sump" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Internal combustion engine\n\nAn internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to. This replaced the external combustion engine for applications where the weight or size of an engine was more important.\n\nThe first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1860, and the first modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto engine, was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto. The term \"internal combustion engine\" usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar two-stroke and four-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine,<ref name=pulkrabek /> though of a type so specialized that they are commonly treated as a separate category, along with weaponry such as mortars and anti-aircraft cannons. In contrast, in external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids for external combustion engines include air, hot water, pressurized water or even boiler-heated liquid sodium.\n\nWhile there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the primary power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft and boats. ICEs are typically powered by hydrocarbon-based fuels like natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, or ethanol. Renewable fuels like biodiesel are used in compression ignition (CI) engines and bioethanol or ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) produced from bioethanol in spark ignition (SI) engines. As early as 1900 the inventor of the diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel, was using peanut oil to run his engines. Renewable fuels are commonly blended with fossil fuels. Hydrogen, which is rarely used, can be obtained from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "5541894", "score": "1.4682543", "text": "Wet sump A wet sump is a lubricating oil management design for piston engines which uses the crankcase as a built-in reservoir for oil, as opposed to an external or secondary reservoir used in a dry sump design. Piston engines are lubricated by oil which is pumped into various bearings, and thereafter allowed to drain to the base of the engine under gravity. In most production automobiles and motorcycles, which use a wet sump system, the oil is collected in a capacity pan at the base of the engine, known as the sump or oil pan, where it is pumped", "title": "Wet sump" }, { "id": "5541897", "score": "1.4676248", "text": "splashing action. Modern small engines, such as those used in lawnmowers, use a \"slinger\" (basically a paddle wheel) to perform the same function. Small two-stroke engines, as for motorcycles and lawnmowers, use crankcase compression: the fuel mixture passes through the sump space in the crankcase. This precludes the use of both wet sump and dry sump systems, as excess oil here would contaminate the mixture, leading to excess oil being burned in the engine and so excessive hydrocarbon emissions. These engines are instead lubricated by petroil mixtures, where a carefully measured proportion of oil is added to the fuel tank", "title": "Wet sump" }, { "id": "5541898", "score": "1.4592911", "text": "(between 1:16 and 1:50 ratios). This oil is consumed immediately and entirely, so there is no need for a sump to collect and re-use it. Four-stroke engines, as for almost all cars, and large two-stroke engines used in locomotives and ships can both use either wet or dry sumps. Large two-stroke engines do not use crankcase compression; instead they use a separate blower or supercharger, either a mechanical blower such as a Roots blower or else a turbocharger. Wet sump A wet sump is a lubricating oil management design for piston engines which uses the crankcase as a built-in reservoir", "title": "Wet sump" }, { "id": "7322968", "score": "1.4506443", "text": "high-speed cruising. The North American version, introduced in 1977, was significantly less powerful at 250 horsepower (186 kW) and 360 ft·lbf (488 N·m) of torque due to more stringent emissions control requirements. In the interest of both engine longevity as well as an effort to reduce overall engine height, a \"dry sump\" engine lubrication system was used. Originally developed for use in race cars as a way to prevent foaming of the engine oil by the crankshaft which in turn would create a serious drop in oil pressure, the system circulated twelve litres of oil between the storage tank mounted", "title": "Mercedes-Benz M100 engine" }, { "id": "17707558", "score": "1.4454093", "text": "air-fuel-oil mixture which is then burned along with the fuel. The valve train may be contained in a compartment flooded with lubricant so that no oil pump is required. In a \"splash lubrication system\" no oil pump is used. Instead the crankshaft dips into the oil in the sump and due to its high speed, it splashes the crankshaft, connecting rods and bottom of the pistons. The connecting rod big end caps may have an attached scoop to enhance this effect. The valve train may also be sealed in a flooded compartment, or open to the crankshaft in a way", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "4186354", "score": "1.436501", "text": "wet-sump. The primary advantages include: Dry-sump engines have several disadvantages compared to wet-sump engines, including; Dry-sumps are common on larger diesel engines such as those used for ship propulsion, largely due to increased reliability and serviceability. They are also commonly used in racing cars and aerobatic aircraft, due to problems with g-forces, reliable oil supply, power output and vehicle handling. The Chevrolet Corvette Z06 has a dry sump engine which requires initial oil change after 500 miles. The dry-sump lubrication is particularly applicable to motorcycles, which tend to be operated more vigorously than other road vehicles. Although motorcycles such as", "title": "Dry sump" }, { "id": "4186349", "score": "1.4263144", "text": "Dry sump A dry-sump system is a method to manage the lubricating motor oil in four-stroke and large two-stroke piston driven internal combustion engines. The dry-sump system uses two or more oil pumps and a separate oil reservoir, as opposed to a conventional wet-sump system, which uses only the main sump (U.S.: oil pan) below the engine and a single pump. A dry-sump engine requires a pressure relief valve to