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[ "aircraft carrier", "Hangarfartyg", "Carrier-borne", "Aircraft Carriers", "attack aircraft carrier", "aircraft carriers", "Attack aircraft carrier", "Aircraft-carrier", "Carrier Vessel", "carrier vessel", "air craft carrier", "hangarfartyg", "Aircraft Carrier", "carrierborne aircraft", "Air craft carrier", "Aircraft carriers", "Carrierborne aircraft", "Aircraft carrier", "carrier borne" ]

[ { "id": "12926765", "score": "1.719848", "text": "Kobe at the Kawasaki shipyard on 22 November 1921, and was projected to be finished in December 1924. \"Takao\", the fourth and final ship of the class, was laid down at the Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki on 19 December 1921, and was also projected to be completed in December 1924. The Washington Naval Treaty, signed in February 1922, greatly reduced the tonnage allowed for capital ships in the signatory nations. The treaty also instituted a moratorium on new warship construction; battlecruisers canceled under this included one class each from Japan, the United States, and Great Britain: the \"Amagi\" class, the", "title": "Amagi-class battlecruiser" }, { "id": "2721054", "score": "1.7012384", "text": "and towed to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for completion on 10 January 1922. \"Hōshō\" was delayed by repeated design changes and late deliveries of equipment, pushing the commissioning date from March to 27 December 1922. She was commissioned lacking much of her aviation equipment, and did not begin landing trials until 22 February 1923. The first landings were made by British pilots under contract, who were quickly replaced by Japanese pilots trained by the British Aviation Mission. After \"Hōshō\" was commissioned, experienced aircrews requested changes, and the ship was modified by the Yokosuka Navy Arsenal from 6 June to 20 August", "title": "Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō" }, { "id": "1681865", "score": "1.689964", "text": "down at Kure Naval Arsenal on 26 November 1924, launched and named on 15 June 1927, and was commissioned on 26 November 1928. Although commissioned on 26 November, the ship was far from completed. Due to a political decision, the partially completed cruiser was sent to Yokosuka for the Coronation Naval Review for Emperor Hirohito on 4 December. Afterwards, she was returned to Kure for the remaining work to be accomplished, and was only ready for service in April 1929. Emperor Hirohito visited the completed vessel at Kobe for a cruise on the Inland Sea on 28–29 May as part", "title": "Japanese cruiser Nachi" }, { "id": "9764853", "score": "1.6842484", "text": "ship was initially armed with two /28 cal. guns and six 7.7mm machine guns. \" Seta \" was laid down on 29 April 1922 and launched 30 June 1922 at the Harima Shipyards at Aioi, Hyogo, Japan. As the design was incapable of open ocean sailing, she was then broken down into sections and shipped to the Tunghwa Shipyard in Shanghai, where she was reassembled and completed on 20 October 1923. She was assigned to patrols of the Yangtze River from Shanghai to the Three Gorges, for commerce protection and as a show of force in protection of Japanese nationals", "title": "Japanese gunboat Seta" }, { "id": "16769665", "score": "1.6730185", "text": "had been developed by Mitsubishi engineers were shared between the two classes, and as a result, the \"Katori\"-class cruisers came bear a superficial resemblance to the \"Jingei\"-class submarine tenders. \"Jingei\" was laid down on 16 February 1922, launched on 4 May 1923 and completed on 30 August 1923. Initially assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District, she replaced the aging . Following the \"Tomozuru\" Incident of 13 March 1934, all ships of the Japanese Navy were subject to inspection and renovation of design flaws that would put the ship in danger of capsizing. Renovations were begun on \"Jingei\" in November 1934", "title": "Japanese submarine tender Jingei" }, { "id": "20917360", "score": "1.6724291", "text": "limited action during the January 28 incident. The Imperial Japanese Navy was a pioneer in naval aviation, starting as early as 1912 with the purchase of two floatplanes from Britain and one from the United States. By December 1922, Japan had completed \"Hōshō\", which vies with as the first ship purpose-designed for aircraft operations. Alongside that development, the Navy also looked at aircraft as a way to extend the operational reach of their large submarine force. Aware of the challenge of operations in the large expanse of the Pacific Ocean, the Navy was particularly looking at ways to improve their", "title": "Yokosuka E6Y" }, { "id": "3107626", "score": "1.6693513", "text": "service in the next war; for example, \"War Dido\" was torpedoed and sunk as in 1941, and \"War Dragon\" was seized by Japan and sunk as \"Renzan Maru\" by on 1 January 1943. Some being built for domestic shippers had long careers, with and \"Oriente\" being examples. The Board's construction program, most notably the Hog Islander ships, was executed through Emergency Fleet Corporation which it established 16 April 1917. The shipbuilding program was concluded with the 9 May 1922 delivery of the ship completed and delivered as \"Western World\", launched as \"Nutmeg State\" 17 September 1921, by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation", "title": "United States Shipping Board" }, { "id": "6491549", "score": "1.666234", "text": "built by the fief of Satsuma in 1855). The ship was manufactured by the future industrial giant, Ishikawajima, thus initiating Japan's efforts to acquire and fully develop shipbuilding capabilities. Following the humiliations at the hands of foreign navies in the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863, and the Battle of Shimonoseki in 1864, the shogunate stepped up efforts to modernize, relying more and more on French and British assistance. In 1865, the French naval engineer Léonce Verny was hired to build Japan's first modern naval arsenals, at Yokosuka and Nagasaki. More ships were imported, such as the \"Jho Sho Maru\", the", "title": "Naval history of Japan" }, { "id": "3737410", "score": "1.6630908", "text": "and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan. She was docked at Singapore from 20 October to 27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve. In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him", "title": "Japanese battleship Kongō" }, { "id": "12528054", "score": "1.6614039", "text": "\"Kamikaze\"-class (神風, \"Divine Wind\") ships were commissioned between December 1922 and December 1924. They were similar to the \"Minekaze\" class, with an enlarged bridge and broader beam to compensate. The construction of this class was cut short by Japan's participation in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Ships of the class were active in several Japanese sea-borne landings in Malaya, the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies. In the last case, they defended the landings against the Allied cruisers and at the Battle of Sunda Strait. Two survived the war and were scrapped soon after. Twelve (睦月, \"First Moon\") ships", "title": "Japanese destroyers of World War II" }, { "id": "10933835", "score": "1.6608508", "text": "attendees at the conference agreed to limit capital ship construction for the next decade and scrapped large numbers of existing ships as well as many ships still under construction. Japan suspended the \"Number 13\" class while the conference was in progress before any ship was laid down and formally cancelled them on 19 November 1923. As construction of the ships was scheduled to begin in 1922, and completed by 1927, they were already allocated to specific shipyards: Number 13-class battleship The \"Number 13\"-class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built for the Imperial Japanese Navy", "title": "Number 13-class battleship" }, { "id": "12926764", "score": "1.6602988", "text": "battleships and four battlecruisers) on order put an enormous financial strain on Japan, which was spending about a third of its national budget on the Navy. The massive size and scale of its building program was rapidly driving up the cost of naval construction and armament. was the first ship of the class to be laid down; construction began on 6 December 1920 at the naval yard in Kure. \"Amagi\" followed ten days later at the Yokosuka naval yard. The projected completion dates for the first pair of ships were December and November 1923, respectively. \"Atago\" was laid down in", "title": "Amagi-class battlecruiser" }, { "id": "2688005", "score": "1.6597973", "text": "keel laying in 1921, and N3-class battleships, to be laid down beginning in 1922). Imperial Japan was, by 1920, attempting to build up to an 8-8 standard with the , , , and classes. Two ships from these designs would be laid down per year until 1928. With the staggering costs associated with such programs, the United States' Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes invited delegations from the major maritime powers—France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom—to come together in Washington, D.C. to discuss, and hopefully end, the naval arms races. The subsequent Washington Naval Conference resulted in the 1922", "title": "North Carolina-class battleship" }, { "id": "2789725", "score": "1.6587656", "text": "the funnel. While in drydock in July 1943, Type 21 air search radar was installed on the roof of the 10-meter rangefinder at the top of the pagoda mast. In August 1944, two Type 22 surface search radar units were installed on the pagoda mast and two Type 13 early warning radar units were fitted on the funnel. \"Fusō\" was the only Japanese battleship to mount radar on her funnel. Given a classical name for Japan, \"Fusō\" was laid down at the Kure Naval Arsenal on 11 March 1912 and launched on 28 March 1914. She was commissioned on 8", "title": "Japanese battleship Fusō" }, { "id": "14439179", "score": "1.6568127", "text": "stroke. \"Wahehe\" was built for Woermann Linie AG, Hamburg. She was used on routes between Germany and Africa. She was registered in Hamburg and given the code letters RCQH. On 14 September 1922, \"Wahehe\" was the first German liner to call at Southampton, United Kingdom after the end of the First World War. On 27 November 1927, \"Wahehe\" collided with the pier on entering harbour at Boulogne, France and sprang a leak. On 3 November 1930, she collided with the German trawler \"Langeoog\" at the mouth of the Weser and sunk her with some loss of life. In 1934 \"Wahehe\"", "title": "SS Wahehe (1922)" }, { "id": "10674813", "score": "1.6560702", "text": "Canal. Construction was delayed, the ships were not completed until the latter part of 1922, and CSAV lost money as a result. The first ship was launched on 11 February 1922 and completed in August. She was named \"Aconcagua\" after the Aconcagua mountain, the highest in the Andes. Her sister ship, \"Teno\", was launched on 5 September 1922, completed in December and reached Chile in January 1923. The two ships were built by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock on the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. Each had 18 corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of that heated six", "title": "SS Khedive Ismail" }, { "id": "12147943", "score": "1.6558284", "text": "the ways. The ship was successfully launched on 2 November having been sponsored by Miss Laura Wick. The design of \"Manchuria\" was identical to which was delivered as \"Manchuria\" was being fitted out. Both were among the largest ships being built in the United States as had been the line's previous trans Pacific liners \"Korea\" and \"Siberia\" of 1902 and both were given the American Bureau of Shipping rating and Lloyd's Register classification of 100-A1. At the time of construction the two vessels were the largest passenger ships built in the United States and were built for 346 first class,", "title": "SS Manchuria (1903)" }, { "id": "13835431", "score": "1.6526167", "text": "previous designs, including higher steaming speed despite increased tonnage, flush decks, and inclined armor. \"Tosa\" was laid down on 16 February 1920 by Mitsubishi in Nagasaki. She utilized the same slipway where, two decades later, the would be built. \"Tosa\" was originally scheduled to be launched in October 1921, but multiple strikes delayed it until November. Ultimately, the battleship was not launched until 18 December 1921, two months behind schedule. Fitting-out commenced soon after with a projected completion date of July 1922. However, work on \"Tosa\" was halted on 5 February 1922, one day before Japan signed the Washington Naval", "title": "Japanese battleship Tosa" }, { "id": "6971835", "score": "1.6493851", "text": "Review by Emperor Taishō. She was re-designated a 1st class coast-defense ship on 1 September 1921 and used primarily for training duties in long-distance oceanic navigation and officer training for cadets in the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy. In this capacity, she participated six voyages in the 1920s and 1930s to Europe, North and South America, and Oceania, including a circumnavigation of the globe from August 1921 to April 1922 with \"Yakumo\". Two of the naval cadets that participated in this cruise were Princes Kuni Asaakira and Kachō Hirotada. While in Vancouver, British Columbia, on 7 February 1925, on one of", "title": "Japanese cruiser Izumo" }, { "id": "17354926", "score": "1.6488878", "text": "Heian Maru (1930) In the late 1920s the Japanese shipping company Nippon Yūsen (NYK) began a major shipbuilding program, aimed at expanding its international passenger service. Of eight passenger liners built, three were of the \"Hikawa Maru\" class, designed mainly for service on NYK's Yokohama-Seattle route. The three ships were the \"Hikawa Maru\", \"Hiye Maru\", and \"Heian Maru\". Construction of the \"Heian Maru\", planned as an 11,616-ton combined passenger-cargo liner, began 19 June 1929 at Ōsaka Iron Works. It was named in honor of Kyoto's historic Heian Shrine and launched on 24 November 1930. Fitting out was completed on 24", "title": "Heian Maru (1930)" } ]

[ "david moyes", "list of david moyes thropies", "davie moyes", "Davie Moyes", "David Moyes", "List of David Moyes thropies" ]

[ { "id": "16513407", "score": "2.052874", "text": "Alex Ferguson announced that he would retire from his position as manager of Manchester United after 26 and a half years in charge, making him the longest-serving manager of any English club by this stage. He had won 38 trophies during that time — more than any other manager in the history of football, and at 71 was the oldest serving manager currently in the Premier League or Football League. The next day, Manchester United announced that David Moyes of Everton would take over from Ferguson at the beginning of the 2013–14 season. Manchester United preceded their 2012–13 campaign with", "title": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "17225663", "score": "1.947168", "text": "1985). The last time outside the Heysel ban era that United had missed out on a place in Europe was in 1980–81. Dutch coach Louis van Gaal was confirmed as Manchester United's new manager on a three-year contract on 19 May 2014, with Giggs appointed as his assistant. On the same day, Giggs announced his retirement as a player after a career spanning nearly 25 years, during which he had played almost 1,000 competitive games for the club and won 34 trophies. It was a period of change for United's staff. In May 2013, manager Sir Alex Ferguson announced his", "title": "2013–14 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "17225664", "score": "1.9262857", "text": "retirement after 26 years of service, having just won his 13th Premier League title that season and United's 20th overall. Earlier in February 2013, it was made known that chief executive David Gill would be stepping down after 16 years of service, with 10 years as chief executive. Each announcement was accompanied with the naming of their successors, who would take over on 1 July 2013. David Moyes, aged 50, manager of Everton and a Scotsman like Ferguson, was appointed as the new United manager. Ed Woodward assumed the top executive role at United, although he retained the title of", "title": "2013–14 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "534497", "score": "1.9235533", "text": "had been very difficult not to reveal his plans. Ferguson's decision to retire saw United shares fall 5% on the New York Stock Exchange. On 9 May 2013, Manchester United announced Everton manager David Moyes would replace Ferguson as the club manager from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract. In Ferguson's final match in charge, Manchester United drew 5–5 at West Bromwich Albion, a hat-trick from Romelu Lukaku, later a United player, denying Ferguson a final victory. Ferguson released his second autobiography in October 2013 called \"\". In January 2014, Ferguson was appointed as the UEFA Coaching Ambassador, and", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": "534516", "score": "1.9224771", "text": "(190). In 2017, Ferguson was named among the 10 most influential coaches since the foundation of UEFA in 1954. St Mirren Aberdeen Manchester United Individual Alex Ferguson Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson (born 31 December 1941) is a Scottish former football manager and player who managed Manchester United from 1986 to 2013. He is regarded to be one of the greatest and most successful managers of all time. Ferguson played as a forward for several Scottish clubs, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers. While playing for Dunfermline, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish league in the 1965–66 season. Towards the", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alex Ferguson\n\nSir Alexander Chapman Ferguson (born 31 December 1941) is a Scottish former football manager and player, best known for managing Manchester United from 1986 to 2013. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest football managers of all time and has won more trophies than any other manager in the history of football. Ferguson is often credited for valuing youth during his time with Manchester United, particularly in the 1990s with the \"Class of '92\", who contributed to making the club one of the richest and most successful in the world.\n\nFerguson played as a forward for several Scottish clubs, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers. While playing for Dunfermline, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish league in the 1965–66 season. Towards the end of his playing career he also worked as a coach, then started his managerial career with East Stirlingshire and St Mirren. Ferguson then enjoyed a highly successful period as manager of Aberdeen, winning three Scottish league championships, four Scottish Cups and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1983. He briefly managed Scotland following the death of Jock Stein, taking the team to the 1986 World Cup.\n\nFerguson was appointed manager of Manchester United in November 1986. During his 26 years with Manchester United he won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, and two UEFA Champions League titles. Ferguson is the longest-serving manager of Manchester United, having overtaken Sir Matt Busby's record on 19 December 2010. He retired from management at the end of the 2012–13 season, having won the Premier League in his final season.", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Manchester United F.C. managers\n\nManchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. The club was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C., and played their first competitive match in October 1886, when they entered the First Round of the 1886–87 FA Cup. The club was renamed Manchester United F.C. in 1902, and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.\n\nFrom the beginning of the club's official managerial records in 1892 to the start of the 2022–23 season, Manchester United have had 23 full-time managers. The current manager is Erik ten Hag who took over from interim manager Ralf Rangnick on 23 May 2022.\n\nThe longest-serving and most successful person to manage Manchester United is Sir Alex Ferguson, who won 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, four League Cups, 10 Community Shields, two UEFA Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup in his managerial reign of more than 26 years.", "title": "List of Manchester United F.C. managers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "David Moyes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season\n\nThe 2012–13 season was Manchester United's 21st season in the Premier League, and their 38th consecutive season in the top flight of English football.\n\nUnited's season began on 20 August 2012 with the first game of the Premier League campaign. After narrowly missing out on goal difference the previous season, they won an unprecedented 20th English top-flight title on 22 April 2013 with a win over Aston Villa at Old Trafford, in which top scorer Robin van Persie scored a hat-trick, finishing the season with 26 league goals and 30 goals in all competitions.\n\nUnited competed in two domestic cups, the FA Cup and the League Cup, where they entered both tournaments in the Third Round courtesy of their league position. Chelsea proved to be United's nemesis in both competitions, first beating them 5–4 in the Fourth Round of the League Cup on 31 October 2012, followed by a 1–0 win in the FA Cup Sixth Round Replay on 1 April 2013.\n\nIn Europe, United were knocked out of the Champions League at the Round of 16 stage after losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid.\n\nOn 8 May 2013, United's long time manager, Sir Alex Ferguson announced that he would retire from his position as manager of Manchester United after years in charge, making him the longest-serving manager of any English club by this stage. He had won 38 trophies during that time – more than any other manager in the history of football – and at 71 was the oldest serving manager currently in the Premier League or Football League.\n\nThe next day, Manchester United announced that David Moyes of Everton would take over from Ferguson at the beginning of the 2013–14 season.", "title": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "534514", "score": "1.8912985", "text": "his 25 years as manager of Manchester United. In addition to being the only manager to win the top league honours, and the 'Double', north and south of the England–Scotland border (winning the Premier League with Manchester United, and the Scottish Premier Division with Aberdeen), he is also the last manager to win the Scottish league championship with a non Old Firm team, achieving this in the 1984–85 season with Aberdeen. He is also the only manager in English football to have managed to finish in the top three league places in 20 consecutive seasons, since the 1991–92 season (with", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": "534408", "score": "1.8902158", "text": "a highly successful period as manager of Aberdeen, winning three Scottish league championships, four Scottish Cups and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1983. He briefly managed Scotland following the death of Jock Stein, taking the team to the 1986 World Cup. Ferguson was appointed manager of Manchester United in November 1986. During his 26 years with Manchester United he won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, and two UEFA Champions League titles. He was knighted in the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours list, for his services to the game. Ferguson is the longest serving manager of", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": "5402231", "score": "1.8874621", "text": "History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013) The period from 1986, when Alex Ferguson was appointed as Manchester United manager, to 2013, when he announced his retirement from football, was the most successful in the club's history. Ferguson joined the club from Aberdeen on the same day that Ron Atkinson was dismissed, and guided the club to a 12th-place finish in the league. Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season. Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw)", "title": "History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013)" }, { "id": "534513", "score": "1.8835201", "text": "was made an Inaugural Inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as a manager. In 2003, Ferguson became an inaugural recipient of the FA Coaching Diploma, awarded to all coaches who had at least ten years' experience of being a manager or head coach. He is the Vice-President of the National Football Museum, based in Manchester, and a member of the Executive Committee of the League Managers Association. On 5 November 2011, the Old Trafford North Stand was officially renamed the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand in honour of", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": "534407", "score": "1.8796366", "text": "Alex Ferguson Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson (born 31 December 1941) is a Scottish former football manager and player who managed Manchester United from 1986 to 2013. He is regarded to be one of the greatest and most successful managers of all time. Ferguson played as a forward for several Scottish clubs, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers. While playing for Dunfermline, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish league in the 1965–66 season. Towards the end of his playing career he also worked as a coach, then started his managerial career with East Stirlingshire and St Mirren. Ferguson then enjoyed", "title": "Alex Ferguson" }, { "id": "14060059", "score": "1.8678448", "text": "of the Decade Award, having been in charge of all 392 of their games for the entire decade. After a playing career in Scotland, by the time of his move to Manchester United in November 1986, Alex Ferguson was already a recognised successful football manager in Scotland, having got St Mirren promoted to the Scottish Premier Division from the Scottish First Division as champions in the 1976–77 season, and going on to win several domestic and European trophies from 1980 to 1986 with Aberdeen, and being awarded the OBE in 1984. After winning some domestic English cup competitions with United", "title": "Premier League 10 Seasons Awards" }, { "id": "14463312", "score": "1.8666363", "text": "1984). However, their stranglehold on the tournament was broken by West Ham United, who sent an understrength Reds side crashing to a 4–0 defeat at Upton Park in the Fifth Round on 30 November 2010. On 19 December 2010, Sir Alex Ferguson became the longest-serving manager in Manchester United's history, overtaking Sir Matt Busby's record of 24 years, 1 month and 13 days in charge of the club. On 1 February 2011, United equalled the club record league unbeaten run of 29 matches, after a 3–1 win over Aston Villa at Old Trafford. They failed to extend the run however,", "title": "2010–11 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "2170532", "score": "1.856714", "text": "leave the club to succeed Ferguson. Some fans at Everton dubbed Moyes \"Dithering Dave\", criticising what they saw as indecisive management, particularly regarding transfers. On 9 May 2013, Manchester United announced that Moyes would take over the club following Sir Alex Ferguson's retirement as manager. He signed a six-year contract with the club, and officially took up his managerial position at United on 1 July 2013. His first unofficial game as United manager ended in defeat as Teeratep Winothai scored the only goal for Singha All Stars in Bangkok on 13 July 2013. On 11 August 2013, he won his", "title": "David Moyes" }, { "id": "5402298", "score": "1.8350704", "text": "Ferguson remains as a director and ambassador for the club. On 19 May 2013, Ferguson managed Manchester United for the last time in a 5–5 draw at West Bromwich Albion, who had competed alongside them in the early stages of the title race before fading to finish eighth. During the Glazers' ownership, United have won 15 trophies, including five Premier League titles, three Football League Cups, five FA Community Shields, one UEFA Champions League, and one FIFA Club World Cup. History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013) The period from 1986, when Alex Ferguson was appointed as Manchester United manager, to", "title": "History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013)" }, { "id": "11997429", "score": "1.8284676", "text": "the founder members of the FA Premier League for the 1992–93 season, as the top 22 clubs broke away from the Football League. Five years after becoming manager of Manchester United, Alex Ferguson finally enjoyed much-awaited success at the club. In 1990, he ended his fourth season in charge with FA Cup glory that ended the club's five-year trophy drought, and followed it up a year later with European Cup Winners' Cup glory. He now prepared his squad for an assault on the league title that had not been United's since 1967, when Matt Busby had been manager and the", "title": "1991–92 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "142724", "score": "1.8136795", "text": "League from 1996 to his retirement at the conclusion of the 2017–18 season, and holds the record for most matches managed in the Premier League with 828, all with Arsenal. He broke the record set by Alex Ferguson, who had managed 810 matches with Manchester United from the Premier League's inception to his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season. Ferguson was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season, meaning he was manager for the last five years of the old Football League First Division and all of", "title": "Premier League" }, { "id": "5402243", "score": "1.8123307", "text": "would now appear more relevant that it had been 16 years since United had last been relegated. By November 1989, newspaper reports suggested that Ferguson was on the verge of being sacked, although the United board denied that the manager's job was at risk; despite naturally disappointed with the lack of success in the league, they understood the reasons – namely the lengthy absence of key players including Bryan Robson and Neil Webb through injury. but victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved his career. However, the club finished 13th, their", "title": "History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013)" }, { "id": "3667684", "score": "1.7997108", "text": "(two of them in the 9–0 defeat of Ipswich Town at Old Trafford on 4 March 1995) and managed a total of 12 in all competitions (two in the FA Cup and another two in the European Cup). By the time of his departure from Manchester United, he was the last player at the club to have been there before the appointment of Sir Alex Ferguson as manager in November 1986. Hughes left Old Trafford for the second and final time in June 1995 when he was sold to Chelsea for £1 million, in a summer that also saw the", "title": "Mark Hughes" }, { "id": "16513432", "score": "1.7970434", "text": "the season after losing 0–1, courtesy of a Phil Jones own goal. A week later, Sir Alex Ferguson managed his last game at Old Trafford against Swansea. United took the lead through Javier Hernández, but conceded a strike from Michu in the 52nd minute. Quite oddly, it was Rio Ferdinand who scored the winner with three minutes to go, smashing home a Van Persie corner. Ferguson retired with dignity as he and his team received their medals. Ferguson's last game in charge was against West Brom at The Hawthorns, taking a 5–2 lead with ten minutes to go. But they", "title": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "11997387", "score": "1.792458", "text": "be sacked, and media reports had suggested that the former Everton manager Howard Kendall would be appointed as his successor; Kendall was appointed by United's local rivals Manchester City during the season. Alex Ferguson began his fourth season as Manchester United manager desperate to bring a major trophy – and ultimately the league title – to Old Trafford for the first time in his reign. During the close season, he brought in Mike Phelan signs from Norwich City for £750,000 and Neil Webb from Nottingham Forest for £1.5 million, rebuilding his midfield following the sale of Gordon Strachan to Leeds", "title": "1989–90 Manchester United F.C. season" } ]

[ "moon likeness", "Luna (natural satellite)", "dorsa argand", "sol iiia", "The Moon", "pictures on moon", "Moon like", "🌙", "Luna (moon)", "Earth and Moon", "Moon likeness", "Dorsa Argand", "moonless", "luna natural satellite", "moon like", "moon mass", "Earth and moon", "moonlikeness", "Moon-like", "Sol 3a", "moon moon", "Solar and lunar eclipses", "Moonless", "earth s moon", "satellite of earth", "earth s natural satellites", "lunar mass", "Lunar radius", "🌜", "The moon", "moon earth", "Earth I", "Earth's natural satellites", "Lunar mass", "Earth's Moon", "Pictures on the moon", "moon distance from earth", "Sol IIIa", "Mass of the Moon", "Mass of Moon", "moon", "Moonlike", "Moon (Earth)", "☽", "luna satellite", "Earth's moon", "Moon distance from earth", "luna moon", "earth and moon", "lunar radius", "solar and lunar eclipses", "Terra I", "☾", "Natural Earth satellite", "lunarian", "Moon", "sol 3a", "natural earth satellite", "Luna (satellite)", "Moon (moon)", "Moon mass", "terra i", "🌛", "Moon-likeness", "Satellite of Earth", "mass of moon", "moonlike", "earth i", "Lunarian", "Moonlikeness" ]

[ { "id": "2837334", "score": "1.6439539", "text": "Earth's natural satellite is simply known as the Moon, or the equivalent in the language being spoken (for instance, two astronomers speaking French would call it \"la Lune\"). It is sometimes called \"Luna\" (which is simply Latin for \"moon\"), in science fiction. Natural satellites of other planets are generally named after mythological figures. Satellites of Uranus are named after characters from works by William Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. When natural satellites are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as \"S/2010 J 2\" (the 2nd new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2010) or \"S/2003 S 1\" (the 1st new", "title": "Astronomical naming conventions" }, { "id": "642631", "score": "1.6340125", "text": "Natural satellite A natural satellite or moon is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body). In the Solar System there are six planetary satellite systems containing 185 known natural satellites. Four IAU-listed dwarf planets are also known to have natural satellites: Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. , there are 334 other minor planets known to have moons. The Earth–Moon system is unique in that the ratio of the mass of the Moon to the mass of Earth is much greater than that of any other", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642652", "score": "1.6138382", "text": "not proven to have achieved a hydrostatic equilibrium are italicized in the table below. Natural satellite A natural satellite or moon is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body). In the Solar System there are six planetary satellite systems containing 185 known natural satellites. Four IAU-listed dwarf planets are also known to have natural satellites: Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. , there are 334 other minor planets known to have moons. The Earth–Moon system is unique in that the ratio of the mass of the", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642638", "score": "1.6123345", "text": "body, though this is somewhat arbitrary, because it depends on distance as well as relative mass. The natural satellites orbiting relatively close to the planet on prograde, uninclined circular orbits (\"regular\" satellites) are generally thought to have been formed out of the same collapsing region of the protoplanetary disk that created its primary. In contrast, irregular satellites (generally orbiting on distant, inclined, eccentric and/or retrograde orbits) are thought to be captured asteroids possibly further fragmented by collisions. Most of the major natural satellites of the Solar System have regular orbits, while most of the small natural satellites have irregular orbits.", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642648", "score": "1.6052467", "text": "enough to establish orbits. Planets around other stars are likely to have satellites as well, and although numerous candidates have been detected to date, none have yet been confirmed. Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's Moon: the four Galilean moons, Saturn's Titan, and Neptune's Triton. Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Natural satellite\n\nA natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite). Natural satellites are often colloquially referred to as moons, a derivation from the Moon of Earth.\n\nIn the Solar System, there are six planetary satellite systems containing 209 known natural satellites altogether. Seven objects commonly considered dwarf planets by astronomers are also known to have natural satellites: , Pluto, Haumea, , Makemake, , and Eris.<ref name=\"WGPSN\"/> , there are 442 other minor planets known to have natural satellites.<ref name=\"Johnston\" />\n\nA planet usually has at least around 10,000 times the mass of any natural satellites that orbit it, with a correspondingly much larger diameter. The Earth–Moon system is a unique exception in the Solar System; at 3,474 kilometres (2,158 miles) across, the Moon is 0.273 times the diameter of Earth and about of its mass. The next largest ratios are the Neptune–Triton system at 0.055 (with a mass ratio of about 1 to 5000), the Saturn–Titan system at 0.044 (with the second mass ratio next to the Earth–Moon system, 1 to 4250), the Jupiter–Ganymede system at 0.038, and the Uranus–Titania system at 0.031. For the category of dwarf planets, Charon has the largest ratio, being 0.52 the diameter and 12.2% the mass of Pluto.", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of natural satellites\n\nThe Solar System's planets, and its most likely dwarf planets, are known to be orbited by at least 221 natural satellites, or moons. At least 20 of them are large enough to be gravitationally rounded; of these, all are covered by a crust of ice except for Earth's Moon and Jupiter's Io. Several of the largest ones are in hydrostatic equilibrium and would therefore be considered dwarf planets or planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun and not in their current states (orbiting planets or dwarf planets).\n\nMoons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than in diameter.\n\nThe earliest published discovery of a moon other than the Earth's was by Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610. Over the following three centuries only a few more moons were discovered. Missions to other planets in the 1970s, most notably the \"Voyager 1\" and \"2\" missions, saw a surge in the number of moons detected, and observations since the year 2000, using mostly large, ground-based optical telescopes, have discovered many more, all of which are irregular. ", "title": "List of natural satellites" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Orbit\n\nIn celestial mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such as a planet, moon, asteroid, or Lagrange point. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets and satellites follow elliptic orbits, with the center of mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion.\n\nFor most situations, orbital motion is adequately approximated by Newtonian mechanics, which explains gravity as a force obeying an inverse-square law. However, Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which accounts for gravity as due to curvature of spacetime, with orbits following geodesics, provides a more accurate calculation and understanding of the exact mechanics of orbital motion.", "title": "Orbit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Subsatellite\n\nA subsatellite, also known as a submoon, or moonmoon, is a \"moon of a moon\" or a hypothetical natural satellite that orbits the moon of a planet.\n\nIt is inferred from the empirical study of natural satellites in the Solar System that subsatellites may be rare, albeit possible, elements of planetary systems. In the Solar System, the giant planets have large collections of natural satellites. The majority of detected exoplanets are giant planets; at least one, Kepler-1625b, may have a very large exomoon, named Kepler-1625b I, which could theoretically host a subsatellite. Nonetheless, aside from human-launched satellites in temporary lunar orbit, no notable subsatellite is known in the Solar System or beyond. In most cases, the tidal effects of the planet would make such a system unstable.", "title": "Subsatellite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Habitability of natural satellites\n\nThe habitability of natural satellites is a measure of their potential to sustain life in favorable circumstances. Habitable environments do not necessarily harbor life. Natural satellite habitability is a new area that is significant to astrobiology for various reasons, the most important of which being that natural satellites are expected to outnumber planets by a large margin, and it is projected that habitability parameters will be comparable to those of planets. There are, nevertheless, significant environmental variables that affect moons as prospective alien life locations.\nThe strongest candidates for natural satellite habitability are currently icy satellites such as those of Jupiter and Saturn—Europa and Enceladus respectively, although if life exists in either place, it would probably be confined to subsurface habitats. Historically, life on Earth was thought to be strictly a surface phenomenon, but recent studies have shown that up to half of Earth's biomass could live below the surface. Europa and Enceladus exist outside the circumstellar habitable zone which has historically defined the limits of life within the Solar System as the zone in which water can exist as liquid at the surface. In the Solar System's habitable zone, there are only three natural satellites—the Moon, and Mars's moons Phobos and Deimos (although some estimates show Mars and its moons to be slightly outside the habitable zone) —none of which sustain an atmosphere or water in liquid form. Tidal forces are likely to play as significant a role providing heat as stellar radiation in the \"potential habitability\" of natural satellites.\n\nExomoons are not yet confirmed to exist. Detecting them is extremely difficult, because current methods are limited to transit timing. It is possible that some of their attributes could be determined by similar methods as those of transiting planets. Despite this, some scientists estimate that there are as many habitable exomoons as habitable exoplanets. Given the general planet-to-satellite(s) mass ratio of 10,000, large Saturn or Jupiter sized gas planets in the habitable zone are thought to be the best candidates to harbour Earth-like moons.", "title": "Habitability of natural satellites" }, { "id": "16987463", "score": "1.5867174", "text": "Subsatellite A subsatellite is a natural satellite (or an artificial satellite) that orbits a natural satellite, i.e. a \"moon of a moon\", also known as a moonmoon, submoon, or grandmoon. It is inferred from the empirical study of natural satellites in the Solar System that subsatellites may be elements of planetary systems. In the Solar System, the giant planets have large collections of natural satellites. The majority of detected exoplanets are giant planets; at least one, Kepler-1625b, may have a very large exomoon, named Kepler-1625b I. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that subsatellites may exist in the Solar System,", "title": "Subsatellite" }, { "id": "642633", "score": "1.576688", "text": "the objects they orbited. The first to use of the term \"satellite\" to describe orbiting bodies was the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in his pamphlet \"Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus\" (\"Narration About Four Satellites of Jupiter Observed\") in 1610. He derived the term from the Latin word \"satelles\", meaning \"guard\", \"attendant\", or \"companion\", because the \"satellites\" accompanied their primary planet in their journey through the heavens. The term \"satellite\" thus became the normal one for referring to an object orbiting a planet, as it avoided the ambiguity of \"moon\". In 1957, however, the launching of the", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "20621281", "score": "1.5583405", "text": "was discovered on a temporary satellite orbit, later its artificial nature was confirmed, but its identity is unknown. Another confirmed artificial temporary satellite with unidentified origin is . Temporary satellite A temporary satellite is an asteroid which has been captured by the gravitational field of a planet and thus became the planet's natural satellite, but, unlike irregular moons of the larger outer planets of the Solar System, will later leave its orbit around the planet. The only observed example is , which was a temporary satellite of Earth for nine months in 2006 and 2007. Some defunct space probes or", "title": "Temporary satellite" }, { "id": "642651", "score": "1.5563486", "text": "Solar System bodies. Some studies estimate that up to 15% of all trans-Neptunian objects could have satellites. The following is a comparative table classifying the natural satellites in the Solar System by diameter. The column on the right includes some notable planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and trans-Neptunian objects for comparison. The natural satellites of the planets are named after mythological figures. These are predominantly Greek, except for the Uranian natural satellites, which are named after Shakespearean characters. The nineteen bodies massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium are in bold in the table below. Minor planets and satellites suspected but", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642635", "score": "1.5418024", "text": "interchangeably with \"natural satellite\", even in scientific articles. When it is necessary to avoid both the ambiguity of confusion with Earth's natural satellite the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets on the one hand, and artificial satellites on the other, the term \"natural satellite\" (using \"natural\" in a sense opposed to \"artificial\") is used. To further avoid ambiguity, the convention is to capitalize the word Moon when referring to Earth's natural satellite, but not when referring to other natural satellites. Many authors define \"satellite\" or \"natural satellite\" as orbiting some planet or minor planet, synonymous with \"moon\"—by", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642640", "score": "1.538532", "text": "of an asteroid from a heliocentric orbit is not always permanent. According to simulations, temporary satellites should be a common phenomenon. The only observed example is , which was a temporary satellite of Earth for nine months in 2006 and 2007. Most regular moons (natural satellites following relatively close and prograde orbits with small orbital inclination and eccentricity) in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural satellite always faces its planet. The only known exception is Saturn's natural satellite Hyperion, which rotates chaotically because of the gravitational influence of", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642650", "score": "1.5363891", "text": "are Jupiter's Galilean moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa), Saturn's moon Titan, Earth's moon, and Neptune's captured natural satellite Triton. Triton, the smallest of these, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. Similarly in the next size group of nine natural satellites, between 1,000 km and 1,600 km across, Titania, Oberon, Rhea, Iapetus, Charon, Ariel, Umbriel, Dione, and Tethys, the smallest, Tethys, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. As well as the natural satellites of the various planets, there are also over 80 known natural satellites of the dwarf planets, minor planets and other small", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "11420061", "score": "1.5242624", "text": "safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. An atmosphere is considered by astrobiologists to be important in developing prebiotic chemistry, sustaining life and for surface water to exist. Most natural satellites in the Solar System lack significant atmospheres, the sole exception being Saturn's moon Titan. Sputtering, a process whereby atoms are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles, presents a significant problem for natural satellites. All the gas giants in the Solar System, and likely those orbiting other stars, have magnetospheres", "title": "Habitability of natural satellites" }, { "id": "642632", "score": "1.5235358", "text": "natural-satellite–planet ratio in the Solar System (although there are minor-planet systems with even greater ratios, notably the Pluto–Charon system). At 3,474 km (2,158 miles) across, the Moon is 0.27 times the diameter of Earth. The first known natural satellite was the Moon, but it was considered a \"planet\" until Copernicus' introduction of \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\" in 1543. Until the discovery of the Galilean satellites in 1610, however, there was no opportunity for referring to such objects as a class. Galileo chose to refer to his discoveries as \"Planetæ\" (\"planets\"), but later discoverers chose other terms to distinguish them from", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642641", "score": "1.5011938", "text": "Titan. In contrast, the outer natural satellites of the giant planets (irregular satellites) are too far away to have become locked. For example, Jupiter's Himalia, Saturn's Phoebe, and Neptune's Nereid have rotation periods in the range of ten hours, whereas their orbital periods are hundreds of days. No \"moons of moons\" or subsatellites (natural satellites that orbit a natural satellite of a planet) are currently known . In most cases, the tidal effects of the planet would make such a system unstable. However, calculations performed after the recent detection of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea indicate that", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "514074", "score": "1.496464", "text": "whose honour the orbit is called the \"Clarke orbit\". Such orbits are useful for telecommunications satellites. A perfectly stable geostationary orbit is an ideal that can only be approximated. In practice the satellite drifts out of this orbit because of perturbations such as the solar wind, radiation pressure, variations in the Earth's gravitational field, and the gravitational effect of the Moon and Sun, and thrusters are used to maintain the orbit in a process known as station-keeping. Elliptical geosynchronous orbits are used in communications satellites to keep the satellite in view of its assigned ground stations and receivers. A satellite", "title": "Geosynchronous orbit" }, { "id": "642645", "score": "1.4954417", "text": "where their own gravity is greater relative to the effects of tidal distortion, especially those that orbit less massive planets or, as in the case of the Moon, at greater distances. Of the nineteen known natural satellites in the Solar System that are large enough to have lapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, several remain geologically active today. Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, while Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Triton display evidence of ongoing tectonic activity and cryovolcanism. In the first three cases, the geological activity is powered by the tidal heating resulting from having eccentric orbits", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642636", "score": "1.4938756", "text": "such a definition all natural satellites are moons, but Earth and other planets are not satellites. A few recent authors define \"moon\" as \"a satellite of a planet or minor planet\", and \"planet\" as \"a satellite of a star\"—such authors consider Earth as a \"natural satellite of the sun\". There is no established lower limit on what is considered a \"moon\". Every natural celestial body with an identified orbit around a planet of the Solar System, some as small as a kilometer across, has been considered a moon, though objects a tenth that size within Saturn's rings, which have not", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642643", "score": "1.4804804", "text": "as their orbits are analogous to the trojan asteroids of Jupiter. The trojan moons are Telesto and Calypso, which are the leading and following companions, respectively, of the Saturnian moon Tethys; and Helene and Polydeuces, the leading and following companions of the Saturnian moon Dione. The discovery of 243 Ida's natural satellite Dactyl in the early 1990s confirmed that some asteroids have natural satellites; indeed, 87 Sylvia has two. Some, such as 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two comparably sized components. Neptune's moon Proteus is the largest irregularly shaped natural satellite. All other known natural satellites that are at", "title": "Natural satellite" }, { "id": "642647", "score": "1.4789221", "text": "also has hydrocarbon lakes. Four of the largest natural satellites, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan, are thought to have subsurface oceans of liquid water, while smaller Enceladus may have localized subsurface liquid water. Of the objects within our Solar System known to have natural satellites, there are 76 in the asteroid belt (five with two each), four Jupiter trojans, 39 near-Earth objects (two with two satellites each), and 14 Mars-crossers. There are also 84 known natural satellites of trans-Neptunian objects. Some 150 additional small bodies have been observed within the rings of Saturn, but only a few were tracked long", "title": "Natural satellite" } ]

[ "Bump of Locality", "philoprogenitiveness", "prenology", "bump of locality", "phrenological", "phrenologist", "bumpology", "Bumpology", "phrenology", "Phrenologist", "Phrenology", "Philoprogenitiveness", "phrenologists", "frenology", "Phrenological", "Frenology", "Phrenologists", "Prenology" ]

[ { "id": "2083150", "score": "1.8545821", "text": "localization of function. Gall believed there were 27 fundamental faculties, among them were: recollection of people, mechanical ability, talent for poetry, love of property, and even a murder instinct. Based on the surface of a person's skull, Gall could make assumptions about that person's fundamental faculties and therefore their character. Gall disagreed with Philippe Pinel and Peter Camper that the larger brain the larger one's intellectual power. However, after numerous dissections and observations he was able to assert that a mature skull under 14 inches in circumference was not able to function normally. In 1800, Johann Spurzheim attended one of", "title": "Franz Joseph Gall" }, { "id": "3640040", "score": "1.8429706", "text": "basis of the external shape of the skull. Cranioscopy was later renamed to phrenology (\"phrenos\": mind, \"logos\": study) by his student Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), who wrote extensively on the \"Drs. Gall and Spurzheim's physiognomical System.\" Physiognomy claimed a correlation between physical features (especially facial features) and character traits. It was made famous by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), the founder of anthropological criminology, who claimed to be able to scientifically identify links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender. The originator of the concept of a \"born criminal\" and arguing in favor of biological", "title": "Craniometry" }, { "id": "2083157", "score": "1.8220177", "text": "at the Rollett Museum in Baden bei Wien, Austria, where several of his relatives now live. Today, phrenology is thought of as a huge mis-step by the scientific community. The idea that a person's personality could be determined by the shape of their skull has been repeatedly disproven. But at the time, Gall's arguments were persuasive and intriguing. Even though phrenology is now known to be incorrect, Gall did set the groundwork for modern neuroscience by spreading the idea of functional localization within the brain. The misuse of Gall's ideas and work to justify discrimination were deliberately furthered by his", "title": "Franz Joseph Gall" }, { "id": "10619816", "score": "1.8021982", "text": "of the shape of the skull developed by respected anatomist Franz Joseph Gall. Other popular treatments included physiognomy—the study of the shape of the face—and mesmerism, developed by Franz Anton Mesmer—designed to relieve psychological distress by the use of magnets. Spiritualism and Phineas Quimby's \"mental healing\" technique that was very like modern concept of \"positive visualization\" were also popular. While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods, academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness. That area was already being addressed by the developing fields of psychiatry and neurology within the asylum", "title": "History of psychotherapy" }, { "id": "327394", "score": "1.7927575", "text": "of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, with Observations upon the possibility of ascertaining the several Intellectual and Moral Dispositions of Man and Animal, by the configuration of their Heads\". It was not published until 1819. In the introduction to this main work, Gall makes the following statement in regard to his doctrinal principles, which comprise the intellectual basis of phrenology: Through careful observation and extensive experimentation, Gall believed he had established a relationship between aspects of character, called \"faculties\", with precise \"organs\" in the brain. Johann Spurzheim was Gall's most important collaborator. He worked", "title": "Phrenology" }, { "id": "2083149", "score": "1.786931", "text": "Organology states that the mind is a collection of independent entities housed within the brain. Cranioscopy is a method to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on the basis of the external shape of the skull. During his lifetime, Gall collected and observed over 120 skulls in order to test his hypotheses. Gall believed that the bumps and uneven geography of the human skull were caused by pressure exerted from the brain underneath. He divided the brain into sections that corresponded to certain behaviors and traits that he called fundamental faculties. This is referred to as", "title": "Franz Joseph Gall" }, { "id": "4689285", "score": "1.744215", "text": "into a large number of functional \"organs\", each responsible for particular human mental abilities and dispositions – hope, love, spirituality, greed, language, the abilities to detect the size, form, and color of objects, etc. He argued that the larger each of these organs are, the greater the power of the corresponding mental trait. Further, he argued that one could detect the sizes of the organs in a given individual by feeling the surface of that person's skull. Gall's ultra-localizationist position with respect to the brain was soon attacked, most notably by French anatomist Pierre Flourens (1794–1867), who conducted ablation studies", "title": "History of psychology" }, { "id": "327393", "score": "1.7405121", "text": "believed that thoughts of the mind and passions of the soul were connected with an individual's external frame. Of the forehead, When the forehead is perfectly perpendicular, from the hair to the eyebrows, it denotes an utter deficiency of understanding. (p. 24) In 1796 the German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) began lecturing on organology: the isolation of mental faculties and later cranioscopy which involved reading the skull's shape as it pertained to the individual. It was Gall's collaborator Johann Gaspar Spurzheim who would popularize the term \"phrenology\". In 1809 Gall began writing his principal work, \"The Anatomy and Physiology", "title": "Phrenology" }, { "id": "1988425", "score": "1.7262628", "text": "could ultimately determine one's intelligence and personality. This theory was like many circulating at the time, as many scientists were taking into account physical features of the face and body, head size, anatomical structure, and levels of intelligence; only Gall looked primarily at the brain. There was much debate over the validity of Gall's claims however, because he was often found to be wrong in his predictions. He was once sent a cast of René Descartes' skull, and through his method of phrenology claimed the subject must have had a limited capacity for reasoning and higher cognition. As controversial and", "title": "Neuropsychology" }, { "id": "4689284", "score": "1.7237", "text": "not medical) following in England through the 19th century (see Winter, 1998). Faria's approach was significantly extended by the clinical and theoretical work of Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim of the Nancy School. Faria's theoretical position, and the subsequent experiences of those in the Nancy School made significant contributions to the later autosuggestion techniques of Émile Coué. It was adopted for the treatment of hysteria by the director of Paris's Salpêtrière Hospital, Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). Phrenology began as \"organology\", a theory of brain structure developed by the German physician, Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828). Gall argued that the brain is divided", "title": "History of psychology" }, { "id": "1988426", "score": "1.7078121", "text": "false as many of Gall's claims were, his contributions to understanding cortical regions of the brain and localized activity continued to advance understanding of the brain, personality, and behavior. His work is considered crucial to having laid a firm foundation in the field of neuropsychology, which would flourish over the next few decades. Towards the late 19th century, the belief that the size of ones skull could determine their level of intelligence was discarded as science and medicine moved forward. A physician by the name of Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud expanded upon the ideas of Gall and took a closer look at", "title": "Neuropsychology" }, { "id": "17318026", "score": "1.7069638", "text": "\"kranion\" - \"skull\", \"scopos\" - \"vision\"), a method to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on the basis of the external shape of the skull. Cranioscopy was later renamed phrenology (\"phrenos\": mind, \"logos\": study) by his student Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), who wrote extensively on \"Drs. Gall and Spurzheim's physiognomical System.\" These all claimed the ability to predict traits or intelligence and were intensively practised in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. During the 1940s anthropometry was used by William Sheldon when evaluating his somatotypes, according to which characteristics of the body can", "title": "History of anthropometry" }, { "id": "605602", "score": "1.7013572", "text": "believe that the brain and the nervous system are the center of the mind and emotion. Psychology, a major contributing field to cognitive neuroscience, emerged from philosophical reasoning about the mind. One of the predecessors to cognitive neuroscience was phrenology, a pseudoscientific approach that claimed that behavior could be determined by the shape of the scalp. In the early 19th century, Franz Joseph Gall and J. G. Spurzheim believed that the human brain was localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, Gall", "title": "Cognitive neuroscience" }, { "id": "15594886", "score": "1.6838136", "text": "in the brain. His influences were George Combe, the Edinburgh Phrenological Society, Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Spurzheim. Henry Shipton Drayton became editor of the Phrenological journal for an unknown period. He presents his method on how to measure the physical aspects of the face and study phrenology and physiognomy in \"Heads and faces, and how to study them\", which was edited in 1885 and 1896. He became interested in hypnosis and was influenced by the writings of Jean-Martin Charcot of the Salpêtrière school of hypnosis and Franz Mesmer. He published a book about human magnetism in 1889. Throughout his", "title": "Henry Shipton Drayton" }, { "id": "2083153", "score": "1.6828712", "text": "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He published a book titled \"On the Functions of the Brain and of Each of Its parts: With Observations on the Possibility of Determining the Instincts, Propensities, and Talents, Or the Moral and Intellectual Dispositions of Men and Animals, by the Configuration of the Brain and Head\" detailing his vast research on brain function and localization. It was translated to English in 1835 by Lewis Winslow. Gall's concepts on brain localization were revolutionary, and caused religious leaders and some scientists to take exception. The Roman Catholic Church considered his theory as contrary to religion. Established", "title": "Franz Joseph Gall" }, { "id": "327387", "score": "1.6820421", "text": "has a set of various mental faculties, each one represented in a different area of the brain. For example, the faculty of \"philoprogenitiveness\", from the Greek for \"love of offspring\", was located centrally at the back of the head (see illustration of the chart from \"Webster's Academic Dictionary\"). These areas were said to be proportional to a person's propensities. The importance of an organ was derived from relative size compared to other organs. It was believed that the cranial skull—like a glove on the hand—accommodates to the different sizes of these areas of the brain, so that a person's capacity", "title": "Phrenology" }, { "id": "3640039", "score": "1.6744031", "text": "others. Virchow later rejected measure of skulls as legitimate means of taxinomy. Paul Kretschmer quoted an 1892 discussion with him concerning these criticisms, also citing Aurel von Törok's 1895 work, who basically proclaimed the failure of craniometry. Craniometry was also used in phrenology, which purported to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head and thus of the skull. At the turn of the 19th century, Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1822) developed \"cranioscopy\" (Ancient Greek \"kranion\": skull, \"scopos\": vision), a method to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on the", "title": "Craniometry" }, { "id": "1773899", "score": "1.6732895", "text": "In former times people born with malformed skulls were rejected based upon their appearance. This still persists today in various parts of the world even though the intellectual development is often normal. The Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall presented the science of phrenology in the early 19th century through his work \"The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular\". Hippocrates described trigonocephaly as follows: \"Men's heads are by no means all like to one another, nor are the sutures of the head of all men constructed in the same form. Thus, whoever", "title": "Trigonocephaly" }, { "id": "4689286", "score": "1.6640583", "text": "(on chickens) which purported to demonstrate little or no cerebral localization of function. Although Gall had been a serious (if misguided) researcher, his theory was taken by his assistant, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776–1832), and developed into the profitable, popular enterprise of phrenology, which soon spawned, especially in Britain, a thriving industry of independent practitioners. In the hands of Scottish religious leader George Combe (1788–1858) (whose book \"The Constitution of Man\" was one of the best-sellers of the century), phrenology became strongly associated with political reform movements and egalitarian principles (see, e.g., Shapin, 1975; but also see van Wyhe, 2004). Phrenology", "title": "History of psychology" }, { "id": "14013084", "score": "1.6596931", "text": "Spurzheim did not attempt to justify phrenology on anatomical grounds. It has been argued that phrenology was fundamentally a science of race. Gall considered the most compelling argument in favor of phrenology the differences in skull shape found in sub-Saharan Africans and the anecdotal evidence (due to scientific travelers and colonists) of their intellectual inferiority and emotional volatility. In Italy, Luigi Rolando carried out lesion experiments and performed electrical stimulation of the brain, including the Rolandic area. Phineas Gage became one of the first \"lesion case studies\" in 1848 when an explosion drove a large iron rod completely through his", "title": "Functional specialization (brain)" } ]

[ "abacus calculation", "Russian abacus", "reckoning frame", "Abbacus", "cranmer abacus", "counting frames", "abacus", "Abacus (Aztec)", "Abacus (mathematics)", "Abacus", "abaci", "Nepohualtzintzin", "Abacists", "Abacus Calculation", "Bead frame", "russian abacus", "abacus mathematics", "abacus arithmetic", "Abacist", "abacus aztec", "bead frame", "Counting frame", "Abaci", "abacists", "Cranmer abacus", "Counting frames", "Abacuses", "Abacus arithmetic", "abacist", "counting frame", "AbacuS", "abacuses", "nepohualtzintzin", "Reckoning frame", "abbacus" ]

[ { "id": "176839", "score": "1.6097112", "text": "In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. Several analog computers were constructed in ancient and medieval times to perform astronomical calculations. These included the south-pointing chariot (c. 1050–771 BC) from ancient China, and the astrolabe and Antikythera mechanism from the Hellenistic world (c. 150–100 BC). In Roman Egypt, Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) made mechanical devices including automata and a programmable cart. Other early mechanical devices used to perform one or another type", "title": "History of computing hardware" }, { "id": "16382074", "score": "1.5657647", "text": "inventor of the transform called it: \"Mojette Transform\". The word \"Mojette\" comes from the name of white beans in Vendee, originally written \"Moghette\" or \"Mojhette\". In many countries, bean is a basic educational tool representing an exact unit that teaches visually additions and subtractions. Therefore, the choice of the name \"Mojette\" serves to emphasize the fact that the transform uses only exact unit in additions and subtractions. There is an old French saying in Vendee: \"counting his mojettes\", meaning to know how to count his money. It is quite amazing that in the English-speaking world, the words \"bean counter\" refers", "title": "Mojette Transform" }, { "id": "71319", "score": "1.5633669", "text": "from the store to be milled. The device would have had a \"store\"—memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each. Numbers from the \"store\" would then have then been transferred to the \"mill\" (analogous to the CPU of a modern machine), for processing. It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards—one to direct the operation and the other for the input variables. During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea. The memoir covered the Analytical Engine. The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli", "title": "Computer program" }, { "id": "2371450", "score": "1.5623233", "text": "Palimpsest#Mathematical content) to calculate mathematical problems, such as the number of grains of sand in the universe (\"The sand reckoner\"), which also required a recursive notation for numbers (e.g., the myriad myriad). Around 200 BC the development of gears had made it possible to create devices in which the positions of wheels would correspond to positions of astronomical objects. By about 100 AD Hero of Alexandria had described an odometer-like device that could be driven automatically and could effectively count in digital form. But it was not until the 1600s that mechanical devices for digital computation appear to have actually", "title": "History of computing" }, { "id": "2533164", "score": "1.5578477", "text": "Mechanical calculator A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform automatically the basic operations of arithmetic. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in size to small desktop computers and have been rendered obsolete by the advent of the electronic calculator. Surviving notes from Wilhelm Schickard in 1623 reveal that he designed and had built the earliest of the modern attempts at mechanizing calculation. His machine was composed of two sets of technologies: first an abacus made of Napier's bones, to simplify multiplications and divisions first described six years earlier in 1617, and for the mechanical part,", "title": "Mechanical calculator" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Abacus\n\nThe abacus (\"plural\" abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool which has been used since ancient times. It was used in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system.<ref name=Boyer253/> The exact origin of the abacus has not yet emerged. It consists of rows of movable beads, or similar objects, strung on a wire. They represent digits. One of the two numbers is set up, and the beads are manipulated to perform an operation such as addition, or even a square or cubic root.\n\nIn their earliest designs, the rows of beads could be loose on a flat surface or sliding in grooves. Later the beads were made to slide on rods and built into a frame, allowing faster manipulation. Abacuses are still made, often as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires. In the ancient world, particularly before the introduction of positional notation, abacuses were a practical calculating tool. The abacus is still used to teach the fundamentals of mathematics to some children, for example, in Russia.\n\nDesigns such as the Japanese soroban have been used for practical calculations of up to multi-digit numbers. Any particular abacus design supports multiple methods to perform calculations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square and cube roots. Some of these methods work with non-natural numbers (numbers such as and ).\n\nAlthough calculators and computers are commonly used today instead of abacuses, abacuses remain in everyday use in some countries. Merchants, traders, and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, China, and Africa use abacuses. The abacus remains in common use as a scoring system in non-electronic table games. Others may use an abacus due to visual impairment that prevents the use of a calculator.<ref name=\"Boyer253\" />", "title": "Abacus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Unusual articles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)\n\nThe United States provided many inventions in the time from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age, which were achieved by inventors who were either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the \"original\" invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution, which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress:\nIn 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law proclaiming that patents were to be authorized for \"any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used\". On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of \"Making Pot and Pearl Ashes\". The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).\n\nFrom 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below.\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Good articles/all" }, { "id": "1826195", "score": "1.5555542", "text": "along. Several games have been developed utilizing the idea of pins changing the route of balls or other objects: Bean machine The bean machine, also known as the Galton Board or quincunx, is a device invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the central limit theorem, in particular that the normal distribution is approximate to the binomial distribution. Among its applications, it afforded insight into regression to the mean or \"regression to mediocrity\". The Galton Board consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pegs. Beads are dropped from the top and, when the device is level, bounce either", "title": "Bean machine" }, { "id": "718136", "score": "1.535305", "text": "digital computers, where the efficiency of addition, in particular the carry mechanism, is an important limitation to overall performance. The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere; it dates back to at least 2700–2300 BC, when it was used in Sumer. Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1642; it was the first operational adding machine. It made use of a gravity-assisted carry mechanism. It was the only", "title": "Addition" }, { "id": "176843", "score": "1.534085", "text": "mathematically involved professional workers, until the invention of the pocket calculator. Wilhelm Schickard, a German polymath, designed a calculating machine in 1623 which combined a mechanised form of Napier's rods with the world's first mechanical adding machine built into the base. Because it made use of a single-tooth gear there were circumstances in which its carry mechanism would jam. A fire destroyed at least one of the machines in 1624 and it is believed Schickard was too disheartened to build another. In 1642, while still a teenager, Blaise Pascal started some pioneering work on calculating machines and after three years", "title": "History of computing hardware" }, { "id": "8861", "score": "1.5282326", "text": "pebbles on an abacus. The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations. This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world. A tablet found on the Greek island Salamis in 1846 AD (the Salamis Tablet), dates back to 300 BC, making it the oldest counting board discovered so far. It is a slab of white marble long, wide, and thick, on which are 5 groups of markings. In the center of the tablet is", "title": "Abacus" }, { "id": "1826194", "score": "1.5257432", "text": "as the wonderful form of cosmic order expressed by the Law of Frequency of Error. The law would have been personified by the Greeks and deified, if they had known of it. It reigns with serenity and in complete self-effacement amidst the wildest confusion. The huger the mob, and the greater the apparent anarchy, the more perfect is its sway. It is the supreme law of Unreason. Whenever a large sample of chaotic elements are taken in hand and marshalled in the order of their magnitude, an unsuspected and most beautiful form of regularity proves to have been latent all", "title": "Bean machine" }, { "id": "9118868", "score": "1.5244567", "text": "counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to . Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years", "title": "Computer" }, { "id": "1826190", "score": "1.5222164", "text": "Bean machine The bean machine, also known as the Galton Board or quincunx, is a device invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the central limit theorem, in particular that the normal distribution is approximate to the binomial distribution. Among its applications, it afforded insight into regression to the mean or \"regression to mediocrity\". The Galton Board consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pegs. Beads are dropped from the top and, when the device is level, bounce either left or right as they hit the pegs. Eventually they are collected into bins at the bottom, where the", "title": "Bean machine" }, { "id": "176838", "score": "1.5176764", "text": "used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example. The abacus was early used for arithmetic tasks. What we now call the Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as c. 2700–2300 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented.", "title": "History of computing hardware" }, { "id": "4910836", "score": "1.5141096", "text": "was the most successful mechanical calculator developed in the 17th century for the addition and subtraction of large numbers. The stepped reckoner had a problem in the carry mechanism after more than two consecutive carries, and the other devices had carry mechanisms (one tooth wheel) that were limited in their capacity to carry across multiple digits or had no carry mechanism in between the digits of the accumulator. Calculating machines did not become commercially viable until 1851, when Thomas de Colmar released, after thirty years of development, his simplified arithmometer, the first machine strong enough to be used daily in", "title": "Pascal's calculator" }, { "id": "812807", "score": "1.5124583", "text": "additions and subtractions directly and multiplication and divisions by repetitions, whilst Schickard's machine, invented several decades earlier was less functionally efficient but was supported by a mechanised form of multiplication tables. These two were followed by a string of inventors and inventions leading to those of Thomas de Colmar who launched the mechanical calculator industry in 1851 when he released his simplified arithmometer (it took him thirty years to refine his machine, patented in 1820, into a simpler and more reliable form). However, they did not gain widespread use until Dorr E. Felt started manufacturing his comptometer (1887) and Burroughs", "title": "Adding machine" }, { "id": "2434201", "score": "1.5080099", "text": "top of the machine. A single turn of the crank adds the input number to the result counter, at any carriage position, and increments the corresponding digit of the revolution counter. Pulling the crank upwards slightly before turning performs a subtraction instead of an addition. Multiplication, division, and other functions require a series of crank and carriage-shifting operations. The Curta was affectionately known as the \"pepper grinder\" or \"peppermill\" due to its shape and means of operation. It was also termed the \"math grenade\" due to its superficial resemblance to a certain type of hand grenade. The Type I Curta", "title": "Curta" }, { "id": "9118863", "score": "1.5057684", "text": "were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then. Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form", "title": "Computer" }, { "id": "4910835", "score": "1.4986836", "text": "of a two-motion mechanical calculator. He was also the first to have cursors to inscribe the first operand and a movable carriage for results. There were five additional attempts at designing \"direct entry\" calculating machines in the 17th century (including the designs of Tito Burattini, Samuel Morland and René Grillet). Around 1660 Claude Perrault designed an \"abaque rhabdologique\" that is often mistaken for a mechanical calculator because it has a carry mechanism in between the numbers. But it is actually an abacus, since it requires the operator to handle the machine differently when a carry transfer takes place. Pascal's calculator", "title": "Pascal's calculator" }, { "id": "9118867", "score": "1.4964693", "text": "aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example. The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European", "title": "Computer" }, { "id": "2533178", "score": "1.4959455", "text": "a multiplication automatically; designed and built by Giovanni Poleni in 1709 and made of wood, it was the first successful calculating clock. For all the machines built in this century, division still required the operator to decide when to stop a repeated subtraction at each index, and therefore these machines were only providing a help in dividing, like an abacus. Both pinwheel calculators and Leibniz wheel calculators were built with a few unsuccessful attempts at their commercialization. Luigi Torchi invented the first direct multiplication machine in 1834. This was also the second key-driven machine in the world, following that of", "title": "Mechanical calculator" } ]

[ "Crystal Gayle discography", "crystal gayle discography", "Crystal gale", "crystal gale", "crystal gayle", "Crystal Gayle" ]

[ { "id": "11437248", "score": "2.041574", "text": "Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb), who would become by far the most successful. Although she has recorded and/or performed traditional country, Gayle's primary style was country pop, and by forging her own path rather than mimicking her famous sister's style, she had several tremendously successful songs, most notably \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue.\" Lynn also recorded with Conway Twitty multiple times during the 1970s, and had five No. 1 singles together, including \"After the Fire Is Gone.\" Like Lynn, Twitty had family—in this case, his children—who also recorded and had songs make the top 40 of the", "title": "1970s in music" }, { "id": "2971701", "score": "1.9575526", "text": "Crystal Gayle Brenda Gail Gatzimos (née Webb; born January 9, 1951), known professionally as Crystal Gayle, is an American singer. Best known for her 1977 country-pop crossover song, \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\", she had twenty #1 country songs during the 1970s and 1980s (18 on \"Billboard\" and 2 on \"Cashbox\") with six albums certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Gayle became the first female artist in country music history to reach platinum sales, with her 1977 album \"We Must Believe in Magic\". Also noted for her nearly floor-length hair, she was voted one of", "title": "Crystal Gayle" }, { "id": "8617417", "score": "1.8768154", "text": "eye. The song became a worldwide hit single. In the United States, it topped the \"Billboard\" country music chart and was Gayle's first (and biggest) crossover pop hit, reaching number 1 on the \"Cashbox\" Top 100 for two weeks, and number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for 3 weeks, behind Debby Boone's smash hit, \"You Light Up My Life\". The album received Platinum status, the first by a female country singer. The song became Gayle's signature piece throughout her career. In 1978, the song won Gayle a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. In 1999, the song", "title": "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue" }, { "id": "11437247", "score": "1.844693", "text": "Milsap, Eddie Rabbitt, and Linda Ronstadt were some of the other artists who also found success on both the country and pop charts with their records as well. The most successful of the female artist in the 1970s was Loretta Lynn, releasing her best selling album \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" in 1970. She gained a total of seven number one albums, and 20 number one hit singles including her biggest hit single, 1970s \"Coal Miner's Daughter,\" which went on to sell more than 500,000 copies to date. Several of Lynn's siblings gained national recording contracts, and it was her youngest sister,", "title": "1970s in music" }, { "id": "1498451", "score": "1.8305695", "text": "as a duet partner and an individual artist. She is the most awarded female country recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade (1970s). Lynn, has sold more than 45 million albums worldwide, scored 24 number one hit singles, and 11 number one albums. Lynn continues to tour, appear at the Grand Ole Opry and release new albums. She is recognized by the strength and quality of her voice still today, as well as her down to earth, quick wit and humor. Lynn was born Loretta Webb on April 14, 1932 in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky. She is", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "19402239", "score": "1.8228203", "text": "hits including \"Wine Women and Song\" and \"Blue Kentucky Girl\". She began collaborating with Ernest Tubb in 1964 and recorded four hit singles with him, including \"Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be\". Lynn's popularity greatly increased in 1966 when she began releasing her own compositions as singles. Among the first was \"You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)\" which reached the second position on the country songs list. She then reached the number one spot with \"Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)\" (1967). This was followed by \"Fist City\" (1968) and \"Woman of the World (Leave", "title": "Loretta Lynn singles discography" }, { "id": "15753888", "score": "1.8134189", "text": "chart, launching several major country hits including \"I'll Do It All Over Again\", and her first number one hit \"I'll Get Over You\". Gayle released \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" in 1977 which became her signature song and brought her crossover pop success. It topped the country songs chart, reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, and became an international hit. Its success elevated Gayle's career and was followed by three more number one country singles: \"Ready for the Times to Get Better\", \"Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For\", and the top-twenty pop", "title": "Crystal Gayle singles discography" }, { "id": "1498450", "score": "1.8114195", "text": "Loretta Lynn Loretta Lynn (née Webb; born April 14, 1932) is an American country music singer-songwriter with multiple gold albums in a career spanning almost 60 years. She is famous for hits such as \"You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)\", \"Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)\", \"One's on the Way\", \"Fist City\", and \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" along with the 1980 biographical film of the same name. Lynn has received numerous awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music, including awards from both the Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "1498479", "score": "1.8091795", "text": "1976. The American Music awards selected them as the \"Favorite Country Duo\" in 1975, 1976 and 1977. The fan-voted Music City News readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981, inclusive. In addition to their five Number 1 singles, they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981. Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty are the most successful and most awarded male/female duet teams in country music history. Conway and Loretta, their duo name, released an album in 1977 titled \"Dynamic Duo\", and they were considered that by their many fans. As a solo", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "1498471", "score": "1.8050854", "text": "Top 15. Together, the pair recorded two more albums, \"Singin' Again\" (1967) and \"If we Put Our Heads Together\" (1969). In 1965, her solo career continued with three major hits, \"Happy Birthday\", \"Blue Kentucky Girl\" (later recorded and made a Top 10 hit in the 1970s by Emmylou Harris), and \"The Home You're Tearing Down\". Lynn's label issued two albums that year, \"Songs from My Heart\" and \"Blue Kentucky Girl\". While most were Top 10 Country hits, none reached #1. Lynn's first self-penned song to crack the Top Ten, 1966's \"Dear Uncle Sam\", was among the very first recordings to", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "1498454", "score": "1.7963116", "text": "music scene in Nashville in the 1960s. In 1967 she had the first of 16 number-one hits (out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner). Her later hits include \"Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)\", \"You Ain't Woman Enough\", \"Fist City\", and \"Coal Miner's Daughter\". Lynn focused on blue-collar women's issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses; her music was inspired by issues that she faced in her marriage. She pushed boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control (\"The Pill\"), repeated childbirth (\"One's", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "2971708", "score": "1.792865", "text": "to record the jazz-flavored ballad, \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\". The song became the most successful of Gayle's career, spending four weeks atop the country chart. The song reached Number 1 on the Cashbox Top 100 Singles pop chart, became her biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 (No. 2), peaked at No. 4 AC and gained considerable airplay worldwide. Gayle earned a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and the song also earned a Grammy as Country Song of the Year for its writer, Richard Leigh. The song helped her album, \"We Must Believe in", "title": "Crystal Gayle" }, { "id": "1498477", "score": "1.7920153", "text": "topic was off limits, as long as it spoke to other women, and many of her songs were autobiographical. In 1976, she released her autobiography, \"Coal Miner's Daughter\", with the help of writer George Vecsey. It became a #1 bestseller, making Lynn the first country music artist to make \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. This opened a flood gate of country artists who followed with books. By the early 1980s Lynn became the first American female recording artist to chart over fifty top ten hits. In 1971 Lynn began a professional partnership with Conway Twitty. As a duo,", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "1498484", "score": "1.7835524", "text": "nobody. I love these people\", she told Toadvine. In 1979, she became the spokesperson for Procter & Gamble's Crisco oil and did TV commercials and print ads for them for a decade, ending in 1989. Because of her dominant hold on the 1970s, Lynn was named the \"Artist of the Decade\" by the Academy of Country Music. She is the only woman to win this honor. On March 5, 1980, the film \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" debuted in Nashville and soon became the No. 1 box office hit in the United States. Lynn crossed over from country music superstar to American", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "2971709", "score": "1.7833945", "text": "Magic\", become the first by a female country artist to be certified platinum. She toured worldwide, including Britain with Kenny Rogers and China with Bob Hope, where she became the first person to record a performance on the Great Wall of China. After the success of \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\", Gayle and her record producers leaned more toward crossover music with each new release. For the next ten years, she would have her greatest success. Gayle was awarded \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" for two years by the Country Music Association Awards (1977 and 1978) and for", "title": "Crystal Gayle" }, { "id": "8617418", "score": "1.7828736", "text": "was recognized by ASCAP as one of the ten most-performed songs of the 20th century. The song has a jazzy feel to it when compared to many other country songs of that era. Gayle had many more hit singles for the next ten years, such as \"Talking in Your Sleep\", \"Half the Way\" \"You and I\" (a duet with Eddie Rabbitt) and \"I'll Get Over You\", but none have achieved the same level of success as \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\". The song has been covered by Lorrae Desmond, Laura Fygi, Anita Meyer, the Nolans, Tessanne Chin, Alison", "title": "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue" }, { "id": "1498492", "score": "1.7821487", "text": "the album the second best of 2004. It won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album of the Year. Late in 2010, Sony Music released a new album, titled \"\", featuring stars like Reba McEntire, Faith Hill, Paramore, and Carrie Underwood performing Loretta's classic hits over the past 50 years. The CD produced a Top 10 music video hit on GAC with the lead single, \"Coal Miner's Daughter\", that Lynn recorded with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow. The single cracked the Billboard singles chart making Lynn the only female Country artist to chart in six decades. In May 2010 Lynn", "title": "Loretta Lynn" }, { "id": "2778330", "score": "1.7698107", "text": "Lynn Anderson Lynn Rene Anderson (September 26, 1947 – July 30, 2015) was an American country music singer known for a string of hits from the 1960s to the 1980s, most notably her worldwide hit and signature song \"Rose Garden\" (1970). Anderson's crossover appeal and regular exposure on national television helped her become one of the most popular and successful country stars of the 1970s. Anderson charted 12 No. 1, 18 Top 10, and more than 50 Top 40 hit singles. In addition to being named \"Top Female Vocalist\" by the Academy of Country Music (ACM) twice and \"Female Vocalist", "title": "Lynn Anderson" }, { "id": "2971705", "score": "1.7649586", "text": "they have two children and a grandson. Gayle's debut single, \"I've Cried (The Blue Right Out of My Eyes)\", was released in 1970 and peaked at number 23 on Billboard's country singles chart. Written by Loretta Lynn, it was performed in a style similar to that of her sister. Decca asked for more records like Lynn's, who wrote more of her early singles. This approach failed to establish Gayle, despite regular appearances on Blake Emmons's television show \"The Country Place\". She did not reappear in the country Top 40 until the 1974 release of \"Restless\", which reached number 39. Frustrated,", "title": "Crystal Gayle" }, { "id": "1498455", "score": "1.7563231", "text": "on the Way\"), double standards for men and women (\"Rated 'X'\"), and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War (\"Dear Uncle Sam\"). Country music radio stations often refused to play her music, banning nine of her songs, but Lynn pushed on to become one of country music's legendary artists. She and contemporaries like Tammy Wynette provided a template for female country music artists to follow. Her best-selling 1976 autobiography, \"Coal Miner's Daughter\", was made into an Academy Award–winning film of the same title in 1980, starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones, with Spacek winning the Academy Award", "title": "Loretta Lynn" } ]

[ "", "1998", "one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-eight", "one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight" ]

[ { "id": "80674", "score": "1.8891293", "text": "the Canadian team from Regina, Saskatchewan, skipped by Ernie Richardson. (The \"skip\" is the team member who calls the shots; see below.) Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls. Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics. It currently includes men's, women's and mixed doubles tournaments (the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018). In February 2002, the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics (originally called \"Semaine des Sports d'Hiver\", or International Winter Sports", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "6402614", "score": "1.8445234", "text": "Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006. Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games, and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The sport was finally added to the official program for the 1998 Nagano Games. Until 2018, men's and women's events were contested. An additional event, mixed doubles, was rejected for 2010 because the Olympic Programme Commission felt it had not developed enough,", "title": "Curling at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "80675", "score": "1.841352", "text": "Week) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events. Thus, the first Olympic medals in curling, which at the time was played outdoors, were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games, with the gold medal won by Great Britain, two silver medals by Sweden, and the bronze by France. A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States, with Canada winning 12 games to 4. Since the 1998 Olympics, Canada has dominated the sport with their men's teams winning gold in", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "3726103", "score": "1.8038149", "text": "All games were 18 ends in length. \"Monday 28 January 1924; 10:00 am\" \"Tuesday 29 January 1924; 10:00 am\" \"Wednesday 30 January 1924; 10:00 am\" Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics The curling event at the 1924 Winter Olympics was contested only by men. It is the first curling event in Olympic history. In February 2006, a few days before the start of the 2006 Winter Olympics, the International Olympic Committee ruled that the curling medals were part of the official Olympic programme in 1924, and not a demonstration event as many authoritative sources had previously claimed (although the IOC", "title": "Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "3726101", "score": "1.8001535", "text": "Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics The curling event at the 1924 Winter Olympics was contested only by men. It is the first curling event in Olympic history. In February 2006, a few days before the start of the 2006 Winter Olympics, the International Olympic Committee ruled that the curling medals were part of the official Olympic programme in 1924, and not a demonstration event as many authoritative sources had previously claimed (although the IOC itself had never done so). This official confirmation was the culmination of an investigative campaign begun by the Glasgow-based newspaper \"The Herald\", on behalf of", "title": "Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Curling at the Winter Olympics\n\nCurling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006. Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games, and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The sport was finally added to the official program for the Nagano 1998.\n\nUntil 2018, only men's and women's events were contested. An additional event, mixed doubles, was rejected for 2010 because the Olympic Programme Commission felt it had not developed enough, but was approved for the 2018 Winter Olympics at an IOC Executive Board meeting in June 2015.\n\nSince the 1998 Olympics, Canada has generally dominated the sport with their men's teams winning gold in 2006, 2010, and 2014, and silver in 1998 and 2002, and a bronze in 2022. The women's team won gold in 1998 and 2014, a silver in 2010, and a bronze in 2002 and 2006. Their mixed doubles team won gold in 2018.\n\nThe related ice stock sport (\"Eisstockschießen\" in German) was a demonstration event in 1936 and 1964. These events are not considered additional demonstrations of curling.", "title": "Curling at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Curling\n\nCurling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles. It is related to bowls, boules, and shuffleboard. Two teams, each with four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called \"rocks\", across the ice \"curling sheet\" toward the \"house\", a circular target marked on the ice. Each team has eight stones, with each player throwing two. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a \"game\"; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each \"end\", which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones once. A game usually consists of eight or ten ends.\n\nThe player can induce a curved path, described as \"curl\", by causing the stone to slowly rotate as it slides. The path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms or brushes, who accompany it as it slides down the sheet and sweep the ice in front of the stone. \"Sweeping a rock\" decreases the friction, which makes the stone travel a straighter path (with less curl) and a longer distance. A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation, and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result.", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Olympic medalists in curling\n\nCurling is a team sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games. A men's tournament was held at the 1924 Winter Olympics before the sport was removed from the official programme until the 1998 Games. For 82 years, the 1924 tournament was considered a demonstration sport, so the medals were not officially counted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The tournament was won by a team from the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland, who represented Great Britain. In 2006, Scottish newspaper \"The Herald\" conducted an investigation that found evidence that curling had been part of the official programme. The IOC subsequently recognized the top three teams as full medal winners.\n\nAlthough not part of the official programme, curling was contested as a demonstration sport in 1932, 1988 and 1992. Curling was re-added as a demonstration event in 1988 because the Olympics were being held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where the sport has a strong following. In November 1992, the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include curling in the official programme of the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan. Both the men's and women's tournaments have been held at every Winter Olympics since.<ref name=\"IOC\"/>\n\nIn total, 132 athletes have won a medal in curling, and 11 have won two. In 2010, Anette Norberg, Eva Lund, Cathrine Lindahl and Anna Le Moine of Sweden won the gold medal in the women's tournament, becoming the first curlers to win consecutive gold medals. Kaitlyn Lawes, John Morris (two gold), and Kevin Martin of Canada (one gold, one silver), Torger Nergård of Norway (one gold, one silver), John Shuster and Joe Polo of the United States (one gold, one bronze), and Mirjam Ott of Switzerland (two silver) have also won two medals. Norberg also won a silver in 1988 when curling was a demonstration sport. According to the IOC, Carl August Kronlund of Sweden was the oldest Winter Olympics medallist, winning silver in 1924 at the age of 59. Robin Welsh of Great Britain was the oldest Winter Olympics gold medallist, winning in 1924 when he was 54.\n\nTeams from Canada have been successful in the sport since its return to the programme, winning two medals at each Olympics for a total of five gold, three silver and two bronze. Switzerland is the only other nation to win at least one medal at every Olympics since 1998 with one gold, two silver and one bronze. Teams from Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, and the United States have also won gold medals in the sport. A total of 27 medals (nine of each color) have been awarded since 1924 and have been won by teams from ten National Olympic Committees (NOC).\n", "title": "List of Olympic medalists in curling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1998 Winter Olympics\n\nThe 1998 Winter Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Nagano 1998 (), was a winter multi-sport event held from 7 to 22 February 1998, mainly in Nagano, Japan, with some events taking place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba, Karuizawa, Nozawa Onsen, and Yamanouchi. The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics (which were later cancelled), as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics, but had been eliminated at the national level by Sapporo on both occasions.\n\nNagano was selected to host the 1998 Games on 15 June 1991, beating Salt Lake City, Östersund, Jaca, and Aosta. This was the second Winter Olympics to be held in Japan, and the third Olympic Games overall, after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. The 1998 Winter Olympics were succeeded by the 1998 Winter Paralympics from 5 to 14 March. These were the final Winter Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch.\n\nThere were 2,176 athletes from 72 nations, competing in 7 sports and 68 events. The numbers of athletes and participating nations were, at the time, a record for the Winter Olympics. These Games saw the introduction of curling, snowboarding, and women's ice hockey. Professional players from the National Hockey League were allowed to participate in the men's ice hockey for the first time. Azerbaijan, Kenya, Macedonia, Uruguay, and Venezuela made their Winter Olympic debuts.\n\nGermany topped the medal table with 29 medals, including 12 gold, followed by Norway and Russia, who won 25 and 18 medals respectively. Canada finished fourth with 15 medals, including six gold, making this their most successful Winter Olympics to date. The most decorated athlete was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals, including three gold. Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals, including three gold, which took his total Olympic medal haul to 12, including eight gold, a record for the Winter Olympics. Ski jumper Kazuyoshi Funaki won two gold medals and one silver for host nation Japan. The Czech Republic won the gold medal in the men's ice hockey tournament. American figure skater Tara Lipinski became the youngest champion in Olympic history at the age of 15 years and 255 days.\n\nHosting the Games brought about improvements to Nagano's transportation networks with the construction of the high-speed \"shinkansen\" line, the Nagano Shinkansen (now the Hokuriku Shinkansen), between Tokyo and Nagano Station, via Ōmiya and Takasaki. In addition, new highways were built, including the Nagano Expressway and the Jōshin-etsu Expressway and upgrades were made to existing roads.", "title": "1998 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "12576695", "score": "1.7994523", "text": "men's team also captured the bronze medal in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin under the guidance of skip Pete Fenson. Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1926 in Chamonix, although, the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2008. Curling was considered to be an isolation sport at the 1928 games. Curling is a sport in which players slide granite stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles representing different point values. The sport is known", "title": "United States Curling Association" }, { "id": "6402616", "score": "1.7897899", "text": "for each team in each tournament is shown in the following tables. Note: The three medal winners in 1924 were the only teams entered that year. Standings in curling medals won as of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006. Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games, and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The sport was finally added", "title": "Curling at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "4642957", "score": "1.7767509", "text": "2006 Winter Games began, the IOC confirmed that the curling competition at the 1924 Winter Olympics was an official event, and not a demonstration event as many authoritative sources had previously claimed. However the IOC itself had never done so. This official confirmation was the culmination of an investigative campaign begun by the Glasgow-based newspaper \"The Herald\" , on behalf of the families of the eight Scots who won the first curling Olympic Gold medal in Chamonix, France in 1924. The winning team was selected by the Royal Caledonian Curling Club, Perth, the mother club of curling. Defending champion skips", "title": "Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8091652", "score": "1.7725008", "text": "Curling at the 1932 Winter Olympics Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Winter Olympics. The venue was the Olympic Indoor Arena in Lake Placid, New York. Eight teams from two countries (4 American teams and 4 Canadian Teams) competed in this event. Only men's curling was contested at these Olympics. The matches were held on February 4 and 5, 1932. Each of the Canadian teams played against each of the American teams. The medalists were from the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The highest placed American team was from Connecticut in 4th place. The other American", "title": "Curling at the 1932 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8091653", "score": "1.7686834", "text": "teams were from New York, Michigan and Massachusetts. Teams representing Canada: Teams representing the United States: \"Afternoon, February 4\" \"Evening, February 4\" \"Morning, February 5\" \"Afternoon, February 5\" Curling at the 1932 Winter Olympics Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Winter Olympics. The venue was the Olympic Indoor Arena in Lake Placid, New York. Eight teams from two countries (4 American teams and 4 Canadian Teams) competed in this event. Only men's curling was contested at these Olympics. The matches were held on February 4 and 5, 1932. Each of the Canadian teams played against each of the", "title": "Curling at the 1932 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "6402615", "score": "1.740804", "text": "but was approved for the 2018 Winter Olympics at an IOC Executive Board meeting in June 2015. Since the 1998 Olympics, Canada has generally dominated the sport with their men's teams winning gold in 2006, 2010, and 2014, and silver in 1998 and 2002. The women's team won gold in 1998 and 2014, a silver in 2010, and a bronze in 2002 and 2006. Their mixed doubles team won gold in 2018. The related ice stock sport (\"Eisstockschießen\" in German) was a demonstration event in 1936 and 1964. These events are not considered additional demonstrations of curling. The final placement", "title": "Curling at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "647171", "score": "1.7225997", "text": "\"Glasgow Herald\" newspaper filed a claim on behalf of the families of the team. Medals were awarded in 16 events contested in 5 sports (9 disciplines). Many sources do not list curling and the military patrol, or list them as demonstration events. However, no such designation was made in 1924. In February 2006 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) ruled that curling was a full part of the Olympic program, and have included the medals awarded in the official count. Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games. Germany was banned from competing in the games, and instead", "title": "1924 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "10678297", "score": "1.7008789", "text": "Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics The curling competition of the 2010 Olympics was held at Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre in Vancouver. It is the fifth time that curling was on the Olympic program, after having been staged in 1924, 1998, 2002 and 2006. The competition followed the same format that was used during the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics, with 10 teams playing a round robin tournament, from which the top four teams advance to the semi-finals. The women's competition concluded on Friday, February 26, 2010. In the bronze medal match, the Chinese team made history by becoming the first team", "title": "Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "16996902", "score": "1.6887205", "text": "in both the pro and amateur ranks. Curling, a sport that earned Olympic status in 1998, arrived with Scottish soldiers in the 1750s. the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland standardized the rules in the 1830s. It involves sliding a 42-pound teapot-shaped granite curling stone by its handle toward a goal painted on the ice, with players using brooms to alter its course. The sweeping removes debris, and warms the surface, creating a hydroplane-like effect. By 1903 Winnipeg had become the world's curling capital of an intensely competitive winter sport played throughout Canada. Cricket never caught on, despite efforts by", "title": "History of Canadian sports" }, { "id": "80673", "score": "1.675817", "text": "Royal Montreal Curling Club, the oldest established sports club still active in North America, was established in 1807. The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830, and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century, also by Scots. Today, curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, China, and Korea. The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the \"Scotch Cup\", held in Falkirk and Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1959. The first world title was won by", "title": "Curling" }, { "id": "11092019", "score": "1.673043", "text": "Arena curling Prior to around 2000, most Curling clubs in the United States followed the traditional Canadian model, operating in private facilities on dedicated ice sheets. When curling was introduced to a wider American audience during the 2002 Winter Olympics, interest in the sport grew dramatically. With the huge and sudden influx of new curlers, many existing curling clubs quickly filled. In addition, there developed strong interest in curling where there had never been before, in seemingly unlikely warm climates such as California, Arizona and Texas. The intense capital investment needed to buy or build new private ice facilities was", "title": "Arena curling" }, { "id": "11771830", "score": "1.6710091", "text": "added to the Olympic programme in 1998, and a Canadian Olympic Trials have been held the year prior since 1997. There were also Olympic Trials held in 1987 for the curling demonstration event at the 1988 Winter Olympics. The 1987 Trials were known as the Labatt National Curling Trials and were held April 19–25, 1987 in Calgary, the same site of the 1988 Winter Olympics. Linda Moore would skip the women's winning team and Ed Lukowich skipped the men's winner. There were no trials for the 1992 Winter Olympics curling demonstration event. The winner of the 1991 Scott Tournament of", "title": "Canadian Olympic Curling Trials" }, { "id": "1279755", "score": "1.6592028", "text": "rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play. The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport. The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games. Bandy, which is popular in nordic countries, is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about long. As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals.", "title": "1952 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "17129688", "score": "1.6546397", "text": "at the 1956 Winter Olympics|1956]] [[Curling at the 1960 Winter Olympics|1960]] [[Curling at the 1964 Winter Olympics|1964]] [[Curling at the 1968 Winter Olympics|1968]] [[Curling at the 1972 Winter Olympics|1972]] [[Curling at the 1976 Winter Olympics|1976]] [[Curling at the 1980 Winter Olympics|1980]] [[Curling at the 1984 Winter Olympics|1984]] [[Curling at the 1988 Winter Olympics|1988]] [[Curling at the 1992 Winter Olympics|1992]] [[Curling at the 1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] [[Curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics|1998]] [[Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics|2002]] [[Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics|2006]] [[Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics|2010]] [[Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics|2014]] [[Curling at the 2018 Winter", "title": "Olympic results index" }, { "id": "19450002", "score": "1.6525731", "text": "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics The curling competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 8 and 25 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. This was the seventh time that curling is on the Olympic program. In each of the men's and women's competitions, ten nations competed. As decided in 2015, a third competition, mixed doubles curling, has graduated from a spectator sport to a full medal competition. Teams consisted of one woman and one man. There were eight participating countries in the mixed competition. Qualification to the curling tournaments at the Winter Olympics was determined through", "title": "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics" } ]

[ "pawn", "Pawn", "Pawns", "pawns disambiguation", "Pawn (disambiguation)", "pawns", "pawn disambiguation", "Pawns (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "3227457", "score": "1.917021", "text": "move (or resign). The same is true if an \"en passant\" capture is the only move to get out of check. Bibliography En passant En passant (, \"in passing\") is a move in chess. It is a special pawn that can only occur immediately after a pawn makes a double-step move from its starting square, and it could have been captured by an enemy pawn had it advanced only one square. The opponent captures the just-moved pawn \"as it passes\" through the first square. The result is the same as if the pawn had advanced only one square and the", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "3227447", "score": "1.8800046", "text": "En passant En passant (, \"in passing\") is a move in chess. It is a special pawn that can only occur immediately after a pawn makes a double-step move from its starting square, and it could have been captured by an enemy pawn had it advanced only one square. The opponent captures the just-moved pawn \"as it passes\" through the first square. The result is the same as if the pawn had advanced only one square and the enemy pawn had captured it normally. The \"en passant\" capture must be made on the very next turn or the right to", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "60962", "score": "1.8039073", "text": "an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. A player may not make any move that would put or leave the player's own king under attack. A player cannot \"pass\"; at each turn one must make a legal move (this is the basis for the finesse called zugzwang). If the player to move has no legal move, the game is over; it is either a checkmate (a loss for the player with no legal moves) if the king", "title": "Chess" }, { "id": "3227449", "score": "1.777993", "text": "if the pawn had moved only one square\". The conditions are: \"En passant\" is a unique privilege of pawns: other pieces cannot capture \"en passant\". It is the only capture in chess in which the capturing piece does not replace the captured piece on its square. In either algebraic or descriptive chess notation, \"en passant\" captures are sometimes denoted by \"e.p.\" or similar, but such notation is not required. In algebraic notation, the capturing move is written as if the captured pawn advanced only one square, for example, ...bxa3 (or ...bxa3e.p.) in the first example. There are some examples of", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "3227451", "score": "1.739032", "text": "check with the \"en passant\" capture fxg6, which cross-checks and checkmates Black. This game is a draw if neither side errs. Another example is this game between Gunnar Gundersen and Albert H. Faul. Black has just moved his pawn from f7 to f5. White could capture the f-pawn \"en passant\" with his e-pawn, but instead played: Note that the bishop on c1 effects the check, via a discovered check. 14...Kh7 results in 15.Qxg7. The \"en passant\" capture and discovered checks place Black in checkmate (from White's rook on h1, even without help from White's bishop; an \"en passant\" capture is", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rules of chess\n\nThe rules of chess (also known as the laws of chess) govern the play of the game of chess. Chess is a two-player abstract strategy board game. Each player controls sixteen pieces of six types on a chessboard. Each type of piece moves in a distinct way. The object of the game is to checkmate (inescapably threaten with capture) the opponent's king. A game can end in various ways besides checkmate: a player can resign, and there are several ways in which a game can end in a draw.\n\nWhile the exact origins of chess are unclear, modern rules first took form during the Middle Ages. The rules continued to be slightly modified until the early 19th century, when they reached essentially their current form. The rules also varied somewhat from place to place. Today, the standard rules are set by FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the international governing body for chess. Slight modifications are made by some national organizations for their own purposes. There are variations of the rules for fast chess, correspondence chess, online chess, and Chess960.\n\nBesides the basic moves of the pieces, rules also govern the equipment used, time control, conduct and ethics of players, accommodations for physically challenged players, and recording of moves using chess notation. Procedures for resolving irregularities that can occur during a game are provided as well.", "title": "Rules of chess" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chess\n\nChess is a board game between two players. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games, such as xiangqi (Chinese chess) and shogi (Japanese chess). The current form of the game emerged in Spain and the rest of Southern Europe during the second half of the 15th century after evolving from chaturanga, a similar but much older game of Indian origin. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide.\n\nChess is an abstract strategy game and involves no hidden information. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The player controlling the white pieces moves first, followed by the player controlling the black pieces. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king, whereby the king is under immediate attack (in \"check\") and there is no way for it to escape. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw.\n\nOrganized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by FIDE (the International Chess Federation). The first universally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886; Magnus Carlsen is the current World Champion. A huge body of chess theory has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in chess composition, and chess in its turn influenced Western culture and art, and has connections with other fields such as mathematics, computer science, and psychology.\n\nOne of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine. In 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the reigning World Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov. Today's chess engines are significantly stronger than the best human players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory.", "title": "Chess" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of chess variants\n\nThis is a list of chess variants. Many thousands of variants exist. The 2007 catalogue \"The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants\" estimates that there are well over 2,000, and many more were considered too trivial for inclusion in the catalogue. ", "title": "List of chess variants" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fairy chess piece\n\nA fairy chess piece, variant chess piece, unorthodox chess piece, or heterodox chess piece is a chess piece not used in conventional chess but incorporated into certain chess variants and some chess problems. Compared to conventional pieces, fairy pieces vary mostly in the way they move, but they may also follow special rules for capturing, promotions, etc. Because of the distributed and uncoordinated nature of unorthodox chess development, the same piece can have different names, and different pieces can have the same name in various contexts. Most are symbolised as inverted or rotated icons of the standard pieces in diagrams, and the meanings of these \"wildcards\" must be defined in each context separately. Pieces invented for use in chess variants rather than problems sometimes instead have special icons designed for them, but with some exceptions (the princess, empress, and occasionally amazon), many of these are not used beyond the individual games for which they were invented.", "title": "Fairy chess piece" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Endgame tablebase\n\nAn endgame tablebase is a computerized database that contains precalculated exhaustive analysis of chess endgame positions. It is typically used by a computer chess engine during play, or by a human or computer that is retrospectively analysing a game that has already been played.\n\nThe tablebase contains the game-theoretical value (win, loss, or draw) in each possible position, and how many moves it would take to achieve that result with perfect play. Thus, the tablebase acts as an oracle, always providing the optimal moves. Typically the database records each possible position with certain pieces remaining on the board, and the best moves with White to move and with Black to move.\n\nTablebases are generated by retrograde analysis, working backward from a checkmated position. By 2005, all chess positions with up to six pieces, including the two kings, had been solved. By August 2012, tablebases had solved chess for almost every position with up to seven pieces, but the positions with a lone king versus a king and five pieces were omitted because they were considered to be \"rather obvious.\" These positions were included by August 2018.<ref name=\"lichess.org\"/> , work is still underway to solve all eight-piece positions.\n\nThe solutions have profoundly advanced the chess community's understanding of endgame theory. Some positions which humans had analyzed as draws were proven to be winnable; in some cases the tablebase analysis could find a mate in more than five hundred moves, far beyond the horizon of humans, and beyond the capability of a computer during play. For this reason, tablebases also called into question the 50-move rule, since many positions are now seen to exist that would be a win for one side but are drawn because of the 50-move rule; initially, as individual cases were found, exceptions to the rule were introduced, but when more extreme cases were later discovered, the exceptions were removed. Tablebases provide a powerful analytical tool, enhancing competitive play and facilitating the composition of endgame studies.\n\nWhile endgame tablebases exist for other board games, such as checkers, nine men's morris, and some chess variants, the term \"endgame tablebase\" is assumed to refer to the chess tablebase by default.", "title": "Endgame tablebase" }, { "id": "3227455", "score": "1.7277057", "text": "move for pawns from allowing a pawn to evade capture by an enemy pawn. Asian chess variants, because of their separation from European chess prior to that period, do not feature any of these moves. The possibility of an \"en passant\" capture is relevant to the claim of a draw by threefold repetition. Two positions with the same configuration of pieces, with the same player to move, are for this purpose considered different if there was an opportunity to make an \"en passant\" capture in the first position, and that opportunity no longer exists in the second position. In his", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "3227448", "score": "1.725913", "text": "do so is lost. Like any other move, if an \"en passant\" capture is the only legal move available, it must be played. \"En passant\" capture is a common theme in chess compositions. The \"en passant\" capture rule was added in the 15th century when the rule that gave pawns an initial double-step move was introduced. It prevents a pawn from using the two-square advance to pass an adjacent enemy pawn without the risk of being captured. A pawn on its fifth may capture an enemy pawn on an adjacent that has moved two squares in a single move, \"as", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "3227450", "score": "1.7206018", "text": "\"en passant\" in chess openings. In this line from Petrov's Defence, White can capture the pawn on d5 \"en passant\" on his sixth move. Another example occurs in the French Defence after 1.e4 e6 2.e5, a move once advocated by Wilhelm Steinitz. If Black responds with 2...d5, White can capture the pawn \"en passant\" with 3.exd6. Likewise, White can answer 2...f5 with 3.exf6e.p. An example is from this game by Steinitz and Bernhard Fleissig. In the diagram, if Black plays ...g5+, it seems to checkmate White, but it is in fact a blunder. Black overlooks that White can counter this", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "4688093", "score": "1.7170565", "text": "If a player is in check, he must move out of check on the first move of the turn. It is not allowed to move the king into check on the first move of a turn and then move out of check on the second. \"En passant\" capture is allowed even if the opponent moved the corresponding pawn on the first move of their turn. Capturing \"en passant\", however, must be done on the first move of the turn. When \"two\" pawns can be captured \"en passant\", both can be captured in the turn. To ensure White's advantage of moving", "title": "Marseillais chess" }, { "id": "580207", "score": "1.711306", "text": "\"en passant\" capture. It can occur after a pawn advances two squares using its initial two-step move option, and the square passed over is attacked by an enemy pawn. The enemy pawn is entitled to capture the moved pawn \"in passing\" – as if it had advanced only one square. The capturing pawn moves to the square over which the moved pawn passed (see diagram), and the moved pawn is removed from the board. The option to capture \"en passant\" must be exercised on the move immediately following the double-step pawn advance, or it is lost for the remainder of", "title": "Pawn (chess)" }, { "id": "3227453", "score": "1.7024934", "text": "1. d4 introduces the threat of 2.d5+ cxd5 3.Bxd5#. Black may capture the d4-pawn \"en passant\" in either of two ways: An example showing the effect \"en passant\" captures have on pins is this 1902 composition by Sommerfeldt: The move threatens 2.Qf2#. The black e-pawn is now simultaneously pinned and unpinned, as 1...exd3e.p.+ is illegal, but is not. This, however, removes the black king's access to e3, allowing Allowing the \"en passant\" capture, together with the introduction of the two-square first move for pawns, was one of the last major rule changes in European chess, and occurred between 1200 and", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "60964", "score": "1.6953173", "text": "under the following conditions: When a pawn advances two squares from its starting position and there is an opponent's pawn on an adjacent file next to its destination square, then the opponent's pawn can capture it \"en passant\" (in passing), and move to the square the pawn passed over. This can only be done on the very next move, otherwise the right to do so is forfeit. For example, in the animated diagram, the black pawn advances two squares from g7 to g5, and the white pawn on f5 can take it via \"en passant\" on g6 (but only on", "title": "Chess" }, { "id": "3227452", "score": "1.6665287", "text": "the only way a double check can be delivered without one of the checking pieces moving, as in this position). The largest known number of \"en passant\" captures in one game is three, shared by three games; in none of them were all three captures by the same player. The earliest known example is a 1980 game between Alexandru Sorin Segal and Karl Heinz Podzielny. \"En passant\" captures have often been used as a theme in chess compositions, as they \"produce striking effects in the opening and closing of lines\". In the 1938 composition by Kenneth S. Howard, the move", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "592619", "score": "1.6620805", "text": "to win; a player could not win by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. Stalemate was added, although the outcome has changed several times (see History of the stalemate rule). Pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move, and the en passant rule was a natural consequence of that new option. The king and rook acquired the right to castle (see Variations throughout history of castling for different versions of the rule). Between 1475 and 1500 the queen and the bishop also acquired their current moves, which made them much stronger pieces . When all of", "title": "Rules of chess" }, { "id": "6006077", "score": "1.6550498", "text": "of \"en passant\" depends on the opponent's previous move. However, practical applications of \"en passant\" occur frequently in pawn endgames, so tablebases account for the possibility of \"en passant\" for positions where both sides have at least one pawn. According to the method described above, the tablebase must allow the possibility that a given piece might occupy any of the 64 squares. In some positions, it is possible to restrict the search space without affecting the result. This saves computational resources and enables searches which would otherwise be impossible. An early analysis of this type was published in 1987, in", "title": "Endgame tablebase" }, { "id": "3227454", "score": "1.6451726", "text": "1600. Other relatively recent rule changes were castling, the unlimited range for queens and bishops (Spanish master Ruy López de Segura gives the rule in his 1561 book \"Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez\") and a change to the rules on pawn promotion. In most places the \"en passant\" rule was adopted at the same time as allowing the pawn to move two squares on its first move, but it was not universally accepted until the Italian rules were changed in 1880. The motivation for \"en passant\" was to prevent the newly added two-square first", "title": "En passant" }, { "id": "580208", "score": "1.6445886", "text": "the game. \"En passant\" was added in the 15th century to compensate for the then newly added two-square initial move rule (Hooper & Whyld 1992:124). Without \"en passant\", a pawn on its initial square could safely bypass a square controlled by an advanced enemy pawn. A pawn that advances all the way to the opposite side of the board (the opposing player's first rank) is \"promoted\" to another piece of that player's choice: a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. The pawn is immediately (before the opposing player's next move) replaced by the new piece. Since it", "title": "Pawn (chess)" }, { "id": "592589", "score": "1.6197598", "text": "when an opponent's piece. Except for any move of the knight and castling, pieces cannot jump over other pieces. A piece is \"captured\" (or \"taken\") when an attacking enemy piece replaces it on its square (\"en passant\" is the only exception). The captured piece is thereby permanently removed from the game. The king can be put in check but cannot be captured (see below). Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then placing the rook on the other side of the king, adjacent to it. Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:", "title": "Rules of chess" }, { "id": "1368624", "score": "1.6091329", "text": "the board and takes no further part in the game (like a capture in orthodox chess). If a pawn captures via \"en passant\", it would be immediately in front of the reborn opponent's pawn, thus preventing either pawn from moving. Philip Cohen has suggested that a move that simply reverses the opponent's previous move should not be permitted. (For example, White Qd1, Black Bg4: if White plays Qxg4, the bishop is reborn on c8, and Black should not be permitted to immediately recapture Bxg4.) The position illustrated demonstrates a couple of unusual effects which can occur in Circe. It is", "title": "Circe chess" }, { "id": "3227456", "score": "1.5935361", "text": "book on chess organization and rules, International Arbiter Kenneth Harkness wrote that it is frequently asked if an \"en passant\" capture must be made if it is the only legal move. This point was debated in the 19th century, with some arguing that the right to make an \"en passant\" capture is a \"privilege\" that one cannot be compelled to exercise. In his 1860 book \"Chess Praxis\", Howard Staunton wrote that the \"en passant\" capture is mandatory in that instance. The rules of chess were amended to make this clear. Today, it is settled that the player must make that", "title": "En passant" } ]