regulate negative pressure inside the engine, so internal seals are not inverted. Engines are both lubricated and cooled by oil that circulates throughout the engine, feeding various bearings and other", "title": "Dry sump" }, { "id": "5431039", "score": "1.4121851", "text": "a wet sump system, oil remains in a reservoir at the bottom of the crankcase, referred to as the oil pan. In a dry sump system, oil is instead pumped to an external reservoir. Even in a wet sump system, the crankshaft has minimal contact with the sump oil. Otherwise, the high-speed rotation of the crankshaft would cause the oil to froth, making it difficult for the oil pump to move the oil, which can starve the engine of lubrication. Small amounts of oil may splash onto the crankshaft during rough driving, referred to as windage. In a wet sump", "title": "Crankcase" }, { "id": "11891364", "score": "1.3942702", "text": "reservoir, excess air can escape the oil before the oil is pumped back through the engine. Dry sumps also allow for more power because they reduce the amount of windage, oil sloshing up into the rotating assembly, and the vacuum from the scavenge pump improves ring seal. Dry sumps are more popular in racing applications because of the improved power and reduced oil sloshing that would otherwise reduce oil pressure. Disadvantages of dry sumps are increased weight, additional parts, and more chances for leaks and problems to occur. Oil pump (internal combustion engine) The oil pump in an internal combustion", "title": "Oil pump (internal combustion engine)" }, { "id": "1703039", "score": "1.390899", "text": "powered by the engine, pumps the oil throughout the engine, including the oil filter. Oil filters can be a \"full flow\" or \"bypass\" type. In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings), and rods connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "id": "4186352", "score": "1.3895309", "text": "to contain all the stored oil in a separate tank, or reservoir. This reservoir is usually tall and round or narrow and specially designed with internal baffles, and an oil outlet (supply) at the very bottom for uninhibited oil supply. The dry-sump oil pump is a minimum of 2 stages, with as many as 5 or 6. One stage is for pressure and is supplied the oil from the bottom of the reservoir, and along with an adjustable pressure regulator, supplies the oil under pressure through the filter and into the engine. The remaining stages \"scavenge\" the oil out of", "title": "Dry sump" }, { "id": "4186355", "score": "1.3887328", "text": "the Honda CB750 (1969) feature a dry-sump engine, modern motorcycles tend to use a wet-sump design. This is understandable with across-the-frame inline four-cylinder engines, since these wide engines must be mounted fairly high in the frame (for ground clearance), so the space below may as well be used for a wet-sump. However, narrower engines can be mounted lower and ideally should use dry-sump lubrication. Several motorcycle models that use dry-sumps include; Dry sump A dry-sump system is a method to manage the lubricating motor oil in four-stroke and large two-stroke piston driven internal combustion engines. The dry-sump system uses two", "title": "Dry sump" }, { "id": "5541895", "score": "1.3827362", "text": "back up to the bearings by the oil pump, internal to the engine. A wet sump offers the advantage of a simple design, using a single pump and no external reservoir. Since the sump is internal, there is no need for hoses or tubes connecting the engine to an external sump which may leak. An internal oil pump is generally more difficult to replace, but that is dependent on the engine design. A wet sump design can be problematic in a racing car, as the large g force pulled by drivers going around corners causes the oil in the pan", "title": "Wet sump" }, { "id": "10722237", "score": "1.376725", "text": "are familiar with, but a drip feed to roller bearings. This system was used by BMW until 1969. The wet-sump system was not overly common on motorcycles until the 1970s and the arrival of Japanese motorcycles. Until then, many manufacturers had used dry sump, with an external oil-tank made of sheet-metal. Friz was appointed to General Manager of BMW-Flugmotorenbau GmbH, Munich in 1934, and was there until 1937. With BMW continued growth into automobiles, Friz succeeded Leo C. Grass as General Manager of Flugmotorenfabrik Eisenach GmbH, overseeing development of automobile engine design and development. 1945 Friz retired from BMW. Friz", "title": "Max Friz" }, { "id": "17707530", "score": "1.3731347", "text": "either directly or through a pushrod. The crankcase is sealed at the bottom with a sump that collects the falling oil during normal operation to be cycled again. The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a crankshaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by main bearings, which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single \"main bearing deck\" is used rather", "title": "Internal combustion engine" } ]

[ "Mivart's Hotel", "claridge s hotel", "mivart s hotel", "Claridge's", "Claridge's Hotel", "Claridges Hotel", "Claridges", "claridge s", "claridges hotel", "claridges" ]

[ { "id": "15591519", "score": "1.9486756", "text": "Restaurant Gordon Ramsay Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, also known as Gordon Ramsay at Royal Hospital Road, is a three Michelin star restaurant owned and operated by Gordon Ramsay, located at Royal Hospital Road, London. It opened in 1998 and was Ramsay's first solo restaurant. In 2001, it made Gordon Ramsay the first Scottish chef to have won three Michelin stars. It has been both praised and criticised, with particular criticism coming from the \"Harden's\" restaurant guide. In March 2013, the restaurant reopened following an art deco redesign. Gordon Ramsay opened Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in 1998, as his first solo restaurant. The", "title": "Restaurant Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "3083737", "score": "1.9246006", "text": "Ramsay was Ramsay's first solo restaurant, located at Royal Hospital Road, London. In 2001, it was voted Top Restaurant in the UK in the London Zagat Survey and was awarded its third Michelin star. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 honours list for services to the hospitality industry, but almost missed the award when his plane was delayed. In July 2006, Ramsay won the Catey award for \"Independent Restaurateur of the Year\", becoming only the third person to have won three Catey awards. Ramsay's two previous Catey", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "3083735", "score": "1.8850329", "text": "Kitchen\". Restaurants at the Dubai Creek and Connaught hotels followed, the latter branded with his protegee Angela Hartnett's name. Ramsay has opened restaurants outside the UK, beginning with Verre in Dubai. Two restaurants, Gordon Ramsay at Conrad Tokyo and Cerise by Gordon Ramsay, both opened in Tokyo in 2005. In November 2006, Gordon Ramsay at the London opened in New York City, winning top newcomer in the city's coveted Zagat guide, despite mixed reviews from professional critics. In 2007, Ramsay opened his first restaurant in Ireland, Gordon Ramsay at Powerscourt, at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Powerscourt, County Wicklow. This restaurant", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "15591520", "score": "1.8658586", "text": "location previously housed Michelin starred restaurant La Tante Claire. It gained its third Michelin star in 2001, making Gordon Ramsay the first Scottish chef to have done so. In September 2006 a £1.5 million refurbishment was completed. In 2015, Matt Abé was appointed Chef de Cuisine and continues to lead the team. In 2002, Giles Coren visited Restaurant Gordon Ramsay for lunch whilst writing for Times Online. He found that the meal had its good and bad points, saying \"Perhaps the 'best restaurant in Britain' can only disappoint. Perhaps if I want magic I should wait for Paul Daniels to", "title": "Restaurant Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "17561727", "score": "1.8411441", "text": "of Heathrow Airport's new Terminal 5 on 27 March 2008. It was Gordon Ramsay's ninth restaurant opening in London, and his first in an airport. It was opened around the same time as Ramsay's first restaurant in France, Gordon Ramsay au Trianon, located within the Palace of Versailles. He also expanded his restaurant empire in other areas during 2008, with Murano (alongside Angela Hartnett), York & Albany and Maze Grill also opening. Partly due to the delays in opening the terminal, the restaurant made a loss of £780,767 during the first year. During 2009, Ramsay had financial issues with tax", "title": "Gordon Ramsay Plane Food" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of restaurants owned or operated by Gordon Ramsay\n\nGordon Ramsay is a British chef, restauranteur, writer, television personality and food critic. He currently owns and/or operates restaurants across Europe, North America and Asia.\n\nRamsay founded his first restaurant chain, Gordon Ramsay Restaurants, in 1997. He has owned and operated a series of restaurants since he first became head chef of Aubergine in 1993. He owned 25% of that restaurant, where he earned his first two Michelin stars. Following the dismissal of protege Marcus Wareing from sister restaurant L'Oranger, Ramsay organised a staff walkout from both restaurants and subsequently took them to open up Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, at Royal Hospital Road, London. His self-titled restaurant went on to become his first and only three Michelin star restaurant.<ref name=\"debretts\" />\n\nRamsay has installed a number of proteges in restaurants. Both Angela Hartnett and Jason Atherton worked at Verre before moving back to London to The Connaught and Maze respectively. Atherton left to open his own restaurant, and Hartnett purchased Murano from Ramsay in 2010. It went on to win two Michelin stars, but in 2008 the two chefs fell out when Wareing kept the restaurant premises and the stars, while Ramsay received rights to the name. The restaurant was renamed Marcus Wareing at the Berkeley, while in 2010 the new Pétrus by Gordon Ramsay was opened.\n\nWith the success of his Emmy-nominated 2005 reality TV program \"Hell's Kitchen\" in the USA, Ramsay launched a series of fine-dining restaurants based on the show he's hosted. The first Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen restaurant location opened in front of Caesars Palace on the Las Vegas Strip in January 2018.<ref name=HKmiami/><ref name=HKchicago/><ref name=HKledyard/> \n\nRamsay has also sought to create other fine-dining restaurant chains (such as Gordon Ramsay Steak and the now-defunct Maze), as well as casual dining restaurants, both singly (as in The Fat Cow or Opal) and in chains (such as Street Pizza, Gordon Ramsay Fish & Chips, and the now-defunct Maze Grill). Ramsay plans for UK expansion between 2021 and 2025 to reach 50 additional sites. Additionally, his restaurant group looks to open 200 locations across Asia during the same five year period. To fund the growth of his American restaurant business, in June 2019 Ramsay struck a five-year investment deal with Lion Capital LLP for $100 million, giving Ramsay and Lion each a 50% ownership in Gordon Ramsay North America (GRNA). GRNA's CEO, Norman Abdallah, has signaled the company's intention to open 75 new company-owned locations across the United States between 2022 and 2026.\n\n\n", "title": "List of restaurants owned or operated by Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gordon Ramsay\n\nGordon James Ramsay (; born ) is a British chef, restaurateur, television personality and writer. His restaurant group, Gordon Ramsay Restaurants, was founded in 1997 and has been awarded 17 Michelin stars overall; it currently holds a total of seven. His signature restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea, London, has held three Michelin stars since 2001. After rising to fame on the British television miniseries \"Boiling Point\" in 1999, Ramsay became one of the best-known and most influential chefs in the world.