[ "Limestone Plains", "un locode aucbr", "canberra", "Canberra, AU-ACT", "canberran", "Canberra (Australia)", "Canberran", "canberra australia", "Capital of australia", "capital of australia", "Capital of Australia", "limestone plains", "Canberra", "canberra au act", "canberra act", "Canberra, ACT", "canberra australian capital territory", "UN/LOCODE:AUCBR", "Canberra, Australia", "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory" ]

[ { "id": "4244876", "score": "1.6259499", "text": "Parliament of New South Wales The Parliament of New South Wales, located in Parliament House on Macquarie Street, Sydney, is the main legislative body in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW). It is a bicameral parliament elected by the people of the state in general elections. The parliament shares law making powers with the Australian Federal (or Commonwealth) Parliament. It is Australia's oldest legislature. The New South Wales Parliament follows the Westminster parliamentary traditions of dress, Green–Red chamber colours and protocol. The Parliament derives its authority from the Queen of Australia, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, represented by", "title": "Parliament of New South Wales" }, { "id": "10969511", "score": "1.6052017", "text": "Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney The Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney in Sydney, Australia are located at levels 19-21, 1 Bligh Street, Sydney. They serve as a venue for the Cabinet to meet whilst in Sydney. The former Commonwealth Parliament Offices in Sydney were located at Charterbridge House, 56-70 Phillip Street, Sydney, only one block from Circular Quay and across the road from the Museum of Sydney which is the site of the first Government House in Sydney. They were host to various international leaders During APEC Australia 2007 in September 2007, with visiting heads of state including President of the United", "title": "Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney" }, { "id": "2173538", "score": "1.5993564", "text": "Parliament House, Canberra Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The building was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and opened on 1988 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. It cost more than A$1.1 billion to build. Federal Parliament meetings were held in Melbourne until 1927. Between 1927 and 1988, the Parliament of Australia met in the Provisional Parliament House, which is now known as \"Old Parliament House\". Construction of Australia's permanent Parliament House was delayed while its location was debated. Construction of the new building began in 1981.", "title": "Parliament House, Canberra" }, { "id": "2045321", "score": "1.5957186", "text": "Parliament of Australia The Parliament of Australia (also known as the Commonwealth Parliament or just Parliament) is the legislative branch of the government of Australia. It consists of three elements: the Crown (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate and the House of Representatives. The combination of two elected chambers, in which the members of the Senate represent the states and territories while the members of the House represent electoral divisions according to population, is modelled on the United States Congress. Through both chambers, however, there is a fused executive, drawn from the Westminster System. The upper house, the Senate, consists", "title": "Parliament of Australia" }, { "id": "20292918", "score": "1.5729048", "text": "45th Parliament of Australia The 45th Parliament of Australia is a meeting of the legislative branch of the Australian federal government, composed of the Australian Senate and the Australian House of Representatives. It has been meeting in Canberra from 30 August 2016 to the present. The 2016 general election held on 2 July gave the Coalition of the Liberal and National Parties control of the House, albeit with a slimmer majority than the 44th Parliament, allowing their leader Malcolm Turnbull to stay in office as the 29th Prime Minister of Australia. At the 2016 federal election, in the 150-seat House", "title": "45th Parliament of Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parliament of Australia\n\nThe Parliament of Australia (officially the Federal Parliament, The combination of two elected chambers, in which the members of the Senate represent the states and territories while the members of the House represent electoral divisions according to population, is modelled on the United States Congress. Through both chambers, however, there is a fused executive, drawn from the Westminster system.\n\nThe upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members: twelve for each state, and two each for the territories, Northern Territory (including Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands) and the Australian Capital Territory (including Norfolk Island and the Jervis Bay Territory). Senators are elected using the single transferable vote proportional representation system and as a result, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition has not held a majority in the Senate since 1981 (except between 2005 and 2007) and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and Independents to get legislation passed.\n\nThe lower house, the House of Representatives, currently consists of 151 members, each elected using full-preference instant-runoff voting from single-member constituencies known as electoral divisions (and commonly referred to as \"electorates\" or \"seats\"). This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major political groups, the centre-right Coalition (consisting of the Liberal and National Parties) and the centre-left Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power.\n\nThe House of Representatives has a maximum term of three years, although it can be dissolved early. The Senate has fixed terms, with 36 Senators' terms expiring every three years (the terms of the four territory senators are linked to House elections). As a result, House and Senate elections almost always coincide. A deadlock-breaking mechanism known as a double dissolution can be used to dissolve the full Senate as well as the House if the Senate refuses to pass a piece of legislation passed by the House.\n\nThe two Houses meet in separate chambers of Parliament House (except in a rare joint sitting) on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.", "title": "Parliament of Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parliament House, Canberra\n\nParliament House, also referred to as Capital Hill or simply Parliament, is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, and the seat of the legislative branch of the Australian Government. Located in Canberra, the Parliament building is situated on the southern apex of the Parliamentary Triangle atop Capital Hill, at the meeting point of Commonwealth, Adelaide, Canberra and Kings Avenue enclosed by the State Circle.\n\nParliament House was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and built by a Concrete Constructions and John Holland joint venture. It was opened on 1988 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. It cost more than A$1.1 billion (equivalent to about $ billion in ) to build.\n\nFederal Parliament meetings were held in Melbourne until 1927. Between 1927 and 1988, the Parliament of Australia met in the Provisional Parliament House, which is now known as \"Old Parliament House\". The construction of Australia's permanent Parliament House was delayed while its location was debated. Construction of the new building began in 1981. The principal design of the structure is based on the shape of two boomerangs and is topped by an flagpole. The flag above Parliament House is one of the biggest in Australia, measuring by .<ref name=\"PEO\" />\n\nParliament House contains 4,700 rooms, and many areas are open to the public. The main foyer contains a marble staircase and leads to the Great Hall, which has a large tapestry on display. The House of Representatives chamber is decorated green, while the Senate chamber has a red colour scheme. Between the two chambers is the Members' Hall, which has a water feature and is not open to the public. The Ministerial Wing houses the Prime Minister's Office and other ministerial offices.", "title": "Parliament House, Canberra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australian House of Representatives\n\nThe House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate. Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia.\n\nThe term of members of the House of Representatives is a maximum of three years from the date of the first sitting of the House, but on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached. The House is almost always dissolved earlier, usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses. Elections for members of the House of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate. A member of the House may be referred to as a \"Member of Parliament\" (\"MP\" or \"Member\"), while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a \"Senator\". The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power.\n\nThe House of Representatives currently consists of 151 members, elected by and representing single member districts known as electoral divisions (commonly referred to as \"electorates\" or \"seats\"). The number of members is not fixed but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, which are required on a regular basis. The most recent overall increase in the size of the House, which came into effect at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, increased to 150 at the 2001 election, and stands at 151 as of the 2022 Australian federal election.\n\nThe House of Representatives chamber is designed to seat up to 172 Members, with provision for an ultimate total of 240 to be accommodated. \n\nEach division elects one member using full-preferential instant-runoff voting. This was put in place after the 1918 Swan by-election, which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote and the help of vote splitting in the conservative parties. The Nationalist government of the time changed the lower house voting system from first-past-the-post to full-preferential voting, effective from the 1919 general election.", "title": "Australian House of Representatives" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australian Government\n\nThe Australian Government, also known as the Commonwealth Government, is the national government of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Like other Westminster-style systems of government, the Australian Government is made up of three branches: the executive (the prime minister, the ministers, and government departments), the legislative (the Parliament of Australia), and the judicial.\n\nThe legislative branch, the federal Parliament, is made up of two chambers: the House of Representatives (lower house) and Senate (upper house). The House of Representatives has 151 members, each representing an individual electoral district of about 165,000 people. The Senate has 76 members: twelve from each of the six states and two each from Australia's internal territories, the Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory. The Australian monarch, currently King Charles III, is represented by the governor-general. The Australian Government in its executive capacity is formed by the party or coalition with a majority in the House of Representatives, with the prime minister being the parliamentary leader who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives. The prime minister is formally appointed to the role by the governor-general.\n\nThe government is based in the nation's capital, Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory. The head offices of all fourteen federal departments lie in Canberra, along with Parliament House and the High Court. The judicial branch of government, headed by the High Court of Australia, is independent of the legislative and executive branch, and ensures that government acts according to the constitution and law. As a founding member of the Commonwealth and a former British colony before Federation in 1901, Australia's Constitution is influenced heavily by the British Westminster system of government, as well as the United States Constitution.", "title": "Australian Government" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Australia" }, { "id": "2933032", "score": "1.5618746", "text": "Parliaments of the Australian states and territories The Parliaments of the Australian states and territories are legislative bodies within the federal framework of the Commonwealth of Australia. All the parliaments are based on the Westminster system, and each is regulated by its own constitution. Queensland and the two territories have unicameral parliaments, with the single house being called Legislative Assembly. The other states have a bicameral parliament, with a lower house called the Legislative Assembly (New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia) or House of Assembly (South Australia and Tasmania). Before the formation of the Commonwealth in 1901, the six", "title": "Parliaments of the Australian states and territories" }, { "id": "2173560", "score": "1.5560112", "text": "than 10 kW.' Parliament House, Canberra Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The building was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and opened on 1988 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. It cost more than A$1.1 billion to build. Federal Parliament meetings were held in Melbourne until 1927. Between 1927 and 1988, the Parliament of Australia met in the Provisional Parliament House, which is now known as \"Old Parliament House\". Construction of Australia's permanent Parliament House was delayed while its location was debated. Construction of the new building", "title": "Parliament House, Canberra" }, { "id": "7570231", "score": "1.5446539", "text": "It is bicameral, and has been influenced both by the Westminster system and United States federalism. Under Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia, Parliament consists of three components: the Monarch, the Senate, and the House of Representatives. The Australian Parliament is the world's sixth oldest continuous democracy. The Australian House of Representatives has 150 members, each elected for a flexible term of office not exceeding three years, to represent a single electoral division, commonly referred to as an electorate or seat. Voting within each electorate utilizes the instant-runoff system of preferential voting, which has its origins in Australia. The", "title": "Politics of Australia" }, { "id": "10969512", "score": "1.5433943", "text": "States George W. Bush, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao and the Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe. The Sydney Office of the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard was situated on the 9th floor of the building. Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney The Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney in Sydney, Australia are located at levels 19-21, 1 Bligh Street, Sydney. They serve as a venue for the Cabinet to meet whilst in Sydney. The former Commonwealth Parliament Offices in Sydney were located at Charterbridge House, 56-70 Phillip Street, Sydney, only one", "title": "Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney" }, { "id": "2933042", "score": "1.5418277", "text": "Established in 1993, the Shire Council consists of 7 members serving terms of four years. Elections for half the seats are held every two years. Parliaments of the Australian states and territories The Parliaments of the Australian states and territories are legislative bodies within the federal framework of the Commonwealth of Australia. All the parliaments are based on the Westminster system, and each is regulated by its own constitution. Queensland and the two territories have unicameral parliaments, with the single house being called Legislative Assembly. The other states have a bicameral parliament, with a lower house called the Legislative Assembly", "title": "Parliaments of the Australian states and territories" }, { "id": "7550337", "score": "1.5327942", "text": "in Australasia. Melbourne served as federal capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house). The Labor Party led Daniel Andrews as premier has governed Victoria since 2014. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the", "title": "Victoria (Australia)" }, { "id": "7502986", "score": "1.5236999", "text": "mace of authority is to be found to the Speaker's side. There is a public gallery overlooking the chamber by which citizens may come and observe their government in session. Parliament House, Hobart Parliament House, Hobart, located on Salamanca Place in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is the meeting place of the Parliament of Tasmania. The building was originally designed as a customs house but changed use in 1841 when Tasmania achieved self-government. The building served both purposes from 1841 to 1904, when the customs offices were relocated. The island of Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) was claimed and subsequently", "title": "Parliament House, Hobart" }, { "id": "3930343", "score": "1.5193957", "text": "Parliament House, Melbourne Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Victoria, one of the parliaments of the Australian states and territories. The building is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The building is located on Spring Street in East Melbourne, Victoria. Construction began in 1855, and the building was officially opened the following year; however, it was not totally completed until 1929. Beginning in 1901, it served as the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, during the period when Melbourne was the temporary national capital. The federal parliament moved to Parliament House, Canberra, in 1927, allowing", "title": "Parliament House, Melbourne" }, { "id": "4529383", "score": "1.5193881", "text": "2016 as a result of funding cuts. Old Parliament House, Canberra Old Parliament House, known formerly as the Provisional Parliament House, was the seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988. The building began operation on 9 May 1927 after Parliament's relocation from Melbourne to the new capital, Canberra. In 1988, the Commonwealth Parliament transferred to the new Parliament House on Capital Hill. It also serves as a venue for temporary exhibitions, lectures and concerts. On 2 May 2008 it was made an Executive Agency of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. On 9 May 2009,", "title": "Old Parliament House, Canberra" }, { "id": "7555215", "score": "1.5170946", "text": "the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General. The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the \"Norfolk Island Act 1979\" through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government,", "title": "Australia" }, { "id": "19360435", "score": "1.512866", "text": "Parliamentary Library of Australia The Parliamentary Library of Australia (or Commonwealth Parliamentary Library) is the library of the Parliament of Australia, administered by its Department of Parliamentary Services. It provides library services to elected officials, namely members of the Senate and House of Representatives, as well as their staff, parliamentary committees, the Governor-General of Australia, and the staff of parliamentary departments. The library was established in 1901, the year of the federation of the Commonwealth of Australia. Control of the new library was controversial as the fledgling parliament was located in Melbourne where the Victorian premier and the library committee", "title": "Parliamentary Library of Australia" }, { "id": "2173541", "score": "1.5124978", "text": "State of New South Wales, and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney. Such territory shall contain an area of not less than one hundred square miles, and such portion thereof as shall consist of Crown lands shall be granted to the Commonwealth without any payment therefor. The Parliament shall sit at Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government. In 1909, after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be in the southern part of New South Wales, on the site which is now Canberra. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land", "title": "Parliament House, Canberra" }, { "id": "7570230", "score": "1.5116386", "text": "Politics of Australia The politics of Australia take place within the framework of a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Australians elect parliamentarians to the federal Parliament of Australia, a bicameral body which incorporates elements of the fused executive inherited from the Westminster system, and a strong federalist senate, adopted from the United States Congress. Australia largely operates as a two-party system in which voting is compulsory. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Australia as a \"full democracy\" in 2017. The Parliament of Australia, also known as the Commonwealth Parliament or Federal Parliament, is the legislative branch of the government of Australia.", "title": "Politics of Australia" }, { "id": "11327351", "score": "1.5068115", "text": "Australia and New Zealand Association of Clerks-at-the-Table The Australia and New Zealand Association of Clerks-at-the-Table (ANZACATT) is an association involving the Parliaments of Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island with the aim of advancing the professional development of its members, particularly in relation to the principles of parliamentary systems and parliamentary procedure. It was formed in 2001 and now comprises 80 members from each House of Parliament in Australia, Norfolk Island and New Zealand. The sharing of professional experiences and knowledge about the institution of Parliament and the development of links with similar organizations are also amongst the Association's aims.", "title": "Australia and New Zealand Association of Clerks-at-the-Table" }, { "id": "2045325", "score": "1.502161", "text": "opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was large enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927 the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne, which it borrowed from the Parliament of Victoria (which sat, instead, in the Royal Exhibition Building until 1927). It had always been intended that the national Parliament would sit in a new national capital. This was a compromise at Federation due to the", "title": "Parliament of Australia" } ]

[ "Twiggy Lawson", "twiggy model", "twiggy lawson", "lesley hornby", "Twiggy", "Twiggie", "Leslie Hornby", "Lesley Lawson", "Twigy", "leslie hornby", "Twiggy (model)", "lesley lawson", "twigy", "twiggie", "twiggy", "Lesley Hornby" ]

[ { "id": "1659980", "score": "2.2002325", "text": "with a face to launch a thousand shapes... and she's only 16\". Hornby's career quickly took off. She was short for a model at 5'6\" (167 cm), weighed eight stone (51 kg; 112 lbs) and had a 31-23-32 figure, \"with a new kind of streamlined, androgynous sex appeal\" Her hairdresser boyfriend, Nigel Davies, became her manager, changed his name to Justin de Villeneuve, and persuaded her to change her name to Twiggy (from \"Twigs\", her childhood nickname). De Villeneuve credits himself for Twiggy's discovery and her modelling success, and his version of events is often quoted in other biographies. In", "title": "Twiggy" }, { "id": "1659973", "score": "2.1976495", "text": "Twiggy Lesley Lawson (\"née\" Hornby; born 19 September 1949) is an English model, actress, and singer widely known by the nickname Twiggy. She was a British cultural icon and a prominent teenage model in swinging sixties London. Twiggy was initially known for her thin build (thus her nickname) and her androgynous look consisting of big eyes, long eyelashes, and short hair. In 1966, she was named \"The Face of 1966\" by the \"Daily Express\" and voted British Woman of the Year. By 1967, she had modelled in France, Japan, and the US, and had landed on the covers of \"Vogue\"", "title": "Twiggy" }, { "id": "1659979", "score": "2.0672026", "text": "Leonard. The hair stylist was looking for models on whom to try out his new crop haircut and he styled her hair in preparation for a few test head shots. A professional photographer Barry Lategan took several photos for Leonard, which the hairdresser hung in his salon. Deirdre McSharry, a fashion journalist from the \"Daily Express\", saw the images and asked to meet the young girl. McSharry arranged to have more photos taken. A few weeks later the publication featured an article and images of Hornby, declaring her \"The Face of '66\". In it, the copy read: \"The Cockney kid", "title": "Twiggy" }, { "id": "1659975", "score": "2.0161374", "text": "Erin O'Connor, Lily Cole, and others. In 2012, she worked alongside Marks & Spencer's designers to launch an exclusive clothing collection for the M&S Woman range. She was born Lesley Hornby on 19 September 1949, and was brought up in Neasden (then in Middlesex, now a suburb of north-west London). She was the third daughter of Nellie Lydia (\"née\" Reeman), a factory worker for a printing firm, and William Norman Hornby, a master carpenter and joiner from Lancashire. Her maternal grandfather was Jewish. Their first daughter, Shirley, had been born fifteen years earlier; their second, Vivien, had been born seven", "title": "Twiggy" }, { "id": "8139760", "score": "1.9963316", "text": "1965; Twiggy (b. Lesley Hornby, 1949), who became \"The Face of '66\"; and Kate Moss (b. 1974), associated in the 1990s with the \"waif\" look and what, notably through an advertising campaign for Calvin Klein in 1997, became known as \"heroin chic.\" Moss was part of a trend of \"wafer\" thin models which was satirized in Neil Kerber’s strip cartoon \"Supermodels\" in the magazine \"Private Eye\". Gamines share similarities with the modern, cinematic \"Manic Pixie Dream Girl\" stock character. Others who have been described as gamines include Danish-French actress Anna Karina (b. 1940); American actresses Julia Roberts (b. 1967) (she", "title": "Gamine" }, { "id": "17248384", "score": "1.99428", "text": "them to The House of Leonard, where the hairdresser shaped their pudding basin fringes into the ‘moptop’ cut that swept the world. Paul remained a client for decades. In 1966, Justin de Villeneuve brought a 15-year-old girl called Lesley Hornby with the nickname \"Twiggy\", to see Leonard, knowing \"he was looking for models on whom to try out his new crop haircut\". It was to be Leonard's first big coup as he took eight hours to cut her hair, with Daniel Galvin colouring it. \"They kept drying it to see if it fell right. Those short haircuts have to be", "title": "Leonard of Mayfair" }, { "id": "2631497", "score": "1.9460487", "text": "and the \"embodiment of the 1960s\". Like Pattie Boyd, the wife of Beatles guitarist George Harrison, Shrimpton gained international fame for her embodiment of the \"British female 'look' – mini-skirt, long, straight hair and wide-eyed loveliness\", characteristics that defined Western fashion following the arrival of the Beatles and other British Invasion acts in 1964.<ref name=\"Hibbert/HistoryOfRock\"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref> Other popular models of the era included Veruschka, Peggy Moffitt and Penelope Tree. The model Twiggy has been called \"the face of 1966\" and \"the Queen of Mod\", a label she shared with, among others, Cathy McGowan, the host", "title": "Swinging Sixties" }, { "id": "1659989", "score": "1.9225748", "text": "which appeared in the \"Daily Express\" under the headline 'The Face of '66' \" than with his promotional efforts. She has stated several times that she is only really remembered for her modelling career although it was \"only a short part of my life\". She began to develop a film interest through her weekly visits to Ken Russell's house; they would watch old films together, which included people like Greta Garbo, Clark Gable and other Hollywood actors and actresses. This began to give Twiggy a new outlook on the way she dressed and the way she wore her hair, which", "title": "Twiggy" }, { "id": "2631496", "score": "1.9128485", "text": "Radio Caroline and Radio London, and from 1967 on BBC Radio One. During the Swinging Sixties, fashion and photography were featured in \"Queen\" magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer Mary Quant. Mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable London shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and King's Road, Chelsea. The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels. She was the world's highest paid and most photographed model during this time. Shrimpton was called \"The Face of the '60s\", in which she has been considered by many as \"the symbol of Swinging London\"", "title": "Swinging Sixties" }, { "id": "20577928", "score": "1.8998065", "text": "Leeds, she left for London. At the age of 18, she was spotted in London's Bond Street by top fashion photographer Helmut Newton who stepped out of a taxi and offered her a contract launching a decade-long international modelling career as Vikki Nixon in 1966. Subsequently she appeared in French, English, Italian and American \"Vogue\", \"Harpers Bazaar\", \"Glamour\", \"Nova\", \"19\" and \"Elle\". She was selected as the Daily Mail's 'Face of 68', Jean Rook described her as \"the grown up face of '68\" and someone who would \"set fire to the pages of the glossy magazines in the New Year.\"", "title": "Victoria Nixon" }, { "id": "1659978", "score": "1.887012", "text": "Children. The campaign was launched by crafting company Stampin' Up! UK and the cards were auctioned off on eBay during May 2014. Twiggy is best remembered as one of the first international supermodels and a fashion icon of the 1960s. Her greatest influence is Jean Shrimpton, whom Twiggy considers to be the world's first supermodel. She has also said that she based her \"look\" on Pattie Boyd. Twiggy herself has been described as the successor to Shrimpton. In January 1966, young Lesley Hornby had her hair coloured and cut short in London at Leonard of Mayfair, owned by celebrity hairdresser", "title": "Twiggy" }, { "id": "8139762", "score": "1.8841218", "text": "Knightley (b. 1985), and Emma Watson (b. 1990); Portuguese actress Maria de Medeiros (b. 1965); French actresses Juliette Binoche (b. 1964), Audrey Tautou (b. 1976), and Vanessa Paradis (b. 1972); Israeli-American actress Natalie Portman (b. 1981); Canadian model Linda Evangelista (b. 1965); American models Kristen McMenamy (b. 1964) and Tina Chow (1951–92) (whose \"gamine look made her the darling of [photographers] Cecil Beaton and Arthur Elgort\"); Russian tennis player Anastasia Myskina (b. 1981); and American singer Cat Power (b. Chan Marshall, 1972) (\"The French, in particular, took to her gamine looks and confused air\"). Penelope Chetwode (1910–86), later Lady Betjeman,", "title": "Gamine" }, { "id": "592736", "score": "1.8637841", "text": "and dominated the London fashion scene and were well paid, unlike their predecessors. Twiggy became The Face of '66 at the age of 16. At this time, model agencies were not as restrictive about the models they represented, although it was uncommon for them to sign shorter models. Twiggy, who stood at with a 32\" bust and had a boy's haircut, is credited with changing model ideals. At that time, she earned £80 an hour, while the average wage was £15 a week. In 1967, seven of the top model agents in London formed the Association of London Model Agents.", "title": "Model (person)" }, { "id": "3437546", "score": "1.8572853", "text": "on the cover of British \"Vogue\". Other popular models of the day, such as Twiggy, based their modelling appearance on Boyd. In the description of journalist Tom Hibbert, Boyd and Jean Shrimpton became \"international celebrities\" as the embodiment of the \"British female 'look' – mini-skirt, long, straight hair and wide-eyed loveliness\". This look defined Western fashion for women as a result of the international popularity of the Beatles and other British Invasion musical acts from 1964 onwards.<ref name=\"Hibbert/HistoryOfRock\"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref> In her autobiography, Boyd recalls being known as the muse to designer Ossie Clark, who used", "title": "Pattie Boyd" }, { "id": "19211339", "score": "1.8512766", "text": "an interview for the Italian version of Vogue and she luckily landed the part. Not so long after, she signed a contract with Avon and Clairol’s \"Born Beautiful\" hair color No. 512. It is often said that her greatest modeling gig she had was appearing on a box of Clairol in the 1970s. She was the face of No. 512, Dark Auburn, in the \"Born Beautiful\" hair color collection. Although being transgender in the modeling industry was difficult, Norman never let that affect her. Norman booked jobs over cisgender models making a huge impact on not only the modeling industry", "title": "Tracey Norman" }, { "id": "14416121", "score": "1.8508668", "text": "the perfect fit for the post-war 'New Look' fashions and she had what \"Vogue\" has described as the \"mink and diamonds\" look, thanks in part to her gamine short haircut (later more bouffant), arched and elongated eyebrows and high cheekbones. She said: \"I was seven and a half stone and my measurements were: charlies 33, waist 18 – yes really – and hips 31\". Early on in her career, she became a favourite of \"Vogue\" photographer Clifford Coffin, and was also to work with leading fashion names such as Norman Parkinson and Anthony Denney. Her big break came when she", "title": "Barbara Goalen" }, { "id": "1631215", "score": "1.8455932", "text": "Mary Quant Dame Barbara Mary Quant, Mrs Plunket Greene, DBE, FCSD, RDI (born 11 February 1934) is an English fashion designer and fashion icon, who is of Welsh heritage. She became an instrumental figure in the 1960s London-based Mod and youth fashion movements. She was one of the designers who took credit for the miniskirt and hotpants, and by promoting these and other fun fashions she encouraged young people to dress to please themselves and to treat fashion as a game. Ernestine Carter, an authoritative and influential fashion journalist of the 1950s and 1960s, wrote: \"It is given to a", "title": "Mary Quant" }, { "id": "5836583", "score": "1.8428748", "text": "film, \"We'll Take Manhattan\", with Karen Gillan playing the part of Shrimpton. Jean Shrimpton Jean Rosemary Shrimpton (born 7 November 1942) is an English model and actress. She was an icon of Swinging London and is considered to be one of the world's first supermodels. She appeared on numerous magazine covers including \"Vogue\", \"Harper's Bazaar\", \"Vanity Fair\", \"Glamour\", \"Elle\", \"Ladies' Home Journal\", \"Newsweek\", and \"Time\". In 2009, Shrimpton was named by \"Harper's Bazaar\" as one of the 26 best models of all time and in 2012, by \"Time\" as one of the 100 most influential fashion icons of all time.", "title": "Jean Shrimpton" }, { "id": "10318253", "score": "1.838488", "text": "in \"Since\" (1966), \"Superboy\" (1966), \"Chelsea Girls\" (1966), \"**** (The 24 Hour Movie)\" (1967), and \"Midnight Cowboy\" (1969). She was, in Warhol's words, \"very beautiful\". A tall, long-necked brunette with graceful physicality, she impressed the artist deeply. She worked diligently on her personal cosmetics regimen, a process which Warhol observed with fascination: \"Watching someone like Susan Bottomly, who had such perfect, full, fine features, doing all this on her face was like watching a beautiful statue painting itself.\" Susan Bottomly Susan Bottomly (born 1950), also known as International Velvet, is a former American model and actress. She is known for", "title": "Susan Bottomly" }, { "id": "18583031", "score": "1.8281183", "text": "Barbara Cheeseborough Barbara Cheeseborough (née Bowman) (March 14, 1946 – October 24, 2013) was an American fashion model of the 1960s and 1970s, known for promoting an \"Afrocentric\" style. Cheeseborough was born March 14, 1946 in Philadelphia, and after her marriage to William Edward Cheeseborough, a fashion photographer, she moved to New York City to begin a career in fashion modelling. Her career spanned 20+ years and she appeared in \"Essence\", \"Bazaar\", \"Redbook\", \"Vogue\" and \"Cosmopolitan\" magazines. She famously appeared on the cover of the first issue of \"Essence Magazine\" in 1970. Her appearance on the cover of \"Essence\" was", "title": "Barbara Cheeseborough" } ]

[ "clarion globe", "The Philharmonic Glee Club Rock n Roll Band", "Clarion & Globe", "The Goodies", "goodies", "philharmonic glee club rock n roll band", "The Goodies," ]

[ { "id": "5532504", "score": "1.9143203", "text": "Goodies At Last\". All of the programmes, however, survive as off-air audio recordings made by a fan at the time of original transmission. Broaden Your Mind Broaden Your Mind (1968–1969) was a British television comedy series starring Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden, joined by Bill Oddie for the second series. Guest cast members included Michael Palin, Terry Jones, Jo Kendall, Roland MacLeod and Nicholas McArdle. It was one of BBC2's earliest programmes to be completely broadcast in colour, which had been introduced by the network a year earlier. Directed by Jim Franklin, the series was a precursor to the television", "title": "Broaden Your Mind" }, { "id": "420674", "score": "1.8890893", "text": "In 1968 Brooke-Taylor appeared with Cleese, Michael Palin and Graham Chapman in \"How to Irritate People.\" Garden and Oddie took part in \"Twice a Fortnight\" (with Michael Palin, Terry Jones and Jonathan Lynn), before Brooke-Taylor, Garden, and Oddie worked on the late 1960s TV show \"Broaden Your Mind\" (of which only about ten minutes survives). The original BBC television series ran from November 1970 to February 1980 on BBC 2, with 67 half-hour episodes, and two forty-five-minute Christmas specials. The series was created by Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and originally co-written by all three, with Oddie providing", "title": "The Goodies" }, { "id": "420696", "score": "1.8724396", "text": "sitcoms \"You Must Be The Husband\" (with Diane Keen and Sheila Steafel), and \"Me and My Girl\" (with Richard O'Sullivan and Joan Sanderson). He also played in a televised pro-celebrity golf match opposite Bruce Forsyth. Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie were writers/performers on the television comedy series \"Twice a Fortnight\" (which also included Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Jonathan Lynn in the cast). Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden were writers/performers on the television comedy series \"Broaden Your Mind\", with Bill Oddie joining them for the second series. The three writers and performers also collaborated on the 1983 animated children's programme", "title": "The Goodies" }, { "id": "56040", "score": "1.8682573", "text": "and performer in the comedy series \"Twice a Fortnight\" with Graeme Garden, Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Jonathan Lynn. Later, he was co-writer and performer in the comedy series \"Broaden Your Mind\" with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden, for which Oddie became a cast member for the second series. Oddie, Brooke-Taylor and Garden then co-wrote and appeared in their television comedy series \"The Goodies\". The Goodies also released records, including \"Father Christmas Do Not Touch Me\"/\"The In-Betweenies\", \"Funky Gibbon\", and \"Black Pudding Bertha\", which were hit singles in 1974–75. They reformed, briefly, in 2005, for a successful 13-date tour of", "title": "Bill Oddie" }, { "id": "609100", "score": "1.8511475", "text": "\"Funky Gibbon\"). Garden and Bill Oddie co-wrote many episodes of the television sitcom \"Doctor in the House\", including most of the first series episodes, and all of the second series episodes - as well as co-writing episodes of the subsequent \"Doctor at Large\" and \"Doctor in Charge\" series. Garden was co-writer and performer in the sketch show \"Twice a Fortnight\" with Bill Oddie, Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Jonathan Lynn, and also sketch show \"Broaden Your Mind\" with Tim Brooke-Taylor, with Bill Oddie joining the cast for the second series. In 1982 Garden and Oddie wrote, but did not perform", "title": "Graeme Garden" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue\n\nI'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue is a BBC radio comedy panel game. Billed as \"the antidote to panel games\", it consists of two teams of two comedians being given \"silly things to do\" by a chairman. The show was launched in April 1972 as a parody of radio and TV panel games, and has been broadcast since on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service, with repeats aired on BBC Radio 4 Extra and, in the 1980s and 1990s, on BBC Radio 2. The 50th series was broadcast in November and December 2007.\n\nAfter a period of split chairmanship in the first series, Humphrey Lyttelton (\"Humph\") served in this role from the programme's inception until his hospitalisation and subsequent death in 2008, which led to the cancellation of the 51st series. The show recommenced on 15 June 2009 with Lyttelton replaced by three hosts: Stephen Fry, Jack Dee and Rob Brydon. Dee went on to host all episodes of the 52nd series later that year, and continues in that role. The chairman's script was most recently written by Iain Pattinson, who worked on the show from 1992 until his death in 2021.", "title": "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monty Python\n\nMonty Python (also collectively known as the Pythons) were a British comedy troupe who created the sketch comedy television show \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\", which first aired on the BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and influence, including touring stage shows, films, albums, books and musicals. The Pythons' influence on comedy has been compared to the Beatles' influence on music. Regarded as an enduring icon of 1970s pop culture, their sketch show has been referred to as being \"an important moment in the evolution of television comedy\".\n\nBroadcast by the BBC between 1969 and 1974, \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" was conceived, written and performed by its members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach aided by Gilliam's animation, it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content. A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons had creative control which allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Following their television work, they began making films, including \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail\" (1975), \"Life of Brian\" (1979) and \"The Meaning of Life\" (1983). Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America, it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of \"Saturday Night Live\" through to absurdist trends in television comedy. \"Pythonesque\" has entered the English lexicon as a result.\n\nAt the 41st British Academy Film Awards in 1988, Monty Python received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema. In 1998, they were awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute. Many sketches from their TV show and films are well-known and widely quoted. Both \"Holy Grail\" and \"Life of Brian\" are frequently ranked in lists of greatest comedy films. In a 2005 poll of over 300 comics, comedy writers, producers and directors throughout the English-speaking world to find \"The Comedian's Comedian\", three of the six Pythons members were voted to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at No. 2, Idle at No. 21, and Palin at No. 30.", "title": "Monty Python" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michael Palin\n\nSir Michael Edward Palin (; born 5 May 1943) is an English actor, comedian, writer, television presenter, and public speaker. He was a member of the Monty Python comedy group. Since 1980, he has made a number of travel documentaries.\n\nPalin wrote most of his comedic material with fellow Python member Terry Jones. Before Monty Python, they had worked on other shows including the \"Ken Dodd Show\", \"The Frost Report\", and \"Do Not Adjust Your Set\". Palin appeared in some of the most famous Python sketches, including \"Argument Clinic\", \"Dead Parrot sketch\", \"The Lumberjack Song\", \"The Spanish Inquisition\", \"Bicycle Repair Man\" and \"The Fish-Slapping Dance\". He also regularly played a Gumby.\n\nPalin continued to work with Jones away from Python, co-writing \"Ripping Yarns\". He has also appeared in several films directed by fellow Python Terry Gilliam and made notable appearances in other films such as \"A Fish Called Wanda\" (1988), for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He also began a new career as a travel writer and travel documentarian in programmes broadcast on the BBC. His journeys have taken him across the world, including the North and South Poles, the Sahara, the Himalayas, Eastern Europe, and Brazil; in 2018, he visited North Korea, documenting his visit to the isolated country in a series broadcast on Channel 5.\n\nIn a 2005 poll to find \"The Comedians' Comedian\", Palin was voted the 30th favourite by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. From 2009 to 2012 he was President of the Royal Geographical Society. On 12 May 2013, Palin was made a BAFTA fellow, the highest honour that is conferred by the organisation. Having been appointed a CBE for services to television in the 2000 New Year Honours, Palin received a knighthood in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to travel, culture and geography.", "title": "Michael Palin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Give Us a Clue\n\nGive Us a Clue is a British televised game show version of charades which was broadcast on ITV from 1979 to 1992. The original host was Michael Aspel from 1979 to 1984, followed by Michael Parkinson from 1984 to 1992. The show featured two teams, one captained by Lionel Blair and the other by Una Stubbs. Later versions of the programme had Liza Goddard as captain of the women's team. Norman Vaughan stood in for Blair for a short spell in 1980. Originally, each team consisted of the captain, two celebrities and one non-celebrity. The non-celebrity participation was dropped and another celebrity was added in their place. On one infamous edition of the programme, the male non-celebrity was handed the title he had to mime on a card by host Michael Aspel, but, rather than read the title, he read the wrong side of the card, on which his name was printed. He thus mimed his name to his teammates. Lionel Blair later wrote this incident led to the dropping of non-celebrity participants.\n\nA revived version was broadcast by BBC One in 1997 over 30 episodes, hosted by Tim Clark. Teams were captained by Christopher Blake and Julie Peasgood and the show introduced a lateral thinking puzzle (which the host could \"give clues to\"). \"Give Us a Clue\" returned for a special Comic Relief episode in March 2011 with Sara Cox, Christopher Biggins, Lionel Blair, Una Stubbs, Holly Walsh, Jenni Falconer and David Walliams.", "title": "Give Us a Clue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1997 in British television\n\nThis is a list of British television related events from 1997.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1997 in British television" }, { "id": "56042", "score": "1.8127096", "text": "which Garden and Brooke-Taylor are regular panellists. In 1982 Garden and Oddie wrote, but did not perform in, a six-part science fiction sitcom called \"Astronauts\" for Central and ITV. The show was set in an international space station in the near future. Oddie's first published work was an article about the birdlife of Birmingham's Bartley Reservoir in the West Midland Bird Club's 1962 Annual Report (he is first credited in the 1956 report, in which reports of his bird observations are tagged with his initials \"WEO\"). He has since written a number of books about birds and birdwatching, as well", "title": "Bill Oddie" }, { "id": "5532502", "score": "1.795557", "text": "Broaden Your Mind Broaden Your Mind (1968–1969) was a British television comedy series starring Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden, joined by Bill Oddie for the second series. Guest cast members included Michael Palin, Terry Jones, Jo Kendall, Roland MacLeod and Nicholas McArdle. It was one of BBC2's earliest programmes to be completely broadcast in colour, which had been introduced by the network a year earlier. Directed by Jim Franklin, the series was a precursor to the television comedy series \"The Goodies\" (of which early titles under consideration included \"\"Narrow Your Mind\"\"). Writers for the series included Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden,", "title": "Broaden Your Mind" }, { "id": "420694", "score": "1.7824647", "text": "onwards, again sung by Bill. This variation lasted for the rest of the TV series and also surfaced on later Goodies LP's and eventually singles. Tim Brooke-Taylor was a writer/performer on the television comedy series \"At Last the 1948 Show\" (which also included John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman in the cast), in which Eric Idle and Bill Oddie guest starred in some of the episodes. The famous \"Four Yorkshiremen\" sketch was co-written by the four writers/performers of the series – Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman. Tim Brooke-Taylor was a cast member of the television", "title": "The Goodies" }, { "id": "420671", "score": "1.766103", "text": "The Goodies The Goodies are a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote for and performed in their eponymous television comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s, combining sketches and situation comedy. The three actors met each other as undergraduates at Cambridge University, where Brooke-Taylor was studying law, Garden was studying medicine, and Oddie was studying English. Their contemporaries included Graham Chapman, John Cleese, and Eric Idle, who later became members of Monty Python, and with whom they became close friends. Brooke-Taylor and Cleese studied together and swapped lecture notes as they were", "title": "The Goodies" }, { "id": "420697", "score": "1.7547631", "text": "\"Bananaman\", where they played various voice roles. Bill Oddie has occasionally appeared on the BBC Radio 4 panel game \"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue\", on which Garden and Brooke-Taylor are regular panellists. Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie worked on the television comedy \"Doctor in the House\": they co-wrote most of the first series and all of the second. Garden also appeared as a television interviewer in the series, in the episode titled \"On the Box\". During 1981-1983 Garden and Oddie wrote, but did not perform in, a science fiction sitcom called \"Astronauts\" for Central and ITV. The show was", "title": "The Goodies" }, { "id": "7566887", "score": "1.7417822", "text": "contemporary UK \"alternative\" comedy hit, \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". Whilst this comparison irritated them, Oddie, Garden and Brooke-Taylor were old university friends of the \"Monty Python\" cast. They had worked together on several projects, including the Cambridge University's Footlights Club revues, the radio show \"I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again\", and television shows such as \"Broaden Your Mind\", \"Twice a Fortnight\", and a number of the Amnesty International benefit shows. \"At Last the 1948 Show\" was another show with multiple connections to the Pythons; it included the \"Four Yorkshiremen\" sketch, co-written and performed by Brooke-Taylor with John Cleese, Graham Chapman", "title": "The Goodies (TV series)" }, { "id": "664691", "score": "1.7168615", "text": "Gent, Auntie and Appleman. He also lent his voice to the children's TV series \"Gideon\". Tim appeared, with Bill Oddie and Graeme Garden, in the Amnesty International show \"A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)\" (during which they sang their hit song \"Funky Gibbon\"), and also appeared in the Amnesty International show \"The Secret Policeman's Other Ball\" in the sketches \"Top of the Form\" (with John Cleese, Graham Chapman, John Bird, John Fortune, Rowan Atkinson and Griff Rhys Jones), and \"Cha Cha Cha\" (with John Cleese and Graham Chapman). Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie also appeared on", "title": "Tim Brooke-Taylor" }, { "id": "551473", "score": "1.6965878", "text": "of British sitcom. Well-remembered series include John Cleese and Connie Booth's farcical \"Fawlty Towers\" (1975, 1979), John Esmonde and Bob Larbey's self-sufficiency comedy \"The Good Life\" (1975–78). \"Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?\" (1973–74), a sequel to the earlier show, surpassed the original, while the same writers (Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais) provided Ronnie Barker with his most successful sitcom vehicle, \"Porridge\" (1974–77). Barker also starred (along with David Jason) in the very popular \"Open All Hours\" (1973, 1976–85), written by Roy Clarke. Clarke's long-running \"Last of the Summer Wine\" began in 1973 and ended in 2010, becoming the", "title": "British sitcom" }, { "id": "664684", "score": "1.6937349", "text": "Garden, David Hatch and Jo Kendall. In the mid-'60s, Brooke-Taylor performed in the TV series \"On the Braden Beat\" with Canadian Bernard Braden, taking over the slot then-recently vacated by Peter Cook in his guise as E. L. Wisty. Brooke-Taylor played a reactionary right-wing city gent who believed he was the soul of tolerance. In 1967, Brooke-Taylor became a writer/performer on the television comedy series \"At Last the 1948 Show\", with John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman. The \"Four Yorkshiremen\" sketch was co-written by the four writers/performers of the series. The sketch was one of the few which survived", "title": "Tim Brooke-Taylor" }, { "id": "3575271", "score": "1.6851711", "text": "Pat Coombs, Joan Sanderson and Barbara Windsor Just Harry and Me (1 April 1971) starring Sheila Hancock, Donald Houston and Lynne Frederick. This was the pilot episode. The series was broadcast in two sections, the first of six episodes, then a break, followed by another seven episodes. 26 scripts were short-listed and this was pared down to 13. Uncle Tulip (8 April 1971) starring Geoffrey Lumsden and Renu Setna \"It's Awfully Bad For Your Eyes, Darling\" (15 April 1971) The Rough with the Smooth (22 April 1971) written by and starring Tim Brooke-Taylor and John Junkin Equal Partners (29 April", "title": "Comedy Playhouse" }, { "id": "664692", "score": "1.6816723", "text": "\"Top of the Pops\" with their song \"Funky Gibbon\". Brooke-Taylor also appeared with Graeme Garden in the theatre production of \"The Unvarnished Truth\". Other BBC radio programmes in which Brooke-Taylor played a part include the self-styled \"antidote to panel games\" \"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue\" which started in 1972, and Tim still appears regularly. On 18 February 1981 Brooke-Taylor was the subject of Thames Television's \"This Is Your Life\". Graeme Garden was a regular team captain on the political satire game show \"If I Ruled the World\". Tim Brooke-Taylor appeared as a guest in one episode, and, during the", "title": "Tim Brooke-Taylor" }, { "id": "5532569", "score": "1.6745985", "text": "the future stars of both \"Monty Python\" and \"The Goodies\", as well as for the future co-writer of \"Yes Minister\" and \"Yes, Prime Minister\". Twice a Fortnight Twice a Fortnight is a 1967 British sketch comedy television series with Terry Jones, Michael Palin, Graeme Garden, Bill Oddie, Jonathan Lynn and Tony Buffery. Graeme Garden suggested to the director, Tony Palmer, that Michael Palin and Terry Jones be included in the cast and writers of the show. As in the case of the radio comedy programme \"I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again\", and the television comedy programmes \"At Last the 1948", "title": "Twice a Fortnight" }, { "id": "7566876", "score": "1.6731604", "text": "The Goodies (TV series) The Goodies is a British television comedy series shown in the 1970s and early 1980s. The series, which combines surreal sketches and situation comedy, was broadcast by BBC 2 from 1970 to 1980. One seven-episode series was made for ITV company LWT and shown in 1981-82. The show was co-written by and starred Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (together known as \"The Goodies\"). Bill Oddie also wrote the music and songs for the series, while \"The Goodies Theme\" was co-written by Oddie and Michael Gibbs. Directors/producers of the series were John Howard Davies, Jim", "title": "The Goodies (TV series)" }, { "id": "16299428", "score": "1.6699519", "text": "comedy \"Two's Company\" (1975–79), about an American writer and her English butler, starred Elaine Strich and Donald Sinden. A later comedy series \"Seconds Out\" (1981–82), about a boxer, starred Robert Lindsay. His other television work includes plays for the \"Armchair Theatre\" series broadcast between 1970 and 1972, and episodes of \"Justice\" with Margaret Lockwood in a role as a barrister. Bill MacIlwraith William Pirie \"Bill\" MacIlwraith (13 April 1928 – 9 May 2016) was a British dramatist and screenwriter. Born in London, to Scottish parents, he trained as an actor at RADA and worked in repertory during the 1950s, performing", "title": "Bill MacIlwraith" }, { "id": "551477", "score": "1.6660123", "text": "successful of all British sitcoms, began in 1981 and was the most durable of several series written and created by John Sullivan. Other hits included the political satire \"Yes Minister\" (1980–84) and its sequel \"Yes, Prime Minister\" (1986–88), Esmonde and Larbey's suburban sitcom \"Ever Decreasing Circles\" (1984–89) and the sci-fi-comedy \"Red Dwarf\" (1988–). Other shows such as \"'Allo 'Allo!\" (1984–92) were reminiscent of 1970s sitcoms such as \"Are You Being Served?\" and \"Dad's Army\" unsurprising in light of the fact that all three involved the writer/producer David Croft and two were co-written by Jeremy Lloyd. Also worth mentioning is the", "title": "British sitcom" } ]

[ "Seafowl", "Sea-fowl", "marine bird", "Marine bird", "sea birds", "sea fowl", "marine birds", "sea bird", "Sea-bird", "Marine birds", "Seabird", "Seabirds", "Sea-birds", "Sea birds", "Sea bird", "seabird", "seafowl", "seabirds" ]

[ { "id": "2136103", "score": "1.7086964", "text": "Pigeon guillemot The pigeon guillemot (\"Cepphus columba\") is a species of bird in the auk family, Alcidae. One of three species in the genus \"Cepphus\", it is most closely related to the spectacled guillemot. There are five subspecies of the pigeon guillemot; all subspecies, when in , are dark brown with a black iridescent sheen, with a distinctive wing patch broken by a brown-black wedge. Its has a mottled grey and black and white . The long bill is black, as are the claws. The legs, feet, and inside of the mouth are red. It closely resembles the black guillemot,", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "2136109", "score": "1.6907151", "text": "The pigeon guillemot is a medium-sized auk, in length and weighing . Both sexes are alike in appearance and mass, except for Californian birds where females were found to have larger bills than males. The summer or of the adult is mostly dark brown with a black sheen, with a white wing patch broken by a brown-black wedge. In winter, the are iridescent black, often with black fringes giving a scalloped appearance, and the and rump are white. The forehead, , , eye line and ear coverts are black with white tips, sometimes the tips are narrow and the head", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "1572580", "score": "1.6579862", "text": "Guillemot Guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the Alcidae or auk family (part of the order Charadriiformes). In British use, the term comprises two genera: \"Uria\" and \"Cepphus\". In North America the \"Uria\" species are called \"murres\" and only the \"Cepphus\" species are called \"guillemots\". This word of French origin apparently derives from a form of the name William, cf. . The two living species of \"Uria\", together with the razorbill, dovekie and the extinct great auk, make up the tribe Alcini. They have distinctly white bellies, thicker and longer bills than \"Cepphus\", and form", "title": "Guillemot" }, { "id": "2129393", "score": "1.6485037", "text": "Black guillemot The black guillemot or tystie (\"Cepphus grylle\") is a medium-sized alcid. The genus name \"Cepphus\" is from Ancient Greek \"kepphos\", a pale waterbird mentioned by Greek authors including Aristotle. The species name \"grylle\" was the local dialect name for this bird in Gotland at the time of Linnaeus's visit there in 1741. The English word \"guillemot\" is from French \"guillemot\" probably derived from \"Guillaume\", \"William\". Adult birds have black bodies with a white wing patch, a thin dark bill, and red legs and feet. They show white wing linings in flight. In winter, the upperparts are pale grey", "title": "Black guillemot" }, { "id": "2129394", "score": "1.6284091", "text": "and the underparts are white. The wings remain black with the large white patch on the inner wing. They are in length, and with a wingspan. Their breeding habitat is rocky shores, cliffs and islands on northern Atlantic coasts in eastern North America as far south as Maine, and in western Europe as far south as Ireland. They are one of the few birds to breed on Surtsey, Iceland, a new volcanic island. In the UK it is a fairly common breeding bird in western and northern Scotland and Ireland. In the rest of Great Britain they only breed at", "title": "Black guillemot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Guillemot\n\nGuillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the Alcidae or auk family (part of the order Charadriiformes). In British use, the term comprises two genera: \"Uria\" and \"Cepphus\". In North America the \"Uria\" species are called murres and only the \"Cepphus\" species are called \"guillemots\". This word of French origin derives from a form of the name William, cf. .\n\nThe two living species of \"Uria\", together with the razorbill, dovekie, and the extinct great auk, make up the tribe Alcini. They have distinctly white bellies, thicker and longer bills than \"Cepphus\", and form very dense colonies on cliffs during the reproductive season. Guillemot eggs are large (around 11% of female weight), pyriform in shape, and colourful, making them attractive targets for egg collectors.\n\nThe three living species of \"Cepphus\" form a tribe of their own: Cepphini. They are smaller than the \"Uria\" species and have black bellies, rounder heads and bright red feet.\n", "title": "Guillemot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Common murre\n\nThe common murre or common guillemot (Uria aalge) is a large auk. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring in low-Arctic and boreal waters in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It spends most of its time at sea, only coming to land to breed on rocky cliff shores or islands.\n\nCommon murres have fast direct flight but are not very agile. They are more maneuverable underwater, typically diving to depths of . Depths of up to have been recorded.\n\nCommon murres breed in colonies at high densities. Nesting pairs may be in bodily contact with their neighbours. They make no nest; their single egg is incubated on a bare rock ledge on a cliff face. Eggs hatch after ~30 days incubation. The chick is born downy and can regulate its body temperature after 10 days. Some 20 days after hatching the chick leaves its nesting ledge and heads for the sea, unable to fly, but gliding for some distance with fluttering wings, accompanied by its male parent. Male guillemots spend more time diving, and dive more deeply than females during this time. Chicks are capable of diving as soon as they hit the water. The female stays at the nest site for some 14 days after the chick has left.\n\nBoth male and female common murres moult after breeding and become flightless for 1–2 months. In some populations they occasionally return to the nest site throughout the winter. Adult birds reduce the time that they spend flying during the winter and are able to forage nocturnally.", "title": "Common murre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pigeon guillemot\n\nThe pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) () is a species of bird in the auk family, Alcidae. One of three species in the genus \"Cepphus\", it is most closely related to the spectacled guillemot. There are five subspecies of the pigeon guillemot; all subspecies, when in , are dark brown with a black iridescent sheen and a distinctive wing patch broken by a brown-black wedge. Its has mottled grey and black and white . The long bill is black, as are the claws. The legs, feet, and inside of the mouth are red. It closely resembles the black guillemot, which is slightly smaller and lacks the dark wing wedge present in the pigeon guillemot. \n\nThis seabird is found on North Pacific coastal waters, from Siberia through Alaska to California. The pigeon guillemot breeds and sometimes roosts on rocky shores, cliffs, and islands close to shallow water. In the winter, some birds move slightly south in the northernmost part of their range in response to advancing ice and migrate slightly north in the southern part of their range, generally preferring more sheltered areas.\n\nThis species feeds on small fish and marine invertebrates, mostly near the sea floor, that it catches by pursuit diving. Pigeon guillemots are monogamous breeders, nesting in small colonies close to the shore. They defend small territories around a nesting cavity, in which they lay one or two eggs. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. After leaving the nest the young bird is completely independent of its parents. Several birds and other animals prey on the eggs and chicks.\n\nThe pigeon guillemot is considered to be a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature due to its large, stable population and wide range. Threats to this bird include climate change, introduced mammalian predators, and oil spills.", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Black guillemot\n\nThe black guillemot or tystie (Cepphus grylle) is a medium-sized seabird of the Alcidae family, native throughout northern Atlantic coasts and eastern North American coasts. It is resident in much of its range, but large populations from the high arctic migrate southwards in winter. The bird can be seen in and around its breeding habitat of rocky shores, cliffs and islands in single or smalls groups of pairs. They feed mainly by diving towards the sea floor feeding on fish, crustaceans or other benthic invertebrates. They are listed on the IUCN red list as a species of least concern.\n\nBoth sexes have very similar appearances with black plumage and a large white patch on the upper side of their wings in summer. The bill is also black, being rather long and slender, while the feet are coral-red. In winter adult underparts are white and the upperparts are a pale grey with the back and shoulders exhibiting barred light grey and white patterning.\n\nThe birds breed in solitary pairs or small groups during their breeding season starting in late February and early May. Breeding pairs will typically lay 2-egg clutches and raise 2 chicks to fledging. Incubation typically lasts 28 to 32 days, once hatched chicks receive care from the parents until they fledge aged 30 – 40 days. Once fledged chicks are totally independent and by age three or four years they will begin to re-join their natal colony.\n\nThe genus name \"Cepphus\" is from Ancient Greek \"kepphos\", a pale waterbird mentioned by Greek authors including Aristotle. The species name \"grylle\" was the local dialect name for this bird in Gotland at the time of Linnaeus's visit there in 1741. The English word \"guillemot\" is from French \"guillemot\" probably derived from \"Guillaume\", \"William\".", "title": "Black guillemot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Auk\n\nAn auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera.<ref name=\"ADW\"/><ref name=\"ioc\"/>\n\nApart from the extinct great auk, all auks can fly, and are excellent swimmers (appearing to \"fly\") and divers, but their walking appears clumsy.", "title": "Auk" }, { "id": "7682574", "score": "1.6151438", "text": "the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands in Russia and on the northern island of Hokkaidō in Japan. Its range overlaps with that of the closely related pigeon guillemot, though it extends further north. Spectacled guillemot The spectacled guillemot or sooty guillemot (\"Cepphus carbo\") is a seabird in the auk family. This species is about with red legs, black bill, and a blackish iris. The breeding adult spectacled guillemot is distinctive, mostly plumaged dull sooty-black except for conspicuous white \"spectacles\" on the face In adult non-breeding plumage, the underparts are white, uniformly tipped very pale grey-brown. Transitional birds are", "title": "Spectacled guillemot" }, { "id": "2136107", "score": "1.6060469", "text": "and morphological comparisons, found them as a sister clade to the murres, razorbill, little auk and great auk. Within the genus, the pigeon guillemot and spectacled guillemot are sister species, and the black guillemot is basal within the genus. The pigeon guillemot and the black guillemot form a superspecies. There are five recognised subspecies of the pigeon guillemot: In the binomial name, the genus, \"Cepphus\", is derived from the Greek \"kepphos\", referring to an unknown pale waterbird mentioned by Aristotle among other classical writers, later variously identified as types of seabirds, including gulls, auks and gannets. The specific epithet, \"columba\",", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "7682573", "score": "1.597348", "text": "Spectacled guillemot The spectacled guillemot or sooty guillemot (\"Cepphus carbo\") is a seabird in the auk family. This species is about with red legs, black bill, and a blackish iris. The breeding adult spectacled guillemot is distinctive, mostly plumaged dull sooty-black except for conspicuous white \"spectacles\" on the face In adult non-breeding plumage, the underparts are white, uniformly tipped very pale grey-brown. Transitional birds are like breeding adults, except the underparts are scaled with white. Sexes are alike, but juveniles are separable from adults. There are no subspecies. The spectacled guillemot's range is restricted to the northwestern Pacific Ocean: throughout", "title": "Spectacled guillemot" }, { "id": "6702079", "score": "1.5899212", "text": "Dangerfield, Ward and Cundy are also founding members of the jazz ensemble Gannets. Birds are the source of inspiration for the band not just in name. For example, their 2006 EP \"From the Cliffs\" continues the Guillemot theme, the bird's natural habitat being steep sea cliffs. In their MySpace entry their influences are given as 'BIRDSONG first and foremost', although the only artist that all the band members have publicly stated as being an influence is Björk. Their first album features recordings of red-throated diver (\"Gavia stellata\") and European robin (\"Erithacus rubecula\"), as well as the line 'flitting like a", "title": "Guillemots (band)" }, { "id": "2136106", "score": "1.5880466", "text": "range. Threats to this bird include climate change, introduced mammalian predators, and oil spills. The pigeon guillemot is one of three species of auk in the genus \"Cepphus\", the other two being the black guillemot of the Atlantic Ocean and the spectacled guillemot from the Eastern Pacific. It was described in 1811 by Peter Simon Pallas in the second volume of his \"Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica\". A 1996 study looking at the mitochondrial DNA of the auk family found that the genus \"Cepphus\" is most closely related to the murrelets from the genus \"Synthliboramphus\". An alternative arrangement, proposed in 2001 using genetic", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "6702078", "score": "1.5799332", "text": "is the plural of the name of a group of seabirds (but most often meaning the common guillemot, \"Uria aalge\") and should be pronounced 'gillimott' (and not with a French accent). The 4-piece have often been joined by two saxophone and woodwind players, Alex Ward and Chris Cundy, who are known as the \"Bridled Guillemots\" (a real-life variation of the band's namesake). Guillemots often use quirky musical instruments, such as the sound of a typewriter in the song \"Who Left The Lights Off, Baby?\", and MC Lord Magrao has used industrial power tools to create new sounds on their records.", "title": "Guillemots (band)" }, { "id": "5152914", "score": "1.5707152", "text": "because of the considerable distance in time or space from their current occurrence may represent distinct species. Cepphus Cepphus is a genus of seabirds in the auk family also referred to as true guillemots or, in North America, simply as guillemots. The genus name \"Cepphus\" is from Ancient Greek \"kepphos\", a pale waterbird mentioned by Greek authors including Aristotle. The English word \"guillemot\" is from French \"guillemot\" probably derived from \"Guillaume\", \"William\". \"Murre\" is of uncertain origins, but may imitate the call of the common guillemot. These are medium-sized birds with mainly black plumage in the breeding season, thin dark", "title": "Cepphus" }, { "id": "2347263", "score": "1.5675983", "text": "Thick-billed murre The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot (\"Uria lomvia\") is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae). This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies \"Uria lomvia arra\" is also called Pallas' murre after its describer. The genus name is from Ancient Greek \"ouria\", a waterbird mentioned by Athenaeus. The species term \"lomvia\" is a Swedish word for an auk or diver. The English \"guillemot\" is from French \"guillemot\" probably derived from \"Guillaume\", \"William\". \"Murre\" is of uncertain origins, but may imitate the call of the common guillemot. Murres", "title": "Thick-billed murre" }, { "id": "2129396", "score": "1.5314178", "text": "whistle. The red gape is also prominent then. One of the early ornithologists that described aspects of the behaviour of the black guillemot was Edmund Selous (1857-1934) in his book \"The Bird Watcher in the Shetlands\" (1905). In the chapter titled 'From the Edge of a Precipice' he writes for instance that sometimes the black guillemots carry a fish they have caught in their beak for hours. He also gives further details about the behaviour. Black guillemot The black guillemot or tystie (\"Cepphus grylle\") is a medium-sized alcid. The genus name \"Cepphus\" is from Ancient Greek \"kepphos\", a pale waterbird", "title": "Black guillemot" }, { "id": "1572582", "score": "1.5303969", "text": "fringe of the range of \"U. aalge\". As in other genera of auks, fossils of prehistoric forms of \"Cepphus\" have been found: The latter two resemble the extant species, but because of the considerable distance in time or space from their current occurrence, they may represent distinct species. Guillemot Guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the Alcidae or auk family (part of the order Charadriiformes). In British use, the term comprises two genera: \"Uria\" and \"Cepphus\". In North America the \"Uria\" species are called \"murres\" and only the \"Cepphus\" species are called \"guillemots\". This word", "title": "Guillemot" }, { "id": "2136104", "score": "1.5173624", "text": "which is slightly smaller and lacks the dark wing wedge present in the pigeon guillemot. Combined, the two form a superspecies. This seabird is found on North Pacific coastal waters, from Siberia through California to Alaska. The pigeon guillemot breeds and sometimes roosts on rocky shores, cliffs, and islands close to shallow water. In the winter, some birds move slightly south in the northern-most part of their range in response to advancing ice and migrate slightly north in the southern part of their range, generally preferring more sheltered areas. This species feeds on small fish and marine invertebrates, mostly near", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "2136113", "score": "1.5173119", "text": "surface using its feet. When diving, propulsion is provided both by the wings, which beat at a rate of 2.1/s, but unusually for auks also by the feet. Pigeon guillemots have been recorded travelling horizontally on dives. The pigeon guillemot is similar to the related black guillemot, but can be distinguished by its larger size, and in the breeding season by its dusky-grey underwing and the dark brown wedge on the white wing patch. The pigeon guillemot ranges across the Northern Pacific, from the Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka Peninsula in Siberia to coasts in western North America from Alaska", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "5152912", "score": "1.5132762", "text": "Cepphus Cepphus is a genus of seabirds in the auk family also referred to as true guillemots or, in North America, simply as guillemots. The genus name \"Cepphus\" is from Ancient Greek \"kepphos\", a pale waterbird mentioned by Greek authors including Aristotle. The English word \"guillemot\" is from French \"guillemot\" probably derived from \"Guillaume\", \"William\". \"Murre\" is of uncertain origins, but may imitate the call of the common guillemot. These are medium-sized birds with mainly black plumage in the breeding season, thin dark bills and red legs and feet. Two species have white wing patches, the third has white facial", "title": "Cepphus" }, { "id": "2136112", "score": "1.5116899", "text": "increases in northern subspecies, except for \"Cepphus columba snowi\", where the white is reduced or entirely absent. The pigeon guillemot walks well and habitually has an upright posture. When sitting it frequently rests on its tarsi. The wings of the pigeon guillemot are shorter and rounder than other auks, reflecting greater adaptation towards diving than flying. It has difficulty taking off in calm conditions without a runway, but once in the air it is faster than the black guillemot, having been recorded at , about faster than the black guillemot. In the water it is a strong swimmer on the", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" }, { "id": "2136110", "score": "1.4966211", "text": "looks black. In all plumages, the are plain and dark. Adults moult into their winter or between August and October, taking around a month to complete and leaving the bird unable to fly for around four weeks. Birds moult into their breeding plumage between January and March. The legs and feet are red, with black claws. The iris is brown and the eye is surrounded by a thin unbroken white eye-ring. The bill is long and black and the inside of the mouth is red. The juvenile pigeon guillemot resembles a winter adult but has underpart feathers tipped in brown,", "title": "Pigeon guillemot" } ]

[ "Anagram solver", "Rearranged word", "smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras", "anigram", "anagram solver", "Anigram", "Smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras", "Rearranged words", "rearranged words", "anagram program", "rearranged word", "Anagram program", "Anagrammatic", "Anagram", "anagrammatic", "Anagrammer", "anagrammer", "anagram" ]

[ { "id": "409722", "score": "1.6092812", "text": "to a lunatic asylum, against her will, where she remained until her death of heart disease in 1947. Their relationship became the subject of a 1984 play \"Tom & Viv\", which in 1994 was adapted as a film of the same name. In a private paper written in his sixties, Eliot confessed: \"I came to persuade myself that I was in love with Vivienne simply because I wanted to burn my boats and commit myself to staying in England. And she persuaded herself (also under the influence of [Ezra] Pound) that she would save the poet by keeping him in", "title": "T. S. Eliot" }, { "id": "13973320", "score": "1.5732726", "text": "Seymour-Jones writes that it was out of the turmoil of the marriage that Eliot produced \"The Waste Land\", one of the 20th century's finest poems. Eliot's sister-in-law, Theresa, said of the relationship: \"Vivienne ruined Tom as a man, but she made him as a poet.\" Valerie Eliot, the poet's second wife (from 1957) claimed the copyright of Haigh-Wood's writings in 1984, including her private diaries, which has complicated the research into her role in Eliot's life. Haigh-Wood wrote several stories and reviews for \"The Criterion\", the literary magazine Eliot founded, using the pseudonyms FM, Fanny Marlow, Feiron Morris, Felise Morrison,", "title": "Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot" }, { "id": "3384596", "score": "1.5446413", "text": "Harris). Tom & Viv Tom & Viv is a 1994 period drama film directed by Brian Gilbert, based on the 1984 play by the same name by British playwright Michael Hastings about the early love life of American poet T. S. Eliot. The film stars Willem Dafoe, Miranda Richardson, Rosemary Harris, Tim Dutton and Nickolas Grace. The film tells the story of the relationship between T. S. Eliot and his first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot. They were married in 1915 after a brief courtship, and separated in 1933 though they never divorced. The film received mixed reviews, holding a 33%", "title": "Tom & Viv" }, { "id": "409723", "score": "1.5385023", "text": "England. To her, the marriage brought no happiness. To me, it brought the state of mind out of which came \"The Waste Land\".\" After leaving Merton, Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at Highgate School, a private school in London, where he taught French and Latin—his students included the young John Betjeman. Later he taught at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, a state school in Buckinghamshire. To earn extra money, he wrote book reviews and lectured at evening extension courses at the University College London, and Oxford. In 1917, he took a position at Lloyds Bank in London,", "title": "T. S. Eliot" }, { "id": "3384594", "score": "1.5224707", "text": "Tom & Viv Tom & Viv is a 1994 period drama film directed by Brian Gilbert, based on the 1984 play by the same name by British playwright Michael Hastings about the early love life of American poet T. S. Eliot. The film stars Willem Dafoe, Miranda Richardson, Rosemary Harris, Tim Dutton and Nickolas Grace. The film tells the story of the relationship between T. S. Eliot and his first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot. They were married in 1915 after a brief courtship, and separated in 1933 though they never divorced. The film received mixed reviews, holding a 33% 'rotten'", "title": "Tom & Viv" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Waste Land\n\nThe Waste Land is a poem by T. S. Eliot, widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century and a central work of modernist poetry. Published in 1922, the 434-line poem first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of Eliot's \"The Criterion\" and in the United States in the November issue of \"The Dial\". It was published in book form in December 1922. Among its famous phrases are \"April is the cruellest month\", \"I will show you fear in a handful of dust\", and the Sanskrit mantra \"Shantih shantih shantih\".\n\nEliot's poem combines the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King with vignettes of contemporary British society. Eliot employs many literary and cultural allusions from the Western canon such as Ovid's Metamorphoses and Dante's \"Divine Comedy\", as well as Shakespeare, Buddhism, and the Hindu Upanishads. The poem shifts between voices of satire and prophecy featuring abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location, and time and conjuring a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures.\n\nThe poem is divided into five sections. The first, \"The Burial of the Dead\", introduces the diverse themes of disillusionment and despair. The second, \"A Game of Chess\", employs alternating narrations, in which vignettes of several characters address those themes experientially. \"The Fire Sermon\", the third section, offers a philosophical meditation in relation to the imagery of death and views of self-denial in juxtaposition, influenced by Augustine of Hippo and Eastern religions. After a fourth section, \"Death by Water\", which includes a brief lyrical petition, the culminating fifth section, \"What the Thunder Said\", concludes with an image of judgment.", "title": "The Waste Land" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ezra Pound\n\nEzra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works include \"Ripostes\" (1912), \"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\" (1920), and his 800-page epic poem, \"The Cantos\" (c. 1917–1962).\n\nPound's contribution to poetry began in the early 20th century with his role in developing Imagism, a movement stressing precision and economy of language. Working in London as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, he helped discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as T. S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, and James Joyce. He was responsible for the 1914 serialization of Joyce's \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\", the 1915 publication of Eliot's \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\", and the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's \"Ulysses\". Hemingway wrote in 1932 that, for poets born in the late 19th or early 20th century, not to be influenced by Pound would be \"like passing through a great blizzard and not feeling its cold.\"\n\nAngered by the carnage of World War I, Pound blamed the war on finance capitalism, which he called \"usury\". He moved to Italy in 1924 and through the 1930s and 1940s promoted an economic theory known as social credit, wrote for publications owned by the British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley, embraced Benito Mussolini's fascism, and expressed support for Adolf Hitler. During World War II and the Holocaust in Italy, he made hundreds of paid radio broadcasts for the Italian government, including in German-occupied Italy, attacking the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Great Britain, international finance, munitions makers and mongers, and Jews, among others, as causes, abettors and prolongers of the world war, as a result of which he was arrested in 1945 by American forces in Italy on charges of treason. He spent months in a U.S. military camp in Pisa, including three weeks in an outdoor steel cage. Deemed unfit to stand trial, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., for over 12 years.\n\nWhile in custody in Italy, Pound began work on sections of \"The Cantos\", which were published as \"The Pisan Cantos\" (1948), for which he was awarded the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1949 by the Library of Congress, causing enormous controversy. After a campaign by his fellow writers, he was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958 and lived in Italy until his death in 1972. His economic and political views have ensured that his life and work remain controversial.", "title": "Ezra Pound" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nada Sehnaoui\n\nNada Sehnaoui (born 1958) is a visual artist and political activist. Her artworks, spanning painting, mixed media works, sculpture and installations, have been widely exhibited internationally, and have been featured in the press and print publications worldwide.\n\nSehnaoui, who was born in Beirut and received her academic training in history, sociology, film, and the fine arts, is a pioneer of large-scale ephemeral public art installations in Lebanon and the Middle East. Active since the early nineteen-nineties, she has been a part of shaping the postwar Lebanese artistic scene through artworks that seek to provoke a discussion around issues surrounding the memory of wars, in particular the 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War. She has denounced the personal and collective amnesia surrounding this conflict, as well as Lebanon's physical and political fragmentation that followed it. Her works not only underscore the imperative of reflecting on the multiple memories of that war but also on the processes and necessity of national reconciliation. She questions the writing of History and the construction of identity, in the Arab world and beyond, and continuously asks for reflection and rebellion against the status quo.\n\nSehnaoui's paintings, sculptures, and installations are characteristically time- and labor-intensive, drawing a parallel between her artistic process and the time necessary to process memory. She is known for her recurrent use of repetition as a stylistic and meaning-breeding effect, intersecting the work's experiential time, creative time, and archival time, especially in her large-scale installations, staged in urban spaces and in institutions, and which make use of everyday life objects. She is also preoccupied with the aesthetics and emotional charge of conceptual art.\n\nHer body of work includes installations such as \"Fractions of Memory\" (2003), \"Waynoun? Where are They?\" (2006), \"Haven’t 15 Years of Hiding in the Toilets Been Enough? (\"2008), \"a\"nd \"Light at the End of the Tunnel\" (2012), and series of paintings incorporating layers of paint, objects, words and images, as seen for instance in \"Peindre L'Orient-Le Jour\" (2000), \"How Many How Many More\" (2014–present), or\"Tulips for a Wounded Country\" (1992–present).\n\nSehnaoui's works have been exhibited internationally in Europe, the United States, and the Middle East and North Africa, including in New York, Boston, Washington D.C., London, Paris, Marseille, Liège, Houston, Munich, Beirut, Dubai, and Doha.\n\nAn activist in the fields of human rights and political reform, Sehnaoui is a member of Beirut Madinati, an urban public policy organization under whose umbrella she ran for a seat on Beirut's municipal council in 2016. She is also a founding member of the Civil Center for National Initiative, whose works include a legal campaign to remove reference to sect from state records, and an initiative to legally administer civil marriages in Lebanon.", "title": "Nada Sehnaoui" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sarah Kane\n\nSarah Kane (3 February 1971 – 20 February 1999) was an English playwright, screenwriter and theatre director. She is known for her plays that deal with themes of redemptive love, sexual desire, pain, torture—both physical and psychological—and death. They are characterised by a poetic intensity, pared-down language, exploration of theatrical form and, in her earlier work, the use of extreme and violent stage action.\n\nKane herself and scholars of her work, such as Graham Saunders, have identified some of her inspirations as expressionist theatre and Jacobean tragedy. The critic Aleks Sierz saw her work as part of a confrontational style and sensibility of drama termed \"in-yer-face theatre\". Sierz originally called Kane \"the quintessential in-yer-face writer of the [1990s]\" but later remarked in 2009 that although he initially \"thought she was very typical of the new writing of the middle 1990s. The further we get away from that in time, the more un-typical she seems to be\".\n\nKane's published work consists of five plays, the short film \"Skin\", and two newspaper articles for \"The Guardian\".", "title": "Sarah Kane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "F. Scott Fitzgerald\n\nFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term he popularized. During his lifetime, he published four novels, four story collections, and 164 short stories. Although he achieved temporary popular success and fortune in the 1920s, Fitzgerald received critical acclaim only after his death and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century.\n\nBorn into a middle-class family in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Fitzgerald was raised primarily in New York state. He attended Princeton University where he befriended future literary critic Edmund Wilson. Owing to a failed romantic relationship with Chicago socialite Ginevra King, he dropped out in 1917 to join the United States Army during World War I. While stationed in Alabama, he met Zelda Sayre, a Southern debutante who belonged to Montgomery's exclusive country-club set. Although she initially rejected Fitzgerald's marriage proposal due to his lack of financial prospects, Zelda agreed to marry him after he published the commercially successful \"This Side of Paradise\" (1920). The novel became a cultural sensation and cemented his reputation as one of the eminent writers of the decade.\n\nHis second novel, \"The Beautiful and Damned\" (1922), propelled him further into the cultural elite. To maintain his affluent lifestyle, he wrote numerous stories for popular magazines such as \"The Saturday Evening Post\", \"Collier's Weekly\", and \"Esquire\". During this period, Fitzgerald frequented Europe, where he befriended modernist writers and artists of the \"Lost Generation\" expatriate community, including Ernest Hemingway. His third novel, \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925), received generally favorable reviews but was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 23,000 copies in its first year. Despite its lackluster debut, \"The Great Gatsby\" is now hailed by some literary critics as the \"Great American Novel\". Following the deterioration of his wife's mental health and her placement in a mental institute for schizophrenia, Fitzgerald completed his final novel, \"Tender Is the Night\" (1934).\n\nStruggling financially because of the declining popularity of his works amid the Great Depression, Fitzgerald moved to Hollywood where he embarked upon an unsuccessful career as a screenwriter. While living in Hollywood, he cohabited with columnist Sheilah Graham, his final companion before his death. After a long struggle with alcoholism, he attained sobriety only to die of a heart attack in 1940, at 44. His friend Edmund Wilson edited and published an unfinished fifth novel, \"The Last Tycoon\" (1941), after Fitzgerald's death.", "title": "F. Scott Fitzgerald" }, { "id": "11102999", "score": "1.5218962", "text": "consequently became disenchanted with the group: \"We just became \"other hacks\" that were doing his tunes.\" Patrick Humphries notes that, whether by accident or design, the two women originally named share the names of the two wives of the major 20th-century poet T. S. Eliot. Lachlan MacKinnon writes that the lines do refer to Eliot's wives and are \"remarkably shrewd\", suggesting the poet's \"strange combination of self-distancing and financial propriety\". Peter, Paul and Mary's recording of the song was also included on their 1968 album \"Late Again\". This song also appeared on Spooky Tooth's debut album \"It's All About\", and", "title": "Too Much of Nothing" }, { "id": "409728", "score": "1.5181464", "text": "1938 to 1957 Eliot's public companion was Mary Trevelyan of London University, who wanted to marry him and left a detailed memoir. From 1946 to 1957, Eliot shared a flat at 19 Carlyle Mansions, Chelsea, with his friend John Davy Hayward, who collected and managed Eliot's papers, styling himself \"Keeper of the Eliot Archive\". Hayward also collected Eliot's pre-Prufrock verse, commercially published after Eliot's death as \"Poems Written in Early Youth\". When Eliot and Hayward separated their household in 1957, Hayward retained his collection of Eliot's papers, which he bequeathed to King's College, Cambridge, in 1965. On 10 January 1957,", "title": "T. S. Eliot" }, { "id": "12494892", "score": "1.5047412", "text": "McDevitt called the 78-page \"Selected Poems\" (Turret, London, 1986), edited by Ruth Fainlight \"underwhelming\", noting that pastoral works far outnumbered the poems inspired by his years in New York and asked \"where were the gay-sex-in-toilets poems or the out-of-it-on-drugs poems?\" Ruth Fainlight responded with a letter she received from her brother in 1981. Harry Fainlight wrote: \"Your particular duty now is to help preserve the poetry that I wrote before I went to America (& since) & which belongs to your own literary area but which has been cut off & isolated from it by those three intervening years. Politically,", "title": "Harry Fainlight" }, { "id": "14294951", "score": "1.5001407", "text": "for his evening classes; drawing a large pair of breasts on his poster of Virginia Woolf and a big cigar in the mouth of E. M. Forster on the other; he suffers from 'curate's bladder' and is unable to urinate if there is another man present in the toilet; and he does not even like his name—Trevor. Most of his students are hopeless but there is one bright working-class man in the class. After an unpleasant evening during which he gets punched in the face he meets the bright student, Skinner (Derek Thompson), by chance. Skinner addresses him as 'Trev'", "title": "Me! I'm Afraid of Virginia Woolf" }, { "id": "2410871", "score": "1.4930139", "text": "for Catholic Emancipation). The novel includes autobiographical elements and reflects the disgrace that George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) experienced while in a lengthy relationship with a married man, George Henry Lewes. Maggie Tulliver is the protagonist and the story begins when she is 9 years old, 13 years into her parents' marriage. Her relationship with her older brother Tom, and her romantic relationships with Philip Wakem (a hunchbacked, sensitive and intellectual friend) and with Stephen Guest (a vivacious young socialite in St Ogg's and assumed fiancé of Maggie's cousin Lucy Deane) constitute the most significant narrative threads. Tom and Maggie", "title": "The Mill on the Floss" }, { "id": "11406518", "score": "1.482235", "text": "evidently was, would concentrate all his gifts on one such poem he might achieve a similar success.\" Eliot, having been diagnosed with some form of nervous disorder, had been recommended rest, and applied for three months' leave from the bank where he was employed; the reason stated on his staff card was \"nervous breakdown\". He and his first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, travelled to the coastal resort of Margate, Kent, for a period of convalescence. While there, Eliot worked on the poem, and possibly showed an early version to Ezra Pound when, after a brief return to London, the Eliots", "title": "The Waste Land" }, { "id": "9159694", "score": "1.4797025", "text": "consents to James making love to his wife, given that they have slept in separate beds for the last three years. James refuses to take calls from the mother when she attempts to contact him at the BBC. He finally gets another Oxford friend and up and coming young poet to make a call to her ending the relationship, while he sits idly by reading advertisements in \"Exchange and Mart\". James, Jeremy and Susan cover the 1982 Conservative Party Conference and travel down to Brighton together in James' Jaguar. It is at the start of the conference that James first", "title": "The Ploughman's Lunch" }, { "id": "409729", "score": "1.4756002", "text": "at the age of 68, Eliot married Esmé Valerie Fletcher, who was 30. In contrast to his first marriage, Eliot knew Fletcher well, as she had been his secretary at Faber and Faber since August 1949. They kept their wedding secret; the ceremony was held in a church at 6:15 am with virtually no one in attendance other than his wife's parents. Eliot had no children with either of his wives. In the early 1960s, by then in failing health, Eliot worked as an editor for the Wesleyan University Press, seeking new poets in Europe for publication. After Eliot's death,", "title": "T. S. Eliot" }, { "id": "11406526", "score": "1.4729478", "text": "poem of 48 lines entitled \"Sage Homme\" in which he identified Eliot as the mother of the poem but compared himself to the midwife. The first lines are: Before the editing had even begun Eliot found a publisher. Horace Liveright of the New York publishing firm of Boni and Liveright was in Paris for a number of meetings with Ezra Pound. At a dinner on 3 January 1922 (see 1922 in poetry), he made offers for works by Pound, James Joyce (\"Ulysses\") and Eliot. Eliot was to get a royalty of 15% for a book version of the poem planned", "title": "The Waste Land" }, { "id": "1869088", "score": "1.4725872", "text": "(and against one another) in \"The Busboy\", \"The Stall\" and \"The Slicer\". \"The Susie\" is the only episode where their relationship is as prominent as the relationships between the other characters. Some episodes, like \"The Raincoats\", \"The Money\", \"The Doorman\" and \"The Fusilli Jerry\", would suggest that Kramer has a more comfortable rapport with George's parents than George. He has an interest in nice restrooms and his personal bathroom habits border on obsession. In \"The Revenge\", he quits his real estate job solely because he is forbidden to use his boss' private bathroom. In \"The Voice\", he admits that one", "title": "George Costanza" }, { "id": "5964604", "score": "1.4636316", "text": "poet T.S. Eliot's relationship to English literary society and his role in the formation of modernism, describes Eliot as a flâneur. Moreover, in one of Eliot's well-known poems \"The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock\", the protagonist takes the reader for a journey through his city in the manner of a flâneur. In \"De Profundis\", Oscar Wilde writes from prison about his life regrets, stating \"I let myself be lured into long spells of senseless and sensual ease. I amused myself with being a flaneur, a dandy, a man of fashion. I surrounded myself with the smaller natures and the meaner", "title": "Flâneur" }, { "id": "2187175", "score": "1.4584708", "text": "arts world. McAuley had acted and sung in left-wing revues at Sydney University. Both preferred early Modernism to its later forms. McAuley, for example, claimed that T. S. Eliot's \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\" (1917) was genius, but the subsequent \"The Waste Land\" (1922), regarded by many as Eliot's finest achievement, was an incoherent mess. Both men lamented \"the loss of meaning and craftsmanship\" in poetry. They particularly despised the well-funded modernist poetry magazine \"Angry Penguins\" and were resentful of the precocious success of Max Harris, the magazine's founder and editor. Harris was a 22-year-old \"avant-garde\" poet and", "title": "Ern Malley" }, { "id": "409740", "score": "1.4561104", "text": "of personal difficulty for Eliot—his marriage was failing, and both he and Vivienne were suffering from nervous disorders. The poem is often read as a representation of the disillusionment of the post-war generation. Before the poem's publication as a book in December 1922, Eliot distanced himself from its vision of despair. On 15 November 1922, he wrote to Richard Aldington, saying, \"As for \"The Waste Land\", that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style.\" The poem is known for its obscure nature—its slippage between", "title": "T. S. Eliot" }, { "id": "12816710", "score": "1.4557728", "text": "snootiness it beats anything I have ever seen\", writing in 1944 he referred to it as \"possibly the best literary paper we have ever had\". The first issue of the magazine, of which 600 copies were printed, included Eliot's \"The Waste Land\". In its first year, it received contributions from Luigi Pirandello, Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, E. M. Forster, and W. B. Yeats. Other contributors over the years included Wyndham Lewis, Herbert Read, John Middleton Murry, John Gould Fletcher, W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and Hart Crane. Nine contributions in 1924 and 1925 were made, pseudonymously, by Eliot's first wife,", "title": "The Criterion" }, { "id": "12944024", "score": "1.4540721", "text": "himself in the bathroom with a naked Katie in the bath. The two share a kiss, but do not pursue a relationship. Thomas consoles her after she admits to having had a premature menopause, and is no longer fertile. Katie leaves feeling angry at the way Pandora treats Thomas. In \"JJ,\" Thomas has replaced Freddie and Cook as a friend of JJ, who now works at the same confectionery store as Thomas. At Thomas' urging, JJ manages to win the affections of Lara Lloyd, a beautiful colleague, by threatening to ask her out himself. Thomas continues to offer JJ support", "title": "Thomas Tomone" } ]

[ "puffed out", "Puffed out" ]

[ { "id": "6214350", "score": "1.807267", "text": "Bouffant A bouffant is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides. The English word \"bouffant\" comes from the French \"bouffante\", from the present participle of \"bouffer\": \"to puff, puff out\". The modern bouffant, considered by one source to have been invented by British celebrity hairdresser Raymond Bessone was noted by \"Life\" in the summer of 1956 as being \"already a common sight in fashion magazines.\" The style became popular at the beginning of the 1960s when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was often photographed with", "title": "Bouffant" }, { "id": "6214346", "score": "1.807267", "text": "Bouffant A bouffant is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides. The English word \"bouffant\" comes from the French \"bouffante\", from the present participle of \"bouffer\": \"to puff, puff out\". The modern bouffant, considered by one source to have been invented by British celebrity hairdresser Raymond Bessone was noted by \"Life\" in the summer of 1956 as being \"already a common sight in fashion magazines.\" The style became popular at the beginning of the 1960s when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was often photographed with", "title": "Bouffant" }, { "id": "6214348", "score": "1.6106663", "text": "straight \"ironed hair\" as early as 1965. Hair on the top of the head was raised by backcombing or \"teasing\" it with a comb to create a pile of tangled, loosely knotted hair on the top and upper sides of the head. Then, unteased hair from the front of the head was lightly combed over the pile to give a smooth, sleek look, and the ends of the outer hair may be combed, cut, curled, or flipped in many distinctive ways. In some cases, a small wiglet or a cushion of nylon mesh might be used instead of or in", "title": "Bouffant" }, { "id": "6214347", "score": "1.575579", "text": "her hair in a bouffant, and her style was widely imitated. Generally speaking, by the mid-1960s, many well-dressed women and girls were wearing some form of bouffant hairdo, which in one variation or another remained the fashionable norm until supplanted by the geometric bob cut at the end of the decade and the looser shag or feathered styles of the early 1970s. Middle-aged women who dressed conservatively clung to the style a little longer, while their teenaged daughters, imitating the look of popular folk-rock singers such as Joan Baez, Mary Travers, and Cher, began abandoning bouffants in favor of long,", "title": "Bouffant" }, { "id": "4688961", "score": "1.5676847", "text": "early 1960s sometimes overlapped with bouffant styles, which also employed teasing to create hair volume; but generally speaking, the beehive effect was a rounded cone piled upwards from the top of the head, while the simple bouffant was a wider, puffier shape covering the ears at the sides. Both of these can be distinguished from the pompadour style, the basic type of which is swept upwards from the forehead. Beehive (hairstyle) The beehive is a hairstyle in which long hair is piled up in a conical shape on the top of the head and slightly backwards pointing, giving some resemblance", "title": "Beehive (hairstyle)" }, { "id": "6214349", "score": "1.553735", "text": "addition to teasing, to add height at the crown of the head. Bangs might be worn over the forehead, or a long switch or \"fall\" of artificial hair, matching the wearer's own hair color, might be added at the back. Usually, hair spray or hair lacquer was applied as a finishing touch to stiffen the hairdo and hold it in place without the need for hairpins. Since the hair could not be brushed without ruining the style, women needing to make small adjustments used the long, pointed end of a \"rattail\" comb to gently lift the hair back into place.", "title": "Bouffant" }, { "id": "15881016", "score": "1.548152", "text": "1970s Bessone made a cameo appearance in the television soap opera \"Crossroads\". Except for girls under 20, Bessone considered that women should avoid having long hair because he considered it ageing. He was also of the opinion that, except for women with very regular features, a central parting should be avoided. The modern bouffant is considered to be a Bessone invention. He also innovated by dyeing hair with bold colours, including pink, orange and purple. Bessone was the part-owner of 1963 Grand National winner Ayala. He was also part-owner of 1976 Grand National winner Rag Trade. Although Bessone had bought", "title": "Raymond Bessone" }, { "id": "16822880", "score": "1.5391607", "text": "the \"managing editor\". Needless to say, the very first issue was highly laudatory of the Dauphine's dress and hair styles. It also featured a new hairstyle invented by Mademoiselle Bertin, the \"ques-a-co\" (\"What is it?\"), consisting of three feathers at the back of the head, forming something similar to a question mark. Soon it was worn by all the princesses at court, and even by the king's mistress Madame du Barry. Although Léonard and Rose were \"like two good sisters\", Léonard could not help feeling a bit jealous, and before long he invented the pouf, which was first worn in", "title": "Léonard Autié" }, { "id": "7219459", "score": "1.528765", "text": "came along for hair and the \"pouf\", after the execution of Marie Antoinette, became history. The pouf returned in both the 20th and 21st century with the more modern name \"beehive\", revived by stars such as Dusty Springfield, Cilla Black, and Amy Winehouse. The pouf was a very elaborate and time consuming hairstyle, hours were needed to create it. To create the base, a very thin metal frame was used to structure the shape. Also a triangular pillow (\"pouf, toque\") was used as support. The frame was then padded and intertwined with pomaded false hair 'postiches', and one's own hair", "title": "Pouf" }, { "id": "16785700", "score": "1.5276551", "text": "bouffant style was favored by female movie stars, paving the way for the long hair trend of the 1960s. Very short cropped hairstyles were fashionable in the early 1950s. By mid-decade, hats were worn less frequently, especially as fuller hairstyles like the short, curly “elfin cut\" or the \"Italian cut\" or \"poodle cut” and later the bouffant and the beehive became fashionable (sometimes nicknamed B-52s for their similarity to the bulbous noses of the B-52 Stratofortress bomber). Stars such as Marilyn Monroe, Connie Francis, Elizabeth Taylor and Audrey Hepburn usually wore their hair short with high volume. In the poodle", "title": "Hairstyles in the 1950s" }, { "id": "16785701", "score": "1.5274768", "text": "hairstyle, the hair is permed into tight curls, similar to the poodle’s curly hair (curling the hair involves time and effort). This style was popularized by Hollywood actresses like Peggy Garner, Lucille Ball, Ann Sothern and Faye Emerson. In the post-war prosperous 1950s, in particular, the bouffant hair style was the most dramatic and considered an ideal style in which aerosol hairspray facilitated keeping large quantities of “backcombed or teased and frozen hair” in place. This necessitated a regimen of daily hair care to keep the bouffant in place; curlers were worn to bed and frequent visits were made to", "title": "Hairstyles in the 1950s" }, { "id": "6223493", "score": "1.526012", "text": "de Musset's \"Les Caprices de Marianne\", and his appearance in de Musset's \"Il faut qu'une porte soit ouverte ou fermée\" and \"Un caprice\" were followed by \"Tartuffe\", \"Le Misanthrope\" and \"Don Juan\". Bressant retired in 1875, and died on 23 January 1886. During his professorship at the Conservatoire, Jean Mounet-Sully was one of his pupils. He introduced a new hairstyle; a magazine of the period described it as follows: \"The Bressant hairstyle is this: the hair is left long on both sides and raised, a little bouffant, above the ears; on the top of the head it is cut short,", "title": "Jean Baptiste Prosper Bressant" }, { "id": "16785703", "score": "1.4938337", "text": "as a “gamine-style” pixie cut, which accentuated her long neck, and which was copied by many women. In the film \"Sabrina\", her character appears initially in long plain hair while attending culinary school, but returns to her Paris home with a chic, short, face-framing \"Paris hairstyle\", which again was copied by many women. When the rage among women was for the “blond bombshell” hair style, Hepburn stuck to her dark brown hair color and refused to dye her hair for any film. Jacqueline Kennedy wore a short hair style for her wedding in 1953, while later she sported a “bouffant”;", "title": "Hairstyles in the 1950s" }, { "id": "771120", "score": "1.4542457", "text": "mentioned above, the characters' lifestyle acts as a sexually and politically charged updating of \"La bohème\"; as Rado explained, \"The love element of the peace movement was palpable.\" In the song \"Sodomy\", Woof exhorts everyone to \"join the holy orgy Kama Sutra\". Toward the end of Act 2, the tribe members reveal their free love tendencies when they banter back and forth about who will sleep with whom that night. Woof has a crush on Mick Jagger, and a three-way embrace between Claude, Berger and Sheila turns into a Claude–Berger kiss. Various illegal drugs are taken by the characters during", "title": "Hair (musical)" }, { "id": "7219472", "score": "1.450643", "text": "seen, which is meant to partially shape the hair and give it lift by means of a plastic base. Television personality Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi sported a pouf in 2009 in the first season of \"Jersey Shore\". The film \"Marie Antoinette\" in 2006 by Sophie Coppola also saw a modern adaption to the pouf hairstyle as well as in the film \"The Duchess\" in 2008, both movies portrayed a pouf decorated with plumes of feathers. Amy Winehouse was famed until 2011 for her \"Beehive\" pouf hairstyle, with other singers such as British artist Adele also following the trend. “The Pouf” is", "title": "Pouf" }, { "id": "7219468", "score": "1.4489481", "text": "\"Marie Antoinette's Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the Revolution\" the author Will Bashor does not give contemporary evidence or reference of this. However, there are contemporary caricatures of women riding in carriages with enormous hair-dresses. The hairstyle would remain in the wearer's hair for about a week or two, until it was no longer hygienic (due to the \"pomade\") or it could no longer keep its shape, and it was then simply washed and redone. Coated with animal fat and a powder mixed from wheat flour, the hair would become rancid and would often attract vermin - ostensibly", "title": "Pouf" }, { "id": "19668997", "score": "1.4484646", "text": "Wall is supplied with an additional hair piece which is applied to her head each morning. It takes the make-up department two hours daily to wash, dress and curl it and an additional forty minutes to style it onto Wall's head. Grace's hair is very big and is often seen with differing styles, but always with plenty of volume in the roots to achieve her signature look. The hair style became known as \"Beryl Bouffant\" on the \"Hollyoaks\" set. The hair got so big that directors would sometimes complain that it was blocking views of other characters during filming. In", "title": "Grace Black" }, { "id": "16785705", "score": "1.4434693", "text": "was specially designed for Brigitte Bardot. Compact coiffures were popular in the 1950s as less importance was given to hairstyling, although a new look was stylized by Christian Dior’s fashion revolution after the war. In the 1950s, lotion shampoos with conditioning ingredients became popular precursors of the shampoo/conditioner rinse pairing of two decades later. The Clairol ad campaign, \"Does she ... or doesn't she?\" boosted hair color product sales not just for their company, but across the hair dye industry. The bouffant style relied on the liberal use of hairspray to hold hair in place for a week. Hairspray lacquers", "title": "Hairstyles in the 1950s" }, { "id": "7219456", "score": "1.4430466", "text": "Pouf The pouf or pouffe also \"toque\" (literally a thick cushion) is a hairstyle and a hairstyling support deriving from 18th century France. It was made popular by the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette (1755–1793), when she wore it in June 1775 at the coronation of her husband Louis XVI, triggering a wave of young French women to wear their hair in the same manner. Marie Antoinette acquired the hairstyle which was a creation from the famed hairdresser of the day Léonard Autié. In April 1774, it was first sported as \"Le Pouf Sentimental\" by Duchess de Chartres at the", "title": "Pouf" }, { "id": "771189", "score": "1.4421275", "text": "and energy of the company ... is irresistible.\" Michael Coveney of \"The Independent\" wrote that \"Hair\" is \"one of the great musicals of all time, and a phenomenon that, I'm relieved to discover, stands up as a period piece\". In \"The Times\", Benedict Nightingale commented that \"it's exhilarating, as well as oddly poignant, when a multihued cast dressed in everything from billowing kaftans to Ruritanian army jackets race downstage while delivering that tuneful salute to an age of Aquarius that still refuses to dawn.\" Quentin Letts was a dissenting voice in the \"Daily Mail\". Though praising the performances and the", "title": "Hair (musical)" } ]