\n\nRamsay's television appearances are defined by his bluntness, fiery temper, strict demeanour, and frequent use of profanity. He combines activities in the television, film, hospitality, and food industries, and has promoted and hired various chefs who have apprenticed under his wing. He is known for presenting television programmes about competitive cookery and food, such as the British series \"Hell's Kitchen\" (2004), \"Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares\" (2004–2009, 2014), and \"The F Word\" (2005–2010), with \"Kitchen Nightmares\" winning the 2005 British Academy Television Award for Best Feature, and the American versions of \"Hell's Kitchen\" (2005–present), \"Kitchen Nightmares\" (2007–2014), \"MasterChef\" (2010–present), and \"MasterChef Junior\" (2013–present), as well as \"Hotel Hell\" (2012–2016), \"Gordon Behind Bars\" (2012), \"Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back\" (2018–2020), and \"Next Level Chef\" (2022–present).\n\nRamsay was appointed an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 New Year Honours list for services to the hospitality industry. He was named the top chef in the UK at the 2000 Catey Awards, and in July 2006 he won the Catey for Independent Restaurateur of the Year, becoming only the third person to have won three Catey Awards. In 2020, \"Forbes\" listed his earnings at US $70 million for the previous 12 months and ranked him at No. 19 on its list of the highest-earning celebrities.", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's\n\nGordon Ramsay at Claridge was a restaurant owned by Gordon Ramsay and located with Claridge's hotel in Mayfair, London. Blackstone Group had enquired about Ramsay's availability to open a restaurant after he was awarded three Michelin Stars at Restaurant Gordon Ramsay. It marked the first of a number of restaurants that Ramsay would open at hotels owned by Blackstone. It opened in 2001, and by the fourth year was making a profit of £2 million a year. Mark Sargeant was the chef de cuisine of the restaurant until 2008, during which time the restaurant was awarded a Michelin star.\n\nThe initial contract was for ten years, and after it was extended for three further short periods, Ramsay withdrew from negotiations with the new owners of the hotel and closed the restaurant at the end of the lease on 30 June 2013. It was positively reviewed by critics upon its launch, although work was required by staff to reduce the numbers of complaints it received from diners. Whilst some restaurant guides such as \"Zagat\" gave the restaurant positive reviews, \"Harden's\" did not. Both Sargeant and his successor Steve Allen won awards for cheffing when they worked at the restaurant.", "title": "Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Amaryllis (restaurant)\n\nAmaryllis was a restaurant located in the One Devonshire Gardens hotel in Glasgow, Scotland. It was opened by chef Gordon Ramsay, with David Dempsey operating the restaurant on a daily basis for the celebrity chef. It was awarded a Michelin star in 2002, which it held until the restaurant's closure in 2004.", "title": "Amaryllis (restaurant)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Verre (restaurant)\n\nVerre, also known as Gordon Ramsay at the Hilton Dubai Creek, was a restaurant operated by chef Gordon Ramsay which was located within the Hilton Dubai Creek. It was the first overseas restaurant to be opened by Ramsay, and was in operation for ten years between 2001 and 2011. It was a combined operation between Hilton and Ramsay, with the celebrity chef taking a percentage of the takings each month and Hilton drawing up staffing salaries and arranging the decor of the restaurant. These would both cause problems as Ramsay disliked the decor, and had to initially pay supplements to his staff to prevent them from leaving due to the lower wages paid by Hilton. Amongst the head chefs who worked at Verre, Angela Hartnett and Jason Atherton both went on to win Michelin stars upon their return to the UK. The restaurant was positively received by critics and was named the best restaurant in the Middle East in 2010.", "title": "Verre (restaurant)" }, { "id": "17560240", "score": "1.832374", "text": "Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's Gordon Ramsay at Claridge was a restaurant owned by Gordon Ramsay and located with Claridge's hotel in Mayfair, London. Blackstone Group had enquired about Ramsay's availability to open a restaurant after he was awarded three Michelin Stars at Restaurant Gordon Ramsay. It marked the first of a number of restaurants that Ramsay would open at hotels owned by Blackstone. It opened in 2001, and by the fourth year was making a profit of £2 million a year. Mark Sargeant was the chef de cuisine of the restaurant until 2008, during which time the restaurant was awarded", "title": "Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's" }, { "id": "16691462", "score": "1.8223429", "text": "London. Angela Hartnett helped to launch the restaurant. It took Ramsay two years to find an appropriate venue in Glasgow, and set up the restaurant in the One Devonshire Gardens hotel towards the west of the city. It was Ramsay's first restaurant in Scotland. Seven months after opening, it was awarded a Michelin star. In April 2003, Dempsey moved on from the restaurant to become head chef at Restaurant Gordon Ramsay. On 3 May 2003, Dempsey fell to his death from a second floor flat window after apparently breaking into the property. It closed the day before the new Michelin", "title": "Amaryllis (restaurant)" }, { "id": "3083736", "score": "1.7973661", "text": "closed in 2013. In May 2008, he opened his first restaurant in the Western US, in The London West Hollywood Hotel (formerly the Bel-Age Hotel) on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. The contract expired in 2015, closing the restaurant. On 9 August 2011, Ramsay opened his first Canadian restaurant, Laurier Gordon Ramsay (at the former Rotisserie Laurier BBQ) in Montreal. In February 2012, Danny Lavy, the owner of the restaurant, announced the restaurant was disassociating itself from Ramsay, citing a lack of involvement and understanding on Ramsay's part. The restaurant closed in 2013. Opened in September 1998, Restaurant Gordon", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "3083734", "score": "1.7661126", "text": "decision of my life\". In 1998, Ramsay opened his own restaurant in Chelsea, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, with the help of his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, and his former colleagues at Aubergine. The restaurant gained its third Michelin star in 2001, making Ramsay the first Scot to achieve that feat. After establishing his first restaurant, Ramsay's empire expanded rapidly. He next opened Petrus, then Amaryllis in Glasgow (which he was later forced to close), and later Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's. He hired his friend and maître d'hôtel Jean-Philippe Susilovic, who works at Petrus and also appears on Ramsay's US TV show \"Hell's", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "3083740", "score": "1.762395", "text": "2006 Gordon Ramsay Holdings purchased three London pubs which he converted into gastropubs. These are: The Narrow in Limehouse, which opened in March 2007, the Devonshire in Chiswick, which opened in October 2007 and The Warrington in Maida Vale, which opened in February 2008. Both The Devonshire and The Warrington were subsequently sold in 2011 (The Warrington to pub company Faucet Inn). Ramsay acts as a consultant to numerous catering organisations, and was recruited by Singapore Airlines as one of its \"International Culinary Panel\" consultants. In May 2008, it was confirmed that Ramsay's protege of 15 years, Marcus Wareing, was", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "17561721", "score": "1.7419108", "text": "Gordon Ramsay Plane Food Gordon Ramsay Plane Food is a restaurant owned by chef Gordon Ramsay and located within Terminal 5 of Heathrow Airport, London. The restaurant cost £2.5 million to build and due to its location within the airside area of the airport, there are restrictions on the use of gas and the types of cutlery which may be used. It opened in 2008 alongside the rest of Terminal 5, and with several other Ramsay-related openings that year. Ramsay said that he aimed to keep the menu lean without the use of heavy sauces, and menus are also offered", "title": "Gordon Ramsay Plane Food" }, { "id": "3083744", "score": "1.7370234", "text": "the Southwark district of London, UK in September 2013. The Italian cuisine of the Union Street Café, with a menu that is revolved on a daily basis, is overseen by Chef Davide Degiovanni. In October 2013, the Gordon Ramsay at The London restaurant in New York lost its two Michelin stars due to issues encountered by the Michelin reviewers. The guide's director Michael Ellis stated that he was served \"some very erratic meals\" and also experienced \"issues with consistency.\" The loss follows the closure of another of Ramsay's restaurants in June 2013. In January 2014, Ramsay lost a high court", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "7755667", "score": "1.7225232", "text": "The legal case ended in Ramsay and Wareing paying an out-of-court settlement to the Restaurant group. Ramsay and Wareing worked together to open Pétrus in 1999, with Wareing becoming head chef and operating the restaurant on behalf of Gordon Ramsay Holdings (GRH), at 33 St James's Street, London. The name came from the French wine Pétrus, which was Ramsay's and Wareing's favourite. Wareing promptly regained the Michelin star he had previously held, with Pétrus being named as a one star restaurant seven months after opening. The restaurant was moved into the Berkeley Hotel in 2003 where it replaced Pierre Koffmann's", "title": "Marcus Wareing" }, { "id": "3083738", "score": "1.7196273", "text": "awards were in 1995 (Newcomer of the Year) and 2000 (Chef of the Year). The other two triple-winners are Michel Roux and Jacquie Pern. In September 2006, he was named as the most influential person in the UK hospitality industry in the annual Caterersearch 100 list, published by \"Caterer and Hotelkeeper\" magazine. He overtook Jamie Oliver, who had been top of the list in 2005. Also in 2006, Ramsay was nominated as a candidate for Rector of the University of St Andrews, but lost at the polls to Simon Pepper. Ramsay's flagship restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, was voted London's top", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "17548960", "score": "1.71841", "text": "until it closed in 2007. Following the successful opening of Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's, Gordon Ramsay was invited to attend a public relations event for the Savoy Group in New York. It was there that he heard that The Connaught hotel in London was looking for a chef to take over the restaurant operation, and had recently been showing around a chef from the United States. The Connaught restaurant had previously been run by Michel Bourdin for 26 years. His father in-law and business partner Chris Hutcheson spoke to Blackstone Group, the owners of The Connaught at the time, and", "title": "Angela Hartnett at The Connaught" }, { "id": "16836253", "score": "1.7077632", "text": "opened Restaurant Gordon Ramsay on the former site of La Tante Claire. Ramsay was succeeded at Aubergine by executive chef William Drabble, who had previously worked at the Michelin-starred Nook. Following Ramsay's departure, the restaurant reopened on 11 September 1998. The restaurant was expanded to a sister site in 2009 at the Compleat Angler Hotel, Marlow. Miles Nixon, who was previously a sous chef under Drabble at the main restaurant, headed up the kitchen. It served the same dishes as the Chelsea restaurant but was able to charge less due to lower overheads. From agreeing to the lease at the", "title": "Aubergine (London restaurant)" }, { "id": "17560242", "score": "1.704092", "text": "the restaurant. Following the awarding of a third Michelin star to Gordon Ramsay for Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, he was contacted by Blackstone Group who had recently acquired the Claridge's hotel in London. The negotiations for the lease of the restaurant were held between Ramsay's father in law, Chris Hutchinson, and John Ceriale from Blackstone. Ramsay was not the first choice for the restaurant, and Blackstone had been requiring whoever took on the restaurant to serve breakfast. All previous applicants had refused, but Hutchinson agreed without checking with Ramsay. This decision was something that Ramsay was later pleased with as the", "title": "Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's" }, { "id": "17562990", "score": "1.6877277", "text": "Verre (restaurant) Verre, also known as Gordon Ramsay at the Hilton Dubai Creek, was a restaurant operated by chef Gordon Ramsay which was located within the Hilton Dubai Creek. It was the first overseas restaurant to be opened by Ramsay, and was in operation for