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[ { "id": "713106", "score": "1.7541373", "text": "of \"Googol,\" derived from a number that consists of one followed by one hundred zeros—representing the vast amount of data that the search engine was intended to explore. Following inception, Page appointed himself as CEO, while Brin, named Google's co-founder, served as Google's president. Writer Nicholas Carlson wrote in 2014: While Google is often thought of as the invention of two young computer whizzes—Sergey and Larry, Larry and Sergey—the truth is that Google is a creation of Larry Page, helped along by Sergey Brin. The pair's mission was \"to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful.\"", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713145", "score": "1.7397649", "text": "labelled google defined his absence. His plans for a censored Chinese search engine called dragonfly upset some USA senators. He has refused to discuss his China search plans and did not even reveal his plans to google co-founder Sergey Brin. Google is coming under intense scrutiny for anti trust behaviour. Larry Page Lawrence Edward Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google with Sergey Brin. Page is the chief executive officer of Alphabet Inc. (Google's parent company). After stepping aside as Google CEO in August 2001, in favor of Eric Schmidt, he", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713174", "score": "1.7378976", "text": "School \"for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses...\". In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation Prize, the \"Highest Award in Engineering\", and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. \"In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today.\" In 2003, Brin and Page were both Award Recipients and National Finalists for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award In 2004, Brin received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award with Larry Page", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713147", "score": "1.7350277", "text": "After graduation, he enrolled in Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science. There he met Page, with whom he later became friends. They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin's data mining system to build a web search engine. The program became popular at Stanford, and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in Susan Wojcicki's garage in Menlo Park. \"The Economist\" referred to Brin as an \"Enlightenment Man\", and as someone who believes that \"knowledge is always good, and certainly always better than ignorance\", a philosophy that is summed up by Google's", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713156", "score": "1.7272944", "text": "Mathematica. , he was on leave from his PhD studies at Stanford. During an orientation for new students at Stanford, he met Larry Page. They seemed to disagree on most subjects. But after spending time together, they \"became intellectual soul-mates and close friends\". Brin's focus was on developing data mining systems while Page's was in extending \"the concept of inferring the importance of a research paper from its citations in other papers\". Together, the pair authored a paper titled \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine\". To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web crawler into a", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Larry Page\n\nLawrence Edward Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American business magnate, computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. He is best known for co-founding Google with Sergey Brin.\n\nPage was the chief executive officer of Google from 1997 until August 2001 (stepping down in favor of Eric Schmidt) then from April 2011 until July 2015 when he moved to become CEO of Alphabet Inc. (created to deliver \"major advancements\" as Google's parent company), a post he held until December 4, 2019. He remains an Alphabet board member, employee, and controlling shareholder.\n\nCreating Google helped Page build a significant amount of wealth. As of November 2022, Page has an estimated net worth of $84 billion according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, making him the ninth-richest person in the world. He has also invested in flying car startups Kitty Hawk and Opener.\n\nPage is the co-creator and namesake of PageRank, a search ranking algorithm for Google. He received the Marconi Prize in 2004 with co-writer Brin.", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Google" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sergey Brin\n\nSergey Mikhailovich Brin (; born August 21, 1973) is an American business magnate, computer scientist, and internet entrepreneur, who co-founded Google with Larry Page. Brin was the president of Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc., until stepping down from the role on December 3, 2019. He and Page remain at Alphabet as co-founders, controlling shareholders, board members, and employees. As of November 2022, Brin is the 12th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $78.0 billion.\n\nBrin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of six. He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Maryland, College Park, following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps by studying mathematics, as well as computer science. After graduation, he enrolled in Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science. There he met Page, with whom he built a web search engine. The program became popular at Stanford, and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in Susan Wojcicki's garage in Menlo Park.", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alphabet Inc.\n\nAlphabet Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mountain View, California. It was created through a restructuring of Google on October 2, 2015, and became the parent company of Google and several former Google subsidiaries. Alphabet is the world's third-largest technology company by revenue and one of the world's most valuable companies. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta and Microsoft.\n\nThe establishment of Alphabet Inc. was prompted by a desire to make the core Google business \"cleaner and more accountable\" while allowing greater autonomy to group companies that operate in businesses other than Internet services. Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin announced their resignation from their executive posts in December 2019, with the CEO role to be filled by Sundar Pichai, also the CEO of Google. Page and Brin remain employees, board members, and controlling shareholders of Alphabet Inc.", "title": "Alphabet Inc." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Google\n\nGoogle was officially launched in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to market Google Search, which has become the most used web-based search engine. Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students at Stanford University in California, developed a search algorithm at first known as \"BackRub\" in 1996, with the help of Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg. The search engine soon proved successful and the expanding company moved several times, finally settling at Mountain View in 2003. This marked a phase of rapid growth, with the company making its initial public offering in 2004 and quickly becoming one of the world's largest media companies. The company launched Google News in 2002, Gmail in 2004, Google Maps in 2005, Google Chrome in 2008, and the social network known as Google+ in 2011 (which was shut down in April 2019), in addition to many other products. In 2015, Google became the main subsidiary of the holding company Alphabet Inc.\n\nThe search engine went through many updates in attempts to eradicate search engine optimization\n\nGoogle has engaged in partnerships with NASA, AOL, Sun Microsystems, News Corporation, Sky UK, and others. The company set up a charitable offshoot, Google.org, in 2005.\n\nThe name Google is a misspelling of Googol, the number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.", "title": "History of Google" }, { "id": "713091", "score": "1.7240633", "text": "Larry Page Lawrence Edward Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google with Sergey Brin. Page is the chief executive officer of Alphabet Inc. (Google's parent company). After stepping aside as Google CEO in August 2001, in favor of Eric Schmidt, he re-assumed the role in April 2011. He announced his intention to step aside a second time in July 2015, to become CEO of Alphabet, under which Google's assets would be reorganized. Under Page, Alphabet is seeking to deliver major advancements in a variety of industries. As of October 2018, Page", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713142", "score": "1.6788414", "text": "MBA from IE Business School, in an honorary capacity, \"for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses.\" In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation's prize and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for \"their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today.\". Page and Brin were also Award Recipients and National Finalists for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2003. Also in 2004, X PRIZE chose Page as a trustee of", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713146", "score": "1.6782286", "text": "Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (; born August 21, 1973) is an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google. Brin is the President of Google's parent company Alphabet Inc. As of October 2018, Brin is the 13th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$50.6 billion. Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6. He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Maryland, College Park, following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps by studying mathematics, as well as computer science.", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713105", "score": "1.6476947", "text": "digitizing books and expanding health information. Mark Malseed wrote in a 2003 feature story: Soliciting funds from faculty members, family and friends, Brin and Page scraped together enough to buy some servers and rent that famous garage in Menlo Park. ... [soon after], Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a $100,000 check to \"Google, Inc.\" The only problem was, \"Google, Inc.\" did not yet exist—the company hadn't yet been incorporated. For two weeks, as they handled the paperwork, the young men had nowhere to deposit the money. In 1998, Brin and Page incorporated Google, Inc. with the initial domain name", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713141", "score": "1.6439743", "text": "a People's Voice Award for technical achievement, and in 2001, was awarded Outstanding Search Service, Best Image Search Engine, Best Design, Most Webmaster Friendly Search Engine, and Best Search Feature at the Search Engine Watch Awards.\" In 2002, Page was named a World Economic Forum Global Leader for Tomorrow and along with Brin, was named by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s \"Technology Review\" publication as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, as part of its yearly TR100 listing (changed to \"TR35\" after 2005). In 2003, both Page and Brin received a", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "15904867", "score": "1.6336772", "text": "but changed her plans when she discovered an interest in technology. She also received her Master's of Science in economics from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1993 and a Master of Business Administration from the UCLA Anderson School of Management in 1998. In September 1998, the same month that Google was incorporated, its founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin set up office in Wojcicki's garage in Menlo Park. Before becoming Google's first marketing manager in 1999, Wojcicki worked in marketing at Intel Corporation in Santa Clara, California, and was a management consultant at Bain & Company and R.B.", "title": "Susan Wojcicki" }, { "id": "713161", "score": "1.627733", "text": "that was at the time beyond the web,\" such as digitizing books and expanding health information. Brin is working on other, more personal projects that reach beyond Google. For example, he and Page are trying to help solve the world's energy and climate problems at Google's philanthropic arm, Google.org, which invests in the alternative energy industry to find wider sources of renewable energy. The company acknowledges that its founders want \"to solve really big problems using technology\". In October 2010, for example, they invested in a major offshore wind power development to assist the East coast power grid, which will", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "14324080", "score": "1.6109924", "text": "and Sergey Brin developed PageRank at Stanford University in 1996 as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine. Sergey Brin had the idea that information on the web could be ordered in a hierarchy by \"link popularity\": a page ranks higher as there are more links to it. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998: shortly after, Page and Brin founded Google Inc., the company behind the Google search engine. While just", "title": "PageRank" }, { "id": "713143", "score": "1.5887556", "text": "their board and he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. In 2005, Brin and Page were elected Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2008 Page received the Communication Award from King Felipe at the Princess of Asturias Awards on behalf of Google. In 2009, Page received an honorary doctorate from the University of Michigan during a graduation commencement ceremony. In 2011, he was ranked 24th on the Forbes list of billionaires, and as the 11th richest person in the U.S. In 2015, Page's \"Powerful People\" profile on the \"Forbes\" site states that Google is", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713163", "score": "1.5834601", "text": "the Tesla Model S, a range battery electric vehicle. In 2004, he and Page were named \"Persons of the Week\" by \"ABC World News Tonight\". In January 2005 he was nominated to be one of the World Economic Forum's \"Young Global Leaders\". In June 2008, Brin invested $4.5 million in Space Adventures, the Virginia-based space tourism company. His investment will serve as a deposit for a reservation on one of Space Adventures' proposed flights in 2011. Space Adventures, the only company that sends tourists to space, has sent five of them so far. Brin and Page jointly own a customized", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713158", "score": "1.5795914", "text": "to connect the nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network. After filling Page's room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713173", "score": "1.5784829", "text": "can therefore help others as well.\" Brin and Wojcicki, although divorced, still jointly run The Brin Wojcicki Foundation. They have donated extensively to The Michael J. Fox Foundation and in 2009 gave $1 million to support the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society. Politically, Brin is a Democrat, having donated money to Barack Obama's re-election campaign and to the DNC. In 2002, Brin, along with Larry Page, was named the MIT Technology Review TR100, as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2003, both Brin and Page received an honorary MBA from IE Business", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713102", "score": "1.5656255", "text": "room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "id": "713160", "score": "1.5632937", "text": "ordering of follow-up pages.\" Page said that in mid-1998 they finally realized the further potential of their project: \"Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day. And we figured, maybe this is really real.\" Some compared Page and Brin's vision to the impact of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing: The comparison was also noted by the authors of \"The Google Story\": \"Not since Gutenberg... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google.\" Also, not long after the two \"cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "id": "713176", "score": "1.5620022", "text": "October 2018, Brin is the 13th-richest person in the world according to Forbes, with an estimated net worth of US$50.5 billion. Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (; born August 21, 1973) is an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google. Brin is the President of Google's parent company Alphabet Inc. As of October 2018, Brin is the 13th-richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$50.6 billion. Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6. He earned his bachelor's degree at", "title": "Sergey Brin" } ]

[ "Fabrically", "tray cloth", "textiler", "Tray-cloth", "Interlock cloth", "Fabric", "Cloths", "fabricalities", "textiled", "rag cloth", "Cloth", "textiles", "Textile fibre", "Textilers", "Yard goods", "textile", "List of textile-related topics", "textilers", "Textiles", "Fabrics", "Rag (cloth)", "Textiled", "fabric", "yard goods", "Textiling", "interlock cloth", "cloth", "Fabrical", "list of textile related topics", "Fabricalities", "Fabricality", "fabrical", "textile fibre", "fabrically", "cloths", "fabricality", "Textile", "Tray cloth", "fabrics", "textiling", "Textiler" ]

[ { "id": "5567685", "score": "1.5104134", "text": "Chenille fabric Chenille may refer to either a type of yarn or fabric made from it. Chenille is the French word for caterpillar whose fur the yarn is supposed to resemble. According to textile historians, chenille-type yarn is a recent invention, dating to the 18th century and believed to have originated in France. The original technique involved weaving a \"leno\" fabric and then cutting the fabric into strips to make the chenille yarn. Alexander Buchanan, a foreman in a Paisley fabric mill, is credited with introducing chenille fabric to Scotland in the 1830s. Here he developed a way to weave", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "5567694", "score": "1.4983301", "text": "hung. Chenille fabric Chenille may refer to either a type of yarn or fabric made from it. Chenille is the French word for caterpillar whose fur the yarn is supposed to resemble. According to textile historians, chenille-type yarn is a recent invention, dating to the 18th century and believed to have originated in France. The original technique involved weaving a \"leno\" fabric and then cutting the fabric into strips to make the chenille yarn. Alexander Buchanan, a foreman in a Paisley fabric mill, is credited with introducing chenille fabric to Scotland in the 1830s. Here he developed a way to", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "1629910", "score": "1.4791615", "text": "Muslin Muslin ( or ), also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave. It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. They were imported into Europe from Bengal in the 17th century and were later manufactured in Scotland and England. While English-speakers call it muslin because Europeans believed it originated in the Iraqi city of Mosul, its origins are now thought to have been farther East — in ancient India, and in particular Dhaka, the capital of what is now Bangladesh. Dhaka’s jamdani muslin, with its distinctive patterns woven in layer by", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "5567691", "score": "1.4275167", "text": "\"pile\", between two \"core yarns\" and then twisting the yarn together. The edges of these piles then stand at right angles to the yarn’s core, giving chenille both its softness and its characteristic look. Chenille will look different in one direction compared to another, as the fibers catch the light differently. Chenille can appear iridescent without actually using iridescent fibers. The yarn is commonly manufactured from cotton, but can also be made using acrylic, rayon and olefin. One of the problems with chenille yarns is that the tufts can work loose and create bare fabric. This was resolved by using", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "20054233", "score": "1.3999648", "text": "Sewed muslin Sewed muslin was a fashion imported from Paris in the late 18th century. Related to tambour lace, it was worked on very fine muslin, and used a variety of stitches to create motifs, usually depicting flowers and plants (hence its other name, \"flowered muslin\"). A notable developer of the industry in Scotland was Mrs Jamieson, the wife of an Ayrshire cotton agent. Seeing a philanthropic opportunity, she set out to teach local farmers' wives and daughters the trade, focusing on firm satin stitch, overcast fillings, and fine lace stitches in cut-out spaces. The designs were drawn up by", "title": "Sewed muslin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of fabrics\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of fabrics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Coco Chanel\n\nGabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel ( , ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. This replaced the \"corseted silhouette\" that was dominant beforehand with a style that was simpler, far less time consuming to put on and remove, more comfortable, and less expensive, all without sacrificing elegance. She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's . A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her aesthetic design in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.\n\nHer couture house closed in 1939, with the outbreak of World War II. Chanel stayed in France and was criticized during the war for collaborating with the Nazi-German occupiers and the Vichy puppet regime to boost her professional career. One of Chanel's liaisons was with a German diplomat, Baron (\"Freiherr\") Hans Günther von Dincklage. After the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator due to intervention by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When the war ended, Chanel moved to Switzerland, returning to Paris in 1954 to revive her fashion house. In 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book about Chanel based on newly declassified documents, revealing that she had collaborated directly with the Nazi intelligence service, the \"Sicherheitsdienst\". One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an SS peace overture to Churchill to end the war.", "title": "Coco Chanel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Khadi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Textile Arts/Archive 1" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1860s in Western fashion\n\n1860s fashion in European and European-influenced countries is characterized by extremely full-skirted women's fashions relying on crinolines and hoops and the emergence of \"alternative fashions\" under the influence of the Artistic Dress movement.\n\nIn men's fashion, the three-piece \"ditto suit\" of sack coat, waistcoat, and trousers in the same fabric emerged as a novelty.", "title": "1860s in Western fashion" }, { "id": "20054236", "score": "1.3682804", "text": "imposed by the American Civil War saw to its demise. Sewed muslin from the wider Glasgow area came to be known as Ayrshire whitework, and is extremely similar to French whitework. The main difference between them is that French whitework is usually worked on cambric rather than muslin. Sewed muslin Sewed muslin was a fashion imported from Paris in the late 18th century. Related to tambour lace, it was worked on very fine muslin, and used a variety of stitches to create motifs, usually depicting flowers and plants (hence its other name, \"flowered muslin\"). A notable developer of the industry", "title": "Sewed muslin" }, { "id": "5567690", "score": "1.3562982", "text": "the 1990s, when the Chenille International Manufacturers Association (CIMA) was formed with the mission to improve and develop the manufacturing processes. From the 1970s each machine head made two chenille yarns straight onto bobbins, a machine could have over 100 spindles (50 heads). Giesse was one of the first major machine manufacturers. Giesse acquired Iteco company in 2010 integrating the chenille yarn electronic quality control directly on their machine. Chenille fabrics are also often used in Letterman jackets also known as \"varsity jackets\", for the letter patches. The chenille yarn is manufactured by placing short lengths of yarn, called the", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "1629917", "score": "1.3538766", "text": "In the United Kingdom, many sheer cotton fabrics are called muslin, while in the United States, muslin sometimes refers to a firm cloth for everyday use, which in the UK and Australia is known as calico. When sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment, using an inexpensive muslin fabric before cutting pieces from expensive fabric, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. This garment is often called a \"muslin,\" and the process is called \"making a muslin.\" In this context, \"muslin\" has become the generic term for a test or fitting garment, regardless of what it is made", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "5567693", "score": "1.3504848", "text": "for a casual country look. A quilt with a so-called \"chenille finish\" is known as a \"rag quilt\" or, a \"slash quilt\" due to the frayed exposed seams of the patches and the method of achieving this. Layers of soft cotton are batted together in patches or blocks and sewn with wide, raw edges to the front. These edges are then cut, or slashed, to create a worn, soft, \"chenille\" effect. Many chenille fabrics should be dry cleaned. If hand or machine-washed, they should be machine-dried using low heat, or as a heavy textile, dried flat to avoid stretching, never", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "5567692", "score": "1.3305691", "text": "a low melt nylon in the core of the yarn and then autoclaving (steaming) the hanks of yarn to set the pile in place. Since the late 1990s, chenille appeared in quilting in a number of yarns, yards or finishes. As a yarn, it is a soft, feathery synthetic that when stitched onto a backing fabric, gives a velvety appearance, also known as imitation or \"faux chenille\". Real chenille quilts are made using patches of chenille fabric in various patterns and colors, with or without \"ragging\" the seams. The chenille effect by ragging the seams, has been adapted by quilters", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "10430919", "score": "1.3176774", "text": "strips resembling a yarn. Then, when the fabric is cut, the raw edges become very fuzzy and produce the chenille appearance. Other chenilles are created by trimming a loosely attached effect fiber to create the fuzzy appearance. Still other chenilles are created by attaching or gluing fibers to the yarn. A yarn in which the core has been wrapped by another strand, such as of cotton or nylon around an elastic base as used in commercial socks. The appearance of corkscrew or spiral yarns is achieved by using yarns of two different fibers and often twisting one under a different", "title": "Novelty yarns" }, { "id": "5567689", "score": "1.3144567", "text": "late 1930s, to be followed by many others. In the 1930s, usage for the tufted fabric became widely desirable for throws, mats, bedspreads, and carpets, but not as yet, apparel. Companies shifted handwork from the farms into factories for greater control and productivity, encouraged as they were to pursue centralized production by the wage and hour provisions of the National Recovery Administration's tufted bedspread code. With the trend towards mechanization, adapted sewing machines were used to insert raised yarn tufts. Chenille became popularized for apparel again with commercial production in the 1970s. Standards of industrial production were not introduced until", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "5567686", "score": "1.3044574", "text": "fuzzy shawls. Tufts of coloured wool were woven together into a blanket that was then cut into strips. They were treated by heating rollers in order to create the frizz. This resulted in a very soft, fuzzy fabric named chenille. Another Paisley shawl manufacturer went on to further develop the technique. James Templeton and William Quiglay worked to refine this process while working on imitation oriental rugs. The intricate patterns used to be difficult to reproduce by automation, but this technique solved that issue. These men patented the process but Quiglay soon sold out his interest. Templeton then went on", "title": "Chenille fabric" }, { "id": "1629918", "score": "1.3029084", "text": "from. Muslin is also often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and thus can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores. Muslin is used as a French polishing pad. Muslin can be used as a filter: Muslin is the material for the traditional cloth wrapped around a Christmas pudding. Muslin is the fabric wrapped around the items in barmbrack, a fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. Muslin is used when making traditional Fijian Kava as a filter. Beekeepers use muslin to filter melted beeswax to clean it of particles and debris.", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "1629911", "score": "1.2980676", "text": "layer, was one of the Mughal Empire’s most prestigious and lucrative exports. Early muslin was handwoven of uncommonly delicate handspun yarn, especially in the region around Dhaka, Bengal (now Bangladesh), where it may have originated. It was imported into Europe for much of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Fine linen muslin was formerly known as sindon. In 2013, the traditional art of weaving \"Jamdani\" muslin in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. Muslin (AmE: Muslin gauze) from French \"mousseline\", from Italian mussolina, from Mussolo ‘Mosul’ (Mosul, Iraq,", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "4715206", "score": "1.2854744", "text": "multiple layers or laid over a second material. It is similar to chiffon. Light-penetrable sheer fabrics include voile, muslin, and lace. These can be broadly divided into two groups based on method of production. The first are the natural fibers such as cotton and silk. The second group is prepared from a man-made fiber. This kind of synthetic sheer is extracted from raw material such as wood pulp or petroleum. They are robust and sturdy, yet still delicate looking, and tend to take dye well. They are often used as window dressing as they fall into soft folds that are", "title": "Voile" }, { "id": "4435190", "score": "1.2789662", "text": "Double cloth Double cloth or double weave (also doublecloth, double-cloth, doubleweave) is a kind of woven textile in which two or more sets of warps and one or more sets of weft or filling yarns are interconnected to form a two-layered cloth. The movement of threads between the layers allows complex patterns and surface textures to be created. In contemporary textile manufacturing, the term \"double cloth\" or \"true double cloth\" is sometimes restricted to fabrics with two warps and three wefts, made up as two distinct fabrics lightly connected by the third or binding weft, but this distinction is not", "title": "Double cloth" }, { "id": "1629922", "score": "1.2787635", "text": "Wright Flyer (1903) was passed down to Wright descendants. The fabric was made available to The Wright Experience(reproduction of the Wright gliders and Flyer and reenactment of the first flight on its 100th anniversary) for examination as it was no longer commercially available a century after its use by the Wrights. To create an authentic modern reproduction of the original fabric, three different companies were needed which produced the thread, the weaving, and the finishing). Muslin Muslin ( or ), also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave. It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "1629919", "score": "1.2743168", "text": "Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theater sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well. It is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin shrinks after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as soft-covered flats. In video production as", "title": "Muslin" }, { "id": "1629913", "score": "1.2705696", "text": "painting depicts royal females drapped in muslin In the 9th century, an Arab merchant named Sulaiman made note of the material's origin in Bengal (known as Ruhmi in Arabic). Bengali muslin was traded throughout the Muslim world, from the Middle East to Southeast Asia. In many Islamic regions, such as in Central Asia, the cloth was named \"Daka,\" after the city of Dhaka. Subsequently, the word Muslin found its place in various European languages as French \"mousseline\", Italian \"mussolina\" etc., During the Roman period, muslin was the foremost export of Masulipatam, in Andhra Pradesh. Bengali khadi muslin was so prized", "title": "Muslin" } ]

[ "Beyonc", "beyonc" ]

[ { "id": "12783197", "score": "1.7679372", "text": "introduced an aggressive alter ego, Sasha Fierce, which also served as her stage persona. She added that the persona is a complete opposite of her when not performing by characterizing her as \"aggressive... strong... fearless.\" Beyoncé's third album \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" introduced Sasha Fierce as her alter ego. she revealed that Sasha was born during the making of her single \"Crazy in Love\" (2003). The plans for a 2009 tour in support of the album were announced in October 2008 by \"Billboard\" magazine. The tour dates for the European leg were announced in December 2008. During an interview with", "title": "I Am... World Tour" }, { "id": "863980", "score": "1.7466115", "text": "again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "id": "12557755", "score": "1.685611", "text": "Alarm\" in terms of audacity. Despite being on the \"Sasha Fierce\" disc, \"Ego\", \"Why Don't You Love Me\" and \"Scared of Lonely\" were noted to be a meeting ground between the album's halves. According to Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News, they resemble \"Sasha Fierce\" musically, but thematically and lyrically, they are vulnerable like Beyoncé on the \"I Am...\" disc. The album formally introduces Beyoncé's alter ego Sasha Fierce. She revealed that Sasha was born during the making of her hit single \"Crazy in Love\" (2003). In an interview with Emmet Sullivan of \"People\" magazine, Beyoncé affirmed that her alter ego", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "id": "12584884", "score": "1.5877744", "text": "been placed in either disc of \"I Am.. Sasha Fierce\" as it combines elements of both sides of Beyoncé's split musical personality. The remix version of \"Ego\" was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 52nd Grammy Awards. \"Ego\" became the fifth consecutive song from \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" to reach the top 40 on US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at 39. It reached number three on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Despite not being released elsewhere, \"Ego\" reached number 11 in New Zealand and number 60 in", "title": "Ego (Beyoncé song)" }, { "id": "13299426", "score": "1.5838941", "text": "during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York. She introduced another alter ego, Rosa (pronounced with an exaggerated \"R\"), to commemorate her December 2010 appearance on \"Lopez Tonight\". For \"Pink Friday\", Minaj created another alter ego: Roman Zolanski, \"a demon inside her\", Minaj's \"twin brother\" whose character she assumes when she is angry. Roman has been compared to Eminem's alter ego Slim Shady, and on \"Roman's Revenge\" Minaj and Eminem collaborate as their alter egos. On her next album, she said that there would be a lot of Roman: \"And if you're not", "title": "Nicki Minaj" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "I Am... Sasha Fierce\n\nI Am... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008, by Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. In its original release, the album was formatted as a double album, intending to market Beyoncé's dichotomous artistic persona. The first disc \"I Am...\" contains slow and midtempo pop and R&B ballads, while the second, \"Sasha Fierce\" (named after Beyoncé's on-stage alter ego), focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop elements. In composing the songs' lyrics, Beyoncé worked with writers, with each session accompanied by live orchestration.\n\nBeyoncé credited both her husband—rapper Jay-Z—and jazz singer Etta James for inspiring her to push the limits of her songwriting and artistry. Musically, \"I Am...\" drew inspiration from folk and alternative rock, while blending acoustic guitar elements into contemporary ballads, and its tracks were written and produced by Beyoncé, during collaborative efforts with Babyface, Tricky Stewart, The-Dream and Ryan Tedder. \"Sasha Fierce\" boasted production from Darkchild and Sean Garrett.\n\n\"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics and was a massive commercial success, debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart with first-week sales of 482,000 units and earning Beyoncé her third consecutive US number-one solo album. The album has earned one diamond and over thirty platinum certifications in separate worldwide markets, being certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), shipping over six million units in the United States. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" has sold 10 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century. The album garnered seven Grammy Award nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards ceremony (2010), including a nomination for Album of the Year, winning six—the most awards won in one night by a female artist.\n\nThe album was marketed with the release of several singles, including \"If I Were a Boy\" and \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", both of which charted highly internationally. The former topped the charts in over ten countries and reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, with the latter becoming her fifth number-one single on the Hot 100 chart. \"Diva\" and \"Ego\" were released exclusively in the United States, while \"Halo\" and \"Sweet Dreams\" were promoted internationally as the third and fourth singles, respectively. \"Broken-Hearted Girl\" was released internationally as the fifth single, while \"Video Phone\" was released in September 2009 as the overall eighth, and \"Why Don't You Love Me\" was released in July 2010 as the ninth and final single. To further promote the album, Beyoncé made several award show and televised appearances across Europe and America, and embarking on the worldwide I Am... World Tour (2009–10).", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alter ego\n\nAn alter ego (Latin for \"other I\", \"doppelgänger\") means an alternate self, which is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true original personality. Finding one's alter ego will require finding one's other self, one with a different personality. The altered states of the ego may themselves be referred to as \"alterations\". A distinct meaning of \"alter ego\" is found in the literary analysis used when referring to fictional literature and other narrative forms, describing a key character in a story who is perceived to be intentionally representative of the work's author (or creator), by oblique similarities, in terms of psychology, behavior, speech, or thoughts, often used to convey the author's thoughts. The term is also sometimes, but less frequently, used to designate a hypothetical \"twin\" or \"best friend\" to a character in a story. Similarly, the term \"alter ego\" may be applied to the role or persona taken on by an actor or by other types of performers.", "title": "Alter ego" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Beyoncé" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\n\n\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé, from her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" (2008). Columbia Records released \"Single Ladies\" as a single on October 13, 2008, as a double A-side alongside \"If I Were a Boy\", showcasing the contrast between Beyoncé and her aggressive onstage alter ego Sasha Fierce. It explores men's unwillingness to propose or commit. In the song, the female protagonist is in a club to celebrate her single status.\n\n\"Single Ladies\" won three Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year, among other accolades. Several news media sources named it as one of the best songs of 2008, while some considered it one of the best songs of the decade. It topped the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for four non-consecutive weeks and has been certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song charted among the top ten within the singles category in several other countries. Globally, it was 2009's seventh best-selling digital single with 6.1 million copies sold.\n\nA black-and-white music video accompanied the single's release. It won several awards, including the Video of the Year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyoncé has performed \"Single Ladies\" on television and during her concert tours. The song and particularly its music video have been widely parodied and imitated. Several notable artists have performed cover versions. Media usage has included placement in popular television shows.", "title": "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Diva (Beyoncé song)" }, { "id": "13874481", "score": "1.5796049", "text": "and teaser website, all in the name of Lola, were set up. They all featured a dancing female figure named Lola. Rumors surfaced that Lopez had adopted Lola, as her alter-ego, however, this was confirmed as false by the president of Epic Records, Amanda Ghost. She said: \"It's something fun. She hasn't become Sasha Fierce (Beyoncé Knowles' artistic alter ego). There won't be anything to do with Lola on her \"Love?\" album. This is a hot club record that the label loved and Jennifer thought was fun, Jennifer and Pitbull got together and the record leaked. Lola is a fun", "title": "Fresh Out the Oven" }, { "id": "12557790", "score": "1.5722374", "text": "streams. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\". !colspan=\"3\"| Summaries I Am... Sasha Fierce I Am... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. In its initial release, the album was formatted as a double album, intending to market Beyoncé's contrasting facets of artistry. The first disc, \"I Am...\", contains slow and midtempo pop and R&B ballads, while the second, \"Sasha Fierce\" (named after Beyoncé's on-stage alter ego), focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop genres.", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "id": "12584894", "score": "1.5622742", "text": "\"Ego\" as the standout track on \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", complimenting its lyrical content and calling it \"playful boldness\". Ann Powers of \"Los Angeles Times\" noted that in \"Ego\", Beyoncé shows the spunk she developed playing Etta James in Cadillac Records. IGN Music described the song as one of the \"genuine shining moments\" where Beyoncé's voice and the music are perfectly matched. \"The Village Voice\"'s Nana Ekua Brew-Hammond described \"Sasha Fierce\" as \"brassy, big-headed, confrontational, and witty\" and wrote that all these adjectives suit \"Ego\". According to Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News, the song seems more like a meeting ground", "title": "Ego (Beyoncé song)" }, { "id": "12557762", "score": "1.5465212", "text": "album (including the remix of \"Ego\" with rapper Kanye West) and the DVD featuring music videos previously released for those singles, as well as behind-the-scenes footage. Finally, the platinum edition of \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released in Australia on Beyoncé's twenty-eighth birthday on September 4, 2009, and in the United States on October 20, 2009, featuring a CD and a DVD. It included a cover version of Billy Joel's song \"Honesty\" (1979). The deluxe edition of the album was reissued in the United States on November 23, 2009, including all of the previously released songs in addition to the", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "id": "12584886", "score": "1.5462143", "text": "then-upcoming album and feared that the song might not suit her. She said, \"You don’t know if they’re going to be able to capture your voice the same way that you captured it yourself.\" \"Ego\" was eventually proposed to Beyoncé, who used it for the deluxe edition of \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\". It was officially remixed with added vocals from Kanye West, whom Beyoncé described as the \"perfect person\" to be on the remix. Elaborating on her collaboration with West, she told MTV News, \"[Kanye's] voice sounds so wonderful on it. He definitely has the confidence and he backs it", "title": "Ego (Beyoncé song)" }, { "id": "1521768", "score": "1.5305688", "text": "\"I Am... Sasha Fierce\". According to Beyoncé, Sasha is her wilder side, emerging during high octane stage performances and serving as a sort of scapegoat for \"unladylike\" behavior. According to Carl Jung and the Jungian psychology, the persona is also the mask or appearance one presents to the world. It may appear in dreams under various guises. People may choose to wear a social mask or \"persona\" to make themselves appear more socially desirable. This is used to impress members of the opposite sex or to make new friends. People can have multiple personas that they use in various situations,", "title": "Persona" }, { "id": "16675130", "score": "1.524082", "text": "use of the character to American singer Beyoncé's adoption of the Sasha Fierce alter ego, or singer Lady Gaga's use of various costumes, being a way to protect Neuwirth's own private life. In 2018, Neuwirth disclosed that he is HIV-positive and has been receiving treatment for \"several years\". He wrote through an Instagram post that he felt compelled to come out as HIV-positive due to persistent threats from a former boyfriend that he would publicly reveal Neuwirth's status. Conchita Wurst Conchita (from 2011 to 2015 Conchita Wurst) is the stage persona of Austrian singer, recording artist and drag queen Thomas", "title": "Conchita Wurst" }, { "id": "12557744", "score": "1.5026888", "text": "I Am... Sasha Fierce I Am... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. In its initial release, the album was formatted as a double album, intending to market Beyoncé's contrasting facets of artistry. The first disc, \"I Am...\", contains slow and midtempo pop and R&B ballads, while the second, \"Sasha Fierce\" (named after Beyoncé's on-stage alter ego), focuses on more uptempo beats that blend electropop and Europop genres. In composing the songs' lyrics, Beyoncé worked with writers, with each session accompanied by", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "id": "12584902", "score": "1.4997022", "text": "when Beyoncé sings, \"I got every reason to feel like I'm that bitch!\". \"Ego\" is the first video from \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" in which she has curly afro hair, similar to the one in \"Work It Out\". It is also the first video from the \"Sasha Fierce\" disc of her album where she does not don her robot-glove. The video features Beyoncé and her two backup female dancers all dressed in silver leotards and performing similar choreography, which has reminiscence of that of \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Later, Beyoncé sits on a white glittery chair in", "title": "Ego (Beyoncé song)" }, { "id": "12557784", "score": "1.4947095", "text": "nominated for a People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist and Favorite R&B Artist at the 36th People's Choice Awards (2010), as well as winning a Teen Choice Award for Choice Music: R&B Artist at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards, and being nominated for World's Best R&B Artist at the 2010 World Music Awards. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" and its singles earned Beyoncé seven Grammy Award nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards (2010), including Album of the Year. She won a record-setting six Grammy Awards out of seven, and an award for her rendition of the classic Etta James'", "title": "I Am... Sasha Fierce" }, { "id": "11834495", "score": "1.4839485", "text": "\"Billboard\" Hot 100. Kuk Harrell produced Usher's vocals. \"I Am… Sasha Fierce\" is the third solo studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles, released on November 18, 2008 in the United States. The album debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, making it Knowles' third consecutive number-one album. \"I Am… Sasha Fierce\" is ranked number two on \"Entertainment Weekly\" magazine's list of the 10 Best Albums of 2008. It was also the tenth best-selling album in 2008 in the United States. The album was certified 2x Multi-Platinum by the RIAA after only being released in the U.S. for", "title": "Kuk Harrell" }, { "id": "12584909", "score": "1.482366", "text": "that it looks like a dress rehearsal of the video for \"Single Ladies\" but \"in drag\". She further wrote, \"Anyway, while the '80s horns-and-organ vibe delivers some throwback flavor, I'm not feeling the circa-2002-Christina-Aguilera curly wig or the satin prom gloves. And the boob grabbing is a little too gratuitous. And when Beyonce says 'It's too big, it's too wide, it's too strong, it won't fit, it's too much,' I'm not even positive that she's really referring to an ego.\" Nadia Mendoza of \"The Sun\" noted that Beyoncé's appeal is \"fast disppearing the more she morphs into alter ego Sasha", "title": "Ego (Beyoncé song)" }, { "id": "13934802", "score": "1.4764416", "text": "because Beyoncé was releasing a fragrance and clothing line called \"Sasha Fierce\". Abercrombie & Fitch took action by filing a lawsuit accusing her of trademark infringement, unfair competition and deceptive trade practices because A&F already markets a men's cologne called Fierce. The company also cited a potential likelihood of confusion while sending Beyoncé a warning to \"cease-and-desist.\" In response, Coty, Inc., the company Beyoncé hired for her fragrance, stated that the terms \"Fierce\" and \"Sasha Fierce\" were never intended to be used for the fragrance. Fierce (A&F fragrance) Fierce (marketed in bold red-lettering as \"FIERCE\") is a men's fragrance by", "title": "Fierce (A&F fragrance)" }, { "id": "7753746", "score": "1.4722582", "text": "she started a hair salon business. She became a Christian in 2008 and changed her stage name, and stated that she would no longer perform the songs that made her famous. She wrote her first rap at 11, and as a student at August Martin High School, the young teen first performed professionally at Brooklyn’s Biltmore Ballroom, modelling herself after such childhood idols as rap’s pioneer female act, Salt-N-Pepa, as well as Jamaican female toaster Shelly Thunder. Then, all at once, Sasha went from being a student and “popular chick” in class to a professional. “We snuck out to see", "title": "Sasha (Jamaican musician)" }, { "id": "15404265", "score": "1.469988", "text": "on a mixtape by DJ Haze which was called \"Big R&B Ego\". This version was leaked on the Internet in August 2009. \"Poison\" was not included on the track-listing of the standard version of \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\"; it was included on a re-issue of the deluxe edition of the album instead, which was released on November 23, 2009. An extended play (EP) titled \"I Am...Sasha Fierce – The Bonus Tracks\" was also released on the same date in several countries featuring new songs including \"Poison\", \"Why Don't You Love Me\" and a remix of \"Video Phone featuring Lady Gaga.", "title": "Poison (Beyoncé song)" } ]

[ "between australia and new guinea", "Between Australia and New Guinea" ]

[ { "id": "5028705", "score": "1.7824609", "text": "Arafura Sea The Arafura Sea (or Arafuru Sea) lies west of the Pacific Ocean, overlying the continental shelf between Australia and Indonesian New Guinea. The Arafura Sea is bordered by the Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is long and wide. The depth of the sea is mainly 50–80 metres (165–260 feet), with the depth increasing to the west. The sea lies over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "5028712", "score": "1.771929", "text": "Established in 2002, the Arafura and Timor Seas Expert Forum (ATSEF) seeks to promote economically and environmentally sustainable management of the seas. Arafura Sea The Arafura Sea (or Arafuru Sea) lies west of the Pacific Ocean, overlying the continental shelf between Australia and Indonesian New Guinea. The Arafura Sea is bordered by the Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is long and wide. The depth of the sea is mainly 50–80 metres", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "5028708", "score": "1.6667621", "text": "from Karoefa (133°27'E) to the entrance to the Bensbak River (141°01'E), and thence a line to the Northwest extreme of York Peninsula, Australia (). \"On the South.\" By the North coast of Australia from the Northwest extreme of York Peninsula to Cape Don (). \"On the West.\" A line from Cape Don to Tanjong Aro Oesoe, the Southern point of Selaroe (Tanimbar Islands). The sea's name appeared in George Windsor Earl's 1837 \"Sailing Directions for the Arafura Sea\" which he compiled from the narratives of Lieuts. Kolff and Modera of the Royal Netherlands Navy. It has been suggested that the", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "5198111", "score": "1.6481929", "text": "Electoral division of Arafura Arafura is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1983, and takes its name from the Arafura Sea, which adjoins the electorate. The electorate is predominantly rural, encompassing in western Arnhem Land and the Tiwi Islands, and including the towns of Oenpelli, Jabiru, Maningrida, Milikapiti and Nguiu. There were 5,477 people enrolled in the electorate as of August 2012. Arafura was a safe seat for the Labor Party from its inception until 2012, when the seat was won by the Country Liberal Party in a 15 per", "title": "Electoral division of Arafura" }, { "id": "5028706", "score": "1.6453395", "text": "sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge connecting Australia and New Guinea and easing migration of humans from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Arafura Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows: \"On the North.\" The Southeastern limit of the Ceram Sea [A line from Karoefa, New Guinea, to the Southeastern extreme of Adi Island, thence to", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arafura Sea\n\nThe Arafura Sea (or Arafuru Sea) lies west of the Pacific Ocean, overlying the continental shelf between Australia and Western New Guinea (also called Papua), which is the Indonesian part of the Island of New Guinea.", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Arafura Sea\n\nThe Battle of Arafura Sea (), also known as the Battle of Vlakke Hoek (), was a naval battle in the Vlakke Hoek Bay (Etna Bay) of the Arafura Sea in Western New Guinea on January 15, 1962, between Indonesia and the Netherlands.\n\nThe battle stopped an attempt by the Indonesian Navy to land 150 soldiers in Kaimana in Dutch New Guinea for sabotage and to incite the local population against the Dutch government. Commodore Yos Sudarso was in charge of the operation at sea, while Colonel Murshid commanded the infiltrators. Three Indonesian torpedo boats left the Aru Islands in the middle of the night but were intercepted near the New Guinea coast by a Dutch Neptune reconnaissance plane, as the Dutch had anticipated the action for weeks. The torpedo boats responded to the flares sent off by the plane by shooting at it. The Dutch destroyer HNLMS \"Evertsen\" then joined the scene and sank RI \"Matjan Tutul\", commanded by Sudarso. The other two ships, RI \"Matjan Kumbang\" and RI \"Harimau\", fled, but one hit a reef and the other was hit by gunfire and disabled. \"Evertsen\" was able to save most of the crew of \"Matjan Tutul\", but at least three sailors died, among whom was Commodore Sudarso.\n\nThe Indonesian action itself was an abject failure and General Nasution even refused to relay the bad news to President Sukarno, forcing Colonel Murshid to do this in person. and it is honored in Indonesia by \"Oceanic Duty Day\" (\"Hari Dharma Samudera\"), an annual nationwide day of remembrance. Twelve years after his death, Yos Sudarso was officially added to the register of Indonesian heroes of the Revolution, while RI \"Harimau\" was made into a monument at the Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.\n\n\n", "title": "Battle of Arafura Sea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "File:Arafura Sea map.png" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aipysurus tenuis\n\nAipysurus tenuis, also known as the Arafura sea snake, Mjoberg's sea snake or brown-lined sea snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae that is native to Australia. The specific epithet \"tenuis\" (“slender”) refers to the snake's appearance.\nSection::::Description.\nThe species grows to an average of about 130 cm in length. It is long and slim, with a small brown head and a pale body.\nSection::::Behaviour.\nThe species is viviparous.<ref name=\"rdb\"/>\nSection::::Distribution.\nThe snake is found in marine waters off the north-west coast of Western Australia, from near Dampier to Broome, and in the Arafura Sea. The type locality is Cape Jaubert, near Broome.<ref name=\"rdb\"/>", "title": "Aipysurus tenuis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timor Sea\n\nThe Timor Sea (, , or ) is a relatively shallow sea bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, and to the south by Australia.\n\nThe sea contains a number of reefs, uninhabited islands and significant hydrocarbon reserves. International disputes emerged after the reserves were discovered resulting in the signing of the Timor Sea Treaty.\n\nThe Timor Sea was hit by the worst oil spill for 25 years in 2009.\n\nIt is possible that Australia's first inhabitants crossed the Timor Sea from the Malay Archipelago at a time when sea levels were lower.", "title": "Timor Sea" }, { "id": "5028711", "score": "1.6174984", "text": "in the interior of south-west New Guinea in 1835, and applied to the tribespeople there. Coulter concluded that Papuans and Horraforas were two distinct races in New Guinea. The Arafura Sea is a rich fishery resource, particularly for shrimp and demersal fishing. Economically important species include Barramundi, grouper, Penaeid shrimp, Nemipteridae fishes, among other kinds of fish. In a world where marine ecosystems and fish stocks are generally collapsing, the Arafura Sea stands out as among the richest marine fisheries in the world. However, the Arafura is coming under ever more intense pressure from illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities.", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "5028710", "score": "1.6158092", "text": "\"the people of mountains\" in the Moluccas (part of Indonesia) as identified by Dutch Lieutenants Kolff and Modera in the 1830s. Thomas Forrest sailed through the Moluccas (Maluku Islands) in 1775 and retailed reports of \"Harafora\" people living in the western end of New Guinea in subordination to the \"Papuas\", and mentioned them also in Magindano (Mindanao). The geographer Conrad Malte-Brun repeated Forrest's reports of a race of \"Haraforas\", in 1804, and added Borneo to the distribution. The ethnologist James C. Prichard described them as head-hunters. The form \"Horrafora\" was recorded by John Coulter, in his account of a sojourn", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "5028707", "score": "1.5663638", "text": "Tg. Borang, the Northern point of Noehoe Tjoet <nowiki>[</nowiki>Kai Besar<nowiki>]</nowiki> ()] and the Eastern limit of the Banda Sea [From Tg Borang, the Northern point of Noehoe Tjoet, through this island to its Southern point, thence a line to the Northeast point of Fordata, through this island and across to the Northeast point of Larat, Tanimbar Islands (), down the East coast of Jamdena <nowiki>[</nowiki>Yamdena<nowiki>]</nowiki> Island to its Southern point, thence through Anggarmasa to the North point of Selaroe and through this island to Tg Aro Oesoe its Southern point ()]. \"On the East.\" The Southwest coast of New Guinea", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "12435545", "score": "1.5580833", "text": "Arafura Swamp The Arafura Swamp is a large inland freshwater wetland in Arnhem Land, in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is a near pristine floodplain with an area of that may expand to by the end of the wet season, making it the largest wooded swamp in the Northern Territory and, possibly, in Australia. It has a strong seasonal variation in depth of water. The area is of great cultural significance to the Yolngu people, in particular the Ramingining community. It was the filming location for the film \"Ten Canoes\". The Arafura Swamp is a", "title": "Arafura Swamp" }, { "id": "12435550", "score": "1.537085", "text": "the swamp is Aboriginal freehold, held by the Arnhem Land Aboriginal Land Trust. The Arafura wetlands, with their catchment area, were listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate. Arafura Swamp The Arafura Swamp is a large inland freshwater wetland in Arnhem Land, in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is a near pristine floodplain with an area of that may expand to by the end of the wet season, making it the largest wooded swamp in the Northern Territory and, possibly, in Australia. It has a strong seasonal variation in depth of water. The", "title": "Arafura Swamp" }, { "id": "5028709", "score": "1.5241001", "text": "name Arafura is of Portuguese origin, a corruption of the word \"Alfours\", meaning \"free men\", but recent research at the Dutch National Archives has revealed that AJ van der Aa's 1939 Toponymic Dictionary records \"the inhabitants of the Moluccas called themselves 'haraforas', translating 'Anak anak gunung' as 'children of the mountains'.\" European recording of his name dates back to at least 1663 when Blaeu records in the texts on his wall map of the East Indies \"Archipelagus Orientalis, sive Asiaticus\", that the inland inhabitants of the Moluccas call themselves \"Alfores\". The Arafura Sea name is from the indigenous name for", "title": "Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "7868865", "score": "1.5215023", "text": "Timor Sea towards Timor, ending where the seabed begins descending into the Timor Trough. Another part of the Sahul Shelf is known also as the Arafura Shelf and runs all the way from the northern coast of Australia under the Arafura Sea to New Guinea. The Aru Islands rise from the Arafura Shelf. The Sahul Shelf is sometimes taken to also include the Rowley Shelf which runs out under the Indian Ocean from the northwest coast of Australia as far south as North West Cape. The existence of the much larger Sahul Shelf was suggested in 1845 by G.W. Earl", "title": "Sahul Shelf" }, { "id": "5198112", "score": "1.5156357", "text": "cent swing. However, Labor regained it as part of its massive victory in 2016. The electorate has a particularly high indigenous population, which has been reflected in its having been represented by five consecutive indigenous MPs. Electoral division of Arafura Arafura is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1983, and takes its name from the Arafura Sea, which adjoins the electorate. The electorate is predominantly rural, encompassing in western Arnhem Land and the Tiwi Islands, and including the towns of Oenpelli, Jabiru, Maningrida, Milikapiti and Nguiu. There were 5,477 people", "title": "Electoral division of Arafura" }, { "id": "10180006", "score": "1.5120008", "text": "Arafura Sea on 4 January and strengthened into a tropical cyclone before passing near Elcho Island, Northern Territory. The storm then made landfall in Arnhem Land on 5 January. At 0900 UTC, the system peaked with winds of 95 km/h (60 mph). It meandered over Northern Territory and the Gulf of Carpentaria for a few weeks. The system remained inland until moving offshore Kimberley on 21 January. A deep trough generated wind shear, which inhibited significant intensification. However, deep convection began to develop late on 24 January as it approached the north coast of Western Australia. Around 0300 UTC on", "title": "2002–03 Australian region cyclone season" }, { "id": "17899709", "score": "1.5023408", "text": "left the Aru Islands in the middle of the night but were intercepted near the New Guinea coast by a Dutch Neptune reconnaissance plane, as the Dutch had anticipated the action for weeks. The torpedo boats responded to the flares sent off by the plane by shooting at it. The Dutch destroyer HNLMS \"Evertsen\" then joined the scene and sank the KRI \"Matjan Tutul\", commanded by Sudarso. The other two ships, KRI \"Matjan Kumbang\" and KRI \"Harimau\", fled, but one hit a reef and the other was disabled by shooting. The \"Evertsen\" was able to save most occupants of the", "title": "Battle of Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "12439766", "score": "1.5000741", "text": "Arafura Jungles The Arafura Jungles form a site with an area of about 5000 ha in eastern Arnhem Land, in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. It contains twelve patches of monsoon vine forest of areas varying from 1.5 ha to 50 ha, representing four distinct floristic types, in the sandstone escarpment bordering the eastern edge of the Arafura Swamp, 12 km north of Mirrngadja. It is listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate. The patches are of both wet and dry jungles, with the wet typically occupying sheltered spring or creek fed sites in", "title": "Arafura Jungles" }, { "id": "2078845", "score": "1.4905188", "text": "(reefs) () off the Southeast extreme of New Caledonia, thence through the East point of Middleton Reef to the Eastern extreme of Elizabeth Reef () and down this meridian to Latitude 30° South. \"On the South.\" The parallel of 30° South to the Australian coast. \"On the West.\" The Eastern limit of the Arafura Sea [The entrance to the Bensbak River (141°01'E), and thence a line to the Northwest extreme of York Peninsula, Australia ()] and the East Coast of Australia as far south as Latitude 30° South. The Coral Sea basin was formed between 58 million and 48 million", "title": "Coral Sea" }, { "id": "7868867", "score": "1.4884536", "text": "the 2000s. The Arafura Shelf formed a land bridge between Australia, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands, and these lands share many marsupial mammals, land birds, and freshwater fish as a result. Lydekker's Line, a biogeographical line, runs along the edge of Sahul Shelf where it drops off into the deep waters of the Wallacea biogeographical area. Wallacea sits in a gap between the Sahul Shelf and the Sunda Shelf, part of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia. Sahul Shelf Geologically, the Sahul Shelf is part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent and lies off the coast of", "title": "Sahul Shelf" }, { "id": "17899708", "score": "1.4840294", "text": "Battle of Arafura Sea The Battle of Arafura Sea (), also known as the Battle of Vlakke Hoek (), was a naval battle in the Vlakke Hoek Bay (Etna Bay) of the Arafura Sea in Western New Guinea on January 15, 1962 between Indonesia and the Netherlands. The battle stopped an attempt by the Indonesian Navy to drop off 150 soldiers in Kaimana in Dutch New Guinea for sabotage and to incite the local population against the Dutch government. Commodore Yos Sudarso was in charge of the operation at sea, while colonel Murshid commanded the infiltrators. Three Indonesian torpedo boats", "title": "Battle of Arafura Sea" }, { "id": "12435546", "score": "1.4512919", "text": "large and irregular floodplain surrounded by a low plateau in height, with prominent scarps to the east and west. The eastern scarp contains the Arafura Jungles site. It is laced with drainage channels and billabongs and forms a major flood-control and sedimentation basin for the Goyder-Glyde river system, with the main inflow coming from the Goyder and Gulbuwangay Rivers in the south, and with discharge northwards through the Glyde River into the Arafura Sea. It has a monsoonal tropical savanna climate with a mean annual rainfall of over , falling mostly from December to April. In dry years much of", "title": "Arafura Swamp" } ]

[ "The State of New York", "NewYork", "N.Y. (U.S. state)", "new york state", "N. Y. state", "New York's", "New York State", "u s state of new york", "state of new yourk", "new york usa state", "NY", "nýja jórvík", "Estado de Nueva York", "n y u s state", "State of N. Y.", "U.S. state of New York", "11th state", "nyja jorvik", "New York, US", "New Yourk State", "state new york", "Neo York", "State of New York", "New York, U.S.", "Nueva York (estado)", "N Y state", "New York (USA State)", "N Y (U.S. state)", "N Y (state)", "New York (state)", "neo york", "n y", "N Y", "New-York", "nys", "US state of New York", "Nyja-Jorvik", "NY (state)", "Nova York", "New York (State)", "new yourk state", "US-NY", "new york u s state", "N.Y.", "new yrok", "us ny", "11th State", "N. Y.", "The state of N.Y.", "NYS", "New york population", "ny state", "new yourk", "The state of N Y", "us state of new york", "New York (U.S. state", "estado de nueva york", "Newyork", "Eleventh State", "new york", "State of N Y", "state of n y", "New Yourk", "New York", "religion in new york", "new york population", "NEW YORK", "ny u s state", "New york", "N. Y. (state)", "New Yrok", "New york state", "state of ny", "NY state", "Religion in New York", "N.Y. (state)", "State of N.Y.", "n y state", "The state of NY", "new york us", "State of new yourk", "new york u s", "Estado Nueva York", "Ny", "N. Y. (U.S. state)", "State of NY", "new york s", "NY (U.S. state)", "estado nueva york", "State New York", "nova york", "State of new york", "ny", "N.Y. state", "New York (USA state)", "New York State's", "New York, U.S.A", "New York state", "Nýja-Jórvík", "new york state s", "eleventh state", "nueva york estado", "state of new york", "newyork", "The state of N. Y.", "New York (U.S. state)" ]

[ { "id": "4686827", "score": "1.9458873", "text": "mistakes. Macy moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named \"R.H Macy Dry Goods\" at Sixth Avenue on the corner of 14th Street, significantly north of other dry goods stores of the time. On the company's first day of business on October 28, 1858 sales totaled $11.08, equal to $ today. As the business grew, Macy's expanded into neighboring buildings, opening up more and more departments, and used publicity devices such as a store Santa Claus, themed exhibits, and illuminated window displays to draw in customers. It offered a money back guarantee, although it only", "title": "Rowland Hussey Macy" }, { "id": "10906616", "score": "1.9117587", "text": "Macy's was founded by Rowland Hussey Macy, who between 1843 and 1855 opened four retail dry goods stores, including the original Macy's store in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts, established in 1851 to serve the mill industry employees of the area. They all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. He moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named \"R.H Macy Dry Goods\" at Sixth Avenue on the corner of 14th Street. On the company's first day of business on October 28, 1858, sales totaled $11.08, equivalent to $ today. From the very beginning, Macy's logo has", "title": "Macy's Herald Square" }, { "id": "4686825", "score": "1.901199", "text": "Rowland Hussey Macy Rowland Hussey Macy Sr. (August 30, 1822 – March 29, 1877) was an American businessman who founded the department store chain R.H. Macy and Company. Macy was the fourth of six children born to a Quaker family on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. At the age of fifteen, he worked on the whaling ship \"Emily Morgan\" and had a red star tattooed on either his hand or his forearm (various versions as to the exact location of the marking have been reported), which eventually became part of his store's logo. He married Louisa Houghton (1820–1888) in 1844, and had", "title": "Rowland Hussey Macy" }, { "id": "1964013", "score": "1.8462639", "text": "The value of Herald Square has been estimated at around $3 billion. Macy's was founded by Rowland Hussey Macy, who between 1843 and 1855 opened four retail dry goods stores, including the original Macy's store in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts, established in 1851 to serve the mill industry employees of the area. They all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. Macy moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named \"R. H. Macy & Co.\" on Sixth Avenue between 13th and 14th Streets, which was far north of where other dry goods stores were at the", "title": "Macy's" }, { "id": "4686826", "score": "1.8301955", "text": "three children: Charles A. Macy (1845–1846); Rowland Hussey Macy Jr. (1847–1878); and Florence Macy (1853–1933), who married James F. Sutton. He and his brother, Charles, opened a dry goods store in Marysville, California, shortly after the city was founded at the height of the Gold Rush in 1850. Charles stayed in Marysville after the store failed, but Rowland headed east. Between 1843 and 1855, Macy opened four retail dry goods stores, including the original Macy's store in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts, established in 1851 to serve the mill industry employees of the area. They all failed, but he learned from his", "title": "Rowland Hussey Macy" }, { "id": "1964011", "score": "1.8269452", "text": "Macy's Macy's (originally R. H. Macy & Co.) is an American department store chain founded in 1858 by Rowland Hussey Macy. It became a division of the Cincinnati-based Federated Department Stores in 1994, through which it is affiliated with the Bloomingdale's department store chain; the holding company was renamed Macy's, Inc. in 2007. As of 2015, Macy's was the largest U.S. department store company by retail sales. As of November 3, 2018, there were 594 full-line stores with the Macy's nameplate in operation throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Its flagship store is located at Herald Square in", "title": "Macy's" }, { "id": "10906618", "score": "1.8088694", "text": "and Abiel T. La Forge (1842–1878) of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died just two years later in 1877 from Bright's disease, The following year La Forge died and Valentine died in 1879. Ownership of the company was passed down through the Macy family until 1895, when the company, now called \"R. H. Macy & Co.\", was acquired by Isidor Straus and his brother Nathan Straus, who had previously held a license to sell china and other goods in the Macy's store. In 1902, the flagship store moved uptown to Herald Square at 34th Street and", "title": "Macy's Herald Square" }, { "id": "1848205", "score": "1.779805", "text": "who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores. In 1858, Rowland Hussey Macy founded Macy's as a dry goods store. Benjamin Altman and Lord & Taylor soon competed with Stewart as New York's earliest department stores, later followed by \"McCreary's\" and, in Brooklyn, \"Abraham & Straus.\" (The Straus family would be in the management of both Macy's and A&S.) By the 1880s New York's retail center had moved uptown, forming a stretch", "title": "Department store" }, { "id": "4968588", "score": "1.7639738", "text": "horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores. In 1858, Rowland Hussey Macy founded Macy's as a dry goods store. Benjamin Altman and Lord & Taylor soon competed with Stewart as New York's earliest department stores. By the 1880s New York's retail center had moved uptown, forming a stretch of retail shopping from \"Marble Palace\" that was called the \"Ladies' Mile\". By 1894 the major stores competed in the Christmas season with elaborate Christmas window displays; in 1895 Macy's featured 13", "title": "History of New York City (1855–1897)" }, { "id": "1964045", "score": "1.7619367", "text": "quoted as saying: Macy's responded by publishing an apology by the Macy's East chairman, Ron Klein, in \"In Newsweekly\", a Boston-area weekly with a large gay readership. Klein's description of the incident as \"an internal breakdown in communication\", further stated it was regrettable some would doubt Macy's commitment to diversity as a result. The Web address was later restored—the mannequins, however never made a reappearance. Notes Macy's Macy's (originally R. H. Macy & Co.) is an American department store chain founded in 1858 by Rowland Hussey Macy. It became a division of the Cincinnati-based Federated Department Stores in 1994, through", "title": "Macy's" }, { "id": "17175836", "score": "1.754998", "text": "architecture. The Christman Dry Goods Company, which was first founded in 1890 by Peter A. Christman and Edmund Bliedung as Christman and Bliedung but renamed Christman Dry Goods Company in 1903, remained in the building until 1954 when R.H. Macy & Co. Inc. purchased the business and all its fixtures from the Christman family, though the Christman's did retain ownership of the building. For a short time Macy's operated the store under the Christman name, but within two years they had branded the location with the Macy's moniker. On January 8, 1976 Macy's closed its Joplin store, leaving the Christman", "title": "Fifth and Main Historic District" }, { "id": "10906615", "score": "1.7117529", "text": "Macy's Herald Square Macy's Herald Square (originally named the R. H. Macy and Company Store) is the flagship of the Macy's department store chain; it is located on Herald Square in Manhattan, New York City. The building's 2.5 million square feet (), which includes 1.25 million square feet () of retail space, makes it the largest department store in the United States and the second largest in the world. As of 2018, the store has stood at the site for 116 years. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978.", "title": "Macy's Herald Square" }, { "id": "5899368", "score": "1.6933932", "text": "earthquake. In 1928, the company, by then known as O'Connor, Moffat & Co., commissioned a new location at 101 Stockton Street. R.H. Macy & Company, New York, New York acquired O'Connor Moffat in 1945 and on October 16, 1947 renamed the store Macy's San Francisco. Macy's followed up with a major expansion of the store at 170 O'Farrell Street in 1948, using the original architect of the 1928 building, Louis Parson Hobart. Macy's Northern California expansion began in 1952 when it purchased a small San Rafael based department store named Albert's. Albert's had a location on Fourth street in downtown", "title": "Macy's West" }, { "id": "1964015", "score": "1.6776218", "text": "store also produced its own made-to-measure clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine (1850–1879), a nephew; and Abiel T. La Forge (1842–1878) of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died in 1877 from inflammatory kidney disease (then known as Bright's disease). La Forge died the following year, and Valentine died in 1879. Ownership of the company remained in the Macy family until 1895, when the company, now called \"R. H. Macy & Co.\", was acquired by Isidor Straus and his brother Nathan Straus,", "title": "Macy's" }, { "id": "1964024", "score": "1.6672883", "text": "Wilshire stores were renamed I. Magnin in 1989. Subsequently, R. H. Macy & Co., Inc., filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 27, 1992, after which point its banks brought in a new management team, which shut several underperforming stores, jettisoned two-thirds of the luxury I. Magnin chain, and reduced Macy's to two divisions, Macy's East and Macy's West. Macy's East, New York City was a division of Macy's, Inc. It is the operating successor to the original R.H. Macy & Co., Inc. and operates the Macy's department stores in the northeast U.S. and Puerto Rico. Over the years", "title": "Macy's" }, { "id": "4686829", "score": "1.6618264", "text": "reputed to belong to her, and during her life, the use of all the household furniture, books, clocks, bronzes, and works of art\". At her death this was to pass to his daughter Florence. He left only a small annuity for his son. The following year, in 1878, Macy's partner La Forge died, and the third partner, Valentine, died in 1879. Ownership of the store passed to the Macy family until 1895, when it was sold to Isidor and Nathan Straus. Notes Further reading Rowland Hussey Macy Rowland Hussey Macy Sr. (August 30, 1822 – March 29, 1877) was an", "title": "Rowland Hussey Macy" }, { "id": "10199090", "score": "1.6508174", "text": "1899, the store was renamed The F&R Lazarus & Company and positioned for rapid expansion of the company. Lazarus was interred at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, Ohio. Simon Lazarus Simon Lazarus (1807–1877) was a Jewish-American clothing retailer and the founder of the predecessor of what was to become The F&R Lazarus & Co., an operation which blossomed into what is today known as Macy's, Inc, a major retail holding company in the U.S. In 1850, Lazarus, a rabbinical scholar, arrived in Columbus, and in 1851 he opened the Lazarus store. Assisted by his wife Amelia and sons Fred and", "title": "Simon Lazarus" }, { "id": "1848273", "score": "1.6310717", "text": "property with eight stores in Oregon and Washington. Subsequently, May Department Stores completed a merger with Federated Department Stores and the Meier & Frank brand ZCMI stores became Macy's stores, effective late 2006. The original facade of the ZCMI store was again preserved during the late 2000s construction of city creek center. The original plans removed the facade however public outcry persuaded the retaining of the beautiful historic architecture. The facade can still be seen from the TRAX station that runs between the new complex. In 1881, Joseph Lowthian Hudson opened a small men's clothing store in Detroit. After 10", "title": "Department store" }, { "id": "4686828", "score": "1.626044", "text": "accepted cash into the 1950s. The store also produced its own made-to-measure clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine (1850–1879), a nephew; and Abiel T. La Forge (1842–1878) of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died on March 29, 1877 in Paris of Bright's disease. He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. His will was probated on May 1, 1877, and he left his wife, Louisa H. \"absolutely, all the paraphernalia, wearing apparel, watches, rings, trinkets, jewels, and personal ornaments", "title": "Rowland Hussey Macy" }, { "id": "15366595", "score": "1.622453", "text": "DeLemos & Cordes, who would go on to design the R. H. Macy's store in Herald Square, which then took the title of largest. The six-story Siegel-Cooper store was located at 616-632 Sixth Avenue between West 18th and 19th Streets, and was built between 1895 and 1897, then expanded in 1899. The steel-framed construction of the \"Big Store\", as it was called at the time, enabled the building to have large interior spaces with uninterrupted selling floors, and allowed for skylit courts. Siegel-Cooper took full advantage of the novelty – to New York City – of steel-framing by advertising the", "title": "Siegel-Cooper Company" } ]

[ "Auld Sod", "ireland island", "mikra britannia", "Ireland", "Scotia major", "Symbol of Ireland", "irlanda", "IRELAND", "Ireland (region)", "Irelanders", "irland", "island of ireland", "ireland ulster", "Airlan", "Ierne (placename)", "irlandia", "airlan", "Island Ireland", "island ireland", "Population of Ireland", "ireland region", "héireann", "Ireland and Ulster", "scotia major", "Ireland Ulster", "population of ireland", "irelanders", "Island ireland", "HÉireann", "Irelander", "Ireland (Island)", "auld sod", "irelander", "ireland", "Irland", "west coast of ireland", "The island of Ireland", "airlann", "Island of Ireland", "Ireland (island)", "Erin's Isle", "Airlann", "Irlandia", "ierne placename", "erin s isle", "ireland and ulster", "Mikra Britannia", "West Coast of Ireland", "symbol of ireland", "Irlanda" ]

[ { "id": "13182837", "score": "1.9496057", "text": "2010 Six Nations Championship The 2010 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2010 RBS 6 Nations due to sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 11th series of the Six Nations Championship and the 116th international championship, an annual rugby union competition between the six major Northern Hemisphere national teams. The tournament was held between 6 February and 20 March 2010. The championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. France won the tournament, achieving a final 12–10 victory over England to win the Grand Slam, their first since 2004 and ninth overall (including six", "title": "2010 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "13182843", "score": "1.9445438", "text": "tournament's first Friday night game, between France and Wales in the 2009 Championship, the organisers scheduled the reverse fixture to also be played on a Friday night. 2010 Six Nations Championship The 2010 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2010 RBS 6 Nations due to sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 11th series of the Six Nations Championship and the 116th international championship, an annual rugby union competition between the six major Northern Hemisphere national teams. The tournament was held between 6 February and 20 March 2010. The championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland", "title": "2010 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "11705882", "score": "1.8582026", "text": "2009 Six Nations Championship The 2009 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2009 RBS 6 Nations because of the tournament's sponsorship by The Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 10th Six Nations Championship, and the 115th international championship, an annual rugby union competition contested by the six major Northern Hemisphere national teams. The tournament was held between 7 February and 21 March 2009. The championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Ireland won the Grand Slam and Triple Crown, their first Grand Slam since 1948 and Triple Crown since 2007. It was Ireland's second Grand Slam", "title": "2009 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "14018412", "score": "1.8467563", "text": "2010 Women's Six Nations Championship The 2010 Women's Six Nations Championship, also known as the 2010 RBS Women's 6 Nations due to the tournament's sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the ninth series of the Women's Six Nations Championship, an annual women's rugby union competition between six European rugby union national teams. The tournament was held between 5 February and 21 March 2010; the same weekends as the men's tournament was being played. The championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England won the tournament, achieving a final 11–10 victory over France to win", "title": "2010 Women's Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "13182838", "score": "1.8202273", "text": "in the Five Nations). This was also their seventeenth outright victory, including twelve victories in the Five Nations, excluding eight titles shared with other countries. France also retained the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy by defeating Italy in the tournament, to whom they had (then) never lost within the Six Nations. Ireland, 2009 Grand Slam winners, came second with three victories and two defeats. Despite defeating England and Wales, Ireland failed to win the Triple Crown after a 23–20 defeat to Scotland in their final match. England and Wales came third and fourth respectively with two victories each, while Scotland and Italy", "title": "2010 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Rugby Championship\n\nThe Rugby Championship is an international rugby union competition contested annually by Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. These are the four highest ranked national teams in the Southern Hemisphere; the Six Nations is a similar tournament in the Northern Hemisphere.\n\nPrior to the 2012 tournament, when Argentina joined, it was known as the Tri Nations. The Tri Nations name was temporarily revived for the 2020 tournament due to the withdrawal of South Africa owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nThe competition is administered by SANZAAR, a consortium consisting of four national governing bodies: the South African Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby Union, Rugby Australia and the Argentine Rugby Union.\nThe inaugural Tri Nations tournament was in 1996, and was won by New Zealand. South Africa won their first title in 1998, and Australia their first in 2000. Following the last Tri Nations tournament in 2011, New Zealand had won ten championships, with South Africa and Australia on three titles each. The first Rugby Championship was won by New Zealand, who won all six of their matches.\n\nNew Zealand, South Africa and Australia have frequently been ranked among the top rugby nations. New Zealand and South Africa have each won the Rugby World Cup three times, and Australia twice, accounting for eight of the nine Cups.", "title": "The Rugby Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Six Nations Championship\n\nThe Six Nations Championship (known as the Guinness Six Nations for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's rugby union competition between the teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The current champions are France, who won the 2022 tournament.\n\nThe tournament is organised by the unions of the six participating nations under the banner of Six Nations Rugby, which is responsible for the promotion and operation of the men's, women's and under-20s tournaments, and the Autumn International Series, as well as the negotiation and management of their centralised commercial rights.\n\nThe Six Nations is the successor to the Home Nations Championship (1883–1909 and 1932–39), played between teams from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which was the first international rugby union tournament. With the addition of France, this became the Five Nations Championship (1910–31 and 1947–99), which in turn became the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy in 2000.\n\nEngland and Wales have won the championship the most times, both with 39 titles, but England have won the most outright titles with 29. Since the Six Nations era started in 2000, only Italy and Scotland have failed to win the Six Nations title.\n\nThe women's tournament started as the Women's Home Nations in the 1996 season.", "title": "Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\nThe New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly known as the All Blacks (), represents New Zealand in men's international rugby union, which is considered the country's national sport. The team won the Rugby World Cup in 1987, 2011 and 2015. They were the first country to win the Rugby World Cup 3 times and the first country to retain the Rugby World Cup.\n\nNew Zealand has a 76 per-cent winning record in test-match rugby, and has secured more wins than losses against every test opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, New Zealand teams have played test matches against 19 nations, of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks. The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams, losing only eight of 45 matches. Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number-one ranking longer than all other teams combined. They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier-one ranked nation, along with England.\n\nThe All Blacks compete with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in the Rugby Championship, and have won the trophy nineteen times in the competition's 27-year history. The team has completed a Grand Slam tour against the four Home Nations four times (1978, 2005, 2008 and 2010). World Rugby has named New Zealand the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was initiated in 2001,<ref name=\"PastIRBawards\">\n</ref>\nand an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.\n\nThe team's first match took place in 1884 in New South Wales and their first international test match in 1903 against Australia in Sydney. The following year New Zealand hosted their first home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. There followed a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905 (which included five test matches), where New Zealand suffered only one defeat: their first test loss, against Wales.\n\nNew Zealand's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white shorts. By the 1905 tour they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, and the name \"All Blacks\" dates from this time.\n\nThe team perform a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the All Blacks use Te Rauparaha's haka \"Ka Mate\", although players have also performed \"Kapa o Pango\" since 2005.", "title": "New Zealand national rugby union team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Rugby Championship\n\nThe United Rugby Championship (URC) is an annual rugby union competition involving professional teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa, and Wales. The current name was adopted in 2021 when the league expanded to include four South African teams previously from the SANZAR Super Rugby competition. The league is one of the three major professional leagues in Europe (along with the English Premiership and the French Top 14), the most successful teams from which go forward to compete in the European Rugby Champions Cup. Since 2022–23, despite the name, South African teams have been eligible to qualify for European competition, and one South African place is guaranteed.\n\nBeginning with the creation of the Welsh–Scottish League in 1999, the league became known as the Celtic League when it grew to include teams from Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The league was sponsored by Irish cider makers Magners from the 2006–07 season until 2010–11. At the start of the 2010–11 season, the league expanded from 10 to 12 teams, adding two Italian teams. Following the end of Magners' sponsorship, the league was sponsored by RaboDirect from 2011–12 through to 2013–14. The Pro12 name was adopted in 2011 to reflect that the league now included teams from outside the Celtic nations. A further expansion to 14 teams (and the subsequent renaming to Pro14) took place from the 2017–18 season, with two South African teams joining the Championship until the 2019–20 season. The recent sponsorship deal with Guinness began at the beginning of the 2014–15 season, and concluded after the Pro14 Rainbow Cup in July 2021. Following the rebranding to the United Rugby Championship or the URC for short, the league formed a new partnership with Roc Nation.", "title": "United Rugby Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rugby union\n\nRugby union, commonly known simply as rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends.\n\nRugby union is a popular sport around the world, played by people of all genders, ages and sizes. In 2014, there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide, of whom 2.36 million were registered players. World Rugby, previously called the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) and the International Rugby Board (IRB), has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886, and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members.\n\nIn 1845, the first laws were written by students attending Rugby School; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C. to leave The Football Association in 1863 and, in 1895, the split between rugby union and rugby league. Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time.\n\nRugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, with other early exponents of the sport including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. The sport is followed primarily in the British Isles, France, Georgia, Oceania, Southern Africa, Argentina, and to a lesser extent Italy, Uruguay, the United States, Canada, and Japan, its growth occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and through French proponents (Rugby Europe) in Europe. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their \"de facto\" national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, and Wales.\n\nInternational matches have taken place since 1871 when the first game was played between Scotland and England at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, is held every four years. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are other important international competitions that are held annually.\n\nNational club and provincial competitions include the Premiership in England, the Top 14 in France, the Bunnings NPC in New Zealand, the League One in Japan and the Currie Cup in South Africa. Other transnational club competitions include the United Rugby Championship of club teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales, European Rugby Champions Cup in Europe, and Super Rugby Pacific in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": "14288074", "score": "1.8103983", "text": "2011 Six Nations Championship The 2011 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2011 RBS 6 Nations due to sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 12th series of the Six Nations Championship, and the 117th edition of the international championship. The annual rugby union tournament was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales, and was won by England. Ireland played their first Six Nations games at the Aviva Stadium, having played their first matches at the new stadium in November 2010. For the first time in its history, the tournament opened with a Friday night fixture.", "title": "2011 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "15274935", "score": "1.7997155", "text": "some matches. 2012 Six Nations Championship The 2012 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2012 RBS 6 Nations due to the tournament's sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 13th series of the Six Nations Championship. The annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Including the competition's previous incarnations as the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship, it was the 118th tournament of the annual European championship. For the first time since 2008, there were no Friday night fixtures. Whilst Italy continued to play their home matches in", "title": "2012 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "11705883", "score": "1.7874334", "text": "in total. England finished as runners-up, and they also won the Calcutta Cup. The 2009 tournament featured the first Friday night game in its history, played between France and Wales at the Stade de France. The tournament began on 7 February 2009, when England hosted Italy in the earlier of the day's two matches. Ireland played France later that evening, with Scotland versus Wales the following day. The reigning champions on entering the 2009 tournament were Wales, who won the Grand Slam and Triple Crown in 2008. The winners of both accolades in 2009 were Ireland, with Ronan O'Gara's dropped", "title": "2009 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "11705890", "score": "1.7851493", "text": "tiebreakers the championship is shared. The fixtures for the 2009 Six Nations were released on 17 April 2008. The France v Wales game on 27 February was the first Friday night game in the history of the championship, both under the Five and Six Nations format. \"Ireland won the Millennium Trophy.\" \"Ireland won their eighth successive Centenary Quaich.\" \"France won their third consecutive Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy.\" \"England won the 121st Calcutta Cup.\" \"Ireland claimed their first Grand Slam since 1948.\" 2009 Six Nations Championship The 2009 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2009 RBS 6 Nations because of the tournament's", "title": "2009 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "8067670", "score": "1.7842178", "text": "kicked two penalties and a drop goal, to give Wales the victory by 27–18. This result confirmed France's position as champions and handed the wooden spoon to Scotland, both on points difference. 2007 Six Nations Championship The 2007 RBS 6 Nations Championship was the eighth series of the rugby union Six Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the 113th series of the international championship. Fifteen matches were played over five weekends from 3 February to 17 March. In this year, France again won on points difference above Ireland, after four teams", "title": "2007 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "15493717", "score": "1.7820026", "text": "the first time, France did not reach the championship game and finished in fourth place only. The tournament's defending champion was France, who had won five European championships and the last four in a row. The 2011 edition of the competition saw the introduction of an elite division, above division one, made up of four teams, France, England, Wales and Ireland. The divisions below remained unchanged. It marked the first time that all countries participating in the Six Nations Championship send a team to the European championship. It was sponsored by French company Justin Bridou and therefore officially called the", "title": "2011 European Under-18 Rugby Union Championship" }, { "id": "15274933", "score": "1.7655019", "text": "2012 Six Nations Championship The 2012 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2012 RBS 6 Nations due to the tournament's sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 13th series of the Six Nations Championship. The annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Including the competition's previous incarnations as the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship, it was the 118th tournament of the annual European championship. For the first time since 2008, there were no Friday night fixtures. Whilst Italy continued to play their home matches in Rome, they", "title": "2012 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "17228911", "score": "1.761328", "text": "2014 Six Nations Championship The 2014 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2014 RBS 6 Nations because of the tournament's sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 15th series of the Six Nations Championship, the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Including the competition's previous incarnations as the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship, it was the 120th edition of the tournament. Going into the final day, three teams could have still won the championship – Ireland, England and France. In the final game, Ireland hung", "title": "2014 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "17925822", "score": "1.7590816", "text": "2015 Six Nations Championship The 2015 Six Nations Championship, known as the 2015 RBS 6 Nations because of the tournament's sponsorship by The Royal Bank of Scotland, was the 16th series of the Six Nations Championship, the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Including the competition's previous incarnations as the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship, it was the 121st edition of the tournament. Ireland retained their title from the previous year, their 13th triumph in the competition. This was the first time that Ireland had retained their", "title": "2015 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "11681184", "score": "1.7508583", "text": "for a seventh time. 1911 Five Nations Championship The 1911 Five Nations Championship was the second series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the twenty-ninth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 2 January and 25 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales won the championship for the seventh time outright. In beating the other four countries they completed the Grand Slam for the third time in four seasons", "title": "1911 Five Nations Championship" }, { "id": "7883864", "score": "1.749159", "text": "25–23 and New Zealand 24–19. During the 2017 Six Nations Championship, France finished in their highest position since the 2011 Six Nations Championship. They secured three wins in the Championship, defeating Scotland 22–16, Italy 40–18 and Wales 20–18. The Wales match saw France claim the victory twenty minutes into overtime (100 game minutes), beating Wales for the first time since 2011. In June 2017, Novès took France on their first test series to South Africa since 2005, and their first away fixture to South Africa since 2010. Despite the South African side having thirteen players with less than ten caps", "title": "Guy Novès" }, { "id": "7010240", "score": "1.7465966", "text": "2006 Six Nations Championship The 2006 RBS 6 Nations Championship was the seventh series of the rugby union Six Nations Championship to be held since the competition expanded in 2000 to include Italy. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the 112th series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. This was the last Six Nations to be held before the redevelopment of Lansdowne Road into today's Aviva Stadium. Ireland played their 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 Six Nations home fixtures at Croke Park, also in Dublin. In this year, France won the competition", "title": "2006 Six Nations Championship" }, { "id": "341789", "score": "1.7465068", "text": "then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years. France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947. In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's Stadio Olimpico has replaced Stadio Flaminio, as the venue for their home games since 2013. The current Six Nations champions are Ireland. The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": "11779027", "score": "1.7460029", "text": "1960 Five Nations Championship The 1960 Five Nations Championship was the thirty-first series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the sixty-sixth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 9 January and 9 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The championship was jointly won by England and France. Both teams beat Ireland, Scotland and Wales and the France-England game was drawn 3-3, giving both teams a total of 7 points in the final table. There was", "title": "1960 Five Nations Championship" }, { "id": "11646563", "score": "1.7448256", "text": "the previous year, but took home the wooden spoon. The teams involved were: 1986 Five Nations Championship The 1986 Five Nations Championship was the fifty-seventh series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the ninety-second series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played over five weekends between 18 January and 15 March. France and Scotland shared the title. Phillipe Sella of France scored a try in every match, repeating the feat achieved three years earlier by fellow Frenchman Patrick Estève. This championship marked", "title": "1986 Five Nations Championship" } ]

[ "The ice must be, and remain, at least 15 cm thick along the entire almost 200 km course", "ice must be and remain at least 15 cm thick along entire almost 200 km course" ]

[ { "id": "575336", "score": "2.560921", "text": "Elfstedentocht The Elfstedentocht (; West Frisian: \"Alvestêdetocht\" , English: \"Eleven cities tour\") is a long-distance tour skating event, almost long, which is held both as a speed skating competition (with 300 contestants) and a leisure tour (with 16,000 skaters). It is held in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands, leading past all eleven historical cities of the province. The tour is held at most once a year, only when the natural ice along the entire course is at least thick; sometimes on consecutive years, other times with gaps that may exceed 20 years. When the ice", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575337", "score": "2.4242241", "text": "is suitable, the tour is announced and starts within 48 hours. The tour, almost 200 km in length, follows a closed or circular route along frozen canals, rivers and lakes visiting the eleven historic Frisian towns: Leeuwarden, Sneek, IJlst, Sloten, Stavoren, Hindeloopen, Workum, Bolsward, Harlingen, Franeker, Dokkum, then returning to Leeuwarden. The tour is held only if the ice is, and remains, at least 15 centimetres thick along the entire course as about 15,000 amateur skaters will take part, putting high requirements on the quality of the ice. The last tours were held in 1985, 1986 and 1997. All skaters", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575352", "score": "2.315331", "text": "and 08:00, entrants leave Bolsward every eight minutes in batches of about 600 and those who complete the 240 km course before midnight receive medals. In 2013 the organisers banned Velomobiles from the event by limiting the event to two-wheeled vehicles propelled by human power. Elfstedentocht The Elfstedentocht (; West Frisian: \"Alvestêdetocht\" , English: \"Eleven cities tour\") is a long-distance tour skating event, almost long, which is held both as a speed skating competition (with 300 contestants) and a leisure tour (with 16,000 skaters). It is held in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands, leading past", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575339", "score": "2.2884345", "text": "years our country is not governed from The Hague but by twenty-two district heads in Friesland. And our country is in good hands\". As soon as a few days pass with sub-zero temperatures, the media start speculating about the chances for an \"Elfstedentocht\". The longer the freezing temperatures stay, the more intense this \"\"Elfstedenkoorts\"\" (eleven cities fever) gets - culminating in a national near-frenzy when it is announced that the tour will actually be held. The day before the tour many Dutch flock to Leeuwarden to enjoy the party atmosphere that surrounds the event; that evening, called the \"Nacht van", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575340", "score": "2.222474", "text": "Leeuwarden\" (Night of Leeuwarden), becomes a giant street party (Frisians, who have a reputation for surliness, are said to thaw when it freezes). On the day of the tour many Dutch either stay at home to watch it on television (9.2 million viewers by one estimate), or find a place along the route to cheer the skaters on, either taking the day off or calling in sick for work. In February 2012, Friesland hotels were fully booked and expecting between 1.5 and 2 million visitors in anticipation of a tour before it was announced, as the weather seemed suitable. There", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575351", "score": "2.1109858", "text": "held in 1912 and developed in parallel with its skating counterpart, but unlike the skating race, has taken place on almost every year - apart from the 2001 event which was cancelled due to foot and mouth disease, it has taken place on Whit Monday every year since 1947. The event has become immensely popular and as a safety precaution it ceased to be a race but has become a tour with a maximum average speed of 25 km/h between checkpoints. The tour, which starts and ends in Bolsward rather than Leeuwarden, is currently limited to 15,000 entrants. Between 05:00", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575338", "score": "2.1018286", "text": "must be members of the Association of the Eleven Frisian Towns. A starting permit and bib is required (€100 in 2017). Skaters must collect a stamp in each city, and at three secret check points, and must finish the course before midnight. The finishing point of the \"Elfstedentocht\" is a canal near Leeuwarden, called the \"Bonkevaart\", close to the landmark windmill, \"De Bullemolen\", Lekkum. Since the \"Elfstedentocht\" is such a rare event, its declaration creates excitement all over the country - in the build-up to a possible race in 2012, Mark Rutte, the Dutch Prime Minister remarked \"once every fifteen", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "9524951", "score": "2.0907507", "text": "and Japan. In 2007 the first Alternative Elfstedentocht in Mongolia will be held. The Austrian editions became the most popular through the years as thousands of Dutch people travel to the Weissensee each year to compete each other in several speed skating marathons in various distances, with the 200 km Open Dutch National Championships being the main and most prestigious event. Until 2006 this gave the local authorities a profit of 36 million euros. As a result, Koopmans and co-organiser Leo van Hees (who died in 2002) were awarded with the Austrian Cross of Honour. Since 2006 he resided in", "title": "Aart Koopmans" }, { "id": "575341", "score": "2.085576", "text": "are often points along the route where the ice is too thin to allow mass skating; they are called \"kluning points\" (from West Frisian klúnje meaning to run on skates over a carpet), and the skaters walk on their skates to the next stretch of good ice. In 1997 ice-transplantation was re-introduced to strengthen weak places in the ice, for instance under bridges. There has been mention of skaters visiting all eleven cities of Friesland on one day since 1760. The \"Elfstedentocht\" was already part of Frisian tradition when, in 1890, Pim Mulier conceived the idea of an organised tour,", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "4392044", "score": "2.063936", "text": "with long blades or \"speed skates\", with long blades rigidly attached to the skating shoes. Ice-poles and other safety equipment are not carried. The Netherlands is home of Elfstedentocht, a 200 km distance skating race of which the tracks leads through the 11 different cities in Friesland which is a northern province of the Netherlands. Skate tracks on natural ice are maintained by the towns and communities, who take care of the safety of the tracks. In Canada, outdoor skating on natural frozen lake and ponds is common but not as a method of travel or tourism, rather people with", "title": "Tour skating" }, { "id": "14452633", "score": "2.0345895", "text": "Eleven Cities Cycling Tour The Eleven Cities Cycling Tour (, West Frisian: \"Alvestêdetocht op de fyts\") was originally a bicycle race in Friesland, Netherlands, but now, due to the number of participants, has become a bicycle tour. It is the cycling counterpart of the Elfstedentocht ice-skating tour which is held irregularly on frozen waterways in the same region. Due to the popularity of the Eleven Cities Skating tour, a similar tour was hosted for cyclist in the beginning of the 20th century. In 1912 the first cycling tour was organised. It started out as a competition, and was organised when", "title": "Eleven Cities Cycling Tour" }, { "id": "575342", "score": "2.0051801", "text": "which was first held in 1909 when 22 men competed. After this race, the (Association of the Eleven Frisian Towns) was established to organise the tours. The winters of 1939/40, 1940/41 and 1941/42 were particularly severe, with the race being run in each of them. The 1940 race, run three months prior to the German invasion of the Netherlands, saw over 3,000 competitors start at 05:00 on 30 January, with the first five finishing at 16:34. The event dominated the front pages of Dutch newspapers. The Elfstedentocht of 1963 became known as \"The hell of '63\" when only 69 of", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "3765836", "score": "1.9595296", "text": "tour), which is irregularly held in the Netherlands. Alternative versions of this famous event are sometimes held abroad, e.g., in Finland and Canada. In cold winters in the Netherlands, a \"National championship\" skating marathon on natural ice is organized if it meets the minimum requirement of 12-centimetre thickness. For the first time in 13 years, a Dutch championship ice-skating marathon on natural ice was held in January 2009, in the Oostvaardersplassen wetland near Lelystad in the province of Flevoland, an area of land reclaimed in the 1960s. The women competitors competed in 60 kilometres, and the men, 100 kilometres. An", "title": "Long track speed skating" }, { "id": "575350", "score": "1.9453709", "text": "race to race, depending on the quality of the ice. The cumulative distance at each checkpoint in 1997 was: An \"alternative Elfstedentocht\" has been held every year in January since 1989 on the Weissensee in Carinthia, Austria. The lake is 12 km long and around 3000 speed skaters do either the 50, 100 or 200 km course at what is likely to be the world's largest ice sport event. The Dutch Speed Skating Championship is part of the event and the fastest competitors do the 200 kilometer course in just over five hours. The eleven towns cycle race was first", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "575349", "score": "1.9439371", "text": "spell was insufficient for the event; the 1997 event had taken place at the end of a 12-day cold spell. The time taken for the winner to complete the course is given in hours and minutes. Although temperatures were sometimes above freezing on the day of the tour, all tours were preceded by many days of sub-zero temperatures. Women were first allowed to take part in the tour proper in 1985; before then they had to skate with the amateurs and no award was given. The women to cross the finish line first were: The course can vary slightly from", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "3765810", "score": "1.9230149", "text": "outdoor races developed later, with Noord-Holland hosting a race in 1917, but the Dutch natural ice conditions have rarely been conducive to skating. The Elfstedentocht has been held 15 times since 1909, and, before artificial ice was available in 1962, national championships had been held in 25 of the years between 1887, when the first championship was held in Slikkerveer, and 1961. Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the top long track speed skaters and marathon skaters in the world. Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice", "title": "Long track speed skating" }, { "id": "379548", "score": "1.8952218", "text": "the Hamar European Championships in 1894. The record stood for 17 years, and it took 50 years to lower it by further half a minute. The Elfstedentocht was organized as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals, whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Other outdoor races developed later, with Friesland in the northern Netherlands hosting a race in 1917, but the Dutch natural ice conditions have rarely been conducive to skating. The Elfstedentocht has been held 15 times in the nearly 100 years since 1909, and, before artificial ice was available in", "title": "Speed skating" }, { "id": "14452636", "score": "1.89416", "text": "handcycles. Even penny-farthings have been used for the tour. Eleven Cities Cycling Tour The Eleven Cities Cycling Tour (, West Frisian: \"Alvestêdetocht op de fyts\") was originally a bicycle race in Friesland, Netherlands, but now, due to the number of participants, has become a bicycle tour. It is the cycling counterpart of the Elfstedentocht ice-skating tour which is held irregularly on frozen waterways in the same region. Due to the popularity of the Eleven Cities Skating tour, a similar tour was hosted for cyclist in the beginning of the 20th century. In 1912 the first cycling tour was organised. It", "title": "Eleven Cities Cycling Tour" }, { "id": "575347", "score": "1.8903162", "text": "the previous evening for the first time in fifteen years. Although there were areas where the ice was not thick enough for the race to be held, the forecast for continuing freezing weather meant that they were optimistic that the race would be held. A press conference was held at 09:30 CET and the committee was due to meet again on 8 February. At the press conference, it was stated that in north Friesland the ice conditions were suitable to hold the race. In south west Friesland, the conditions were not so good, Stavoren being a particular problem where the", "title": "Elfstedentocht" }, { "id": "379549", "score": "1.8676316", "text": "1962, national championships had been held in 25 of the years between 1887, when the first championship was held in Slikkerveer, and 1961. Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the world top in long track ice skating and marathon skating. Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht. The Alternative Elfstedentocht races take part in other countries, such as Austria, Finland or Canada, and all top marathon skaters, as well as thousands of recreative skaters, travel from the Netherlands to the location where the", "title": "Speed skating" } ]

[ "roll perfect single game score of 300", "Roll a perfect single game score of 300" ]

[ { "id": "1662133", "score": "2.0280886", "text": "accomplished the feat on July 1, 1982. But the ABC refused to certify the score, citing non-compliant lane conditions. ABC/USBC has relaxed their criteria for certifying scores in the past few years, leading many bowling fans to believe that Allison's 900 would have easily been approved under today's rules and procedures. In Britain, the youngest bowler ever to achieve a perfect single game score of 300 (12 consecutive strikes), in certified competition was old Elliot John Crosby, at AMF Purley in South London, England in the Surrey County trials on January 7, 2006. Crosby beat the previous British 300 shooter", "title": "Ten-pin bowling" }, { "id": "1662134", "score": "1.8209107", "text": "record holder Rhys Parfitt by more than a year. Parfitt was 13 years, 4 months when he achieved a 300-game at the London international tenpin bowling tournament in 1994. In the United States, Hannah Diem of Seminole, Florida, became the youngest bowler to achieve a perfect 300 game in a certified event on November 17, 2013 at the age of 9 years, 6 months and 19 days. The game was bowled as part of a 730 series (204, 226, 300) in the Youth/Adult League at Liberty Lanes Largo, Florida. The record has been approved by the United States Bowling Congress.", "title": "Ten-pin bowling" }, { "id": "7445575", "score": "1.7905238", "text": "the age of 12 and made the England youth team at 14 years old. Her first tournament was in 1994 in the London Borough of Enfield with the National Association of Youth Bowling Clubs who hold a National Championship every year. It is said to now be the biggest tournament in Europe, running over five weekends. Zara Glover Zara Glover (born 24 January 1982 in Preston, Lancashire), is one of England's and the world's leading ten-pin bowlers. She is a world champion bowler and a bowling tutor for Brunswick Bowling Academies across Europe. She currently lives in Milton Keynes in", "title": "Zara Glover" }, { "id": "9110555", "score": "1.7761921", "text": "Memorial Champion 2007. She will be representing England at the Women’s World Championships in Mexico 1 – 8 September 2007. Lisa John Lisa John (born 14 August 1981) is an English ten-pin bowler. A resident of Worthing, West Sussex, Lisa has been bowling since 1990. Currently ranked number 6 in the UK Lisa has been a National Team Member from 1997 – 2003, but has been out of the National Team due to personal reasons and injury. Lisa was selected to play for England under 18s every year from 1993 – 1999, and was the Junior Nationals Champion in 1993,", "title": "Lisa John" }, { "id": "7440173", "score": "1.7761157", "text": "<br>Moor’s record from 48 matches played (singles and doubles) is won 31, lost 17, with a winning percentage of 64.5%. Moor has finished on the winning side three times (2005, 2009 and 2010). Paul Moor Paul Moor (born 3 September 1978), of Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England is one of the world's leading ten-pin bowlers. The left-hander is a full-time bowler on the European Bowling Tour (EBT) and recently joined the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA). Moor first started bowling at the age of 10 when he joined the Saturday morning Junior League at the AMF Bowling Centre in Hull.", "title": "Paul Moor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ten-pin bowling\n\nTen-pin bowling is a type of bowling in which a bowler rolls a bowling ball down a wood or synthetic lane toward ten pins positioned evenly in four rows in an equilateral triangle. The objective is to knock down all ten pins on the first roll of the ball (a strike), or failing that, on the second roll (a spare).\n\nAn approximately long \"approach\" area used by the bowler to impart speed and apply rotation to the ball ends in a \"foul line\". The , lane is bordered along its length by \"gutters\" (\"channels\") that collect errant balls. The lane's long and narrow shape limits straight-line ball paths to angles that are smaller than optimum angles for achieving strikes; accordingly, bowlers impart side rotation to \"hook\" (curve) the ball into the pins to increase the likelihood of striking.\n\nOil is applied to approximately the first two-thirds of the lane's length to allow a \"skid\" area for the ball before it encounters friction and hooks. The oil is applied in different lengths and layout patterns, especially in professional and tournament play, to add complexity and regulate challenge in the sport. Especially when coupled with technological developments in ball design since the early 1990s, easier oil patterns common for league bowling enable many league bowlers to achieve scores rivaling those of professional bowlers who must bowl on more difficult patterns—a development that has caused substantial controversy.\n\nTen-pin bowling arose in the early 1800s as an alternative to nine-pin bowling, with truly standardized regulations not being agreed on until nearly the end of that century. After the development of automated mechanical pinsetters, the sport enjoyed a \"golden age\" in the mid twentieth century. People approach modern ten-pin bowling as either a demanding precision sport or as a simple recreational pastime. Following substantial declines since the 1980s in both professional tournament television ratings and amateur league participation, bowling centers have increasingly expanded to become diverse entertainment centers.\n\nTen-pin bowling is often simply referred to as bowling. Ten-pin, or less commonly big-ball, are prepended in the English-speaking world to distinguish it from other bowling types such as bowls, candlepin, duckpin and five-pin.", "title": "Ten-pin bowling" }, { "id": "7440166", "score": "1.7693303", "text": "Paul Moor Paul Moor (born 3 September 1978), of Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England is one of the world's leading ten-pin bowlers. The left-hander is a full-time bowler on the European Bowling Tour (EBT) and recently joined the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA). Moor first started bowling at the age of 10 when he joined the Saturday morning Junior League at the AMF Bowling Centre in Hull. His parents were league bowlers at the centre which was the main influence for him taking up the sport. He enjoyed plenty of success in his latter years as a junior, winning many", "title": "Paul Moor" }, { "id": "12903120", "score": "1.7633238", "text": "Mahal of Tenpins. On 2 February 1997 Jeremy Sonnenfeld (1975-) bowled the first officially sanctioned 900 series of three straight perfect 300 games at Sun Valley Lanes in Lincoln, Nebraska, becoming known as \"Mr. 900\". In 1998 the World Tenpin Masters 10-pin bowling tournament was established. In 2000 the Weber Cup, named after Dick Weber was established as 10-pin bowling's equivalent to golf's Ryder Cup, with Team USA playing Team Europe in a 3-day match. On 31 March 2004 Missy Bellinder (1981-) (later Parkin) became the first woman member of the PBA. In 2004 the Brunswick Euro Challenge was founded", "title": "Bowling" }, { "id": "18007276", "score": "1.734271", "text": "Brunswick pro staff. In September 2013 Maria Bulanova became the youngest player ever (14 y.o.) to win a European Bowling Tour title. In March 2016 she broke the record over 6 games in Singles of European Youth Championships by a score of 1470. Currently studying Computer Science (class 2020) at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, TN. Representing Vanderbilt Commodores as a part of Vanderbilt Women’s Bowling Team - NCAA National Bowling Championshipions 2018. First-team All-American 2017 and the National Rookie of the Year 2017 . Second-team All-American 2018. Maria Bulanova Maria Bulanova (born October 13, 1998) is a right-handed ten-pin bowler", "title": "Maria Bulanova" }, { "id": "8865820", "score": "1.7158072", "text": "distinction until , when 20-year old Jesper Svensson won that year's Tournament of Champions. In 1979, Holman became the youngest bowler (24) to reach the 10-title plateau. That record would later be broken by Pete Weber in 1987. Marshall was named PBA Player of the Year in , was a three-time winner of the George Young High Average award, and has earned nearly $1.7 million on tour. Holman was inducted into the PBA Hall of Fame in 1990 and into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 2001. He is also a 2010 inductee to the USBC Hall of Fame", "title": "Marshall Holman" }, { "id": "9110550", "score": "1.7100317", "text": "Lisa John Lisa John (born 14 August 1981) is an English ten-pin bowler. A resident of Worthing, West Sussex, Lisa has been bowling since 1990. Currently ranked number 6 in the UK Lisa has been a National Team Member from 1997 – 2003, but has been out of the National Team due to personal reasons and injury. Lisa was selected to play for England under 18s every year from 1993 – 1999, and was the Junior Nationals Champion in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 & 1998. She was voted Most Promising Newcomer to Adult Tournaments in 1997, Junior Bowler of the", "title": "Lisa John" }, { "id": "6245476", "score": "1.7019875", "text": "for an England bowler in New Zealand. As a result of his superb form within the series, taking 24 wickets to double the next best effort of Monty Panesar and Chris Martin who each took 11, he was voted Man of The Match and Series after the final Test. Thanks to this performance in the above-mentioned series he was ranked sixth on the ICC Test Bowling Rankings, the highest ranking English bowler for 5 years. On 25 June, he was involved in a controversial incident, colliding with New Zealand batsman Elliot in a 50 over match. He was subsequently left", "title": "Ryan Sidebottom" }, { "id": "1662138", "score": "1.6981026", "text": "bowlers. Earl Anthony, who bowled left-handed, became the first bowler to earn more than $100,000 (U.S.) in a single season when he finished the 1975 PBA Tour schedule with $107,585. He broke the $1 million mark in career earnings in 1982. From onward, the PBA held some single tournaments that paid $100,000 to the winner. Norm Duke is the youngest person to win a PBA Tour tournament. He won the 1983 Cleveland Open at age 18 years, 345 days. The youngest person to bowl a PBA event is 14-year-old Kamron Doyle of Brentwood, TN, who participated (and cashed) in the", "title": "Ten-pin bowling" }, { "id": "10781662", "score": "1.693932", "text": "in six different decades. However, Weber's final title was in a PBA Regional event. After his victory in the \"PBA Senior Dayton Classic\" on May 17, 2012, Petraglia is the only bowler in history to win a \"national\" PBA Tour title in six different decades. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he now hails from Jackson Township, New Jersey. Starting in 1980, Petraglia had been a resident of Manalapan Township, New Jersey for more than three decades. In a sport where most bowlers frequently change equipment affiliations, Petraglia has remained associated with Brunswick Corporation since 1971. Numerous Brunswick bowling balls and", "title": "Johnny Petraglia" }, { "id": "14565915", "score": "1.6917422", "text": "withdrew after 5 games). On February 23, 2012, at age 14, Doyle became the youngest person to ever cash in a PBA Tour major tournament, when he qualified 54th (out of 394 bowlers from 12 different countries) and finished 61st at the prestigious U.S. Open in North Brunswick, NJ. In a scheduling oddity, Doyle, the youngest player in the event, bowled his qualifying round on the same lanes as 64-year-old PBA legend Johnny Petraglia. Said Petraglia of Doyle, whom he beat by just 7 pins: \"I think he is going to be terrific. I remember bowling with Pete Weber in", "title": "Kamron Doyle" }, { "id": "1662135", "score": "1.683778", "text": "The prior record was held by Chaz Dennis, 10 years, 3 months, 16 days, back in 2006. The prior female record holder was set by Brandie Reamy at the age of 12 years, 4 months, 11 days back in 2006. Note that all major tournaments are non-handicapped (\"scratch\"). The world champion is crowned at the WTBA World Championship held by the World Tenpin Bowling Association since 1954. The \"Weber Cup\" is the ten-pin bowling equivalent of golf's Ryder Cup. It is the world-famous major world tournament of Team Europe vs. Team USA bowling championships that happens annually. Other major world-famous", "title": "Ten-pin bowling" }, { "id": "13745173", "score": "1.6809323", "text": "became the youngest English spin bowler to take 100 first-class wickets since Derek Underwood. He made his full international debut for England on 21 February 2012 against Pakistan in the fourth One Day International at the DSC Cricket Stadium in Dubai. Briggs progressed through Hampshire's Academy system, having played for the county at junior level, while additionally playing for Ventnor Cricket Club on the Isle of Wight. He made his first team debut for the county in a List A match in the 2009 Friends Provident Trophy against Nottinghamshire at the Rose Bowl. In a season in which he made", "title": "Danny Briggs" }, { "id": "7445987", "score": "1.6738952", "text": "Dominic Barrett Dominic Simon Barrett (often called Dom Barrett) (born 30 July 1985 in Cambridge, England) is one of England's leading ten-pin bowlers. He competes in world events and the PBA Tour, on which he has won seven titles. He has been the ranking winner on the European Bowling Tour (EBT) in three seasons (2010, 2012 and 2013). In 2013, he won the prestigious PBA World Championship, and he won the U.S. Open in 2018. He is nicknamed \"The Dominator\". Barrett has to date bowled 49 perfect 300 games in professional competition, including 15 on the PBA Tour through 2018.", "title": "Dominic Barrett" }, { "id": "13745182", "score": "1.6697206", "text": "6/65, ending the season as Hampshire's leading wicket taker. He claimed his hundredth first-class wicket in July against Sussex, when he took the wicket of Andrew Hodd. In doing so, Briggs became the youngest English spin bowler since Derek Underwood to reach the landmark. He was again quiet in List A matches throughout 2011, making eight appearances in that format, and taking 9 wickets. He once again impressed in that seasons Friends Provident t20, which once again saw Hampshire reach finals day for a second consecutive season, with Briggs making sixteen appearances during the competition. As part of a three-pronged", "title": "Danny Briggs" }, { "id": "7448018", "score": "1.6652597", "text": "prestigious 2004 Bowler of the Year award, voted by the Board of Directors of the World Bowlers Writers' Association. Belmonte was invited to participate in the 2005 World Tenpin Masters in England where he was defeated in the semi-finals. In this event, he made history by bowling the first-ever 300 game in the event. The game was filmed by Matchroom Sport. Belmonte represented Australia in the 2006 World Youth Championships in Berlin. He was part of the team to take the gold medal in the Team Event and went on to make the Masters after finishing in sixth place in", "title": "Jason Belmonte" }, { "id": "7445994", "score": "1.6571441", "text": "are through the last complete PBA season. Dominic's wife Cassie gave birth to the couple's first child, a son named Colby Henry Barrett, on August 18, 2018. Dominic Barrett Dominic Simon Barrett (often called Dom Barrett) (born 30 July 1985 in Cambridge, England) is one of England's leading ten-pin bowlers. He competes in world events and the PBA Tour, on which he has won seven titles. He has been the ranking winner on the European Bowling Tour (EBT) in three seasons (2010, 2012 and 2013). In 2013, he won the prestigious PBA World Championship, and he won the U.S. Open", "title": "Dominic Barrett" } ]