ten years between 2001 and 2011. It was a combined operation between Hilton and Ramsay, with the celebrity chef taking a percentage of the takings each month and Hilton drawing up staffing salaries and arranging the decor of the restaurant. These would both cause problems as Ramsay disliked the decor, and had to initially pay", "title": "Verre (restaurant)" }, { "id": "3083722", "score": "1.686916", "text": "Gordon Ramsay Gordon James Ramsay Jr. (born 8 November 1966) is a British chef, restaurateur, and television personality. Born in Scotland, Ramsay grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon. His restaurants have been awarded 16 Michelin stars in total and currently hold a total of 7. His signature restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea, London, has held three Michelin stars since 2001. First appearing on television in the UK in the late 1990s, by 2004 Ramsay had become one of the best known chefs in British popular culture, and, along with other chefs such as Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson, and Delia Smith, he", "title": "Gordon Ramsay" }, { "id": "12088677", "score": "1.6817272", "text": "restaurants in Melbourne and Qatar. Atherton left Gordon Ramsay Holdings in 2010 to launch his own restaurant company, The Social Company. He launched his first independent restaurant venture, Table No. 1, at the Waterhouse at South Bund hotel in Shanghai in May 2010. His flagship restaurant has been awarded one Michelin star, Pollen Street Social, opened in April 2011 in Mayfair. The restaurant has been ranked at number six in The Good Food Guide's Top 50 Restaurants 2013 & 2014 and number three in the 2016 guide. It was deemed London's best new fine dining restaurant in the Time Out", "title": "Jason Atherton" } ]

[ "2", "", "two" ]

[ { "id": "747461", "score": "1.5273914", "text": "World War III World War III (WWIII or WW3) and the Third World War are names given to a hypothetical third worldwide large-scale military conflict subsequent to World War I and World War II. The term has been in use since at least as early as 1941. Some have applied it loosely to refer to limited or smaller conflicts such as the Cold War or the War on Terror, while others have operated under the assumption that such a conflict would surpass both prior world wars in both the level of its widespread scope and of its overall destructive impact.", "title": "World War III" }, { "id": "1275237", "score": "1.513866", "text": "of the 20th century had caused unprecedented casualties and destruction across the theaters of conflict. There have been several wars that occurred with as many or more deaths than in the First World War (16,563,868–40,000,000), including: There have been numerous wars spanning two or more continents throughout history, including: World war A world war is a large-scale war which affects the whole world directly or indirectly. World wars span multiple countries on multiple continents or just two countries, with battles fought in many theaters. While a variety of global conflicts have been subjectively deemed \"world wars\", such as the Cold", "title": "World war" }, { "id": "1275223", "score": "1.5026829", "text": "World war A world war is a large-scale war which affects the whole world directly or indirectly. World wars span multiple countries on multiple continents or just two countries, with battles fought in many theaters. While a variety of global conflicts have been subjectively deemed \"world wars\", such as the Cold War and the War on Terror, the term is widely and usually accepted only as it is retrospectively applied to two major international conflicts that occurred during the 20th century: World War I (1914–18) and World War II (1939–45). The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" cited the first known usage in", "title": "World war" }, { "id": "1275236", "score": "1.4906876", "text": "and the onset of the Late Bronze Age collapse. The Second Congo War (1998–2003) involved nine nations and led to ongoing low-level warfare despite an official peace and the first democratic elections in 2006. It has often been referred to as \"Africa's World War\". During the early-21st century the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi Civil War and their worldwide spillovers are sometimes described as proxy wars waged between the United States and Russia, which led some commentators to characterize the situation as a \"proto-world war\" with nearly a dozen countries embroiled in two overlapping conflicts. The two world wars", "title": "World war" }, { "id": "1275235", "score": "1.4880722", "text": "authors, and military leaders (including the following people: James Woolsey Alexandre de Marenches, Eliot Cohen, and Subcomandante Marcos) have attempted to apply the labels of the \"Third World War\" and \"Fourth World War\" to various past and present global wars since the closing of the Second World War, for example, the Cold War and the War on Terror, respectively. Among these are former American, French, and Mexican government officials, military leaders, politicians, and authors: Despite their efforts, none of these wars are commonly deemed world wars. Wars described by some historians as \"World War Zero\" include the Seven Years' War", "title": "World war" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "World War II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World war\n\nA world war is an international conflict which involves all or most of the world's major powers. Conventionally, the term is reserved for two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century, World WarI (1914–1918) and World WarII (1939–1945), although historians have also described other global conflicts as world wars, such as the Seven Years' War and the Cold War.", "title": "World war" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "War\n\nWar is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties.\n\nWhile some war studies scholars consider war a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature, others argue it is a result of specific socio-cultural, economic or ecological circumstances.", "title": "War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World War III\n\nWorld War III or the Third World War, often abbreviated as WWIII or WW3, are names given to a hypothetical worldwide large-scale military conflict subsequent to World War I and World War II. The term has been in use since at least as early as 1941.