[ "Mormons", "utah mormon", "Utah Mormon", "liberal mormon", "mormon population statistics", "Mormon", "mormons", "Liberal Mormon", "mormon", "Mormon population statistics" ]

[ { "id": "18058252", "score": "1.6040443", "text": "members as \"Mormonites\" or \"Mormons\" and the church as the \"Mormon Church\". Smith and other church leaders considered these terms to be derogatory and inappropriate. Concerning these names, a church newspaper editorialized in 1834: \"Others may call \"themselves\" by their own, or by other names, and have the privilege of wearing them without our changing them or attempting so to do; but we do not accept the above title, nor shall we wear it as our name, though it may be lavished out upon us double to what it has heretofore been.\" Today, it remains common for individuals and media", "title": "Name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "2488605", "score": "1.576632", "text": "of Jesus. The fact that a number of the churches of the Restoration Movement were also named the \"Church of Christ\" caused a considerable degree of confusion in the first years of the Latter Day Saint movement. Because of the distinct belief in the Book of Mormon among Smith's followers, people outside the church began to refer them as \"Mormonites\" or \"Mormons.\" Smith and other church elders considered the name \"Mormon\" derogatory. In May 1834, the church adopted a resolution that the church would be known thereafter as \"The Church of the Latter Day Saints\". At various times the church", "title": "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)" }, { "id": "252505", "score": "1.5609783", "text": "has long been attached to the church as a nickname, it is not a preferred title, and the church's style guide says, \"Please avoid the use of 'Mormon Church', 'LDS Church' or the 'Church of the Latter-day Saints.'\" LDS Church leaders have encouraged members to use the church's full name to emphasize the church's focus on Jesus Christ. J. Gordon Melton, in his \"Encyclopedia of American Religions\", subdivides the Mormons into \"Utah Mormons\", \"Missouri Mormons\", \"Polygamy-Practicing Mormons\", and \"Other Mormons\". In this scheme, the \"Utah Mormon\" group includes the non-polygamous organizations descending from those Mormons who followed Brigham Young to", "title": "Mormon (word)" }, { "id": "73547", "score": "1.555794", "text": "of Latter Day Saints. After Smith died, Brigham Young and the largest body of Smith's followers incorporated the LDS Church in 1851 by legislation of the State of Deseret under the name \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\", which included a hyphenated \"Latter-day\" and a British-style lower-case \"d.\" In 1887, the LDS Church was legally dissolved in the United States by the Edmunds–Tucker Act because of the church's practice of polygamy. In the United States, the church continues to operate as an unincorporated entity. Accepted informal names for the church include the LDS Church, the Latter-day Saints, and", "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "250399", "score": "1.5513428", "text": "refer to themselves as \"Latter-day Saints\" or sometimes just \"Saints\". The term \"Mormons\" has been embraced by others, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, such as the Community of Christ, have rejected it. Both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word \"Mormon\" in reference to themselves. LDS Church leaders have encouraged members to use the church's full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ, and have discouraged the use of the shortened form \"Church of the Latter Day Saints\", as well as the acronym \"LDS\", and the nickname \"Mormons\". The", "title": "Mormons" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\nThe name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is derived from an 1838 revelation church founder Joseph Smith said he received. Church leaders have long emphasized the church's full name (though more especially since 2018), and have resisted the application of informal or shortened names, especially those which omit \"Jesus Christ\". These informal and shortened names include the \"Mormon Church\", the \"LDS Church\", and the \"Church of the Latter-day Saints\".", "title": "Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement\n\nThe denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement are sometimes collectively referred to as \"Mormonism\". Although some denominations oppose the use of this term because they consider it derogatory, it is especially used when referring to the largest Latter Day Saint group, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and offshoots of it. Denominations opposed to the use of the term consider it to be connected to the polygamy once practiced by the Utah church or to pejoratives used against early adherents of the movement.\n\nThe Latter Day Saint movement includes:\n\nAlthough a few small factions broke with Smith's organization during his lifetime, he retained the allegiance of the vast majority of Latter Day Saints until his death in June 1844. Following Smith's death, the movement underwent a leadership crisis which led to a schism within the church. The largest group followed Brigham Young and settled in what became the Utah Territory and is now the Utah-based LDS Church. The second-largest faction, Community of Christ, coalesced around Joseph Smith III, eldest son of Joseph Smith. Other would-be leaders included the senior surviving member of the First Presidency, Sidney Rigdon; the newly baptized James Strang from Wisconsin; and Alpheus Cutler, one of the Council of Fifty. Each of these men still retains a following as of 2014—however tiny it may be in some cases—and all of their organizations have undergone further schisms.<ref name=\"shilds\"/><ref name = Cadman/><ref name=\"Fletcher\"/> Other claimants, such as Granville Hedrick, William Bickerton and Charles B. Thompson, later emerged to start still other factions, some of which have further subdivided.", "title": "List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Community of Christ\n\nThe Community of Christ, known from 1872 to 2001 as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS), is an American-based international church, and is the second-largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement. The church reports 250,000 members in 1,100 congregations in 59 countries. His eldest son Joseph Smith III formally accepted leadership of the church on April 6, 1860 in the aftermath of the 1844 death of Joseph Smith.\n\nAlthough Community of Christ is a Restorationist faith expression, various practices and beliefs are congruent with mainline Protestant Christianity. While it generally rejects the term \"Mormon\" to describe its members, the church abides by a number of theological distinctions relatively unique to Mormonism, including but not limited to: ongoing prophetic leadership, a priesthood polity, the use of the Book of Mormon and the Doctrine and Covenants as scripture, belief in the cause of Zion, the building of temples, and an interpretation of the Word of Wisdom. In many respects, the church differs from the larger Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and most other Latter Day Saint denominations in its religious liberalism, belief in the traditional conception of the trinity (as opposed to a godhead of three separate and distinct beings), and rejection of exaltation and the plan of salvation. Salvation is considered a personal matter and not subject to dogma, but salvation by grace alone is emphasized. The church considers itself to be non-creedal and accepts people with a wide range of beliefs. Church teachings emphasize that \"all are called\" as \"persons of worth\" to \"share the peace of Christ\".<ref name=\"coc_beliefs\" />\n\nCommunity of Christ worship follows a free-form worship placing more of the foundation on scripture based on the Revised Common Lectionary. From its headquarters in Independence, Missouri, the church offers a special focus on evangelism, peace and justice ministries, spirituality and wholeness, youth ministries and outreach ministries.", "title": "Community of Christ" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mormon (word)\n\nThe word Mormon most colloquially denotes an adherent, practitioner, follower, or constituent of Mormonism in restorationist Christianity. \"Mormon\" also commonly refers, specifically, to a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which is often colloquially, but imprecisely, referred to as the \"Mormon Church\". In addition, the term \"Mormon\" may refer to any of the relatively small sects of Mormon fundamentalism, and any branch of the Latter Day Saint movement that recognizes Brigham Young as the successor to founder Joseph Smith. The term \"Mormon\" applies to the religion of Mormonism, as well as its culture, texts, and art.\n\nThe term derives from the Book of Mormon, a sacred text published in 1830 regarded by the faith as a supplemental testament to the Bible. Adherents believe that the book was translated from an ancient record by Smith by the gift and power of God. The text is said to be an ancient chronicle of a fallen and lost indigenous American nation, compiled by the prophet–historian and warrior Mormon and his son Moroni, the last of the Nephite people. The term \"Mormon\" was applied to Latter Day Saint movement in the 1830s, and was soon embraced by the faith. Because the term became identified with polygamy in the mid-to-late-19th century, some Latter Day Saint denominations who never practiced polygamy have renounced the term.", "title": "Mormon (word)" }, { "id": "18058254", "score": "1.5475276", "text": "Christ of Latter-day Saints'. Please avoid the use of 'Mormon Church', 'LDS Church' or the 'Church of the Latter-day Saints'. When a shortened reference is needed, the terms 'the Church' or 'the Church of Jesus Christ' are encouraged.\" \"The New York Times\" reported that the release of the style guide recommendations was a \"'deliberate reaffirmation' of a long effort in favor of wider use of the church's full title\". Apostle Dallin H. Oaks told the \"Times\" that \"church leaders decided it was possible to begin using the abbreviated name of Church of Jesus Christ because no other major Christian body", "title": "Name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "2488591", "score": "1.5438607", "text": "to be the rightful continuation of Smith's original \"Church of Christ\", regardless of the name they may currently bear (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Community of Christ, The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite), Church of Christ (Temple Lot), etc.). This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the same name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body, and the Churches of Christ, an offshoot of the Campbellite movement. Today, there are several Latter Day Saint churches called \"Church of Christ\", largely within the Hedrickite branch of the movement. The first Latter Day", "title": "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)" }, { "id": "2488608", "score": "1.5376211", "text": "of Latter Day Saints\" was also used by members who recognized Smith's son, Joseph Smith III, as his father's successor. The younger Smith became prophet-president of this group on April 6, 1860. However, the church incorporated in 1872 as the \"Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints\" (RLDS Church), to distinguish it from the larger Utah church, at the time in the midst of federal issues related to polygamy. In 2001, the RLDS Church changed its name again to \"Community of Christ\"—consciously echoing the original \"Church of Christ\" name. The Sidney Rigdon group dwindled until one of its", "title": "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)" }, { "id": "2488607", "score": "1.5316982", "text": "After Smith's death, competing Latter Day Saint denominations organized under the leadership of a number of successors. The largest of these, led by Brigham Young and now based in Salt Lake City, Utah, continued using \"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints\" until incorporating in 1851, when the church standardized the spelling of its name as \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\" (LDS Church). Followers of James J. Strang use the spelling of the public domain name, \"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints\", as the name of their church. The name \"Church of Jesus Christ", "title": "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)" }, { "id": "18058251", "score": "1.5275269", "text": "\"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints\" is a public-domain name and is used by some smaller Latter Day Saint denominations, including the Strangites. The church teaches that its name is a significant indicator of its origin and mission. The following teachings have been given on the meanings of the various components of the church's name: Since its founding, church leaders have resisted attempts to apply informal or abbreviated names to the LDS Church. Because of the belief in the Book of Mormon among Joseph Smith's followers, in the 1830s people outside the church began to refer to its", "title": "Name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "73510", "score": "1.5272944", "text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, often informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian, Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah in the United States, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 67,000 missionaries and a membership of over 16 million. In 2012, the National Council of Churches ranked the church as the fourth-largest", "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "1891016", "score": "1.5218678", "text": "According to H. Donl Peterson, the following 50 personages appeared to Smith: According to the LDS Church, all priesthood keys necessary to administer Jesus' church were given to Joseph Smith, who re-organized that church, which will continue in perpetuity. Hence, members refer to their church as \"The Church of Jesus Christ.\" The term \"latter-day saints\" refers to the fact that members of early Christianity were originally called \"saints\", and the church reestablished by Smith is believed to be Christ's church in the last days prior to the second coming of Jesus. Members of the LDS Church believe that their church", "title": "Restoration (Latter Day Saints)" }, { "id": "18058249", "score": "1.5152595", "text": "the provisional State of Deseret, when the church standardized the spelling of its name as \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\", which included a hyphenated \"Latter-day\" and a British-style lower-case \"d\". In January 1855, the legislature of Utah Territory re-enacted the charter which incorporated the church under this name. In 1876, the LDS Church issued a new edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, which contains the text of significant revelations received by Joseph Smith. In this new edition—the first revision since before Smith's death—the capitalization and hyphenation of the church's name in the 1838 revelation to Smith was", "title": "Name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "252504", "score": "1.5139637", "text": "that the term \"Mormon\" should only apply to the LDS Church and its members, and not other adherents who have adopted the term. The church cites the \"AP Stylebook\", which states, \"The term Mormon is not properly applied to the other Latter Day Saints churches that resulted from the split after [Joseph] Smith’s death.\" Despite the LDS Church's position, the term \"Mormon\" is widely used by journalists and non-journalists to refer to adherents of Mormon fundamentalism. The official name of the Salt Lake City, Utah–based church is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. While the term \"Mormon Church\"", "title": "Mormon (word)" }, { "id": "18058246", "score": "1.5129037", "text": "Name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is derived from an 1838 revelation received by church founder Joseph Smith. Leaders of the LDS Church place great emphasis on the full name of the church and have resisted the application of informal or shortened names, including the \"Mormon Church\", the \"LDS Church\", and the \"Church of the Latter-day Saints\". The LDS Church traces its founding to April 6, 1830, when Joseph Smith and five other men formally established the Church of Christ. The church was", "title": "Name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "2488609", "score": "1.5127158", "text": "elders, William Bickerton, reorganized in 1862 under the name \"The Church of Jesus Christ\". Other Latter Day Saint denominations returned to the original name or a variation of the name, including the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), the Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite), and the now-extinct Church of Christ (Whitmerite). Virtually every Latter Day Saint denomination claims to be the rightful successor to the original Church of Christ and claims Joseph Smith as its founding prophet or first president. For example, the LDS Church, Community of Christ, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), Church of Christ (Temple", "title": "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)" }, { "id": "8389622", "score": "1.5118605", "text": "Comparison of the Community of Christ and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church)) and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) are two denominations that share a common heritage in the Church of Christ founded by Joseph Smith on April 6, 1830. Since Smith's death in 1844, they have evolved separately in belief and practices. The LDS Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims more than 16 million members worldwide; the Community of Christ is", "title": "Comparison of the Community of Christ and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "73546", "score": "1.5100999", "text": "the crisis of succession upon the death of Joseph Smith. Other branches may be considered later offshoots of the LDS Church branch, mainly due to disagreements about plural marriage. The church teaches that it is a continuation of the Church of Christ established in 1830 by Joseph Smith. This original church underwent several name changes during the 1830s, being called the Church of Jesus Christ, the Church of God, and then in 1834, the name was officially changed to the Church of the Latter Day Saints. In April 1838, the name was officially changed to the Church of Jesus Christ", "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "73587", "score": "1.507859", "text": "a result of disagreements with Apostolic succession and the \"Great Apostasy\", the Nicene Creed, separation of the Godhead and, more so, Mormon cosmology and its Plan of Salvation including the doctrines of pre-mortal life, baptism for the dead, three degrees of heaven, and exaltation, the LDS view of theosis. Official church websites Other sites The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, often informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian, Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church", "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" }, { "id": "4420903", "score": "1.506913", "text": "Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, usually referred to as the Remnant Church, is a denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement. The president of the church is Frederick Niels Larsen, a direct descendant of Joseph Smith. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now called the Community of Christ) was criticized from within its membership for various changes in policy and leadership. This included including female priesthood, ending the doctrine of Lineal succession, and the construction of the", "title": "Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" } ]

[ "lawrence s death in motorcycle accident", "Lawrence's death in a motorcycle accident" ]

[ { "id": "537325", "score": "1.7082558", "text": "\"Premiere\". T. E. Lawrence, portrayed by O'Toole, was selected as the tenth-greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute. In addition, \"Lawrence of Arabia\" is currently one of the highest-rated films on Metacritic; it holds a perfect 100/100 rating, indicating \"universal acclaim\", based on seven reviews. It has a 98% \"Certified fresh\" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 80 reviews with an average rating of 9.1/10 from critics with the consensus stating, \"The epic of all epics, \"Lawrence of Arabia\" cements director David Lean's status in the filmmaking pantheon with nearly four hours of grand scope, brilliant", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537271", "score": "1.698793", "text": "two parts, divided by an intermission. The film opens in 1935 when Lawrence is killed in a motorcycle accident. At his memorial service at St Paul's Cathedral, a reporter tries (with little success) to gain insights into this remarkable, enigmatic man from those who knew him. The story then moves backward to the First World War, where Lawrence is a misfit British Army lieutenant, notable for his insolence and education. Over the objections of General Murray, Mr. Dryden of the Arab Bureau sends him to assess the prospects of Prince Faisal in his revolt against the Turks. On the journey,", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537313", "score": "1.6952394", "text": "of Prague Philharmonic from scores reconstructed by Leigh Phillips. The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 10 December 1962 (Royal Premiere) and was released in the United States on 16 December 1962. The original release ran for about 222 minutes (plus overture, intermission, and exit music). A post-premiere memo (13 December 1962) noted that the film was 24,987.5 ft (70 mm) and 19,990 ft (35 mm). With 90 ft of 35 mm film projected every minute, this corresponds to exactly 222.11 minutes. Richard May, VP Film Preservation at Warner Bros., sent an email to Robert Morris,", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537269", "score": "1.6631699", "text": "and his divided allegiance between his native Britain and its army, and his new-found comrades within the Arabian desert tribes. As well as O'Toole, the film stars Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, Anthony Quinn, Omar Sharif, Anthony Quayle, Claude Rains and Arthur Kennedy. \"Lawrence of Arabia\" was nominated for ten Oscars at the 35th Academy Awards in 1963; it won seven in total, including Best Picture and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama and the BAFTA Awards for Best Film and Outstanding British Film. In the years since, it has been recognised", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537326", "score": "1.6537406", "text": "performances, and beautiful cinematography.\" Some critics—notably Bosley Crowther and Andrew Sarris—have criticised the film for an indefinite portrayal of Lawrence and lack of depth. Film director Steven Spielberg considers this his favourite film of all time and the one that inspired him to become a filmmaker. In 1991, this film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and selected for preservation in the United States Library of Congress National Film Registry. In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the seventh best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership. In 1990, the made-for-television", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)\n\nLawrence of Arabia is a 1962 British epic historical drama film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence and his 1926 book \"Seven Pillars of Wisdom\". It was directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel, through his British company Horizon Pictures and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film stars Peter O'Toole as Lawrence with Alec Guinness playing Prince Faisal. The film also stars Jack Hawkins, Anthony Quinn, Omar Sharif, Anthony Quayle, Claude Rains and Arthur Kennedy. The screenplay was written by Robert Bolt and Michael Wilson.\n\nThe film depicts Lawrence's experiences in the Ottoman provinces of Hejaz and Greater Syria during the First World War, in particular his attacks on Aqaba and Damascus and his involvement in the Arab National Council. Its themes include Lawrence's emotional struggles with the violence inherent in war, his identity and his divided allegiance between his native Britain with its army and his new-found comrades within the Arabian desert tribes.\n\nThe film was nominated for ten Oscars at the 35th Academy Awards in 1963, winning seven including Best Picture and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama and the BAFTA Awards for Best Film and Outstanding British Film. The dramatic score by Maurice Jarre and the Super Panavision 70 cinematography by Freddie Young also won praise from critics.\n\n\"Lawrence of Arabia\" is widely regarded as one of the best films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1998, the American Film Institute placed it fifth on their 100 Years...100 Movies list of the greatest American films and it ranked seventh on their 2007 updated list. In 1999, the British Film Institute named the film the third-greatest British film. In 2004, it was voted the best British film in a \"Sunday Telegraph\" poll of Britain's leading filmmakers.", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "White savior narrative in film\n\nThe white savior is a cinematic trope in which a white central character rescues non-white (often less prominent) characters from unfortunate circumstances.\n\nThe narrative trope of the white savior is one way the mass communications medium of cinema represents the sociology of race and ethnic relations, by presenting abstract concepts such as morality as characteristics innate, racially and culturally, to white people, not to be found in non-white people.<ref name=\"temple2\" /> This white savior is often portrayed as a man who is out of place within his own society, until he assumes the burden of racial leadership to rescue non-white minorities and foreigners from their suffering. As such, white savior stories have been described as \"essentially grandiose, exhibitionistic, and narcissistic\" fantasies of psychological compensation.", "title": "White savior narrative in film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gandhi (film)\n\nGandhi is a 1982 period biographical film based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of nonviolent non-cooperative Indian independence movement against the British Empire during the 20th century. A co-production between India and United Kingdom, it is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough from a screenplay written by John Briley. It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role. The film covers Gandhi's life from a defining moment in 1893, as he is thrown off from a South African train for being in a whites-only compartment and concludes with his assassination and funeral in 1948. Although a practising Hindu, Gandhi's embracing of other faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, is also depicted.\n\n\"Gandhi\" was released by Columbia Pictures in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December, and in the United States on 8 December. It was praised for a historically accurate portrayal of the life of Gandhi, the Indian independence movement and the deteriorating results of British colonisation on India, its production values, costume design, and Kingsley's performance, which received worldwide critical acclaim. It became a commercial success, grossing $127.8 million on a $22 million budget.\n\nThe film received a leading eleven nominations at the 55th Academy Awards, winning eight (more than any other film nominated that year), including for the Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor (for Kingsley). The film was screened retrospectively on 12 August 2016 as the opening film at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defence, commemorating the 70th Indian Independence Day. The British Film Institute ranked \"Gandhi\" as the 34th greatest British film of the 20th century.", "title": "Gandhi (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "National Film Registry\n\nThe National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each selected for its historical, cultural and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB’s inception in 1988.", "title": "National Film Registry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mountains of the Moon (film)\n\nMountains of the Moon is a 1990 American biographical film depicting the 1857–1858 journey of Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke in their expedition to Central Africa, which culminated in Speke's discovery of the source of the Nile River and led to a bitter rivalry between the two men. The film stars Patrick Bergin as Burton and Iain Glen as Speke. Delroy Lindo appears as an African whom the explorers meet.\n\nThe film was directed by Bob Rafelson based on the 1982 novel \"Burton and Speke\" by William Harrison.\n", "title": "Mountains of the Moon (film)" }, { "id": "537315", "score": "1.6522992", "text": "The first round of cuts was made at the direction and even insistence of David Lean, to assuage criticisms of the film's length and increase the number of showings per day; however, during the 1989 restoration, he passed blame for the cuts onto deceased producer Sam Spiegel. In addition, a 1966 print was used for initial television and video releases which accidentally altered a few scenes by reversing the image. The film was screened out of competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival and at the 2012 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. A theatrical rerelease in 2002 celebrated the film's", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537268", "score": "1.6488539", "text": "Lawrence of Arabia (film) Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 epic historical drama film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It was directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel through his British company Horizon Pictures, with the screenplay by Robert Bolt and Michael Wilson. Starring Peter O'Toole in the title role, the film depicts Lawrence's experiences in the Arabian Peninsula during World War I, in particular his attacks on Aqaba and Damascus and his involvement in the Arab National Council. Its themes include Lawrence's emotional struggles with the personal violence inherent in war, his own identity,", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537294", "score": "1.6460599", "text": "States and Britain denouncing the film, famously saying, \"I should not have recognised my own brother\". In one pointed talk show appearance, he remarked that he had found the film \"pretentious and false\". He went on to say that his brother was \"one of the nicest, kindest and most exhilarating people I've known. He often appeared cheerful when he was unhappy.\" Later, Arnold said to the \"New York Times\", \"[The film is] a psychological recipe. Take an ounce of narcissism, a pound of exhibitionism, a pint of sadism, a gallon of blood-lust and a sprinkle of other aberrations and stir", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537320", "score": "1.6341264", "text": "part of the Superbit series, as part of the Columbia Best Pictures collection (2008), and in a fully restored special edition of the director's cut (2008). Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg helped restore a version of the film for a DVD release in 2000. An 8K scan/4K intermediate digital restoration was made for Blu-ray and theatrical re-release during 2012 by Sony Pictures to celebrate the film's 50th anniversary. The Blu-ray edition of the film was released in the United Kingdom on 10 September 2012 and in the United States on 13 November 2012. The film received a one-day theatrical release", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537273", "score": "1.6272204", "text": "fifty men, led by a sceptical Sherif Ali. Teenage orphans Daud and Farraj attach themselves to Lawrence as servants. They cross the Nefud Desert, considered impassable even by the Bedouins, travelling day and night on the last stage to reach water. One of Ali's men, Gasim, succumbs to fatigue and falls off his camel unnoticed during the night. When Lawrence discovers him missing, he turns back and rescues Gasim—and Sherif Ali is won over. He gives Lawrence Arab robes to wear. Lawrence persuades Auda abu Tayi, the leader of the powerful local Howeitat tribe, to turn against the Turks. Lawrence's", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537279", "score": "1.6271279", "text": "portrayed minor characters. First assistant director Roy Stevens played the truck driver who transports Lawrence and Farraj to the Cairo HQ at the end of Act I; the Sergeant who stops Lawrence and Farraj (\"Where do you think you're going to, Mustapha?\") is construction assistant Fred Bennett, and screenwriter Robert Bolt has a wordless cameo as one of the officers watching Allenby and Lawrence confer in the courtyard (he is smoking a pipe). Steve Birtles, the film's gaffer, plays the motorcyclist at the Suez Canal; Lean himself is rumoured to be the voice shouting \"Who are you?\" Continuity supervisor Barbara", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537301", "score": "1.6206415", "text": "many of the desert scenes and the dramatic exit from Wadi Rum. Lean biographer Kevin Brownlow notes a physical similarity between Wadi Rum and Ford's Monument Valley. The film was made by Horizon Pictures and Columbia Pictures. Principal photography began on 15 May 1961 and ended on 21 September 1962. The desert scenes were shot in Jordan and Morocco, as well as Almería and Doñana in Spain. It was originally to be filmed entirely in Jordan; the government of King Hussein was extremely helpful in providing logistical assistance, location scouting, transportation, and extras. O'Toole did not share the love of", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537323", "score": "1.6159198", "text": "acclaim; the film as a whole is widely considered a masterpiece of world cinema and one of the greatest films ever made. Additionally, its visual style has influenced many directors, including George Lucas, Sam Peckinpah, Stanley Kubrick, Martin Scorsese, Ridley Scott, Brian De Palma, Oliver Stone, and Steven Spielberg, who called the film a \"miracle\". The American Film Institute ranked \"Lawrence of Arabia\" 5th in its original and 7th in its updated 100 Years...100 Movies lists and first in its list of the greatest American films of the \"epic\" genre. In 1991, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537270", "score": "1.6137279", "text": "one of the greatest and most influential films in the history of cinema. The dramatic score by Maurice Jarre and the Super Panavision 70 cinematography by Freddie Young are also highly acclaimed. In 1991, \"Lawrence of Arabia\" was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and selected for preservation in the US Library of Congress National Film Registry. In 1998, the American Film Institute placed it 5th on their 100 Years...100 Movies list, and 7th on their 2007 updated list. In 1999, the British Film Institute named the film the third-greatest British film of all time. The film is presented in", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537324", "score": "1.6108911", "text": "significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 1999 the film placed third in the British Film Institute's poll of the best British films of the 20th century and in 2001 the magazine \"Total Film\" called it \"as shockingly beautiful and hugely intelligent as any film ever made\" and \"faultless\". It was ranked in the top ten films of all time in the 2002 \"Sight & Sound\" directors' poll. Additionally, O'Toole's performance is often considered one of the greatest in all of cinema, topping lists from both \"Entertainment Weekly\" and", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537316", "score": "1.6099948", "text": "fortieth anniversary. A restored version was undertaken by Robert A. Harris and Jim Painten under the supervision of director David Lean. It was released in 1989 with a 216-minute length (plus overture, intermission, and exit music). Most of the cut scenes were dialogue sequences, particularly those involving General Allenby and his staff. Two whole scenes were completely excised—Brighton's briefing of Allenby in Jerusalem before the Deraa scene and the British staff meeting in the field tent—and the Allenby-briefing scene has still not been entirely restored. Much of the missing dialogue involves Lawrence's writing of poetry and verse, alluded to by", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537286", "score": "1.6046648", "text": "a controversial topic among historians. Bolt's primary source was ostensibly \"Seven Pillars\", but the film's portrayal seems informed by Richard Aldington's \"Biographical Inquiry\" (1955), which posited Lawrence as a \"pathological liar and exhibitionist\", as well as homosexual. This is opposed to his portrayal in \"Ross\" as \"physically and spiritually recluse\". The film's depiction of Lawrence as an active participant in the Tafas Massacre was disputed at the time by historians, including biographer Basil Liddell Hart, but most current biographers accept the film's portrayal of the massacre as reasonably accurate. The film does show that Lawrence could speak and read Arabic,", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "792608", "score": "1.6018982", "text": "comments: \"The New York Times\" film critic Bosley Crowther dismissed \"Lawrence of Arabia\" as \"a huge, thundering camel-opera that tends to run down rather badly as it rolls on into its third hour and gets involved with sullen disillusion and political deceit\". Writing about the same film in \"The Village Voice\", Andrew Sarris remarked that \"Lawrence\" was \"...simply another expensive mirage, dull, overlong, and coldly impersonal... on the whole I find it hatefully calculating and condescending...\" In 1974, Lean was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship. David Lean Sir David Lean (25 March 190816 April 1991) was an English film director, producer,", "title": "David Lean" }, { "id": "537314", "score": "1.6011244", "text": "co-author of a book on \"Lawrence of Arabia\", in which he noted that \"Gone With the Wind\" was never edited after its premiere and is 19,884 ft of 35 mm film (without leaders, overture, intermission, entr'acte, or walkout music), corresponding to 220.93 min. Thus, \"Lawrence of Arabia\" is slightly more than 1 minute longer than \"Gone With the Wind\" and is, therefore, the longest movie ever to win a Best Picture Oscar. In January 1963, \"Lawrence\" was released in a version edited by 20 minutes; when it was re-released in 1971, an even shorter cut of 187 minutes was presented.", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" }, { "id": "537302", "score": "1.5967629", "text": "the desert of the character he played, stating in an interview, \"I loathe it.\" Hussein himself visited the set several times during production and maintained cordial relationships with cast and crew. During the production of the film, Hussein met and married Toni Gardner, who was working as a switchboard operator in Aqaba. The only tension occurred when Jordanian officials learned that English actor Henry Oscar did not speak Arabic but would be filmed reciting the Qur'an. Permission was granted only on condition that an imam be present to ensure that there were no misquotations. In Jordan, Lean planned to film", "title": "Lawrence of Arabia (film)" } ]

[ "Denggi fever", "Dengue haemorrhagic fever", "denggi fever", "Dengue Fever (tropical disease)", "dengue fever", "Dengay Fever", "classical dengue", "டெங்குக் காய்ச்சல்", "break bone fever", "Dengay", "Dengue Fever", "Bonecrusher disease", "Dandy Fever", "dengue shock syndrome", "dengue", "Dengue-fever", "Classical dengue", "denggi", "dengay fever", "dengue fever2", "Denggi", "Dengue fever", "severe dengue", "Dandy fever", "Dengue Shock Syndrome", "dandy fever", "Breakbone fever", "dengue fever tropical disease", "dengay", "dengue haemorrhagic fever", "dengi fever", "Dengue symptoms and prevention", "Dengue", "Severe dengue", "dengue symptoms and prevention", "Break Bone Fever", "dengue hemorrhagic fever", "Dengue Fever2", "Dengi fever", "Dengue shock syndrome", "Dengue hemorrhagic fever", "Dengue fever (tropical disease)", "bonecrusher disease", "Break-bone fever", "breakbone fever" ]

[ { "id": "11401922", "score": "2.0371714", "text": "on surveillance for the virus and Epidemiological follow-up and testing on suspected human cases (P. 59) Dengue fever is an infectious disease also carried by mosquitoes and caused by any of four related dengue viruses. It is also called \"break-bone\" fever because it sometimes causes severe joint and muscle pain that feels like bones are breaking. Health experts have known about dengue fever for more than 200 years. An epidemic in Hawaii in 2001 was a reminder that many locations in the United States are susceptible to dengue epidemics because they harbor the particular types of mosquitoes that carry the", "title": "Climate change in Washington" }, { "id": "509591", "score": "1.9102794", "text": "of a dandy, and the disease was known as \"dandy fever\". The term \"break-bone fever\" was applied by physician and United States Founding Father Benjamin Rush, in a 1789 report of the 1780 epidemic in Philadelphia. In the report title he uses the more formal term \"bilious remitting fever\". The term dengue fever came into general use only after 1828. Other historical terms include \"breakheart fever\" and \"la dengue\". Terms for severe disease include \"infectious thrombocytopenic purpura\" and \"Philippine\", \"Thai\", or \"Singapore hemorrhagic fever\". Outbreaks of dengue fever increases the need for blood products while decreasing the number of potential", "title": "Dengue fever" }, { "id": "3646226", "score": "1.8843814", "text": "Common names for dengue fever include breakbone fever and dandy fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are the severe forms. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. People of all ages who are exposed to infected mosquitoes can get dengue fever. The disease occurs most often during the rainy season in areas with high numbers of infected mosquitoes. Only infected mosquitoes transmit dengue virus. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. The incubation period is 3 to 14 days. The period of", "title": "Dengue virus" }, { "id": "8344636", "score": "1.8670064", "text": "high fever and flu-like symptoms. It is found in Asia, Latin America, and Northern Australia. Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by \"A. albopictus\" and \"A. aegypti\" mosquitoes. The virus was first isolated from an outbreak in Tanzania in 1952. Chikungunya virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. The word chikungunya is from the Makonde which means \"that which bends up,\" and this refers to the effect of the debilitating joint pain on the patient. The symptoms can be confused with dengue and include fever, rash, joint pain, and swelling. The disease mainly occurs in Africa", "title": "Neglected tropical diseases" }, { "id": "12900692", "score": "1.8166717", "text": "mosquito vector control and disease prevention. Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, typically affect third world countries and areas with tropical climates. Mosquito vectors are sensitive to climate changes and tend to follow seasonal patterns. Between years there are often dramatic shifts in incidence rates. The occurrence of this phenomenon in endemic areas makes mosquito-borne viruses difficult to treat. Dengue fever is caused by infection through viruses of the family Flaviviridae. The illness is most commonly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue virus has four different serotypes, each of which are antigenically related", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dengue fever\n\nDengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection.\nDengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes of the \"Aedes\" genus, principally \"Aedes aegypti\". infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others.<ref name=WHO2015/> Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications.<ref name=WHO2015/> A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA.<ref name=BMJ2015/>\nA vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries. As of 2018, the vaccine is only recommended in individuals who have been previously infected, or in populations with a high rate of prior infection by age nine.<ref name=WHOp32/>\nThe earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779. Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 120 countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, South Asia and South America. In 2019, a significant increase in the number of cases was seen. Apart from eliminating the mosquitos, work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease.", "title": "Dengue fever" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Viruses/Selected article" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Dengue fever/Archive 1" }, { "id": "12900684", "score": "1.7921324", "text": "the Zika virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever and dengue fever. The re-emergence of the viruses has been at a faster rate, and over a wider geographic area, than in the past. The rapid re-emergence is due to expanding global transportation networks, the mosquito's increasing ability to adapt to urban settings, the disruption of traditional land use and the inability to control expanding mosquito populations. Like malaria, other arboviruses do not have a vaccine. The only exception is yellow fever. Prevention is focused on reducing the adult mosquito populations, controlling mosquito larvae and protecting individuals from mosquito bites. Depending on the", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" }, { "id": "509587", "score": "1.7874761", "text": "Southeast Asia and Africa by transmission from female \"Aedes\" mosquitoes—of species other than \"A. aegypti\"—to their offspring and to lower primates. In towns and cities, the virus is primarily transmitted by the highly domesticated \"A. aegypti\". In rural settings the virus is transmitted to humans by \"A. aegypti\" and other species of \"Aedes\" such as \"A. albopictus\". Both these species had expanding ranges in the second half of the 20th century. In all settings the infected lower primates or humans greatly increase the number of circulating dengue viruses, in a process called amplification. The first record of a case of", "title": "Dengue fever" }, { "id": "16793922", "score": "1.7848196", "text": "and places that have never seen malaria before. It is simple for the slightest of fluctuation in temperature to cause a catastrophic epidemic that has the possibility to end the lives of many innocent and unsuspecting people. Dengue fever is an infectious disease caused by dengue viruses known to be in the tropical regions. It is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes, or A. aegypti. The cases of dengue fever have increased dramatically since the 1970s and it continues to become more prevalent. The greater incidence of this disease is believed to be due to a combination of urbanization, population growth,", "title": "Effects of global warming on human health" }, { "id": "509588", "score": "1.7750311", "text": "probable dengue fever is in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (265–420 AD) which referred to a \"water poison\" associated with flying insects. The primary vector, \"A. aegypti\", spread out of Africa in the 15th to 19th centuries due in part to increased globalization secondary to the slave trade. There have been descriptions of epidemics in the 17th century, but the most plausible early reports of dengue epidemics are from 1779 and 1780, when an epidemic swept across Asia, Africa and North America. From that time until 1940, epidemics were infrequent. In 1906, transmission by the \"Aedes\" mosquitoes", "title": "Dengue fever" }, { "id": "5699233", "score": "1.774712", "text": "Brazilian Amazon, oropouche is the second most frequent viral disease, after dengue fever. Several epidemics have generated more than 263,000 cases, of which 130,000 alone occurred in the period from 1978 to 1980. Presently, in Brazil alone it is estimated that more than half a million cases have occurred. Nevertheless, clinics in Brazil may not have adequate testing reliability as they rely on symptoms rather than PCR viral sequencing, which is expensive and time consuming, in many cases there may be conviction with other similar mosquito-borne viruses. Oropouche fever is characterized as an acute febrile illness, meaning that it begins", "title": "Oropouche fever" }, { "id": "5361759", "score": "1.7682037", "text": "Ross River fever Ross River fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by infection with the Ross River virus. The illness is typically characterised by an influenza-like illness and polyarthritis. The virus is endemic to mainland Australia and Tasmania, the island of New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and several other islands in the South Pacific. Symptoms of the disease may vary widely in severity, but major indicators are arthralgia, arthritis, fever, and rash. The incubation period is 7–9 days. About a third of infections are asymptomatic, particularly in children. About 95% of symptomatic cases report joint", "title": "Ross River fever" }, { "id": "8823838", "score": "1.7608727", "text": "Epidemiology of chikungunya Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne alpha virus that was first isolated after a 1952 outbreak in modern-day Tanzania. The virus has circulated in forested regions of sub-Saharan African in cycles involving nonhuman primate hosts and arboreal mosquito vectors. Phylogenetic studies indicate that the urban transmission cycle—the transmission of a pathogen between humans and mosquitoes that exist in urban environments—was established on multiple occasions from strains occurring on the eastern half of Africa in non-human primate hosts. This emergence and spread beyond Africa may have started as early as the 18th century. Currently, available data does not indicate whether", "title": "Epidemiology of chikungunya" }, { "id": "18763057", "score": "1.7590593", "text": "the amount of mosquitos present is strongly influenced by the amount of water-bearing containers or pockets of standstill water in an area, daily temperature and variation in temperature, moisture, and solar radiation. While dengue fever is primarily considered a tropical and subtropical disease, the geographic ranges of the aedes aegypti are expanding. Globalization, trade, travel, demographic trends, and warming temperatures are all attributed to the recent spread to this primary vector of dengue. Dengue is now ranked as the most important vector-borne viral disease in the world. Today, an estimated 50–100 million dengue fever infections occur annually. In just the", "title": "Effects of global warming on humans" }, { "id": "463896", "score": "1.7573142", "text": "seems to play a role in single, sudden breakouts of the disease. Three epidemiologically different infectious cycles occur, in which the virus is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans or other primates. In the \"urban cycle\", only the yellow fever mosquito \"A. aegypti\" is involved. It is well adapted to urban areas, and can also transmit other diseases, including Zika fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya. The urban cycle is responsible for the major outbreaks of yellow fever that occur in Africa. Except for an outbreak in Bolivia in 1999, this urban cycle no longer exists in South America. Besides the urban", "title": "Yellow fever" }, { "id": "5361767", "score": "1.7564682", "text": "the Ross River in Townsville, Queensland. Since then, outbreaks have occurred in all Australian states, including Tasmania, and metropolitan areas. The largest outbreak occurred in 1979–1980 in the Western Pacific, and affected more than 60,000 people. Before the identification of this infectious agent, the disease was referred to as \"epidemic polyarthritis\". This term was also used for a similar Australian disease caused by another mosquito-borne virus, Barmah Forest virus. The study of RRF has been recently facilitated by the development of a mouse model. Mice infected with RRV develop hind-limb arthritis/arthralgia which is similar to human disease. The disease in", "title": "Ross River fever" }, { "id": "486458", "score": "1.7559786", "text": "milestone in the evolving history of this virus. The American outbreak began in College Point, Queens in New York City and was later spread to the neighboring states of New Jersey and Connecticut. The virus is believed to have entered in an infected bird or mosquito, although there is no clear evidence. West Nile virus is now endemic in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype Kunjin), and most recently, North America and is spreading into Central and South America. Outbreaks of West Nile virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in Algeria (1994), Romania (1996 to", "title": "West Nile fever" }, { "id": "463886", "score": "1.7517304", "text": "and several species of mosquitoes. In cities, it is spread primarily by \"Aedes aegypti\", a type of mosquito found throughout the tropics and subtropics. The virus is an RNA virus of the genus \"Flavivirus\". The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses, especially in the early stages. To confirm a suspected case, blood sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required. A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists, and some countries require vaccinations for travelers. Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquito. In areas where yellow fever is common", "title": "Yellow fever" }, { "id": "15166350", "score": "1.7502974", "text": "the 1980s. By the late 1990s, dengue was the most important mosquito-borne disease affecting humans after malaria, with around 40 million cases of dengue fever and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year. Significant outbreaks of dengue fever tend to occur every five or six months. The cyclical rise and fall in numbers of dengue cases is thought to be the result of seasonal cycles interacting with a short-lived cross-immunity for all four strains in people who have had dengue. When the cross-immunity wears off the population is more susceptible to transmission whenever the next seasonal peak", "title": "Dengue fever outbreaks" }, { "id": "5699236", "score": "1.747657", "text": "the blood of a febrile human patient and from \"Coquillettidia venezuelensis\" mosquitoes. In Brazil, OROV was first described in 1960 when it was isolated from a three-toed sloth (\"Bradypus tridactylus\") and \"Ochlerotatus serratus\" mosquitoes captured nearby during the construction of the Belém-Brasilia Highway. The oropouche virus is responsible for causing massive, explosive outbreaks in Latin American countries, making oropouche fever the second most common arboviral infection seen in Brazil. So far the only reported cases of Oropouche fever have been in Brazil, Panama, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. ORO fever occurs mainly during the rainy seasons because there is an", "title": "Oropouche fever" }, { "id": "12936458", "score": "1.747323", "text": "Mayaro virus and Ilheus virus. As these mosquitoes, in general, have relatively long lives, they can transmit viruses for long periods. They tend to live in the canopy of forests where the female lays eggs in between layers of tree bark or in cut bamboo. The eggs adhere to the surface and when submerged by rain water develop into larvae. The discovery in 1953 by two scientists from the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory of a sick Red Howler monkey that was found to be suffering from yellow fever provided the first indication that yellow fever was still endemic in Trinidad", "title": "Haemagogus" } ]

[ "Cortes the conquistador", "hernan cortéz", "Hernán Cortez", "Hernándo Cortés", "hernando cortes de monroy pizarro 1st marques del valle de oaxaca", "Hernan Cortés", "Hernando Cortes (explorer)", "Hernan Cortez", "Hernan Cortes de Monroy Pizarro", "Hernando Cortes", "Hernán Cortes", "cortés conquistador", "Hernán Cortéz", "Hernan Cortes de Monroy Pizarro, 1st Marques del Valle de Oaxaca", "hernan cortes de monroy pizarro 1st marques del valle de oaxaca", "hernan cortes", "hernando cortes de monroy pizarro", "Hernándo Cortés de Monroy Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca", "Hernan, Marques Del Valle de Oaxaca Cortes", "hernando cortes explorer", "Hernando Cortes de Monroy Pizarro, 1st Marques del Valle de Oaxaca", "hernan cortés", "hernán cortes", "Hernándo Cortés de Monroy Pizarro", "Hernán Cortés de Monroy Pizarro", "hernan marques del valle de oaxaca cortes", "hernando cortéz", "Hernando Cortéz", "hernando cortes", "hernán cortés de monroy y pizarro", "hernándo cortés de monroy pizarro", "cortez conquistador", "hernan cortez", "hernando cortez", "hernán cortés de monroy pizarro", "hernándo cortés de monroy pizarro 1st marqués del valle de oaxaca", "Hernán Cortés", "hernándo cortés", "hernando cortés", "hernan cortes de monroy pizarro", "hernán cortez", "cortes conquistador", "Hernando Cortez", "Cortés the Conquistador", "Hernán Cortés de Monroy Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca", "hernán cortés de monroy pizarro 1st marqués del valle de oaxaca", "Hernando Cortés", "Cortez the Conquistador", "cortéz conquistador", "Hernando cortez", "Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro", "hernan fernando cortes", "Hernando Cortes de Monroy Pizarro", "Hernan Fernando Cortes", "Hernan Cortéz", "Cortéz the Conquistador", "hernán cortés", "Hernan Cortes", "hernán cortéz" ]

[ { "id": "14190751", "score": "1.713073", "text": "warfare. Enemy states were growing more powerful and conquered tribes were becoming more rebellious. Within months of taking the throne in 1502, he changed from a man of good reason into a pitiless autocrat who declared himself a god, believing that fear and ruthlessness were the only ways to stop the empire falling apart. Yet it was at the hands of Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors that Montezuma met his downfall. But what was his relationship with Cortes, and why did such a ruthless leader submit to his captors with such relative ease? As Dan Snow visits the ruins and", "title": "Montezuma (TV programme)" }, { "id": "16230597", "score": "1.6798849", "text": "Tlahuicole Tlahuicole or \"Tlahuicolli\" (1497–1518) was a Tlaxcaltec warrior noted for his skill and ethical standards. Tlahuicole was regarded as the most formidable hero of his country, and commanded the Tlaxcaltec forces in the civil war in 1516 between the partisans of Cacamatzin and Ixtlilxochitl II. He was taken prisoner by stratagem and brought to the city of Mexico; but his bravery and character had made such an impression on Moctezuma II that he ordered the captive's release, an act that had no precedent in Mexican history. But Tlahuicole refused to profit by the monarch's generosity. He said to Montezuma", "title": "Tlahuicole" }, { "id": "2886290", "score": "1.6612861", "text": "New Spain. Fearful of the consequences, Nuño de Guzmán left Mexico City on December 22, 1529, and began his famous expedition to Michoacán, Jalisco, and Sinaloa. The remaining auditors retained power and continued their outrages. In the early part of 1530 they dragged a priest and a former servant of Cortés from a church, quartered him and tortured his servant. Zumárraga placed the city under interdict, and the Franciscans retired to Texcoco. At Easter the interdict was lifted, but the auditors were excommunicated for a year. On July 15, 1530, Cortés, now titled Captain General of New Spain, reached Vera", "title": "Juan de Zumárraga" }, { "id": "492653", "score": "1.6521842", "text": "which they named the «Gran Cairo». The conquest of Yucatán was completed two decades after the conquest of Mexico; by Francisco de Montejo \"el Adelantado\", his son Francisco de Montejo y León \"el Mozo\" and his nephew, Francisco de Montejo \"el Sobrino\". \"El Adelantado\" was in the expedition of Juan de Grijalva and was with Hernán Cortés in the third expedition that eventually became the Conquest of Mexico. He was subsequently appointed for the conquest of the Maya of Yucatán, but failed in his first attempt in 1527–28. In 1529 he was appointed Governor of Tabasco, with the order to", "title": "Yucatán" }, { "id": "276865", "score": "1.6488032", "text": "Moctezuma II Moctezuma II (c. 1466 – 29 June 1520), variant spellings include Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma, Motēuczōmah, Muteczuma, and referred to in full by early Nahuatl texts as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (\"Moctezuma the Younger\", ), was the ninth \"tlatoani\" or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. During his reign the Aztec Empire reached", "title": "Moctezuma II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire\n\nThe Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico or the Spanish-Aztec War (1519–21), was one of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the events by Spanish conquistadors, their indigenous allies, and the defeated Aztecs. It was not solely a contest between a small contingent of Spaniards defeating the Aztec Empire but rather the creation of a coalition of Spanish invaders with tributaries to the Aztecs, and most especially the Aztecs' indigenous enemies and rivals. They combined forces to defeat the Mexica of Tenochtitlan over a two-year period. For the Spanish, the expedition to Mexico was part of a project of Spanish colonization of the New World after twenty-five years of permanent Spanish settlement and further exploration in the Caribbean.", "title": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Hernán Cortés" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pedro de Alvarado\n\nPedro de Alvarado (; c. 1485 – 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of the Aztec Empire led by Hernán Cortés. He is considered the conquistador of much of Central America, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador.", "title": "Pedro de Alvarado" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spanish colonization of the Americas\n\nSpain began colonizing the Americas under the Crown of Castile and was spearheaded by the Spanish . The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions of South America and the Caribbean. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the vast territory. The main motivations for colonial expansion were profit through resource extraction and the spread of Catholicism by converting indigenous peoples.\n\nBeginning with Columbus's first voyage to the Caribbean and gaining control over more territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America. It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.\n\nBy contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of disease, forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions. The crown put in place laws to protect the indigenous populations from Spanish settlers' exploitation.\n\nIn the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession and subsequent division of most Spanish territories in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were lost to the United States in 1898, following the Spanish–American War. The loss of these territories ended Spanish rule in the Americas.", "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas" }, { "id": "11379159", "score": "1.6422956", "text": "1548. Assertion of Royal Control After the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521 conqueror Hernán Cortés exercised power in New Spain as its first European governor and proceeded to allocate rewards to Spaniards who had participated in the victory. He initially established a government in the town of Coyoacán, south of Lake Texcoco, because Tenochtitlan was in ruins after the conquest. From here he governed with the title of Captain General and \"Justicia Mayor\". In his letters to the king, he explained and justified his actions, arguing that it was necessary to grant rewards of encomiendas to conquerors in order to", "title": "Real Audiencia of Mexico" }, { "id": "1210237", "score": "1.636539", "text": "looping back around the entire peninsula to central Mexico. Montejo pacified Tabasco with the aid of his son, also named Francisco de Montejo. In 1531 the Spanish moved their base of operations to Campeche, where they repulsed a significant Maya attack. After this battle, the Spanish founded a town at Chichen Itza in the north. Montejo carved up the province amongst his soldiers. In mid-1533 the local Maya rebelled and laid siege to the small Spanish garrison, which was forced to flee. Towards the end of 1534, or the beginning of 1535, the Spanish retreated from Campeche to Veracruz. In", "title": "Spanish conquest of Yucatán" }, { "id": "12909168", "score": "1.6291265", "text": "the Conquest of Mexico. Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work: he died in 1517, the year of his expedition, as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage, and disappointed in the knowledge that Diego Velázquez had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán. In 1523, Ángel de Villafañe sailed toward Mexico City, but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of Padre Island, Texas, in 1554. When word of the disaster reached Mexico City, the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent", "title": "Gulf of Mexico" }, { "id": "19206824", "score": "1.6289328", "text": "the siege, Cortés says he tried to persuade the population to surrender, but received negative replies from Cuauhtémoc and others. On completing the conquest of the territory, the captain of a brigantine, García Holguín, captured the lords of Mexico, Texcoco and Tlacopan (Cuauhtémoc, Coanacochtzin and Tetlepanquetzaltzin). The capture of Cuauhtémoc, last ruler of Mexico-Tenochtitlán, on 13 August 1521 marks the fall of the Tenochcas and the end of the Mexica empire. One of the elements that stands out in this letter is the attached map depicting the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlán. The map is believed to have been created in 1520,", "title": "Third letter of Hernán Cortés to the Emperor Charles V" }, { "id": "6588700", "score": "1.6232033", "text": "Spain, and two years later in 1521, the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was conquered. Francisco Hernández de Córdoba explored the shores of southeast Mexico in 1517, followed by Juan de Grijalva in 1518. The most important of the early Conquistadores was Hernán Cortés, who entered the country in 1519 from a native coastal town which he renamed \"Puerto de la Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz\" (today's Veracruz). In a series of wars and counter-rebellions over the next two centuries, Spain would expand and consolidate its Mexican territories. The Aztecs, the dominant empire in Mexico, believed \"that Quetzalcoatl would return on", "title": "Military history of Mexico" }, { "id": "2761639", "score": "1.6186178", "text": "to try conquering Yucatán from the west, and began by pacifying what is today the modern Mexican state of Tabasco. From 1531–1535 he tried unsuccessfully to conquer western Yucatán, with some successes but in 1535 his forces were driven from Yucatán. In 1533, Montejo received a royal decree giving him permission to conquer Puerto Caballos and Naco in Honduras. This put him in conflict with Pedro de Alvarado, who had received a similar decree in 1532. This only became an issue after Alvarado declared he had conquered and pacified the province of Honduras in 1536. Alvarado continued as Governor of", "title": "Francisco de Montejo" }, { "id": "276870", "score": "1.6135874", "text": "all of us captains and soldiers wept for him, and there was no one among us that knew him and had dealings with him who did not mourn him as if he were our father, which was not surprising, since he was so good. It was stated that he had reigned for seventeen years, and was the best king they ever had in Mexico, and that he had personally triumphed in three wars against countries he had subjugated. I have spoken of the sorrow we all felt when we saw that Montezuma was dead. We even blamed the Mercederian friar", "title": "Moctezuma II" }, { "id": "8222378", "score": "1.6126187", "text": "brought an end to the Chichimeca War. The Council of the Indies was constituted in 1524 and the first Audiencia in 1527. In 1535, Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor (who was as the King of Spain known as Charles I), named the Spanish nobleman Don Antonio de Mendoza the first Viceroy of New Spain. Mendoza was entirely loyal to the Spanish crown, unlike the conqueror of Mexico Hernán Cortés, who had demonstrated that he was independent-minded and defied official orders when he threw off the authority of Governor Velázquez in Cuba. The name \"New Spain\" had been suggested by", "title": "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire" }, { "id": "11874441", "score": "1.6097388", "text": "Ordaz was wounded. Following the conquest of Mexico, De Ordaz explored the areas of Oaxaca and Veracruz, and navigated the Río Coatzacoalos. In 1521, he was sent back to Spain in order to present the story of the conquest of Mexico to the Spanish court, and in order to obtain for Cortės the title of Governor and General Captain of New Spain. De Ordaz returned to North America in approximately 1525. In 1529, he was granted the property of El Peñón de los Baños located within the limits of Mexico City. He returned again to Spain and requested permission to", "title": "Diego de Ordaz" }, { "id": "14840436", "score": "1.6095245", "text": "an uprising of the indigenous against the Spanish authorities in Tabasco, by order of the Second Court, Montejo the Elder was restored to office,and sent his son El Mozo to again attempt the pacification of the province that was partially achieved in 1537. In 1539 he was awarded the title of captain general and governor of Tabasco, but in 1540 he left Tabasco to accompany his father on a new attempt at the conquest of Yucatán. In 1542 El Mozo achieved the surrender of western Yucatán Peninsula (now part of the state of Yucatán) and founded on the former Mayan", "title": "Francisco de Montejo the Younger" }, { "id": "12258349", "score": "1.6087048", "text": "Cenote Sagrado remained a place of pilgrimage. In 1526 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán. His first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the Yucatán Peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at Xaman Ha', south of what is today Cancún. Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at Campeche on the west coast. He sent his son, Francisco Montejo The Younger, in late 1532 to conquer the", "title": "Chichen Itza" }, { "id": "2761638", "score": "1.6080184", "text": "city of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz with Alonso Hernandez Puertocarrero. Cortés sent Francisco and Alonso as proctors to King Charles of Spain in 1519 to report on the expedition. While in Spain Montejo married Beatriz de Herrera. In December 1526 the Spanish King, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issued a royal decree naming Montejo Adelantado and Capitan General of Yucatán. He returned to Yucatán in 1528, and attempted to conquer it along the east coast (Tulum, Chetumal) but was driven back by the ferocity of the resistance of the Maya living along this coast. In 1530 he decided", "title": "Francisco de Montejo" }, { "id": "180866", "score": "1.6075306", "text": "Empire was captured, and Cortés was able to claim it for Spain, thus renaming the city Mexico City. From 1521 to 1524, Cortés personally governed Mexico. Many historical sources have conveyed an impression that Cortés was unjustly treated by the Spanish Crown, and that he received nothing but ingratitude for his role in establishing New Spain. This picture is the one Cortés presents in his letters and in the later biography written by Francisco López de Gómara. However, there may be more to the picture than this. Cortés's own sense of accomplishment, entitlement, and vanity may have played a part", "title": "Hernán Cortés" }, { "id": "213502", "score": "1.6067402", "text": "wrote an important text on Mexican history that Carlos María de Bustamante published in the early nineteenth-century. An earlier Jesuit who wrote about the history of Mexico was Diego Luis de Motezuma (1619–99), a descendant of the Aztec monarchs of Tenochtitlan. Motezuma's \"Corona mexicana, o Historia de los nueve Motezumas\" was completed in 1696. He \"aimed to show that Mexican emperors were a legitimate dynasty in the 17th-century in the European sense.\" The Jesuits were allowed to return to Mexico in 1840 when General Antonio López de Santa Anna was once more president of Mexico. Their re-introduction to Mexico was", "title": "Society of Jesus" }, { "id": "8268594", "score": "1.6060524", "text": "and helped them. He was not a man who wore rich clothes, but very plain ones. Gonzalo de Sandoval Gonzalo de Sandoval (1497, Medellín, Spain – late in 1528, Palos de la Frontera, Spain) was a Spanish conquistador in New Spain (Mexico) and briefly co-governor of the colony while Hernán Cortés was away from the capital (March 2, 1527 to August 22, 1527). Sandoval was the youngest of the lieutenants of Cortés. They arrived together in New Spain in 1519. After the subjugation of Moctezuma, Cortés placed him in command at Villa Rica de Vera Cruz as \"alguacil mayor\". He", "title": "Gonzalo de Sandoval" } ]

[ "Meteorological Winter", "wintriest", "winter", "Wintered", "In Winter", "Wintriest", "winter season", "wintry", "Wintry", "wintered", "february blah", "Meteorological winter", "february blahs", "Winter blahs", "in winter", "meteorological winter", "Austral winter", "Winter doldrums", "winter doldrums", "2015–16 North American winter", "winter blahs", "Winter (season)", "winter blah", "Wintrier", "austral winter", "wintriness", "wintrier", "February blah", "February blahs", "2015–16 north american winter", "Winter", "Winter blah", "Wintriness" ]

[ { "id": "296484", "score": "1.6200868", "text": "Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's North Pole. Owing to the Earth's axial tilt, winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice (typically December 21 UTC) to the March equinox (typically March 20 UTC), while summer lasts from the June solstice through to the September equinox (typically September 23 UTC). The dates vary each year due to the difference between", "title": "Northern Hemisphere" }, { "id": "13939552", "score": "1.5898185", "text": "Egypt. The seasons result from the Earth's axis of rotation being tilted with respect to its orbital plane by an angle of approximately 23.4 degrees. (This tilt is also known as \"obliquity of the ecliptic\".) Regardless of the time of year, the northern and southern hemispheres always experience opposite seasons. This is because during summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun (see \"Fig. 1\") than the other, and this exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. For approximately half of the year (from around March 20 to", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "464795", "score": "1.5844327", "text": "Year A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. The current year is 2019. In temperate and subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In tropical and subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the seasonal tropics, the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked.", "title": "Year" }, { "id": "13939562", "score": "1.5826335", "text": "international organization for meteorology, defined seasons as groupings of three whole months as identified by the Gregorian calendar. Ever since, professional meteorologists all over the world have used this definition. Therefore, for temperate areas in the northern hemisphere, spring begins on 1 March, summer on 1 June, autumn on 1 September, and winter on 1 December. For the southern hemisphere temperate zone, spring begins on 1 September, summer on 1 December, autumn on 1 March, and winter on 1 June. In Australasia the meteorological terms for seasons apply to the temperate zone that occupies all of New Zealand, New South", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "13939549", "score": "1.5769705", "text": "Season A season is a division of the year marked by changes in weather, ecology, and amount of daylight. On Earth, seasons result from Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's axial tilt relative to the ecliptic plane. In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. During May, June, and July, the Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true", "title": "Season" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fiscal year\n\nA fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes. It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations. Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on an annual basis but generally not the reporting period to align with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes. The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxes, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as council tax and license fees, are also levied on a fiscal year basis, but others are charged on an anniversary basis.\n\nSome companies, such as Cisco Systems, end their fiscal year on the same day of the week each year: the day that is closest to a particular date (for example, the Friday closest to 31 December). Under such a system, some fiscal years have 52 weeks and others 53 weeks.\n\nThe calendar year is used as the fiscal year by about 65% of publicly-traded companies in the United States and for most large corporations in the United Kingdom. That is the case in many countries around the world with a few exceptions such as Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.\n\nMany universities have a fiscal year which ends during the summer to align the fiscal year with the academic year (and, in some cases involving public universities, with the state government's fiscal year) and also because the university is normally less busy during the summer months. In the Northern Hemisphere, that is July to the next June. In the Southern Hemisphere, that is the calendar year, January to December. \n\nSome media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year.", "title": "Fiscal year" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Season\n\nA season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and nature of seasons based on regional variations, and as such there are a number of both modern and historical cultures whose number of seasons varies.\n\nThe Northern Hemisphere experiences most direct sunlight during May, June, and July, as the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.\n\nIn temperate and sub-polar regions, four seasons based on the Gregorian calendar are generally recognized: \"spring\", \"summer\", \"autumn\" (or \"fall\"), and \"winter\". Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate climate regions which are not tied to any fixed calendar dates: \"prevernal\", \"vernal\", \"estival\", \"serotinal\", \"autumnal\", and \"hibernal\". Many tropical regions have two seasons: the \"rainy\", \"wet\", or \"monsoon season\" and the \"dry season\". Some have a third \"cool\", \"mild\", or \"harmattan season\". \"Seasons\" can also be dictated by the timing of important ecological events such as \"hurricane season\", \"tornado season\", and \"wildfire season\". Some examples of historical importance are the ancient Egyptian seasons—\"flood\", \"growth\", and \"low water\"—which were previously defined by the former annual flooding of the Nile in Egypt.\nSeasons often hold special significance for agrarian societies, whose lives revolve around planting and harvest times, and the change of seasons is often attended by ritual. The definition of seasons is also cultural. In India, from ancient times to the present day, six seasons or Ritu based on south Asian religious or cultural calendars are recognised and identified for purposes such as agriculture and trade.", "title": "Season" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Academic term\n\nAn academic term (or simply term) is a portion of an academic year, the time during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely.\n\nIn most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. In Northern Hemisphere countries, this means that the academic year lasts from August, September, or October to May, June, or July. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the academic year aligns with the calendar year, lasting from February or March to November or December. The summer may or may not be part of the term system.", "title": "Academic term" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spring (season)\n\nSpring, also known as springtime, is one of the four temperate seasons, succeeding winter and preceding summer. There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures and customs. When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. At the spring (or vernal) equinox, days and nights are approximately twelve hours long, with daytime length increasing and nighttime length decreasing as the season progresses until the Summer Solstice in June (Northern Hemisphere) and December (Southern Hemisphere).\n\nSpring and \"springtime\" refer to the season, and also to ideas of rebirth, rejuvenation, renewal, resurrection and regrowth. Subtropical and tropical areas have climates better described in terms of other seasons, e.g. dry or wet, monsoonal or cyclonic. Cultures may have local names for seasons which have little equivalence to the terms originating in Europe.", "title": "Spring (season)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Summer\n\nSummer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are longest and darkness hours are shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.", "title": "Summer" }, { "id": "13939550", "score": "1.5692742", "text": "of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere. In temperate and subpolar regions, four calendar-based seasons are generally recognized: \"spring\", \"summer\", \"autumn\" or \"fall\", and \"winter\". Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate climate regions: \"prevernal\", \"vernal\", \"estival\", \"serotinal\", \"autumnal\", and \"hibernal\". Many tropical", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "13939560", "score": "1.5636687", "text": "of the respective seasons. Because of seasonal lag due to thermal absorption and release by the oceans, regions with a continental climate, which predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, often consider these four dates to be the \"start\" of the seasons as in the diagram, with the cross-quarter days considered seasonal midpoints. The length of these seasons is not uniform because of Earth's elliptical orbit and its different speeds along that orbit. Calendar-based reckoning defines the seasons in absolute rather than relative terms. Accordingly, if floral activity is regularly observed during the coolest quarter of the year in a particular area,", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "13939553", "score": "1.5375655", "text": "around September 22), the Northern Hemisphere tips toward the Sun, with the maximum amount occurring on about June 21. For the other half of the year, the same happens, but in the Southern Hemisphere instead of the Northern, with the maximum around December 21. The two instants when the Sun is directly overhead at the Equator are the equinoxes. Also at that moment, both the North Pole and the South Pole of the Earth are just on the terminator, and hence day and night are equally divided between the two hemispheres. Around the March equinox, the Northern Hemisphere will be", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "13939555", "score": "1.5328534", "text": "of the seasonal variation in climate in both hemispheres. Compared to axial tilt, other factors contribute little to seasonal temperature changes. The seasons are not the result of the variation in Earth's distance to the Sun because of its elliptical orbit. In fact, Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it reaches aphelion (the point farthest from the Sun) in July, so the slight contribution of orbital eccentricity opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. In general, the effect of orbital eccentricity on Earth's seasons is a 7%", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "459487", "score": "1.5241909", "text": "is split across years, just like summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Each calendar year includes parts of two winters. This causes ambiguity in associating a winter with a particular year, e.g. \"Winter 2018\". Solutions for this problem include naming both years, e.g. \"Winter 18/19\", or settling on the year the season starts in or on the year most of its days belong to, which is the later year for most definitions. Ecological reckoning of winter differs from calendar-based by avoiding the use of fixed dates. It is one of six seasons recognized by most ecologists who customarily use the term", "title": "Winter" }, { "id": "3542848", "score": "1.5234067", "text": "In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21; summer solstice is near June 21; spring equinox is around March 20; and autumnal equinox is about September 23. The effect of the Earth's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere, thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere (e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice). In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around", "title": "Earth's orbit" }, { "id": "13939559", "score": "1.5201474", "text": "the average temperature. When the Zone is north of the Equator, the northern tropics experience their wet season while the southern tropics have their dry season. This pattern reverses when the Zone migrates to a position south of the Equator. In meteorological terms, the solstices (the maximum and minimum insolation) do not fall in the middles of summer and winter. The heights of these seasons occur up to 7 weeks later because of seasonal lag. Seasons, though, are not always defined in meteorological terms. In astronomical reckoning by hours of daylight alone, the solstices and equinoxes are in the \"middle\"", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "13939565", "score": "1.5127529", "text": "seasons dates back at least to the Julian calendar used by the ancient Romans. It continues to be used on many modern Gregorian calendars worldwide, although some countries like Australia, New Zealand, and Russia prefer to use meteorological reckoning. The precise timing of the seasons is determined by the exact times of transit of the sun over the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn for the solstices and the times of the sun's transit over the equator for the equinoxes, or a traditional date close to these times. The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "387145", "score": "1.5122238", "text": "summer solstice and shorter around the winter solstice. When the Sun's path crosses the equator, the length of the nights at latitudes +L° and -L° are of equal length. This is known as an equinox. There are two solstices and two equinoxes in a tropical year. The seasons occur because the Earth's axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its orbital plane (the plane of the ecliptic) but currently makes an angle of about 23.44° (called the obliquity of the ecliptic), and because the axis keeps its orientation with respect to an inertial frame of reference. As a consequence, for", "title": "Solstice" }, { "id": "111113", "score": "1.5042195", "text": "the direction of the North Pole. Six months later, this pole will experience a midnight sun, a day of 24 hours, again reversing with the South Pole. By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes, when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December; summer solstice is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23", "title": "Earth" }, { "id": "4904678", "score": "1.5030861", "text": "end of summer and the beginning of autumn (autumnal equinox) in the Northern Hemisphere, while marking the end of winter and the start of spring (vernal equinox) in the Southern Hemisphere. The September equinox is one point in time commonly used to determine the length of the tropical year. Date and time of the September equinox that occurred from the year 2010 to 2018 (UT) are listed as follows: The point where the Sun crosses the celestial equator southwards is called the first point of Libra. However, due to the precession of the equinoxes, this point is no longer in", "title": "September equinox" }, { "id": "13939561", "score": "1.4999835", "text": "it is still considered winter despite the traditional association of flowers with spring and summer. Additionally, the seasons are considered to change on the same dates everywhere that uses a particular calendar method regardless of variations in climate from one area to another. Most calendar-based methods use a four-season model to identify the warmest and coldest seasons, which are separated by two intermediate seasons. Meteorological seasons are reckoned by temperature, with summer being the hottest quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year. In 1780 the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (which became defunct in 1795), an early", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "16295943", "score": "1.4962229", "text": "days, allowing the calendar months to drift relative to the seasons. January would move from mid-winter to mid-summer, in the northern hemisphere, after approximately 150 years. The calendar year can be reckoned to drift though all the seasons once every 294 calendar years equal to 293 years of 365.2423208... days. Perennial calendar A perennial calendar is a calendar that applies to any year, keeping the same dates, weekdays and other features. Perennial calendar systems differ from most widely used calendars which are annual calendars. Annual calendars include features particular to the year represented, and expire at the year's end. A", "title": "Perennial calendar" }, { "id": "13939571", "score": "1.4961689", "text": "far to the west (America) whose clocks run behind UTC may experience an equinox as early as March 19. Over thousands of years, the Earth's axial tilt and orbital eccentricity vary (see Milankovitch cycles). The equinoxes and solstices move westward relative to the stars while the perihelion and aphelion move eastward. Thus, ten thousand years from now Earth's northern winter will occur at aphelion and northern summer at perihelion. The severity of seasonal change — the average temperature difference between summer and winter in location — will also change over time because the Earth's axial tilt fluctuates between 22.1 and", "title": "Season" }, { "id": "179468", "score": "1.4932115", "text": "clearest calendar attestations give a year of four seasons, each having three months of 30, 30, and 31 days with the cardinal day the extra day at the end, for a total of 91 days, or exactly 13 weeks. Each season started on the 4th day of the week (Wednesday), every year. (Ben-Dov, \"Head of All Years\", pp. 16–17) With only 364 days, it is clear that the calendar would after a few years be very noticeably different from the actual seasons, but there is nothing to indicate what was done about this problem. Various suggestions have been made by", "title": "Hebrew calendar" } ]

[ "österreich", "etymology of austria", "oostenrijk", "Alpine Deutschen", "Österreich", "republic of austria", "Republik Oesterreich", "austrian architecture", "oesterreich", "Easterrealm", "Autriche", "Oostenrijk", "Austria", "administrative divisions of austria", "austurríki", "eastreach", "osterreich", "ISO 3166-1:AT", "The Republic of Austria", "republik osterreich", "Republik Osterreich", "alpine deutschen", "Republic of Austria", "Etymology of Austria", "Avstria", "iso 3166 1 at", "austurriki", "austrian republic", "Oesterreich", "Österrike", "architecture of austria", "österrike", "easterrealm", "Osterreich", "Ostria", "republik oesterreich", "Austrian Republic", "Austurriki", "Austrian architecture", "Administrative divisions of Austria", "ostria", "Austurríki", "austria", "Republik Österreich", "republik österreich", "avstria", "Eastreach", "Architecture of Austria", "autriche" ]

[ { "id": "1568047", "score": "1.914619", "text": "Austrian schilling The schilling (German: \"Schilling\") was the currency of Austria from 1925 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002. The euro was introduced at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling to replace it. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen. The schilling was established by the schilling Act (Schillingrechnungsgesetz) of December 20, 1924 at a rate of 1 schilling to 10,000 Austro-Hungarian kronen and issued on March 1, 1925. The schilling was abolished in the wake of Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938, when it was exchanged at a rate of", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": "707706", "score": "1.9014168", "text": "was replaced by the euro at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen. Shillings were issued in the Scandinavian countries \"(skilling)\" until the Scandinavian Monetary Union of 1873, and in the city of Hamburg, Germany. In Poland \"szeląg\" was used. In the principalities covering present Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg, the cognate term \"schelling\" was used as an equivalent 'arithmetic' currency, a 'solidus' representing 12 'denarii' or 1/20 'pound', while actual coins were rarely physical multiples of it, but still expressed in these terms. The \"soll\", later the \"sou\", both also derived from", "title": "Shilling" }, { "id": "1568055", "score": "1.8315697", "text": "banknote was issued and the 5 and 10 schilling notes were replaced by coins. However, although 20 schilling coins were issued from 1980, the 20 schilling note continued to be produced, with 5,000 schilling notes added in 1988. Austrian schilling The schilling (German: \"Schilling\") was the currency of Austria from 1925 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002. The euro was introduced at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling to replace it. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen. The schilling was established by the schilling Act (Schillingrechnungsgesetz) of December 20, 1924", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": "1568049", "score": "1.8080093", "text": "rate of 1 new schilling for 3 old schillings thereafter. Coins were not affected by this reform. The currency stabilised in the 1950s, with the schilling being tied to the U.S. dollar at a rate of $1 = 26 schilling. Following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the schilling was initially tied to a basket of currencies and then, in July 1976, the schilling was coupled to the German mark. Although the euro became the official currency of Austria in 1999, euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002. Old schilling denominated coins and notes were", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": "1568050", "score": "1.7923949", "text": "phased out from circulation because of the introduction of the euro by 28 February of that year. Schilling banknotes and coins which were valid at the time of the introduction of the euro will indefinitely remain exchangeable for euros at any branch of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. In 1925, bronze 1 and 2 groschen, cupro-nickel 10 groschen, and silver and 1 schilling coins were introduced, followed by cupro-nickel 5 groschen issues in 1931. In 1934, cupro-nickel 50 groschen and 1 schilling were introduced, together with silver 5 schilling. Coins were issued until 1938. Also issued gold and silver coins: 2 schillings", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Euro\n\nThe euro (symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 344 million citizens . The euro is divided into 100 cents.\n\nThe currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union, by four European microstates that are not EU members,<ref name=\"EC Euro Area 2\"/> the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo. Outside Europe, a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro.\n\nAs of 2013, the euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world.\n\nThe name \"euro\" was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies.\n\nBetween December 1999 and December 2002, the euro traded below the US dollar, but has since traded near parity with or above the US dollar, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008 and since then returning near to its original issue rate. On 13 July 2022, the two currencies hit parity for the first time in nearly two decades due in part to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "title": "Euro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Irish pound\n\nThe pound (Irish: ) was the currency of the Republic of Ireland until 2002. Its ISO 4217 code was IEP, and the symbol was £ (or IR£ for distinction). The Irish pound was replaced by the euro on 1 January 1999. Euro currency did not begin circulation until the beginning of 2002.", "title": "Irish pound" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Austrian schilling\n\nThe schilling (German: \"Schilling\") was the currency of Austria from 1925 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002. The euro was introduced at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling to replace it. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen.", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the euro\n\nThe euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the euro).\n\nThe currency was formed virtually in 1999; notes and coins began to circulate in 2002. It rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded behind the rest of the EU. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty finalised its political authority, the Eurogroup, alongside the European Central Bank.", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French franc\n\nThe franc (, ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was reintroduced (in decimal form) in 1795. After two centuries of inflation, it was redenominated in 1960, with each (NF) being worth 100 old francs. The NF designation was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc. Many French residents, though, continued to quote prices of especially expensive items in terms of the old franc (equivalent to the new centime), up to and even after the introduction of the euro (for coins and banknotes) in 2002.<ref name=anciens/> The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries. Between 1998 and 2002, the conversion of francs to euros was carried out at a rate of 6.55957 francs to 1 euro.", "title": "French franc" }, { "id": "767623", "score": "1.7699217", "text": "coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Austria changed the common side of its coins. Before adopting the Euro in 2002 Austria had maintained use of the Austrian schilling which was first established in December 1924. The Schilling was abolished in the wake of the Anschluss in 1938 and has been reintroduced after the end of the World War II in November 1945. Austria has one of the richest collection of collectors' coins in the Eurozone, with face value ranging from 10 to 100 euro (although a 100,000 euro", "title": "Economy of Austria" }, { "id": "1568048", "score": "1.7601659", "text": "2 German reichsmark to 3 schilling. The schilling was reintroduced after World War II on November 30, 1945 by the Allied Military, who issued paper money (dated 1944) in denominations of 50 groschen up to 100 schilling. The exchange rate to the reichsmark was 1:1, limited to 150 schilling per person. The Nationalbank also began issuing schilling notes in 1945 and the first coins were issued in 1946. With a second \"schilling\" law on November 21, 1947, new banknotes were introduced. The earlier notes could be exchanged for new notes at par for the first 150 schilling and at a", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": "13756470", "score": "1.7494764", "text": "founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Irish pound and the Austrian schilling. Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011 and Latvia on 1 January 2014. The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins", "title": "5 euro note" }, { "id": "3825625", "score": "1.7465311", "text": "designated \"half-Schilling\", \"Schilling\", and \"double Schilling\". The Schilling became the official currency of Austria currency on 20 December 1924, at a rate of 10,000 Kronen to 1 Schilling. In these territories of Austria-Hungary, which became part of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) in 1918, Krone banknotes were stamped by the new authorities and became issues of the Serb, Croat and Slovene krone. In 1920 this was replaced by the dinar at a rate of 1 dinar = 4 Kronen. In Czechoslovakia the currency was superseded by the koruna, at par. The names of the present-day", "title": "Austro-Hungarian krone" }, { "id": "121777", "score": "1.741709", "text": "in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.83 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008. In late 2009, the", "title": "Euro" }, { "id": "1568053", "score": "1.7350352", "text": "in the value of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 schilling, but gold coins also existed for 500 and 1,000 schilling. They were considered legal currency, but were rarely found in actual transactions. At the time of the changeover to the euro, the coins in circulation were the following. Coins under 10 groschen were rarely seen in circulation during their final years. In 1925, the Oesterreichische Nationalbank issued notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1,000 \"Schillinge\" (note the different spelling of the plural on this first 1925-series of notes). In 1927–1929 a second series was added", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": "9333724", "score": "1.7260132", "text": "midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002 (having been distributed in small amounts in the previous December). Beginning on 1 January 1999, all bonds and other forms of", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": "1568054", "score": "1.7090313", "text": "with 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 schilling notes. The one schilling was substituted by a coin. In 1945, the Allies introduced notes (dated 1944) in denominations of 50 groschen, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100 and 1,000 schilling. The Oesterreichische Nationalbank also introduced notes in 1945, in denominations of 10, 20, 100 and 1,000 schilling and the allied currency with small values up to 5 schilling remained valid until 1947. With the banknote reform of 1947, new notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000 schilling. Until 1957, the first 500 schilling", "title": "Austrian schilling" }, { "id": "767622", "score": "1.7030001", "text": "As a member of the economic and monetary union of the European Union (EMU), Austria's economy is closely integrated with other EU member countries, especially with Germany. On 1 January 1999, Austria introduced the new Euro currency for accounting purposes. In January 2002, Euro notes and coins were introduced, replacing those of the Austrian schilling. In Austria, Euros appear as 1999, however all Austrian euro coins introduced in 2002 have this year on it; unlike other countries of the Eurozone where mint year is minted in the coin. Eight different designs, one per face value, were selected for the Austrian", "title": "Economy of Austria" }, { "id": "121793", "score": "1.7007587", "text": "cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002. The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February", "title": "Euro" }, { "id": "12042499", "score": "1.6921943", "text": "2002, the physical euro currency came into circulation in the 12 eurozone states, and became the sole legal currency of 12 eurozone states (Greece included) on 28 February. On 30 March 1994, accession negotiations concluded with Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Sweden and Finland had applied since the fall of the Iron Curtain; allowing them, as Cold War-neutral countries, to now align themselves with the Union. Their accession treaties were signed on 25 June of that month. Each country held referendums on entry resulting on entry for all except Norway (its second failed referendum); Austria, Finland and Sweden became EU", "title": "History of the European Union (1993–2004)" }, { "id": "12042498", "score": "1.6842419", "text": "late for the 3 May 1998 Council meeting where 11 members (the 15, minus Sweden, Denmark, Greece and the United Kingdom) would adopt the euro in 1999. On 1 June the European Central Bank was established. Final meetings are held in December with irrevocable conversion rates being set on 31 December, becoming a live currency as planned the following day. 2000 saw the Commission recommending Greece joining the eurozone, which it did at the start of 2001. However, both Denmark and Sweden rejected the currency in referendums held on 28 September 2000 and 14 September 2003, respectively. On 1 January", "title": "History of the European Union (1993–2004)" }, { "id": "9333720", "score": "1.6812651", "text": "succeeding the EMCF, under Maastricht. It was created as the forerunner to the European Central Bank. It met for the first time on 12 January under its first president, Alexandre Lamfalussy. After much disagreement, in December 1995 the name \"euro\" was adopted for the new currency (replacing the name \"Ecu\" used for the previous accounting currency), on the suggestion of then-German finance minister Theo Waigel. They also agreed on the date 1 January 1999 for its launch. On 17 June 1997 the European Council decided in Amsterdam to adopt the Stability and Growth Pact, designed to ensure budgetary discipline after", "title": "History of the euro" }, { "id": "14146352", "score": "1.6778212", "text": "Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the French franc and the Spanish peseta. Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011 Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania joined in 2015. The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal", "title": "100 euro note" }, { "id": "9333721", "score": "1.6726365", "text": "creation of the euro, and a new exchange rate mechanism (ERM II) was set up to provide stability above the euro and the national currencies of countries that hadn't yet entered the eurozone. Then, on 3 May 1998, at the European Council in Brussels, the 11 initial countries that would participate in the third stage from 1 January 1999 were selected. To participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP, low inflation, and interest rates", "title": "History of the euro" } ]

[ "Michael Andrew Atherton", "athers", "atherton michael andrew", "michael atherton", "mike atherton", "Mike Atherton", "Atherton, Michael Andrew", "Michael Atherton", "michael andrew atherton", "Athers" ]

[ { "id": "10108903", "score": "1.6872733", "text": "his final test innings. George Mann captained England in his first series, just as his father had done, when England beat South Africa 2 – 0 in 1948–1949. England won an exciting opening contest at Durban by two wickets, thanks to Cliff Gladwin's famous scurried leg bye. Denis Compton took his only five wicket haul in tests at Cape Town while Hutton and Washbrook posted a record opening stand of 359 at Johannesburg. The consistent Jack Crapp hit 49 to win the last test just before the scheduled close. New Zealand forced a draw in every test of the 1949", "title": "History of the England cricket team from 1945" }, { "id": "4372646", "score": "1.6866546", "text": "after repeated defeats while he was at the reins. His 18 Tests as England captain saw 7 victories, 5 defeats, and 6 draws, while he led England in 29 ODI matches, winning 16 and losing 13. Willis played in the next Test series against the West Indies, taking two wickets in the first two matches. and before the last match played against Derbyshire for his county, taking three wickets. Willis took to the field on 12 July for the third Test and took only two wickets for 123 runs as the West Indies, particularly Michael Holding, \"hammered\" his bowling –", "title": "Bob Willis" }, { "id": "3579745", "score": "1.6855116", "text": "became the second international captain to concede a match in 2001, after a pitch invasion during a One Day International against Pakistan rendered the continuation of play impossible. He continued as an England player for five more seasons, and became only the fourth player to score a century in his 100th Test, scoring 105 against the West Indies at Old Trafford in 2000. He also set a record for playing most number of ODI matches as captain who has kept the wicket as well as went onto open the batting with 28 times in his career. In 2004, Stewart became", "title": "Alec Stewart" }, { "id": "3187281", "score": "1.6823869", "text": "years after having last won the trophy. Vaughan captained England in 51 Tests between 2003 and 2008, winning 26 (a national record) and losing 11; England won all seven home Tests of the 2004 summer under Vaughan, and the pinnacle of his captaincy career came with a 2–1 victory in the 2005 Ashes, England's first Ashes victory since 1986/87. However, a recurring knee injury, his decision to move down the batting order to accommodate other openers (Andrew Strauss and Alastair Cook) and the pressures of captaincy took their toll on Vaughan's batting during the latter part of his career: in", "title": "Michael Vaughan" }, { "id": "3192388", "score": "1.6640079", "text": "as England captain, with 17, his percentage of Tests won was higher than any of the previous five captains. Hussain became Test captain in July 1999, taking over from Alec Stewart for the series against New Zealand at home, after which he was booed by the England fans as he and his team stood on the pavilion balcony. In 2000 he led England to a 3–1 victory over the West Indies at home, and in that winter, the England team beat both Pakistan and Sri Lanka away. Under Hussain, England won four Test series in a row and rose to", "title": "Nasser Hussain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Michael Atherton\n\nMichael Andrew Atherton (born 23 March 1968) is a broadcaster, journalist and a former England international first-class cricketer. A right-handed opening batsman for Lancashire and England, and occasional leg-break bowler, he achieved the captaincy of England at the age of 25 and led the side in a record 54 Test matches. Known for his stubborn resistance during an era of hostile fast bowling, Atherton was described in 2001 as a determined defensive opener who made \"batting look like trench warfare\". and Australia's Glenn McGrath. Atherton often played the anchor role at a time when England batting performances lacked consistency.<ref name=\"cricpro\"/>\n\nHis playing career included controversy, including ball tampering, and several brushes with the media with whom, by Atherton's own admission, he did not have a good understanding when he was a player.<ref name=\"cricpro\"/> Often hampered by a chronic back complaint which was to contribute to the end of his career, Atherton was considered a leading England batsman during the 1990s. Following retirement he became a journalist and is a cricket commentator with Sky Sports, and chief cricket correspondent of \"The Times\".", "title": "Michael Atherton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Graeme Smith" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alec Stewart\n\nAlec James Stewart (born 8 April 1963) is an English former cricketer, and former captain of the England cricket team, who played Test cricket and One Day Internationals as a right-handed wicket-keeper-batsman. He is the fourth-most-capped English cricketer ever in Test matches and third-most-capped in One Day Internationals (ODIs), having played in 133 Tests and 170 ODIs. An attacking batsman in tests against the new ball, Stewart is regarded as one of England's greatest openers. Legendary Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram considers him one of the most difficult batsmen he ever bowled to.", "title": "Alec Stewart" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "James Anderson (cricketer)\n\nJames Michael Anderson (born 30 July 1982) is an English international cricketer who plays for the England Test cricket team, and previously played for England's limited overs cricket teams. In domestic cricket, he represents Lancashire County Cricket Club.\n\nHe is regarded as one of the greatest swing bowlers in the history of cricket, and has taken over 1000 first-class wickets.\n\nAnderson made his Test debut in 2003, played for England's One-Day International (ODI) team between 2002 and 2015, and played for England's Twenty20 International (T20I) team between 2007 and 2009. On the occasion of England's 1,000th Test in 2018, Anderson was named in the country's greatest all-time Test XI by the England and Wales Cricket Board. As of December 2022, he is ranked as the number two Test bowler in the world in the ICC Men's Player Rankings.\n\nAnderson plays as a right-arm fast-medium bowler. Among fast bowlers, he is the leading Test wicket-taker of all-time, being the only fast bowler to have taken 600 or more Test wickets, and is England's record Test wicket-taker. He has played the most Test matches for England, and the second-most of any cricketer, behind Sachin Tendulkar. He is also England's highest wicket-taker in ODIs with 269. As a batsman, he and Joe Root hold the world record for highest tenth-wicket stand in Tests (198).", "title": "James Anderson (cricketer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Courtney Walsh\n\nCourtney Andrew Walsh OJ (born 30 October 1962) is a former Jamaican cricketer who represented the West Indies from 1984 to 2001, captaining the West Indies in 22 Test matches. He is a fast bowler and considered one of the all-time greats, best known for a remarkable opening bowling partnership along with fellow West Indian Curtly Ambrose for several years. Walsh played 132 Tests and 205 ODIs for the West Indies and took 519 and 227 wickets respectively. He shared 421 Test wickets with Ambrose in 49 matches. He held the record of most Test wickets from 2000, after he broke the record of Kapil Dev. This record was later broken in 2004 by Shane Warne. He was the first bowler to reach 500 wickets in Test cricket. His autobiography is entitled \"Heart of the Lion\". Walsh was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1987. In October 2010, he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. He was appointed as the Specialist Bowling Coach of Bangladesh Cricket Team in August 2016.", "title": "Courtney Walsh" }, { "id": "2098904", "score": "1.6574104", "text": "captain as England reached the quarter finals of the 1999 Rugby World Cup, won the Grand Slam in the 2003 Six Nations Championship and as England won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. The 2003 Rugby World Cup Final was his 84th and final international match. During his club career he played 362 games for Leicester, his only senior club, and as well as the cup in 1993 and the league in 1995, he was also captain of the side as they won the 1997 Pilkington Cup and four consecutive Premiership titles between 1999–2002, and became the first side to retain", "title": "Martin Johnson (rugby union)" }, { "id": "3164472", "score": "1.6517117", "text": "England captain in 2006, Strauss was appointed on a permanent basis for the 2008–09 tour of the West Indies following Kevin Pietersen's resignation. He enjoyed success with three centuries, and retained the captaincy into 2009. Strauss captained the England team to a 2–1 victory in the 2009 Ashes, scoring a series total of 474 runs, more than any other player on either side, including 161 in England's first victory in an Ashes Test at Lord's in 75 years. He held the record for most catches by an outfield player for England – going past Botham and Cowdrey at Lords against", "title": "Andrew Strauss" }, { "id": "3164473", "score": "1.6475582", "text": "South Africa in 2012 – until he was in turn overtaken by Alastair Cook. He relinquished the Test captaincy and retired from all forms of professional cricket on 29 August 2012, following his 100th test, which concluded a series defeat by South Africa that saw the England Test team lose their number one ranking. He left the job the second most successful captain of the English modern era in terms of wins, second only to his old opening partner Michael Vaughan. At the end of his retirement press conference he received an unprecedented round of applause from the assembled media.", "title": "Andrew Strauss" }, { "id": "9629065", "score": "1.644641", "text": "all five Tests and the ODI series, West Indies were captained by Jimmy Adams. Nasser Hussain captained England in the 1st Test before breaking a thumb while playing for Essex; Alec Stewart deputised in the 2nd Test and for much of the ODI series before Hussain returned. The ball dominated the bat for most of the Test series, with a bowler taking five wickets in an innings on seven occasions (Courtney Walsh twice for West Indies, Andrew Caddick and Craig White twice each and Darren Gough once for England), but only three batsmen scoring centuries (Stewart and Brian Lara in", "title": "West Indian cricket team in England in 2000" }, { "id": "3187307", "score": "1.6356337", "text": "Test at Old Trafford, Vaughan surpassed Peter May as the man who had led England to most Test victories, with 21 wins. Despite this, at the end of the 4th day of the fourth test, it was announced that Vaughan would be standing down as captain of the one-day team with immediate effect. On 30 July, against India Vaughan hit his 5,000th Test cricket run at Trent Bridge, and eventually fell to an unlucky dismissal off the thigh pad for 124. On 15 September, Vaughan top-scored for Yorkshire Phoenix with 95 runs against Derbyshire Phantoms (his highest one-day score in", "title": "Michael Vaughan" }, { "id": "3449284", "score": "1.6351209", "text": "this defeat, Graeme Smith achieved a rare feat of toppling three English captains in three tours to England. He is the most successful test captain in test history (53 test wins) and also the only captain to have registered 50+ test wins, having overtaken Ricky Ponting's 48 Test victories. During a Test series against South Africa in 2005, Trinidadian Dwayne Bravo scored his maiden century – 107 – before getting out to Mark Boucher in the fourth Test in Antigua, but that was overshadowed when he accused Smith of directing a racist comment at him. At the subsequent hearing no", "title": "Graeme Smith" }, { "id": "1426366", "score": "1.6327703", "text": "was his last Test against Pakistan at Edgbaston, making 14 and 34. He was now 38 and a serious bout of pneumonia meant he could not play for half the season, though his 15th year as Kent captain equalled Lord Harris's record and maded him the longest serving post-war captain in county cricket. His vice-captain and successor Mike Denness led Kent for most of the season; they fell to 4th in the County Championship and were the finalists in the Gillette Cup, but Cowdrey was unable to play and they lost to Lancashire by 24 runs. Cowdrey continued to play", "title": "Colin Cowdrey" }, { "id": "3579744", "score": "1.6278443", "text": "of England barely lasted 12 months. In his first series as captain, against South Africa, Stewart scored an outstanding 164 in the third Test at Old Trafford to salvage a draw, a result which eventually enabled England to overturn a 1–0 deficit to win the series 2–1. Nonetheless, failures against Australia and in the 1999 cricket World Cup saw him sacked from the captaincy to be replaced by Hussain. During his captaincy, he had the unusual distinction of simultaneously captaining the side, opening the batting and keeping wicket. He continued to deputise occasionally as captain of England's one-day side, and", "title": "Alec Stewart" }, { "id": "3579747", "score": "1.62652", "text": "Adams, until a long term successor is found. In October 2013 the club announced that Graham Ford would become head coach in February 2014, with Stewart becoming Director of Cricket, a new position. Alec Stewart Alec James Stewart OBE (born 8 April 1963) is a former English cricketer, and former captain of the England cricket team, who played Tests and ODIs as a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman. He is the third most capped English cricketer of all time in Test matches and 3rd most capped in One Day Internationals (ODIs), having played in 133 Tests and 170 ODIs. The younger son of", "title": "Alec Stewart" }, { "id": "4377365", "score": "1.6252613", "text": "out of the last 155 runs and became a hero. He beat both the West Indies and New Zealand 2–0 and was confirmed as captain even when Cowdrey recovered. When Illingworth became captain England had lost only one of their previous 14 Test matches, and none of their last 7. He continued this run to a record breaking 27 Test Matches without defeat in 1968–71, or one defeat in 40 Tests in 1966–71. This record was not recognised at the time as the games against the Rest of the World XI were counted as Test matches and was subsequently equalled", "title": "Ray Illingworth" }, { "id": "5274101", "score": "1.6244128", "text": "628 in their first innings. England lost the match by an innings and 215 runs. He was picked for the tour of the West Indies in 2003–04. Batty was the bowler Brian Lara faced when he scored his world record 400th run in the fourth Test Match in Antigua. In the first innings, he finished with figures of 2-175, as the match ended in a high scoring draw. He was picked as second spinner for the South African tour the next season. He played in the sixth ODI between the two sides, taking figures of 2-40 although England lost by", "title": "Gareth Batty" }, { "id": "3204921", "score": "1.6237929", "text": "for England, and 8 Tests for the British and Irish Lions. He first represented England in 1993, and later that year the Lions. He captained the Lions to South Africa in 1997, and in 1999 was appointed captain of England. He became England's most successful ever captain. He became the first player to captain two Lions tours when he captained them in Australia in 2001. He retired from Test rugby after he led England to a Six Nations Grand Slam and World Cup victory in 2003 and has since become the team Manager. At the 2011 IRB Awards ceremony in", "title": "England national rugby union team" }, { "id": "8325821", "score": "1.6212685", "text": "and Ray Illingworth, who succeeded Cowdrey in 1969 when he damaged his Achilles heel. Illingworth's success as captain gave England 27 consecutive Tests without defeat, including regaining the Ashes in 1970-71 and retaining them in 1972. However, Illingworth could only maintain his place as long as he was winning and he was sacked minutes after losing to the West Indies by an innings and 226 runs in 1973. Mike Denness had succeeded Cowdrey as the captain of Kent and was the surprise choice to lead England to the West Indies in 1973-74, though he had been Tony Lewis's vice-captain in", "title": "English cricket team in Australia in 1974–75" }, { "id": "6916851", "score": "1.621172", "text": "unusual Test match records - the most Tests in a complete career without ever recording a single figure score (seven), and the most Test Match innings in a complete career without ever recording a single figure score (twelve). He effectively retired in 1975 with over 25,500 first-class runs to his name. He appeared twice in the B and H cup at the start of the 1976 season. He became an England Test selector in the 1990s. After his first-class career he took an appointment with Gedling Council in Nottingham in 1976, while also playing for Bradford. Later he played for", "title": "Brian Bolus" }, { "id": "5178268", "score": "1.6181372", "text": "captain in Sussex's history. He captained Sussex to the 2003, 2006 and 2007 County Championship titles, and was one of five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2004 for his efforts in the previous calendar year. He had a brief career at international level for England, playing five Tests and five One-day Internationals between May 1998 and January 2000. He made his Test debut in 1999 against South Africa at Johannesburg, and came to the crease for his maiden Test innings to face Allan Donald on a hat-trick, with England in the perilous position of four wickets down for two", "title": "Chris Adams (cricketer)" } ]

[ "toy manufacturer", "toy maker", "ramp walker", "farm toy", "Toy box", "Toy maker", "toy industry", "Toy making", "toy makers", "Toy company", "Building toy", "Toy companies", "Farm Toys", "Toymakers", "building toy", "Toy manufacturer", "Toymaking", "Toy boat", "toy making", "toymaking", "Farm toy", "toy boat", "toy line", "toy companies", "Toyline", "toy industries", "Toy-makers", "coaster models", "Toy-line", "pet toy", "toymakers", "farm toys", "Toy-making", "Toymaker", "Pet toy", "toyline", "Coaster models", "toy", "Toy-maker", "toys", "Toy", "toy box", "Toy industries", "Toy industry", "Toy makers", "Ramp Walker", "toymaker", "Toys", "toy company" ]

[ { "id": "2870100", "score": "1.8048127", "text": "Jacob's Ladder Jacob's Ladder ( ) is an element in a dream that the biblical Patriarch Jacob has during his flight from his brother Esau in the Book of Genesis. The significance of the dream has been debated, but most interpretations agree that it identified Jacob with the obligations and inheritance of the people chosen by God, as understood in Abrahamic religions. The description of Jacob's ladder appears in : Afterwards, Jacob names the place, \"Bethel\" (literally, \"House of God\"). The classic Torah commentaries offer several interpretations of Jacob's ladder. According to the Midrash Genesis Rabbah, the ladder signified the", "title": "Jacob's Ladder" }, { "id": "16521808", "score": "1.7512475", "text": "his way towards the end of the tunnel, which ended in a very high ladder. The ladder (which the novel is presumably named after) is Brian Keaney's representation of the Biblical Jacob's Ladder. After Jacob struggles to the top of the ladder (momentarily contemplating giving up), and comes across a white palace in the desert. He is briefly united with Aysha and Toby before they individually meet the ruler of Locus. The 'ruler' is a being bearing the face of an old man and a beautiful woman. It loosely resembles Roman myth Janus in the way it guards a gate", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (novel)" }, { "id": "5754356", "score": "1.748936", "text": "Jacob's ladder (nautical) The term Jacob's ladder, used on a ship, applies to two kinds of rope ladders. The first is a flexible hanging ladder. It consists of vertical ropes or chains supporting horizontal, historically round and wooden, rungs. Today, flat runged flexible ladders are also called Jacob's ladders. The name is commonly used without the apostrophe (Jacobs ladder). They are used to allow access over the side of ships and as a result Pilot ladders are often incorrectly referred to as Jacob's ladders. A pilot ladder has specific regulations on step size, spacing and the use of spreaders. It", "title": "Jacob's ladder (nautical)" }, { "id": "11735221", "score": "1.7400367", "text": "Jacob's ladder (knife) The \"Jacob's ladder\" is a type of pocketknife consisting of two handle segments joined by a pivot, with a blade connected by a second pivot to the end of one handle segment. The design presumably takes its name from the multi-jointed wooden toy also known as a Jacob's ladder, which is itself named after the ladder to heaven witnessed by the biblical patriarch Jacob (Genesis 28:12). It is conceptually similar to the balisong (\"butterfly knife\") in that it has no mechanical lock or spring pressure, but is kept in the open position during use by the leverage", "title": "Jacob's ladder (knife)" }, { "id": "5754357", "score": "1.7341335", "text": "is the use of spreaders in a pilot ladder that distinguishes it from a Jacob's ladder. Spreaders are long treads that extend well past the vertical ropes to stop the ladder from twisting about its long axis (possible when a ship rolls and the ladder is no longer in contact with the ship's side) with the person possibly becoming trapped between the ship's side and the ladder. When not being used, the ladder is stowed away (usually rolled up) rather than left hanging. On late 19th-century warships this kind of ladder would replace the normal fixed ladders on deck during", "title": "Jacob's ladder (nautical)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacob's Ladder\n\nJacob's Ladder ( ) is a ladder leading to heaven that was featured in a dream the biblical Patriarch Jacob had during his flight from his brother Esau in the Book of Genesis (chapter 28).\n\nThe significance of the dream has been debated, but most interpretations agree that it identified Jacob with the obligations and inheritance of the people chosen by God, as understood in Abrahamic religions.", "title": "Jacob's Ladder" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacob's Ladder (1990 film)\n\nJacob's Ladder is a 1990 American psychological horror film directed by Adrian Lyne, produced by Alan Marshall and written by Bruce Joel Rubin. The film stars Tim Robbins as Jacob Singer, an American infantryman whose experiences before and during his service in Vietnam result in strange, fragmentary visions and bizarre hallucinations that continue to haunt him. As his ordeal worsens, Jacob desperately attempts to figure out the truth. The film's supporting cast includes Elizabeth Peña and Danny Aiello. \n\n\"Jacob's Ladder\" was made by Carolco Pictures ten years after being written by Rubin. Despite only being moderately successful upon its release, the film garnered a cult following, and its plot and special effects became a source of influence for various other works, such as the \"Silent Hill\" video game series. A remake was released in 2019.", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (1990 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacob's Ladder (Rush song)\n\n\"Jacob's Ladder\" is a song by the Canadian rock band Rush. It was released on their 1980 album \"Permanent Waves\".", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (Rush song)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacob's ladder (nautical)\n\nThe term Jacob's ladder, used on a ship, applies to two kinds of rope ladders.\n\nThe first is a flexible hanging ladder. It consists of vertical ropes or chains supporting horizontal, historically round and wooden, rungs. Today, flat runged flexible ladders are also called Jacob's ladders. The name is commonly used without the apostrophe (Jacobs ladder).\n\nThey are used to allow access over the side of ships and as a result Pilot ladders are often incorrectly referred to as Jacob's ladders. A pilot ladder has specific regulations on step size, spacing and the use of spreaders. It is the use of spreaders in a pilot ladder that distinguishes it from a Jacob's ladder. \n\nSpreaders are long treads that extend well past the vertical ropes to stop the ladder from twisting about its long axis (possible when a ship rolls and the ladder is no longer in contact with the ship's side) with the person possibly becoming trapped between the ship's side and the ladder. When not being used, the ladder is stowed away (usually rolled up) rather than left hanging. On late 19th-century warships this kind of ladder would replace the normal fixed ladders on deck during battle. These and railings would be removed and replaced with Jacob's ladders and ropes while preparing for battle the days before. This was done to prevent them from blocking line of sight or turning into shrapnel when hit by enemy shells.\n\nThe second applies to a kind of ladder found on square rigged ships. To climb above the lower mast to the topmast and above, sailors must get around the top, a platform projecting from the mast. Although on many ships the only way round was the overhanging futtock shrouds, modern-day tall ships often provide an easier vertical ladder from the ratlines as well. This is the Jacob's ladder.\n\nWhile they were a popular way of boarding a vessel or carrying out shipside maintenance during the era of wooden ships and even as recently as the 1950s, their use today on board modern merchant ships is minimal due to obvious safety issues. Today, Jacob's ladders are used only to board lifeboats and liferafts and as a draft ladder.\n", "title": "Jacob's ladder (nautical)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacob's ladder (toy)\n\nA Jacob's ladder (also magic tablets, Chinese blocks, and klick-klack toy) is a folk toy consisting of blocks of wood held together by strings or ribbons. When the ladder is held at one end, blocks appear to cascade down the strings. This effect is a visual illusion which is the result of one block after another flipping over. It may be considered a kinetic illusion, where the blocks appear to change position when they do not.<ref name=\"Make\"/> Its name \"Jacob's Ladder\" comes from the biblical ladder to heaven, mentioned in Genesis 28:12.<ref name=\"Make\"/>\n\nOf unknown origin, the earliest known review of the Jacob's Ladder is an 1889 \"Scientific American\" article which tells how it is built and works:<ref name=\"Make\"/>\nSection::::Construction.\nAn arrangement of interlaced ribbons allows each block to act as if hinged to the next one at either of its two ends. The same mechanism is used in the 1980s toy Rubik's Magic, but with plastic filaments run diagonally across squares, with the result that the squares can hinge along either of two \"adjacent\" sides.", "title": "Jacob's ladder (toy)" }, { "id": "18637743", "score": "1.7209659", "text": "Jacob's Ladder, Brisbane Jacob's Ladder is a landmark in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is a long pedestrian staircase that extends from Edward and Turbot Streets up to Wickham Terrace. Jacob's Ladder is within King Edward Park and provides the shortest but steepest pedestrian access from the Brisbane central business district to Spring Hill on the escarpment above. It is on the boundary of the park separating it from an office tower on the north-east, formerly the site of the Brisbane Trades Hall (1891–1984). It is unclear when Jacob's Ladder was established, but there are references to its existence from as", "title": "Jacob's Ladder, Brisbane" }, { "id": "16521804", "score": "1.7080241", "text": "Jacob's Ladder (novel) Jacob's Ladder is a 2005 young adult novel by British author Brian Keaney. It follows the protagonist Jacob through his struggles to escape from another world without memories of his past. The story begins as the protagonist, Jacob awakes in a field with no memory of who he is. His only clue is his name, and the fact that his clothes are covered with brown stains. From here Jacob is led by a man called Virgil to a place called Locus. Locus initially resembles a school because of the number of children, but the children do not", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (novel)" }, { "id": "16521806", "score": "1.697307", "text": "(Nemain) washing brown-stained clothes in a river they had drunk from. After lodging with the woman for a day, they fled when the woman complained about the stained clothes, saying: \"How am I supposed to get all the blood off these clothes?\". While they fled, they met a group of nomadic people, called the Dedanim. The Dedanim, who have strong biblical connotations (See: Dedan) invited Jacob and co. to stay with them. However, after a few nights, Jacob feels that he is losing sight of his goal, and leaves, followed by Aysha and Toby. At this moment they wake up", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (novel)" }, { "id": "12609454", "score": "1.6929448", "text": "Ladder of Jacob The Ladder of Jacob (Hebrew: \"Sulam Yaakov\" סולם יעקב) is a pseudepigraphic writing of the Old Testament. It is usually considered to be part of the Apocalyptic literature. The text has been preserved only in Slavonic, and it is clearly a translation from a now lost Greek version. It is not regarded as scripture by Jews or any Christian group. The text of the Ladder of Jacob has been preserved only in Old Church Slavonic; it is found in the \"Tolkovaja Paleja\", a compendium of various Old Testament texts and comments which also preserved the Apocalypse of", "title": "Ladder of Jacob" }, { "id": "15010950", "score": "1.6785421", "text": "Jacob's Ladder (Saint Helena) Jacob's Ladder is a Grade I-listed staircase leading from Jamestown, Saint Helena, up the side of Ladder Hill to Ladder Hill Fort. The ladder is all that remains of an inclined plane which was built there in the early 1800s. Its tracks and cars were later removed, although the stairs have remained in place and have become a tourist attraction connecting Jamestown and the suburb of Half Tree Hollow at the top of the hill. Designed by the local engineer J. W. Hoar, the Saint Helena Railway Company built a two-car inclined plane, -long, in 1829", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (Saint Helena)" }, { "id": "5862339", "score": "1.6765676", "text": "made with stones sent from 11 towns and 80 shires in Western Australia. Jacob's Ladder is a set of stairs located at the end of Cliff Street, in the close proximity to Kings Park, though it is not part of the park. It has 242 steps and leads down to Mounts Bay Road. The Ladder is a popular site for Perth residents to exercise, with many people using it in the mornings and on lunch breaks. The staircase was closed after being damaged by a landslide during a storm on, and re-opened on , after repairs. Law Walk is Kings", "title": "Kings Park, Western Australia" }, { "id": "6059908", "score": "1.6740963", "text": "Jacob's ladder (toy) A Jacob's ladder (also magic tablets, Chinese blocks, and klick-klack toy) is a folk toy consisting of blocks of wood held together by strings or ribbons. It is \"a toy that does some very weird things.\" When the ladder is held at one end, blocks appear to cascade down the strings. This effect is a visual illusion which is the result of one block after another flipping over. It may be considered a kinetic illusion, where the blocks appear to change position when they do not. Its name \"Jacob's Ladder\" comes from the biblical ladder to heaven,", "title": "Jacob's ladder (toy)" }, { "id": "15539706", "score": "1.6740081", "text": "by a newer structure built at the same time as the bridge. The Auckland stairs derive their name, as do other similar stairs around the world, from a Biblical reference. Jacob's Ladder is the colloquial name for a bridge between the earth and heaven that the biblical Patriarch Jacob dreams about during his flight from his brother Esau, as described in the Book of Genesis. \"And he dreamed, and behold, there was a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven; and behold, the angels of God were ascending and descending on it!\". This", "title": "Jacobs Ladder Bridge" }, { "id": "18637744", "score": "1.6730659", "text": "early as 1897. In 1920, the concrete steps were built, with earlier photos showing a steep pathway without steps. Jacob's Ladder, Brisbane Jacob's Ladder is a landmark in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is a long pedestrian staircase that extends from Edward and Turbot Streets up to Wickham Terrace. Jacob's Ladder is within King Edward Park and provides the shortest but steepest pedestrian access from the Brisbane central business district to Spring Hill on the escarpment above. It is on the boundary of the park separating it from an office tower on the north-east, formerly the site of the Brisbane Trades", "title": "Jacob's Ladder, Brisbane" }, { "id": "12609458", "score": "1.6477796", "text": "to that of a warrior, the final victory against the evil and the last judgment are carried out directly by God himself, and it is possible to repent on the last day. Ladder of Jacob The Ladder of Jacob (Hebrew: \"Sulam Yaakov\" סולם יעקב) is a pseudepigraphic writing of the Old Testament. It is usually considered to be part of the Apocalyptic literature. The text has been preserved only in Slavonic, and it is clearly a translation from a now lost Greek version. It is not regarded as scripture by Jews or any Christian group. The text of the Ladder", "title": "Ladder of Jacob" }, { "id": "2870104", "score": "1.6468308", "text": "the same gematria (numerical value of the letters). The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo, born in Alexandria, (d. ca. 50 CE) presents his allegorical interpretation of the ladder in the first book of his \"De somniis\". There he gives four interpretations, which are not mutually exclusive: A hilltop overlooking the Israeli settlement of Beit El north of Jerusalem that is believed by some to be the site of Jacob's dream is a tourist destination during the holiday of Sukkot. Jesus said in John 1:51 \"And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open,", "title": "Jacob's Ladder" }, { "id": "5754358", "score": "1.6431046", "text": "battle. These and railings would be removed and replaced with Jacob's ladders and ropes while preparing for battle the days before. This was done to prevent them from blocking line of sight or turning into shrapnel when hit by enemy shells. The second applies to a kind of ladder found on square rigged ships. To climb above the lower mast to the topmast and above, sailors must get around the top, a platform projecting from the mast. Although on many ships the only way round was the overhanging futtock shrouds, modern-day tall ships often provide an easier vertical ladder from", "title": "Jacob's ladder (nautical)" }, { "id": "2870109", "score": "1.6309223", "text": "of Jacob's Ladder was used, shortly after the destruction of the Second Temple in the Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), as basis for the pseudepigraphic \"Ladder of Jacob\". This writing, preserved only in Old Church Slavonic, interprets the experience of Patriarchs in the context of Merkabah mysticism. Jacob's Ladder has been depicted in many artworks, the largest of which is the facade of Bath Abbey in England where sculptures depict angels climbing up and down ladders on either side of the main window on the west front. Jacob's Ladder Jacob's Ladder ( ) is an element in a dream that", "title": "Jacob's Ladder" }, { "id": "6059909", "score": "1.6259935", "text": "mentioned in Genesis 28:12. Of unknown origin, the earliest known review of the Jacob's Ladder is an 1889 \"Scientific American\" article which tells how it is built and works: An arrangement of interlaced ribbons allows each block to act as if hinged to the next one at either of its two ends. The same mechanism is used in the 1980s toy Rubik's Magic, but with plastic filaments run diagonally across squares, with the result that the squares can hinge along either of two \"adjacent\" sides. The toy has been described as originating in China, as being found in King Tut's", "title": "Jacob's ladder (toy)" }, { "id": "20220379", "score": "1.6158724", "text": "Jacob's Ladder (album) Jacob's Ladder is the first album from the Scottish group The Filthy Tongues and was self-released in 2016 by the band on their own label Blokshok Records, in association with Neon Tetra. The album follows \"Addiction\" and \"Dark Passenger\", two records recorded by an earlier incarnation of the band known as Isa & the Filthy Tongues, as well as following the albums released by the members earlier major label bands Goodbye Mr Mackenzie and Angelfish. Inspired by the dark stories of the band's Edinburgh base, as well as the vignette-based approach to the lyrics of the Garbage", "title": "Jacob's Ladder (album)" } ]

[ "His was the first free democratic election of a President in Egypt", "his was first free democratic election of president in egypt" ]

[ { "id": "15723623", "score": "1.9130127", "text": "was officially announced as the president on 24 June 2012, following a subsequent run-off vote. Morsi supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square celebrated, and angry outbursts occurred at the Egypt Election Authorities press conference when the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafik and has been noted for the Islamist character of his campaign events. Since the initial round of voting on 23 May and 24 May 2012, Morsi had attempted to appeal to political liberals and minorities while portraying his rival Ahmed Shafik as a holdover from the Mubarak-era of secular moderation.", "title": "Mohamed Morsi" }, { "id": "15723613", "score": "1.8758004", "text": "Mohamed Morsi Mohamed Morsi (; , ALA-LC: \"Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ʿĪsā al-ʿAyyāṭ, \"; born 8 August 1951) is an Egyptian politician who served as the fifth President of Egypt, from 30 June 2012 to 3 July 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed Morsi from office in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état after the June 2013 Egyptian protests. As president, Morsi issued a temporary constitutional declaration in late November that in effect granted him unlimited powers and the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts as a pre-emptive move against the expected dissolution of the second", "title": "Mohamed Morsi" }, { "id": "15723664", "score": "1.8739111", "text": "with the Muslim countries, especially Pakistan. Mohamed Morsi Mohamed Morsi (; , ALA-LC: \"Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ʿĪsā al-ʿAyyāṭ, \"; born 8 August 1951) is an Egyptian politician who served as the fifth President of Egypt, from 30 June 2012 to 3 July 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed Morsi from office in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état after the June 2013 Egyptian protests. As president, Morsi issued a temporary constitutional declaration in late November that in effect granted him unlimited powers and the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts as a pre-emptive move against", "title": "Mohamed Morsi" }, { "id": "15723627", "score": "1.8717982", "text": "share in society's wealth. Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's first democratically elected president. He succeeded Hosni Mubarak, who left the office of the President of Egypt vacant after being forced to resign on 11 February 2011. Morsi reconvened Parliament in its original form on 10 July 2012; this was expected to cause friction between him and the military officials who dissolved the legislature. Morsi sought to influence the drafting of a new constitution of Egypt, favoring a constitution that protects civil rights and enshrines Islamic law. In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square", "title": "Mohamed Morsi" }, { "id": "15324320", "score": "1.8477805", "text": "Brotherhood and others. Mohammed Mursi, sworn as Egypt's new president on 30 June, has initially refrained from speaking publicly on that (crucial to the extent of his own real power) issue. In his inauguration speech on 30 June, however, he gave an indication of his future efforts, calling the parliamentary election \"free and fair\". Within days of Morsi's inauguration, according to his spokesman, the President is actively searching for ways of restoring the parliament and obtaining a release of non-criminal political detainees. A presidential decree was released on 8 July 2012, reinstating parliament until a new one is elected and", "title": "2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2011 Egyptian revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arab Spring\n\nThe Arab Spring () was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in Tunisia in response to corruption and economic stagnation. From Tunisia, the protests then spread to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. Rulers were deposed (Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Muammar Gaddafi, Hosni Mubarak, Ali Abdullah Saleh) or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots, civil wars, or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Iraq, Algeria, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman and Sudan. Minor protests took place in Djibouti, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara. A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is \"ash-shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām!\" ().<ref name=\"slogan\" />\n\nThe wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid-2012, as many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities, the rise of ISIL, insurgency in Iraq and the following civil war; the Egyptian Crisis, coup, and subsequent unrest and insurgency; the Libyan Civil War; and the Yemeni Crisis and following civil war. Regimes that lacked major oil wealth and hereditary succession arrangements were more likely to undergo regime change.\n\nA power struggle continued after the immediate response to the Arab Spring. While leadership changed and regimes were held accountable, power vacuums opened across the Arab world. Ultimately, it resulted in a contentious battle between a consolidation of power by religious elites and the growing support for democracy in many Muslim-majority states. The early hopes that these popular movements would end corruption, increase political participation, and bring about greater economic equity quickly collapsed in the wake of the counter-revolutionary moves by foreign state actors in Yemen, the regional and international military interventions in Bahrain and Yemen, and the destructive civil wars in Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen.\n\nSome have referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the Arab Winter. In 2019, multiple uprisings and protest movements in Algeria, Sudan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Egypt have been seen as a continuation of the Arab Spring.\n\n, multiple conflicts are still continuing that might be seen as a result of the Arab Spring. The Syrian Civil War has caused massive political instability and economic hardship in Syria, with the Syrian pound plunging to new lows. In Libya, a major civil war recently concluded, with Western powers and Russia sending in proxy fighters. In Yemen, a civil war continues to affect the country. In Lebanon, a major banking crisis is threatening the country's economy as well as that of neighboring Syria.", "title": "Arab Spring" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood\n\nThe Society of the Muslim Brothers (\" \"), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( \"\"), is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties—not all using the same name.\n\nInitially, as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam in Egypt, taught the illiterate, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end British colonial control of Egypt. The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by Sharia law–its most famous slogan worldwide being: \"Islam is the solution\". Charity is a major aspect of its work.<ref name=\"BBC_profile\" />\n\nThe group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt despite a succession of government crackdowns starting in 1948 up until today, with accusations of planning assassinations and plots. It remained a fringe group in politics of the Arab World until the 1967 Six-Day War, when Islamism managed to replace popular secular Arab nationalism after a resounding Arab defeat by Israel. The movement was also supported by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared mutual enemies like communism.\n\nThe Arab Spring brought it legalization and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections, including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first president to gain power through an election, though one year later, following massive demonstrations and unrest, he was overthrown by the military and placed under house arrest. The group was then banned in Egypt and declared as a terrorist organization. Persian Gulf monarchies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates followed suit, driven by the perception that the Brotherhood is a threat to their authoritarian rule. The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, and that its leader \"condemns violence and violent acts\".\n\nToday, the primary state backers of the Muslim Brotherhood are Qatar and Turkey. As of 2015, it is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain, Egypt, Russia, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates.", "title": "Muslim Brotherhood" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mohamed ElBaradei\n\nMohamed Mustafa ElBaradei (, ; born 17 June 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat who served as the vice president of Egypt on an interim basis from 14 July 2013 until his resignation on 14 August 2013.\n\nHe was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an intergovernmental organization under the auspices of the United Nations, from 1997 to 2009. He and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005 \"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\". ElBaradei was also featured in the Western press regarding recent politics in Egypt, particularly the 2011 revolution which ousted President Hosni Mubarak and the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.", "title": "Mohamed ElBaradei" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ahmet Davutoğlu" }, { "id": "2182861", "score": "1.8361878", "text": "2011 Egyptian revolution, Hosni Mubarak, who held office from 14 October 1981 until 11 February 2011, was forced to resign following calls for his removal from office. On 10 February 2011 Mubarak transferred presidential powers to then-Vice President Omar Suleiman, briefly making Suleiman \"de facto\" president. Following Mubarak's resignation, the position of President of Egypt was officially vacated and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, assumed executive control of the state. On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as President of Egypt, having won the 2012 Egyptian presidential election on", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "id": "9194722", "score": "1.832843", "text": "on 19 March 2011. On 28 November 2011, Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power. Turnout was high and there were no reports of major irregularities or violence. Mohamed Morsi was elected president on 24 June 2012. On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the Muslim Brotherhood. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi. On 22 November 2012, President", "title": "Egypt" }, { "id": "13969713", "score": "1.8296301", "text": "to the law.\" 2012 Egyptian presidential election A presidential election was held in Egypt in two rounds, the first on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June. The Muslim Brotherhood declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate, Mohamed Morsi, won Egypt's presidential election, which would be the first victory of an Islamist as head of state in the Arab world. It was the second presidential election in Egypt's history with more than one candidate, following the 2005 election, and the first presidential election after the 2011 Egyptian revolution which ousted president Hosni Mubarak,", "title": "2012 Egyptian presidential election" }, { "id": "18676224", "score": "1.8012128", "text": "Jasmi was coming to Egypt, and Hussain Al Jasmi offered to sing the song himself, to show his love for Egypt. In July 2013, the Egyptian presidency was vacated following removal from office of the president Mohamed Morsi after protests, after only a single year in power. Despite claims from the ousted Muslim Brotherhood indicating that Egyptians did not participate in large numbers in the elections of 2014, independent reports indicate that 47.14% of eligible voters participated in the ballot; this is comparable to the 49.62% who turned out in the 2012 election that elevated Mohammed Morsi to power, and", "title": "Boshret Kheir" }, { "id": "16710645", "score": "1.8007175", "text": "participation of the controversial Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom & Justice Party, which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest. President Sisi was sworn into office on 8 June 2014. The event was marked by an impromptu public holiday in Egypt in conjunction with festivals held nationwide. Tahrir Square was prepared to receive millions of Egyptians celebrating Sisi's win; police and soldiers shut down the square outlets with barbed wires and barricades, as well as electronic portals for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivities. Sisi's oath of office was administered in the morning in Egypt's Supreme constitutional court in front", "title": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi" }, { "id": "13437242", "score": "1.7968872", "text": "of the Egyptian people. The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis. On 3 July, General Abdul Fatah al-Sisi, head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he had removed President Morsi from power, suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and appointed Supreme Constitutional Court's leader, Adly Mansour as acting president. Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013. During the months after the coup d'état, a new constitution was prepared, which took effect on 18", "title": "History of the Republic of Egypt" }, { "id": "15723653", "score": "1.7953835", "text": "with members of the Muslim Brotherhood only. On 2 July, President Morsi publicly rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum and vowed to pursue his own plans for national reconciliation and resolving the political crisis. On 3 July, Abdul Fatah al-Sisi announced a road map for the future, removing Morsi from office and appointed Adly Mansour, the head of the Constitutional Court, the Interim President of Egypt. On 8 July, Prime Minister Qandil, after initially deciding to remain in his position until the formation of a new government, submitted his resignation effective immediately in protest of the subsequent bloodshed to the", "title": "Mohamed Morsi" }, { "id": "178968", "score": "1.7871747", "text": "elected president of Egypt. According to official results, Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent. On 8 July 2012, Egypt's new president Mohamed Morsi announced he was overriding the military edict that dissolved the country's elected parliament and he called lawmakers back into session. On 10 July 2012, the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt negated the decision by Morsi to call the nation's parliament back into session. On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood, six others and the former", "title": "History of Egypt" }, { "id": "178973", "score": "1.7867509", "text": "3 July, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he had removed Morsi from power, suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named Supreme Constitutional Court's leader, Adly Mansour as acting president. Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013. During the months after the coup d'état, a new constitution was prepared, which took effect on 18 January 2014. After that, presidential and parliamentary elections have to be held in June 2014. On 24 March 2014, 529 Morsi's supporters were sentenced to death, while the trial of Morsi", "title": "History of Egypt" }, { "id": "15262623", "score": "1.7855208", "text": "from Islamic parties) also protested that day. On 30 June the group organized large protests in Tahrir Square and the presidential palace demanding early presidential elections, which later spread to other governorates. On 30 June 2013, marking the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration as president, millions of Egyptians protested against him, demanding he step down from office. Morsi refused to resign. A 48-hour ultimatum was issued to him, demanding that he respond to the demands of the Egyptians, and on 3 July 2013, the President of Egypt was overthrown. Unlike the imposition of martial law which followed the 2011 resignation", "title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011" }, { "id": "16710630", "score": "1.7838271", "text": "by Hazem al-Beblawi. He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. On 27 January 2014, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal. Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as tens of millions of Egyptians took to the streets to denounce Mohamed Morsi. Clashes took place around Egypt. Soon afterwards, the Egyptian Army issued a 48-hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the anti-Morsi demonstrators. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then. On 3 July 2013,", "title": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi" }, { "id": "2328739", "score": "1.7758546", "text": "held in March–June 2012, with a final runoff between former Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik and Muslim Brotherhood parliamentarian Mohamed Morsi. On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Morsi had won the run-off. On 8 July 2012, Egypt's new president Mohamed Morsi said that he's overriding a military edict that dissolved the country's elected parliament and calling on lawmakers back into session. On 10 July 2012, the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt negated the decision by President Mohamed Morsi to call the nation's parliament back into session. On 2 August 2012, Egypt’s Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member", "title": "History of modern Egypt" }, { "id": "16598715", "score": "1.7706186", "text": "the military council scheduled Morsi to be sworn as president before the Supreme Constitutional Court on June 30. While anti-SCAF street protests continued, it was announced that the council's head, Marshal Hussein Tantawi, would remain the minister of defense under the new president. The day before the swearing-in Morsi spoke to a crowd of supporters at Tahrir Square in Cairo, took a symbolic oath before them and declared the Egyptian people, not the establishment, to be his source of legitimacy. Morsi, however, deferred to the political reality of the moment and agreed to be sworn-in before the Supreme Court, rather", "title": "Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt" }, { "id": "13969683", "score": "1.7677454", "text": "from the race. As a replacement, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt fielded Mohamed Morsi, chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party, he faced Ahmed Shafik in a run-off vote on 16–17 June 2012. On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi has won Egypt's presidential runoff. Morsi won by a narrow margin over Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak. The commission said Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote versus 48.3 for Shafik. Ahmed Shafik officially launched his presidential campaign on 2 November 2011. He was the last Prime", "title": "2012 Egyptian presidential election" }, { "id": "5520476", "score": "1.7645502", "text": "and new president. Tensions abated when Morsi was officially declared the election winner on 24 June. During the one year Morsi served as president serious public opposition developed within months. In late November 2012 Morsi 'temporarily' granted himself unlimited powers on the ground that he would \"protect\" the nation from the power structure left over from the Mubarak-era and the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts. He also put a draft constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was \"an Islamist coup.\" These issues brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to the streets in the", "title": "History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt" } ]

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[ { "id": "65138", "score": "1.6968467", "text": "revenue. The United Kingdom's Christmas Island Act was given royal assent on 14 May 1958, enabling Britain to transfer authority over Christmas Island from Singapore to Australia by an order-in-council. Australia's Christmas Island Act was passed in September 1958 and the island was officially placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 October 1958. Under Commonwealth Cabinet Decision 1573 of 9 September 1958, D. E. Nickels was appointed the first official representative of the new territory. In a media statement on 5 August 1960, the minister for territories, Paul Hasluck, said, among other things, that, \"His extensive", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "9022944", "score": "1.6953443", "text": "Shire of Christmas Island The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island (; post code: 6798). The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General's Department and an Administrator. It covers an area of 136.7 km in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia. It has a population of 1,448 (ABS 2001). The island was previously a British territory administered through Singapore but was transferred to Australia in 1945. After 1958, it was managed by the", "title": "Shire of Christmas Island" }, { "id": "65150", "score": "1.6815709", "text": "under the authority of the Governor-General of Australia and Australian law. An administrator appointed by the Governor-General represents the monarch and Australia. The Australian government provides services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Under the federal government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to Christmas Island \"so far as they are capable of applying in the territory\"; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "9022945", "score": "1.6677048", "text": "Christmas Island Assembly and Christmas Island Services Corporation. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government. As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to Christmas Island \"so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory.\"; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power over Christmas Island. Christmas Island remains constitutionally distinct", "title": "Shire of Christmas Island" }, { "id": "65230", "score": "1.6628525", "text": "who was appointed on 5 October 2017 and is also the Administrator of Christmas Island. These two Territories comprise the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to the Cocos Islands, \"so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory.\"; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also", "title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christmas Island\n\nChristmas Island, officially the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. It is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It lies northwest of Perth and south of Singapore. It has an area of .\n\nChristmas Island had a population of 1,692 residents , Today, around two-thirds of the island's population is estimated to have Straits Chinese origin (though just 22.2% of the population declared a Chinese ancestry in 2021),\n\nThe first European to sight Christmas Island was Richard Rowe of the \"Thomas\" in 1615. Captain William Mynors named it on Christmas Day (25 December) 1643. It was first settled in the late 19th century. Christmas Island's geographic isolation and history of minimal human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism among its flora and fauna, which is of interest to scientists and naturalists. The majority (63 percent) of the island is included in the Christmas Island National Park, which features several areas of primary monsoonal forest. Phosphate, deposited originally as guano, has been mined on the island since 1899.", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": ".cx\n\n.cx is the country code top-level domain for Christmas Island. It is administered by the Christmas Island Internet Administration, through the Christmas Island Domain Administration Limited. The Christmas Island Internet Administration is a community-owned non-profit company which also provides Internet service to the island's residents. .cx is a member of the Council of Country Code Administrators, a group of country-code domains making use of common registry and/or dispute resolution services.\n\nThe top-level domain was formerly administered by Planet Three Limited, a company with offices in the United Kingdom and Australia, which went bankrupt and ceased operations, voluntarily transferring management to the Christmas Island Internet Administration (called Dot CX Limited at the time). The local (shire) government of Christmas Island endorsed the transfer, but the Commonwealth of Australia (which has international authority over Christmas Island as an external territory) did not immediately approve it. Australia has since published a memorandum of understanding which recognizes the Christmas Island Internet Administration as the legitimate manager of .cx.\n\nThe domain achieved a certain degree of notoriety when it was used for the shock site goatse.cx, to the point the Christmas Island Internet Administration was forced to take down the website following complaints by Christmas Islanders.\n\n", "title": ".cx" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kiritimati\n\nKiritimati (also known as Christmas Island) is a Pacific Ocean atoll in the northern Line Islands. It is part of the Republic of Kiribati. The name is derived from the English word \"Christmas\" written in Gilbertese according to its phonology, in which the combination \"ti\" is pronounced \"s\", giving .\n\nKiritimati has the greatest land area of any atoll in the world, about ;\n\nIt lies north of the equator, south of Honolulu, and from San Francisco. Kiritimati is in the world's farthest forward time zone, UTC+14, and is therefore one of the first inhabited places on Earth to experience New Year's Day. (see also Caroline Atoll, Kiribati). Although it lies east of the 180th meridian, the Republic of Kiribati realigned the International Date Line in 1995, placing Kiritimati to the west of the dateline.\n\nNuclear tests were conducted on and around Kiritimati by the United Kingdom in the late 1950s, and by the United States in 1962. During these tests, the island was not evacuated, exposing the i-Kiribati residents and the British, New Zealand, and Fijian servicemen to nuclear radiation.\n\nThe entire island is a Wildlife Sanctuary; access to five particularly sensitive areas is restricted.<ref name = teebaki1993 />", "title": "Kiritimati" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands\n\nThe Cocos (Keeling) Islands (), officially the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (; ), are an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and relatively close to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The territory's dual name (official since the islands' incorporation into Australia in 1955) reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.\n\nThe territory consists of two atolls made up of 27 coral islands, of which only two – West Island and Home Island – are inhabited. The population of around 600 people consists mainly of Cocos Malays, who mostly practice Sunni Islam and speak a dialect of Malay as their first language. The territory is administered by the Australian federal government's Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications as an Australian external territory and together with Christmas Island (which is about to the east) forms the Australian Indian Ocean Territories administrative grouping. However, the islanders do have a degree of self-government through the local shire council. Many public services – including health, education, and policing – are provided by the state of Western Australia, and Western Australian law applies except where the federal government has determined otherwise. The territory also uses Western Australian postcodes.\n\nThe islands were discovered in 1609 by the British sea captain William Keeling, but no settlement occurred until the early 19th century. One of the first settlers was John Clunies-Ross, a Scottish merchant; much of the island's current population is descended from the Malay workers he brought in to work his copra plantation. The Clunies-Ross family ruled the islands as a private fiefdom for almost 150 years, with the head of the family usually recognised as resident magistrate. The British annexed the islands in 1857, and for the next century they were administered from either Ceylon or Singapore. The territory was transferred to Australia in 1955, although until 1979 virtually all of the territory's real estate still belonged to the Clunies-Ross family.", "title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island\n\nThe postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, was linked to its original economic situation until 1993. Mainly ruled by a phosphate production commission, the island was part of the British Straits Settlements colony from 1901 to 1942, then of Singapore from 1946 to 1958. Although it was placed under Australian control in 1958, the island remained postally and philatelically independent until 1993 when Australia Post became the island's postal operator.\n\nThe island issued its own postage stamps from 1958. Those issued by Australia Post since 1993 are also valid in Australia, as are Australian stamps in Christmas Island.\n\nAccording to the Stanley Gibbons stamp catalogue, 32 stamps were issued when postal responsibility was exercised by the Phosphate Commission between 1958 and 1969, and 335 under the responsibility of the Christmas Island Administration between 1969 and 1993. From March 1993 to February 2003, during its ten first years of postal responsibility, Australia Post issued 153 stamps for Christmas Island.", "title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island" }, { "id": "9022949", "score": "1.6489851", "text": "State Library of Western Australia. Shire of Christmas Island The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island (; post code: 6798). The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General's Department and an Administrator. It covers an area of 136.7 km in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia. It has a population of 1,448 (ABS 2001). The island was previously a British territory administered through Singapore but was transferred to Australia in 1945. After 1958,", "title": "Shire of Christmas Island" }, { "id": "65126", "score": "1.6243533", "text": "Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around south of Java and Sumatra and around north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It has an area of . Christmas Island had a population of 1,843 residents , the majority of whom live in settlements on the northern tip of the island. The main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Around two-thirds of the island's population is estimated to have Malaysian Chinese origin (though just 21.2% of the population declared", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "8564893", "score": "1.6082838", "text": "caused spikes in traffic levels. The construction of an immigration detention centre on the island resulted in a temporary increase in RAAF and DIMIA arrivals.. Christmas Island International Airport served 26,723 revenue passengers during financial year 2017-2018. Christmas Island Airport Christmas Island International Airport is an airport located on Christmas Island, a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. The island is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Although located on Australian territory, the airport is classified as a Category 2 international airport for", "title": "Christmas Island Airport" }, { "id": "8564889", "score": "1.6080344", "text": "Christmas Island Airport Christmas Island International Airport is an airport located on Christmas Island, a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. The island is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Although located on Australian territory, the airport is classified as a Category 2 international airport for all arrivals, including those from Australia. It is owned by the Commonwealth through the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development and is operated under contract by Toll Remote Logistics. From the late 1940s, when the island was", "title": "Christmas Island Airport" }, { "id": "14279889", "score": "1.6079533", "text": "detention centres on behalf of the Australian government. Property services are provided by CI Resources, which also operates a phosphate mine on the Island. there were 314 asylum seekers held in the centre. Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre or commonly just Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre, is a closed Australian immigration detention facility located on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The centre closed in 2018. Temporary facilities for asylum seekers were established on Christmas Island at Phosphate Hill in late 2001. This temporary facility was found inadequate in terms of", "title": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre" }, { "id": "65171", "score": "1.5993197", "text": "is of generally good quality, although four-wheel drive vehicles are needed to reach some of the more distant parts of the rainforest or the more isolated beaches on the rough dirt roads. The island-operated crèche is in the Recreation Centre. Christmas Island District High School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Education Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island. The island has one public library. Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "8155457", "score": "1.5871754", "text": "Administrator rather than an amendment to the \"Christmas Island Act 1958\". Although this was agreed, the declaration never took place. Subsequently, Christmas Island official Gary Dunt revived the issue in 2001 and the flag was formally declared the official flag of Christmas Island on Australia Day 2002 (January 26), by the administrator of the territory, Bill Taylor. Councillor Mariam Kawi accepted the flag as a representative of the Shire of Christmas Island. Flag of Christmas Island The flag of Christmas Island was unofficially adopted in 1986 after being chosen the winner in a competition for a flag for the territory.", "title": "Flag of Christmas Island" }, { "id": "14279881", "score": "1.5757612", "text": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre or commonly just Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre, is a closed Australian immigration detention facility located on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The centre closed in 2018. Temporary facilities for asylum seekers were established on Christmas Island at Phosphate Hill in late 2001. This temporary facility was found inadequate in terms of size, amenity and security. On 12 March 2002, the Australian Government announced the replacement of the existing temporary facility and the construction of a purpose designed and built IRPC on Christmas Island with", "title": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre" }, { "id": "65151", "score": "1.5625768", "text": "over Christmas Island. Christmas Island remains constitutionally distinct from Western Australia, however; the power of the state to legislate for the territory is delegated by the federal government. The kind of services typically provided by a state government elsewhere in Australia are provided by departments of the Western Australian government, and by contractors, with the costs met by the federal government. A unicameral Shire of Christmas Island with nine seats provides local government services and is elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Elections are held every two years, with four or five of the members standing for election.", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "3101347", "score": "1.5615993", "text": "as Christmas Island lies within a zone designated as Indonesia's responsibility for rescue according to an agreement made in 1990 between Australia and Indonesia. Indonesia had also accepted co-ordination of the rescue, and the closest suitable port was Merak in Indonesia. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer explained to parliament that \"It is important that people understand that Australia has no obligation under International law to accept the rescued persons in to Australian territory.\" Australian ambassador David Stuart said in the United Nations that \"the rescue by the MV Tampa occurred outside the search and rescue region designated as", "title": "Tampa affair" }, { "id": "65149", "score": "1.5613561", "text": "Australia. The next most common country of birth was Malaysia at 20.1%. 27.8% of the population spoke English as their family language, while 17.2% spoke Mandarin Chinese, 17.2% spoke Malay, 3.7% Cantonese, 1.5% Southern Min, and 1% Tagalog. Additionally, there are small local populations of Malaysian Indians and Eurasians. Christmas Island is a non-self-governing territory of Australia, currently administered by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. Administration was carried out by the Attorney-General's Department until 14 September 2010, and prior to this by the Department of Transport and Regional Services before 29 November 2007. The legal system is", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "8564890", "score": "1.5551996", "text": "still a British colony administered by Singapore and the Straits Settlements Administration, it was serviced occasionally by Royal Air Force (RAF) Short Sunderland flying boats before the construction of the airport. A brief revival of the \"old days\" happened in 2001 during the \"Tampa\" crisis when the heightened Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) traffic was complemented by a large number of Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) and media charters. During this incident, traffic at the airport is said to have been \"near-continuous\". After the closure of the casino, the resort was taken over by the Asia Pacific Space Centre,", "title": "Christmas Island Airport" }, { "id": "65152", "score": "1.5439193", "text": "In early 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a design competition for an island flag; the winning design was adopted as the informal flag of the territory for over a decade, and in 2002 it was made the official flag of Christmas Island. Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens also vote in federal elections. Christmas Island residents are represented in the House of Representatives by the Division of Lingiari in the Northern Territory and in the Senate by Northern Territory senators. At the 2016 federal election, the Labor Party received absolute majorities from Christmas Island electors in both the", "title": "Christmas Island" }, { "id": "14279887", "score": "1.5406642", "text": "a phosphate mining lease, at the north-western end of Christmas Island, next to the Christmas Island National Park. The A$208 million centre was built by Baulderstone from January 2005 until August 2007, for the Department of Finance and Administration. It was finally completed in 2008. It consists of eight accommodation units, education and recreation building, tennis courts and central sports area. Central facilities include induction/visiting area, main reception, administration centre, conference centre, kitchen, laundry and stores, medical centre and utilities building. External facilities include warehouse and visitor processing building. In 2009, the capacity of the centre was increased to 1800", "title": "Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre" }, { "id": "65141", "score": "1.5404588", "text": "the late 1980s and early 1990s, boats carrying asylum seekers, mainly departing from Indonesia, began landing on the island. In 2001, Christmas Island was the site of the \"Tampa\" controversy, in which the Australian government stopped a Norwegian ship, MV \"Tampa\", from disembarking 438 rescued asylum-seekers. The ensuing standoff and the associated political reactions in Australia were a major issue in the 2001 Australian federal election. The Howard government operated the \"Pacific Solution\" from 2001 to 2007, excising Christmas Island from Australia's migration zone so that asylum seekers on the island could not apply for refugee status. Asylum seekers were", "title": "Christmas Island" } ]

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[ { "id": "2373304", "score": "1.6835873", "text": "Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of \"The Righteous Ones: Joseph the Betrothed, David the King and James the Brother of the Lord\". Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January. On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great, and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting,", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": "2373300", "score": "1.6467106", "text": "Twelve Days of Christmas The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive. For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide, but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas. Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": "8093135", "score": "1.640791", "text": "this is clearly derived from the pre-Christian events. The Christian festival was originally held annually on the week after Pentecost, and is still held at about this date by the Orthodox churches, but in western Europe, churches began to hold it at the same time as the pre-Christian festivals commemorating the dead, and it was eventually moved officially, by Pope Gregory III. Christmas on 25 December is, according to Christian tradition, a celebration of the birth of Jesus. Although there have been various folk suggestions regarding the origin of Christmas, the earliest historical source stating December 25 as the date", "title": "Christianization of saints and feasts" }, { "id": "3816550", "score": "1.6346885", "text": "as the feast of Christmas and set its date as December 25; it reserved January 6 as a commemoration of the manifestation of Christ, especially to the Magi, but also at his baptism and at the wedding feast of Cana. In 1955 a separate feast of the Baptism of the Lord was instituted, thus weakening further the connection in the West between the feast of the Epiphany and the commemoration of the baptism of Christ. However, Hungarians, in an apparent reference to baptism, refer to the January 6 celebration as \"Vízkereszt\", a term that recalls the words \"víz\" (water) and", "title": "Epiphany (holiday)" }, { "id": "3816607", "score": "1.6309165", "text": "corner apple cakes are eaten on this day, and as in other countries, star singing, visiting and house blessings have long been popular. Epiphany, celebrated on January 6, is the feast for the Roman Church that commemorates the visit of the Wise Men, the magi. However, in the Maronite Church, in accordance with the ancient tradition, it represents the public announcement of Jesus’ mission when he was baptized in the Jordan by John the Forerunner, also known as \"John the Baptist\". On the occasion, Lebanese Christians pray for their deceased. It is celebrated by attending church most often to the", "title": "Epiphany (holiday)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Epiphany (holiday)\n\nEpiphany ( ), also known as Theophany in Eastern Christian traditions, is a Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation (theophany) of God incarnate as Jesus Christ.\n\nIn Western Christianity, the feast commemorates principally (but not solely) the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child, and thus Jesus Christ's physical manifestation to the Gentiles. It is sometimes called Three Kings' Day, and in some traditions celebrated as Little Christmas. Moreover, the feast of the Epiphany, in some denominations, also initiates the liturgical season of Epiphanytide.\n\nEastern Christians, on the other hand, commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God. The spot marked by Al-Maghtas in Jordan, adjacent to Qasr al-Yahud in the West Bank, is considered to be the original site of the baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist.\n\nThe traditional date for the feast is January 6. However, since 1970, the celebration is held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1. Those Eastern Churches which are still following the Julian calendar observe the feast on what, according to the internationally used Gregorian calendar, is January 19, because of the current 13-day difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.\n\nIn many Western Churches, the eve of the feast is celebrated as Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve). The Monday after Epiphany is known as Plough Monday.\n\nPopular Epiphany customs include Epiphany singing, chalking the door, having one's house blessed, consuming Three Kings Cake, winter swimming, as well as attending church services. It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve (Twelfth Night), although those in other Christian countries historically remove them on Candlemas, the conclusion of Epiphanytide. According to the first tradition, those who fail to remember to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve must leave them untouched until Candlemas, the second opportunity to remove them; failure to observe this custom is considered inauspicious.", "title": "Epiphany (holiday)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Twelve Days of Christmas\n\nThe Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus. In some Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December to 5 January, inclusive, with 6 January being a \"thirteenth day\" in some traditions and languages. However, 6 January is sometimes considered Twelfth Day/Twelfth Night with the Twelve Days \"of\" Christmas actually \"after\" Christmas Day from 26 December to 6 January. For many Christian denominations—for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church—the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide, but for others, e.g. the Roman Catholic Church, Christmastide lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas but the Christmas itself lasts one day on December 25.", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christmas\n\nChristmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many countries, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season organized around it.\n\nThe traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the New Testament, known as the Nativity of Jesus, says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in accordance with messianic prophecies. When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then spread the word.\n\nThere are different hypotheses regarding the date of Jesus' birth and in the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25. This corresponds to the traditional date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar.\n\nThe celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing economic effect in many regions of the world.", "title": "Christmas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Feast of the Baptism of the Lord\n\nThe Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, or Theophany, is the feast day commemorating the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by John the Baptist. Originally the baptism of Christ was celebrated on Epiphany, which commemorates the coming of the Magi, the baptism of Christ, and the wedding at Cana. Over time in the West, however, the celebration of the baptism of the Lord came to be commemorated as a distinct feast from Epiphany. It is celebrated in the Catholic Church as well as the Anglican and Lutheran Churches on the first Sunday following The Epiphany of Our Lord (January 6). Some Lutheran churches celebrate it on the Sunday before Lent, or Quinquagesima.", "title": "Feast of the Baptism of the Lord" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christmastide\n\nChristmastide is a season of the liturgical year in most Christian churches. In some, Christmastide is identical to Twelvetide.\n\nFor the Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Anglican Church and Methodist Church, Christmastide begins on 24 December at sunset or Vespers, which is liturgically the beginning of Christmas Eve. Most of 24 December is thus not part of Christmastide, but of Advent, the season in the Church Year that precedes Christmastide. In many liturgical calendars Christmastide is followed by the closely related season of Epiphanytide at sunset on 5 January, which is known as Twelfth Night. \n\nThere are several celebrations within Christmastide, including Christmas Day (25 December), St. Stephen's Day (26 December), Childermas (28 December), New Year's Eve (31 December), the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ or the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (1 January), and the Feast of the Holy Family (date varies). The Twelve Days of Christmas terminate with Epiphany Eve or Twelfth Night (the evening of 5 January).\n\nCustoms of the Christmas season include carol singing, gift giving, attending Nativity plays, church services, and eating special food, such as Christmas cake.", "title": "Christmastide" }, { "id": "77604", "score": "1.6210706", "text": "feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. However, some Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar, the day after the Western Christian Church celebrates the Epiphany. This is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the", "title": "Christmas" }, { "id": "658936", "score": "1.6171349", "text": "purple; blue in some traditions, such as Methodist, Episcopalian, and Lutheran. The Christmas season immediately follows Advent. The traditional Twelve Days of Christmas begin with Christmas Eve on the evening of December 24 and continue until the feast of Epiphany. The actual Christmas season continues until the Feast of the Baptism of Christ, which in the present form of the Roman Rite is celebrated on the Sunday after January 6, or the following Monday if that Sunday is Epiphany. In the pre-1970 form, this feast is celebrated on January 13, unless January 13 is a Sunday, in which case the", "title": "Liturgical year" }, { "id": "2918796", "score": "1.6167822", "text": "Western Christian phrase \"Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!\" and the Eastern Christian greeting \"Christ is born!\", to which others respond, \"Glorify Him!\" Christmastide begins very early on 25 December. Historically, the ending of Christmastide was 5 January. This traditional date is still followed by the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church, where Christmastide, commonly called the Twelve Days of Christmas, lasts 12 days, from 25 December to 5 January, the latter date being named as Twelfth Night. However, the ending is defined differently by some Christian denominations. In 1969, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church expanded Christmastide by", "title": "Christmastide" }, { "id": "3816551", "score": "1.611417", "text": "\"kereszt, kereszt-ség\" (baptism). Many in the West observe a twelve-day festival, starting on December 25, and ending on January 5, known as Christmastide or the Twelve Days of Christmas. However, for the Catholic Church today, \"Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after January 6\", a period not limited to twelve days. Some Christian cultures, especially those of Latin America and some in Europe, extend the season to as many as forty days, ending on Candlemas (February 2). On the Feast of the", "title": "Epiphany (holiday)" }, { "id": "2373311", "score": "1.6081016", "text": "the feast of Sts. Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus on 2 January and the Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus on 3 January. Other saints are celebrated at a local level. The Second Council of Tours of 567 noted that, in the area for which its bishops were responsible, the days between Christmas and Epiphany were, like the month of August, taken up entirely with saints' days. Monks were therefore in principle not bound to fast on those days. However, the first three days of the year were to be days of prayer and penance so that", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": "1897155", "score": "1.607888", "text": "the Nile in Egypt on January 5, but this is not historically certain. The festival of the Nativity which later turned into Christmas was a 4th-century feast in the Western Church notably in Rome and North Africa, although it is uncertain exactly where and when it was first celebrated. The earliest source stating December 25 as the date of birth of Jesus was Hippolytus of Rome (170–236), written very early in the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox which he placed on March 25, and then added nine months.", "title": "Nativity of Jesus" }, { "id": "1670135", "score": "1.6053059", "text": "recognise a distinction between the date of their arrival and the date of Jesus' birth. The account given in the Gospel of Matthew does not state that they were present on the night of the birth; in the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary remain in Bethlehem until it is time for Jesus' dedication, in Jerusalem, and then return to their home in Nazareth. Western Christianity celebrates the Magi on the day of Epiphany, January 6, the day immediately following the \"twelve days of Christmas\", particularly in the Spanish-speaking parts of the world. In these areas, the Three Kings (\"\"los", "title": "Biblical Magi" }, { "id": "2373310", "score": "1.6037095", "text": "Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen, Proto-Martyr on 26 December; Feast of St. John, Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket, Bishop and Martyr on 29 December; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or, if there is no such Sunday, on 30 December. Outside the Octave, but within the Twelve Days of Christmas, there are", "title": "Twelve Days of Christmas" }, { "id": "19383007", "score": "1.6009734", "text": "mildness of winters in ancient Israel and rabbinic rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February. Alexander Murray of \"History Today\" says that the celebration of Christmas as the birth day of Jesus is based on a date of a pagan feast rather than historical analysis. Saturnalia, the Roman feast for Saturn, was associated with the winter solstice. Saturnalia was held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities through to 23 December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving,", "title": "Date of birth of Jesus" }, { "id": "3816541", "score": "1.6003373", "text": "1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar made the date to some extent variable, stating: \"The Epiphany of the Lord is celebrated on 6 January, unless, where it is not observed as a holy day of obligation, it has been assigned to the Sunday occurring between 2 and 8 January.\" It also made the Feast of the Epiphany part of Christmas Time, which it defined as extending from the First Vespers of Christmas (the evening of December 24) up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday after January 6). Prior to 1976, Anglican churches also observed an eight-day", "title": "Epiphany (holiday)" }, { "id": "1897121", "score": "1.5997006", "text": "tradition (including the Catholic Church, the Western Rite Orthodox, the Anglican Communion, and many Protestants) begin observing the season of Advent four Sundays before Christmas, the traditional feast-day of his birth, which falls on December 25. Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church observe a similar season, sometimes called Advent but also called the \"Nativity Fast\", which begins forty days before Christmas. Some Eastern Orthodox Christians (e.g. Greeks and Syrians) celebrate Christmas on December 25. Other Orthodox (e.g. Copts, Ethiopians, Georgians, and Russians) celebrate Christmas on (the Gregorian) January 7 (Koiak 29 on coptic calendar) as a", "title": "Nativity of Jesus" }, { "id": "8645858", "score": "1.5977488", "text": "January 6 or on the Sunday between January 2 and 8. In other churches (e.g. the Roman Catholic Church) it continues until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord, which falls on the Sunday following the Epiphany, or on the Monday following the Epiphany if the Epiphany is moved to January 7 or 8. If the Epiphany is kept on January 6, the Church of England's use of the term \"Christmas season\" corresponds to the Twelve Days of Christmas, and ends on Twelfth Night. This short Christmas season is preceded by Advent, which begins on the fourth Sunday before", "title": "Christmas and holiday season" }, { "id": "1670144", "score": "1.59675", "text": "be truly inclusive of Afro-Germans in German-speaking communities and contribute to the equation of \"blackness\" with \"foreignness\" and \"otherness\" in German culture. In 2010 the day of Epiphany, January 6, was made a holiday in Poland and thus a pre-war tradition was revived. Since 2011, celebrations with biblical costuming have taken place throughout the country. For example, in Warsaw there are processions from Plac Zamkowy down Krakowskie Przedmieście to Plac Piłsudskiego. In Spain and in Portugal (where it is called Bolo-rei), the cake, which is ring-shaped, is most commonly bought, not baked, and it contains both a small figurine of", "title": "Biblical Magi" }, { "id": "77690", "score": "1.5949984", "text": "the same day as the celebration of his baptism (Theophany), which is on January 6. This is a public holiday in Armenia, and it is held on the same day that is internationally considered to be January 6, because the Armenian Church in Armenia uses the Gregorian calendar. However, there is also a small Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which maintains the traditional Armenian custom of celebrating the birth of Christ on the same day as Theophany (January 6), but uses the \"Julian\" calendar for the determination of that date. As a result, this church celebrates \"Christmas\" (more properly called Theophany)", "title": "Christmas" }, { "id": "8645857", "score": "1.5935699", "text": "4th century, the calendars of both churches included both feasts. The earliest suggestions of a fast of Baptism of Jesus on January 6 during the 2nd century comes from Clement of Alexandria, but there is no further mention of such a feast until 361 when Emperor Julian attended a feast on January 6 in the year 361. In the Christian tradition the Christmas season is a period \"beginning\" on Christmas Day (December 25). In some churches (e.g. the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Communion) the season continues through Twelfth Night, the day before the Epiphany, which is celebrated either on", "title": "Christmas and holiday season" } ]

[ "Swizerland", "Schweiz", "Switzerland", "Der Schweiz", "Swiss Confederation", "svizra", "iso 3166 1 ch", "Svizra", "confœderatio helvetica", "schweitz", "ISO 3166-1:CH", "swissland", "confederazione svizzera", "Switzerland information", "schweiz", "svizzera", "die schweiz", "Switzeland", "swiss confederation", "switz", "Swizterland", "Confederazione Svizzera", "land of swiss", "switserland", "suisse", "der schweiz", "Confederatio Helvetica", "Confederaziun Svizra", "Die Schweiz", "Swissland", "confoederatio helvetica", "Switserland", "švýcarsko", "svissland", "Land of the Switzers", "etymology of switzerland", "confederation helvetica", "Suisse", "Swiss confederation", "Confederation Helvetica", "Svissland", "Confédération Suisse", "confederation suisse", "suiza", "Confederation Suisse", "environmental integrity group", "Swiss", "Confédération suisse", "schweizerische eidgenossenschaft", "swizterland", "swizerland", "confederation helvetia", "Schwitzerland", "confederation of helvatia", "swiss confederated states", "confederatio helvetica", "Schweitz", "switzeland", "Confoederatio Helvetica", "switzer land", "switzerland information", "Etymology of Switzerland", "Confederation suisse", "SwissEnergy", "Swiss Confederated States", "Suiza", "switzerland", "Switz", "Confederation of Helvatia", "Land of the Swiss", "SWITZERLAND", "Svizzera", "schwitzerland", "swissenergy", "Confœderatio Helvetica", "confederaziun svizra", "confédération suisse", "swiss", "Environmental Integrity Group", "Confederaziun svizra", "Switzer land", "Confederation Helvetia", "land of switzers", "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft", "Švýcarsko" ]

[ { "id": "2094974", "score": "1.7997086", "text": "Lake Neuchâtel Lake Neuchâtel (; ) is a lake primarily in Romandy, in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The lake lies mainly in the canton of Neuchâtel, but is also shared by the cantons of Vaud, Fribourg, and Bern. With a surface of , Lake Neuchâtel is the largest lake located entirely in Switzerland and the 59th largest lake in Europe. It is long and at its widest. Its surface is above sea level, and the maximum depth is . The total water volume is . The lake's drainage area is approximately and its culminating point is Le Chasseron at", "title": "Lake Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2094975", "score": "1.6207871", "text": ". The lake is fed by the rivers L'Orbe (called La Thielle or La Thièle locally, downstream of the city of Orbe), \"L'Arnon\", \"L'Areuse\", \"Le Seyon\", and \"La Menthue\", as well as by the \"Canal de la Broye\". The Thielle Canal (, ) drains the lake into Lake Biel and is part of regulation system for the lakes and the rivers of the Seeland region. Lake Neuchâtel was the home of the now extinct species of deepwater trout \"Salvelinus neocomensis\". From Yverdon to La Tène (Southwest to Northeast): From Yverdon to Gampelen: Lake Neuchâtel Lake Neuchâtel (; ) is a", "title": "Lake Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2130942", "score": "1.5758538", "text": "are fairly evenly distributed with many small towns and villages lining the shore of the Lake of Neuchâtel. The average population density is 209 people per km (542 sq mi). Neuchâtel ( population: ) is the canton's capital while La Chaux-de-Fonds ( population: ) is the canton's largest settlement. Some 38,000 of the inhabitants, or a little less than a quarter of the population, are of foreign origin. The canton is well known for its wines, which are grown along the Lake Neuchâtel shore, and for its absinthe. The Val-de-Travers is famous as the birthplace of absinthe, which has now", "title": "Canton of Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2720920", "score": "1.5732449", "text": "Neuchâtel Neuchâtel (), or Neuchatel; ( \"new\" and ' \"castle\" (); ; ; or ') is a town, a municipality, and the capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Neuchâtel. The city has approximately 34,000 inhabitants (80,000 in the metropolitan area). The city is sometimes referred to historically by the German name , which has the same meaning. It was originally part of the Holy Roman Empire and later under Prussian control from 1707 until 1848. The official language of Neuchâtel is French. Neuchâtel is a pilot of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural Cities", "title": "Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2739735", "score": "1.5402033", "text": "on the border of the French and German language regions, most places have names in both languages, though not all versions are still in use. Lake Biel Lake Bienne or Lake Biel or (, ) is a lake in the west of Switzerland. Together with Lake Morat and Lake Neuchâtel, it is one of the three large lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland. It lies approximately at , at the language boundary between German and French speaking areas. The lake is 15 km long and up to 4.1 km wide. Its surface area is 39.3 km², the maximum depth", "title": "Lake Biel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Neuchâtel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lake Neuchâtel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Canton of Neuchâtel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fishing industry in Switzerland\n\nLandlocked Switzerland supports a small commercial fishing industry in its many large lakes. About 200 fishermen nationally ply them in small boats, supplemented by fish farmers who largely raise trout with some carp. The former catch primarily perch and whitefish, with pike, lake trout and Arctic char making up significant portions of the country's annual catch. Angling is also popular, while fish processing is marginal, largely limited to making fish oil for the country's drug industry.\n\nWhile some of the Swiss catch is exported, mostly to neighboring countries, the country runs a large trade deficit in fish and fish products, with imports serving most of the market, largely in the food sector, as tastes have shifted towards seafood. Within Switzerland, the French-speaking population consumes 60 percent of the fish, three times its share of the population.\n\nSwitzerland's largest lake, Lake Geneva, shared with France, is also its most productive fishery, providing a fifth of the total catch, including almost half its perch. Lake Zürich, fifth largest by area, is the second most productive Swiss fishery, with the largest share of the country's whitefish catch. Lake Neuchâtel produces the largest portion of lake trout, and small Lake Sempach is fourth in whitefish. The smallest Swiss lake that supports a commercial fishery is Lake Hallwil.\n\nFish have been an important part of the Swiss diet since at least the Middle Ages; by the late 17th century catches in Lake Geneva were already being strictly regulated. Today the cantons are the primary fishing regulators, with federal law setting the guiding principles; the large lakes that Switzerland shares with its neighboring countries are managed by international commissions. The total number of fishermen has declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries along with catches, a phenomenon the fishermen attribute to the country's success in reducing pollution in its lakes, to the point that aquaculture now accounts for the majority of the industry's output.", "title": "Fishing industry in Switzerland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vaud\n\nVaud ( ; , ; , ), more formally the canton of Vaud, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of ten districts and its capital city is Lausanne. Its coat of arms bears the motto \"Liberté et patrie\" on a white-green bicolour.\n\nVaud is the third largest canton of the country by population and fourth by size. It is located in Romandy, the French-speaking western part of the country; and borders the canton of Neuchâtel to the north, the cantons of Fribourg and Bern to the east, the canton of Valais to the south, the canton of Geneva to the south-west and France to the west. The geography of the canton includes all three natural regions of Switzerland: the Jura Mountains, the Swiss Plateau and the (Swiss) Alps. It also includes some of the largest lakes of the country: Lake Geneva and Lake Neuchâtel. It is a major tourist destination, renowned for its landscapes and gastronomy.\n\nThe largest city is Lausanne, followed by Yverdon-les-Bains and Montreux. As of the canton has a population of . It is one of the four cantons where French is the sole official language. Formerly a Bernese bailiwick, Vaud joined the Swiss Confederation as an independent canton in 1803.", "title": "Vaud" }, { "id": "2739734", "score": "1.5399692", "text": "The largest settlement along the shores of Lake Biel are the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne and its sister city Nidau, both located on the northern end. The St. Peter's Island attracts tourists. The island is located near Erlach/Cerlier. Jean-Jacques Rousseau once spent a few months on the island. One of the main business in the area is the watch and affiliated microtechnic industries. World famous watch brands have their sites and headquarters in the area, including the Swatch Group and Rolex movements manufacture. The lake's surface is the lowest point of the canton of Neuchâtel. As the lake is located", "title": "Lake Biel" }, { "id": "4431066", "score": "1.5133032", "text": "above sea level) and on the shore of Lake Morat (or the \"Murtensee\" in German). Numerous attractions from a significant past have been well preserved here, such as the castle, the ring wall, the street scene and the arcades. Lake Morat is a smaller lake located in between Lake Biel and the lake Neuchâtel. Mont Vully stands on the western side of the Seeland's largest plain and resembles a pearl gently placed among the three lakes of Murten, Neuchâtel and Biel/Bienne. Already long ago, the Celtic and Helvetic tribes appreciated the region's temperate climate and the local countryside's particular charm.", "title": "Murten" }, { "id": "2739732", "score": "1.512222", "text": "Lake Biel Lake Bienne or Lake Biel or (, ) is a lake in the west of Switzerland. Together with Lake Morat and Lake Neuchâtel, it is one of the three large lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland. It lies approximately at , at the language boundary between German and French speaking areas. The lake is 15 km long and up to 4.1 km wide. Its surface area is 39.3 km², the maximum depth 74 m. The lake is located at 429 metres above sea level. Lake Biel has a catchment area of about 8,305 km². Water remains in", "title": "Lake Biel" }, { "id": "2739747", "score": "1.5046802", "text": "Broye\") into nearby Lake Neuchâtel that is connected to Lake Bienne/Lake Biel through the Thielle canal. Thus all three lakes form a natural reservoir in order to retain overflow water from the river Aare that flows into Lake Bienne/Biel: in times of combined heavy rainfalls and glacier melting in the Alps, the peculiar situation arises that the water flows backwards through the Thielle and Broye canals, preventing an overflow of the Grand Marais (). Lake Morat Lake Morat or Lake Murten (French: \"Lac de Morat\"; German: \"Murtensee\") is a lake located in the cantons of Fribourg and Vaud in the", "title": "Lake Morat" }, { "id": "2739733", "score": "1.5040972", "text": "the lake for an average of 58 days. The rivers Aare and Zihl/Thielle flowing from Lake Neuchâtel, the Twannbach draining water down from the surplombing first Jura mountain range and the Suze draining water down from the Vallon de St. Imier, are the main tributaries. The Aare was redirected into the lake in 1878, in order to prevent the flooding of the nearby area called \"Seeland\", and drains the water out of the lake down to Büren through a simultaneously man-made channel. The level of all three lakes is being controlled by a dam built across the channel, in Port.", "title": "Lake Biel" }, { "id": "361417", "score": "1.4858086", "text": "such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rhône is both", "title": "Switzerland" }, { "id": "16201986", "score": "1.455364", "text": "Neuchâtel railway station Neuchâtel railway station () serves the municipality of Neuchâtel, the capital city of the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Opened in 1857, it is owned and operated by SBB-CFF-FFS. The station forms part of one of Switzerland's most important railway lines, the Jura foot railway (Olten–Genève-Aéroport), which is one of two routes used by intercity trains between Geneva and Zürich. It is also a junction for SBB-CFF-FFS lines from La Chaux-de-Fonds and to Pontarlier, and for the BLS line from Bern. Neuchâtel railway station is situated at Place de la Gare to the north east of the city", "title": "Neuchâtel railway station" }, { "id": "2130937", "score": "1.4540908", "text": "peaceful revolution took place and established a republic, in the same year that the modern Swiss Confederation was transformed into a federation. King Frederick William IV of Prussia did not cede immediately, and several attempts at counter-revolution took place, culminating in the Neuchâtel Crisis of 1856–57. In 1857, Frederick William finally renounced his claims on the area. The canton of Neuchâtel is located in Romandy, the western part of Switzerland, it is also located in the Jura mountainous region. To its northeast it borders the canton of Bern, to the northwest France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté). Lake Neuchâtel lies southeast of the canton,", "title": "Canton of Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2130943", "score": "1.4457822", "text": "been re-legalized both in Switzerland and globally. There are dairy farming and cattle breeding in the valleys, but it is for the breeding of horses that Neuchâtel has a fine reputation. Watchmaking is well-established in the canton, with fine mechanics and microchip production being established more recently. Higher educational institutions include Haute école de gestion de Neuchâtel and the University of Neuchâtel. Canton of Neuchâtel The Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel (, ) is a canton of French-speaking western Switzerland. In 2007, its population was 169,782, of whom 39,654 (or 23.4%) were foreigners. The capital is Neuchâtel. The only part", "title": "Canton of Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "14428828", "score": "1.4406165", "text": "in lakes and 3.7% is in rivers and streams. It is located at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel at an elevation of 455 meters, and, as of , a population of people. It lies close to Biel/Bienne, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways. La Tène has a population () of . , 26.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 16.7%. It has changed at a rate of 12.1% due to migration and at a rate of", "title": "La Tène, Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2130938", "score": "1.4387069", "text": "while the canton of Vaud is southwest of the canton of Neuchâtel. The canton lies in the central area of the Jura Mountains. Lake Neuchâtel drains the lands in the south, whilst the River Doubs drains the northern areas. The canton is commonly divided into three regions. The viticultural region is located along the lake. Its name derives from the many vineyards found there. The region called \"Les Vallées\" lies further north. The two largest valleys of the canton of Neuchâtel lie in this region: the \"Ruz Valley\" and the \"Val de Travers\". Both valleys lie at about . The", "title": "Canton of Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "2720929", "score": "1.4333475", "text": "while housing and buildings made up 18.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 10.1%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 4.3%. Out of the forested land, 51.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.4% is used for growing crops and 8.0% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes. The city is located on the northwestern shore of Lake Neuchâtel (, ), a few kilometres east of and west of . Above Neuchâtel, roads and train tracks rise", "title": "Neuchâtel" }, { "id": "382611", "score": "1.4296343", "text": "lakes, large and small, can be found in most areas. The two most extensive, those of Geneva and of Constance, balance each other, as it were, at the south-west and north-east corners of the land. But neither of these is wholly Swiss, this distinction being claimed by the next in size, that of Neuchâtel, Lake Maggiore (partly Swiss only) coming next in the list, and being followed by the wholly Swiss lakes of Lucerne and of Zurich. Then come Lake Lugano, Lake Thun, Lake Biel, Lake Zug, Lake Brienz, Lake Walenstadt and Lake Murten. These thirteen only are over in", "title": "Geography of Switzerland" }, { "id": "828507", "score": "1.424597", "text": "the home of the critically endangered species of trout \"Salvelinus profundus\", and formerly also the now extinct Lake Constance whitefish \"(Coregonus gutturosus)\". Lake Constance Lake Constance () is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the \"Obersee\" or \"Upper Lake Constance\", the \"Untersee\" or \"Lower Lake Constance\", and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the \"Seerhein\". These waterbodies lie within the Lake Constance Basin (), which is part of the Alpine Foreland and through which the Rhine flows. The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.", "title": "Lake Constance" }, { "id": "3911346", "score": "1.4216666", "text": "Lake Neusiedl Lake Neusiedl () or Fertő (; ; ; ) is the largest endorheic lake in Central Europe, straddling the Austrian–Hungarian border. The lake covers , of which is on the Austrian side and on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about . From north to south, the lake is about long, and it is between and wide from east to west. On average, the lake's surface is above the Adriatic Sea and the lake is no more than deep. In the past, rainfall and aridity caused significant floods (which in 1768 enlarged the", "title": "Lake Neusiedl" } ]

[ "venice", "Venice, Italy", "UN/LOCODE:ITVCE", "Venice (Italy)", "Venices", "Venesia", "districts of venice", "Vinegia", "venice italy", "Districts of Venice", "vinegia", "venesia", "The weather in Venice", "venice subsidence", "venices", "Venice subsidence", "Venedig", "venedig", "sestiere venice", "Venezia", "venezia", "un locode itvce", "Venice", "Sestiere (Venice)", "weather in venice" ]

[ { "id": "1274799", "score": "1.7752771", "text": "Bridge of Sighs The Bridge of Sighs (Italian and ) is a bridge located in Venice, northern Italy. The enclosed bridge is made of white limestone, has windows with stone bars, passes over the Rio di Palazzo, and connects the New Prison (\"Prigioni Nuove\") to the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace. It was designed by Antonio Contino (whose uncle Antonio da Ponte had designed the Rialto Bridge) and was built in 1600. The view from the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. The bridge's name, given by Lord Byron as", "title": "Bridge of Sighs" }, { "id": "1274800", "score": "1.7297384", "text": "a translation from the Italian \"Ponte dei sospiri\" in the 19th century, comes from the suggestion that prisoners would sigh at their final view of beautiful Venice through the window before being taken down to their cells. In reality, the days of inquisitions and summary executions were over by the time the bridge was built, and the cells under the palace roof were occupied mostly by small-time criminals. In addition, little could be seen from inside the bridge due to the stone grills covering the windows. The name \"Bridge of Sighs\" has since been applied by association to other bridges", "title": "Bridge of Sighs" }, { "id": "3227169", "score": "1.7292218", "text": "Bridge of Sighs (Cambridge) The Bridge of Sighs in Cambridge, England is a covered bridge at St John's College, Cambridge University. It was built in 1831 and crosses the River Cam between the college's Third Court and New Court. The architect was Henry Hutchinson. It is named after the Bridge of Sighs in Venice, although they have little architecturally in common beyond the fact that they are both covered. The bridge, a Grade I listed building, is one of Cambridge's main tourist attractions and Queen Victoria is said to have loved it more than any other spot in the city.", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (Cambridge)" }, { "id": "1274801", "score": "1.6920657", "text": "and around the world, as well as to other structures. See Bridge of Sighs (disambiguation). The 1861 opera \"Le pont des soupirs\" by Jacques Offenbach features the bridge, as does the song \"Venice\" by Gibraltarian band Melon Diesel. \"Bridge of Sighs\" is also both a 1974 album and song by English musician Robin Trower. Bridge of Sighs The Bridge of Sighs (Italian and ) is a bridge located in Venice, northern Italy. The enclosed bridge is made of white limestone, has windows with stone bars, passes over the Rio di Palazzo, and connects the New Prison (\"Prigioni Nuove\") to the", "title": "Bridge of Sighs" }, { "id": "12097103", "score": "1.6822633", "text": "Bridge of Sighs (novel) Bridge of Sighs is a 2007 novel written by Richard Russo. \"Bridge of Sighs \" is Russo's first novel since his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"Empire Falls\" (2002). \"For the Bridge of Sighs as in the actual bridge, click on the hyperlink.\" The novel is set in small, fictional town in upstate New York called Thomaston. Like Empire Falls, the town is quickly deteriorating. The story is about Louis Charles (\"Lucy\") Lynch, his family, his wife, and his best friend. Sixty-year-old Lou Lynch has cheerfully spent his entire life in Thomaston, New York, married to the same", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (novel)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bridge of Sighs\n\nThe Bridge of Sighs (Italian: \"Ponte dei Sospiri\", ) is a bridge in Venice, Italy. The enclosed bridge is made of white limestone, has windows with stone bars, passes over the Rio di Palazzo, and connects the New Prison (\"Prigioni Nuove\") to the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace. It was designed by Antonio Contino, whose uncle Antonio da Ponte designed the Rialto Bridge. It was built in 1600.\nSection::::Etymology.\nThe view from the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. The bridge's English name was bequeathed by Lord Byron in the 19th century as a translation from the Italian \"Ponte dei sospiri\", from the suggestion that prisoners would sigh at their final view of beautiful Venice through the window before being taken down to their cells.", "title": "Bridge of Sighs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bridge of Sighs, Oxford\n\nHertford Bridge, often called the Bridge of Sighs, is a skyway joining two parts of Hertford College over New College Lane in Oxford, England. Its distinctive design makes it a city landmark.", "title": "Bridge of Sighs, Oxford" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bridge of Sighs, Cambridge\n\nThe Bridge of Sighs in Cambridge, England is a stone covered bridge at St John's College, Cambridge. It was built in 1831 and crosses the River Cam between the college's Third Court and New Court. The architect was Henry Hutchinson.<ref name=\"NHLE\" />\nIt is named after the Bridge of Sighs in Venice, although they have little architecturally in common beyond the fact that they are both covered bridges with arched bases. The bridge, a Grade I listed building, is a Cambridge attraction and Queen Victoria is said to have loved it more than any other spot in the city.", "title": "Bridge of Sighs, Cambridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bridge of Sighs (Robin Trower album)\n\nBridge of Sighs is the second solo album by the English guitarist and songwriter Robin Trower. Released in 1974, it was his second album after leaving Procol Harum, and was a commercial breakthrough for Trower. Songs such as \"Bridge of Sighs\", \"Too Rolling Stoned\", \"Day of the Eagle\" and \"Little Bit of Sympathy\" became live concert staples.", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (Robin Trower album)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bridge of Sighs, Chester\n\nThe Bridge of Sighs in Chester is a crossing that originally led from the Northgate gaol, across the Chester Canal, to a chapel in the Bluecoat School. It was built to allow condemned prisoners to receive the last rites before their execution without risk of escape.<ref>\n</ref> It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.", "title": "Bridge of Sighs, Chester" }, { "id": "3227172", "score": "1.6632457", "text": "Bridge of Sighs (Oxford) Hertford Bridge, often called \"the Bridge of Sighs\", is a skyway joining two parts of Hertford College over New College Lane in Oxford, England. Its distinctive design makes it a city landmark. The bridge is often referred to as the Bridge of Sighs because of its supposed similarity to the famous Bridge of Sighs in Venice. However, Hertford Bridge was never intended to be a replica of the Venetian bridge, and instead it bears a closer resemblance to the Rialto Bridge in the same city. There is a false legend saying that many decades ago, a", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (Oxford)" }, { "id": "12097104", "score": "1.6417878", "text": "woman, Sarah. He is the proprietor of three convenience stores. Bridge of Sighs (novel) Bridge of Sighs is a 2007 novel written by Richard Russo. \"Bridge of Sighs \" is Russo's first novel since his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"Empire Falls\" (2002). \"For the Bridge of Sighs as in the actual bridge, click on the hyperlink.\" The novel is set in small, fictional town in upstate New York called Thomaston. Like Empire Falls, the town is quickly deteriorating. The story is about Louis Charles (\"Lucy\") Lynch, his family, his wife, and his best friend. Sixty-year-old Lou Lynch has cheerfully spent his", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (novel)" }, { "id": "13714449", "score": "1.6319666", "text": "Bridge of Sighs, Chester The Bridge of Sighs in Chester is a crossing that originally led from the Northgate gaol, across the Chester Canal, to a chapel in the Bluecoat School. It was built to allow condemned prisoners to receive the last rites before their execution. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The bridge was built probably in 1793. It originally had iron railings to prevent the prisoners from escaping. The railings were removed during World War Two. The architect was Joseph Turner. After the Northgate Prison closed, Chester", "title": "Bridge of Sighs, Chester" }, { "id": "13714450", "score": "1.624864", "text": "City Corporation tried to have the bridge removed in 1821. Bridge of Sighs, Chester The Bridge of Sighs in Chester is a crossing that originally led from the Northgate gaol, across the Chester Canal, to a chapel in the Bluecoat School. It was built to allow condemned prisoners to receive the last rites before their execution. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The bridge was built probably in 1793. It originally had iron railings to prevent the prisoners from escaping. The railings were removed during World War Two. The", "title": "Bridge of Sighs, Chester" }, { "id": "3227174", "score": "1.6031365", "text": "the southern side of the bridge houses the College's administrative offices, whereas the northern building is mostly student accommodation. The bridge is always open to members of the College, who can often be seen crossing it. The bridge is Grade II listed. Bridge of Sighs (Oxford) Hertford Bridge, often called \"the Bridge of Sighs\", is a skyway joining two parts of Hertford College over New College Lane in Oxford, England. Its distinctive design makes it a city landmark. The bridge is often referred to as the Bridge of Sighs because of its supposed similarity to the famous Bridge of Sighs", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (Oxford)" }, { "id": "3227170", "score": "1.5548158", "text": "A common myth states that it was the students who named this bridge \"bridge of sighs,\" as the context of its existing within the college grounds means that the \"sighs\" are those of pre-exam students. This belief probably has much to do with the function of the bridge—linking two courts (New Court and Third Court) of St John's College together in a covered path, as opposed to Kitchen Bridge, which is an open-air bridge. Students are rumoured for their sighs on proceeding from their rooms on the Backs to the tutors' offices in the main college courts. On two separate", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (Cambridge)" }, { "id": "8712073", "score": "1.5419691", "text": "Leipzig's Institute for American Studies in Leipzig, Germany. \"The Bridge of Sighs\" was the first in a five-book series of thrillers chronicling the evolution of a fictional Eastern European country situated in the historical location of Ruthenia (now part of the Ukraine) during the Cold War, with one book for each decade. Each book also focuses on a different main character. Olen Steinhauer Olen Steinhauer (born June 21, 1970) is an American writer of spy fiction novels, including \"The Tourist\", the Milo Weaver Trilogy, and the Yalta Boulevard Sequence. Steinhauer also created the TV series \"Berlin Station\", focused on a", "title": "Olen Steinhauer" }, { "id": "13087157", "score": "1.5275676", "text": "The Bridge of Sighs (poem) \"The Bridge of Sighs\" is a famous poem of 1844 by Thomas Hood concerning the suicide of a homeless young woman who threw herself from Waterloo Bridge in London. Although Thomas Hood (1799–1845) is usually regarded as a humorous poet, towards the end of his life, when he was on his sick bed, he wrote a number of poems commenting on contemporary poverty. These included \"The Song of the Shirt\", \"The Bridge of Sighs\" and \"The Song of the Labourer\". \"The Bridge of Sighs\" is particularly well-known because of its novel meter, complex three syllable", "title": "The Bridge of Sighs (poem)" }, { "id": "3227171", "score": "1.5238113", "text": "occasions, students have pulled the prank of dangling a car under the bridge. In the first incident (in June 1963), a 1928 Austin 7 was punted down the river using four punts that had been lashed together, then hoisted up under the bridge using ropes. The second incident (in 1968) a Bond or Reliant Regal three-wheeler car was dangled under the bridge. In neither case was the bridge damaged. The bridge was apparently a favourite spot of former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, having photos taken there when he was a student, in 1974 and 2000. Bridge of Sighs", "title": "Bridge of Sighs (Cambridge)" }, { "id": "592249", "score": "1.5218742", "text": "tiny court, formed within the walls of the old Kitchen Lane, is used as an outdoor dining area. Though it bears little resemblance to its namesake in Venice, the bridge connecting Third Court to New Court, originally known as New Bridge, is now commonly known as the Bridge of Sighs. It is one of the most photographed buildings in Cambridge, and was described by the visiting Queen Victoria as \"so pretty and picturesque\". It is a single-span bridge of stone with highly decorative Neo-Gothic covered footwalk over with traceried openings. There is a three-bay arcade at the east end of", "title": "St John's College, Cambridge" }, { "id": "7536692", "score": "1.5017675", "text": "\"Bridge of Sighs\" by 1873, because \"here may be seen the most abject poverty and human misery, - sights pitiful enough to draw tears from the eyes of the gorgeous granite-stone dragons who watch the passing, living stream of human wretchedness. The deformed, the leprous, the blind, and the most hideous and disgusting semblance of humanity squat in rows and knots along the sides\" of this bridge. The wooden Garden Bridge was demolished in 1906 and a new steel bridge was constructed to accommodate both trams and automobiles. This bridge was built under the supervision of the Shanghai Municipal Council,", "title": "Waibaidu Bridge" }, { "id": "988771", "score": "1.4911897", "text": "roof, re-entering the palace, and exiting through the Porta della Carta. A corridor leads over the Bridge of Sighs, built in 1614 to link the Doge’s Palace to the structure intended to house the New Prisons. Enclosed and covered on all sides, the bridge contains two separate corridors that run next to each other. That which visitors use today linked the Prisons to the chambers of the Magistrato alle Leggi and the Quarantia Criminal; the other linked the prisons to the State Advocacy rooms and the Parlatorio. Both corridors are linked to the service staircase that leads from the ground", "title": "Doge's Palace" }, { "id": "9915200", "score": "1.4854522", "text": "Franz-Josefs-Kai in Wien, Treumann-Theater in Berlin, the National Theatre in Pesth and finally the Théâtre des Galeries-Saint-Hubert in Brussels. Its popularity extended further: it was given to Brussels in 1861, Buenos Aires in 1870, and New York in 1871 (in French). In translation it was produced in Vienna in 1862, Berlin in 1862, Graz in 1865 and Budapest in 1865, followed by other local premieres and runs in the French provinces. The first production in England was at St James's Theatre in 1872 as \"The Bridge of Sighs\", and a year later it was seen at the Carltheater in Vienna.", "title": "Le pont des soupirs" }, { "id": "13087158", "score": "1.4637561", "text": "rhymes, varied rhyming scheme and pathetic subject matter. The poem describes the woman as having been immersed in the grimy water, but having been washed so that whatever sins she may have committed are obliterated by the pathos of her death. She seems to have committed suicide by jumping off a bridge, after she was thrown out of her home. Make no deep scrutiny<br>Into her mutiny<br>Rash and undutiful:<br>Past all dishonour,<br>Death has left on her<br>Only the beautiful. Several clues in the poem, which harps upon beauty, sins and scorn, hint that the woman was pregnant and had been thrown out of", "title": "The Bridge of Sighs (poem)" }, { "id": "18912427", "score": "1.4568101", "text": "Ponte della Paglia Ponte della Paglia is a bridge in Venice, Italy. The current structure dates from 1847, and the original structure was built in 1360. The original structure was the oldest stone bridge in Venice. The name of the bridge is understood to come from boats mooring nearby to offload straw (paglia). The bridge is a common place from which to view the Bridge of Sighs. The bridge is the subject of a painting by Maurice Prendergast, the original artwork being part of the Phillips Collection. Casanova references the bridge in his memoirs as a place where he meets", "title": "Ponte della Paglia" } ]

[ "corroborees", "corroboree", "Corroboree", "Corroborree", "Caribberie", "corroborree", "Corroborees", "caribberie" ]

[ { "id": "10689304", "score": "1.6746837", "text": "Aboriginal music in Arnhem Land. Hip hop music is helping preserve indigenous languages. At the Sydney 2000 Olympics, Christine Anu sang the song \"My Island Home\" at the Closing Ceremony. Australia has a tradition of Aboriginal art which is thousands of years old, the best known forms being rock art and bark painting. Evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back at least 30,000 years. Examples of ancient Aboriginal rock artworks can be found throughout the continent – notably in national parks such as those of the UNESCO listed sites at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the", "title": "Indigenous Australians" }, { "id": "764087", "score": "1.6412196", "text": "examples of this. See: Major organisations involved in providing music funding or in receipt of music funding are: Funding agencies Music not-for-profit organisations Symphony orchestras Orchestras (pit) Orchestras (youth) Chamber orchestras Chamber ensembles Music competitions Choirs Opera companies Music of Australia The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of the unique heritage of a 40,000 to 60,000 year history which produced the iconic didgeridoo. Contemporary fusions of indigenous and Western styles (exemplified in the works of No Fixed Address, Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu) mark distinctly", "title": "Music of Australia" }, { "id": "764019", "score": "1.6410196", "text": "the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples, and has been so for over 60,000 years. Traditional Indigenous music is best characterised by the didgeridoo, the best-known instrument, which is considered by some to be the world's oldest. Archaeological studies of rock art in the Northern Territory suggest people of the Kakadu region were playing the instrument 15,000 years ago. Contemporary indigenous Australian music has covered numerous styles, including rock and roll, country, hip hop, and reggae. Jimmy Little is regarded as the first Aboriginal performer to achieve mainstream success, with his debut 1964 song \"The Royal Telephone\" highly", "title": "Music of Australia" }, { "id": "2199003", "score": "1.6391833", "text": "areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney. The Sydney rock engravings are approximately 5000 to 200 years old. Murujuga in Western Australia has the Friends of Australian Rock Art advocating its preservation, and the numerous engravings there were heritage listed in 2007. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe, and Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. There are three major regional styles: the geometric style found in Central Australia, Tasmania, the Kimberley and Victoria known for", "title": "Australian art" }, { "id": "764014", "score": "1.6268241", "text": "Music of Australia The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of the unique heritage of a 40,000 to 60,000 year history which produced the iconic didgeridoo. Contemporary fusions of indigenous and Western styles (exemplified in the works of No Fixed Address, Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu) mark distinctly Australian contributions to world music. During its early western history, Australia was a collection of British colonies, and Australian folk music and bush ballads such as Waltzing Matilda were heavily influenced by Anglo-Celtic traditions, while classical forms were", "title": "Music of Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)\n\n\"A Thousand Years\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Christina Perri, and written by Perri and David Hodges, for \"\". The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011, worldwide, and serves as the second single for the movie. Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for \"\".", "title": "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Australian Aboriginal culture\n\nAustralian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures. Due the colonization of Australia under terra nullius concept these cultures were treated as one monoculture. Australian Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Aboriginal music has developed a number of unique instruments. Contemporary Australian Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.", "title": "Australian Aboriginal culture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Entertainment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prehistoric music\n\nPrehistoric music (previously called primitive music) is a term in the history of music for all music produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory), beginning somewhere in very late geological history. Prehistoric music is followed by ancient music in different parts of the world, but still exists in isolated areas. However, it is more common to refer to the \"prehistoric\" music which still survives as folk, indigenous or traditional music. Prehistoric music is studied alongside other periods within music archaeology.\n\nFindings from Paleolithic archaeology sites suggest that prehistoric people used carving and piercing tools to create instruments. Archeologists have found Paleolithic flutes carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced. The disputed Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments, such as the Ravanahatha, have been recovered from the Indus Valley civilization archaeological sites. India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to Indian classical music (\"marga\") are found in the Vedas, ancient Hindu scriptures.", "title": "Prehistoric music" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Three Thousand Years of Longing\n\nThree Thousand Years of Longing is a 2022 fantasy romantic drama film directed and produced by George Miller. Written by Miller and Augusta Gore, it is based on the short story \"The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye\" by A. S. Byatt and stars Idris Elba as a djinn who is unleashed from a bottle by a professor (Tilda Swinton) and tells her stories from his thousands of years-long existence. The film is dedicated to Miller's mother Angela, as well as Rena Mitchell, relative of producer Doug Mitchell.\n\nThe film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2022. It was released theatrically in the United States on August 26, 2022, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (via United Artists Releasing), and in Australia on September 1, 2022, by Roadshow Entertainment. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its visuals and performances, but was a box-office bomb, grossing $19 million on a budget of $60 million.", "title": "Three Thousand Years of Longing" }, { "id": "11727102", "score": "1.6066661", "text": "When the first ideas for a service were floated in 2001, Australia’s music was scattered across many different institutions, libraries, archives, museums and arts and specialists music organisations, and there was no way for users or researchers to find and access them. There were no collections of digitised printed music and although some national institutions had been digitally preserving their sound collections, none were available online. As part of the content generation the National Library developed a cooperative plan with the state libraries to digitize Australian sheet music within their emerging digitisation programs. Some state libraries, such as Queensland and", "title": "Music Australia" }, { "id": "10689305", "score": "1.5920277", "text": "Northern Territory, but also within protected parks in urban areas such as at Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney. The Sydney rock engravings are approximately 5000 to 200 years old. Murujuga in Western Australia has the Friends of Australian Rock Art have advocated its preservation, and the numerous engravings there were heritage listed in 2007. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe, and Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. There are three major regional styles: the geometric style", "title": "Indigenous Australians" }, { "id": "11727099", "score": "1.5908585", "text": "Music Australia Music Australia is a free national online service hosted by the National Library of Australia in conjunction with over 50 cultural organisations across Australia. It was launched on 14 March 2005. It covers all types, styles and genres of Australian music, and showcases Australia’s musical culture across contemporary and historical periods, from the 19th century. Music Australia operates with a broad definition of 'Australian music', and covers music published in Australia or music composed or performed by Australians or about Australia or Australians. Music Australia provides a ‘virtual’ Australian national music collection, with metadata aggregated centrally by the", "title": "Music Australia" }, { "id": "13809885", "score": "1.586075", "text": "years ago. Sites over 22,000 years old have been found in the Blue Mountains area west of Sydney, while sites going back 40,000 years exist at Lake Mungo. There are some thousands of known sites, many but not all located in national parks. Some sites are also found in more suburban settings; rock carvings can be seen in the Sydney suburbs of Bondi and Tamarama. Their art was part of day-to-day life and would normally have had a purpose. One such purpose is thought to have been what some people call \"wish fulfilment magic\"—or sympathetic magic—in which the act of", "title": "Aboriginal sites of New South Wales" }, { "id": "1711025", "score": "1.5725865", "text": "1,000 years, based on the dating of paintings on cave walls and shelters from this period. A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, from the freshwater period (that had begun 1500 years ago) shows a didgeridoo player and two songmen participating in an Ubarr Ceremony. Australia in 1949, music therapy (not clinical music therapy as understood today) was started through concerts organized by the Australian Red Cross along with a Red Cross Music Therapy Committee. The key Australian body, the Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA), was founded in 1975. In 1956,", "title": "Music therapy" }, { "id": "17704901", "score": "1.5704095", "text": "Classical music in Australia The earliest western musical influences in Australia can be traced to two distinct sources: in the first settlements, the large body of convicts, soldiers and sailors who brought the traditional folk music of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland; and the first free settlers, some of whom had been exposed to the European classical music tradition in their upbringing. An example of original music by a convict would be an 1861 tune dedicated to settler James Gordon by fiddler constable Alexander Laing. Very little music has survived from this early period, although there are samples of music", "title": "Classical music in Australia" }, { "id": "11727101", "score": "1.5604122", "text": "held in libraries, archives, museums, universities, and specialist music and research organisations in Australia. The service contains information about Australian music, including books and theses, information created by Australians about non-Australian music, and biographical entries for Australian musicians, performers, composers, groups and ensembles, festivals and organisations. Music Australia uses various permalinks to ensure permanent links and access to its resources. These permalinks can be used from any browser and do not require the Music Australia website to be open. Developing and delivering the systems to make the service possible posed enormous challenges to music librarians and information professionals across Australia.", "title": "Music Australia" }, { "id": "8343402", "score": "1.5487458", "text": "extent, other major cities, to work for a period of time. As of February 2015, Arts and recreation services was the strongest industry in Australia by total number of employed persons growing by 20.59% since the same time in 2013. The visual arts have a long history in Australia, dating back around 30,000 years, and examples of ancient Aboriginal rock art can be found throughout the continent, notably in national parks such as the UNESCO-listed sites at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory, and also within protected parks in urban areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park", "title": "Arts in Australia" }, { "id": "9664271", "score": "1.5466404", "text": "in Sydney, more than half of which contain rock art, and around 1,500 caves or shelters which contain cultural deposit. They are comparable with the petroglyphs of Native Americans and the rock art found elsewhere in Australia, but have their own distinctive style which is quite unlike rock art found anywhere else in Australia. Dating to around 5,000 years, with some possibly as old as 7,000 years, Sydney rock art is predominantly found in Ku-ring-gai Council, Sydney Harbour and the Blue Mountains. The engravings were made by the Aboriginal Australians who have lived in the Sydney region from about 30,000", "title": "Sydney rock engravings" }, { "id": "7443092", "score": "1.5431259", "text": "settlers in 1788 and has grown to include all genres from traditional Hymns of Praise to Christian Rock and Country Music. St Mary's Cathedral Choir, Sydney is the oldest musical institution in Australia, from origins in 1817. Major recording artists from Johnny O'Keefe (the first Australian Rock and Roll star) to Paul Kelly (folk rock), Nick Cave (the critically acclaimed brooding rocker) and Slim Dusty (the \"King of Australian country music\") have all recorded Christian themed songs. Other performing artists such as Catholic nun Sister Janet Mead, Aboriginal crooner Jimmy Little and Australian Idol contestant Guy Sebastian have held Christianity", "title": "Christianity in Australia" }, { "id": "11727100", "score": "1.5417682", "text": "National Library but access to the resources being through the holding institution. Music Australia functions as a top-layer, federated discovery service to metadata with digital content created, archived and delivered by contributing organisations. It uses two linked databases, one for resources and one for people and organisation information. A search will find music and music-related resources physically scattered across Australia, where vast geographical distances, remote locations, dispersed collections and low level of community funding mitigates against easy access to music resources. Items referenced include music scores, sound recordings, websites, pictures, films, multimedia, kits, objects, archival collections and other music-related material", "title": "Music Australia" }, { "id": "764059", "score": "1.5388076", "text": "people largely responsible for promoting and developing the Australian music 'business' during those formative years. Clubs and venues catering for the demand of live band entertainment flourished in capital cities all over the country, however, the central development of the Australian Music Industry during these years was in Sydney and Melbourne. Clubs such as Chequers, the Bondi Lifesaver and the Coogee Bay Hotel in Sydney, and the Thumpin Tum, Catcher, Berties, Sebastian's, the Hard Rock Cafe and the Q Club in Melbourne were synonymous with the biggest names in Australian rock & roll. In 1970 the first ever outdoor music", "title": "Music of Australia" }, { "id": "14076911", "score": "1.537564", "text": "to the rear of the site became an important jazz venue and dance venue in St Kilda, one of the main entertainment districts in Melbourne at the time. In the 1970s, the Hotel's Gershwin Room, a grand dining room, was turned into a disco, complete with flashing Saturday Night Fever-style dance floor. Since the 1970s, it has hosted primarily rock-related acts and is currently the longest continuously running live music venue in Australia. The Little Band scene is the name given to an experimental post-punk scene which flourished in Melbourne from 1978 until early 1981. The \"Keep The Vineyard Live\"", "title": "Music of Melbourne" }, { "id": "3683234", "score": "1.5306673", "text": "Rock music in Australia Australian rock, also called Oz rock, is rock music from Australia. The nation has a rich history of rock music and an appreciation of the roots of various rock genres, usually originating in the United States or Britain, but also continental Europe, and more recently the musical styles of Africa. Australian rock has also contributed to the development of some of these genres, as well as having its own unique Australiana sound with pub rock and its indigenous music. From 1955 to 1975 three distinct \"waves\" of Australian rock occurred. The first wave was from 1955", "title": "Rock music in Australia" }, { "id": "5929448", "score": "1.5298285", "text": "Music of immigrant communities in Australia Australia is home to several large immigrant communities from every continent in the world. \"See music of Indonesia\" Gamelan has been part of the music of Sydney since at least 1985, when gamelan instruments were purchased by the Centre for Performance Studies at the University of Sydney and the Australian Museum. The Sydney University Gamelan Society was founded the following year; this was followed by a student group in 1992, Kyai Kebo Giro. \"See music of Vietnam\" Vietnamese-Australian music includes tân nhạc, a form of popular music that has been part of the music", "title": "Music of immigrant communities in Australia" } ]

[ "park lane", "park lane road", "Park Lane, Mayfair", "a4202 road", "Park Lane", "A4202 road (Great Britain)", "Park Lane (road)", "a4202", "A4202 road", "a4202 road great britain", "park lane london", "A4202", "Park Lane, London", "park lane mayfair" ]