\n\nDue to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project, which were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki near the end of World War II, and their subsequent acquisition and deployment by many countries afterward, the potential risk of a nuclear apocalypse causing widespread destruction of Earth's civilization and life is a common theme in speculations about a third world war. Another primary concern is that biological warfare could cause many casualties. It could happen intentionally or inadvertently, by an accidental release of a biological agent, the unexpected mutation of an agent, or its adaptation to other species after use. Large-scale apocalyptic events like these, caused by advanced technology used for destruction, could render most of Earth's surface uninhabitable.\n\nBefore the beginning of World War II in 1939, World War I (1914–1918) was believed to have been \"the war to end [all] wars\". It was popularly believed that never again could there possibly be a global conflict of such magnitude. During the interwar period, World War I was typically referred to simply as \"The Great War\". The outbreak of World War II disproved the hope that humanity might have \"outgrown\" the need for widespread global wars.\n\nWith the advent of the Cold War in 1945 and with the spread of nuclear weapons technology to the Soviet Union, the possibility of a third global conflict increased. During the Cold War years, the possibility of a third world war was anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities in many countries. Scenarios ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare. At the height of the Cold War, the doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD), which determined that an all-out nuclear confrontation would destroy all of the states involved in the conflict, had been developed. The potential for the absolute destruction of the human species may have contributed to the ability of both American and Soviet leaders to avoid such a scenario.\n\nThe various global military conflicts that have occurred since the start of the 21st century, most recently the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, have been hypothesized as potential flashpoints or triggers for a third world war.", "title": "World War III" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Religious war\n\nA religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (), is a war which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent to which religious, economic, ethnic or other aspects of a conflict are predominant in a given war. The degree to which a war may be considered religious depends on many underlying questions, such as the definition of religion, the definition of 'religious war' (taking religious traditions on violence such as 'holy war' into account), and the applicability of religion to war as opposed to other possible factors. Answers to these questions heavily influence conclusions on how prevalent religious wars have been as opposed to other types of wars.\n\nAccording to scholars such as Jeffrey Burton Russell, conflicts may not be rooted strictly in religion and instead may be a cover for the underlying secular power, ethnic, social, political, and economic reasons for conflict. Other scholars have argued that what is termed \"religious wars\" is a largely \"Western dichotomy\" and a modern invention from the past few centuries, arguing that all wars that are classed as \"religious\" have secular (economic or political) ramifications. In several conflicts including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, religious elements are overtly present, but variously described as fundamentalism or religious extremism—depending upon the observer's sympathies. However, studies on these cases often conclude that ethnic animosities drive much of the conflicts.<ref name=\"Omar\"/>\n\nAccording to the \"Encyclopedia of Wars\", out of all 1,763 known/recorded historical conflicts, 121, or 6.87%, had religion as their primary cause. Matthew White's \"The Great Big Book of Horrible Things\" gives religion as the primary cause of 11 of the world's 100 deadliest atrocities.", "title": "Religious war" }, { "id": "1275227", "score": "1.4796844", "text": "Endless Night\". Other languages have also adopted the \"world war\" terminology, for example; in French: \"world war\" is translated as \"guerre mondiale\", in German: \"Weltkrieg\" (which, prior to the war, had been used in the more abstract meaning of a global conflict), in Italian: \"guerra mondiale\", in Spanish and Portuguese: \"guerra mundial\", in Danish and Norwegian: \"verdenskrig\", and in Russian: \"мировая война\" (\"mirovaya voyna\".) World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. In terms of human technological history, the scale of World War I was enabled by the technological advances of the second industrial revolution and the resulting globalization that", "title": "World war" }, { "id": "454785", "score": "1.4532969", "text": "World War II World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history,", "title": "World War II" }, { "id": "2073676", "score": "1.4468272", "text": "World War I, names common to the Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case names were administered and controlled by the Inter Services Security Board (ISSB) staffed by the War Office. This procedure was coordinated with the United States when America entered the war. Random lists of names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Words became available for re-use after six months and unused", "title": "Code name" }, { "id": "7594835", "score": "1.4398834", "text": "the pocketwatch, which requires a free hand to operate. Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium. World War I World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as \"the war to end all wars\", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine", "title": "World War I" }, { "id": "7594624", "score": "1.436003", "text": "grown up with the appellation of the Great War firmly applied to the 1914–18 First World War. But to anyone living before 1918, the title of the Great War was applied to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in which Britain fought France almost continuously for twenty-two years from 1793 to 1815.\" In Germany, \"The Great War\" was historically used for the 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War, also known as the \"Great German War\" or \"Great Schism\". One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities from military action, violence, famine and plague, the", "title": "World War I" }, { "id": "7594611", "score": "1.431936", "text": "World War I World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as \"the war to end all wars\", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the", "title": "World War I" }, { "id": "747463", "score": "1.4188882", "text": "destruction, could potentially make Earth's surface uninhabitable. Prior to the beginning of the Second World War, the First World War (1914–1918) was believed to have been the \"war to end all wars,\" as it was popularly believed that never again could there possibly be a global conflict of such magnitude. During the inter-war period between the two world wars, WWI was typically referred to simply as \"The Great War.\" The outbreak of World War II in 1939 disproved the hope that mankind might have already \"outgrown\" the need for such widespread global wars. With the advent of the Cold War", "title": "World War III" }, { "id": "10526861", "score": "1.4183824", "text": "University of Texas website. The Long War is a name proposed by Philip Bobbitt in \"The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History\" to describe the series of major conflicts fought from the start of the First World War in 1914 to the decline of the Soviet Union in 1990. As proposed by Bobbitt, the \"Long War\" includes the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, as well as the Bolshevik Revolution, the Chinese Civil War, the Spanish Civil War and the Cold War. These wars were all fought over a", "title": "The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History" }, { "id": "1275228", "score": "1.4083748", "text": "allowed global power projection and mass production of military hardware. Wars on such a scale have not been repeated since the onset of the Atomic Age and the resulting danger of mutually-assured destruction. It had been recognized that the complex system of opposing alliances (the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires against the British, Russian, and French Empires) was likely to lead to a worldwide conflict if a war broke out. Due to this fact, a very minute conflict between two countries had the potential to set off a domino effect of alliances, triggering a world war. The fact that the", "title": "World war" }, { "id": "7594622", "score": "1.40817", "text": "Haeckel, who claimed that \"there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word,\" citing a wire service report in \"The Indianapolis Star\" on 20 September 1914. Prior to World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as \"the war to end war\" or \"the war to end all wars\" due to their perception of its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. After World War II began", "title": "World War I" }, { "id": "11735084", "score": "1.4052911", "text": "Bakhmetyev. Future war stories were produced by the military (\"Cruiser \"Russian Hope\"\" (1887) and \"Fatal War of 18..\" (1889) by retired navy officer Alexander Belomor, \"Big Fist or Chinese-European War\" (1900) by K. Golokhvastov, \"Queen of the World\" (1908) and \"Kings of the Air\" (1909) by navy officer Vladimir Semyonov, \"War of Nations 1921-1923\" (1912) by Ix, \"War of the \"Ring\" with the \"Union\"\" (1913) by P. R-tsky, and \"End of War\" (1915) by Lev Zhdanov). \"Threat to the World\" (1914) by Ivan Ryapasov (who styled himself \"Ural Jules Verne\") is similar to Jules Verne's The Begum's Fortune. Jules Verne", "title": "Russian science fiction and fantasy" }, { "id": "12391110", "score": "1.4025011", "text": "War), as the Sweden–Prussian involvement in 1757–1762 was limited to Pomerania in northern central Germany. The Third Silesian War involved Prussia and Austria (1756–1763). On the Indian subcontinent, the conflict is called the Third Carnatic War (1757–1763). The war has been described as the first \"world war\", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe", "title": "Seven Years' War" }, { "id": "747489", "score": "1.4023252", "text": "enhanced global stability. The Bulletin posits that future crises and occasions that might otherwise escalate, were rendered as more stable due to two major factors: The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, or October War, began with Arab victories. Israel successfully counterattacked. Tensions grew between the US (which supported Israel) and the Soviet Union (which sided with the Arab states). American and Soviet naval forces came close to firing upon each other. Admiral Murphy of the US reckoned the chances of the Soviet squadron attempting a first strike against his fleet at 40 percent. The Pentagon moved", "title": "World War III" }, { "id": "7594623", "score": "1.3945751", "text": "in 1939, the terms became more standard, with British Empire historians, including Canadians, favouring \"The First World War\" and Americans \"World War I\". In October 1914, the Canadian magazine \"Maclean's\" wrote, \"Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War.\" However, while certainly accurate in Canada, this was not so even in Britain; historian John Holland Rose's 1911 account of the 1793–1815 wars against France was titled \"William Pitt and the Great War\". This was validated by Gareth Glover's 2015 book, \"Waterloo in 100 Objects\", in which he states: \"This opening statement will cause some bewilderment to many who have", "title": "World War I" }, { "id": "8731524", "score": "1.3929319", "text": "the World War II, both in new technologies used (strategic and tactical aerial bombing, mechanized warfare, direct attacks on civilian populations, guerilla operations) and belligerents (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany supporting the Nationalist side, Communist Russia and various European leftist groups supporting the Loyalist side). World War II was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state", "title": "Military history of Europe" } ]