[ { "id": "1589613", "score": "1.7030307", "text": "London Monopoly board. Park Lane is about long, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the eastern flank of Hyde Park. To its east is Mayfair. The road is a primary route, classified A4202. The street is one of the key bus corridors in Central London. It is used by London bus routes 2, 10, 13, 16, 36, 73, 74, 137, 148, 414 and night bus routes N16, N73, N74 and N137. The nearest tube stations are Hyde Park Corner on the Piccadilly line near the street's southern end and Marble Arch on the Central line", "title": "Park Lane" }, { "id": "11953181", "score": "1.6501809", "text": "on Wigmore Street is a notable example. Centre Point was one of London's first skyscrapers. The A40 continues as Oxford Street to Marble Arch at the north-east corner of Hyde Park. Nearby is Speakers' Corner, where people are generally allowed considerable freedom of speech, although the police occasionally intervene. Nearby is the site of Tyburn gallows, where public executions took place from 1388 to 1793. At Marble Arch is a major road junction of Oxford Street, Park Lane (A4202), Bayswater Road (A402) and Edgware Road (A5). The A40 has taken three courses from here over the last thirty years. The", "title": "A40 road in London" }, { "id": "1589633", "score": "1.6065329", "text": "around Hyde Park Corner and Marble Arch respectively in a twelve-hour period, making Park Lane the link between the busiest and third busiest road junctions in London. Between 1960 and 1963, the road was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of Nos. 145–148 Piccadilly, near Hyde Park Corner, which had previously formed a line east of Apsley House. The work also re-appropriated East Carriage Drive inside Hyde Park as the northbound carriageway, moving the park's boundary westwards. Additionally, a car park was installed under the road, which became the largest", "title": "Park Lane" }, { "id": "1589614", "score": "1.5877333", "text": "near its northern end. At Brook Gate, partway along the road, there is a traffic signal controlled pedestrian and cycle crossing connecting Hyde Park to London Cycle Route 39 the recommended cycling route from the park to the West End. What is now Park Lane was originally a track running along farm boundaries. When Hyde Park was opened in the 16th century, the lane ran north-south along eastern boundary from Piccadilly to Marble Arch. In the 18th century, it was known as Tyburn Lane and was separated from the park by a high wall with few properties along it aside", "title": "Park Lane" }, { "id": "1681502", "score": "1.5381713", "text": "still in existence as a wide straight gravelled carriage track leading west from Hyde Park Corner across the southern boundary of Hyde Park towards Kensington Palace and now known as Rotten Row, possibly a corruption of \"rotteran\" (to muster), \"Ratten Row\" (roundabout way), \"Route du roi\", or \"rotten\" (the soft material with which the road is covered). It is believed to be the first road in London to be lit at night, which was done to deter highwaymen. In 1749, Horace Walpole was robbed while travelling through the park from Holland House. The row was used by the wealthy for", "title": "Hyde Park, London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Notting Hill\n\nNotting Hill is a district of West London, England, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Notting Hill is known for being a cosmopolitan and multicultural neighbourhood, hosting the annual Notting Hill Carnival and Portobello Road Market. From around 1870, Notting Hill had an association with artists.\n\nFor much of the 20th century, the large houses were subdivided into multi-occupancy rentals. Caribbean immigrants were drawn to the area in the 1950s, partly because of the cheap rents, but were exploited by slum landlords like Peter Rachman and also became the target of white Teddy Boys in the 1958 Notting Hill race riots.\n\nIn the early 21st century, after decades of gentrification, Notting Hill had by then gained a reputation as an affluent and fashionable area, known for attractive terraces of large Victorian townhouses and high-end shopping and restaurants (particularly around Westbourne Grove and Clarendon Cross). A \"Daily Telegraph\" article in 2004 used the phrase \"the Notting Hill Set\" to refer to a group of emerging Conservative politicians, such as David Cameron and George Osborne, who would become respectively Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer and were once based in Notting Hill.", "title": "Notting Hill" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "London – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "id": "1681531", "score": "1.5329669", "text": "close to Kensington Palace located on the Southwest corner of Kensington Gardens. Paddington station, served by Bakerloo, Circle and District, and Hammersmith & City lines, is close to Lancaster Gate station and a short walk away from Hyde Park. Several main roads run around the perimeter of Hyde Park. Park Lane is part of the London Inner Ring Road and the London Congestion Charge zone boundary. The A4, a major road through West London, runs along the southeastern edge of the park, while the A5, a major road to Milton Keynes and the Midlands runs northwest from Marble Arch. Transport", "title": "Hyde Park, London" }, { "id": "2351850", "score": "1.5256665", "text": "this right is not restricted to Speakers' Corner only. Contrary to popular belief, there is no immunity from the law, nor are any subjects proscribed, but in practice the police intervene only when they receive a complaint. On some occasions in the past, they have intervened on grounds of profanity. Though Hyde Park Speakers' Corner is considered the paved area closest to Marble Arch, legally the public speaking area extends beyond the Reform Tree and covers a large area from Marble Arch to Victoria Gate, then along the Serpentine to Hyde Park Corner and the Broad Walk running from Hyde", "title": "Speakers' Corner" }, { "id": "2378785", "score": "1.517802", "text": "Hyde Park Corner Hyde Park Corner is an area in London, England, located around a major road junction at the southeastern corner of Hyde Park. Six streets converge at the junction: Park Lane (from the north), Piccadilly (northeast), Constitution Hill (southeast), Grosvenor Place (south), Grosvenor Crescent (southwest) and Knightsbridge (west). Hyde Park Corner tube station, a London Underground station served by the Piccadilly line, is located at the junction, as are a number of notable monuments. Immediately to the north of the junction is Apsley House, the home of the first Duke of Wellington; several monuments to the Duke were", "title": "Hyde Park Corner" }, { "id": "2378791", "score": "1.5138929", "text": "is often erroneously used for Speakers' Corner, which is located at the north-eastern corner of Hyde Park. Hyde Park Corner Hyde Park Corner is an area in London, England, located around a major road junction at the southeastern corner of Hyde Park. Six streets converge at the junction: Park Lane (from the north), Piccadilly (northeast), Constitution Hill (southeast), Grosvenor Place (south), Grosvenor Crescent (southwest) and Knightsbridge (west). Hyde Park Corner tube station, a London Underground station served by the Piccadilly line, is located at the junction, as are a number of notable monuments. Immediately to the north of the junction", "title": "Hyde Park Corner" }, { "id": "1756915", "score": "1.5113735", "text": "one of the most recognised landmarks in London, particularly after a statue of Eros was constructed on the junction in 1893, and the erection of large electric billboards in 1923. At the western end of Piccadilly is Hyde Park Corner, and the street has a major road junction with St James's Street and other significant junctions at Albemarle Street, Bond Street and Dover Street. The road is part of the A4 connecting central London to Hammersmith, Earl's Court, Heathrow Airport and the M4 motorway. Congestion along the road has been reported since the mid-19th century, leading to its progressive widening", "title": "Piccadilly" }, { "id": "1589609", "score": "1.5036027", "text": "Park Lane Park Lane is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London. It is part of the London Inner Ring Road and runs from Hyde Park Corner in the south to Marble Arch in the north. It separates Hyde Park to the west from Mayfair to the east. The road has a number of historically important properties and hotels and has been one of the most sought after streets in London, despite being a major traffic thoroughfare. The road was originally a simple country lane on the boundary of Hyde Park, separated by a brick wall.", "title": "Park Lane" }, { "id": "2191507", "score": "1.5007137", "text": "A4; all traffic here runs in a northbound direction. From Green Park, the A4 enters a short tunnel under Hyde Park Corner, where Wellington Arch is located. Afterwards, the road continues along the first part of Knightsbridge, before bearing left onto Brompton Road. This is an affluent area of London, in which the Harrods and Harvey Nichols department stores are located as well as numerous embassies. At this point, the road enters the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. At the Brompton Oratory, the road bears right along Thurloe Place and Cromwell Gardens, past the Victoria and Albert Museum and", "title": "A4 road (England)" }, { "id": "2248172", "score": "1.5005059", "text": "eponymous London Underground station is Marble Arch on the Central line. The area around the arch forms a major road junction connecting Oxford Street to the east, Park Lane (A4202) to the south, Bayswater Road (A402) to the west, and Edgware Road (A5) to the north-west. The short road directly to the north of the arch is also known as Marble Arch. The former cinema Odeon Marble Arch was located directly adjacent to the junction. Before 1997 this had the largest cinema screen in London. The screen was originally over wide. The Odeon showcased 70 mm films in a large", "title": "Marble Arch" }, { "id": "1681515", "score": "1.500112", "text": "of the Elgin Marbles. The gates were manufactured by Messrs. Bramah. They are of iron, bronzed, and fixed or hung to the piers by rings of gun-metal. The design consists of a beautiful arrangement of the Greek honeysuckle ornament; the parts being well defined, and the raffles of the leaves brought out in a most extraordinary manner.\" The Wellington Arch was extensively restored by English Heritage between 1999–2001. It is now open to the public, who can see a view of the parks from its platforms above the porticoes. Popular areas within Hyde Park include Speakers' Corner (located in the", "title": "Hyde Park, London" }, { "id": "5182231", "score": "1.4875481", "text": "north along the western edge of Stoke Newington, thereby forming the border between Hackney and Islington, until it reaches Manor House at the eastern edge of Finsbury Park. Entering the London Borough of Haringey, it then runs 1.4 miles (2.25 km) through the neighbourhood of Harringay. From the junction with Turnpike Lane the road temporarily changes its name and runs for 1.3 miles (2.1 km) through Wood Green as 'High Road', resuming its Green Lanes identity again after the junction with Lascotts Avenue. It then continues north for another 2.2 miles (3.5 km) through Palmers Green and Winchmore Hill in", "title": "Green Lanes (London)" }, { "id": "3090672", "score": "1.4868917", "text": "Trafalgar Square to Piccadilly and Hyde Park Corner. Pall Mall was constructed in 1661, replacing an earlier highway slightly to the south that ran from the Haymarket (approximately where Warwick House Street is now) to the royal residence, St James's Palace. Historical research suggests a road had been in this location since Saxon times, although the earliest documentary references are from the 12th century in connection with a leper colony at St James's Hospital. When St. James's Park was laid out by order of Henry VIII in the 16th century, the park's boundary wall was built along the south side", "title": "Pall Mall, London" }, { "id": "2248164", "score": "1.484451", "text": "junction of Oxford Street, Park Lane and Edgware Road. Admiralty Arch, Holyhead in Wales is a similar arch, even more so cut off from public access, at the other end of the A5. Historically, only members of the Royal Family and the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery are permitted to pass through the arch; this happens only in ceremonial processions. The arch gives its name to the area surrounding it, particularly the southern portion of Edgware Road and also to the underground station. The arch is not part of the Royal Parks and is local authority maintained. Nash's three arch", "title": "Marble Arch" }, { "id": "2248170", "score": "1.4810874", "text": "Victoria Cross in the Charge of the Light Brigade in 1854, during the Crimean War. In 2005 it was speculated that the arch might be moved across the street to Hyde Park, or to a more accessible location than its current position on a large traffic island. Park Lane was widened as part of the Park Lane Improvement Scheme of the London County Council and the Marble Arch became stranded on a traffic island. The scheme required an act of parliament in 1958, and during the passage of the Park Lane Improvement Bill the possibility of providing an underpass instead", "title": "Marble Arch" }, { "id": "2378789", "score": "1.4799165", "text": "Park Lane and Hamilton Place. At part of the same scheme, a tunnel was constructed beneath the junction to allow traffic to flow freely between Knightsbridge and Piccadilly. As a result, the area around the Arch became a large traffic island, mostly laid to grass, and accessible only by pedestrian underpassess, and formally ceased to be part of the Green Park. Subsequent changes to the road layout in the 1990s reinstated a route between Hyde Park and the Green Park for pedestrians, cyclists and horseriders using surface-level crossings. The traffic island includes a smaller equestrian statue of Wellington by Edgar", "title": "Hyde Park Corner" }, { "id": "2248163", "score": "1.4780637", "text": "Marble Arch Marble Arch is a 19th-century white marble-faced triumphal arch in London, England. The structure was designed by John Nash in 1827 to be the state entrance to the cour d'honneur of Buckingham Palace; it stood near the site of what is today the three-bayed, central projection of the palace containing the well known balcony. In 1851 on the initiative of architect and urban planner, Decimus Burton, one time pupil of John Nash, it was relocated and following the widening of Park Lane in the early 1960s is now sited, incongruently isolated, on a large traffic island at the", "title": "Marble Arch" } ]

[ "Blue Berets", "Blue Beret", "blue berets", "blue beret disambiguation", "Blue beret", "Blue Beret (disambiguation)", "Blue beret (disambiguation)", "blue beret" ]

[ { "id": "3428885", "score": "1.5451293", "text": "United Nations Protection Force The United Nations Protection Force (French: \"Force de Protection des Nations Unies\"; UNPROFOR, also known by its French acronym FORPRONU), was the first United Nations peacekeeping force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars. The force was formed in February 1992 and its mandate ended in March 1995, with the peacekeeping mission restructuring into three other forces (the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) in Macedonia, and the United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) in Croatia, with restructured UNPROFOR operations ongoing in Bosnia and Herzegovina until their replacement by NATO", "title": "United Nations Protection Force" }, { "id": "10047104", "score": "1.53704", "text": "was dispatched. This contingent formed part of a force of 15900 personnel from 32 countries. They were tasked to ensure the withdrawal of all foreign forces, supervision of cease-fire, disarmament and demobilization of Cambodia's warring factions. \"Contribution\": 3000 troops.<br> \"Casualties\": 6. United Nations Protection Forces in Bosnia (UNPROFOR), recognizing the commendable performance of the Pakistan Army Contingents as United Nations peacekeepers in Somalia and Cambodia, the United Nations requested the Government of Pakistan to contribute troops to the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina. A 3000 strong contingent consisting of two Battalion Groups and a National Support (NS) Headquarters left", "title": "United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan" }, { "id": "435516", "score": "1.528942", "text": "its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed \"Blue Helmets\" for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. In September 2013, the UN had 116,837 peacekeeping soldiers and other personnel deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. Peacekeepers with", "title": "United Nations Security Council" }, { "id": "14621616", "score": "1.5277787", "text": "(ECOWAS) peacekeeping force, the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). It then decided that the military component of UNAMSIL would be expanded to 11,100 troops, including 260 military observers who were already deployed. Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the peacekeeping force was given the additional responsibilities of guarding government buildings – mainly in the capital Freetown, important intersections and major airports, assist in the distribution of relief supplies and securing the sites of the disarmament program and the collection of weapons. The mandate of UNAMSIL was subsequently extended by a period of six", "title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1289" }, { "id": "11543217", "score": "1.5247116", "text": "diplomatic activity, overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member-states in general. They are often a senior member of the Secretariat. The second is the Force Commander, who is responsible for the military forces deployed. They are a senior officer of their nation's armed services, and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project. Finally, the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics, and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed. United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of resolving conflicts between", "title": "United Nations peacekeeping" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Nations peacekeeping\n\nPeacekeeping by the United Nations is a role held by the Department of Peace Operations as an \"instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace\". It is distinguished from peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are \"mutually reinforcing\" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice.\n\nPeacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.\n\nThe United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations through Chapter VII authorizations.\n\nMost of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent \"UN army\", as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as NATO,<ref name=\":0\" /> the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.\n\nJean-Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peace Operations; he took over from the former Under-Secretary-General Hervé Ladsous on 1 April 2017. Since 1997, all leaders have been French. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled \"United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines\" was issued in 2008.", "title": "United Nations peacekeeping" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "United Nations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions\n\nThe United Nations has authorized 71 peacekeeping operations as of April 2018. These do not include interventions authorized by the UN like the Korean War and the Gulf War. The 1990s saw the most UN peacekeeping operations to date. Peacekeeping operations are overseen by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and share some common characteristics, namely the inclusion of a military or police component, often with an authorization for use of force under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Peacekeeping operations are distinct from special political missions (SPMs), which are overseen by the Department of Political Affairs (DPA). SPMs are not included in the table below. \n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus\n\nThe United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) is a United Nations peacekeeping force that was established under United Nations Security Council Resolution 186 in 1964 to prevent a recurrence of fighting following intercommunal violence between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and to facilitate a return to normal conditions. Major General Ingrid Gjerde is the current Force Commander of UNFICYP, appointed in 2021, and preceded by Cheryl Pearce (Australia). Assistant Police Commissioner Satu Koivu (Finland) is the current Senior Police Adviser appointed in 2021.\n\nFollowing the 1974 Greek Cypriot coup d'état and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the United Nations Security Council extended and expanded the mission to prevent the dispute turning into war, and UNFICYP was redeployed to patrol the \"United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus\" and assist in the maintenance of the military status quo. Since its establishment, the force has also worked in concert with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and representatives of the two communities to seek an amicable diplomatic solution to the Cyprus dispute.\n\nInitially, UNFICYP consisted of military and civilian contingents drawn from Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. However, over its long history the force has been the subject of and reorganisations, and currently comprises contingents from Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, El Salvador, Ghana, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Peru, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.\n\nAs of 2018, the mission has a strength of 1,009. The mandate for UNFICYP was last renewed on 28 July 2022 and extended until 31 January 2023.", "title": "United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Nations Protection Force\n\nThe United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR; also known by its French acronym FORPRONU: \"Force de Protection des Nations Unies\") was the first United Nations peacekeeping force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars. The force was formed in February 1992 and its mandate ended in March 1995, with the peacekeeping mission restructuring into three other forces (the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) in Macedonia, and the United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) in Croatia, with restructured UNPROFOR operations ongoing in Bosnia and Herzegovina until their replacement by NATO and EU missions in December 1995).", "title": "United Nations Protection Force" }, { "id": "12018796", "score": "1.505873", "text": "the UN. The United Nations oversees 14 peacekeeping operations around the world. With more than 100,000 troops and personnel deployed, UN peacekeepers make up the second largest deployed military presence in the world. UN peacekeeping supports global and national security at a fraction of what it would cost to send in U.S. personnel – eight times more economical according to the Government Accountability Office (GAO). They draw upon the economic and human resources of UN Member States, allowing the U.S. to share the burden of protecting global peace and security and reducing the need for the U.S. to send their", "title": "Better World Campaign" }, { "id": "4528478", "score": "1.5044882", "text": "of Nicosia. The current force commander is Major General Mohammad Humayun Kabir (Bangladesh), (UNFICYP) Force Commander of United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. Upon UNFICYP's arrival on the island, the national contingents were each assigned a sector, which mostly coincided with the boundaries of the civil districts: When, in October 1973, the Irish contingent was withdrawn from Cyprus in support of the United Nations Emergency Force during the Yom Kippur War, the Austrian contingent was relocated from Paphos District (which was subsequently absorbed by the British contingent) to Larnaca District to replace them, with the Western half, which had previously", "title": "United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus" }, { "id": "14841203", "score": "1.500533", "text": "and the delivery of humanitarian aid; and prepare for the deployment of a long-term peacekeeping force (later known as the United Nations Mission in Liberia) by 1 October 2003. The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) was asked to give logisitical support for a limited 30-day period to ECOWAS elements of the multinational force in Liberia without compromising its mandate in Sierra Leone. States participating in the multinational force could use all necessary measures to fulfil its mandate and all states were asked to contribute to the operation. Meanwhile, soldiers of countries participating in the multinational force that were", "title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1497" }, { "id": "10493464", "score": "1.4988271", "text": "Force to supervise the withdrawal of invading forces. United Nations Emergency Force as a peacekeeping force was initially suggested as a concept by Canadian diplomat and future Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson as a means of resolving conflicts between states. He suggested deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, under UN command, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his work in establishing UN peacekeeping operations. UNEF was the first official armed peacekeeping operation modeled", "title": "History of United Nations peacekeeping" }, { "id": "6359042", "score": "1.497571", "text": "ECOWAS forces on October 1, 2003. Lieutenant General Daniel Opande of Kenya was appointed Force Commander. Some 3,500 West African troops who had been serving with ECOMIL vanguard force were provisionally \"re-hatted\" as United Nations peacekeepers. In a statement issued on that day, the Secretary-General welcomed this very important development and saluted ECOWAS for its role in establishing the security climate that paved the way for the deployment of UNMIL. He commended the Governments of Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo who have contributed to UNMIL, as well as the United States for its support to the", "title": "United Nations Mission in Liberia" }, { "id": "13515190", "score": "1.4882193", "text": "Afghanistan in August 2010. The second United Nations Emergency Force was authorized by the United Nations Security Council to supervise the ceasefire between Egypt and Israel following the end of the Yom Kippur War. Besides preventing additional flare-ups of fighting, the peacekeeping force was also tasked with assisting the Red Cross with humanitarian efforts in the region. Canada was a leader in these peacekeeping efforts and was providing logistics, signals and air and service units. Their three Buffalo aircraft were flying six-day-a-week schedules. UN Flight 51 was Buffalo 461's last flight designation, for a routine scheduled supply trip from Ismailia,", "title": "Buffalo 461" }, { "id": "11543218", "score": "1.4876522", "text": "states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, under UN command, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be called in when the major international powers (the five permanent members of the Security Council) tasked the UN with bringing closure to conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security. These included a number of so-called \"proxy wars\" waged by client states of the superpowers. As of February 2009, there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948, with sixteen operations ongoing.", "title": "United Nations peacekeeping" }, { "id": "11281720", "score": "1.4805902", "text": "Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force The Bangladesh Armed Forces and the Bangladesh Police have been actively involved in a number of United Nations Peace Support Operations (UNPSO) since 1988. Its first deployments came in 1988, when it participated in two operations - UNIIMOG in Iraq and UNTAG in Namibia. The then military dictator and President-elect of Bangladesh, Lieutenant General Hussain Muhammad Ershad initiated these deployments in 1988 for the first time with UNIIMOG with 15 military observers. Later, as part of the UNIKOM force deployed to Kuwait following the Gulf War the Bangladesh Army sent a mechanized infantry brigade (approximately 2,193", "title": "Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force" }, { "id": "875622", "score": "1.4765301", "text": "peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel. The United Nations is not the only organisation to implement peacekeeping missions. Non-UN peacekeeping forces include the NATO mission in Kosovo (with United Nations authorisation) and the Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula or the ones organised by the European Union (like EUFOR RCA, with UN authorisation) and the African Union (like the African Union Mission in Sudan). The Nonviolent Peaceforce is one NGO widely considered to have expertise in general peacemaking", "title": "Peacekeeping" }, { "id": "16744067", "score": "1.4757688", "text": "fair elections. A total of 1373 peacekeepers from all ranks of the Indian Army participated. (f) Mozambique (1992–94) (ONUMOZ): Two Engineer companies, HQ company, logistics company, staff officers and military observers were provided. In all 1083 peacekeepers from all ranks participated. (g) Somalia (1993–94) (UNITAF & UNOSOM II): The Indian Navy and Indian Army took active part in UN Operations. Indian Army deployed a Brigade Group composed of 5000 personnel from all ranks and the navy deployed four warships. (h) Rwanda (1994–96) (UNAMIR): An Infantry Battalion group, a signal company, and engineer company, staff officers and Military Observers were provided.", "title": "Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions" }, { "id": "8518069", "score": "1.4724243", "text": "show symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (official figure; health professionals treating these people deem the number much higher). The report has been referred to by international media. The Institute for War and Peace Reporting has labelled the report \"controversial\". Dutchbat Dutchbat (formed from the words \"Dutch Battalion\", officially known in Dutch as \"1(NL)VN Infanteriebataljon\") was a Dutch battalion under the command of the United Nations in operation United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). It was hastily formed out of the emerging Air Mobile Brigade of the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces between February 1994 and November 1995 to participate in peacekeeping operations", "title": "Dutchbat" }, { "id": "6359047", "score": "1.4716195", "text": "Canadian Forces designation for troops sent to the mission was \"Liane\", including SHIRBRIG augmentation personnel in late 2003. United Nations Mission in Liberia The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) was a peacekeeping force established in September 2003 to monitor a ceasefire agreement in Liberia following the resignation of President Charles Taylor and the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War. The peacekeeping mission formally withdrew on 30 March 2018. At its peak it consisted of up to 15,000 United Nations military personnel and 1,115 police officers, along with a civilian component. It superseded the United Nations Observer Mission in", "title": "United Nations Mission in Liberia" }, { "id": "10679159", "score": "1.4715865", "text": "9,000-strong African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), which was previously responsible for peacekeeping, had completely merged into this new force by 31 December 2007. The mandate is for a force of up to 19,555 military personnel and 3,772 police, along with a further \"19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each.\" The peacekeepers are allowed to use force to protect civilians and humanitarian operations. UNAMID is the first joint UN/AU force and the largest peacekeeping mission. As of December 2008, it had deployed 15,136 total uniformed personnel, including 12,194 troops, 175 military observers, and 2,767 police officers, who", "title": "United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur" }, { "id": "2268989", "score": "1.4605715", "text": "The UN force, UNMIL, was 15,000 strong and was charged with stabilising the country after the Second Liberian Civil War. The Irish troops were based in Camp Clara, near Monrovia and were tasked with acting as the Force Commander's \"Quick Reaction Force\" (QRF) in the Monrovia area. This meant the securing of key locations, conducting searches for illegally held weapons, patrolling and manning checkpoints on the main roads and providing security to civilians under threat of violence. The Irish deployment to Liberia was due to end in November 2006. However, at that time the deployment was extended for a further", "title": "Irish Army" }, { "id": "12359035", "score": "1.459857", "text": "These air-strikes were the first ever in the history of United Nations Peacekeeping and were also considered as pivotal in bringing about the dénouement of the Ivorian post-electoral crisis several days later. Choi Young-jin Choi Young-jin (Hangul: 최영진, \"Choe Yeongjin\"; born 29 March 1948) is a South Korean politician who is the former Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI). He was appointed to the position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in October 2007, as successor of Pierre Schori from Sweden. He has been succeeded by Bert Koenders from the Netherlands in August 2011. Choi", "title": "Choi Young-jin" } ]

[ "one thousand, eight hundred and thirty-two", "1832", "one thousand eight hundred and thirty two", "" ]

[ { "id": "13826791", "score": "1.9126835", "text": "the Greek minister of interior, Ioannis Kolettis suggesting that 25 March, the anniversary of the outbreak of the Greek war of independence, should be declared a national holiday. Soutsos proposed that in this anniversary festivities should be held including a revival of the ancient Olympics. The idea of marking 25 March as national holiday was approved, but the Olympic revival plans appear to have been stalemated that time. Finally, in early 1856, a wealthy merchant of the Greek diaspora in Romania, Evangelis Zappas, inspired by this revival effort was determined to found the Olympics and suggested to the Greek government", "title": "Panagiotis Soutsos" }, { "id": "154871", "score": "1.9089961", "text": "a Catholic. 25 March, the day of Annunciation, was chosen as the anniversary of the Greek War of Independence in order to reinforce the link between Greek identity and Orthodoxy. Pavlos Karolidis called the Bavarian efforts to create a modern state in Greece as \"not only appropriate for the peoples' needs, but also based on excellent administrative principles of the era\". Otto was deposed in the 23 October 1862 Revolution. Multiple causes led to his deposition and exile, including the Bavarian-dominated government, heavy taxation, and a failed attempt to annex Crete from the Ottoman Empire. The catalyst for the revolt", "title": "Greece" }, { "id": "20811419", "score": "1.8956106", "text": "Greek Independence Day Greek Independence Day is a national holiday in Greece, Cyprus as well as in the Greek diaspora commemorating the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, and the formation of an independent Greek state. The day is celebrated on the 25th of March and coincides with the Greek Orthodox Church’s celebration of the Annunciation to the Theotokos. On March 25th schools in Greece and Cyprus close along with many businesses. A common feature of Greek Independence day within Greeceand Cyprus, are local school parades in many villages, towns, and cities, schoolchildren march in traditional Greek folk", "title": "Greek Independence Day" }, { "id": "2650637", "score": "1.7900187", "text": "Church Greek Independence Day is celebrated on the feast of the Annunciation and 25 March is also a national holiday in the Lebanon. When the calendar system of Anno Domini was first introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in 525, he assigned the beginning of the new year to March 25 since, according to Catholic theology, the era of grace began with the Incarnation of Christ. The first certain mentions of the feast are in a canon of the 656 Council of Toledo, where it is described as celebrated throughout the church. The 692 Council of Constantinople \"in Trullo\" forbade observance of", "title": "Annunciation" }, { "id": "1627192", "score": "1.7897365", "text": "defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece. The Greek Revolution is celebrated by the modern Greek state as a national day on 25 March. The Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty. After that, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia, with some exceptions. Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects. The majority of Greeks were called Rayah by", "title": "Greek War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Greek War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Celebration of the Greek Revolution\n\nThe celebration of the Greek Revolution of 1821 (Greek: Εορτασμός της Ελληνικής Επανάστασης του 1821, \"Eortasmós tis Ellinikís Epanástasis tou 1821\"), less commonly known as Independence Day, takes place in Greece, Cyprus and Greek diaspora centers on 25 March every year, coinciding with the Feast of the Annunciation.\n\nThe day is a public holiday in Greece and Cyprus. Usually celebrations include parades and other celebratory events on the same day or its eve. The largest event is the military parade in Athens on 25 March, while on the previous day, celebrations take place throughout the schools of the country. In other municipalities parades of military divisions, students, clubs, etc. are held, as well as church services.\n\nMore broadly, the holiday acknowledges the successful Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) was fought to liberate and decolonize Greece from four centuries of Ottoman occupation. After nine years of war, Greece was finally recognized as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference of 1832 and the Treaty of Constantinople (1832); these defined the final borders of the new state and recognized the king.\n\nThe holiday was established in 1838 with a Royal Decree by King Otto's government.", "title": "Celebration of the Greek Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Greece" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of national independence days\n\nAn independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state, or more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Many countries commemorate their independence from a colonial empire.\n\nNot all countries mark independence as a national holiday. Many, such as Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Ireland, Luxembourg, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Taiwan, and Turkey mark other dates of significance.", "title": "List of national independence days" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\n\nThe Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between May 1919 and October 1922.\n\nThe Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I. Greek claims stemmed from the fact that Anatolia had been part of Ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire before the Turks conquered the area in the 12th-15th centuries. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now İzmir), on 15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and northwestern part of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya, Bursa, and Eskişehir. Their advance was checked by Turkish forces at the Battle of the Sakarya in 1921. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish counter-attack in August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by Turkish forces and the great fire of Smyrna.\n\nAs a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish National Movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving Eastern Thrace and Western Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a new treaty at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne recognized the independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Anatolia, Istanbul, and Eastern Thrace. The Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in a population exchange.", "title": "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)" }, { "id": "2922977", "score": "1.7494113", "text": "at Platanias, west of Chania, on 14 February (2 February on the Julian calendar). Despite the guarantees given by the Great Powers on Ottoman sovereignty over the island, Vassos upon his arrival unilaterally proclaimed its union with Greece. The Powers reacted by demanding that Deligiannis immediately withdraw Greek forces from the island in exchange for a statute of autonomy. The demand was rejected, and on 19 February (7 February Julian) the first full-scale battle between Greeks and Turks occurred, when the Greek expeditionary force in Crete defeated a 4,000-strong Ottoman force at the Battle of Livadeia, Crete. Ordered to keep", "title": "Greco-Turkish War (1897)" }, { "id": "9585635", "score": "1.7449138", "text": "a 1924 plebiscite, Greeks voted to create a republic. These events marked the culmination of a process that had begun in 1915 between King Constantine and his political nemesis, Eleftherios Venizelos. The Republic was proclaimed on 25 March 1924 by the Parliament; the chosen date was very significant as the Greek War of Independence is traditionally celebrated on 25 March. Following the proclamation of the change in form of government from constitutional monarchy (βασιλευομένη δημοκρατία, literally \"crowned republic\") to republic (αβασίλευτη δημοκρατία, literally \"uncrowned republic\"), a referendum was held proclaimed for 13 April 1924. Voters were asked whether they \"approve", "title": "Second Hellenic Republic" }, { "id": "1627344", "score": "1.7304684", "text": "Ottoman owned cities and instead head to the mountains in which they would have more freedom. To this day, many of these songs are sung by Greeks worldwide on March 25 to celebrate their liberation and showcase their pride to the lives that were lost during the four hundred year long fight. Απομνημονεύματα Μακρυγιάννη - εκδοση Γιάννη Βλαχογιάννη 1908. See the sources listed and the discussion of the revolution in Gallant, Thomas W. (2015). \"The Edinburgh History of the Greeks: The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913. The Long Nineteenth Century\" (Vol. 9). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. .", "title": "Greek War of Independence" }, { "id": "20410161", "score": "1.7223796", "text": "known as the Protocol of Florence and granting Greece one month to evacuate its army that was still occupying the south of Albania (Northern Epirus). The deadline was extended twice, firstly to 1 February, then to 1 March. On 28 February, an insurrection erupted in Gjirokastër and the local pro-Greek population self declared the independence of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, led by the ex-Foreign Minister of Greece Georgios Christakis-Zografos. Their aim was to reverse the Protocol of Florence that assigned the area to Albania and join with Greece. One day later in Korça the evacuation was accomplished peacefully", "title": "Menduh Zavalani" }, { "id": "155012", "score": "1.697684", "text": "had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures. According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. Since the late '70s, Saturday also is a non school and not working day. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (\"Greek Independence Day\"), Easter Monday, 15 August (\"Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin\"), and 25 December (\"Christmas\"). 1 May (\"Labour Day\") and 28 October (\"Ohi Day\") are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are,", "title": "Greece" }, { "id": "20811420", "score": "1.6888331", "text": "costumes and carry Greek flags. The largest celebration takes place In Athens where an annual military parade commemorates the event, attended by the president of the Hellenic Republic and other high ranking state officials, along with hundreds of civilian spectators, the Athens parade starts in the mid-morning, making it's way from Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, past the Hellenic Parliament and the Academy of Athens on Panepistimiou Street. Participants of the parade include men and women from all branches of the Hellenic Armed Forces, and civil services such as the Hellenic Fire Service, and Hellenic Police. Greek Independence Day is celebrated in", "title": "Greek Independence Day" }, { "id": "1627187", "score": "1.6857297", "text": "the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, most of Greece had come under Ottoman rule. During this time, there were several revolt attempts by Greeks to gain independence from Ottoman control. In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and in Constantinople and its surrounding areas. By late 1821, the insurrection had been planned for 25 March (Julian Calendar) 1821, on the Feast of the Annunciation for the Orthodox Christians. However, as the plans of", "title": "Greek War of Independence" }, { "id": "1559961", "score": "1.6766906", "text": "lack of it) for certain policy proposals, or political parties themselves – this is perhaps reflected in what many consider the rather sensationalist media on both sides of the political spectrum; although this is a feature of most European tabloids. According to Greek Law every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four obligatory, official public holidays: March 25 (\"Greek Independence Day\"), Easter Monday, August 15 (\"Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin\") and December 25 (\"Christmas\"). Two more days, May 1 (\"Labour Day\") and October 28 (\"Ohi Day\"), are regulated by law as optional", "title": "Culture of Greece" }, { "id": "3975569", "score": "1.6719105", "text": "Ohi Day Ohi Day or Oxi Day (, \"Epéteios tou Óchi\" ; \"Anniversary of the No\") is celebrated throughout Greece, Cyprus and the Greek communities around the world on 28 October each year. \"Ohi Day\" commemorates the rejection by Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas of the ultimatum made by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini on 28 October 1940, the Hellenic counterattack against the invading Italian forces at the mountains of Pindus during the Greco-Italian War, and the Greek Resistance during the Axis occupation. This ultimatum, which was presented to Metaxas by the Italian ambassador to Greece, Emanuele Grazzi, shortly after 03:00", "title": "Ohi Day" }, { "id": "2902564", "score": "1.6700327", "text": "as the leader of the planned revolt. On March 25 (now Greek Independence Day) 1821, the Orthodox Bishop Germanos of Patras proclaimed a national uprising. The Ottomans, in retaliation orchestrated the Constantinople massacre of 1821 and similar pogrom in Smyrna Simultaneous risings were planned across Greece, including in Macedonia, Crete, and Cyprus. With the initial advantage of surprise, aided by Ottoman inefficiency and the Ottomans' fight against Ali Pasha of Tepelen, the Greeks succeeded in capturing the Peloponnese and some other areas. Some of the first Greek actions were taken against unarmed Ottoman settlements, with about 40% of Turkish and", "title": "Ottoman Greece" }, { "id": "2060064", "score": "1.6693006", "text": "only in Greece but also in Europe. Following the Young Turk Revolution, Bulgaria declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire on 5 October 1908, and one day later Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria announced the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Encouraged by these events, on the same day, the Cretans in turn rose up. Thousands of citizens in Chania and the surrounding regions on that day formed a rally, in which Venizelos declared the union of Crete with Greece. Having communicated with the government of Athens, Zaimis left for Athens before the rally. An assembly was convened and declared the independence of", "title": "Eleftherios Venizelos" }, { "id": "1627188", "score": "1.6625664", "text": "Filiki Eteria had been discovered by the Ottoman authorities, the revolutionary action started earlier. The first of these revolts began on 6 March/22 February 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans. This declaration was the start of a spring of revolutionary actions from other controlled states against the Ottoman Empire. On 25 March the revolution was officially declared and by the end of the month, the Peloponnese was", "title": "Greek War of Independence" }, { "id": "5295308", "score": "1.6573064", "text": "28 October, the day Metaxas rejected the Italian ultimatum, is a national holiday known as Ohi Day (, \"\"Anniversary of the 'No\"'\"). The difficulty Italy encountered in subduing a minor power such as Greece further lowered the opinion among the Germans of their Italian allies. German SS-\"Oberst-Gruppenführer\" Sepp Dietrich labeled the Albania campaign as one of the three \"great disasters [that have] deprived the Italian Army of its former confidence\", along with the Italian invasion of France and Operation Compass. He bitterly noted: \"For this attack they used troops from Southern Italy- exactly what was needed for a winter campaign", "title": "Greco-Italian War" }, { "id": "20793940", "score": "1.6551075", "text": "defensive skirmishes while protecting Greek villages and refugees convoys. In February 1918, having encountered limited resistance, the Ottoman Army captured Trebizond and Sarıkamış. On 24 February, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic declared independence, initiating peace talks with the Ottomans on 8 March, to renegotiate the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that was signed three days earlier. The treaty between the Central Powers and the Bolsheviks had granted Kars, Ardahan, Pontus and Batumi to the Ottomans . Negotiations broke down over a lack of unity inside the Transcaucasian government, caused by territorial disputes between Georgians and Armenians. The Greeks of Kars were also", "title": "Greek Caucasus Division" }, { "id": "2922975", "score": "1.6542878", "text": "demonstrations in Athens accused King George I and the government of betrayal of the Cretan cause. The National Society, a nationalistic, militaristic organization that had infiltrated all levels of the army and bureaucracy, pushed for immediate confrontation with the Ottomans. On 6 February 1897 (according to the modern Gregorian calendar; it was 25 January 1897 according to the Julian calendar then in use in Greece and the Ottoman Empire, which was 12 days behind the Gregorian during the 19th century) the first troopships, accompanied by the battleship \"Hydra\", sailed for Crete. Before they arrived, a small Greek Navy squadron under", "title": "Greco-Turkish War (1897)" } ]

[ "", "fifteen", "15" ]

[ { "id": "1585645", "score": "1.6112854", "text": "42 (number) 42 (forty-two) is the natural number that succeeds 41 and precedes 43. Forty-two (42) is a pronic number and an abundant number; its prime factorization 2 · 3 · 7 makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form (2 · 3 · \"r\"). Additional properties of the number 42 include: The number 42 is, in \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\" by Douglas Adams, the \"Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything\", calculated by an enormous supercomputer named Deep Thought over a period of 7.5 million years. Unfortunately, no", "title": "42 (number)" }, { "id": "1585648", "score": "1.5902913", "text": "popular culture, and humour. Lewis Carroll, who was a mathematician, made repeated use of this number in his writings. Examples of Carroll's use of 42: 42 (number) 42 (forty-two) is the natural number that succeeds 41 and precedes 43. Forty-two (42) is a pronic number and an abundant number; its prime factorization 2 · 3 · 7 makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form (2 · 3 · \"r\"). Additional properties of the number 42 include: The number 42 is, in \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\" by Douglas Adams, the \"Answer to the", "title": "42 (number)" }, { "id": "1665723", "score": "1.5293214", "text": "polygons. There are twelve Jacobian elliptic functions and twelve cubic distance-transitive graphs. There are 12 Latin squares of size 3 × 3. The duodecimal system (12 [twelve] = 10), which is the use of 12 as a division factor for many ancient and medieval weights and measures, including hours, probably originates from Mesopotamia. In base thirteen and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), twelve is represented as C. In base 10, the number 12 is a Harshad number. The number twelve carries religious, mythological and magical symbolism, generally representing perfection, entirety, or cosmic order in traditions since antiquity. Notably, twelve is", "title": "12 (number)" }, { "id": "3897365", "score": "1.5249443", "text": "the two-digit numbers.\" The number 42 appears frequently in the work of Lewis Carroll, and some critics have suggested that this was an influence. They note, in particular, that Alice's attempt at her times tables (chapter two of \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\") breaks down at 4 x 13 answered in base 42, which virtually reverses the failure of 'the Question' (\"What do you get if you multiply six by nine?\"), in that the latter would equal \"42\" if calculated in base 13. They find further evidence of Carroll's influence in the fact that Adams entitled the episodes of the original", "title": "Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" }, { "id": "2420487", "score": "1.5085418", "text": "48 (number) 48 (forty-eight) is the natural number following 47 and preceding 49. It is one third of a gross, or four dozens. Forty-eight is the double factorial of 6, a highly composite number. Like all other multiples of 6, it is a semiperfect number. 48 is the second 17-gonal number. 48 is the smallest number with exactly ten divisors. There are 11 solutions to the equation φ(\"x\") = 48, namely 65, 104, 105, 112, 130, 140, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 210. This is more than any integer below 48, making 48 a highly totient number. Since the greatest", "title": "48 (number)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Abundant number\n\nIn number theory, an abundant number or excessive number is a number for which the sum of its proper divisors is greater than the number. The integer 12 is the first abundant number. Its proper divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for a total of 16. The amount by which the sum exceeds the number is the abundance. The number 12 has an abundance of 4, for example.", "title": "Abundant number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Magic square\n\nIn recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same. The 'order' of the magic square is the number of integers along one side (\"n\"), and the constant sum is called the 'magic constant'. If the array includes just the positive integers formula_1, the magic square is said to be 'normal'. Some authors take magic square to mean normal magic square.\n\nMagic squares that include repeated entries do not fall under this definition and are referred to as 'trivial'. Some well-known examples, including the Sagrada Família magic square and the Parker square are trivial in this sense. When all the rows and columns but not both diagonals sum to the magic constant this gives a \"semimagic square (sometimes called orthomagic square\"').\n\nThe mathematical study of magic squares typically deals with their construction, classification, and enumeration. Although completely general methods for producing all the magic squares of all orders do not exist, historically three general techniques have been discovered: by bordering method, by making composite magic squares, and by adding two preliminary squares. There are also more specific strategies like the continuous enumeration method that reproduces specific patterns. Magic squares are generally classified according to their order \"n\" as: odd if \"n\" is odd, evenly even (also referred to as \"doubly even\") if \"n\" is a multiple of 4, oddly even (also known as \"singly even\") if \"n\" is any other even number. This classification is based on different techniques required to construct odd, evenly even, and oddly even squares. Beside this, depending on further properties, magic squares are also classified as associative magic squares, pandiagonal magic squares, most-perfect magic squares, and so on. More challengingly, attempts have also been made to classify all the magic squares of a given order as transformations of a smaller set of squares. Except for \"n\" ≤ 5, the enumeration of higher order magic squares is still an open challenge. The enumeration of most-perfect magic squares of any order was only accomplished in the late 20th century.\n\nMagic squares have a long history, dating back to at least 190 BCE in China. At various times they have acquired occult or mythical significance, and have appeared as symbols in works of art. In modern times they have been generalized a number of ways, including using extra or different constraints, multiplying instead of adding cells, using alternate shapes or more than two dimensions, and replacing numbers with shapes and addition with geometric operations.", "title": "Magic square" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "API well number\n\nAn API well number or API number is a \"unique, permanent, numeric identifier\" assigned to each \nwell drilled for oil and gas in the United States. The API number is one of many industry standards established by the American Petroleum Institute. Custody of the API Number standard was transferred in 2010 to the PPDM Association.", "title": "API well number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of organisms by chromosome count\n\nThe list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype, and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.\n\n\n", "title": "List of organisms by chromosome count" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Friendly number\n\nIn number theory, friendly numbers are two or more natural numbers with a common abundancy index, the ratio between the sum of divisors of a number and the number itself. Two numbers with the same \"abundancy\" form a friendly pair; \"n\" numbers with the same \"abundancy\" form a friendly \"n\"-tuple.\n\nBeing mutually friendly is an equivalence relation, and thus induces a partition of the positive naturals into clubs (equivalence classes) of mutually \"friendly numbers\".\n\nA number that is not part of any friendly pair is called solitary.\n\nThe \"abundancy\" index of \"n\" is the rational number σ(\"n\") / \"n\", in which σ denotes the sum of divisors function. A number \"n\" is a \"friendly number\" if there exists \"m\" ≠ \"n\" such that σ(\"m\") / \"m\" = σ(\"n\") / \"n\". \"Abundancy\" is not the same as abundance, which is defined as σ(\"n\") − 2\"n\".\n\n\"Abundancy\" may also be expressed as formula_1 where formula_2 denotes a divisor function with formula_3 equal to the sum of the \"k\"-th powers of the divisors of \"n\".\n\nThe numbers 1 through 5 are all solitary. The smallest \"friendly number\" is 6, forming for example, the \"friendly\" pair 6 and 28 with \"abundancy\" σ(6) / 6 = (1+2+3+6) / 6 = 2, the same as σ(28) / 28 = (1+2+4+7+14+28) / 28 = 2. The shared value 2 is an integer in this case but not in many other cases. Numbers with \"abundancy\" 2 are also known as perfect numbers. There are several unsolved problems related to the \"friendly numbers\".\n\nIn spite of the similarity in name, there is no specific relationship between the friendly numbers and the amicable numbers or the sociable numbers, although the definitions of the latter two also involve the divisor function.", "title": "Friendly number" }, { "id": "2399401", "score": "1.5036209", "text": "47 is a prime Thabit number, and as such is related to the pair of amicable numbers {17296, 18416}. Forty-seven is a Carol number. Forty-seven has been the favorite number of Pomona College, California, United States, since 1964. A mathematical proof, written in 1964 by Professor Donald Bentley, supposedly demonstrates that all numbers are equal to 47. However, Bentley offered it as a \"joke proof\" to further a popular student research project that listed real and imaginative \"47 sightings\". Bentley used the invalid proof to introduce his students to the concept of mathematical proofs. The proof used limits to show", "title": "47 (number)" }, { "id": "2063841", "score": "1.5035377", "text": "factor of 45 + 1 = 2026 is 1013, which is much more than 45 twice, 45 is a Størmer number. In base 10, it is a Kaprekar number and a Harshad number. 45 is the smallest odd number that has more divisors than n+1 and that has a larger sum of divisors than n+1 . 45 is conjectured R(5, 5) . Forty-five may also refer to: 45 (number) 45 (forty-five) is the natural number following 44 and followed by 46. Forty-five is a triangular number, and in particular the sum of all the decimal digits (0 + 1 +", "title": "45 (number)" }, { "id": "13433014", "score": "1.4887834", "text": "an odd number is itself odd. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any natural number can be written in only one way (uniquely) as the product of prime numbers. For example, 42 equals the product of prime numbers 2×3×7, and no other product of prime numbers equals 42, aside from trivial re-arrangements such as 7×3×2. This unique factorization property is the basis on which much of number theory is built. One consequence of this unique factorization property is that if a \"p\" power of a number equals a product such as and if \"u\" and \"v\" are coprime (share", "title": "Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents" }, { "id": "2420307", "score": "1.4791558", "text": "43 (number) 43 (forty-three) is the natural number following 42 and preceding 44. Forty-three is the 14th smallest prime number. The previous is forty-one, with which it comprises a twin prime, and the next is forty-seven. 43 is the smallest prime that is not a Chen prime. It is also the third Wagstaff prime. 43 is the fourth term of Sylvester's sequence, one more than the product of the previous terms (2 × 3 × 7). 43 is a centered heptagonal number. Let \"a\" = \"a\" = 1, and thenceforth \"a\" = (\"a\" + \"a\" + ... + \"a\"). This", "title": "43 (number)" }, { "id": "2420309", "score": "1.4786505", "text": "five minus the fifth harmonic number. Every solvable configuration of the Fifteen puzzle can be solved in no more than 43 multi-tile moves (i.e. when moving two or three tiles at once is counted as one move). In auto racing: Forty-three is: 43 (number) 43 (forty-three) is the natural number following 42 and preceding 44. Forty-three is the 14th smallest prime number. The previous is forty-one, with which it comprises a twin prime, and the next is forty-seven. 43 is the smallest prime that is not a Chen prime. It is also the third Wagstaff prime. 43 is the fourth", "title": "43 (number)" }, { "id": "2845213", "score": "1.47839", "text": "0, 1, 2→4→2, 5 and 8. While all even numbers are sad because they end in the 0, 2 or 8 cycle, some odd numbers are also sad because they end in 5 or 1, and are thus occasionally sad. In base 12, there is no other happy number between 10 (decimal 12) and 100 (decimal 144), there are three fixed points: 1, 25, ᘔ5, and four cycles: The numbers 25 (decimal) and ᘔ5 (decimal 125) are Armstrong numbers in base 12 , there are no two-digit Armstrong numbers in base 10. In hexadecimal, there is only one fixed point:", "title": "Happy number" }, { "id": "2420489", "score": "1.4659476", "text": "49 (number) 49 (forty-nine) is the natural number following 48 and preceding 50. Forty-nine is the square of seven The sum of the digits of the square of 49 (2401) is the square root of 49. 49 is the first square where the digits are squares. In this case 4 and 9 are squares. It appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 21, 28, 37 (it is the sum of the first two of these). Along with the number that immediately derives from it, 77, the only number under 3 digits not having its home prime known (as", "title": "49 (number)" }, { "id": "2420488", "score": "1.4602978", "text": "prime factor of 48 + 1 = 2305 is 461, which is clearly more than twice 48, 48 is a Størmer number. 48 is a Harshad number in base 10. It has 24, 2, 12, and 4 as factors. Forty-eight may also refer to: 48 (number) 48 (forty-eight) is the natural number following 47 and preceding 49. It is one third of a gross, or four dozens. Forty-eight is the double factorial of 6, a highly composite number. Like all other multiples of 6, it is a semiperfect number. 48 is the second 17-gonal number. 48 is the smallest number", "title": "48 (number)" }, { "id": "1665721", "score": "1.4518414", "text": "is a subset of 12's proper divisors that add up to 12 (all of them but with 4 excluded), 12 is a semiperfect number. If an odd perfect number is of the form 12\"k\" + 1, it has at least twelve distinct prime factors. A twelve-sided polygon is a dodecagon. A twelve-faced polyhedron is a dodecahedron. Regular cubes and octahedrons both have 12 edges, while regular icosahedrons have 12 vertices. Twelve is a pentagonal number. The densest three-dimensional lattice sphere packing has each sphere touching 12 others, and this is almost certainly true for \"any\" arrangement of spheres (the Kepler", "title": "12 (number)" }, { "id": "1665720", "score": "1.4467069", "text": "this rule as outdated. Twelve is a composite number, the smallest number with exactly six divisors, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. Twelve is also a highly composite number, the next one being twenty-four. Twelve is the smallest abundant number, since it is the smallest integer for which the sum of its proper divisors (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16) is greater than itself. Twelve is a sublime number, a number that has a perfect number of divisors, and the sum of its divisors is also a perfect number. Since there", "title": "12 (number)" }, { "id": "622221", "score": "1.4463775", "text": "way that the sum of three integers will result in an odd number is when 1) two of them are even and one is odd, or 2) when all three are odd. Since the corner cells are assumed to be odd and even, neither of these two statements are compatible with the fact that we only have 3 even and 3 odd bone numbers at our disposal. This proves that \"u\" and \"v\" cannot have different parity. This eliminates 16 possibilities. Now consider the case when both \"u\" and \"v\" are even. The 6 possible pairs are: (6, 8), (6,", "title": "Magic square" }, { "id": "1665715", "score": "1.4461045", "text": "12 (number) 12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. The product of the first three factorials, twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6. It is central to many systems of counting, including the Western calendar and units of time, and frequently appears in the Abrahamic religions. Twelve is the largest number with a single-syllable name in English. Early Germanic numbers have been theorized to have been non-decimal: evidence includes the unusual phrasing of eleven and twelve, the former use of \"hundred\" to refer to groups of 120, and the", "title": "12 (number)" }, { "id": "2911481", "score": "1.4423594", "text": "by heart a certain number of squares: It may be useful to be aware that the difference between two successive square numbers is the sum of their respective square roots. Hence if you know that 12 × 12 = 144 and wish to know 13 × 13, calculate 144 + 12 + 13 = 169. This is because (\"x\" + 1) − \"x\" = \"x\" + 2\"x\" + 1 − \"x\" = \"x\" + (\"x\" + 1) \"x\" = (\"x\" − 1) + (2\"x\" − 1) Take a given number, and add and subtract a certain value to it that", "title": "Mental calculation" }, { "id": "4222016", "score": "1.4416568", "text": "of a 100-digit number only has 8 digits and the 13th root of a 200-digit number will have 16 digits. Furthermore, the last digit of the 13th root is always the same as the last digit of the power. For the 13th root of a 100-digit number there are 7,992,563 possibilities, in the range 41,246,264 – 49,238,826. This is considered a relatively easy calculation. There are 393,544,396,177,593 possibilities, in the range 2,030,917,620,904,736 – 2,424,462,017,082,328, for the 13th root of a 200-digit number. This is considered a difficult calculation. The Guinness Book of World Records has published records for extracting the", "title": "13th root" }, { "id": "2419376", "score": "1.4376934", "text": "and 68 matroids on four labeled elements. Størmer's theorem proves that, for every number \"p\", there are a finite number of pairs of consecutive numbers that are both \"p\"-smooth (having no prime factor larger than \"p\"). For \"p\" = 13 this finite number is exactly 68. On an infinite chessboard, there are 68 squares three knight's moves away from any cell. As a decimal number, 68 is the last two-digit number to appear in the digits of pi. It is a happy number, meaning that repeatedly summing the squares of its digits eventually leads to 1: 68 (number) 68 (sixty-eight)", "title": "68 (number)" } ]

[ "Hypopatamous", "Black Hippopotamus", "hippotamous", "Hyppopotamous", "hyppopotamus", "hippopotami", "hipopotamous", "Hippopatamus", "cocaine hippo", "hippopotamuses", "hippopatamus", "Hippopotamuses", "hypopatamous", "hippopotamodes", "Hipopotamous", "Hippotamous", "hippopatomous", "Hippotamus", "Hippopatomous", "Hippopotomus", "hippotamus", "hipopotamus", "Hippopautamus", "hippotamos", "Hippopotamous", "Hippopotimus", "hippopotamus amphibius", "black hippopotamus", "Hippopotamus amphibius", "common hippopotamus", "hippopotamus", "hypopotamous", "Common hippopotamus", "Hippopotamus", "Hypopotamus", "Hippopotamus amphibius capensis", "Hipopotamus", "hippopotimus", "hippopotamous", "Nile hippopotamus", "hyppopotamous", "Hippopotamodes", "hypopotamus", "h amphibius", "H. amphibius", "hippopautamus", "Hypopotamous", "Hippotamos", "River Horse", "Cocaine hippo", "Hippopotami", "H amphibius", "Hyppopotamus", "hippopotomus", "nile hippopotamus", "river horse", "Hippo", "hippopotamus amphibius capensis", "hippo" ]

[ { "id": "16391438", "score": "1.7170651", "text": "animal and jumped on it, while the other dog ran in fear from the large cat. Gabi fought the jaguar throughout the zoo, which allowed critical time for Stanić to telephone the police and for them to arrive. Gabi's actions prevented the jaguar's escape from the zoo and saved Stanimir Stanić from a possible attack. The police tried unsuccessfully to recapture the jaguar, and were eventually forced to shoot it to protect the public. Gabi was operated on at the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Belgrade and nursed back to health by the zoo's director Vuk Bojović.", "title": "Gabi (dog)" }, { "id": "12595344", "score": "1.6741979", "text": "to save its partner, a night guard, from an escaped jaguar; Muja, world's oldest living alligator, and Sami (Sammy) the chimpanzee, the first primate in the zoo, which escaped twice. During the tenure of mayor Dragan Đilas (2008–13), the idea of expanding the zoo to Donji Grad, which it occupied prior to the World War II, resurfaced, but the experts and Bojović himself were against it. The urban plan for the fortress from 1965 already projected the complete relocation of the zoo outside of the fortress, on some of the suburban locations, which in later plans included Veliko Blato, Stepin", "title": "Belgrade Zoo" }, { "id": "14656525", "score": "1.6243291", "text": "as home to a number of exotic animals, most of whom were brought to Tito as gifts from heads of states who were members of the Non-Aligned Movement. These include Nilgai antelopes (given by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1959), the Kob antelopes (given by Zambia in 1962), Somali sheep (given by Ethiopia in 1959), Zebus, zebras, Indian Elephants and llamas. In addition, the chital deer, the Fallow deer and mouflons were introduced to the island in the early 20th century. Their numbers increased in the following decades and can be seen roaming freely around the island. In October 1983 the whole", "title": "Veliki Brijun" }, { "id": "16391437", "score": "1.6107907", "text": "Gabi (dog) Gabi () was a female German shepherd who worked as a guard dog in the Belgrade Zoo, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. She became famous when she was assaulted by a jaguar that escaped from its cage on 22 June 1987. In the 1980s an eight-year-old German Shepherd, Gabi, was adopted by the zoo and became an informal security guard. On the night of 22 June 1987, she was patrolling the zoo with guard Stanimir Stanić and a male German shepherd. In the darkness Stanić failed to notice a jaguar that had escaped from its cage. Gabi sensed the", "title": "Gabi (dog)" }, { "id": "12595342", "score": "1.606111", "text": "but again faced tough times in the '80s. Animals were neglected and living in bad conditions. In 1984 the zoo received a pair of black rhinoceroses as a gift from the Prime Minister Robert Mugabe and the country of Zimbabwe. Unfortunately, they lived for just a couple of months due to bad care and lack of knowledge about this species. In 1989 Muammar Gaddafi also gave six of his Arabian camels. The government, under the pressure of real estate groups unsuccessfully tend tries to appropriate the places to build luxurious hotels, casinos and nightclubs. Vuk Bojović, a sculptor by profession,", "title": "Belgrade Zoo" }, { "id": "12595343", "score": "1.5924432", "text": "became the director on 1 May 1986 and was on that position until he died in 2014. He became very famous in the ex-Yugoslavia, especially in Serbia and Montenegro, because of the great effort he put up for the zoo. He made various adjustments to improve the living conditions of the animals, brought numerous new species to the poor animal collection, most knowably great apes, white tigers and lions, he also changed zoo's bad management and made it a profitable business. Some of the zoo's most famous residents of that era were Gabi a German shepherd that gave her life", "title": "Belgrade Zoo" }, { "id": "16391439", "score": "1.564666", "text": "She eventually fully recovered and continued working as a guard dog. Later, the zoo erected a monument to Gabi with the inscription: \"Dog Gabi, her heart was stronger than a jaguar\". Gabi (dog) Gabi () was a female German shepherd who worked as a guard dog in the Belgrade Zoo, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. She became famous when she was assaulted by a jaguar that escaped from its cage on 22 June 1987. In the 1980s an eight-year-old German Shepherd, Gabi, was adopted by the zoo and became an informal security guard. On the night of 22 June 1987, she", "title": "Gabi (dog)" }, { "id": "14474058", "score": "1.5601947", "text": "its animals. The only elephant ever held by the zoo died at age 23 less than a year after being transferred from the Belgrade Zoo, and the chronically depressed lone Chimpanzee Koko was transferred to the AAP Primate Sanctuary in 2009. However, in 2008 the City allocated Denar 42 million in funds to improve the zoo, and the zoo started working with the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) to improve conditions and bring the zoo up to modern standards. By 2010, 18 new enclosures had been built, 85% of the older exhibits at the zoo had been renovated,", "title": "Skopje Zoo" }, { "id": "11348527", "score": "1.5586491", "text": "December 25, 2007, Tatiana escaped from her open-air enclosure then killed 17-year-old Carlos Eduardo Sousa Jr. and injured brothers Amritpal \"Paul\" Dhaliwal and Kulbir Dhaliwal (19 and 23 years old, respectively). The brothers fled to the zoo cafe away, which was locked. An employee heard their screams and called 911 at 5:07 pm. The emergency response was delayed, first because cafe employees said in their call that they suspected that the screaming person was mentally ill and that there was no actual animal attack, and later because zoo security guards were enforcing a lockdown to prevent Tatiana escaping the zoo", "title": "San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks" }, { "id": "16271286", "score": "1.5565999", "text": "will donate two lions to Pionirska dolina zoo. After they were donated in March 2013, a lioness died after several days. Cause of the death was infection with E. coli. During the period between January 25 and February 19, 2012, Pionirska dolina hosted an exhibition with 52 dinosaurs, reconstructed by German Palaeontological Research Center, under the strict supervision of Paleontology museum in Hanover. Pionirska dolina Pioneer Valley (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Pionirska dolina / Пионирска долина) is a recreational and entertainment center and zoo located in Koševo neighborhood, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Recreation and entertainment center \"Pioneer Valley\" and the", "title": "Pionirska dolina" }, { "id": "9694287", "score": "1.5543466", "text": "in circus campaigning around the world. The video helped to prompt legislation on animal circuses, as well as local bans on animal use were introduced in many countries in Asia, Central and South America, the USA, Canada, and several European countries. Some of the animals that featured in the trial disappeared, only Trudy was rescued. Chipperfield sold her farm in Hampshire, England, and moved to Spain. ADI continues to monitor her appearances in European circuses, as well as those of other Chipperfield family members. The story of Toto In September 2003, Toto, a circus chimpanzee, was rescued by ADI from", "title": "Animal Defenders International" }, { "id": "12630282", "score": "1.5504234", "text": "old female Lynx named Nilly, who was partially hand-reared. A female companion was brought in for her in May 2016. The new animal turned out to be pregnant and gave birth to three kittens two days later, two of which survived and were named Tirion and Lilleth. In August 2015 the Animalarium took delivery of two African Lion, named Zulu and Wilma, from Noah's Ark Zoo Farm in Somerset Early in the zoo's history, it made the news when a capybara escaped and was found in the River Leri. In September 2010, the Mumbrays were fined £1,237.50 plus costs at", "title": "Borth Wild Animal Kingdom" }, { "id": "960345", "score": "1.5503308", "text": "staying in and was driven off by car to an initially unknown destination. She was thus in captivity in Serbia when NATO forces took the capital and Serb troops withdrew from the country. The first news of her abduction broke on 24 April 1999 when her son managed to contact the international writers’ association, PEN, with an urgent appeal that the news of her abduction be made known as widely as possible. She was transferred to a Serb prison in Požarevac and, in her first month of detention, was subjected to over 200 hours of interrogation in 18 separate sessions", "title": "Flora Brovina" }, { "id": "8457504", "score": "1.5502557", "text": "leopard, long-tailed goral, Steller's sea eagle, black rhinoceros and snow leopards. Tallinn Zoo is working on a European mink mission to release these endangered animals to wild. In late 2007, a polar bear escaped from its cage due to human negligence, and died after being tranquilized. In July 2004, a man who had fallen asleep in a drunken stupor, woke up and roamed the zoo alone. He evidently tried to offer a polar bear a cookie, only to have his hand bitten off. His screams alerted security, who called an ambulance. He survived following surgery, but his hand was never", "title": "Tallinn Zoo" }, { "id": "6974704", "score": "1.541762", "text": "Zoo. Rukiaya gave birth to her first calf in 2006, which died shortly after birth, and her second in 2007. The male calf, Forrest, was sent to Australia Zoo a year later. In June 2004, the chimpanzee troop, Suzie, Sally, Mike, Lucy, Luka and Lucifer, were sent to Hamilton Zoo. The same year, Tea Party Chimp, Bobbie, died, leaving the zoo with Janie, then aged in her fifties. In November 2005, a male New Zealand fur seal, Kaioko, arrives at Auckland Zoo, he is later joined by a female New Zealand fur seal, Moana, in June 2006 and a male", "title": "Auckland Zoo" }, { "id": "11714983", "score": "1.5314986", "text": "male died after an orthopedic operation in 2011 and the female died due to cancer in 2013. In 2011 a new enclosure was built to host four raccoons. The zoo also received a new pair of lynxes. In 2012 a pair of Siberian cranes arrived and in the other part of zoo 40 greater flamingo were placed. In 2013 the zoo received the first pair of cheetahs in its history. It came from Borås djurpark in Sweden and has been placed in the former Siberian tiger enclosure, which has been redesigned. It has also been announced that a new pair", "title": "Ljubljana Zoo" }, { "id": "18721396", "score": "1.5253439", "text": "Xixiakou Wild Animal Park, Rongcheng, Sandong, China in 2008. During the amparo court case, it was revealed that an attempt by the Buenos Aires zoo to mate Sandra with an orangutan named Max failed because Sandra preferred to sit outside in the rain and snow. On Oct. 21, 2015, Justice Elena Liberatori ruled that a technical committee would issue a binding decision later on how Sandra would be accommodated with her new rights. That eventually will lead to Sandra's release to a sanctuary. On December 18, 2014, Sandra was termed by the court in Argentina as a \"subject of rights\"", "title": "Sandra (orangutan)" }, { "id": "18543455", "score": "1.5195072", "text": "FamousNiki Anbumani, real name Niki (Russian: Ники), is a male Scottish Fold cat and an international celebrity on Instagram. FamousNiki became popular over the Internet (particularly in its native country, Russia) for its human-like behaviour, facial expressions and wide variety of unusual poses. The owner of Niki is Victoria Virta. She is a popular Russian media personality and business coach. She is the co-founder and co-owner of the digital studio Funaction, which owns the rights to the FamousNiki brand. FamousNiki became popular on the internet due to its ability to sit upright on its hind legs. According to Virta, FamousNiki", "title": "FamousNiki" }, { "id": "9402885", "score": "1.5187455", "text": "from Winnipeg Zoo in Canada and Cologne Zoo in Germany respectively. Nanook was 11 months old and was captured in the wild, while Sheba was 14 months old and born in captivity. To ease them in, they arrived in the early hours of the morning when the temperature was coolest. Like most zoo animals, one of each sex was brought in for mating and conservation purposes. Anana, a female polar bear caught in the wild, arrived from Canada in 1979. She died in 1999. On 26 December 1990, Sheba gave birth to a 350-gram male cub. The cub was named", "title": "Inuka" }, { "id": "7177739", "score": "1.5147643", "text": "Saliega Saliega is an Iberian lynx who in 2005 became the first of her species to give birth in captivity. Saliega was born in the wild in March 2002 in Sierra Morena (Spain). As a one-month-old with little chance of survival in the wild, she was taken by the Andalusian authority and arrived at the Jerez zoo on 17 April 2002. There she was raised together with Aura, a female of the same age born in Doñana, until both were transferred to El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva, on 21 February 2003. On 28 March", "title": "Saliega" } ]

[ "battle of dettingen 1743", "Battle of Dettingen, 1743" ]

[ { "id": "568892", "score": "1.5939492", "text": "from marching into the electorate. The British army had not fought in a major European war in over 20 years, and the government had badly neglected its upkeep. George had pushed for greater professionalism in the ranks, and promotion by merit rather than by sale of commissions, but without much success. An allied force of Austrian, British, Dutch, Hanoverian and Hessian troops engaged the French at the Battle of Dettingen on 16/27 June 1743. George personally accompanied them, leading them to victory, thus becoming the last British monarch to lead troops into battle. Though his actions in the battle were", "title": "George II of Great Britain" }, { "id": "4617336", "score": "1.4810579", "text": "After this he served for some years in Britain, obtaining promotion in the usual course, and in 1739 he arrived at the grade of major general. Four years later he accompanied George II and Stair to Germany, and, as a general officer of cavalry under Sir John Cope, was present at Dettingen. George II was the last British monarch to lead his army into battle. Becoming lieutenant-general somewhat later, he was second-in-command of the cavalry at Fontenoy, and on 20 December 1745 became commander-in-chief in Scotland. Less than a month later Hawley suffered a severe defeat at Falkirk at the", "title": "Henry Hawley" }, { "id": "568864", "score": "1.4436991", "text": "with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745, supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart (\"The Young Pretender\" or \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, so George II was ultimately succeeded", "title": "George II of Great Britain" }, { "id": "1266548", "score": "1.4311478", "text": "The defeat of his replacement as commander, Henry Hawley, roused the fears of the English people in January 1746, when, under a hail of pistol fire, \"eighty dragoons fell dead upon the spot\" at Falkirk Muir. Arriving in Edinburgh on 30 January 1746, he at once proceeded in search of Charles. He made a detour to Aberdeen, where he spent some time training the well-equipped forces now under his command for the next stage of the conflict in which they were about to engage. He trained his troops to hold their fire until the enemy came within effective firing range,", "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland" }, { "id": "1808926", "score": "1.4245502", "text": "the Kings Regiment of Horse (Blues and Royals), led by Colonel Sir Francis Compton; the King's Own Royal Dragoons; and three troops of the King's Horse Guards (Lifeguards) made up the army. The Duke eventually led his untrained and ill-equipped troops out of Bridgwater at around 10:00 pm to undertake a night-time attack on the King's army. They were guided by Richard Godfrey, the servant of a local farmer, along the old Bristol road towards Bawdrip. With their limited cavalry in the vanguard, they turned south along Bradney Lane and Marsh Lane, and came to the open moor with its", "title": "Battle of Sedgemoor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "George II of Great Britain\n\nGeorge II (George Augustus; ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.\n\nBorn and brought up in northern Germany, George is the most recent British monarch born outside Great Britain. The Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 positioned his grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and her Protestant descendants to inherit the British throne. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father, the Elector of Hanover, became George I of Great Britain. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians until they rejoined the governing party in 1720.\n\nAs king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745 supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart (\"The Young Pretender\" or \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died suddenly in 1751, nine years before his father; George was succeeded by Frederick's eldest son, George III.\n\nFor two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. Since then, reassessment of his legacy has led scholars to conclude that he exercised more influence in foreign policy and military appointments than previously thought.", "title": "George II of Great Britain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Dettingen\n\nThe Battle of Dettingen () took place on 27 June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession at Dettingen in the Electorate of Mainz, Holy Roman Empire (now Karlstein am Main in Bavaria). It was fought between a Pragmatic Army, composed of the British, Hanoverian and Austrian troops, and a French army commanded by the duc de Noailles.\n\nWhile the Earl of Stair exercised operational control, the Allied army was nominally commanded by George II, accompanied by his son the Duke of Cumberland. As a result, it is now best remembered as the last time a reigning British monarch led troops in combat. Despite being an Allied victory, the battle had little effect on the wider war, and has been described as 'a happy escape, rather than a great victory.'", "title": "Battle of Dettingen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Agincourt\n\nThe Battle of Agincourt ( ; ) was an English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It took place on 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day) near Azincourt, in northern France. The unexpected English victory against the numerically superior French army boosted English morale and prestige, crippled France, and started a new period of English dominance in the war that would last for 14 years until France defeated England in the Siege of Orléans in 1429.\n\nAfter several decades of relative peace, the English had resumed the war in 1415 amid the failure of negotiations with the French. In the ensuing campaign, many soldiers died from disease, and the English numbers dwindled; they tried to withdraw to English-held Calais but found their path blocked by a considerably larger French army. Despite the numerical disadvantage, the battle ended in an overwhelming victory for the English.\n\nKing Henry V of England led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting. King Charles VI of France did not command the French army as he suffered from psychotic illnesses and associated mental incapacity. The French were commanded by Constable Charles d'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party. This battle is notable for the use of the English longbow in very large numbers, with the English and Welsh archers comprising nearly 80 percent of Henry's army.\n\nThe Battle of Agincourt is one of England's most celebrated victories and was one of the most important English triumphs in the Hundred Years' War, along with the Battle of Crécy (1346) and Battle of Poitiers (1356). It forms the backdrop to events in William Shakespeare's play \"Henry V\", written in 1599.", "title": "Battle of Agincourt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tom Brown (British Army soldier)\n\nSir Thomas Brown (1705–1746) was born in Kirkleatham, in present-day Redcar and Cleveland, in the north-east region of England. He was a hero of the Battle of Dettingen (27 June 1743), in Bavaria during the War of the Austrian Succession;<ref name=StocktonBC/><ref name=IWM/> the last time that a British monarch, in this case King George II, personally led his own country's troops into battle.", "title": "Tom Brown (British Army soldier)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Stamford Bridge\n\nThe Battle of Stamford Bridge () took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson. After a bloody battle, both Hardrada and Tostig, along with most of the Norwegians, were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his army was defeated by the Normans at Hastings less than three weeks later. The battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of the Viking Age, although major Scandinavian campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark in 1069–1070 and King Magnus Barefoot of Norway in 1098 and 1102–1103.", "title": "Battle of Stamford Bridge" }, { "id": "1756664", "score": "1.4187522", "text": "first square demoralised the other French infantry, allowing the Bays and the Inniskillings to break those squares as well. In exchange for 20 casualties, the Greys had helped rout three battalions and capture at least 13 artillery pieces. This would be the last time that British cavalry, alone without artillery support, would break an infantry square until the Battle of Garcia Hernandez in 1812. Despite the victory before Tournai, the Allied Army would be defeated at the Battle of Tourcoing on 18 May 1794. From then on, the British Army would be retreating the face of the French Army. During", "title": "Royal Scots Greys" }, { "id": "678924", "score": "1.4146795", "text": "by the artist Allan Ramsay, which survives in the collection of the Earl of Wemyss at Gosford House. On 21 September 1745, he defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The government army was led by General Sir John Cope, and their disastrous defence against the Jacobites is immortalised in the song \"Johnnie Cope.\" By November, Charles was marching south at the head of approximately 6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, his army progressed as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire. Here, despite Charles' objections, his council decided to return to Scotland, given the lack of", "title": "Charles Edward Stuart" }, { "id": "9979734", "score": "1.4136372", "text": "army had joined Hanoverian and Austrian forces by the river Main. The Allied forces, which totalled approximately 44,000 troops, were opposed by some 70,000 French troops. After a period of marching and counter-marching, and the arrival of King George II who took personal command of the Allied forces, the French army engaged the Allies at the Battle of Dettingen on 27 June. The King's Own Dragoons were placed on the left flank of the Allied army, with instructions to protect an infantry force as it advanced. Exposed to French artillery fire for three hours, suffering heavy casualties, the regiment was", "title": "3rd The King's Own Hussars" }, { "id": "12967240", "score": "1.4122598", "text": "Old Duke of York\", though it existed at least 200 years before the War. Alfred Burne mentions a virtually identical rhyme \"The King of France went up the Hill\" recorded in 1594. There remains some considerable debate whether the rhyme refers to the later 1799 Helder campaign when York again led a British army into the Low Countries. For the British, lessons received in the campaign led to widespread army reforms on all levels, spearheaded by the Duke of York as Commander-in-Chief. The tight, professional army that later served in the Peninsular War was created on the foundation of lessons", "title": "Flanders Campaign" }, { "id": "684468", "score": "1.410435", "text": "Battle of Culloden The Battle of Culloden (; ) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no living children. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother,", "title": "Battle of Culloden" }, { "id": "2324411", "score": "1.4102495", "text": "Since Prince Henry was unsupported and the rest of the army was withdrawing, for the most part in great disorder, he hid any banners showing his party to be Scottish, and retreated towards David by joining the English pursuing him. Henry of Huntingdon is keener to stress Henry's inability to shake the armoured men; again the attack ends in flight The battle lasted no longer than between prime and terce, i.e. between daybreak and mid-morning. In Northern England at the end of August sunrise is roughly 6 a.m. and hence the battle lasted no more than 3½ hours; by not", "title": "Battle of the Standard" }, { "id": "603641", "score": "1.4090972", "text": "Bold. The throne of England was temporarily restored to Henry VI; on 14 March 1471, Edward brought an army back across the English Channel, precipitating the Battle of Barnet a month later. Edward IV was normally at the forefront of his armies. Standing , he was an inspiring figure in combat, attacking foes while wearing a suit of gilded armour. Medieval texts describe the King as handsome, finely muscled and with a broad chest. He was personable and charismatic, easily winning people to his cause. Edward was a capable tactician and leader in battles. He frequently spotted and exploited defensive", "title": "Battle of Barnet" }, { "id": "17566751", "score": "1.4050167", "text": "to retake America. The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton, who had defended Quebec in 1775, but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution. As commander in chief, his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York. Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war. Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments, the 23rd and the 33rd, earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field.", "title": "British Army during the American Revolutionary War" }, { "id": "2578082", "score": "1.4042197", "text": "reinforcement\" was sent, swelling the size of the British contingent in Ferdinand's army. In France the reaction to the result was severe. The Duc de Choiseul, the French Chief Minister, wrote \"I blush when I speak of our army. I simply cannot get it into my head, much less into my heart, that a pack of Hanoverians could defeat the army of the King\". To discover how the defeat had occurred and to establish the general condition of the army, Marshal d'Estrées was sent on a tour of inspection. Marshal de Contades was subsequently relieved of his command and replaced", "title": "Battle of Minden" }, { "id": "10105830", "score": "1.4021158", "text": "their arms and march back to Annapolis Royal while the French retained the British troops captured in the fighting as well as the two supply sloops. The British marched away with full honours of war as article 3 of the capitulation stated: \"That the troops of his most Christian Majesty shall be drawn up in two ranks with rested firelocks and that the troops of his Britannic Majesty should march thro them with all the military Honours of War with drums beating and colours flying.\" The six-day march back through deep snow, unassisted by snowshoes, caused the New Englanders to", "title": "Battle of Grand Pré" }, { "id": "1266549", "score": "1.4020112", "text": "fire once, and then bayonet the man to the right, thereby catching the enemy under their lifted sword arm. On 8 April 1746, he set out from Aberdeen for Inverness, and, on 16 April, he fought the decisive Battle of Culloden, in which the Stuart forces were completely destroyed. Cumberland ordered his troops to show no quarter against any remaining Jacobite rebels (French Army personnel, including those who were British-or Irish-born, were treated as legitimate combatants). His troops traversed the battlefield and stabbed any of the rebel soldiers who were still alive. When Cumberland learned that a wounded soldier lying", "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland" }, { "id": "2745282", "score": "1.3994703", "text": "frontal assaults with heavy casualties but continued to be attacked from the flanks. Counter-attacks by the 1/7th King's and 2/5th Lancashire Fusiliers took up to 500 prisoners. German forces made significant gains, capturing Armentières. On 11 April, British Commander-in-Chief, General Haig, issued his \"backs to the walls\" order of the day. Five days later, Private Counter, 1st King's, volunteered as a messenger, having witnessed five preceding runners killed. He was awarded the regiment's last Victoria Cross. The 4th King's experienced heavy fighting near Méteren and by 19 April had at least 489 casualties. Despite relentless battles, the Allies stabilised their", "title": "King's Regiment (Liverpool)" }, { "id": "13927147", "score": "1.3986195", "text": "and Sullivan, largely responsible for selecting it, but defeat was a combination of many factors. In addition to superior numbers and equipment, Cumberland's troops had been drilled in countering the Highland charge, which relied on speed and ferocity to break the enemy lines. When successful, it resulted in quick victories like Prestonpans and Falkirk. but if it failed, they could not hold their ground. The Battle of Culloden on 16 April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil, lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Exhausted by a night march carried out", "title": "Jacobite rising of 1745" }, { "id": "1531767", "score": "1.3978908", "text": "and charged the Royalist infantry. With no Royalist cavalry to oppose them, they put many units to flight. The King had left himself without any proper reserve. As his centre gave way, he ordered one of his officers to conduct his sons Charles (the Prince of Wales) and James (the Duke of York) to safety while Ruthven rallied his infantry. Some of Balfour's men charged so far into the Royalist position that they menaced the princes' escort and briefly overran the Royalist artillery before withdrawing. In the front ranks, Lord Lindsey was killed, and Sir Edmund Verney died defending the", "title": "Battle of Edgehill" }, { "id": "10746905", "score": "1.396203", "text": "Harry Smith, then a junior officer of the 95th Rifles and a participant in the battle, remarked \"Oh, you Kings and usurpers should view these scenes and moderate ambition\" while Wellesley later referred to the Light Division's action in the battle as \"one of the most glorious that British troops were ever engaged in\". By October 1810, Marshal Massena’s French army had been halted by the Lines of Torres Vedras, and the Peninsular War had reached a stalemate. Realising that a drive on to Lisbon before the onset of winter was unlikely, Masséna prepared to see out the winter months", "title": "Battle of Sabugal" } ]

[ "First Art", "Archetecture", "art and history of architecture", "Architecure", "frozen music", "Civil architecture", "architectural", "Architectural", "Architecture", "architecturally", "architecture", "Civil Architecture", "architecture built environment", "first art", "Architectures", "First art", "architectures", "architectural work", "architecure", "archetecture", "The Art and History of Architecture", "Architecturally", "civil architecture", "Frozen music", "Architectural work", "Architecture (built environment)" ]

[ { "id": "2483333", "score": "1.4960573", "text": "Basil Spence Sir Basil Urwin Spence, OM, OBE, RA (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) was a Scottish architect, most notably associated with Coventry Cathedral in England and the Beehive in New Zealand, but also responsible for numerous other buildings in the Modernist/Brutalist style. Spence was born in Bombay, India, the son of Urwin Archibald Spence, an assayer with the Royal Mint. He was educated at the John Connon School, operated by the Bombay Scottish Education Society, and was then sent back to Scotland to attend George Watson's College in Edinburgh from 1919–1925. He enrolled at Edinburgh College of", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "2483338", "score": "1.4897386", "text": "was initially based at Farnham in Surrey, and took part in the D-Day landings in 1944. He was demobilised in September 1945, having reached the rank of major and been mentioned in despatches twice. Spence returned to Rowand Anderson & Paul & Partners briefly, before setting up his own practice, Basil Spence & Partners, with Bruce Robertson. He was awarded an OBE in 1948 for his work in exhibition design, work which he continued with the Sea and Ships Pavilion for the 1951 Festival of Britain. That year he opened a London office, moving there permanently from 1953. A second", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "7083805", "score": "1.4494951", "text": "contributions to paediatrics. The Royal Victoria Infirmary has renamed its lecture hall the Sir James Spence Lecture Theatre. Three local schools were renamed after Spence in early 2011. Amble Middle School, Druridge Bay Community Middle School and Coquet High School were rebranded as James Calvert Spence College on 1 January 2011. James Calvert Spence Professor Sir James Calvert Spence, MC & Bar (1892–1954), M.D., D. Sc., F. R. C. P., was a decorated war hero and a paediatrician who was a pioneer in the field of social paediatrics. He was a founding member of the British Paediatric Association. Spence was", "title": "James Calvert Spence" }, { "id": "2483343", "score": "1.4451015", "text": "worked closely with Sir Richard Southern as consultant for the interior design and layout of the theatre. The Spence practice was rearranged in 1964, with the Canonbury office being renamed Sir Basil Spence OM RA, and the second London office Spence Bonnington & Collins. The Edinburgh office was also renamed for its partners, Spence Glover & Ferguson. From 1961 to 1968, Spence was Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy. Through the 1970s, Spence continued to work on public and private commissions, universities and offices including Aston University Library and Management Centre. His last work was for an unexecuted cultural", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "2483339", "score": "1.4044168", "text": "office was opened in 1956 at Canonbury, which became the creative hub of the practice. Spence was External Professor of Architecture at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1957 and from 1958 to 1960 he was the President of the Royal Institute of British Architects. On 14 November 1940, Coventry's Anglican Cathedral was extensively damaged by German bombing, a year into World War II. In 1944, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott submitted a design proposal to rebuild the cathedral but this was rejected by the Royal Fine Arts Commission. In 1950, a competition was launched to find the most suitable", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sir Basil Spence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Piraeus Bank\n\nPiraeus Bank () is a Greek multinational financial services company with its headquarters in Athens, Greece. Piraeus Bank's shares have been listed on the Athens Stock Exchange (ATHEX) since January 1918.\n\nIn Greece, with a 30% market share in loans (34.4 billion) and 29% in deposits (54.6 billion), is the country's largest bank.", "title": "Piraeus Bank" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Richard Southern (theatre designer)\n\nRichard Southern (October 5, 1903 – August 1, 1989) was a British theatre designer and lecturer, best known for his extensive pictorial documentation of historical theatre construction, the Richard Southern Print Collection, comprising some 22,500 visual images. A prolific stage designer and theatre restorer, Southern devoted decades to researching and documenting theatre construction. ", "title": "Richard Southern (theatre designer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "University of Southampton\n\nThe University of Southampton (abbreviated as Soton in post-nominal letters) is a public research university in Southampton, England. Southampton is a founding member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities in the United Kingdom, and ranked in the top 100 universities in the world.<ref name=\":1\" />\n\nThe university has seven campuses. The main campus is located in the Highfield area of Southampton and is supplemented by four other campuses within the city: Avenue Campus housing the School of Humanities, the National Oceanography Centre housing courses in Ocean and Earth Sciences, Southampton General Hospital offering courses in Medicine and Health Sciences, and Boldrewood Campus housing an engineering and maritime technology campus and Lloyd's Register. In addition, the university operates a School of Art based in nearby Winchester and an international branch in Malaysia offering courses in Engineering. Each campus is equipped with its own library facilities.\n\nThe University of Southampton currently has undergraduate and postgraduate students, making it the largest university by higher education students in the South East region. The University of Southampton Students' Union, provides support, representation and social activities for the students ranging from involvement in the Union's four media outlets, to any of the 200 affiliated societies and 80 sports. The university owns and operates a sports ground for use by students and also operates a sports centre on the main campus.", "title": "University of Southampton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sidney Reilly\n\nSidney George Reilly (; – 5 November 1925)—known as \"Ace of Spies\"—was a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the Foreign Section of the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS). He is alleged to have spied for at least four different great powers, and documentary evidence indicates that he was involved in espionage activities in 1890s London among Russian émigré circles, in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), and in an abortive 1918 \"coup d'état\" against Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik government in Moscow.\n\nReilly disappeared in Soviet Russia in the mid-1920s, lured by Cheka's Operation Trust. British diplomat and journalist R. H. Bruce Lockhart publicised his and Reilly's 1918 exploits to overthrow the Bolshevik regime in Lockhart's 1932 book \"Memoirs of a British Agent.\" This became an international best-seller and garnered global fame for Reilly. The memoirs retold the efforts by Reilly, Lockhart, and other conspirators to sabotage the Bolshevik revolution while still in its infancy.\n\nThe world press made Reilly into a household name within five years of his execution by Soviet agents in 1925, lauding him as a peerless spy and recounting his many espionage adventures. Newspapers dubbed him \"the greatest spy in history\" and \"the Scarlet Pimpernel of Red Russia\". The London \"Evening Standard\" described his exploits in an illustrated serial in May 1931 headlined \"Master Spy\". Ian Fleming used him as a model for James Bond in his novels (set in the early Cold War). Reilly is considered to be \"the dominating figure in the mythology of modern British espionage\".", "title": "Sidney Reilly" }, { "id": "2483345", "score": "1.3941342", "text": "Spence's Hutchesontown C complex was listed by the international conservation organisation DoCoMoMo as one of Scotland's sixty key monuments of the post-war years, in the same year as it was demolished. In August 2010 English Heritage recommended that the Spence-designed Sydenham School be given Grade II listed status: the building was due to be demolished to make way for a new building. However the government's decision was that the school was not of sufficient merit to warrant listing. Basil Spence Sir Basil Urwin Spence, OM, OBE, RA (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) was a Scottish architect, most notably", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "7083795", "score": "1.389552", "text": "James Calvert Spence Professor Sir James Calvert Spence, MC & Bar (1892–1954), M.D., D. Sc., F. R. C. P., was a decorated war hero and a paediatrician who was a pioneer in the field of social paediatrics. He was a founding member of the British Paediatric Association. Spence was born in Amble, Northumberland on 19 March 1892, the fourth son and seventh child of an architect (David Magnus Spence) and his wife Isabella Turnbull. After being educated at Elmfield College, York, he attended the Durham College of Medicine in Newcastle upon Tyne. Spence went into the Royal Army Medical Corps.", "title": "James Calvert Spence" }, { "id": "6784286", "score": "1.3882618", "text": "Basil Neven-Spence Sir Basil Hamilton Hebden Neven-Spence (12 June 1888 – 13 September 1974) was a Scottish Unionist Party politician and military physician. Neven-Spence came from a prominent landowning family in the Shetland Islands. Neven-Spence graduated from Edinburgh University in 1911. He served with the Royal Army Medical Corps, seconded to help the Egyptian Army and government of Sudan, and in the First World War, mainly in the Middle East. He received the Order of the Nile for his role in the Darfur Expedition. Following the war he organised a campaign to treat sleeping sickness in Darfur. He returned to", "title": "Basil Neven-Spence" }, { "id": "7083802", "score": "1.3856951", "text": "in the care of the sick child and throughout his teaching emphasised the preventive as well as the curative aspect of paediatrics. Spence combined clinical skills with great sensitivity as a doctor and his whimsical charm made him a most attractive personality. As a teacher and leader, he was outstanding and wrote: 'The first aim of my department is comradeship, not achievement.' His own achievements were of course great, and for his services to British medicine and medical education, he was knighted in 1950. He summed up the practice of medicine as follows: The real work of a doctor is", "title": "James Calvert Spence" }, { "id": "15603993", "score": "1.3717587", "text": "improvements in adhesives. He was also interested in all forms of glass including slab glass and the dalle de verre technique. Sir Basil Spence was commissioned to design the replacement for Coventry Cathedral, destroyed during the war. Spence was determined that the stained glass should be an integral part of the design from the outset. About this time, Spence received an invitation from Lee to act as external examiner at the RCA. Spence was impressed by the experimental and abstract work he saw there. Spence abandoned his thoughts of inviting French artist Fernand Léger to bid for the Cathedral work", "title": "Lawrence Lee" }, { "id": "2483334", "score": "1.3665886", "text": "Art (ECA) in 1925, studying architecture, where he secured a maintenance scholarship on the strength of the \"unusual brilliance\" of his work. He won several prizes at the college, and meanwhile carried out paid work drawing architectural perspectives for practising architects including Leslie Grahame-Thomson, Reginald Fairlie and Frank Mears. In 1929–1930 he spent a year as an assistant, along with William Kininmonth, in the London office of Sir Edwin Lutyens, whose work was to have a profound influence on Spence's style, where he worked on designs for the Viceroy's House in New Delhi, India. While in London he attended evening", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "2483341", "score": "1.3585446", "text": "high-rise Hutchesontown C housing in Glasgow. These were intended to replace the notorious slum tenements in the Gorbals area of the city. A combination of social deprivation and exclusion in the relevant areas, coupled to poor execution of his designs meant that the developments created as many problems as they solved, and led to their demolition in 1993. He was also responsible for modernist buildings on The Canongate in Edinburgh, opposite the new Scottish Parliament and in view of Holyrood Palace. This area is named Brown's Close and was listed in 2008. Other work in the 1960s included the concept", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "6784289", "score": "1.3566573", "text": "having been assigned to the island of Tanna in the New Hebrides. Basil Neven-Spence Sir Basil Hamilton Hebden Neven-Spence (12 June 1888 – 13 September 1974) was a Scottish Unionist Party politician and military physician. Neven-Spence came from a prominent landowning family in the Shetland Islands. Neven-Spence graduated from Edinburgh University in 1911. He served with the Royal Army Medical Corps, seconded to help the Egyptian Army and government of Sudan, and in the First World War, mainly in the Middle East. He received the Order of the Nile for his role in the Darfur Expedition. Following the war he", "title": "Basil Neven-Spence" }, { "id": "7539656", "score": "1.3488309", "text": "for West Aberdeenshire from 1950-59. He died in Kensington and Chelsea aged 84. Henry Spence Henry Reginald Spence OBE (22 June 1897 – 11 September 1981) was a Scottish Unionist politician. Spence was commissioned in the Royal Flying Corps in 1915; with No. 16 Squadron in 1916-17 and with 12 Wing RAF in 1918 (under Ginger Mitchell). He was later Area Commandant of the Air Training Corps for North-East Scotland. He was British Cross Country Ski Champion, Mürren in 1929. He worked in textile manufacturing and industry and was managing partner of a firm and director of four others. Spence", "title": "Henry Spence" }, { "id": "16974863", "score": "1.34693", "text": "Reid, which manufactured clipper ships Spence also set up an import/export firm at Pratt Street’s Old Bowley’s Wharf. Later, he founded the Mercantile Trust and Deposit Company and became an officer of The Eutaw Savings Bank. Spence was a pillar in the Baltimore community. He was the president of the Municipal Art Society, active in the formation of the First Presbyterian Church, and a prominent contributor to Johns Hopkins University and Hospital. He is best known for erecting a thirteen-foot, iron statue of William Wallace, the Scottish martyr, in 1893 in Druid Hill Park and donating a copy of Danish", "title": "William Wallace Spence" }, { "id": "7539655", "score": "1.3456515", "text": "Henry Spence Henry Reginald Spence OBE (22 June 1897 – 11 September 1981) was a Scottish Unionist politician. Spence was commissioned in the Royal Flying Corps in 1915; with No. 16 Squadron in 1916-17 and with 12 Wing RAF in 1918 (under Ginger Mitchell). He was later Area Commandant of the Air Training Corps for North-East Scotland. He was British Cross Country Ski Champion, Mürren in 1929. He worked in textile manufacturing and industry and was managing partner of a firm and director of four others. Spence was Unionist Member of Parliament for Aberdeen and Kincardine Central from 1945–50 and", "title": "Henry Spence" }, { "id": "2483344", "score": "1.3420382", "text": "centre for Bahrain, which he worked on during illness in 1976. Some of his final commissions were built after his death; for example, his design for the new Glasgow Royal Infirmary was completed in 1981. Spence died in November 1976 at his home at Yaxley, Suffolk and was buried at nearby Thornham Parva. His practice – Spence, Ferguson and Glover continued until 1992 before being disbanded. In 2006 he was the subject of a BBC Scotland documentary, \"Rebuilding Basil Spence\", which revised his place in 20th-century British architecture and asked why he had been for so long overlooked. In 1993", "title": "Basil Spence" }, { "id": "7083801", "score": "1.3418579", "text": "although with the outbreak of the second world war, it was not until 1947 that the members of this cohort could be recruited. The Thousand Families Study was the basis of much of community paediatrics for the next 50 years. Spence became a mentor in 1945 to Douglas Gairdner, M.D., who served for a time as Spence's first assistant. The two paediatricians remained close friends after Gairdner moved on. Spence is also remembered for his pithy and witty comment on child circumcision, which he opposed. Spence always laid stress on the inclusion of the home as well as the hospital", "title": "James Calvert Spence" }, { "id": "18449529", "score": "1.3416843", "text": "own sawmills in Watford. Capell took an interest in the practice of homoeopathy which was growing in popularity at the time. He supported the activities of the British Homeopathic Association and served as a Vice President of the London Homeopathic Hospital. Like many landowners of his time, the Earl also took an active interest in agriculture and developed a model farm, Home Farm, to the north of Cassiobury House. He was first president of the West Hertfordshire Agricultural Society, and in August 1864 he held first exhibition of the Watford and Leavesden Horticultural Society in the gardens at Cassiobury. He", "title": "Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex" }, { "id": "15536573", "score": "1.341542", "text": "Spence Medal in 1984, by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. James W. B. Douglas James William Bruce Douglas (born in 1914 in Alperton, Middlesex, died 1992) was an eminent social researcher. Douglas was responsible for the National Survey of Health & Development that in turn led to other national birth cohort studies, such as the National Child Development Study, the 1970 British Cohort Study and the Millennium Cohort Study. Douglas was born in Alperton, Middlesex, in 1914 and was the son of a clergyman. Upon receiving a Demy, Douglas attended Magdalen College, Oxford, to study Natural sciences", "title": "James W. B. Douglas" } ]

[ "Johan Friedrich Miescher", "J. F. Miescher", "Friedrich Meischer", "johann friedrich miescher", "johan friedrich miescher", "Friedrich Miescher", "friedrich miescher", "j f miescher", "Friedrich Mieschler", "friedrich mieschler", "Johann Friedrich Miescher", "Friederich Miescher", "friederich miescher", "friedrich meischer" ]

[ { "id": "664291", "score": "1.8371842", "text": "Fred Sanger's publication of the Amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955, nucleic acid sequencing became a major target of early molecular biologists. In 1964, Robert W. Holley and colleagues published the first nucleic acid sequence ever determined, the ribonucleotide sequence of alanine transfer RNA. Extending this work, Marshall Nirenberg and Philip Leder revealed the triplet nature of the genetic code and were able to determine the sequences of 54 out of 64 codons in their experiments. In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first", "title": "Genomics" }, { "id": "97614", "score": "1.8281157", "text": "according to the nucleotide they have read. DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it \"nuclein\". In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of \"nuclein\", nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases. In 1909, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar, and phosphate nucleotide unit of the RNA (then named \"yeast nucleic acid\"). In 1929, Levene identified deoxyribose sugar in \"thymus nucleic acid\" (DNA). Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a", "title": "DNA" }, { "id": "1751223", "score": "1.8078203", "text": "Friedrich Miescher Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist. He was the first researcher to isolate nucleic acid. Miescher isolated various phosphate-rich chemicals, which he called \"nuclein\" (now nucleic acids), from the nuclei of white blood cells in 1869 in Felix Hoppe-Seyler's laboratory at the University of Tübingen, Germany, paving the way for the identification of DNA as the carrier of inheritance. The significance of the discovery, first published in 1871, was not at first apparent, and it was Albrecht Kossel who made the initial inquiries into its chemical structure. Later,", "title": "Friedrich Miescher" }, { "id": "2749456", "score": "1.7536662", "text": "Kossel, who, in 1878, isolated the non-protein components of “nuclein”, and discovered the five nucleobases present in nucleic acids: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil. Although some fundamental facts were known about nucleic acids due to these early discoveries, its structure and function remained a mystery. It wasn’t until the discovery of nucleotides in 1919 by Phoebus Levene, a Russian-Lithuanian biochemist that re-opened the gates of the DNA discovery. Levene first identified the carbohydrate component present in yeast RNA was in fact ribose. However, it was not until his discovery that the carbohydrate component in thymus nucleic acid was also", "title": "Ribonucleotide" }, { "id": "7216059", "score": "1.7370868", "text": "two types—one containing ribose and the other deoxyribose. It was this subsequent discovery that led to the identification and naming of DNA as a substance distinct from RNA. Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) discovered a substance he called \"nuclein\" in 1869. Somewhat later, he isolated a pure sample of the material now known as DNA from the sperm of salmon, and in 1889 his pupil, Richard Altmann, named it \"nucleic acid\". This substance was found to exist only in the chromosomes. In 1919 Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute identified the components (the four bases, the sugar and the phosphate chain) and", "title": "History of molecular biology" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Friedrich Miescher\n\nJohannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist. He was the first scientist to isolate nucleic acid in 1869. He also identified protamine and made a number of other discoveries.\n\nMiescher had isolated various phosphate-rich chemicals, which he called \"nuclein\" (now nucleic acids), from the nuclei of white blood cells in Felix Hoppe-Seyler's laboratory at the University of Tübingen, Germany, and even posited that there might be something akin to an alphabet that might explain how variation is produced.", "title": "Friedrich Miescher" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "DNA" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Polymerase chain reaction\n\nThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation; Mullis and biochemist Michael Smith, who had developed other essential ways of manipulating DNA,<ref name=\":1\" /> were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.\n\nPCR is fundamental to many of the procedures used in genetic testing and research, including analysis of ancient samples of DNA and identification of infectious agents. Using PCR, copies of very small amounts of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified in a series of cycles of temperature changes. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics.\n\nThe majority of PCR methods rely on thermal cycling. Thermal cycling exposes reactants to repeated cycles of heating and cooling to permit different temperature-dependent reactions—specifically, DNA melting and enzyme-driven DNA replication. PCR employs two main reagents—primers (which are short single strand DNA fragments known as oligonucleotides that are a complementary sequence to the target DNA region) and a DNA polymerase. In the first step of PCR, the two strands of the DNA double helix are physically separated at a high temperature in a process called nucleic acid denaturation. In the second step, the temperature is lowered and the primers bind to the complementary sequences of DNA. The two DNA strands then become templates for DNA polymerase to enzymatically assemble a new DNA strand from free nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. As PCR progresses, the DNA generated is itself used as a template for replication, setting in motion a chain reaction in which the original DNA template is exponentially amplified.\n\nAlmost all PCR applications employ a heat-stable DNA polymerase, such as \"Taq\" polymerase, an enzyme originally isolated from the thermophilic bacterium \"Thermus aquaticus\". If the polymerase used was heat-susceptible, it would denature under the high temperatures of the denaturation step. Before the use of \"Taq\" polymerase, DNA polymerase had to be manually added every cycle, which was a tedious and costly process.\n\nApplications of the technique include DNA cloning for sequencing, gene cloning and manipulation, gene mutagenesis; construction of DNA-based phylogenies, or functional analysis of genes; diagnosis and monitoring of genetic disorders; amplification of ancient DNA;<ref name=\":0\"/> analysis of genetic fingerprints for DNA profiling (for example, in forensic science and parentage testing); and detection of pathogens in nucleic acid tests for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.", "title": "Polymerase chain reaction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "DNA sequencing\n\nDNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.\n\nKnowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, DNA Genographic Projects and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematics. Comparing healthy and mutated DNA sequences can diagnose different diseases including various cancers, characterize antibody repertoire, Having a quick way to sequence DNA allows for faster and more individualized medical care to be administered, and for more organisms to be identified and cataloged.<ref name=\":3\" />\n\nThe rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or genomes, of numerous types and species of life, including the human genome and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial species.\n\nThe first DNA sequences were obtained in the early 1970s by academic researchers using laborious methods based on two-dimensional chromatography. Following the development of fluorescence-based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster.", "title": "DNA sequencing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ribonucleotide\n\nIn biochemistry, a ribonucleotide is a nucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component. It is considered a molecular precursor of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. Ribonucleotides themselves are basic monomeric building blocks for RNA. Deoxyribonucleotides, formed by reducing ribonucleotides with the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), are essential building blocks for DNA. There are several differences between DNA deoxyribonucleotides and RNA ribonucleotides. Successive nucleotides are linked together via phosphodiester bonds.\n\nRibonucleotides are also utilized in other cellular functions. These special monomers are utilized in both cell regulation and cell signaling as seen in adenosine-monophosphate (AMP). Furthermore, ribonucleotides can be converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency in organisms. Ribonucleotides can be converted to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to regulate hormones in organisms as well.<ref name=\"Nelson, David\" /> In living organisms, the most common bases for ribonucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U). The nitrogenous bases are classified into two parent compounds, purine and pyrimidine.", "title": "Ribonucleotide" }, { "id": "1826209", "score": "1.6772033", "text": "is named in his honor. Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic", "title": "Albrecht Kossel" }, { "id": "731464", "score": "1.6724137", "text": "the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\". The other half was awarded to Paul Berg \"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA\". Frederick Sanger was born on 13 August 1918 in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire, England, the second son of Frederick Sanger, a general practitioner, and his wife, Cicely Sanger (née Crewdson). He was one of three children. His brother, Theodore, was only a year older, while his sister May (Mary) was five years younger. His father had worked as an Anglican medical missionary in China but returned", "title": "Frederick Sanger" }, { "id": "9809919", "score": "1.6647801", "text": "in 1944. After a year as a U.S. Public Health Service Fellow at the University of Minnesota, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois and later became a professor of microbiology where he stayed for 20 years. In 1962, he improved a technique that allowed the detection of specific RNA and DNA molecules in cells. Called nucleic acid hybridization originally developed by Rich and Davies in 1956, it was the combination of viral DNA and viral RNA which helped to lay the groundwork for advances in recombinant DNA technology. In 1969 he became a professor of human genetics", "title": "Sol Spiegelman" }, { "id": "20686745", "score": "1.6635944", "text": "of Leeds, where she joined Astbury's laboratory. During her postgraduate studies she used X-ray diffraction to characterise biomolecules, including nucleic acids. She received her PhD in 1939. Astbury became interested in DNA, and Bell's work demonstrated it was a regular, ordered structure of nucleotides separated by 3.3 - 3.4 Å. She studied the nucleic acids in yeast, pancreases, tobacco mosaic virus and calf thymus. She recognised that the \"beginnings of life are clearly associated with the interaction of proteins and nucleic acids\". Bell and Astbury published an X-ray study on DNA in 1938, describing the nucleotides as a \"Pile of", "title": "Florence Bell (scientist)" }, { "id": "19495336", "score": "1.6634501", "text": "fact, the 2015 conference organizers’ welcome address begins, “When our forerunners and field-founders Philippe Anker and Maurice Stroun organized the first event in 1999 in Menthon, France, none of us attendees could have imagined that Circulating Nucleic Acids would be a game changer” In later years, Stroun promoted the development and validation through large clinical studies of cancer diagnostics based on circulating nucleic acid detection. Stroun and Anker would later set up a company, OncoXL, in Geneva to commercialize a cancer diagnostic test, or liquid biopsy, as it later become known, based on the fruits of their multiple decades of", "title": "Maurice Stroun" }, { "id": "459131", "score": "1.6540956", "text": "Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid. Gilbert has also been honored by the National Academy of Sciences (US Steel Foundation Award, 1968); Massachusetts General Hospital (Warren Triennial Prize, 1977); the New York Academy of Sciences; (Louis and Bert Freedman Foundation Award, 1977), the Académie des Sciences of France (Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer Award, 1977). Gilbert was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987. In 2002, he received the Biotechnology Heritage Award, from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation. Allan", "title": "Walter Gilbert" }, { "id": "1826200", "score": "1.651756", "text": "\"nucleic acid\", which contains the genetic information found in all living cells. In 1883, Kossel left Strassburg to become Director of the Chemistry Division of the Physiological Institute at the University of Berlin. In this post, he succeeded Eugen Baumann and worked under the supervision of Emil du Bois-Reymond. Kossel continued his previous work on the nucleic acids. During the period 1885 to 1901, he was able to isolate and name its five constituent organic compounds: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds are now known collectively as nucleobases, and they provide the molecular structure necessary in the formation", "title": "Albrecht Kossel" }, { "id": "19495328", "score": "1.6451473", "text": "Maurice Stroun Maurice Stroun (born September 3, 1926) is a researcher and professor at the University of Geneva in the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology. He is known for first hypothesizing and demonstrating the existence of disease-specific circulating nucleic acids as well as first developing techniques for the detection of tumor-related characteristics of circulating DNA and RNA in plasma and serum, or liquid biopsies as this field is now known. \"Circulating nucleic acids in Plants and Animals\" In the mid 1960s, Stroun along with colleague, Philip Anker, (also in the Department of Plant Physiology at the University of Geneva)", "title": "Maurice Stroun" }, { "id": "18937323", "score": "1.6416526", "text": "1950s at the , that enabled Marcello to discover the nascent field of genetics. As a part of his doctorate in 1948, he completed a study on the relationship between nucleic acid metabolism and protein synthesis carried out in tiny crustaceans. This was one of the earliest known works attempting to understand the link between DNA and RNA (the central dogma of molecular biology), contributing to a school of academic thought which culminated in Watson and Crick’s Nobel-prize winning discovery a decade later. This was the beginning of a successful period during which Siniscalco pursued research based at the University", "title": "Marcello Siniscalco" }, { "id": "1786159", "score": "1.6386979", "text": "became an American citizen in 1940. During his time at Columbia, Chargaff published numerous scientific papers, dealing primarily with the study of nucleic acids such as DNA using chromatographic techniques. He became interested in DNA in 1944 after Oswald Avery identified the molecule as the basis of heredity. In 1950, he discovered that the amounts of adenine and thymine in DNA were roughly the same, as were the amounts of cytosine and guanine. This later became known as the first of Chargaff's rules. Erwin Chargaff proposed two main rules in his lifetime which were appropriately named Chargaff's rules. The first", "title": "Erwin Chargaff" }, { "id": "97616", "score": "1.6377453", "text": "system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information. In 1933, while studying virgin sea urchin eggs, Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in the cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm. At the time, \"yeast nucleic acid\" (RNA) was thought to occur only in plants, while \"thymus nucleic acid\" (DNA) only in animals. The latter was thought to be a tetramer, with the function of buffering cellular pH. In 1937, William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. In 1943, Oswald Avery, along with", "title": "DNA" }, { "id": "19495337", "score": "1.636399", "text": "research into circulating nucleic acids. In 2005, Stroun’s semi-forgotten pioneering work in circulating nucleic acids was later acknowledged in a compilation of scientists that gave rise to various groundbreaking fields. Maurice Stroun currently serves as an advisor to Guardant Health, a company that has commercialized a comprehensive liquid biopsy based on circulating DNA in peripheral blood. Maurice Stroun Maurice Stroun (born September 3, 1926) is a researcher and professor at the University of Geneva in the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology. He is known for first hypothesizing and demonstrating the existence of disease-specific circulating nucleic acids as well as", "title": "Maurice Stroun" }, { "id": "4789975", "score": "1.6297343", "text": "since been cited nearly 4,500 times. It and the parallel effort by Walter Goad which led to the GenBank database of nucleic acid sequences are the twin origins of the modern databases of molecular sequences. The \"Atlas\" was organized by gene families, and she is regarded as a pioneer in their recognition. Frederick Sanger's determination of the first complete amino acid sequence of a protein (insulin) in 1955, led a number of researchers to sequence various proteins from different species. In the early 1960s, a theory was developed that small differences between homologous protein sequences (sequences with a high likelihood", "title": "Margaret Oakley Dayhoff" }, { "id": "3014762", "score": "1.627043", "text": "of work. In 1964 and 1965, Nirenberg's postdoctoral researcher, Philip Leder, developed a filtration machine that allowed the NIH research team determine the order of the nucleotides in the codons. This development sped up the process of assigning code words to amino acids. By 1966, Nirenberg announced that he had deciphered the sixty-four RNA codons for all twenty amino acids. For his ground-breaking work on the genetic code, Nirenberg was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He shared the award with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley. Working independently, Khorana had mastered the synthesis of nucleic", "title": "Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment" }, { "id": "2749455", "score": "1.6266685", "text": "converted to Uridine-5’-trisphosphate (UTP) by two kinases reaction. Formation of Cytidine-5’-trisphosphate (CTP) from UTP can be achieved by cytidylate synthetase by an acyl phosphate intermediate. Prior to James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark paper that detailed the structure of DNA from Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography image, there were several historical scientists that also contributed to its discovery. Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician, who, in 1869, was first to isolate and identify nucleic substance from the nuclei of white blood cells he later called “nuclein”, paving the way for the discovery of DNA. Following Mieschers work, was the German biochemist, Albrecht", "title": "Ribonucleotide" } ]

[ "thomas burns", "Thomas Burns", "burns thomas", "Tommy Burns (disambiguation)", "tommy burns disambiguation", "Tom Burns", "Tommy Burns", "tommy burns", "thom burns", "tom burns disambiguation", "Burns, Thomas", "Thomas Burns (disambiguation)", "thomas burns disambiguation", "tom burns", "Tom Burns (disambiguation)", "Thom Burns" ]

[ { "id": "3331884", "score": "1.6326597", "text": "most boxing experts and ring historians consider to be Corbett's finest fight. Refusing to face Corbett, Ruby Robert chose the hulking James J. Jeffries, a former sparring partner of Corbett's and a big heavyweight even by modern standards, for his title defense. Jeffries had learned much of his trade training with Corbett and was now handled by Corbett's old manager, William Brady. Corbett, who had been put on the back burner during Fitzsimmons reign, wasted no time in suggesting a title fight between his old sparring partner and himself. Brady, liking Corbett and reflecting after a recent poor showing against", "title": "James J. Corbett" }, { "id": "3331876", "score": "1.5571952", "text": "James J. Corbett James John Corbett (September 1, 1866 – February 18, 1933) was an American professional boxer and a World Heavyweight Champion, best known as the man who defeated the great John L. Sullivan. Despite a career spanning only 20 bouts, Corbett faced the best competition his era had to offer; squaring off with a total of 9 fighters who would later be enshrined alongside him in the International Boxing Hall of Fame. In 1854, Jim's father, Patrick Corbett, had emigrated from Ballycusheen, Ballinrobe, County Mayo, Ireland to the US. James Corbett returned to Ballinrobe in 1894, and among", "title": "James J. Corbett" }, { "id": "1589537", "score": "1.5403281", "text": "Bob Fitzsimmons Robert James Fitzsimmons (26 May 1863 – 22 October 1917) was a British professional boxer who made boxing history as the sport's first three-division world champion. He also achieved fame for beating Gentleman Jim Corbett, (the man who beat John L. Sullivan), and he is in \"The Guinness Book of World Records\" as the lightest heavyweight champion. Nicknamed \"Ruby Robert\" and \"The Freckled Wonder\", he took pride in his lack of scars and appeared in the ring wearing heavy woollen underwear to conceal the disparity between his trunk and leg-development. He was also known for his pure fighting", "title": "Bob Fitzsimmons" }, { "id": "3311687", "score": "1.5305928", "text": "terrific right to the stomach, followed by a left hook to the jaw which knocked Fitzsimmons unconscious. Jeffries and Corbett met one last time in the ring on August 14, 1903. This time Jeffries was in total control for all ten rounds of the scheduled twenty round bout. Tommy Ryan, Corbett's chief second, threw a large palm-leaf fan into the ring to alert Referee Graney that he should stop the fight. Jeffries had his seventh and final title defense against Canadian Jack Munroe, whom he stopped in only two rounds. Jeffries broke the ribs of three opponents in title fights:", "title": "James J. Jeffries" }, { "id": "9927902", "score": "1.5259178", "text": "re-enactment of the Hindenburg disaster. The final telecast took place on October 13, 1957. Originally telecast live, most of the later episodes were produced on film. One of the episodes, for instance, features actor Pat Conway as James J. Corbett, the boxer who fought champion John L. Sullivan in 1892. The series also featured various key events in American and world history, portrayed in dramatic recreations. Additionally, CBS News reporters, in modern-day suits, would report on the action and interview the protagonists of each of the historical episodes. Each episode would begin with the characters setting the scene. Cronkite, from", "title": "You Are There (series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "James J. Jeffries\n\nJames Jackson \"Jim\" Jeffries (April 15, 1875 – March 3, 1953) was an American professional boxer and World Heavyweight Champion.\n\nHe was known for his enormous strength and stamina. Using a technique taught to him by his trainer, former Welterweight and Middleweight Champion Tommy Ryan, Jeffries fought out of a crouch with his left arm extended forward. He was able to absorb tremendous punishment while wearing his opponents down.\n\nA natural left-hander, he possessed one-punch knockout power in his left hook, and brawled his way to the top of the rankings. He is perhaps most famous for being United States \"Great White Hope\", since the nation expected him to come out of his retirement to beat the African-American boxer Jack Johnson, who was at the time the Heavyweight Champion.\n\nJeffries stood tall and weighed in his prime. He could run in just over ten seconds, and could high jump over .", "title": "James J. Jeffries" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of world heavyweight boxing champions\n\nAt boxing's beginning, the heavyweight division had no weight limit, and historically the weight class has gone with vague or no definition. During the 19th century many heavyweights were 170 pounds (12 st 2 lb, 77 kg) or less, though others weighed considerably more. John L. Sullivan was the first widely recognized champion under Marquess of Queensberry rules. Known as the \"Boston Strong Boy,\" Sullivan weighed around 200 pounds when in shape, and helped transition the sport from its bare-knuckle era. Sullivan would be defeated for the title by \"Gentleman\" Jim Corbett over 21 rounds on September 7, 1892, the first heavyweight titleholder solely under Queensberry rules.\n\nIn 1920 a de facto minimum weight for a heavyweight was set at 175 pounds (12 st 7 lb, 79 kg) with the standardization of a weight limit for the light heavyweight division. The addition of the cruiserweight division, which began in 1979, reset the de facto minimum, first to 190 pounds and then to 200 pounds in 2004 when boxing's major sanctioning bodies universally raised the weight limit at which they'd recognize champions. The World Boxing Council created a new division called bridgerweight for boxers weighing between 200 and 225 pounds. As of June 2022 no other major organization has recognized the division.\n\nThe championship of the heavyweight division has been fractured or disputed at various times in its history. Until the 1960s, such disputes were settled in the ring, typically with alternate title claimants largely being forgotten. The rise of sanctioning organizations, however, have produced an environment where typically there is no single world heavyweight champion, with titleholders recognized by one of these organizations (a \"World Champion\") or more (a \"Super Champion,\" a \"Unified Champion,\" or, in the rare cases where the four most prominent organizations recognize the same boxer, an \"Undisputed Champion\").\n\nSome title reigns are considered dubious owing to long periods of inactivity, the legitimacy of the organization granting championship recognition, and other factors. In 1967, for example, Muhammad Ali was denied a boxing license in every U.S. jurisdiction and stripped of his passport because of his refusal to be inducted into the armed forces. On April 29, 1967, his recognition as champion by both the World Boxing Association and World Boxing Council was withdrawn. Yet Ali remained the lineal champion and was recognized by \"The Ring magazine\" and most boxing purists until his defeat in 1971. In pursuit of greater revenues, some organizations have now adopted a practice of simultaneously recognizing multiple champions in a weight division, creating a situation in which a champion may be unable not only to secure recognition from multiple sanctioning bodies but to secure sole recognition from a single one.", "title": "List of world heavyweight boxing champions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Boxing/Archive 10" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jack Johnson (boxer)\n\nJack Arthur Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), nicknamed the \"Galveston Giant\", was an American boxer who, at the height of the Jim Crow era, became the first black world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915). He is widely regarded as one of the most influential boxers in history, and his 1910 fight against James J. Jeffries was dubbed the \"fight of the century\". According to filmmaker Ken Burns, \"for more than thirteen years, Jack Johnson was the most famous and the most notorious African-American on Earth\". Transcending boxing, he became part of the culture and history of racism in the United States.<ref name=\":0\" />\n\nIn 1912, Johnson opened a successful and luxurious \"black and tan\" (desegregated) restaurant and nightclub, which in part was run by his wife, a white woman. Major newspapers of the time soon claimed that Johnson was attacked by the government only after he became famous as a black man married to a white woman, and was linked to other white women. Johnson was arrested on charges of violating the Mann Act—forbidding one to transport a woman across state lines for \"immoral purposes\"—a racially motivated charge that embroiled him in controversy for his relationships, including marriages, with white women. Sentenced to a year in prison, Johnson fled the country and fought boxing matches abroad for seven years until 1920 when he served his sentence at the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth.\n\nJohnson continued taking paying fights for many years, and operated several other businesses, including lucrative endorsement deals. He died in a car crash in 1946 at the age of 68. He is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. In 2018 Johnson was formally pardoned by U.S. president Donald Trump.", "title": "Jack Johnson (boxer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joe Choynski\n\nJoseph Bartlett Choynski (; November 8, 1868 – January 24, 1943) was an American boxer who fought professionally from 1888 to 1904.", "title": "Joe Choynski" }, { "id": "19122174", "score": "1.5183902", "text": "J. Conners, Norman E. Mack, Justice Charles B. Wheeler, Stephen Merrell Clement, Robert B. Adam, William A. Douglas, Edward Michael Loran, J. Lewis, Jr., George R. Howard, George R. Teller, Herman E. Hayd, William B. Hoyt, Arthur D. Bissell, E. H. Hutchinson, George K. Birge, James G. Warren, T. Guilford Smith, George Urban, Jr., Frederick L. Pratt, George Bleistein, and Frank B. Baird. The department heads in the \"J.N. Matthews Co.\" constituted the active bearers, including: Leonard W. Wilgus, John F. Koine, Charles H. Thomas, Herman Gentsch, George Smyth, Merton Wiiner, Andrew J. Clerum, Frank L. Hayes, Frederick W. Kendall,", "title": "George E. Matthews" }, { "id": "7235526", "score": "1.5156207", "text": "Greenfield, Neils Gregerson, David Gross, Alan Guth Stuart Hameroff, John Hawthorne, John Hick, Donald Hoffman, Nicholas Humphrey, Chris Isham, Brian Josephson, Subhash Kak, Michio Kaku, Stuart Kauffman, Christof Koch, Steven Koonin, Lawrence Krauss, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Laughlin, Stephen Law, Brian Leftow, John Leslie, Andrei Linde, Rodolfo Llinas, Seth Lloyd, Elizabeth Loftus, Juan Maldacena, Hugh McCann, Colin McGinn, Alister McGrath, Ernan McMullin, Alfred Mele, Marvin Minsky, J.P. Moreland, Nancey Murphy, Yujin Nagasawa (), Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Timothy O'Connor, Don Page, Roger Penrose, Alvin Plantinga, John Polkinghorne, Huw Price, Martin Rees, John Searle, Michael Shermer, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Huston Smith, Quentin Smith, Lee", "title": "Closer to Truth" }, { "id": "4478175", "score": "1.5069692", "text": "Richard Jessup as a candidate for authorship of the Corbett novels. Technical advice was provided by Willy Ley, one of the leading rocket experts of the 1950s, and also a writer of science fiction who not only \"helped design the Marx Tom Corbett Space Academy playset\" for the character, but was known for years as a key voice urging the development of U.S. space exploration and as author of myriad journal articles and books, including contributions to Collier's \"Man in the Moon\" series. The series would ultimately run for five seasons, beginning its fourth season on DuMont Network in 1953,", "title": "Joseph Greene (writer)" }, { "id": "7933917", "score": "1.4904423", "text": "Robert J. Corbett Robert James (Bob) Corbett (August 25, 1905 – April 25, 1971) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Robert Corbett was born in Avalon, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh. He was the brother of the interim Governor of Guam William Corbett. He graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania in 1927 and from the University of Pittsburgh in 1929. He worked as senior high-school instructor at Coraopolis, Pennsylvania from 1929 to 1938, and as an instructor in the Pittsburgh Academy Evening School in 1938. He was elected as a Republican to the 76th United", "title": "Robert J. Corbett" }, { "id": "15223053", "score": "1.4835734", "text": "has yet to be discovered. McGuigan briefly turned from boxing to the stage in 1896, taking Jim Corbett's place in W.A. Brady's traveling play \"After Dark\" when Corbett took a hiatus to begin training for the famed Bob Fitzsimmons championship fight in Carson City, NV which took place on March 17, 1897. That bout was filmed by Enoch J. Rector, who released The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight documentary on May 22, 1897, the world's first feature film. Purchased by Brady from original writer and owner Dion Boucicault, the play featured a transitional scene in which McGuigan plays the role of a boxer", "title": "Patrick McGuigan" }, { "id": "9629973", "score": "1.480976", "text": "Sullivan, who has come to personally present the championship belt to Corbett. In July 1941 it was announced that Warner Bros had purchased the rights to make a film of Corbett's life from his widow, Vera. Errol Flynn was intended to star. Aeneas MacKenzie and Wally Kline were signed to write the screenplay. Ann Sheridan was announced as female co-star. Filming was to start in January 1942, after which Flynn was to make \"The Sea Devil\", a remake of \"The Sea Beast\" (Warner's version of \"Moby Dick\"). Bill Morrow and Ed Beloin, gag writers for Jack Benny, did some work", "title": "Gentleman Jim (film)" }, { "id": "13255141", "score": "1.4794722", "text": "O. Lichtenberger, James C. Kaufman, Alan S. Kaufman, Nadeen L. Kaufman, Fredrick A. Schrank, Barbara J. Wendling, Colin D. Elliott, R. Steve McCallum, Bruce A. Bracken, Jack A. Naglieri, Tulio M. Otero, Cecil R. Reynolds, Randy W. Kamphaus, Tara C. Raines, Robb N. Matthews, Cynthia A. Riccio, John L. Davis, Jack A. Naglieri, Tulio M. Otero, Dawn P. Flanagan, Vincent C. Alfonso, Samuel O. Ortiz, Catherine A. Fiorello, James B. Hale, Kirby L. Wycoff, Randy G. Floyd and John H. Kranzler, Samuel O. Ortiz, Salvador Hector Ochoa, Agnieszka M. Dynda, Nancy Mather, Barbara J. Wendling, Laurie Ford, Michelle L. Kozey,", "title": "Cross-battery assessment" }, { "id": "3331891", "score": "1.4783382", "text": "the story was serialized by \"The Saturday Evening Post\" in six weekly installments during October/November 1894. The following year, G.P. Putnam's Sons published it in book form, marketing it as the \"True Tale of the Rise and Fall of a Champion.\" In 1942, the story was made into a Hollywood motion picture titled \"Gentleman Jim\", starring Errol Flynn as Corbett. In 1966, the actor James Davidson played Corbett in the episode \"The Fight San Francisco Never Forgot\" of the syndicated western television series, \"Death Valley Days\", hosted by Ronald W. Reagan. In the story line, Walter Watson (John McLiam) becomes", "title": "James J. Corbett" }, { "id": "3331892", "score": "1.4772046", "text": "boxing instructor at the Olympic Club in San Francisco. In this capacity, he fights off a local bully and begins training Corbett to face him in a match vital to the future of Watson and the club. Corbett is mentioned in a Season 2 episode of \"The Simpsons\", \"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment\", when Mr. Burns remembers paying a nickel to attend a fight between Corbett and \"an Eskimo fellow.\" James J. Corbett James John Corbett (September 1, 1866 – February 18, 1933) was an American professional boxer and a World Heavyweight Champion, best known as the man", "title": "James J. Corbett" }, { "id": "9641655", "score": "1.4759953", "text": "Gene Corbett Eugene Louis Corbett (October 25, 1913 – January 28, 2009) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Phillies between and . Born in Winona, Minnesota, he batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Corbett played with the Phillies in part of three seasons. In a 37-game career, he was a .120 hitter (13-for-108) with two home runs and 10 RBI, including 12 runs and three doubles. Following his majors career, he was traded for first baseman/outfielder Phil Weintraub and played for the Baltimore Orioles of the International League. Corbett was the last living position", "title": "Gene Corbett" }, { "id": "9852772", "score": "1.475749", "text": "on Broadway, Corbett was cast as Michael Pavel Jr. on \"Ryan's Hope\", by a casting director who had seen him in a play. He played the role from 1979 to 1981. Corbett played Warren Carter on \"Search for Tomorrow\" from 1982 to 1985, and he later portrayed secretary-turned-murderer David Kimble on \"The Young and the Restless\" from 1986 to 1991. Corbett has also guest starred on numerous television series including \"The King of Queens\", \"\" as Dr. Rabal, and \"Zoey 101\" as Logan's father, Malcolm Reese, and the web series \"\". Since 2000, Corbett has hosted real estate and lifestyle", "title": "Michael Corbett (actor)" }, { "id": "5116692", "score": "1.4744585", "text": "series and theater productions. Emmett is a member of SAG-AFTRA and is Actors Equity Eligible. He has worked directly opposite; Josh Brolin, Jeffrey Donovan, Larry Hagman, McLean Stevenson, Jack Scalia, Frank Gorshin, Christopher Walken, Daniel Hugh Kelly, Michael J. Fox, Lorraine Bracco, Tyra Ferrell, Yancy Butler, Victoria Jackson, Saundra Santiago, George Hamilton, Frank Langella and Eli Wallach. Emmett Fitzsimmons Robert Emmett Fitzsimmons, known professionally as Emmett Fitzsimmons, is a former member of the NYPD police officer who has appeared in a number of films and television series, including \"Nurse Jackie\", \"Burn Notice\", and \"The Cape\" and Wall Street Money Never", "title": "Emmett Fitzsimmons" }, { "id": "3645814", "score": "1.4743809", "text": "Glenn Corbett Glenn Corbett (born Glenn Edwin Rothenburg; August 17, 1933 – January 16, 1993) was an American actor in movies and television for more than thirty years. Corbett came to national attention in the early 1960s when he replaced George Maharis in the cast of the popular CBS adventure drama \"Route 66\". He followed this with roles in high-profile films and television shows like the original \"\" series, the daytime soap opera \"The Doctors\", the prime time soap \"Dallas\", and movies like \"Chisum\" with John Wayne and the World War II epic \"Midway\". An American lead actor and supporting", "title": "Glenn Corbett" }, { "id": "6202662", "score": "1.4716568", "text": "at the request of the meeting: James Ross, William Wilkins, John S. Riddle, Ross Wilkins, Alexr. Johnston, jr. M. B. Lowrie, Richard Biddle, Wm. Hays, A Brackenridge, Wm. Lecky, Col. Wm. Anderson, Wm. Eichbaum, jr. T. B. Dallas. On motion Resolved, That the Hon. Wm Wilkins, has been requested to deliver a Eulogium on the characters of the deceased, at such time and place as the committee may appoint. On motion Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the chairman and secretaries and published. JOHN M. SNOWDEN, Chm’n W. Eichbaum, jr. Robert Burke Sec’ys. Pittsburgh, July 24,", "title": "John M. Snowden" }, { "id": "16803667", "score": "1.4712765", "text": "film on DVD in a video store later on in the episode. City of Bad Men City of Bad Men is a 1953 Technicolor Western film directed by Harmon Jones and starring Jeanne Crain and Dale Robertson. A heavyweight championship fight between James J. Corbett and Bob Fitzsimmons is coming to Carson City, Nevada at exactly the same time outlaw Brett Stanton and brother Gar return to town. Away for six years, Brett has alienated his former love, Linda Culligan, who is now involved with Jim London, the fight's promoter. London's sister, Cynthia Castle, tries to attract Brett's interest, but", "title": "City of Bad Men" } ]

[ "pueta rico", "Island of Puerto Rico", "Puetro Rico", "estado libre asociado", "puetro rico", "puertorican", "puerto rico puerto rico", "boriken", "Borinquen", "languages of puerto rico", "puertorriqueño", "Boriken", "puerto rico tourism and life", "Puerto-Rican", "boriquen", "portarico", "borikén", "puertorriquena", "porter rico", "puerto ricao", "Porto Rico", "America/Puerto Rico", "Isle of Enchantment", "Island of enchantment", "puertorriqueno", "Puerto Rica", "Porto-Rico", "Portorico", "Languages of Puerto Rico", "puerto rico", "borinquen", "Puertorriquenos", "pria", "Religion in Puerto Rico", "puertorriquenos", "Puerto Ricao", "Porto Rican", "porto rico", "isla del encanto", "porta rico", "Peurto Rico", "ISO 3166-1:PR", "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico", "puorto rico", "isle of enchantment", "Portarico", "Puertorriquena", "puertorriqueños", "freely associated state of puerto rico", "Puertorico", "Portar Rico", "free associated state of puerto rico", "Pueta rico", "Puertorican", "Puorto rico", "la isla del encanto", "Estado Libre Asociado", "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico", "puertorico", "puerto rican", "portorico", "america puerto rico", "puerto rico territory united states", "Borikén", "puerto rico transnational issues", "Puerto Rico tourism and life", "Puertorriqueña", "Puertorriqueño", "Puertorriqueno", "peurto rico", "US-PR", "Puerto Rico (U.S. state)", "Puerto Rico/Transnational issues", "religion in puerto rico", "Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico)", "Porter Rico", "san juan bautista puerto rico", "list of puerto rico territorial symbols", "portar rico", "La isla del encanto", "us pr", "Puerto-Rico", "Portoriko", "island of enchantment", "PRia", "San Juan Bautista (Puerto Rico)", "porto rican", "puertorriqueña", "puerto rica", "iso 3166 1 pr", "Porta Rico", "Puerto rico", "Isla del encanto", "portoriko", "rich port", "Boriquen", "puerto rico u s state", "Puerto Rico", "island of puerto rico", "The island of enchantment", "Puerto Rico territory, United States", "commonwealth of puerto rico", "Freely Associated State of Puerto Rico", "Puertorriqueños", "List of Puerto Rico territorial symbols", "Rich Port" ]

[ { "id": "311496", "score": "1.6262984", "text": "suggested a two-plebiscite process, including a \"first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States (either via Statehood or Commonwealth) or wish to be independent (via Independence or Free Association). If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite, a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth.\" On June 14, 2011, President Barack Obama \"promised to support 'a clear decision' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood\". That same month, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "2666275", "score": "1.5954823", "text": "added before the referendum took place. The referendum was held on June 11, 2017, with an overwhelming majority of voters supporting statehood at 97.16%, however with a voter turnout of 22.99%, a historical low. If the majority voted for Independence/Free Association, a second vote would have been held to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a \"free and voluntary political association\" between Puerto Rico and the United States. The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "1650638", "score": "1.5684489", "text": "after World War II, it became a province of Canada in 1949. A number of Commonwealth realms have held referendums to consider whether they should become republics. As of January 2017, of the eight referendums held, only three have been successful: in Ghana, in South Africa and the second referendum in Gambia. Referendums which rejected the proposal were held in Australia, twice in Tuvalu, and in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. There are currently no planned referendums, but interest in holding a second referendum was expressed in Australia in 2010. Commonwealth realm A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state in", "title": "Commonwealth realm" }, { "id": "2666274", "score": "1.5647765", "text": "January 15, 2014, the United States House of Representatives approved $2.5 million in funding to hold a referendum. This referendum can be held at any time as there is no deadline by which the funds have to be used. The United States Senate then passed the bill which was signed into law on January 17, 2014, by Barack Obama, then President of the United States. The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017 originally offered only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association, however a \"current territorial status\" was", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "311494", "score": "1.5630884", "text": "new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth, or to have a different political status. If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth, the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status, a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Political status of Puerto Rico\n\nThe political status of Puerto Rico is that of an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, the island of Puerto Rico is neither a sovereign nation nor a U.S. state. Because of that ambiguity, the territory, as a polity, lacks certain rights but enjoys certain benefits that other polities have or lack. For instance, in contrast to U.S. states, Puerto Rico residents cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections nor can they elect their own senators and representatives to the U.S. Congress. On the other hand, in contrast to U.S. states, only some residents of Puerto Rico are subject to federal income taxes. The political status of the island thus stems from how different Puerto Rico is politically from sovereign nations and from U.S. states.\n\nThe status of the island is the result of various political activities within both the United States and Puerto Rican governments. The United Nations removed it from the list of non-self-governing territories in 1953, but it remains subject to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution. According to the Insular Cases, Puerto Rico is \"a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution\".\n\nAmerican and Puerto Rican political activities regarding the status question have revolved around three sets of initiatives: presidential executive orders, bills in the U.S. Congress, and referendums held in Puerto Rico. U.S. Presidents have issued three executive orders on the subject, and Congress has considered four major bills on Puerto Rico's political status. Puerto Rican status referendums have been held four times to determine the desired political status of Puerto Rico in relation to the United States of America. None of them have been binding on U.S. Congress.\n\nInternationally, several organizations have called for the U.S. government to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico while considering Puerto Rico a Caribbean nation with its own national identity. For instance, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has called for the United States \"to allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty.\"", "title": "Political status of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Puerto Rico statehood movement\n\nThe Puerto Rico statehood movement () aims to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territorial possession of the United States acquired in 1898 following the Spanish–American War, making it \"the oldest colony in the modern world\". As of 2019, the population of Puerto Rico is 3.2 million, around half the average state population and higher than that of 20 U.S. states. Competing options for the future political status of Puerto Rico include maintaining its current status, becoming fully independent, or becoming a freely associated state. Puerto Rico has held six referendums on the topic. These are non-binding, as the power to grant statehood lies with the US Congress. The most recent referendum was in November 2020, with a majority (52.52%) of those who voted opting for statehood; however, only 0.7 million of the 3.2 million Puerto Ricans who live in the archipelago voted for statehood.\n\nAlthough the previous two referendums (November 2012 and June 2017) also had ostensibly pro-statehood outcomes, \"The New York Times\" described them as \"marred, with ballot language phrased to favor the party in office\".\nFor example, the fourth referendum, held in November 2012, asked voters (1) whether they wanted to maintain the current political status of Puerto Rico and, if not, (2) which alternative status they prefer.\nOf the fifty-four percent (54.0%) who voted \"No\" on maintaining the status quo, 61.11% chose statehood, 33.34% chose free association, and 5.55% chose independence. Opponents of statehood argued that these results did not show that a majority of Puerto Rican voters support statehood.\nThe June 2017 referendum was, according to the New York Times, a \"flawed election\" where the turnout was only 23%, in part because most statehood opponents sat out. 97% of votes cast favored statehood.<ref name=Robles/> The November 2020 referendum was the first to ask voters a simple yes-or-no question: \"Should Puerto Rico be admitted immediately into the Union as a State?\". There were 655,505 votes in favor of statehood (52.52%) and 592,671 votes opposed (47.48%). The 55% turnout rate equaled that for the simultaneous 2020 gubernatorial race and the 2016 gubernatorial race.", "title": "Puerto Rico statehood movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Proposed political status for Puerto Rico\n\nThe proposed political status for Puerto Rico encompasses the different schools of thought on whether Puerto Rico, currently an unincorporated territory of the United States in the form of a commonwealth, should change its current political status. Although there are many differing points of view, there are four that emerge in principle: that Puerto Rico maintains its current status, becomes a state of the United States, becomes fully independent, or becomes a freely associated state.\n\nEven though Puerto Rico was granted local autonomy in 1952, it remains a territory of the United States. Its ambiguous status continues to spark political debates which dominate Puerto Rican society. The debate over Puerto Rico has been discussed at various UN hearings where it has been declared a colony of the United States by the UN Special Committee on Decolonization. Various Presidents of the United States have expressed themselves in favor of statehood but ultimately left the decision to Puerto Rico. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status were published in 2005, 2007, and 2011. Nonbinding referendums regarding Puerto Rico's status have been held in 1967, 1993, 1997, 2012, 2017 and 2020.\n\nThe results of the referendums have favored the commonwealth status until the Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012, when for the first time, the majority (54%) of Puerto Ricans voted against it. Full statehood was the preferred option of those who wanted a change. The results were highly controversial: many ballots were left blank and the results were criticized by several parties. The federal government took no action except to provide funding for a subsequent referendum.\n\nThe 2020 political status referendum was the sixth on the matter, the first one having been celebrated in 1967.", "title": "Proposed political status for Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2017 Puerto Rican status referendum\n\nA referendum on the political status of Puerto Rico was held in Puerto Rico on June 11, 2017. The referendum had three options: becoming a state of the United States, independence/free association, or maintaining the current territorial status. Those who voted overwhelmingly chose statehood by 97%. This figure is attributed to a boycott led by the pro-status quo PPD party, which resulted in a 22.93% turnout.\n\nFour previous referendums had been held on the island to decide on its political status, the most recent in 2012. Puerto Rico has been an unincorporated territory of the United States since the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in 1898, and its residents were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917.", "title": "2017 Puerto Rican status referendum" }, { "id": "851280", "score": "1.5542281", "text": "Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 is due to be held on June 11, 2017. The two options at that time will be \"Statehood\" and \"Independence/Free Association\". This will be the first of the five referendums that will not offer the choice of retaining the current status as a Commonwealth. According to the Government Development Bank, statehood might be the only solution to the debt crisis. Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept. Other benefits to statehood", "title": "Government of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "16890454", "score": "1.5535737", "text": "equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. The Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 will be held on June 11, 2017 and will offer three options: \"Statehood\", \"Independence/Free Association\" and the current status as a Commonwealth. It was to be the first referendum not to offer the choice of retaining the current status as a Commonwealth until early 2017. Regardless of the outcome of this fifth referendum, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto", "title": "Proposed political status for Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "2666269", "score": "1.5513389", "text": "successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark. \"The Washington Post\", \"The New York Times\" and the \"Boston Herald\" have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "2666282", "score": "1.551039", "text": "was a significant movement in favor of this U.S. territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, or union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence. In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "2666268", "score": "1.5480042", "text": "of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007. In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "16890443", "score": "1.5429288", "text": "by smaller margins, the status quo was upheld. Following the recommendations of the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status reports, in October 2011, Governor Luis Fortuño set August 12, 2012 as the date to hold the first part of a two-step status plebiscite. The first question was whether voters want to maintain the current commonwealth status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution or whether they prefer a non-territorial option. The second question presented three status options: statehood, independence or free association. Each alternative was to be an internationally recognized, constitutionally viable, non-territorial options to the current territory", "title": "Proposed political status for Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "19970830", "score": "1.5331148", "text": "the margins of the win to result in a mandate with some arguing for a 50%+1 or sometimes a higher percentage to initiate congressional action on the will of Puerto Rico. Previous plebiscites with the three options have resulted in a close race between statehood and commonwealth but with neither option breaking 50%. Congressional hearings on Puerto Rico have discussed scenarios where a second round could be held on the options that win the first but that has not been discussed by the government of Puerto Rico. Previous referendums were held in 1967, 1993, 1998, and 2012. In the 2012", "title": "2017 Puerto Rican status referendum" }, { "id": "17361708", "score": "1.5273937", "text": "which received 50.3%. This was followed by the statehood option which received 46.7%. The option of independence received 2.5% of the vote. On November 6, 2012, a fourth status plebiscite took place. This one consisted of two questions. The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the existing commonwealth status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution or whether they preferred a nonterritorial option. The second question asked voters which would be the preferred alternative if a non-territorial option was wanted and gave voters to choose between three non-territorial alternatives: statehood, independence, or free association. Ten days", "title": "Puerto Rico political status plebiscites" }, { "id": "16746514", "score": "1.5141376", "text": "the Northern Marianas' District Legislature put forward proposals to become a US commonwealth. A threshold of 55% in favor was set in order for the referendum to pass. 1975 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum A referendum on becoming a US commonwealth was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 17 June 1975. The proposal was approved by 79% of voters. As a result, the United States Congress approved the change of status on 24 March 1976. Four previous referendums on either integration with Guam or the islands' status had been held in 1958, 1961, 1963 and 1969. On each occasion", "title": "1975 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum" }, { "id": "311474", "score": "1.5127928", "text": "plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options (commonwealth, statehood, and independence). In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 (without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results), the current political status failed to receive majority support. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the \"none of the above\" option, which was the Popular Democratic Party-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Disputes arose as to the definition of each", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "12258474", "score": "1.512471", "text": "(different from the current status) was held on November 6, 2012. Sixty one percent (61%) of voters chose the statehood option, while one third of the ballots were submitted blank. On December 11, 2012, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State. Another status referendum was held on June 11, 2017, in", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "id": "2666259", "score": "1.5111015", "text": "resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union. While Congress, which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states, has usually followed this procedure, there have been occasions (due to unique case-specific circumstances) where it did not. Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "2666272", "score": "1.5103658", "text": "referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, \"Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future.\" On May 15, 2013, Resident", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "311481", "score": "1.5054314", "text": "true desire, Congress decided to ignore the vote. The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. However, a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth, the current status, in the plebiscite. The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won. The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "17361713", "score": "1.5053283", "text": "Representative Pedro Pierluisi introduced the Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act to the House of Representatives asking Congress to admit Puerto Rico as the 51st State. The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 will offer only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. If the majority vote for the latter, a second vote will be held to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a \"free and voluntary political association\" between Puerto Rico and the United States. The specifics of", "title": "Puerto Rico political status plebiscites" } ]

[ "winning tv show american idol", "\"Winning the TV show \"\"American Idol\"\"\"" ]

[ { "id": "62570", "score": "1.6407454", "text": "Kelly Clarkson) in the decade, and would continue to launch country careers in the 2010s. The series \"Nashville Star\", while not nearly as successful as \"Idol\", did manage to bring Miranda Lambert, Kacey Musgraves and Chris Young to mainstream success, also launching the careers of lower-profile musicians such as Buddy Jewell, Sean Patrick McGraw, and Canadian musician George Canyon. \"Can You Duet?\" produced the duos Steel Magnolia and Joey + Rory. Teen sitcoms also have influenced modern country music; in 2008, actress Jennette McCurdy (best known as the sidekick Sam on the teen sitcom \"iCarly\") released her first single, \"So", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "17154042", "score": "1.600781", "text": "(2012), also became 19 Recordings' best-selling single after selling over 5 million copies worldwide and has been nominated for 3 Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year in 2013. Other contestants from \"American Idol\", such as Ruben Studdard, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Daughtry, and Jordin Sparks, also followed suit with commercial success. Underwood's debut album \"Some Hearts\" (2005), became 19 Recordings's best-selling release in the United States with sales of 7 million copies. Beginning in 2006, 19 Recordings also began to sign artists who were unrelated to \"Idols\", such as Annie Lennox, Amy", "title": "19 Recordings" }, { "id": "2857349", "score": "1.5848386", "text": "these artists. Lee Ann Womack scored a big hit with \"I Hope You Dance\". The Dixie Chicks had continued success with a less mainstream country-pop sound when they released their album \"Home\" in 2002. However, by the mid-2000s there were fewer country acts having crossover success. Carrie Underwood, who emerged as both a pop star and a country musician as a result of the TV series \"American Idol\" (a show that was at its peak in popularity at the time Underwood won the contest), became a crossover success with hits on both the country and pop charts. Underwood would become", "title": "Crossover music" }, { "id": "10975468", "score": "1.5729613", "text": "Taylor Hicks, Blake Lewis) or RCA (Kelly Clarkson, Bo Bice, Clay Aiken, Katharine McPhee, Chris Daughtry, Diana DeGarmo and idol successor David Cook) labels, with the exception of Carrie Underwood signed to Arista Nashville. Sparks has stated that she recorded some songs for the album but the bulk of the recording was done in Los Angeles after the tour was over. She said the album would be \"Top 40, radio-friendly, uplifting stuff\" hopefully mixing \"the pop rock sound of inaugural \"Idol\" Kelly Clarkson with the R&B edge of Beyoncé\". Jordin confirmed on her MySpace that the official track listing as", "title": "Jordin Sparks (album)" }, { "id": "5211438", "score": "1.5714777", "text": "on mainstream pop radio \"without\" a more \"pop-friendly\" remix. Underwood has had additional, but more spotty, success on pop radio since. Taylor Swift and Rascal Flatts have also had crossover success in the late 2000s. In 2009, English alternative singer Lily Allen had a large international hit on the pop charts with the bluegrass inspired \"Not Fair\". Allen later returned to country music with the country pop song \"As Long As I Got You\" from her third studio album \"Sheezus\". In the 2010s, Taylor Swift and Lady Antebellum achieved success, including winning numerous Grammy Awards. Taylor Swift's 2010 album \"Speak", "title": "Country pop" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "American Idol\n\nAmerican Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle North America and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. It was on hiatus for two years until March 11, 2018, when a revival of the series began airing on ABC.\n\nIt started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with the winner determined by American viewers using phones, Internet, and SMS text voting. The winners of the first twenty seasons, as chosen by viewers, are Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Trent Harmon, Maddie Poppe, Laine Hardy, Just Sam, Chayce Beckham, and Noah Thompson.\n\n\"American Idol\" employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges, for the first through eighth seasons, were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, singer and choreographer Paula Abdul, and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest has been the sole master of ceremonies since the second season.\n\nThe success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to \"Billboard\" magazine, in its first ten years, \"\"Idol\" has spawned 345 \"Billboard\" chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\" For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003–04 television season through the 2010–11 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings.", "title": "American Idol" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "American Idol controversies\n\nThe American singing competition show American Idol (2002–2016; 2018–present) has generated controversy over the years in numerous areas.\n\nMany of the controversies have centered on the show's voting process and results, and in later seasons, gender bias against female contestants, as well as contestant comments. Another major source of controversy that has spanned multiple seasons has been the activities of contestants prior to competing on the show such as past recording contracts in contravention of the rules, and undisclosed criminal charges.", "title": "American Idol controversies" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade\n\nThe Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is an annual parade in New York City presented by the U.S.-based department store chain Macy's. The Parade first took place in 1924, tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit (with both parades being four years younger than Philadelphia's Thanksgiving Day Parade). The three-hour parade is held in Manhattan, ending outside Macy's Herald Square, takes place from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day, and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1953. The Parade's workforce is made up of Macy's employees and their friends and family, all of whom work as volunteers.", "title": "Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:American Idol/Archive 3" }, { "id": "4232871", "score": "1.5699698", "text": "early 2000s with, among others, Britney Spears, Backstreet Boys and NSYNC, achieved more prominence due to the success of \"Since U Been Gone\" and \"Behind These Hazel Eyes\". \"Breakaway\"s critical acclaim also enabled Clarkson to also earn critical respect, particularly from the rock and indie music scene, who had looked down upon \"American Idol\" contestants. In his memoir, Davis recalled a meeting with Simon Fuller and Sony BMG President Charles Goldstuck, where Fuller acknowledged how the worldwide success of \"Breakaway\" had validated \"American Idol\" itself. The popularity of \"Since U Been Gone\" among the rock community also resulted in various", "title": "Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)" }, { "id": "62566", "score": "1.5688891", "text": "and several hits on both the country charts and the Billboard Hot 100. Singer-songwriter Unknown Hinson became famous for his appearance in the Charlotte television show \"Wild, Wild, South\", after which Hinson started his own band and toured in southern states. Other rock stars who featured a country song on their albums were Don Henley and Poison. In 2005, country singer Carrie Underwood rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of \"American Idol\" and has since become one of the most prominent recording artists of 2006 through 2016, with worldwide sales of more than 65 million records", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "62569", "score": "1.5618591", "text": "in history to win the award twice, as well as twice consecutively. \"Time\" has listed Underwood as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2016, Underwood topped the Country Airplay chart for the 15th time, becoming the female artist with most number ones on that chart. Carrie Underwood was one of several country stars produced by a television series in the 2000s. In addition to Underwood, \"American Idol\" launched the careers of Kellie Pickler, Josh Gracin, Bucky Covington, Kristy Lee Cook, Danny Gokey, Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery (as well as that of occasional country singer", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "5211436", "score": "1.5566458", "text": "\"Just to See You Smile\", \"This Kiss\", \"The Way You Love Me\", \"You're Still the One\", \"From This Moment On\", \"You've Got a Way\", \"Valentine\", etc. In the 1990s, many country artists experienced huge crossover success. In addition to Brooks, Twain, McBride and Rimes, Billy Ray Cyrus, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Dixie Chicks, Jo Dee Messina, Martina McBride, Lonestar, Mary-Chapin Carpenter and Wynonna Judd all had songs cross over to Top 40 and/or Adult Contemporary radio, sometimes with remixes eliminating steel guitars and other \"country\" elements to be more suitable for pop radio. Brooks, Reba McEntire, and other artists also", "title": "Country pop" }, { "id": "2857350", "score": "1.5536284", "text": "the first of several country musicians, including another American Idol winner Scotty McCreery, who would find success on the pop charts beginning in the late 2000s. Concurrent with Underwood's crossover success was the debut of teen singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. Swift initially specialized in country-flavored coffee house songs such as \"Tim McGraw\" and \"Teardrops on My Guitar,\" but as her success grew, she increasingly began moving her musical career toward pop. Beginning with \"The Story of Us\" in 2010, Swift started releasing some of her songs either primarily, or solely, as pop tunes. Many of the songs Swift recorded for the", "title": "Crossover music" }, { "id": "4232838", "score": "1.5518017", "text": "really spent time convincing them that an \"American Idol\" winner could bring all the feeling and passion that was required to the song.\" Martin and Dr. Luke eventually agreed and invited Clarkson to travel to Sweden to record the songs. Upon hearing the tracks, Clarkson was skeptical of the pop elements; and the three eventually decided to develop a rock sound, a move Clarkson claimed Davis did not approve. Davis reiterated that he was ecstatic with the prospect, claiming that she disliked it and demanded that both the songs be removed from the album. Clarkson then asserted that she wanted", "title": "Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)" }, { "id": "62554", "score": "1.5482333", "text": "more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990s, evolving into an outlaw persona in the late 1990s with \"Pull My Chain\" and its follow-up, \"Unleashed\". Female artists such as Reba McEntire, Patty Loveless, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Deana Carter, LeAnn Rimes, Mindy McCready, Lorrie Morgan, Shania Twain, and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album \"Wide Open Spaces\" went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album \"Fly\" went on to become 10x platinum. After", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "2500230", "score": "1.5459492", "text": "became the first \"American Idol\" winner to record primarily country music, instead of pop, rap or rhythm and blues. By the end of the decade, Underwood had amassed eight No. 1 songs on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, along with numerous awards from the Country Music Association, Academy of Country Music and others. Country pop, a subgenre which has its roots in the Nashville Sound of the late 1950s-early 1960s, continued to flourish in popularity. The most prominent act was Shania Twain, with her album \"Up!\", released in 2002, Other top performers in the genre included Dixie Chicks, Lonestar,", "title": "2000s in music" }, { "id": "1640265", "score": "1.5415452", "text": "them as idols. Many artists have either mentioned Dion as a major influence or as one of their favourite singers including: Britney Spears, Rihanna, Christina Aguilera, Frank Ocean, Adele, Josh Groban, Delta Goodrem, Jordin Sparks, Charice, Leona Lewis, Jessie J, Jojo, Lea Michele, Jennifer Hudson, Ariana Grande, Regine Velasquez, Taylor Swift, Vanessa Hudgens, The Canadian Tenors, Faith Hill, Katy Perry, Sevyn Streeter and Kelly Clarkson, among many others. Country singer Martina McBride is widely heralded by the press as the \"Celine Dion of Country music\". Numerous artists have also praised Dion's voice, singing ability or expressed an interest in working", "title": "Celine Dion" }, { "id": "17630391", "score": "1.537718", "text": "\"Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale\" marked the first time Clarkson solely hosted a Christmas special. She had previously headlined the \"An American Idol Christmas\" and \"Kelly, Ruben & Fantasia: Home for Christmas\" with Ruben Studdard and Fantasia Barrino, both of which were aired on Fox in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Clarkson cited the 2003 Christmas feature film \"Elf\" as one of her inspirations, she remarked: \"I wanted to tell a real story, make a new classic, not just do some skits that aren't really related.\" Ian Stewart, the television special's executive producer, said it will feature a full narrative", "title": "Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale" }, { "id": "5610406", "score": "1.5377072", "text": "Rimes, Shania Twain, Faith Hill, Lonestar, Mary Chapin Carpenter, and Garth Brooks. More recently, a new wave of country performers has been crossing over to AC, including Tim McGraw, the Dixie Chicks (who topped the AC chart with their cover of Fleetwood Mac's \"Landslide\"), Rascal Flatts, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Swift, Sugarland, Lady Antebellum, Jason Aldean (whose AC success came by way of his duet with Kelly Clarkson, \"Don't You Wanna Stay\"), The Band Perry, Sam Hunt, and Dan + Shay. Contemporary Christian music has also been relatively successful in crossing over to mainstream radio. In the mid-1980s, the most successful", "title": "Adult Contemporary (chart)" }, { "id": "5211437", "score": "1.537221", "text": "maintained high profiles on the album charts despite having less radio crossover success. The early 2000s also saw continued success of these artists. Lee Ann Womack scored a big hit with \"I Hope You Dance\". The Dixie Chicks had continued success with a less mainstream country-pop sound when they released their bluegrass-influenced album \"Home\" in 2002. However, by the mid-2000s there were fewer country acts having crossover success. With her exposure on TV's \"American Idol\", Carrie Underwood became a crossover success in 2006 and 2007 though, with her hit single \"Before He Cheats\", which was notable for becoming a success", "title": "Country pop" }, { "id": "2462286", "score": "1.537157", "text": "versatile singer, Clarkson became the first artist in history to top each of \"Billboard\"s pop, adult contemporary, adult pop, country and dance charts. She was ranked nineteenth on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music. Clarkson has also ventured into film, television, and writing children's books. She currently serves as a coach on the television competition series \"The Voice\". Kelly Clarkson was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Jeanne Ann (née Rose), a first grade English teacher, and Stephen Michael Clarkson, a former engineer. She is the youngest of three children with a brother named Jason and a sister", "title": "Kelly Clarkson" }, { "id": "2462346", "score": "1.5318439", "text": "to be confronted with sexual imagery.\" Singer Demi Lovato, who cited Clarkson as her musical inspiration, said that \"[Clarkson] stays out of the tabloids. You hear about her through how talented her music is, not what's going on in her personal life.\" Country music singer Kelsea Ballerini cites Clarkson as her inspiration and her most favorite female artist of all time, calling her \"the best vocalist in the whole world.\" In 2012, Clarkson began dating talent manager Brandon Blackstock, a son of Clarkson's manager Narvel Blackstock. Clarkson and Blackstock married on October 20, 2013, at Blackberry Farm in Walland, Tennessee.", "title": "Kelly Clarkson" }, { "id": "4661752", "score": "1.5306205", "text": "me from everywhere\". But she has occasionally mentioned Rock acts like Queen, George Michael, The Rolling Stones, and My Chemical Romance as influences. Among Country artists, she has listed George Strait, Dolly Parton, Randy Travis, Martina McBride, Reba McEntire, and Garth Brooks as influences. Although never publicly mentioning Faith Hill and Shania Twain as musical influences, critics have linked Underwood's musical style to those of Hill and Twain. Her music is generally Country pop with Rock influence similar to that of Kelly Clarkson, as noticed by \"Rolling Stone\". She has also released songs with Christian music influence. Since her debut", "title": "Carrie Underwood" } ]

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[ { "id": "18988952", "score": "1.7953689", "text": "faculty member at the latter institution in 1989. Lavie has authored two medical textbooks and hundreds of journal articles. He has also conducted research on the health benefits of running. In 2013, Lavie published a study which found that high levels of coffee consumption (four cups a day or more) was associated with a higher risk of mortality. Lavie was one of the first researchers to report evidence of an obesity paradox in a 2002 study on patients with heart failure. In 2009, Lavie and two other researchers published a review of the literature regarding the obesity paradox among heart", "title": "Carl Lavie" }, { "id": "3002037", "score": "1.7332714", "text": "of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day. A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that cardiovascular disease, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, is less likely with three to five cups of non-decaffeinated coffee per day, but more likely with over five cups per day. A 2016 meta-analysis showed that coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of death in patients who have had a myocardial infarction. Drinking four or more cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of hypertension compared to drinking little or no coffee;", "title": "Coffee" }, { "id": "3002038", "score": "1.7324693", "text": "however, drinking one to three cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk. Long-term preliminary research, including assessment of symptoms for dementia and cognitive impairment, was inconclusive for coffee having an effect in the elderly, mainly due to the poor quality of the studies. There appears to be a beneficial relationship between coffee intake and Parkinson's disease as well as coffee intake and depression. Meta-analyses have consistently found that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 28 prospective observational studies, representing over one million participants, every", "title": "Coffee" }, { "id": "757603", "score": "1.7077088", "text": "may somewhat reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Drinking four or more cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of hypertension compared to drinking little or no coffee. However those who drink 1–3 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk. Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. It may protect people from liver cirrhosis. There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. Caffeine may increase the effectiveness of some medications including ones used to treat headaches. Caffeine may lessen the severity of", "title": "Stimulant" }, { "id": "3002036", "score": "1.6915941", "text": "cannot be determined from our data.\" A 2014 meta-analysis found that coffee consumption (4 cups/day) was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (a 16% lower risk), as well as cardiovascular disease mortality specifically (a 21% lower risk from drinking 3 cups/day), but not with cancer mortality. Additional meta-analysis studies corroborated these findings, showing that higher coffee consumption (2–4 cups per day) was associated with a reduced risk of death by all disease causes. Moderate coffee consumption is not a risk factor for coronary heart disease. A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate", "title": "Coffee" }, { "id": "14299470", "score": "1.6675812", "text": "a comfortable pace and not too far.\" O'Keefe has published papers on the CV impact of both coffee and alcohol showing evidence that supports moderate consumption of either or both substances can be potentially heart healthy. Habitual light to moderate alcohol intake (up to 1 drink per day for women and 1 or 2 drinks per day for men) is associated with decreased risks for total mortality, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and stroke. However, higher levels of alcohol consumption are associated with increased CV risk. Coffee consumption may reduce the risk of CV death, type 2", "title": "James O'Keefe (cardiologist)" }, { "id": "6623499", "score": "1.6643891", "text": "State College in Trenton, New Jersey. Null holds a Ph.D. in human nutrition and public health sciences from Union Institute & University, a private distance-learning college headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. Null's doctoral thesis was entitled \"A Study of Psychological and Physiological Effects of Caffeine on Human Health.\" His credentials, including the degree-granting practices at Edison State and the rigor of the Ph.D. program at Union Institute, have been questioned by Stephen Barrett on his Quackwatch website, who labeled Null as \"one of the nation's leading promoters of dubious treatment for serious disease\" and a fraud. The Union Institute's Ph.D. program", "title": "Gary Null" }, { "id": "3002039", "score": "1.6238902", "text": "additional cup of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumed in a day was associated, respectively, with a 9% and 6% lower risk of type 2 diabetes. The effects of coffee consumption on cancer risk remain unclear, with reviews and meta-analyses showing either no relationship or a slightly lower risk of cancer onset. Studies suggest that coffee consumption of 2 cups per/day was associated with a 14% increased risk of developing lung cancer, but only among people who smoke. One psychoactive chemical in coffee is caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist that is known for its stimulant effects. Coffee also contains the monoamine", "title": "Coffee" }, { "id": "18406431", "score": "1.6190468", "text": "His company claims that Bulletproof Coffee can aid cognition and trigger weight loss through ketosis. Asprey warns coffee drinkers to avoid mold toxins such as ochratoxin in coffee, which he claims \"steals your mental edge and actually makes you weak.\" He sells a brand of \"upgraded\" beans that are advertised as having undergone a secret, proprietary process to reduce mycotoxin levels. However, Physician David Bach has observed that coffee producers already are good at removing mycotoxins from their product, and that there is no evidence to support Asprey's claim that mycotoxins make people \"sluggish\". Critics have described the Bulletproof diet", "title": "Dave Asprey" }, { "id": "19432647", "score": "1.6162332", "text": "also advises sitting alone in a room for 15 minutes, allowing the brain to wonder, and taking notes with a pen and paper, a concept adapted from cognitive neuroscientist Daniel Levitin. Bailey has also advised that to be more efficient while watching television, one could simultaneously perform mindless everyday chores around the house, such as doing laundry, working out, or doing the dishes. He suggests delaying coffee consumption until before embarking on an important task in order to fully utilize the resulting energy boost, rather than drinking coffee automatically at the same time each day. He has stated that in", "title": "Chris Bailey (author)" }, { "id": "18406433", "score": "1.6123009", "text": "and nutritional professionals\". Dietitians also point out there is no scientific basis for claims of an IQ boost, and that any sense of alertness from Bulletproof Coffee is \"just a caffeine buzz\". Some physicians, such as Dr. Frank Lipman and Dr. Andrew Weil believe that, when combined with a balanced diet, drinking buttered coffee could be healthy and \"might give you a bit more energy than your everyday cup.\" Dave Asprey Dave Asprey (born October 30, 1973) is an entrepreneur, businessman, and author from Albuquerque. He founded Bulletproof 360, Inc. in 2013, and in 2017, founded Bulletproof Nutrition Inc. Asprey", "title": "Dave Asprey" }, { "id": "5662521", "score": "1.5927951", "text": "it was only a 3-day study, and that it was only presented in a conference by the Obesity Society, the editors of journal \"Obesity\", where their conclusions were rejected. The lack of validity of the study was later referred to by the Attorney General in the settlement. Studies on the combination of caffeine and green tea anti-oxidant have given mixed results, and the results are not conclusive. The State of Connecticut also investigated the calorie-burning qualities of the drink. The State Attorney General Richard Blumenthal demanded all scientific research associated with its calorie-burning qualities. In February 2009 the companies made", "title": "Enviga" }, { "id": "17798733", "score": "1.5918766", "text": "as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The review noted that potential adverse effects of both short and long-term consumption had not yet been investigated thoroughly, and that the number of studies performed on humans has thus far been limited. In April and September 2012, \"The Dr. Oz Show\" featured green coffee extract, and conducted its own non-scientific study as to its efficacy. The guest on that show, Lindsey Duncan, had been fined $9 million by the Federal Trade Commission for making deceptive and unsubstantiated claims related to green coffee products promoted on \"The Dr. Oz Show\". Svetol was developed by Berkem,", "title": "Green coffee extract" }, { "id": "11186995", "score": "1.5880466", "text": "Cattell and several other psychologists turned them down) about investigating the psychological effects of caffeine on humans. Aware of the stigma associated with applied work, as well as possible concerns about the scientific integrity of research funded by a corporation, Hollingworth included several conditions in his contract with Coca-Cola. Specifically, Hollingworth stated that Coca-Cola could not use the results of his research in its advertisements, nor could Hollingworth’s name or that of Columbia University be used in these ads. Additionally, Hollingworth was free to publish the results of his research regardless of the outcome of the study. Furthermore, to reduce", "title": "Harry Levi Hollingworth" }, { "id": "83235", "score": "1.5692823", "text": "as \"generally recognized as safe\" (GRAS). Toxic doses, over 10 grams per day for an adult , are much higher than the typical dose of under 500 milligrams per day. A cup of coffee contains 80–175 mg of caffeine, depending on what \"bean\" (seed) is used and how it is prepared (e.g., drip, percolation, or espresso). Thus it requires roughly 50–100 ordinary cups of coffee to reach the toxic dose. However, pure powdered caffeine, which is available as a dietary supplement, can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts. Caffeine is used in: Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that reduces", "title": "Caffeine" }, { "id": "20691835", "score": "1.5648699", "text": "not caused by an electrolyte imbalance, but the exact cause was uncertain. According to Ogawa and Ueki, secondary mania has also been associated with caffeine consumption. A 43-year-old man, with no prior history of mental illness, reportedly switched to drinking 10 cups of coffee a day. After consuming this amount, he was reported to have manic symptoms such as elevated mood, talkativeness, hyperactivity, grandiosity, flight of ideas, and insomnia. This led to his admission into a hospital. After examination, they removed caffeine from the man's diet, resulting in the cessation of manic symptoms. The doctors then concluded that either the", "title": "Secondary mania" }, { "id": "12966896", "score": "1.5627315", "text": "of this and any drug, potential ethical restraints on human study procedures may lead researchers to conduct studies involving animal subjects in addition to human subjects. Researchers have found that long-term consumption of low dose caffeine slowed hippocampus-dependent learning and impaired long-term memory in mice. Caffeine consumption for 4 weeks also significantly reduced hippocampal neurogenesis compared to controls during the experiment. The conclusion was that long-term consumption of caffeine could inhibit hippocampus-dependent learning and memory partially through inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. Positive effects of caffeine on long-term memory have been shown in a study analyzing habitual caffeine intake of coffee", "title": "Effect of caffeine on memory" }, { "id": "12733043", "score": "1.5566697", "text": "They are then ground into granules which are steeped in boiling water to produce dandelion coffee. dandelion coffee was being researched for a possible role in cancer treatment. <br> However, in a November 30, 2017 interview, Dr. Caroline Hamm, the oncologist running the study, shared her concerns regarding premature internet hype surrounding these studies. She specifically expressed alarm over individuals contacting her and wanting to risk their health by hastily abandoning standard care. \"It's horrible if someone were to believe this and not take standard of care... And I get emails every week from people around the world thinking they", "title": "Dandelion coffee" }, { "id": "14246342", "score": "1.5402675", "text": "in a mass overdose, taking \"caffea cruda\", which is intended to treat sleeplessness. There have been no reports of ill effects following any of the overdoses. Notable scientists and public figures have shown support for the 10:23 Campaign, including Phil Plait, James Randi Educational Foundation, Simon Singh, Steven Novella, Penn Jillette, and the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. James Randi invited advocates and retailers of homoeopathy to take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to prove that homoeopathy was efficacious to win a prize and has himself overdosed on homoeopathic sleeping pills as part of his stage show.", "title": "10:23 Campaign" }, { "id": "11186996", "score": "1.5369778", "text": "any questions about the integrity of his research Hollingworth designed his three caffeine studies to include blind and double-blind conditions. The scope and methodology employed in these studies had never before been seen applied to psychological research. These studies generated a huge amount of data which, because of Hollingworth’s “catastrophobia,” had to be duplicated following each night’s analysis and housed in a separate location. After completing his studies Hollingworth traveled to Chattanooga to testify at the Coca-Cola trial. Here he presented the results of his studies where he had found no deleterious effects on motor or mental performance. Although Hollingworth’s", "title": "Harry Levi Hollingworth" } ]

[ "The Mendocino Triple Junction offshore from Cape Mendocino", "mendocino triple junction offshore from cape mendocino" ]

[ { "id": "742233", "score": "1.855966", "text": "interval of roughly 140–160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long, treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain. The southern segment, which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea, is capable of an 8.1-magnitude earthquake. At its closest, this fault passes about to the northeast of Los Angeles. Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, and surrounding", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "742232", "score": "1.8538673", "text": "the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains. These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range. In Palmdale, a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway. The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake. As it passes the towns of Gorman, Tejon Pass and Frazier Park, the fault begins to bend northward, forming the \"Big Bend\". This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California, with an earthquake-recurrence", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "742231", "score": "1.8201311", "text": "Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister. While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes, the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep, where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes. The southern segment (also known as the Mojave segment) begins near Bombay Beach, California. Box Canyon, near the Salton Sea, contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault. The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "742227", "score": "1.8161926", "text": "San Andreas Fault The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly through California. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal). The fault divides into three segments, each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk. The slip rate along the fault ranges from /yr. The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley, who discovered the northern zone. It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake, a small body of water that", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "18717963", "score": "1.7559073", "text": "Triple Junction where the north-northwest trending SAF meets the east trending Mendocino Fracture Zone. It terminates in the south in a more gradual fashion at the Salton Sea, where displacement transitions to a series of transform faults and spreading centers along the Gulf of California Rift Zone. Several strands of the SAF in the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area are the Hayward–Rodgers Creek and Calaveras Faults. The Hayward Fault exhibits fault creep, but it also has potential for large earthquakes, like the 1868 Hayward earthquake that occurred on its southern segment. The northern Calaveras Fault meets the", "title": "1979 Coyote Lake earthquake" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "San Andreas Fault\n\nThe San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly through California. It was formed by a transform boundary.\n\nThe fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley, who discovered the northern zone. It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake, a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates. However, according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908, Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California. In 1953, geologist Thomas Dibblee concluded that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault.\n\nA project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) near Parkfield, Monterey County, involved drilling through the fault during 2004–2007 to collect material and make physical and chemical observations to better understand fault behavior.", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transverse Ranges\n\nThe Transverse Ranges are a group of mountain ranges of southern California, in the Pacific Coast Ranges physiographic region in North America. The Transverse Ranges begin at the southern end of the California Coast Ranges and lie within Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside and Kern counties. The Peninsular Ranges lie to the south. The name Transverse Ranges is due to their east–west orientation, making them transverse to the general northwest–southeast orientation of most of California's coastal mountains.\n\nThe ranges extend from west of Point Conception eastward approximately 500 kilometers into the Mojave and Colorado Desert. The geology and topography of the ranges express three distinct segments that have contrasting elevations, rock types, and vegetation. The western segment extends to the San Gabriel Mountains and San Gabriel fault. The central segment includes mountains that range eastward to the San Andreas fault. The eastern segment extends from the San Andreas fault eastward to the Colorado Desert.<ref name=\":1\" /> The central and eastern segments (near the San Andreas fault) have the highest elevations.\n\nMost of the ranges lie in the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. Lower elevations are dominated by chaparral and scrubland, while higher elevations support large conifer forests. Most of the ranges in the system are fault blocks, and were uplifted by tectonic movements late in the Cenozoic Era. West of Tejon Pass, the primary rock types are varied, with a mix of sedimentary, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks, while regions east of the pass are dominated by plutonic granitic and metasedimentary rocks.<ref name=\":1\" />", "title": "Transverse Ranges" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of California\n\nCalifornia is a U.S. state on the western coast of North America. Covering an area of , California is among the most geographically diverse states. The Sierra Nevada, the fertile farmlands of the Central Valley, and the arid Mojave Desert of the south are some of the major geographic features of this U.S. state. It is home to some of the world's most exceptional trees: the tallest (coast redwood), most massive (Giant Sequoia), and oldest (bristlecone pine). It is also home to both the highest (Mount Whitney) and lowest (Death Valley) points in the 48 contiguous states.\nThe state is generally divided into Northern and Southern California, although the boundary between the two is not well defined. San Francisco is decidedly a Northern California city and Los Angeles likewise a Southern California one, but areas in between do not often share their confidence in geographic identity. The US Geological Survey defines the geographic center of the state at a point near North Fork, California.\n\nEarth scientists typically divide the state into eleven distinct geomorphic provinces with clearly defined boundaries. They are, from north to south, the Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range, the Modoc Plateau, the Basin and Range, the Coast Ranges, the Central Valley, the Sierra Nevada, the Transverse Ranges, the Mojave Desert, the Peninsular Ranges, and the Colorado Desert.", "title": "Geography of California" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lake Cahuilla\n\nLake Cahuilla ( ; also known as Lake LeConte and Blake Sea) was a prehistoric lake in California and northern Mexico. Located in the Coachella and Imperial valleys, it covered surface areas of to a height of above sea level during the Holocene. During earlier stages of the Pleistocene, the lake reached even higher elevations, up to above sea level. During the Holocene most of the water came from the Colorado River with little contribution from local runoff; in the Pleistocene local runoff was higher and it is possible that Lake Cahuilla was supported solely from local water sources during the Wisconsin glaciation. The lake overflowed close to Cerro Prieto into the Rio Hardy, eventually draining into the Gulf of California.\n\nThe lake formed several times during the Holocene, when water from the Colorado River was diverted into the Salton Trough. This tectonic depression forms the northern basin of the Gulf of California, but it was separated from the sea proper by the growth of the Colorado River Delta. Such changes in river courses may have been caused by earthquakes among the numerous faults that cross the region, such as the San Andreas Fault. Conversely, it is possible that the weight of the water itself triggered earthquakes. During its existence, Lake Cahuilla formed strandlines and various beach deposits such as gravel bars and travertine deposits.\n\nThe lake existed in several stages over the last 2,000 years, periodically drying and refilling and eventually disappearing sometime after 1580. Between 1905 and 1907, due to an engineering accident, the Salton Sea formed in parts of the lower basin of Lake Cahuilla. Were it not for human intervention, the sea might have grown to the size of prehistoric Lake Cahuilla. Today the former lake bed forms the fertile regions of the Imperial and Coachella Valleys.\n\nThe Algodones Dunes were formed from sand deposited by Lake Cahuilla, which was transported by wind toward the area. During its existence, the lake supported a rich biota with fish, bivalves and vegetation on its shorelines. These resources supported human populations on its shores, as evidenced by a number of archeological sites and mythological references to the lake in the traditions of the Cahuilla. The lake may have had profound effects on population genetics and language history of the surrounding regions.", "title": "Lake Cahuilla" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Baja California peninsula\n\nThe Baja California peninsula () is a peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It separates the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula extends from Mexicali, Baja California, in the north to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, in the south.\n\nWith a length of , its width ranges from at its narrowest to at its widest point and has approximately of coastline and approximately 65 islands. The total area of the Baja California Peninsula is , roughly the same area as the country of Nepal.\n\nThe peninsula is separated from mainland Mexico by the Gulf of California and the Colorado River. There are four main desert areas on the peninsula: the San Felipe Desert, the Central Coast Desert, the Vizcaíno Desert and the Magdalena Plain Desert.", "title": "Baja California peninsula" }, { "id": "742239", "score": "1.753808", "text": "a primary focus of movement between 10–5 Ma. Currently, it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone. This complicated evolution, especially along the southern segment, is mostly caused by either the \"Big Bend\" and/or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and its surrounding branches. The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the \"Laguna de San Andreas\", a small lake which lies in", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "20021831", "score": "1.7488921", "text": "fault tectonic system. Volcanic activity and earthquakes occur as a consequence to this tectonic configuration. The San Andreas Fault runs roughly parallel to the northeastern margin of Lake Cahuilla, where it moved at a rate of over the last 45,000–50,000 years. Earthquakes are documented in sediments from Lake Cahuilla, but this southern segment has not ruptured in historical time. Tectonic extension occurs at the points where the fault forms stepovers, although the extensional structures are still relatively immature. The Cahuilla Basin, also known as the Salton Sink, is part of the trough that is occupied by the Gulf of California.", "title": "Lake Cahuilla" }, { "id": "742229", "score": "1.7463763", "text": "better understand fault behavior . The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the Santa Cruz Mountains, epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, then up the San Francisco Peninsula, where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895, then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock. This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County. It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland, runs just", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "5348364", "score": "1.7449284", "text": "plate. The 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward from its epicenter for a total of about . The San Andreas Fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino to the north, a distance of about . The earthquake ruptured the northern third of the fault for a distance of about . The maximum observed surface displacement was about ; however, geodetic measurements show displacements of up to in some places. The most recent analysis by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) shows that the most likely epicenter of the 1906 earthquake", "title": "History of California 1900–present" }, { "id": "18842891", "score": "1.7378445", "text": "on a portion of the southern San Andreas Fault system that has been designated a seismic gap and is a likely location for a very large future earthquake. The Chalfant Valley earthquake occurred on July 21 along the White Mountains Fault Zone near Bishop. The San Andreas Fault (SAF) spans nearly the length of California, where much of its length the fault is clearly identifiable, especially from San Francisco to near Cajon Pass. There, the fault splays into several branches. Several unusual characteristics are displayed further to the southeast in the area of the San Gorgonio Pass. There are no", "title": "1986 North Palm Springs earthquake" }, { "id": "7679057", "score": "1.7348735", "text": "fault was in 1910 with a 6 M earthquake centered just northwest of the city of Lake Elsinore. The fault runs from the mountainous Peninsular Ranges region between El Centro and San Diego, northwest to the Chino Hills range and Chino Hills. On the southern end of the fault zone is the southeastern extension of the Elsinore fault zone, the Laguna Salada Fault. At its northern end, the Elsinore fault zone splits into two segments, the Chino Fault and the Whittier Fault. In the Elsinore Trough, the Elsinore fault zone creates four graben rift valleys between the Santa Ana Mountain", "title": "Elsinore Fault Zone" }, { "id": "2796800", "score": "1.7284443", "text": "the bounding faults are left slip Santa Ynez and Pine Mountain Faults. The San Gabriel Fault and San Andreas bound the central segment. The eastern segment is bounded by the Pinto Mountain Fault in the north and the Salton Creek Fault in the south. The large thickness of marine sediments in the western segment have made it a habit for oil. Several dozen fields are found onshore and offshore, particularly in the Santa Barbara Channel and Ventura Basin. Much oil has pooled in the Monterey Formation, which is produced onshore and offshore. In the eastern Santa Barbara Channel oil is", "title": "Transverse Ranges" }, { "id": "20936475", "score": "1.7229216", "text": "long depression town of population 192. This composition of California gives it unique topography, inclusive of the highest and lowest points of the United States, Mount Whitney and Death Valley. The San Andreas Fault is a transform boundary, which lies between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate and extends 1200 km. A transform boundary in the lithosphere means that two plates create a ‘fracture zone’ and rub against one another, causing stress and resulting in an earthquake. California is located above the San Andreas Fault, and causes the majority of Californian Earthquakes, inclusive of the Olancha Earthquake Series", "title": "Olancha Earthquake Sequence (2009)" }, { "id": "16407422", "score": "1.7160356", "text": "the SAF borders the Mojave Desert then bisects the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains at Cajon Pass, where the active San Jacinto Fault Zone diverges from the SAF. The San Jacinto Mountains and the Salton Sea lie between the two faults as they continue to the southeast towards the Mexico–United States border. The Newport–Inglewood Fault, a part of the San Andreas system that is positioned near the coast along the western extremity of the Los Angeles Basin, is a discontinuous strike-slip fault similar to the San Jacinto Fault. In the 1980s several seismologists attributed the source of the event", "title": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake" }, { "id": "742230", "score": "1.7138302", "text": "east of Bodega Head through Bodega Bay and back underwater, returning onshore at Fort Ross. (In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant \"sister faults\" run more-or-less parallel, and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes.) From Fort Ross, the northern segment continues overland, forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows. It goes back offshore at Point Arena. After that, it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino, where it begins to bend to the west, terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction. The central segment of the San", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "2796787", "score": "1.7137779", "text": "Pass, and San Gorgonio Pass. Components of Transverse Ranges to the north and east of the fault include the San Bernardino Mountains, Little San Bernardino Mountains, Pinto and Eagle Mountains. The western and southern boundaries are acknowledged to be the Pacific Ocean and the northern Channel Islands. Onshore the Los Angeles Basin lies at the southern boundary of the western and central segments of the ranges. Major passes not along the San Andreas Fault include Gaviota Pass, San Marcos Pass, the Conejo Grade, Newhall Pass, and Cahuenga Pass. The Transverse Ranges manifest themselves as a series of roughly parallel ridges", "title": "Transverse Ranges" }, { "id": "742243", "score": "1.7127507", "text": "section of the fault, i.e. the region around Los Angeles, because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central (1857) and northern (1906) segments of the fault, while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years. According to this study, a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs-Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial counties in California, and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California. It would be strongly felt (and potentially cause significant damage) throughout much", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "742238", "score": "1.7124426", "text": "\"subducted\", creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries. These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault. It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range, separation of the Baja California Peninsula, and rotation of the Transverse Range. The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years. The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well-Fenner-San Francisquito fault zone around 22–13 Ma. This system added the San Gabriel Fault as", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "742235", "score": "1.704312", "text": "which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward. This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California, and to a lesser but still significant extent, the Santa Cruz Mountains (the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989). Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults. The rest of the motion has been found in an area", "title": "San Andreas Fault" }, { "id": "16233998", "score": "1.6979917", "text": "between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate where it undergoes a transition from the continental transform of the San Andreas Fault system to the series of short spreading centers of the East Pacific Rise linked by oceanic transforms in the Gulf of California. The two main right–lateral strike-slip fault strands that extend across the southern part of the trough are the Elsinore Fault Zone/Laguna Salada Fault to the western side of the trough and the Imperial Fault to the east. The Imperial Fault is linked to the San Andreas Fault through the Brawley Seismic Zone, which is a", "title": "1979 Imperial Valley earthquake" } ]

[ "Operation Frequent Wind", "Frequent Wind", "operation frequent wind", "frequent wind" ]

[ { "id": "4660748", "score": "2.247026", "text": "South Vietnam had begun prior to April, 1975. When U.S. President Gerald Ford met with the National Security Council on 9 April 1975 he was told by Henry Kissinger that a maximum of 1.6 million people had been identified as possible evacuees and that these included: American citizens and their relatives, the diplomatic corps, the ICCS, third country nationals under contract by the U.S. government and the employees the US and their dependents (estimated at about 200,000 people). In addition, the Vietnamese relatives of American citizens and senior Govt. of Vietnam officials and their dependents (apx. 600,000 people) were also", "title": "Operation Frequent Wind" }, { "id": "4712604", "score": "2.118326", "text": "reported that a force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated about 1,400 U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South Vietnamese from landing zones in and around the U.S. Embassy, Saigon and Tan Son Nhut Airport. 1975: Cambodia: \"Mayaguez\" incident, On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he had ordered military forces to retake the , a merchant vessel which was seized from Cambodian naval patrol boats in international waters and forced to proceed to a nearby island. 1976: Lebanon: On July 22 and 23, 1976, helicopters from five U.S. naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans", "title": "Timeline of United States military operations" }, { "id": "14430838", "score": "2.1101046", "text": "assist in the evacuation of South Vietnamese cities. Da Nang, south of Hué, was the next domino to fall to communist forces. Crowded with a half million refugees, 70,000 people had been evacuated by barge or air during the previous several days. ARVN soldiers forced themselves onto the evacuation planes and barges and comprised a large share of the evacuees, but the 16,ooo soldiers evacuated were little more than 10 percent of the total ARVN force which had been stationed in northern Vietnam, military region 1. The former US naval and air base of Cam Ranh Bay, almost south, was", "title": "1975 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": "10489339", "score": "2.0764215", "text": "the refugee staging area. Despite the problems, by September 3, the US Navy had evacuated 47,000 northerners after only two weeks of operations. The high rate of evacuation caused the South Vietnamese government to order that only one shipment of at most 2,500 passengers was to arrive in Saigon or Vũng Tàu per day, until September 25. The population pressure in the south was eased as incoming numbers fell due to Viet Minh propaganda campaigns and forcible detention, combined with the rice harvesting season, which had prompted some to delay their departure. Some were even waiting to finish all their", "title": "Operation Passage to Freedom" }, { "id": "14430855", "score": "2.0714386", "text": "In Saigon the evacuation of Americans and Vietnamese accelerated with two military transport airplanes per hour arriving at Ton Son Nhut airport on the outskirts of Saigon and 7,000 people per day being flown out of the country. The great majority of the Vietnamese evacuees were taken to Guam where they would be housed and processed for entry into the United States or other countries under Operation New Life. The military officer in charge of Operation New Life in Guam was Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison, the father of rock singer Jim Morrison. A large U.S. Navy taskforce assembled off", "title": "1975 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Operation Frequent Wind" }, { "id": "7993171", "score": "2.0700443", "text": "and their sympathizers. They began to pack up and try to find a way out of the country. The aerial evacuation of U.S. personnel and civilians proceeded since 1 April from Tan Son Nhut. At 10:51 on 29 April Operation Frequent Wind, the U.S. helicopter evacuation of military and embassy personnel, U.S. civilians, and South Vietnamese citizens thought to be at risk of communist reprisal was put into implementation as the city descended into pandemonium. On 28 April PAVN forces fought their way into the outskirts of the city. At the Newport Bridge (), about from the city center, South", "title": "1975 Spring Offensive" }, { "id": "12580374", "score": "2.0627675", "text": "May 1975, the United States policy for Southeast Asian refugee had been to assist by resettling them in safer areas of their home nations. As the war began to come to a close in early 1975, the State Department prepared an evacuation plan for U.S. forces as well as 18,000 Vietnamese refugees, but it quickly became apparent that this evacuation plan did not meet the incredible need of the refugees. When the South Vietnam government rapidly deteriorated in April 1975, President Ford authorized an evacuation of up to 200,000 refugees. The Indochina Migration and Refugee Act was signed on May", "title": "Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act" }, { "id": "10209648", "score": "2.0564046", "text": "Army (PAVN) advanced on Saigon, the United States carried out a massive and chaotic evacuation of Americans, nationals of allied countries, and Vietnamese who had worked for or been closely associated with the U.S. during the Vietnam War. To deal with the refugees, President Gerald Ford on 18 April 1975 created the Interagency Task Force (IATF) for Indochina, a dozen government agencies with the responsibility to transport, process, receive and resettle Indochinese refugees, nearly all Vietnamese, in the United States. Ford appointed L. Dean Brown of the Department of State to head Operation New Life. Later he was replaced by", "title": "Operation New Life" }, { "id": "14430854", "score": "2.0539968", "text": "General Dung finalized his plans to conquer Saigon and issued orders to begin the operation. The South Vietnamese army had approximately 60,000 soldiers to defend the city. The North Vietnamese plan, with 130,000 soldiers, was to advance with its tanks and mechanized forces toward Saigon along main highways and capture key objectives in and around the city. The U.S. Department of Justice approved the entry into the United States of up to 130,000 Vietnamese refugees to be evacuated from South Vietnam. In a speech U.S. President Ford declared that the Vietnam War \"is finished as far as America is concerned.\"", "title": "1975 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": "705550", "score": "2.0518138", "text": "The North, however, was not interested in negotiations, and its tanks rolled into Saigon largely unopposed which led to the Fall of Saigon. Acting President Minh unconditionally surrendered the capital city of Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam to North Vietnam on 30 April 1975. During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive evacuation of its embassy in Saigon, Operation Frequent Wind. The evacuees included US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Many of", "title": "South Vietnam" }, { "id": "10209650", "score": "2.047885", "text": "father of singer Jim Morrison), was ordered to \"accept, shelter, process and care for refugees as they were removed from South Vietnam.\" More than 130,000 Vietnamese were evacuated from Vietnam by air and sea during the last few days of April. A few went to other locations, such as Wake Island, but most were transported to Guam by U.S. and Vietnamese naval ships, commercial vessels and military and commercial aircraft. A total of 111,919 Vietnamese would be housed temporarily and processed for entry into the United States on Guam. That total included 2,600 orphans and abandoned children evacuated from Vietnam", "title": "Operation New Life" }, { "id": "17313127", "score": "2.0475006", "text": "on April 18, 1975 when U.S. President Gerald Ford created an inter-agency task force headed by Julia Taft to \"coordinate...evacuation of U.S. citizens, Vietnamese citizens, and third-country nationals from Vietnam.\" By that time the military forces of North Vietnam were nearly in the outskirts of Saigon and the population of the city was swelled by hundreds of thousands of people displaced from areas already overrun by the communist armies. The large-scale evacuation of Vietnamese by American military transport aircraft began on April 23 from Tan Son Nhut airport in Saigon. North Vietnamese rockets were fired at Tan Son Nhut on", "title": "Indochina refugee crisis" }, { "id": "10209647", "score": "2.0474372", "text": "Operation New Life Operation New Life (23 April – 1 November 1975) was the care and processing on Guam of Vietnamese refugees evacuated from Saigon in the closing days of the Vietnam War. More than 111,000 of the evacuated 130,000 Vietnamese refugees were transported to Guam where they were housed in tent cities for a few weeks while being processed for resettlement. The great majority of the refugees were resettled in the United States. A few thousand were resettled in other countries or chose to return to Vietnam on the vessel \"Tuong Tin\". In April 1975, as the North Vietnamese", "title": "Operation New Life" }, { "id": "14430863", "score": "2.0418937", "text": "part of Khánh Hòa Province. Hubert van Es was a Dutch photographer and photojournalist who took the well-known photo on 29 April 1975, which shows South Vietnamese civilians scrambling to board a CIA Air America helicopter during the U.S. evacuation of Saigon. The last diplomatic outpost of the U.S. outside Saigon was Cần Thơ in the Mekong Delta. At noon, despairing of other options for evacuation, Consul General Francis Terry McNamara assembled more than 300 U.S. Filipino, and Vietnamese employees of the U.S. government and loaded them on a barge and two landing craft and, under fire, set off down", "title": "1975 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": "7673531", "score": "2.0410304", "text": "before Saigon. Xuân Lộc fell on 20 April and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigned the following day, fleeing the country 4 days later. An estimated 8,000 U.S. and third-country nationals needed to be evacuated from Saigon and the shrinking government-controlled region of South Vietnam, along with thousands of \"at-risk\" Vietnamese who had worked for the United States during the war. Evacuation by civil and military fixed-wing aircraft from Tan Son Nhat International Airport had been taking place since early March and continued until 28 April when PAVN artillery fire rendered the runways unusable. At this time a helicopter", "title": "U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield" }, { "id": "14430847", "score": "2.0403843", "text": "case, would enable South Vietnam to survive. The second and final flight by the RAAF of Vietnamese civilians to Bangkok took place for a total of 270 people evacuated as part of Operation Bablylift. The personnel of the American Embassy in Phnom Penh were evacuated in Operation Eagle Pull. Fewer than 300 people were evacuated, including 82 Americans. Several American journalists and other foreigners chose to remain behind. Many prominent Cambodians chose to remain behind and trust to the mercies of the Khmer Rouge. Deputy Prime Minister Sisowath Sirik Matak said in a letter to the American Ambassador, \"I cannot.", "title": "1975 in the Vietnam War" }, { "id": "10209663", "score": "2.0400863", "text": "their resettlement. (See Operation New Arrivals) By 20 December 1975 all the Vietnamese had been resettled in every state and in several foreign countries. The self-congratulations for the success of the program were premature, however, as the coming years would see an even larger flow of Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians fleeing their home countries. Operation New Life Operation New Life (23 April – 1 November 1975) was the care and processing on Guam of Vietnamese refugees evacuated from Saigon in the closing days of the Vietnam War. More than 111,000 of the evacuated 130,000 Vietnamese refugees were transported to Guam", "title": "Operation New Life" }, { "id": "3011603", "score": "2.0364747", "text": "to escape from the Communist advance. Forty-thousand U.S. citizens and South Vietnamese were evacuated by plane until enemy attacks made further evacuations by plane impossible. In the final phase of the evacuation, known as Operation Frequent Wind, military and Air America helicopters took evacuees to off-shore U.S. Navy ships during an approximately 24-hour period immediately preceding the fall of Saigon on April 30. During the operation, so many South Vietnamese helicopters landed on the vessels taking the evacuees that some were pushed overboard to make room for more people. The Vietnam War, which had raged since the 1950s, finally came", "title": "Presidency of Gerald Ford" }, { "id": "2111019", "score": "2.0349221", "text": "and 11.7 percent had clerical or sales jobs in Vietnam. Less than 5 percent were fishermen or farmers. The evacuation of the immigrants was organized in three major ways. The week before Saigon fell, 15,000 people left on scheduled flights followed by an additional 80,000 also evacuated by air. The last group was carried on U.S. Navy ships. During the spring of 1975 125,000 people left South Vietnam, followed by more than 5,000 in 1976-1977. They arrived at reception camps in the Philippines and Guam before being transferred to temporary housing at U.S. military bases, including Camp Pendleton (California), Fort", "title": "Vietnamese Americans" }, { "id": "10209802", "score": "2.0334468", "text": "Operation New Arrivals Operation New Arrivals (April 29 – September 16, 1975) was the relocation of 130,000 Vietnamese refugees from Pacific island staging areas to the United States. Following the South-Vietnamese evacuation during the Fall of Saigon and Operations New Life, and Babylift at the end of the Vietnam War, refugees were relocated to the United States to begin assimilation and resettlement into American society. 251 C-141 and C-130 flights and 349 commercial flights airlifted the refugees to camps around the United States. These camps consisted of Camp Pendleton, California (opened April 29), Fort Chaffee, Arkansas (opened May 2), Eglin", "title": "Operation New Arrivals" } ]

[ "Jean D'arc", "jean dark", "Jean d'Arc", "Joan Arc", "Joan arc", "Saint Joan of Arc", "jehanne la pucelle", "Joan de Arc", "Joan Of Arc", "joan off arc", "Jeanne d' Arc", "maid of france", "Sainte Jehanne la Pucelle", "La Pucelle (saint)", "st jehanne la pucelle", "Joan d'arc", "Maid of France", "la pucelle saint", "Johanna d'Arc", "Jeanne D'Arc", "Jeanne de arc", "joan of arc", "cross dressing sexuality and gender identity of joan of arc", "Jehanne la Pucelle", "jeanne de arc", "Jean of Arc", "jean of arc", "st joan of arc", "st jehanne", "johanne of arc", "Jean D'Ark", "Pucelle d'Orleans", "johanna of arc", "Joan d' Arc", "Joan of Arc", "Sainte Jehanne d'Arc La Pucelle", "St Jehanne la Pucelle", "Jehanne", "jehanne d arc", "Joan of Arc, Saint", "Jean of arc", "Jeanne D'arc", "Jean d'Ark", "geoffroy therage", "Joan of Ark", "Jeanne d’Arc", "joan de arc", "sainte jehanne la pucelle", "pucelle d orléans", "Jeanne de Arc", "Jeanne d'Arc", "saint jeanne d arc", "jeanne of arc", "St Jehanne", "Joan of arc", "jehanne", "John of arc", "Juana de Arco", "Joan d'Arc", "Joan of Arc bibliography", "joan of arc bibliography", "jeanne darc", "sainte jehanne d arc la pucelle", "johanna d arc", "Johanne of Arc", "sainte jehanne", "pucelle d orleans", "St. Jehanne", "Jeanne darc", "saint joan of arc", "St. Jehanne la Pucelle", "john of arc", "jean d ark", "Cross-dressing sexuality and gender identity of Joan of Arc", "Jeanne of Arc", "joan arc", "jean d arc", "Geoffroy Therage", "Sainte Jehanne", "jeanne d arc", "juana de arco", "jeanne dark", "Jeanne Dark", "Joan off arc", "joan of ark", "Jean Dark", "st jehanne d arc la pucelle", "Jehanne d'Arc", "St. Joan of Arc", "joan d arc", "Johanna of Arc", "St. Jehanne d'Arc La Pucelle", "joan of arc saint", "Pucelle d'Orléans", "Saint Jeanne d'Arc" ]

[ { "id": "10654538", "score": "1.6355233", "text": "The Maid of Orleans (play) The Maid of Orleans () is a tragedy by Friedrich Schiller, written in 1801 in Leipzig. During his lifetime, it was one of Schiller's most frequently-performed pieces. The play loosely follows the life of Joan of Arc. It contains a prologue introducing the important characters, followed by five acts. Each dramatizes a significant event in Joan's life. Up to act 4 the play departs from history in only secondary details (e.g. by having Joan kill people in battle, and by shifting the reconciliation between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians from 1435 to 1430). Thereafter, however,", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (play)" }, { "id": "12373794", "score": "1.6104267", "text": "The Maid of Orleans (poem) The Maid of Orleans () is a satirical poem by François-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name, Voltaire. It was first published in 1899, but Voltaire had written it over a century beforehand; while he had started writing the text in 1730, he never completed it. It was translated into English by W. H. Ireland. Voltaire was undoubtedly one of the most controversial writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment Age, and \"The Maid of Orleans\" was also certainly one of his more contentious works. An epic and scandalous satire concerning the life of the", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (poem)" }, { "id": "12373798", "score": "1.5972719", "text": "of the themes and textual content for which the original content had been so scorned. The Maid of Orleans (poem) The Maid of Orleans () is a satirical poem by François-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name, Voltaire. It was first published in 1899, but Voltaire had written it over a century beforehand; while he had started writing the text in 1730, he never completed it. It was translated into English by W. H. Ireland. Voltaire was undoubtedly one of the most controversial writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment Age, and \"The Maid of Orleans\" was also certainly one", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (poem)" }, { "id": "5282152", "score": "1.5945802", "text": "The Maid of Orleans (opera) The Maid of Orleans (, \"Orleanskaja deva\") is an opera in 4 acts, 6 scenes, by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It was composed during 1878–1879 to a Russian libretto by the composer, based on several sources: Friedrich Schiller’s \"The Maid of Orleans\" as translated by Vasily Zhukovsky; Jules Barbier’s \"Jeanne d’Arc\" (\"Joan of Arc\"); Auguste Mermet’s libretto for his own opera; and Henri Wallon’s biography of Joan of Arc. Dedicated to conductor Eduard Nápravník, this work represents the composer's closest approach to French grand opera, albeit in the Russian language, notably with its inclusion of a", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (opera)" }, { "id": "10654540", "score": "1.5731096", "text": "dies as victory is won, her honour and her reputation both restored. The line (III, 6; Talbot) translates into English as \"Against stupidity, the gods themselves contend in vain.\" This provided Isaac Asimov with the title of his novel \"The Gods Themselves\". The Maid of Orleans (play) The Maid of Orleans () is a tragedy by Friedrich Schiller, written in 1801 in Leipzig. During his lifetime, it was one of Schiller's most frequently-performed pieces. The play loosely follows the life of Joan of Arc. It contains a prologue introducing the important characters, followed by five acts. Each dramatizes a significant", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (play)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Joan of Arc\n\nJoan of Arc ( ; 1412 – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Stating that she was acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.\n\nJoan was born to a propertied peasant family at Domrémy in northeast France. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save France from English domination.\n\nConvinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the demoralized French army. Nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the Hundred Years' War several decades later.\nAfter Charles's coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris in September 1429 and the failed siege of La Charité in November. Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve Compiègne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians—French allies of the English. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to the English in November. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre Cauchon on accusations of heresy, which included blaspheming by wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the church. She was declared guilty and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, aged about nineteen.\n\nIn 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been revered as a martyr, and viewed as an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. After the French Revolution, she became a national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan of Arc was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church and, two years later, was declared one of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in numerous cultural works, including literature, paintings, sculptures, and music.", "title": "Joan of Arc" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The Maid of Orleans" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Maid of Orleans (poem)\n\nThe Maid of Orleans () is a satirical poem by François-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name, Voltaire. It was first published in 1899, but Voltaire had written it over a century beforehand; while he had started writing the text in 1730, he never completed it. It was translated into English by W. H. Ireland.", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (poem)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Voltaire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Friedrich Schiller\n\nJohann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller ( ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendship with the already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works that he had left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. They also worked together on \"Xenien\", a collection of short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision.", "title": "Friedrich Schiller" }, { "id": "5282159", "score": "1.5534308", "text": "The citizens filling the square sympathize with the heroine, and doubts grow about the justice of the impending execution. But Joan is tied to a pole, a fire ignited. Holding a cross, Joan cries out to God, humbly ready to die. She hears voices of angels bearing forgiveness. Source: Tchaikovsky Research The Maid of Orleans (opera) The Maid of Orleans (, \"Orleanskaja deva\") is an opera in 4 acts, 6 scenes, by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It was composed during 1878–1879 to a Russian libretto by the composer, based on several sources: Friedrich Schiller’s \"The Maid of Orleans\" as translated by", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (opera)" }, { "id": "11069955", "score": "1.5516206", "text": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc) \"Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)\" is a song by British band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) and was the third single released from their third studio album \"Architecture & Morality\". The track has been described by OMD frontman Andy McCluskey as the group's \"Mull of Kintyre\". To prevent confusion with their previous single \"Joan of Arc\", the song was retitled \"Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)\" for its single release. Both songs are about the French heroine Joan of Arc and both reached the Top 5 of the", "title": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" }, { "id": "16934153", "score": "1.5494795", "text": "Maid of Orleans (horse) Maid of Orleans (1806–1825) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the classic Oaks Stakes at Epsom Downs Racecourse in 1809. Unraced as a two-year-old, Maid of Orleans won her first race at Newmarket in April 1809 and then won the Oaks as a 16/1 outsider, beating her more fancied stable companion. The filly won only one of her remaining seven races, and was retired from racing at the end of 1810. Maid of Orleans was a bay mare bred by General John Leveson Gower, in whose pink and black colours she raced in", "title": "Maid of Orleans (horse)" }, { "id": "11069957", "score": "1.545071", "text": "McCluskey on 30 May 1981, the 550th anniversary of Joan of Arc's death. The song is in 6/8 time. The main theme is played on the Mellotron (using its \"3-Violins\" sound). The intro is made of strange noises and was added later: Ned Raggett in AllMusic described the track as \"epic\", concluding: \"With another bravura [Andy] McCluskey lead and a mock-bagpipe lead that's easily more entrancing than the real thing, it's a wrenching ballad like no other before it and little since.\" In 1989, Radio Veronica listeners voted \"Maid of Orleans\" the 60th greatest song of all time. The songs", "title": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" }, { "id": "12373796", "score": "1.5199056", "text": "the populace. It was also disseminated by Voltaire himself to some of his colleagues and other members of the upper class, the circle of people and the portion of society that the text was specifically intended for. Various sources report that Voltaire resolved to write \"The Maid of Orleans\" after a literary colleague challenged him to compose a better analysis of the Joan of Arc subject than the treatment Jean Chapelain had produced in his \"The Maid, or the Heroic Poem of France Delivered\". Published in the mid-17th century, Chapelain's poem was a lengthy and philosophical discussion of the topic.", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (poem)" }, { "id": "11069964", "score": "1.5172383", "text": "radio presenter DJ Happy Vibes as a house track. Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc) \"Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)\" is a song by British band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) and was the third single released from their third studio album \"Architecture & Morality\". The track has been described by OMD frontman Andy McCluskey as the group's \"Mull of Kintyre\". To prevent confusion with their previous single \"Joan of Arc\", the song was retitled \"Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)\" for its single release. Both songs are about the French heroine Joan of", "title": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" }, { "id": "16934157", "score": "1.5071454", "text": "Maid of Orleans was relatively unfancied at odds of 100/6 (just over 16/1), in a race which provoked a good deal of betting interest. Maid of Orleans was sent into the lead from the start by Ben Moss, whose \"great jockeyship\" was praised by the \"Sporting Magazine\", and was never overtaken, winning from Zaida and Spindle with Chryseis fourth. Following her win at Epsom, Maid of Orleans did not race again until autumn. On 3 October at Newmarket she ran in the October Trial Stakes, a weight-for-age race over the Ditch Mile. She was not among the favourites and finished", "title": "Maid of Orleans (horse)" }, { "id": "11069961", "score": "1.5005591", "text": "glass sleeve as the 7\" version in several variations. There is only one studio recording of the song, identical for both the album and single releases. A remix entitled \"Maid of Orleans (Afterhours Mix)\" by Mulu was released on the remix disc which accompanied the French edition of The OMD Singles compilation album in 2003. The song has been performed at live shows on a regular basis since the \"Architecture & Morality\" tour in 1981. A live performance from 1981 was filmed for the Live at The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane concert in December 1981, initially released on VHS (1982)", "title": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" }, { "id": "10654539", "score": "1.4974074", "text": "the plot is entirely free. Joan is about to kill an English knight when, on removing his helmet, she at once falls in love with him, and spares him. Blaming herself for what she regards as a betrayal of her mission, then, when at Reims she is publicly accused of sorcery, she refuses to defend herself, is assumed to be guilty, and dismissed from the French court and army. Captured by the English, she witnesses from her prison cell a battle in which the French are being decisively defeated, breaks her bonds, and dashes out to save the day. She", "title": "The Maid of Orleans (play)" }, { "id": "11069956", "score": "1.4936969", "text": "UK Singles Chart—although this single was more successful internationally, topping the charts in several countries including Germany, where it was the biggest-selling single of 1982. It also reached number 5 in Ireland and number 7 in New Zealand. The single was the last release on the Dindisc label. \"Maid of Orleans\" has been recorded by various artists including the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Third Bass and DJ Quicksilver. It was used during the climax and closing credits to the final episode of the second series of BBC television program \"Ashes to Ashes\". \"Maid of Orleans\" had originally been written by Andy", "title": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" }, { "id": "16934158", "score": "1.4874407", "text": "unplaced behind the 1808 Oaks winner Morel. Before the start of the 1810 season General Gower sold Maid of Orleans to Stanlake Batson. In her first run for her new owner, the filly finished last of the three runners in the Port Stakes over two miles at Newmarket on 9 May. Although Gower had sold Maid of Orleans, he retained the ownership of Chryseis and the two fillies met in a match at Newmarket on 21 May. Maid of Orleans was set to concede eight pounds in weight to her rival, and was not fancied in the betting, starting at", "title": "Maid of Orleans (horse)" }, { "id": "13438158", "score": "1.4764361", "text": "actual \"maid of Orleans\" is described in terms of her knowledge of humanity, her background, and her relationship with nature in the next section: The poem continues by explaining how she works to help humanity and society. Afterward, the narrator describes her condition within an imperfect world, how she is one of God's elect, and her destiny to lead people towards a better world: The topic of the poem deals with the \"maid of Orleans\", or Joan of Arc, and how she was able to conquer her enemies. The maid is educated by nature and is said to know more", "title": "The Destiny of Nations" }, { "id": "16934160", "score": "1.4723444", "text": "Mr Weatherill's colt Break in both heats of a £50 race over two miles. Maid of Orleans was retired from racing to become a broodmare for her owner's stud, although she later appears to have changed hands more than once. She was covered by several leading stallions including Gohanna and Orville and produced seven live foals in thirteen years. She was euthanised in 1825. Maid of Orleans (horse) Maid of Orleans (1806–1825) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the classic Oaks Stakes at Epsom Downs Racecourse in 1809. Unraced as a two-year-old, Maid of Orleans won her", "title": "Maid of Orleans (horse)" }, { "id": "11069963", "score": "1.4697638", "text": "\"Architecture & Morality / Dazzle Ships – Live at the Royal Albert Hall\" (2016). The song was also performed with The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra in June 2009 as documented by the \"Electricity\" DVD release. In 1993 Flemish band Leopold 3 scored a top 10 hit in Flanders with \"Volle maan\", a version of \"Maid of Orleans\" with Dutch lyrics. The song was recorded by London's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1996. Watergate (aka DJ Quicksilver) recorded a cover version as \"Maid of Orleans (The Battle II)\" in 1999. In 2009, \"Maid of Orleans\" was covered by the German DJ and", "title": "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" }, { "id": "2610397", "score": "1.4684561", "text": "raved: ... as a film work of art this takes precedence over anything that has so far been produced. It makes worthy pictures of the past look like tinsel shams. It fills one with such intense admiration that other pictures appear but trivial in comparison. Of the star, he wrote, \"... it is the gifted performance of Maria Falconetti as the Maid of Orleans that rises above everything in this artistic achievement.\" However \"Variety\" gave the film a negative review on its initial release, calling it \"a deadly tiresome picture.\" In 1929 The National Board of Review named the film", "title": "The Passion of Joan of Arc" } ]

[ "", "one thousand eight hundred and twenty five", "one thousand, eight hundred and twenty-five", "1825" ]

[ { "id": "2150540", "score": "1.8945042", "text": "Stockton and Darlington Railway The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) was a railway company that operated in north-east England from 1825 to 1863. The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, its first line connected collieries near Shildon with Stockton-on-Tees and Darlington, and was officially opened on 27 September 1825. The movement of coal to ships rapidly became a lucrative business, and the line was soon extended to a new port and town at Middlesbrough. While coal waggons were hauled by steam locomotives from the start, passengers were carried in coaches drawn by horses until carriages hauled by steam", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "9190266", "score": "1.8174953", "text": "the wheels in the manner of \"Catch me who can\". In 1821 an Act of Parliament was passed for a tramway between Stockton and Darlington. Stephenson's design convinced the backers of the proposed tramway to appoint Stephenson, who had recently built the Hetton colliery railway, as engineer. Traffic on the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) was originally intended to be horse-drawn, but Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage, and the Act was amended to allow the use of steam locomotives. The railway was also empowered to carry passengers in addition to coal and", "title": "History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830" }, { "id": "2150618", "score": "1.8070233", "text": "of steam railways as a means of public transport. A jubilee was held on 27 and 28 September 1875 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the world's first steam operated public railway: the Darlington North Road workshops housed a locomotive exhibition, a statue of Joseph Pease was unveiled in Darlington, his portrait presented to the Darlington Corporation and a banquet held. Fifty years later centenary celebrations were held in July to allow foreign men visiting the International Railway Congress to take part. An exhibition of rolling stock at the new Faverdale Wagon Works in Darlington was opened", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "196131", "score": "1.80127", "text": "for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines. A few of these early locomotives were used in mines. Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials, which demonstrated Robert Stephenson's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast, which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace. On 15 September 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened, the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. The", "title": "Industrial Revolution" }, { "id": "2160447", "score": "1.799274", "text": "crossing on Bridge Road. Hauled by Locomotion No 1, the great engineer himself manned the engine on its first journey on 27 September 1825. Fellow engineer and friend, Timothy Hackworth acted as guard. This was the world's first passenger railway, connecting Stockton with Shildon. The opening of the railway greatly boosted Stockton, making it easier to bring coal to the factories; however the port declined as business had moved down river to Middlesbrough. Stockton witnessed another discovery in 1827. Local chemist John Walker invented the friction match in his shop at 59 High Street. The first sale of the matches", "title": "Stockton-on-Tees" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of railway history\n\n\n</ref>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of railway history" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Industrial Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Robert Stephenson\n\nRobert Stephenson FRS", "title": "Robert Stephenson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of English inventions and discoveries\n\nEnglish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Nonetheless, science and technology in England continued to develop rapidly in absolute terms. Furthermore, according to a Japanese research firm, over 40% of the world's inventions and discoveries were made in the UK, followed by France with 24% of the world's inventions and discoveries made in France and followed by the US with 20%.\n\nThe following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be English.\n\n\n\n</ref>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of English inventions and discoveries" }, { "id": "1968374", "score": "1.7909075", "text": "A year later, George Stephenson improved on that design with his first locomotive \"Blücher\", which was the first locomotive to use single-flanged wheels. That design persuaded the backers of the proposed Stockton and Darlington Railway to appoint Stephenson as Engineer for the line in 1821. While traffic was originally intended to be horse-drawn, Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage. The Act was subsequently amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives and also to allow passengers to be carried on the railway. The 25-mile (40 km) long route opened on 27 September 1825", "title": "History of rail transport in Great Britain" }, { "id": "4834478", "score": "1.7863948", "text": "by road from Newcastle to Darlington in September 1825. On 26 September, the day before the opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the locomotive was taken on a trial run between Shildon and Darlington, with a number of the railway’s directors aboard the railway’s first passenger coach, known as ‘’Experiment’’. The driver was James Stephenson, the elder brother to George Stephenson, who had to perch on a small platform beside the boiler; the fireman, William Gowling, stood on a footplate between the engine and the tender. On 27 September 1825, \"Locomotion No.1\" hauled the first train on the Stockton", "title": "Locomotion No. 1" }, { "id": "2150551", "score": "1.7810756", "text": "On 16 September 1825, with the stationary engines in place, the first locomotive, \"Locomotion No. 1\", left the works, and the following day it was advertised that the railway would open on 27 September 1825. The cost of building the railway had greatly exceeded the estimates. By September 1825 the company had borrowed £60,000 in short-term loans and needed to start earning an income to ward off its creditors. A railway coach, named \"Experiment\", arrived on the evening of 26 September 1825 and was attached to \"Locomotion No. 1\", which had been placed on the rails for the first time", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "2150624", "score": "1.7707058", "text": "which contains heritage railway vehicles. The site includes Timothy Hackworth's house, the Soho Workshop and a former coal drops, which are listed buildings. The heritage Weardale Railway runs special services over its line from Bishop Auckland to Eastgate-in-Weardale. Stockton and Darlington Railway The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) was a railway company that operated in north-east England from 1825 to 1863. The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, its first line connected collieries near Shildon with Stockton-on-Tees and Darlington, and was officially opened on 27 September 1825. The movement of coal to ships rapidly became a lucrative business,", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "4436600", "score": "1.7683251", "text": "as the world's first railway station. In the early stages of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, tickets were sold at the bar. Between 1833 and 1841 the company hired a room in the pub for use as a booking office. The railway ran from its northern terminus at Shildon along 27 miles of track to its terminus at Stockton. Recruited to the railway by George Stephenson in 1824, Timothy Hackworth went on to become superintendent in 1825. He was charged with building locomotives for the company. Timothy Hackworth moved into Hackworth House (formerly Soho House) with his family in 1831.", "title": "Shildon" }, { "id": "1397970", "score": "1.7563801", "text": "the gift of the purpose built, fully stocked library and agreed to run it in perpetuity. Darlington is known for its associations with the birth of the modern railway. This is celebrated in the town at Darlington Railway Centre and Museum. On 27 September 1825 George Stephenson's engine Locomotion No.1 ushered in the modern railway age when it travelled between Shildon and Stockton-on-Tees via Darlington, on the Stockton and Darlington Railway, which from its outset was designed for passengers and goods, to a standard gauge on a permanent main line with branches and powered by steam locomotives. The town later", "title": "Darlington" }, { "id": "119399", "score": "1.7519574", "text": "permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – the Stockton and Darlington Railway – opened to the public. During the Industrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at Birmingham and Manchester, dubbed \"Workshop of the World\" and \"Warehouse City\" respectively. England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at", "title": "England" }, { "id": "1607979", "score": "1.7391362", "text": "No. 1\" for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, which was the first public steam railway in the world. In 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle \"The Rocket\" which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the UK, US and much of Europe. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of steam power for passenger and goods trains. Many of the earliest locomotives for American railroads were imported from Great Britain, including first the", "title": "Steam locomotive" }, { "id": "2150541", "score": "1.7387785", "text": "locomotives were introduced in 1833. The S&DR was involved in the building of the East Coast Main Line between York and Darlington, but its main expansion was at Middlesbrough Docks and west into Weardale and east to Redcar. It suffered severe financial difficulties at the end of the 1840s and was nearly taken over by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, before the discovery of iron ore in Cleveland and the subsequent increase in revenue meant it could pay its debts. At the beginning of the 1860s it took over railways that had crossed the Pennines to join the West", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "18403885", "score": "1.7358904", "text": "steam engine on rails, and was in 1825 the Stockton and Darlington Railway was opened, intended to transport coals from the mine to the port. In 1835 the first train drove in continental Europe between Mechelen and Brussels, and in the Netherlands in 1839 the first train drove between Amsterdam and Haarlem. For the machinery industry this brought all sorts of new work with new machinery for metallurgy, machine tool for metalworking, production of steam engines for trains with all its necessities etc. In time the market for the machine industry became wider, specialized products were manufactured for a greater", "title": "Machine industry" }, { "id": "2150560", "score": "1.7306607", "text": "the locomotive. The 1821 Act had received opposition from the owners of collieries on the River Wear who supplied London and feared competition, and it had been necessary to restrict the rate for transporting coal destined for ships to d per ton per mile, which had been assumed would make the business uneconomic. There was interest from London for 100,000 tons a year, so the company began investigations in September 1825. In January 1826 the first staith opened at Stockton, designed so waggons over a ship's hold could discharge coal from the bottom. A little over 18,500 tons of coal", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "2150561", "score": "1.728004", "text": "was transported to ships in the year ending June 1827 and this increased to over 52,000 tons the following year, per cent of the total carried. The locomotives were unreliable at first. Soon after opening, \"Locomotion No. 1\" broke a wheel, and it was not ready for traffic until 12 or 13 October; \"Hope\", the second locomotive, arrived in November 1825 but needed a week to ready it for the line – the cast-iron wheels were a source of trouble. Two more locomotives of a similar design arrived in 1826; that August 16s 9d was spent on ale to motivate", "title": "Stockton and Darlington Railway" }, { "id": "161682", "score": "1.7256408", "text": "wagonway. Other locomotives include: In 1821, a parliamentary bill was passed to allow the building of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR). The railway connected collieries near Bishop Auckland to the River Tees at Stockton, passing through Darlington on the way. The original plan was to use horses to draw coal carts on metal rails, but after company director Edward Pease met Stephenson, he agreed to change the plans. Stephenson surveyed the line in 1821, and assisted by his eighteen-year-old son Robert, construction began the same year. A manufacturer was needed to provide the locomotives for the line. Pease and", "title": "George Stephenson" }, { "id": "12375341", "score": "1.7243487", "text": "railway networks in the world; the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, was the first public railway to use steam locomotives. Opened in 1863, London Underground is the world's first underground railway. Known as the \"Father of Railways\", Stephenson's rail gauge of is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. Henry Maudsley's most influential invention was the screw-cutting lathe, a machine which created uniformity in screws and allowed for the application of interchangeable parts (a prerequisite for mass production): it was a revolutionary development necessary for the Industrial Revolution. Brunel created the Great Western Railway, as well", "title": "Culture of England" }, { "id": "347253", "score": "1.7228444", "text": "Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives all the time, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of", "title": "Rail transport" } ]

[ "synthetic engine oil", "Synthetic engine oil" ]

[ { "id": "11358118", "score": "1.8261595", "text": "polyols, soil stabilization, chemical grouting, oilfield drilling fluids, crop protection products, cedar spray, and adhesives. Dibasic ester In chemistry, a dibasic ester or DBE is an ester of a dicarboxylic acid. Depending on the application, the alcohol may be methanol or higher molecular weight monoalcohols. Mixtures of different methyl dibasic esters are commercially produced from short-chain acids such as adipic acid, glutaric acid, and succinic acid. They are non-flammable, readily biodegradable, non-corrosive, and have a mild, fruity odour. Dibasic esters of phthalates, adipates, and azelates with C8 - C10 alcohols have found commercial use as lubricants, spin finishes, and additives.", "title": "Dibasic ester" }, { "id": "11358117", "score": "1.7589812", "text": "Dibasic ester In chemistry, a dibasic ester or DBE is an ester of a dicarboxylic acid. Depending on the application, the alcohol may be methanol or higher molecular weight monoalcohols. Mixtures of different methyl dibasic esters are commercially produced from short-chain acids such as adipic acid, glutaric acid, and succinic acid. They are non-flammable, readily biodegradable, non-corrosive, and have a mild, fruity odour. Dibasic esters of phthalates, adipates, and azelates with C8 - C10 alcohols have found commercial use as lubricants, spin finishes, and additives. Dibasic esters are used in paints, coil coatings, paint strippers, coatings, plasticisers, resins, binders, solvents,", "title": "Dibasic ester" }, { "id": "303151", "score": "1.658112", "text": "required the use of letters or sets of letters. One number after 'PA' or 'Nylon' indicates a homopolymer which is \"monadic\" or based on one amino acid (minus HO) as monomer: Two numbers or sets of letters indicate a \"dyadic\" homopolymer formed from two monomers: one diamine and one dicarboxylic acid. The first number indicates the number of carbons in the diamine. The two numbers should be separated by a comma for clarity, but the comma is often omitted. For copolymers the comonomers or pairs of comonomers are separated by slashes: The term polyphthalamide (abbreviated to PPA) is used when", "title": "Nylon" }, { "id": "5476339", "score": "1.6516098", "text": "reported as a component of the surface waxes or polyesters of some plant species. Thus, octadeca-c6,c9-diene-1,18-dioate, a derivative of linoleic acid, is present in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus cuticle. Several dicarboxylic acids having an alkyl side chain and an itaconate core have been isolated from lichens and fungi, itaconic acid (methylenesuccinic acid) being a metabolite produced by filamentous fungi. Among these compounds, several analogues, called chaetomellic acids with different chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation have been isolated from various species of the lichen Chaetomella. These molecules were shown to be valuable as basis for the development of anticancer drugs", "title": "Dicarboxylic acid" }, { "id": "6224141", "score": "1.6510223", "text": "compounds, for use in distillate fuels. Statsafe products are used in non-fuel applications. Antis DF3, similar to Stadis 425, is an amber-colored liquid composed of polyamine and polysulfone. Oil-soluble sulfonic acids, e.g. dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, can be also used as part of some antistatic additives. Antistatic agents can be added to nonpolar solvents to increase their conductivity to allow electrostatic spray painting. (Oxygenated solvents have too high conductivity to be used here.) The polysulfones can be prepared by reacting olefins, notably alpha-olefins, with sulfur dioxide. The polyamines can be prepared by reacting epichlorohydrin with aliphatic monoamines. Antistatic agent An antistatic agent", "title": "Antistatic agent" }, { "id": "20635276", "score": "1.6436496", "text": "version of arachidonic_acid, that gets incorporated into lipid membranes. The deuterated compound resists the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) through a non-antioxidant based mechanism that protects mitochondrial, neuronal and other lipid membranes, thereby greatly reducing the levels of numerous LPO-derived toxic products such as reactive carbonyls. Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester Di-deuterated ethyl linoleate (also known as RT001; Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester, 11,11-D2-Ethyl Linoleate, Ethyl 11,11-D2-Linoleate) is an experimental, orally-bioavailable synthetic deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), an isotopologue of an essential omega-6 PUFA, linoleic acid. The deuterated compound, while identical to natural linoleic acid, is resistant to lipid peroxidation which", "title": "Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester" }, { "id": "3549607", "score": "1.6385448", "text": "Experiments on linoleic acid subjected to 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride induced oxidation of linoleic acid; hence producing lipid radicals and then the use of different combinations of phenolics show that binary mixtures can lead to either a synergetic antioxidant effect or to an antagonistic effect towards the lipid radicals. Research like this is useful in discovering which phenols prevent the autoxidation of lipids in vegetable oils. Linoleic acid Linoleic acid (LA), a carboxylic acid, is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, an 18-carbon chain with two double bonds in cis configuration. A shorthand notation like \"18:2 (n-6)\" or \"18:2 \"cis\"-9,12\" may be used", "title": "Linoleic acid" }, { "id": "8277823", "score": "1.6258719", "text": "of drugs, as biostable elastomers, and especially as tailored bioerodible materials for the regeneration of living bone. An advantage for this last application is that poly(dichlorophosphazene) reacts with amino acid ethyl esters (such as ethyl glycinate or the corresponding ethyl esters of numerous other amino acids) through the amino terminus to form polyphosphazenes with amino acid ester side groups. These polymers hydrolyze slowly to a near-neutral, pH-buffered solution of the amino acid, ethanol, phosphate, and ammonium ion. The speed of hydrolysis depends on the amino acid ester, with half-lives that vary from weeks to months depending on the structure of", "title": "Polyphosphazene" }, { "id": "19676640", "score": "1.6179258", "text": "Therefore, it must be stabilized by adding an alkaline pharmaceutical excipient when used as an implant material. The degradation of the polymer chain sets free the initial diol and γ-butyrolactone, which is further hydrolyzed to 4-hydroxybutanoic acid. The 4-hydroxybutanoic acid formed is responsible for the locally lowered pH value upon polymer degradation. The commercial use of polyorthoester type I was prevented by the required addition of a base (e.g. sodium carbonate), the difficult synthesis and its unsatisfactory mechanical properties. Polyorthoesters type II are formed by polyaddition of a α,ω-diol and the diketene acetal 3,9-diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DETOSU). The polyaddition forms much more", "title": "Polyorthoester" }, { "id": "5965013", "score": "1.6151314", "text": "or commercial importance are poly-\"alpha\"-olefin (or poly-α-olefin or polyalphaolefin, sometimes abbreviated as PAO), a polymer made by polymerizing an \"alpha\"-olefin. An \"alpha\"-olefin (or α-olefin) is an alkene where the carbon-carbon double bond starts at the α-carbon atom, i.e. the double bond is between the #1 and #2 carbons in the molecule. Alpha-olefins such as 1-hexene may be used as co-monomers to give a alkyl branched polymer (see chemical structure below), although 1-decene is most commonly used for lubricant base stocks. Many poly-alpha-olefins have flexible alkyl branching groups on every other carbon of their polymer backbone chain. These alkyl groups, which", "title": "Polyolefin" }, { "id": "20607098", "score": "1.6110783", "text": "Sodium sulfosuccinate esters Sodium sulfosuccinate esters are organic compounds with the formula NaOSCH(COR')CHCOR where R and R' can be H or alkyl groups. They comprise a large class of surfactants and emulsifiers used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning agents. They are colorless salts. These materials can be further classified into monoesters (R' = H, R = alkyl) and diesters (R and R' = alkyl). They are produced by treatment of maleic anhydride with alcohols. The resulting mono or diesters are then treated with sodium sulfite, which, concomitant with protonation, adds to the C=C bond. A high volume example is sodium", "title": "Sodium sulfosuccinate esters" }, { "id": "13691206", "score": "1.5978566", "text": "cyclododecane (2) followed by air oxidation in the presence of boric acid at elevated temperatures to a mixture of the alcohol (3a) and the ketone (3b). In the final step, this mixture oxidized further by nitric acid. A biotechnology is used to convert paraffin wax into DDDA with a special strain of \"Candida tropicalis\" yeast in a multi-step process. Verdezyne has created a method to use plant-oil sourced feedstocks, which makes it the only producer using renewable feedstocks for DDDA. Dodecanedioic acid Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) is a dicarboxylic acid mainly used in antiseptics, top-grade coatings, painting materials, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants,", "title": "Dodecanedioic acid" }, { "id": "19676643", "score": "1.5956036", "text": "a two-stage, non-autocatalytic hydrolysis takes place, initially generating neutral fragments (pentaerythritol dipropionate and the diol). The propionic acid produced in the second step is metabolized so rapidly that a local lowering of the pH value does occur. Therefore, to accelerate polymer degradation acidic additives must be added (such as octanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid or 2-methylidenebutanedioic acid). Zero-order release kinetics were achieved when embedding the cytostatic agent 5-fluorouracil. In toxicity tests as specified in the US Pharmacopeia USP polyorthoester preparations were found to be acutely nontoxic in cellular, intradermal, systemic and intramuscular implants. polyorthoester type III is prepared just like POE", "title": "Polyorthoester" }, { "id": "20635274", "score": "1.5935669", "text": "Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester Di-deuterated ethyl linoleate (also known as RT001; Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester, 11,11-D2-Ethyl Linoleate, Ethyl 11,11-D2-Linoleate) is an experimental, orally-bioavailable synthetic deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), an isotopologue of an essential omega-6 PUFA, linoleic acid. The deuterated compound, while identical to natural linoleic acid, is resistant to lipid peroxidation which makes studies of its cell-protective properties worthwhile. Investigations of 11,11-D2-Ethyl linoleate (RT001) are being conducted in several neurological indications, including Friedreich’s ataxia and Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy. A double-blind comparator-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial sponsored by Retrotope and Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance was conducted to determine", "title": "Di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester" }, { "id": "6501257", "score": "1.5865948", "text": "Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is an oily, colorless liquid with the chemical formula CHFOP. It is used in medicine and as an organophosphorus insecticide. It is stable, but undergoes hydrolysis when subjected to moisture, producing hydrofluoric acid. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is a parasympathomimetic drug irreversible anti-cholinesterase and has been used in ophthalmology as a miotic agent in treatment of chronic glaucoma, as a miotic in veterinary medicine, and as an experimental agent in neuroscience because of its acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties and ability to induce delayed peripheral neuropathy. The marked toxicity of esters of monofluorophosphoric acid was discovered in 1932, when Willy", "title": "Diisopropyl fluorophosphate" }, { "id": "2796657", "score": "1.5860692", "text": "standards. \"Full synthetic\" is a marketing term and is not a measurable quality. Poly-alpha-olefin (poly-α-olefin, PAO) is a polymer made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin. They are designated at API Group IV and are a 100% synthetic chemical compound. It is a specific type of olefin (organic) that is used as a base stock in the production of some synthetic lubricants. An alpha-olefin (or α-olefin) is an alkene where the carbon-carbon double bond starts at the α-carbon atom, i.e. the double bond is between the #1 and #2 carbons in the molecule. Group V base oils are defined by API as", "title": "Synthetic oil" }, { "id": "5476340", "score": "1.5836599", "text": "due to their strong farnesyltransferase inhibitory effects. A series of alkyl- and alkenyl-itaconates, known as ceriporic acids (Pub Chem 52921868), were found in cultures of a selective lignin-degrading fungus (white rot fungus), Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. The absolute configuration of ceriporic acids, their stereoselective biosynthetic pathway and the diversity of their metabolites have been discussed in detail. Terephthalic acid is a commodity chemical used in the manufacture of the polyester known by brand names such as PET, Terylene, Dacron and Lavsan. Dicarboxylic acids are crystalline solids. Solubility in water and melting point of the α,ω- compounds progress in a series as the", "title": "Dicarboxylic acid" }, { "id": "13029179", "score": "1.5794618", "text": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester is a plasticizer for the manufacture of flexible plastic articles in sensitive application areas such as toys, medical devices and food packaging. From a chemical point of view it belongs to the group of aliphatic esters. In 2002 BASF started selling 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester under the tradename of Hexamoll® DINCH as an alternative for phthalate plasticizers. The two commercial routes to manufacture 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester are the catalytic hydrogenation of diisononyl phthalate and the Diels-Alder reaction of a maleic acid ester with 1,3-butadiene followed by hydrogenation.", "title": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester" }, { "id": "13283470", "score": "1.5777128", "text": "presence of sulfuric acid and water. The recent patent literature describes batch and continuous processes that produce AMPS in high purity (to 99.7%) and improved yield (up to 89%, based on isobutene) with the addition of liquid isobutene to an acrylonitrile / sulfuric acid / phosphoric acid mixture at 40°C. 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was a Trademark name by The Lubrizol Corporation. It is a reactive, hydrophilic, sulfonic acid acrylic monomer used to alter the chemical properties of wide variety of anionic polymers. In the 1970s, the earliest patents using this monomer were filed for acrylic fiber", "title": "2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid" }, { "id": "9418910", "score": "1.576487", "text": "g of tiglic acid after 43-day irradiation with a 500-watt lamp. Being the \"cis\" isomer, angelic acid has a lower melting point and higher acid dissociation constant than tiglic acid, in accordance to usually observed trends. Angelic acid reacts with hydrobromic acid and bromine producing bromovaleric and dibromovaleric acids, respectively, with a yield of 60–70%. Chlorovaleric and iodovaleric acids are obtained using hydrochloric and hydroiodic acids, respectively. The salts of angelic acid are called angelates. Angelates of alkaline earth metals \"M\" have a general formula M(CHO) and form white, water-soluble crystals. The angelic acid esters of sesquiterpene alcohols, such as", "title": "Angelic acid" } ]

[ "", "one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-seven time", "1987", "one thousand nine hundred and eighty seven time", "1987 time", "time:days" ]

[ { "id": "1210654", "score": "2.0688915", "text": "of the Yulara resort. In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort. Since the park was listed as a World Heritage Site, annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000. Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits. It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs. The local Aṉangu do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance. They request that visitors do not climb the rock, partly due to the", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": "977837", "score": "1.9708047", "text": "Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed 'Ayers Rock Resort'. The listing of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park ensures the park remains a world-class destination for both its cultural and natural heritage. Visitors will continue to have a unique cultural experience at the park and leave knowing that the park is managed according to cultural practices that date back tens of thousands of years. Since the park was listed as a World Heritage Site, annual visitor numbers have risen to over 400,000 visitors in the year 2000. Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits. It also presents an", "title": "Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park" }, { "id": "1210651", "score": "1.9285095", "text": "of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock–Mount Olga National Park. The first ranger was Bill Harney, a well-recognised central Australian figure. By 1959, the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru. On 26 October 1985, the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines, with one of the conditions being that the Aṉangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed. An agreement originally made between the", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": "4543076", "score": "1.8695776", "text": "(or \"Dreaming\") tracks in the area, some of which lead as far as the sea. Ayers Rock and The Olgas are separated from the Pitjantjatjara Lands by the border between the Northern Territory and South Australia and have become a major tourist attraction and a National Park. The Central Land Council laid claim to the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park and some adjoining vacant Crown land in 1979, but this claim was challenged by the Northern Territory government. After years of intensive lobbying by the Land Council, on 11 November 1983, Prime Minister Bob Hawke announced that the Federal Government intended", "title": "Pitjantjatjara" }, { "id": "1210631", "score": "1.8592417", "text": "traditional Aboriginal name and the English name. On 15 December 1993, it was renamed \"Ayers Rock / Uluru\" and became the first official dual-named feature in the Northern Territory. The order of the dual names was officially reversed to \"Uluru / Ayers Rock\" on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs. Uluru is one of Australia's most recognisable natural landmarks. The sandstone formation stands high, rising above sea level with most of its bulk lying underground, and has a total circumference of . Both Uluru and the nearby Kata Tjuta formation have great", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Uluru\n\nUluru (; ), also known as Ayers Rock ( ) and officially gazetted as UluruAyers Rock, is a large sandstone formation in the centre of Australia. It is in the southern part of the Northern Territory, southwest of Alice Springs.\n\nUluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara, the Aboriginal people of the area, known as the Aṉangu. The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs, waterholes, rock caves, and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Uluru and Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas, are the two major features of the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park.\n\nUluru is one of Australia's most recognisable natural landmarks and has been a popular destination for tourists since the late 1930s. It is also one of the most important indigenous sites in Australia.", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yulara, Northern Territory\n\nYulara is a town in the southern region of the Northern Territory, Australia. It lies as an unincorporated enclave within MacDonnell Region. At the , Yulara had a permanent population of 1,099,<ref name=\"census\"/> in an area of . It is by road from World Heritage Site Uluru (Ayers Rock) and from Kata Tjuta (the Olgas). It is located in the Northern Territory electorate of Gwoja and the federal electorate of Lingiari.", "title": "Yulara, Northern Territory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Northern Territory\n\nThe Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Australia to the west (129th meridian east), South Australia to the south (26th parallel south), and Queensland to the east (138th meridian east). To the north, the territory looks out to the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria, including Western New Guinea and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago.\n\nThe NT covers , making it the third-largest Australian federal division, and the 11th-largest country subdivision in the world. It is sparsely populated, with a population of only 249,000<ref name=\"ABSPop\" /> – fewer than half as many people as in Tasmania.<ref name=\"ABSPop\" /> The largest population center is the capital city of Darwin.\n\nThe archaeological history of the Northern Territory may have begun more than 60,000 years ago when humans first settled this region of the Sahul Continent. Reportedly the Makassan traders began a relationship with the indigenous people of the Northern Territory around the trading of trepang from at least the 18th century. The coast of the territory was first seen by Europeans in the 17th century. The British were the first Europeans to attempt to settle the coastal regions. After three failed attempts to establish a settlement (1824–28, 1838–49, and 1864–66), success was achieved in 1869 with the establishment of a settlement at Port Darwin.\n\nThe economy is based largely on mining and petroleum, which during 2018–2019 contributed 23% of the gross state product, or $5.68 billion, accounting for 92.4% of exports.\n\nThe territory's population is concentrated in coastal regions and along the Stuart Highway. Besides the capital of Darwin, the major settlements are (in order of size) Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, Nhulunbuy and Tennant Creek. Residents of the Northern Territory are often known simply as \"Territorians\" and fully as \"Northern Territorians\", or more informally as \"Top Enders\" and \"Centralians\".", "title": "Northern Territory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monolith\n\nA monolith is a geological feature consisting of a single massive stone or rock, such as some mountains. For instance, Savandurga mountain is a monolith mountain in India. Erosion usually exposes the geological formations, which are often made of very hard and solid igneous or metamorphic rock. Some monoliths are volcanic plugs, solidified lava filling the vent of an extinct volcano.\n\nIn architecture, the term has considerable overlap with megalith, which is normally used for prehistory, and may be used in the contexts of rock-cut architecture that remains attached to solid rock, as in monolithic church, or for exceptionally large stones such as obelisks, statues, monolithic columns or large architraves, that may have been moved a considerable distance after quarrying. It may also be used of large glacial erratics moved by natural forces.\n\nThe word derives, via the Latin , from the Ancient Greek word (), from () meaning \"one\" or \"single\" and () meaning \"stone\".", "title": "Monolith" }, { "id": "1210660", "score": "1.8215538", "text": "Uluru Uluru (, Pitjantjatjara: '), also known as Ayers Rock () and officially gazetted as \"UluruAyers Rock\", is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia. It lies south west of the nearest large town, Alice Springs. Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu, the Aboriginal people of the area. The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs, waterholes, rock caves and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Uluru and Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas, are the two major features of", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": "1210629", "score": "1.8215538", "text": "Uluru Uluru (, Pitjantjatjara: '), also known as Ayers Rock () and officially gazetted as \"UluruAyers Rock\", is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia. It lies south west of the nearest large town, Alice Springs. Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu, the Aboriginal people of the area. The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs, waterholes, rock caves and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Uluru and Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas, are the two major features of", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": "5753677", "score": "1.804324", "text": "accommodation-related tourist facilities from near the base of Uluru and re-establish them outside the park. In 1975, a reservation of of land beyond the park's northern boundary, from Uluru, was approved for the development of a tourist facility, to be known as Yulara, along with a new airport. The new facilities became fully operational in late 1984. On 6 August 2000, an Ansett Australia Airbus A320 arrived from Auckland Airport in New Zealand, carrying the Sydney Olympic Torch for its inaugural Australian leg. From there, the torch was taken for a run around Uluru, followed by a formal reception. Ayers", "title": "Ayers Rock Airport" }, { "id": "977816", "score": "1.7732711", "text": "Reserve) by the Australian Government under the Aboriginals Ordinance (NT). During the depression in the 1930s, Anangu became involved in dingo scalping with 'doggers' who introduced Anangu to European foods and ways. The first tourists visited the Uluru area in 1936. In 1958, in response to pressures to support tourism enterprises, the area that is now the park was excised from the Petermann Aboriginal Reserve to be managed by the Northern Territory Reserves Board as the Ayers Rock – Mt Olga National Park. The first ranger was the legendary central Australian figure, Bill Harney By 1959 the first motel leases", "title": "Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park" }, { "id": "1210648", "score": "1.7723191", "text": "Line. In separate expeditions, Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area. While exploring the area in 1872, Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga, while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock, in honour of the Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers. Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for pastoralism. In the late 19th century, pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the Southwestern/Petermann Reserve and interaction between Aṉangu and white people", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": "5112001", "score": "1.7648361", "text": "and extinct volcanoes, a diverse range of ecosystems and some spectacular landscapes.\" \"This park, formerly called Uluru (Ayers Rock – Mount Olga) National Park, features spectacular geological formations that dominate the vast red sandy plain of central Australia. Uluru, an immense monolith, and Kata Tjuta, the rock domes located west of Uluru, form part of the traditional belief system of one of the oldest human societies in the world. The traditional owners of Uluru-Kata Tjuta are the Anangu Aboriginal people.\" \"For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of", "title": "Cultural landscape" }, { "id": "977814", "score": "1.7620506", "text": "the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line in 1872. In separate expeditions, William Ernest Powell Giles and William Christie Gosse were the first European explorers to this area. In 1872 while exploring the area, Ernest Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga, while the following year Gosse saw Uluru and named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, the Chief Secretary of South Australia. Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for pastoralism. In the late 19th century, pastoralists attempted to re-establish themselves in areas adjoining the South-Western/Petermann", "title": "Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park" }, { "id": "15684780", "score": "1.7560701", "text": "extend their maker's or user's agency. While studying Australian rock art Robert Layton helped prepare a number of Aboriginal Land Claims, of which the first was the claim to the Uluru National Park. This research has been published in his books \"Uluru: An Aboriginal history of Ayers Rock\" (Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1986 reissued 2001) and Australian rock art, a new synthesis (Cambridge University Press 1992). He has revisited Australia several times, working on the Hodgson Downs land claim in 1993-4 and helping to prepare the Australian Government's submission to UNESCO to place the Uluru National Park on the World", "title": "Robert Hugh Layton" }, { "id": "11085896", "score": "1.7355831", "text": "using the European name for the sandstone rock formation sacred to local indigenous Australians. The group were nicknamed \"the Rock\" by the Australian press. Since 1993 the sandstone monolith has been called by its Pitjantjatjaran name, Uluru. Doyle had worked sporadically for several years with multi-instrumentalist and arranger Col Loughnan, who joined London-based blues-pop group Kala in late 1972. Doyle invited his former bandmate to join in October 1973. With Ayers Rock, Loughnan played saxophones, flute, and electric piano. He had begun his career as lead vocalist for the Crescents in 1958, joining the Delltones in 1962. Loughnan diversified into", "title": "Ayers Rock (band)" }, { "id": "3196004", "score": "1.7246478", "text": "for the old motels near the Rock, and the area was rehabilitated by the National Parks Service (now called Parks Australia). Around the same time, the national park was renamed Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa, and its ownership was transferred to the local Indigenous people, who leased it back to the Parks Australia for 99 years. There were originally three competing hotels, but that detracted from the viability of the enterprise, and the company (and indirectly the government) incurred massive operating losses. Between 1990 to 1992, the competing hotel operators were replaced by a single operator, the government-owned Investnorth Management Pty Ltd. In", "title": "Yulara, Northern Territory" }, { "id": "6591843", "score": "1.7160641", "text": "Württemberg, while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock, in honor of the Premier of South Australia Sir Henry Ayers. These barren desert lands of Central Australia disappointed the Europeans as unpromising for pastoral expansion, but would later come to be appreciated as emblematic of Australia. In 1863 the Northern Territory was annexed by South Australia by letters patent. Following annexation of the Territory by South Australia a fourth attempt at settlement occurred in 1864 at Escape Cliffs, about from present day Darwin. Colonel Boyle Travers Finniss was responsible for the settlement. There were numerous confrontations", "title": "History of the Northern Territory" }, { "id": "9315905", "score": "1.7022821", "text": "under negotiation. The site was heritage listed in 2007. On 7 July 2008, the Australian Government placed 90% of the remaining rock art areas of the Dampier Archipelago on the National Heritage List. Campaigners are now demanding that the Australian Government include all of the undisturbed areas of the Dampier Archipelago on the World Heritage List. According to the Philip Adams radio show on the ABC, one worker on the site, an electrician for Woodside claimed the company had crushed 10,000 petroglyphs for roadfill, at a time of international outrage over the Taliban destruction of the Bamiyan buddhas. The oldest", "title": "Murujuga" }, { "id": "1210630", "score": "1.699529", "text": "the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. The local Anangu, the Pitjantjatjara people, call the landmark \"Uluṟu\" (). This word is a proper noun, with no further particular meaning in the Pitjantjatjara dialect, although it is used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru. On 19 July 1873, the surveyor William Gosse sighted the landmark and named it Ayers Rock in honour of the then Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers. Since then, both names have been used. In 1993, a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the", "title": "Uluru" }, { "id": "1190067", "score": "1.6916245", "text": "King Amadeus of Spain and Queen Olga of Württemberg. Giles supposedly discovered Uluru (formerly Ayers Rock), but was beaten to the claim by a competing explorer, William Gosse. Early in 1875 Giles prepared his diaries for publication under the title \"Geographic Travels in Central Australia\", and on 13 March 1875, with the generous help of Sir Thomas Elder, he began his third expedition. Proceeding considerably to the north from Fowler's Bay the country was found to be very dry. Retracing his steps Giles turned east, and eventually going round the north side of Lake Torrens reached Elder's station at Beltana.", "title": "Ernest Giles" }, { "id": "13130563", "score": "1.6907418", "text": "officially returned ownership of Uluru (formerly known as Ayers Rock), with Governor General Sir Ninian Stephen presiding over the ceremony handing the title deeds to the local Pitjantjatjara Aboriginal people. The transfer was done on the basis that a lease-back to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and joint management by members of the local Mutijulu community would be settled upon. In the final year of Hawke's prime ministership, the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody released its final report, having investigated some 99 deaths between 1980 and 1989. In education, the Hawke Government sought to significantly widen educational", "title": "Hawke Government" } ]

[ "gorbacheu", "mikael gorbachev", "January Proposal", "Mikael Gorbachev", "michail gorbatsjov", "gorbachev", "gorbachevian", "Mihail Gorbacev", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev", "michail gorbatschow", "mikhail gorbechev", "gorbatsof", "gorbachoff", "mihail sergejevič gorbačëv", "mihail gorbachev", "gorbachov", "Mikhail S. Gorbachev", "Michail Gorbatschow", "M Gorbachev", "Mihail Gorbačëv", "gorbačëv", "M. Gorbachev", "mikhael gorbachev", "gorbatschow", "New thinking", "Gorbacev", "Mihail Sergeevic Gorbacev", "Mihail Gorbachyov", "mikhail gorbachev", "Irina Virganskaya", "Mikhail Gorbachyov", "Michael Gorbachev", "gorbachyov", "mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev", "mikhail sergeyevich gorbachov", "Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв", "Gorbačëv", "irina mihailovna virganskaya", "mikhail gorbačëv", "mihail gorbacev", "Mikhail Gorbačëv", "gorbachof", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov", "mihail sergeevic gorbacev", "Gorbatschow", "Gorbachof", "mihail gorbaciov", "mikhail gorbachyov", "Mihail Sergeevič Gorbačëv", "Gorbachevian", "mihail gorbačëv", "Gorbachav", "Mikhail Gorbachev", "New Thinking", "Mihail Gorbaciov", "Michail Gorbatsjov", "Mihail Sergejevič Gorbačëv", "irina virganskaya", "Mihail Sergejevic Gorbacev", "mikhail gorbachov", "new thinking", "mikhail s gorbachev", "михаил сергеевич горбачёв", "gorbachav", "Mikhail Gorbachov", "Gorbachyov", "m gorbachev", "january proposal", "michael gorbachev", "mihail sergeevič gorbačëv", "Gorbachoff", "Mikhail Gorbechev", "Gorbatsof", "mihail gorbachyov", "Михаил Горбачёв", "gorbatsiov", "mihail sergejevic gorbacev", "Gorbatsiov", "Mikhael Gorbachev", "Gorbachov", "Gorbachev", "Gorbacheu", "mikhail sergeyevich gorbachyov", "gorbacev", "михаил горбачёв", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachov", "Irina Mihailovna Virganskaya", "Mihail Gorbachev" ]

[ { "id": "10192746", "score": "1.7169883", "text": "the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 1985. On the occasion of the award, Chazov gave the acceptance speech in Oslo. At that time the group represented more than 135,000 members from 41 countries. Many groups protested the decision to include Chazov, and alleged that Chazov was responsible for some of the Soviet abuses of psychiatry and medicine and for attacks against a 1975 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, the physicist and Soviet dissident Andrei D. Sakharov. Yevgeniy Chazov Yevgeniy Ivanovich Chazov (born 10 June 1929) () is a prominent physician of the Soviet Union and Russia, specializing in", "title": "Yevgeniy Chazov" }, { "id": "281791", "score": "1.6808815", "text": "1989 and the Nobel Peace Prize on 15 October 1990. On 9 November, people in East Germany (the German Democratic Republic, GDR) were suddenly allowed to cross through the Berlin Wall into West Berlin, following a peaceful protest against the country's dictatorial administration, including a demonstration by some one million people in East Berlin on 4 November. Unlike earlier riots which were ended by military force with the help of the USSR, Gorbachev now decided not to interfere with the process in Germany. He stated that German reunification was an internal German matter. The rest of 1989 was taken up", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev" }, { "id": "16116556", "score": "1.6396041", "text": "Harlem Brundtland of Norway, former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and Mother Teresa. She collects letters written by schoolchildren, urging an end to nuclear proliferation, and has delivered food and supplies to needy children in Russia and Ethiopia. Montandon was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize three successive years and received the UN Peace Messenger award in 1987. In 1987, Montandon designed The Banner of Hope. Now, a mile-long, the red-silk memorial inscribed with the names and ages of children killed in war, was first exhibited in the Kremlin at an International Women's Congress. The Banner was highlighted at opening ceremonies", "title": "Patricia Montandon" }, { "id": "9057369", "score": "1.6374122", "text": "Nobel Peace Prize winners and international organisations such as UNICEF and Amnesty International. \"We welcome the launch of Children’s Peace Prize during our summit,\" the summit's closing statement said. Mikhail Gorbachev presented the 2005 prize, which was posthumously awarded to Nkosi Johnson, a South African boy who brought international attention to children with HIV/AIDS and founded the Nkosi's Haven home for HIV-positive mothers and children. The winner receives a 100,000 euro donation to benefit a charitable project for children, as well as a statuette which has been named the Nkosi in Nkosi Johnson's honour. The 2006 award was handed out", "title": "International Children's Peace Prize" }, { "id": "281734", "score": "1.6370568", "text": "vitally necessary reforms, which were sabotaged and exploited by opportunists. He was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, and the Harvey Prize in 1992, as well as honorary doctorates from various universities. In the 21st century he unsuccessfully promoted social-democratic politics through the Social Democratic Party of Russia and then the Union of Social Democrats. Widely considered one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century, Gorbachev remains the subject of controversy. He was widely praised in the West for his pivotal role in ending the Cold", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lenin Peace Prize\n\nThe International Lenin Peace Prize (, \"mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya premiya mira)\" was a Soviet Union award named in honor of Vladimir Lenin. It was awarded by a panel appointed by the Soviet government, to notable individuals whom the panel indicated had \"strengthened peace among comrades\". It was founded as the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples, but was renamed the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (, \"Mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya premiya «Za ukrepleniye mira mezhdu narodami»\") as a result of de-Stalinization. Unlike the Nobel Prize, the Lenin Peace Prize was usually awarded to several people a year rather than to just one individual. The prize was mainly awarded to prominent Communists and supporters of the Soviet Union who were not Soviet citizens. Notable recipients include W. E. B. Du Bois, Fidel Castro, Lázaro Cárdenas, Salvador Allende, Mikis Theodorakis, Seán MacBride, Angela Davis, Pablo Picasso, Oscar Niemeyer, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Abdul Sattar Edhi, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, CV Raman and Nelson Mandela.\nSection::::History.\nThe prize was created as the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples on December 21, 1949 by \"executive order\" of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in honor of Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday (although this was after his seventy-first).\n\nFollowing Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin in 1956 during the Twentieth Party Congress, the prize was renamed on September 6 as the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples. All previous recipients were asked to return their Stalin Prizes so they could be replaced by the renamed Lenin Prize. By a decision of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 11, 1989, the prize was renamed the International Lenin Peace Prize. Two years later, after the collapse of USSR in 1991, the Russian government, as the successor state to the defunct Soviet Union, ended the award program. The Lenin Peace Prize is regarded as a counterpart to the existing Nobel Peace Prize.\n\nThe International Lenin Prize should not be confused with the International Peace Prize, awarded by the World Peace Council. In 1941 the Soviet Union created the Stalin Prize (later renamed the \"USSR State Prize\"), which was awarded annually to accomplished Soviet writers, composers, artists and scientists.\n\n\n", "title": "Lenin Peace Prize" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lech Wałęsa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn\n\nAleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist. A prominent Soviet dissident, Solzhenitsyn was an outspoken critic of communism and helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, in particular the Gulag system.\n\nSolzhenitsyn was born into a family that defied the Soviet anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and remained devout members of the Russian Orthodox Church. While still young, Solzhenitsyn lost his faith in Christianity, became an atheist, and embraced Marxism–Leninism. While serving as a captain in the Red Army during World War II, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by the SMERSH and sentenced to eight years in the Gulag and then internal exile for criticizing Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in a private letter. As a result of his experience in prison and the camps, he gradually became a philosophically-minded Eastern Orthodox Christian.\n\nAs a result of the Khrushchev Thaw, Solzhenitsyn was released and exonerated. He pursued writing novels about repressions in the Soviet Union and his experiences. He published his first novel, \"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich\" in 1962, with approval from Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, which was an account of Stalinist repressions. Solzhenitsyn's last work to be published in the Soviet Union was \"Matryona's Place\" in 1963. Following the removal of Khrushchev from power, the Soviet authorities attempted to discourage Solzhenitsyn from continuing to write. He continued to work on further novels and their publication in other countries including \"Cancer Ward\" in 1966, \"In the First Circle\" in 1968, \"August 1914\" in 1971, and \"The Gulag Archipelago\" in 1973, the publication of which outraged the Soviet authorities. In 1974 Solzhenitsyn lost his Soviet citizenship and was flown to West Germany. In 1976, he moved with his family to the United States, where he continued to write. In 1990, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, his citizenship was restored, and four years later he returned to Russia, where he remained until his death in 2008.\n\nHe was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature\", and \"The Gulag Archipelago\" was a highly influential work that \"amounted to a head-on challenge to the Soviet state\", and sold tens of millions of copies.", "title": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sakharov Prize\n\nThe Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, commonly known as the Sakharov Prize, is an honorary award for individuals or groups who have dedicated their lives to the defence of human rights and freedom of thought. Named after Russian scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, the prize was established in December 1988 by the European Parliament.<ref name= cold /> \n\nA shortlist of nominees is drawn up annually by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and Committee on Development. The MEPs who make up those committees then select a shortlist in September. Thereafter, the final choice is given to The European Parliament's Conference of Presidents (President and political group's leaders) and the laureate's name is announced late in October. The prize is awarded in a ceremony at the Parliament's Strasbourg hemicycle (round chamber) in December.\n\nThe first prize was awarded jointly to South African Nelson Mandela and Russian Anatoly Marchenko. The 1990 award was given to Aung San Suu Kyi, but she could not receive it until 2013 as a result of her political imprisonment in Burma. The prize has also been awarded to organisations, the first being the Argentine Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in 1992. Five Sakharov laureates were subsequently awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Malala Yousafzai, Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad.\n\nRazan Zaitouneh (2011) was kidnapped in 2013 and is still missing. Nasrin Sotoudeh (2012) was released from prison in September 2013, but is still barred from leaving Iran, along with fellow 2012 laureate Jafar Panahi. The 2017 prize was awarded to the Democratic Opposition in Venezuela, under boycott of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.\n\n", "title": "Sakharov Prize" }, { "id": "16283807", "score": "1.6240919", "text": "the nomination of Geidar Aliev for the Nobel Peace Prize. In January 2009, he nominated the President of France Nicolas Sarkozy for the Nobel Peace Prize. In February 2010, he held the successful negotiations with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. He published series of monographs entitled \"The Nobel Review\" (in Russian) and a multi-volume edition of the \"Documents of life and work of the Nobel Family.\" These books show documents created in the 19th and early 20th centuries, presented by the archives of many countries, and also some comments to them. His books", "title": "Arkady Melua" }, { "id": "3884888", "score": "1.6226039", "text": "Mandela and Russian Anatoly Marchenko. The 1990 award was given to Aung San Suu Kyi, but she could not receive it until 2013 as a result of her political imprisonment in Burma. The prize has also been awarded to organisations, the first being the Argentine Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in 1992. Five Sakharov laureates were subsequently awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Malala Yousafzai, Denis Mukwege, and Nadia Murad. Razan Zaitouneh (2011) was kidnapped in 2013 and is still missing. Nasrin Sotoudeh (2012) was released from prison in September 2013, but is still", "title": "Sakharov Prize" }, { "id": "30349", "score": "1.6068754", "text": "to leave the Soviet Union to collect the prize. His wife Yelena Bonner read his speech at the ceremony in Oslo, Norway. On the day the prize was awarded, Sakharov was in Vilnius, where human rights activist Sergei Kovalev was being tried. In his Nobel lecture, titled \"Peace, Progress, Human Rights\", Sakharov called for an end to the arms race, greater respect for the environment, international cooperation, and universal respect for human rights. He included a list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in the USSR, stating that he shares the prize with them. By 1976 the head of", "title": "Andrei Sakharov" }, { "id": "30348", "score": "1.606041", "text": "effects – uncertain.\" For Sakharov the indeterminacy of the future supported his belief that he could, and should, take personal responsibility for it. In 1973, Sakharov was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and in 1974 was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Norwegian Nobel Committee called him \"a spokesman for the conscience of mankind\". In the words of the Nobel Committee's citation: \"In a convincing manner Sakharov has emphasised that Man's inviolable rights provide the only safe foundation for genuine and enduring international cooperation.\" Sakharov was not allowed", "title": "Andrei Sakharov" }, { "id": "4622938", "score": "1.6032903", "text": "community\". Criticism for this award was due to the fact that the Soviet President destabilised the Eastern bloc and caused the economic collapse and fall of the Soviet Union. The 1989 prize went to the 14th Dalai Lama. The committee's selection was opposed by the Chinese government, which opposes the Dalai Lama's activities regarding Tibet. Additionally, the Nobel Prize Committee cited their intention to put pressure on China, due to the Tiananmen Square Massacre which happened in June 1989. The 1978 prize went to Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt during the 1973 Yom Kippur War against Israel, and Menachem", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "id": "4047103", "score": "1.6001964", "text": "people a year rather than to just one individual. The prize was mainly awarded to prominent Communists and supporters of the Soviet Union who were not Soviet citizens. Notable recipients include: W. E. B. Du Bois, Fidel Castro, Salvador Allende, Mikis Theodorakis, Seán MacBride, Angela Davis, Pablo Picasso, Oscar Niemeyer, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Abdul Sattar Edhi and Nelson Mandela. The prize was created as the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples on December 21, 1949 by \"executive order\" of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in honor of Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday (although this was after his seventy-first).", "title": "Lenin Peace Prize" }, { "id": "20374562", "score": "1.5951191", "text": "and all weapons of mass destruction.\" The UN's top disarmament official Izumi Nakamitsu in a statement said that the 2017 Peace Prize \"recognizes once again the vital and indispensable role of civil society in advancing our common aspirations peace, security and a world free of nuclear weapons.\" Former Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev in a statement said the award designation was \"a very good decision\" and signified that \"a world without nuclear weapons—there cannot be any other goal!\", also recalling a joint statement with then US President Ronald Reagan at the 1986 Reykjavik Summit that \"a nuclear war cannot be", "title": "2017 Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "id": "19341757", "score": "1.5926872", "text": "Soviet Union to West Germany, and stripped of his Soviet citizenship. With the help of Alexander Ginzburg, Solzhenitsyn set up a fund in Switzerland to help the families of political and religious prisoners across the Soviet Union (Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund). In December 1975 Andrei Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace prize \"for his struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations\". He was not allowed to leave the Soviet Union to collect it. His speech was read by his wife Yelena Bonner at the ceremony in Oslo, Norway. On the day the prize was awarded, Sakharov", "title": "Human rights movement in the Soviet Union" }, { "id": "15852576", "score": "1.5878091", "text": "October 2014 at the Woodstock Film Festival in Woodstock, New York, winning \"Honorable Mention: Audience Award Winner for Best Narrative Feature\" and \"Honorable Mention: James Lyons Award for Best Editing of a Narrative Feature.\" For his actions in averting a potential nuclear war in 1983, Petrov was awarded the Dresden Peace Prize in Dresden, Germany, on 17 February 2013. The award included €25,000. On 24 February 2012, he was given the 2011 German Media Award, presented to him at a ceremony in Baden-Baden, Germany. On the same day that Petrov was honored at the United Nations in New York City,", "title": "Stanislav Petrov" }, { "id": "4047104", "score": "1.5862421", "text": "Following Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin in 1956 during the Twentieth Party Congress, the prize was renamed on September 6 as the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples. All previous recipients were asked to return their Stalin Prizes so they could be replaced by the renamed Lenin Prize. By a decision of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 11, 1989, the prize was renamed the International Lenin Peace Prize. Two years later, after the collapse of USSR in 1991, the Russian government, as the successor state to the defunct Soviet Union, ended the award", "title": "Lenin Peace Prize" }, { "id": "284499", "score": "1.5817096", "text": "the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying \"this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award.\" The Academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in Burma; Suu Kyi delivered", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "id": "13876971", "score": "1.5816895", "text": "your approach celebrates our common humanity.\" Zimbabwe Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, who was touted as a possible Nobel laureate, said Obama deserved the honor. In 2011 Bolivian President Evo Morales and Russian Liberal Democratic Party leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky condemned the award calling it hypocritical in light of US policy during the Libyan Civil War. After the death of Anwar al-Awlaki and his son Abdulrahman al-Awlaki by CIA predator drones in Yemen, Nasser al-Awlaki, the father and grandfather of Anwar and Abdulrahman respectively, released an audio message condemning the killings: President Obama accepted the Nobel Peace prize in person at the", "title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "id": "30352", "score": "1.5812266", "text": "until October 1985 when his wife was allowed to travel to the United States. She had heart surgery in the United States and returned to Gorky in June 1986. In December 1985, the European Parliament established the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, to be given annually for outstanding contributions to human rights. On 19 December 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who had initiated the policies of perestroika and glasnost, called Sakharov to tell him that he and his wife could return to Moscow. In 1988, Sakharov was given the International Humanist Award by the International Humanist and Ethical Union. He helped", "title": "Andrei Sakharov" }, { "id": "16283805", "score": "1.576253", "text": "Held expedition to search for and study of artifacts activities and experience of memoralization heritage of the Nobels in Finland, Sweden, Germany, Italy, France, Czech Republic and other countries. In September 1989, with the support and participation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and the Soviet ambassador to Sweden, Boris Pankin, talks were held in Stockholm with the leadership of the Nobel Foundation, which initiated an impartial study of the wider family legacy in the Soviet Union and Nobel coverage of progressive ideas of the Nobel Family and the Nobel Movement as a whole. The organizer of", "title": "Arkady Melua" }, { "id": "4047105", "score": "1.5614465", "text": "program. The Lenin Peace Prize is regarded as a counterpart to the existing Nobel Peace Prize. The International Lenin Prize should not be confused with the International Peace Prize, awarded by the World Peace Council. In 1941 the Soviet Union created the Stalin Prize (later renamed the \"USSR State Prize\"), which was awarded annually to accomplished Soviet writers, composers, artists and scientists. Lenin Peace Prize The International Lenin Peace Prize (, \"mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya premiya mira)\" was a Soviet Union award named in honor of Vladimir Lenin. It was awarded by a panel appointed by the Soviet government, to notable individuals", "title": "Lenin Peace Prize" } ]

[ "un locode frsxb", "strassburg", "city of bells", "Strossburi", "strasbourg", "straßburg", "strausburg", "strasbourg france", "Straatsburg", "Straßburg", "City of Bells", "Strasbourg France", "Strassbourg", "Strassburg", "strassbourg", "Strausburg", "straatsburg", "strossburi", "UN/LOCODE:FRSXB", "Strasbourg", "Strasbourg, France" ]

[ { "id": "13268425", "score": "1.8344451", "text": "European Court of Human Rights building The building of the European Court of Human Rights is located in the European Quarter of Strasbourg, France. It was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and Claude Buche and was completed in 1994. The building is located on the eastern corner of the water intersection, where the Ill river is crossed by the \"Canal de la Marne au Rhin\". The court was formerly located in a building located just across the canal, which was built in 1965 and designed by Bertrand Monnet, J. Apriell and Papillard. The building was designed in 1989 by", "title": "European Court of Human Rights building" }, { "id": "529917", "score": "1.7726035", "text": "the Council of Europe, and all of its 47 member states are contracting parties to the Convention. The Court is based in Strasbourg, France. The Court was established on 21 January 1959 on the basis of Article 19 of the European Convention on Human Rights when its first members were elected by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. The Convention charges the Court with ensuring the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the Convention and its protocols, that is ensuring the enforcement and implementation of the European Convention in the member states", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "529916", "score": "1.6911137", "text": "European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; ) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention and its protocols. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the Court can also issue advisory opinions. The Convention was adopted within the context of", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "13268429", "score": "1.6611922", "text": "30 places for applicants. Other meeting rooms (in total there are 11) cover 4500 square metres and have an average of 47 places around table, plus 52 at the rear. The 420 offices cover 16,500 square metres and in total the building has capacity for 600 people. There is also a Projection room with 204 seats and a 180-seat cafeteria. European Court of Human Rights building The building of the European Court of Human Rights is located in the European Quarter of Strasbourg, France. It was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and Claude Buche and was completed in 1994.", "title": "European Court of Human Rights building" }, { "id": "529930", "score": "1.6238782", "text": "plenary court is an assembly of all of the Court's judges. It has no judicial functions. It elects the court's president, vice-president, registrar and deputy registrar. It also deals with administrative matters, discipline, working methods, reforms, the establishment of Chambers and the adoption of the Rules of Court. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the Court. A Committee is constituted by three judges, Chambers by seven judges and a Grand Chamber", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Court of Human Rights\n\nThe European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the Convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials \"ECHR\". The court is based in Strasbourg, France.\n\nAn application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from 16 September 2022 in accordance with article 58. Until then, the court has declared it \"remains competent to deal with applications directed against the Russian Federation in relation to acts or omissions\" occurring until that date. The court's primary means of judicial interpretation is the living instrument doctrine, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions.\n\nInternational law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Convention on Human Rights\n\nThe European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe, the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity.\n\nThe Convention established the European Court of Human Rights (generally referred to by the initials ECHR). Any person who feels their rights have been violated under the Convention by a state party can take a case to the Court. Judgments finding violations are binding on the States concerned and they are obliged to execute them. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe monitors the execution of judgments, particularly to ensure payments awarded by the Court appropriately compensate applicants for the damage they have sustained.\n\nThe Convention has several protocols, which amend the convention framework.\n\nThe Convention has had a significant influence on the law in Council of Europe member countries and is widely considered the most effective international treaty for human rights protection.", "title": "European Convention on Human Rights" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Court of Human Rights building\n\nThe building of the European Court of Human Rights is located in the European Quarter of Strasbourg, France. It was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and Claude Buche and was completed in 1994.\n\nThe building is located on the eastern corner of the water intersection, where the Ill river is crossed by the \"Canal de la Marne au Rhin\". The court was formerly located in a building located just across the canal, which was built in 1965 and designed by Bertrand Monnet, J. Apriell and Papillard.<ref name=intmap/>", "title": "European Court of Human Rights building" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights\n\nThe European Court of Human Rights is an international tribunal established for enforcement of the European Convention on Human Rights. It is an organ of the Council of Europe and judges are elected to the Court by the Council's Parliamentary Assembly in respect of each Member State. However, they do not represent the state, as they hear cases as individuals. Judges of the Court as of 8 April 2020 are, in order of precedence:", "title": "List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:European Court of Human Rights - Wikimedia Commons" }, { "id": "529940", "score": "1.6226774", "text": "Rights. However, since all EU states are members of the Council of Europe and have signed the Convention on Human Rights, there are concerns about consistency in case law between the two courts. The ECJ refers to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and treats the Convention on Human Rights as though it was part of the EU's legal system, since it forms part of the legal principles of the EU member states. Even though its member states are party to the Convention, the European Union itself is not a party, as it did not have competence", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "13268428", "score": "1.6177413", "text": "cost 544 million French Francs, which came from the member states of the Council of Europe which owns the building, however the site it was built on was provided by the City of Strasbourg. Queen Elizabeth II planted a tree on the building site in May 1992. The building has 28,000 square metres of floor space. The Court Room covers 860 square metres and has 260 seats, with an extra 49 for judges and 33 for applicants (the deliberation room has 47 places with an additional 52 seats). The Commission Room covered 520 square metres and has 41 seats with", "title": "European Court of Human Rights building" }, { "id": "529918", "score": "1.6176796", "text": "of the Council of Europe. The jurisdiction of the Court has been recognized to date by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe. On 1 November, 1998, the Court became a full-time institution and the European Commission of Human Rights, which used to decide on admissibility of applications, was abolished by Protocol 11. The accession of new states to the European Convention on Human Rights following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to a sharp increase in applications filed in the Court. The efficiency of the Court was threatened seriously by the large number of", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "529947", "score": "1.5761039", "text": "medal. A statistical natural language processing method has been applied to automatically predict the outcome of cases tried by the European Court of Human Rights (violation or no violation of a specific article) based on their textual contents, reaching a prediction accuracy of 79%. European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; ) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "1720275", "score": "1.5661135", "text": "Europe also adopted the Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings in May 2005, for protection against human trafficking and sexual exploitation, the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse in October 2007, and the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence in May 2011. The European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states. In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list. About one", "title": "International human rights law" }, { "id": "6096795", "score": "1.558198", "text": "years later, the European Court of Human Rights - given shape and form during the Assembly's historic post-war debates - is regarded as a global standard-bearer for justice, protecting the rights of citizens in 47 European nations and beyond, and paving the way for the gradual convergence of human rights laws and practice across the continent. The Assembly continues to elect the judges of the Court. Over the decades, the Assembly has been at the forefront of supporting democratic change in successive waves of European nations at key moments in their history, negotiating their entry into the Council of Europe", "title": "Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe" }, { "id": "15824591", "score": "1.5532597", "text": "or law firms throughout Europe. During study visits 2010-2011 participants visited Catholic University of Lublin; International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea; Bremen University; Munster University; International Criminal Court; European Parliament; Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights; Geneva and Vienna Headquarters of United Nations Office, Venice headquarters of UNESCO, Food and Agriculture Organization, Court of Arbitration for Sport, World Intellectual Property Organization, law firm \"Latham & Watkins\" (in Frankfurt), Bologna University, Wroclaw University etc. Forum \"The Ukrainian Legal Entities Rights Protection at the European Court of Human Rights\" is held in Lviv, on the basis of Ivan", "title": "Centre for International Law and Justice" }, { "id": "886786", "score": "1.5488493", "text": "European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice (), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its equal application across all EU member states. The Court was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per member state – currently 28 – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or 15 judges. The court has", "title": "European Court of Justice" }, { "id": "886814", "score": "1.547658", "text": "bodies are based in Luxembourg City, separate from the political institutions in Brussels and Strasbourg. The Court of Justice is based in the Palais building, currently under expansion, in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City. Luxembourg City was chosen as the provisional seat of the Court on 23 July 1952 with the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community. Its first hearing there was held on 28 November 1954 in a building known as Villa Vauban, the seat until 1959 when it would move to the Côte d'Eich building and then to the Palais building in 1972. In 1965,", "title": "European Court of Justice" }, { "id": "13539770", "score": "1.5377467", "text": "Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights The relationship between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an issue in European Union law and human rights law. The ECJ rules on European Union (EU) law while the ECtHR rules on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which covers the 47 member states of the Council of Europe. Cases cannot be brought in the ECtHR against the European Union, but the Court has ruled that states cannot escape their human rights obligations by saying that they were", "title": "Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "13539778", "score": "1.5320156", "text": "have put forward a new proposal, based on the partial merger of the two Courts. Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights The relationship between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an issue in European Union law and human rights law. The ECJ rules on European Union (EU) law while the ECtHR rules on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which covers the 47 member states of the Council of Europe. Cases cannot be brought in the ECtHR against the European Union, but the Court", "title": "Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "19168713", "score": "1.5319989", "text": "the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. People are able to pursue their rights under the European Convention on Human Rights in the Bailiwick's courts and tribunals, instead of having to go to the European Court in Strasbourg although that is still the final appeal route. The Ecclesiastical Court's origins probably go back beyond surviving written records, existing in the 13th Century, and almost certainly for centuries before that. Many of the old jurisdiction functions have fallen by the way, such as dealing with acts of heresy and idolatry. Today the court deals with just", "title": "Courts of Guernsey" }, { "id": "529937", "score": "1.529608", "text": "judge, together with other judges selected by drawing of lots. Grand Chambers include a public hearing, which is transmitted as a webcast on the ECHR site. After the public hearing, the judges deliberate. The Court's chamber decides both issues regarding admissibility and merits of the case. Generally, both these issues are dealt with in the same judgment. In final judgments the Court makes a declaration that a contracting state has violated the Convention, and may order the contracting state to pay material and/or moral damages and the legal expenses incurred in domestic courts and the Court in bringing the case.", "title": "European Court of Human Rights" }, { "id": "1720274", "score": "1.5261881", "text": "on Human Rights. The Council includes all the member states of European Union. The EU also has a separate human rights document, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this Convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, the Committee for the Prevention of Torture was established. The Council of", "title": "International human rights law" }, { "id": "15581371", "score": "1.5246859", "text": "conferences and other public events, conducts media outreach, and publishes web-based and print reports and communications to inform the public about grave human rights violations worldwide. European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights The European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) is an independent, nonprofit non-governmental organization with the aim of enforcing human rights through legal means. Using litigation, it tries to hold state and non-state actors responsible for egregious abuses. It was founded in 2007 by Wolfgang Kaleck together with a group of human rights lawyers, in order to help protect the rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration", "title": "European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights" } ]

[ "germans disambiguation", "German", "Germans (disambiguation)", "german", "German (disambiguation)", "german disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "12234793", "score": "1.3778666", "text": "\"Southern\" speech focused on a segment in which she was reciting the lyrics of a James Cleveland hymn and trying to reproduce its original cadences. On April 20, 2007, while speaking her own words to the annual convention of the National Action Network, she once again temporarily adopted this accent. On April 27, 2007, while speaking at a Greenville, South Carolina campaign event, Clinton said that she had split her life among three parts of the country and that her sometimes-Southern accent was a virtue. She joked, \"I think America is ready for a multilingual president.\" On April 26, 2007,", "title": "Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential primary campaign" }, { "id": "20411980", "score": "1.3608465", "text": "Alexandre Coutu and Steven Kaufmann. Simcott runs his own Blog \"Speaking Fluently\" and has published a book on French Short Stories. In 2015 the Goethe Institut named him Ambassador for Multilingualism. He is regarded as one of the most proficient polyglots in the UK. Simcott can learn languages in very short periods of time, and has passed C1 Fluency exams after 3 months of study. He can speak about 30 languages in total to some degree. Unlike many polyglots, Simcott continues to study languages in a university environment. Richard Simcott Richard Simcott is a hyperpolyglot who lives in Chester, United", "title": "Richard Simcott" }, { "id": "5430266", "score": "1.3584785", "text": "Election race against Republican Doug Wead after being endorsed by former U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater. Goldwater said he thought Wead was out of touch with Arizona because of his relatively brief residency in the state—two years to English's 22. Wead countered that Goldwater's support of abortion rights spurred the unexpected crossing of party lines. English may have also benefited from Democratic Party momentum in 1992, which was the year of Bill Clinton's first presidential election victory. Clinton came within a few percentage points of winning Arizona, and two other Democratic Representatives (Ed Pastor and Sam Coppersmith) were elected along with", "title": "Karan English" }, { "id": "7507456", "score": "1.3497763", "text": "ballots in languages other than English.\" Among ProEnglish's key priorities is the rescission of Executive Order 13166, an executive order signed by President Bill Clinton which states that any entity that receives federal funds \"must provide whatever services it offers in any foreign language spoken by anyone likely to receive those services.\" ProEnglish also opposes Puerto Rican statehood unless Puerto Rico were to adopt English as its official language. The group's reported ties to the white nationalist movement have drawn scrutiny. The Anti-Defamation League wrote in 2014 that the group had a \"nativist agenda and xenophobic origins and ties.\" Robert", "title": "ProEnglish" }, { "id": "19007479", "score": "1.3459752", "text": "It was reported that Powell speaks the following 42 languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, German, Dutch, Frisian, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Kashubian, Lusatian, Wendish, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu, Armenian, Sinhalese, Tibetan, Japanese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Croatian, Greek, Turkish, Kurdish, Finnish, Korean and Persian. This list does not include English, which is his native language, or the many other languages in which he has some proficiency. Powell was reported to have died in 2006, however this was inaccurate. In an interview he stated that his disappearance was due to a stroke he", "title": "Powell Janulus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of multilingual presidents of the United States\n\nOf the 45 persons who have served as presidents of the United States, at least half have displayed proficiency in speaking or writing a language other than English. Of these, only one, Martin Van Buren, learned English as his second language; his first language was Dutch. Four of the earliest presidents were multilingual, with John Quincy Adams and Thomas Jefferson demonstrating proficiency in a number of foreign languages.\n\nJames A. Garfield and his successor Chester A. Arthur knew Ancient Greek and Latin, but it was Garfield's ambidexterity that would lead to rumors that he could write both at the same time. Both Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke French, and Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke German. As for Asian languages, James Madison studied Hebrew, Herbert Hoover spoke some Mandarin Chinese, while Barack Obama speaks Indonesian at a conversational level.", "title": "List of multilingual presidents of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Don't ask, don't tell" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis\n\nJacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis ( ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, photographer, and book editor who served as first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963, as the wife of President John F. Kennedy. A popular first lady, she endeared the American public with her devotion to her family, dedication to the historic preservation of the White House, the campaigns she led to preserve and restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history, culture and arts. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices.\n\nAfter graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University in 1951, Bouvier started working for the \"Washington Times-Herald\" as an inquiring photographer. The following year, she met then-Congressman John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the Senate that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. Following her husband's election to the presidency in 1960, Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture as well as for her style, she also travelled to many countries where her fluency in foreign languages and history made her very popular. At age 31, she was the third-youngest first lady of the United States when her husband was inaugurated.\n\nAfter the assassination and funeral of her husband in 1963, Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which caused controversy. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor in New York City, first at Viking Press and then at Doubleday, and worked to restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history, and in 1999, she was listed as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century. She died in 1994 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy. Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since 1982 have consistently found Kennedy Onassis to rank among the most highly regarded first ladies by the assessments of historians.", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:List of multilingual presidents of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sonia Sotomayor\n\nSonia Maria Sotomayor (, ; born June 25, 1954) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, and has served since August 8, 2009. She is the third woman, first woman of color, the first Hispanic, and first Latina to serve on the Supreme Court.<ref name=\"nyt053009rc\"/>\n\nSotomayor was born in the Bronx, New York City, to Puerto Rican-born parents. Her father died when she was nine, and she was subsequently raised by her mother. Sotomayor graduated \"summa cum laude\" from Princeton University in 1976 and received her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1979, where she was an editor at the \"Yale Law Journal\".<ref name=\":0\" /> She worked as an assistant district attorney in New York for four and a half years before entering private practice in 1984. She played an active role on the boards of directors for the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the State of New York Mortgage Agency, and the New York City Campaign Finance Board.\n\nSotomayor was nominated to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York by President George H. W. Bush in 1991; confirmation followed in 1992. In 1997, she was nominated by President Bill Clinton to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Her nomination was slowed by the Republican majority in the United States Senate, but she was eventually confirmed in 1998. On the Second Circuit, Sotomayor heard appeals in more than 3,000 cases and wrote about 380 opinions. Sotomayor has taught at the New York University School of Law and Columbia Law School.\n\nIn May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sotomayor to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice David Souter. Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68–31. While on the Court, Sotomayor has supported the informal liberal bloc of justices when they divide along the commonly perceived ideological lines. During her Supreme Court tenure, Sotomayor has been identified with concern for the rights of defendants and criminal justice reform, and is known for her impassioned dissents on issues of race, ethnic, and gender identity, including \"Schuette v. BAMN\", \"Utah v. Strieff\", and \"Trump v. Hawaii\".", "title": "Sonia Sotomayor" }, { "id": "20411978", "score": "1.3446727", "text": "Richard Simcott Richard Simcott is a hyperpolyglot who lives in Chester, United Kingdom. He speaks 16 languages fluently. Harper Collins referred to him as \"One of the most multilingual people from the United Kingdom\". Besides the languages that he exhibits fluency in, he also has actively studied more than 50 languages at some point in his career. Simcott was born in the UK, with English as his first language, quickly learning French at a young age (he says he does not remember \"not\" speaking French). He grew up in the English Wales Border districts so quickly learnt Welsh as well.", "title": "Richard Simcott" }, { "id": "1282065", "score": "1.3401635", "text": "16 June 2017, on the \"Overtime\" segment of HBO political talk show \"Real Time with Bill Maher\", Izzard claimed to be working in four languages: Spanish, German, French and English. In July 2003, Izzard received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of East Anglia, Norwich, for \"pro-Europe campaigning\", \"his contribution to promoting modern languages and tolerance of other cultures and lifestyles\", and for having \"transcended national barriers\" with his humour. He has also campaigned unsuccessfully against the closure of the departments of Drama and Languages, Linguistics and Translation at the University of East Anglia, although the department of", "title": "Eddie Izzard" }, { "id": "10746049", "score": "1.325839", "text": "to reach out to these children, but this is an unacceptable surrender, borderlining on disgrace.\" His comments were seconded by former Secretary of Education William Bennett, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, and Senator Joe Lieberman. Jackson would later reverse his position, attributing his initial opposition to a misunderstanding of the school district's proposal. He said, \"They're not trying to teach Black English as a standard language. They're looking for tools to teach children standard English so they might be competitive.\" The original resolution caused a great deal of consternation and anger, which fueled the controversy. On January 15, 1997,", "title": "African-American Vernacular English and education" }, { "id": "2274400", "score": "1.3223825", "text": "Language of Politics\" (1968), which developed into what Zimmer called Safire's \"magnum opus,\" \"Safire's Political Dictionary\". Safire described himself as a \"libertarian conservative.\" A \"Washington Post\" story on the ending of his op-ed column quotes him on the subject:I'm willing to zap conservatives when they do things that are not libertarian. [After the 9/11 attacks,] I was the first to really go after George W. on his treatment of prisoners. After voting for Bill Clinton in 1992, Safire became one of the leading critics of Clinton's administration. Hillary Clinton in particular was often the target of his ire. He caused", "title": "William Safire" }, { "id": "34216", "score": "1.3150442", "text": "Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and", "title": "Bill Clinton" }, { "id": "6336285", "score": "1.3057272", "text": "Clinton B. Seely Clinton B. Seely () (born June 21, 1941) is an American academic and translator, and a scholar of Bengali language and literature. He has translated the works of Ramprasad Sen and Michael Madhusudan Dutt and written a biography of Bengali poet Jibanananda Das. He has also authored software packages related to Bengali. His latest book, \"Barisal and Beyond\", was published in India in 2008. Clinton Seely studied at the Stanford University, where he majored in biology. Upon graduation in 1963, he joined the US Peace Corps, and travelled to the then-East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) as a Corps", "title": "Clinton B. Seely" }, { "id": "13088644", "score": "1.3052657", "text": "do something with them so that they have to process language somehow, thus to see how language grows in the brain. Bill VanPatten Bill VanPatten is a former Professor of Spanish and Second Language Acquisition at Michigan State University. He specializes in second language acquisition, which he investigates on both theoretical and practical levels, using techniques from psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, and cognitive psychology. VanPatten is the author of the textbook \"Destinos\", which is designed for use with Spanish courses. He worked with the theory of input processing in second language acquisition, which aims to offer an explanation on how L2", "title": "Bill VanPatten" }, { "id": "34331", "score": "1.2984953", "text": "Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in", "title": "Bill Clinton" }, { "id": "19007480", "score": "1.2976103", "text": "suffered at that time. He reported that he lost his ability to speak English, due to brain damage. He claimed to have regained his English spoken ability by speaking Dutch with a nurse. He is currently retired and living in White Rock, British Columbia. In August 2013, he was again the subject of a language testing event during which he spoke at least 20 languages and modeled the learning process with Korean and Tagalog. Powell Janulus Powell Alexander Janulus (born 1939) is a Canadian polyglot who lives in White Rock, British Columbia, and entered the Guinness World Records in 1985", "title": "Powell Janulus" }, { "id": "12759705", "score": "1.2956167", "text": "pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ending with Republicans G.H.W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008. English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S, where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live. The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the \"de facto\" official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population", "title": "English Americans" }, { "id": "34329", "score": "1.2955325", "text": "December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century. He was honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding, a TED Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design), and was named as an Honorary GLAAD Media Award recipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. In 2011, President Michel Martelly of Haiti awarded Clinton with the National Order of Honour and Merit to the rank of Grand Cross \"for his various initiatives in", "title": "Bill Clinton" }, { "id": "19736767", "score": "1.2913336", "text": "necessitates needing English instead of a second language. Ling- chi Wang an Asian American Professor from the University of California Berkley appears in the film to advocate bilingualism and immersion instead of keeping the United States monolinguals. Wang explains that this country is in need for more bilingualism than monolinguals due to the wide array of races within this country\".\" He proposes the idea that within San Francisco every school system should teach another language. Within the film, videos are shown of current Americans that feel as though people are fine just knowing English within America. But due to the", "title": "Speaking in Tongues (documentary)" }, { "id": "17551997", "score": "1.2894044", "text": "Senate File 160, known as the Foreign Language Bill, which would make illegal the teaching in “private, denominational, parochial, or public schools” of any subject in any language other than English, stating in a speech, “I fought that vicious foreign language bill” ”. He ran 12th in the primary where only 10 would advance to the general election. Although two of the 12 subsequently dropped out, his request to be added to the definition was denied. However his public stature was quite grown, and in February 1937 he was notified that he would be accepted as assistant to the District", "title": "Emmett Louis Murphy" }, { "id": "15581165", "score": "1.287009", "text": "the South Asian community and his colleagues in Parliament when he sent out a survey to his constituents asking what languages they spoke, with one of the languages listed as \"Indian\". Jim Karygiannis, the Liberal MP for Scarborough-Agincourt, issued a press release calling the mailer insulting, comparing it to asking someone if they speak Canadian or Mexican. In 2013, Lizon joined two other Conservative MPs (Saskatchewan MP Maurice Vellacott and Alberta MP Leon Benoit) in writing a letter to the RCMP requesting a homicide investigation into some late term abortions that may have resulted in live births. The letter was", "title": "Wladyslaw Lizon" }, { "id": "1581749", "score": "1.2795291", "text": "about as urgently called for as making hotdogs the official food at baseball games.\" Rachele Lawton, applying critical discourse analysis, argues that English-only's rhetoric suggests that the \"real motivation is discrimination and disenfranchisement.\" The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the First Amendment right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as free speech and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. On August 11, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13166, \"Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited", "title": "English-only movement" } ]

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[ { "id": "1722676", "score": "1.7367772", "text": "New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893. South Australia first granted women suffrage and allowed them to stand for parliament in 1894. The autonomous Grand Principality of Finland, a decade before becoming the republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to implement full universal suffrage, by giving women full political rights, i.e. both the right to vote and to run for office, and was the second in the world and the first in Europe to give women the right to vote. The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland", "title": "Universal suffrage" }, { "id": "1494731", "score": "1.7248079", "text": "(1718–1772). Other possible contenders for first \"country\" to grant women suffrage include the Corsican Republic (1755), the Pitcairn Islands (1838), the Isle of Man (1881), and Franceville (1889–1890), but some of these operated only briefly as independent states and others were not clearly independent. In 1756, Lydia Taft became the first legal woman voter in colonial America. This occurred under British rule in the Massachusetts Colony. In a New England town meeting in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, she voted on at least three occasions. Unmarried white women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In the 1792", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1288607", "score": "1.7229024", "text": "the right to vote on a national level. Australia gave women the right to vote in 1902. A number of Nordic countries gave women the right to vote in the early 20th century – Finland (1906), Norway (1913), Denmark and Iceland (1915). With the end of the First World War many other countries followed – the Netherlands (1917), Austria, Azerbaijan, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Georgia, Poland and Sweden (1918), Germany and Luxembourg (1919), Turkey (1934), and the United States (1920). Late adopters in Europe were Greece in 1952, Switzerland (1971 at federal level; 1959–1991 on local issues at canton level), Portugal (1976", "title": "Women's rights" }, { "id": "1288608", "score": "1.7218997", "text": "on equal terms with men, with restrictions since 1931) as well as the microstates of San Marino in 1959, Monaco in 1962, Andorra in 1970, and Liechtenstein in 1984. In Canada, most provinces enacted women's suffrage between 1917–1919, late adopters being Prince Edward Island in 1922, Newfoundland in 1925 and Quebec in 1940. In Latin America some countries gave women the right to vote in the first half of the 20th century – Ecuador (1929), Brazil (1932), El Salvador (1939), Dominican Republic (1942), Guatemala (1956) and Argentina (1946). In India, under colonial rule, universal suffrage was granted in 1935. Other", "title": "Women's rights" }, { "id": "1494765", "score": "1.7172405", "text": "fourth woman in the world to hold the portfolio. It was only after the breakdown of the Habsburg Monarchy, that Austria would grant the general, equal, direct and secret right to vote to all citizens, regardless of sex, in 1919. Azerbaijan is known to be the first ever Muslim-majority country which enfranchised women. Universal voting rights were recognized in Azerbaijan in 1918 by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. A revision of the constitution in October 1921 (it changed art. 47 of the Constitution of Belgium of 1831) introduced the general right to vote according to the \"one man, one vote\" principle.", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of women's suffrage\n\nWomen's suffrage – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. Some countries granted suffrage to both sexes at the same time. This timeline lists years when women's suffrage was enacted. Some countries are listed more than once, as the right was extended to more women according to age, land ownership, etc. In many cases, the first voting took place in a subsequent year.\n\nSome women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881.\n\nNew Zealand was the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections; from 1893. However women could not stand for election to parliament until 1919, when three women stood (unsuccessfully); see 1919 in New Zealand.\n\nThe colony of South Australia allowed women to both vote and stand for election in 1894. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the age of liberty between 1718 and 1772. But it was not until the year 1919 that equality was achieved, where women's votes were valued the same as men's.\n\nThe Australian \"Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902\" enabled women to vote at federal elections and also permitted women to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so, although some states excluded indigenous Australians. \n\nIn 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the Republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to give all women and all men both the right to vote and the right to run for office. \nFinland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote. \nThe world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year. \n\nIn Europe, the last jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote was the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI), in 1991; AI is the smallest Swiss canton with 14,100 inhabitants in 1990. Women in Switzerland obtained the right to vote at federal level in 1971, and at local cantonal level between 1959 and 1972, except for Appenzell in 1989/1990, see Women's suffrage in Switzerland. \n\nIn Saudi Arabia women were first allowed to vote in December 2015 in the municipal elections.\n\nFor other women's rights, see timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting).", "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Universal suffrage\n\nUniversal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stance, subject only to certain exceptions as in the case of children, felons, and for a time, women. In its original 19th-century usage by reformers in Britain, \"universal suffrage\" was understood to mean only universal manhood suffrage; the vote was extended to women later, during the women's suffrage movement that began in New Zealand in the 19th century.\n\nThere are variations among countries in terms of specifics of the right to vote; the minimum age is usually between 18 and 25 years (see voting age) and \"the insane, certain classes of convicted criminals, and those punished for certain electoral offenses\" sometimes lack the right to vote.<ref name=\"Brit\"/>\n\nIn the first modern democracies, governments restricted the vote to those with property and wealth, which almost always meant a minority of the male population. In some jurisdictions, other restrictions existed, such as requiring voters to practice a given religion. In all modern democracies, the number of people who could vote has increased progressively with time. The 19th century saw many movements advocating \"universal [male] suffrage\", most notably in Europe, Great Britain and North America. From there, the movement for the idea of universal suffrage which included women's suffrage spread across British colonies and beyond.\n\nIn the United States, after the principle of \"One person, one vote\" was established in the early 1960s by U.S. Supreme Court under Earl Warren, the U.S. Congress together with the Warren Court continued to protect and expand the voting rights of all Americans, especially African Americans, through the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965 and several Supreme Court rulings. In addition, the term \"suffrage\" is also associated specifically with women's suffrage in the United States; a movement to extend the franchise to women began in the mid-19th century and culminated in 1920, when the United States ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing the right of women to vote. It would be 1928 before voting rights were guaranteed to all women in the UK.", "title": "Universal suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Suffrage\n\nSuffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to vote is called active suffrage, as distinct from passive suffrage, which is the right to stand for election. The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called \"full suffrage\".\n\nIn most democracies, eligible voters can vote in elections of representatives. Voting on issues by referendum may also be available. For example, in Switzerland, this is permitted at all levels of government. In the United States, some states such as California, Washington, and Wisconsin have exercised their shared sovereignty to offer citizens the opportunity to write, propose, and vote on referendums; other states and the federal government have not. Referendums in the United Kingdom are rare.\n\nSuffrage is granted to everybody mentally capable, in most countries defined by voting age, and being citizen of the country. In some countries additional restrictions exist. In the Great Britain and United States a felon may not vote. , Florida felons with court debts may not vote. In some countries being under guardianship may restrict the right to vote. Resident non-citizens can vote in some countries, which may be restricted to citizens of closely linked countries (e.g., Commonwealth citizens and European Union citizens) or to certain offices or questions. Historically the right to vote was more restricted, for example by gender, race, or wealth.", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Women's suffrage in the United States" }, { "id": "1722667", "score": "1.7144718", "text": "for the short-lived 18th century Corsican Republic) to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote. It did not grant universal full suffrage (the right to both vote and be a candidate, or both active and passive suffrage) until 1919. In 1902, Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, i.e. the first country in the world to give women both the right to vote and to run for office. However, universal suffrage was not implemented, as aboriginals did not get the right to vote until 1962. Several European nations that had enacted universal", "title": "Universal suffrage" }, { "id": "1288609", "score": "1.7053089", "text": "Asian countries gave women the right to vote in the mid 20th century – Japan (1945), China (1947) and Indonesia (1955). In Africa, women generally got the right to vote along with men through universal suffrage – Liberia (1947), Uganda (1958) and Nigeria (1960). In many countries in the Middle East universal suffrage was acquired after World War II, although in others, such as Kuwait, suffrage is very limited. On 16 May 2005, the Parliament of Kuwait extended suffrage to women by a 35–23 vote. During the 19th century some women, such as Ernestine Rose, Paulina Wright Davis, Elizabeth Cady", "title": "Women's rights" }, { "id": "1494735", "score": "1.7027848", "text": "nation to adopt universal suffrage without distinction of sex or color, although only white males were permitted to hold office. Of currently existing independent countries, New Zealand was the first to acknowledge women's right to vote in 1893 when it was a self-governing British colony. Unrestricted women's suffrage in terms of voting rights (women were not initially permitted to stand for election) was adopted in New Zealand in 1893. Following a successful movement led by Kate Sheppard, the women's suffrage bill was adopted weeks before the general election of that year. The women of the British protectorate of Cook Islands", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494757", "score": "1.6903808", "text": "to men (with property and educational qualifications). In 1963, a referendum overwhelmingly approved by voters gave women the right to vote, a right previously denied to them under the Iranian Constitution of 1906 pursuant to Chapter 2, Article 3. Women have full suffrage since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Although women were allowed to vote in some prefectures in 1880, women's suffrage was enacted at a national level in 1945. Korea South Korean women were granted the vote in 1948. When voting was first introduced in Kuwait in 1985, Kuwaiti women had the right to vote.", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494727", "score": "1.6737878", "text": "American nations established women's suffrage in the 1940s, with the exception of Uruguay in 1917 (see table in Summary below). The last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961. In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia (municipal elections). Extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for women's suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men; for instance, literate women or property owners were granted suffrage before all men received it.", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "10883490", "score": "1.670462", "text": "first half of the 20th century. New Zealand was the first country to grant women the right to vote. On the 19th of September in 1893, New Zealand became the first country that allowed women the right to participate in elections. The change in the law was a result of a petition headed by Kate Shepherd on behalf of the Women's Temperance Union. The petition was signed by 32000 women, almost one in four of New Zealand women at the time. In Europe, the last countries to enact it were Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In Switzerland, women gained the right to", "title": "Women in government" }, { "id": "5057205", "score": "1.6659083", "text": "liberty between 1718 and 1772. The Australian Commonwealth Franchise Act of 1902 enabled women to vote at federal elections and also permitted women to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so. In 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which became the republic of Finland, was the second country in the world to implement both the right to vote and the right to run for office. Finland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote. The world's first female", "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494775", "score": "1.6599317", "text": "3 July 1958 decree. Upon its declaration of independence on 26 May 1918, in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the Democratic Republic of Georgia extended suffrage to its female citizens. The women of Georgia first exercised their right to vote in the 1919 legislative election. Women were granted the right to vote and be elected from the 12th November 1918. In Greece, women over 18 voted for the first time in April 1944 for the National Council, a legislative body set up by the National Liberation Front resistance movement. Ultimately, women won the legal right to vote and run", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "19083063", "score": "1.6565962", "text": "America and Uruguay of South America. The Secretariat of the League of Nations also sent a representative. The outstanding feature of the first business session was the announcement of particulars by representatives of the many nations which had given the political and suffrage eligibility to women between 1913 and 1920—Austria, British East Africa, Canada, Crimea, Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland, Lettonia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Rhodesia, Russia, Sweden, the Ukraine and six more of the United States. It was announced that women sit as members of Parliament in the majority of these countries, while large numbers", "title": "Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance" }, { "id": "1494739", "score": "1.6562905", "text": "government in exile, by a vote of 51 for, 16 against, France had been for about a decade the only Western country that did not at least allow women's suffrage at municipal elections. Voting rights for women were introduced into international law by the United Nations' Human Rights Commission, whose elected chair was Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Article 21 stated: \"(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494725", "score": "1.6520326", "text": "Provisional Government in 1917. Most independent countries enacted women's suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain (over 30 in 1918, over 21 in 1928), Germany, Poland in 1918, Austria and the Netherlands in 1919, and the United States in 1920 (Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities). Leslie Hume argues that the First World War changed the popular mood: Late adopters in Europe were Spain in 1933, France in 1944, Italy in 1946, Greece in 1952, San Marino in 1959, Monaco in 1962, Andorra in 1970, Switzerland in 1971 at federal level, and", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494754", "score": "1.6484694", "text": "universal adult franchise when it came to power. It enacted equal voting rights for both men and women in 1947. In the first half of the 20th century, Indonesia (known until 1945 as Dutch East Indies) was one of the slowest moving countries to gain women's suffrage. They began their fight in 1905 by introducing municipal councils that included some members elected by a restricted district. Voting rights only went to males that could read and write, which excluded many non-European males. At the time, the literacy rate for males was 11% and for females 2%. The main group who", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "id": "5057204", "score": "1.6451869", "text": "subsequent year. Some women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881. Though it did not achieve nationhood until 1907, the colony of New Zealand was the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in, but not to stand for, parliamentary elections in 1893, followed closely by the colony of South Australia in 1894 (which, unlike New Zealand, allowed women to stand for Parliament). In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the age of", "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage" }, { "id": "5057207", "score": "1.6420476", "text": "rights (other than voting). Note: in some countries both men and women have limited suffrage. For example, in Brunei, which is a sultanate, there are no national elections, and voting exists only on local issues. In the United Arab Emirates the rulers of the seven emirates each select a proportion of voters for the Federal National Council (FNC) that together account for about 12% of Emirati citizens. Timeline of women's suffrage Women's suffrage – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before", "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage" }, { "id": "1494726", "score": "1.6413713", "text": "at local canton level between 1959 in the cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel and 1991 in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, and Liechtenstein in 1984. In addition, although women in Portugal obtained suffrage in 1931, this was with stronger restrictions than those of men; full gender equality in voting was only granted in 1976. The United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Brazil implemented full voting rights for women in 1932. Canada and some Latin American nations passed women's suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin", "title": "Women's suffrage" } ]

[ "mercedes benz clt class", "mercedes benz gls class", "mercedes benz corporation", "mercedez benz", "Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class", "Mercedes benz", "Mercedes-Benz CLE-Class", "mercedes group", "teleaid", "Mercedes Car Group", "mercedes benz cle class", "BlueHybrid", "m b", "Mercedes-Benz", "mercedes benz gt amg", "mercedes benz", "Mercedez-Benz", "Mercedes-Benz Corporation", "Mercedes Group", "Mercedes-benz", "Mercades Benz", "M-B", "mercedes car group", "Mercedes-Benz GT AMG", "bluehybrid", "Mercedes Benz", "Mercedes-Benz CLT-Class", "Teleaid", "Mercedes-Benz MLC-Class", "mercedes benz mlc class", "mercades benz" ]

[ { "id": "14502968", "score": "1.9049107", "text": "Warhol's death in 1987. Warhol completed 36 silkscreen prints and 13 drawings of eight Mercedes models before his death. Warhol had planned to cover 20 models in 80 pieces. The series was based on photographs of cars, and were the first non-American designed objects that Warhol had portrayed in his work. \"Cars\" has been exhibited just twice in its entirety in public: in Tübingen in 1988, and at the Albertina, Vienna from 22 January–16 May 2010. Half of the series was shown in Milton Keynes in September 2001. \"Cars\" was Warhol's second automotive art project. In 1979 Warhol was commissioned", "title": "Cars (painting)" }, { "id": "14502967", "score": "1.8970733", "text": "Cars (painting) Cars is a series of artworks by the American artist Andy Warhol, commissioned by Mercedes-Benz in 1986. A German art dealer, Hans Meyer, commissioned the first painting, of a 300SL coupe, to celebrate the 1986 centenary of the invention of the motor car. When Mercedes-Benz saw the result, it commissioned the entire series, which was to track the evolution of its designs from the Benz Patent-Motorwagen 1885, Daimler Motor Carriage (1886), and Mercedes 35 hp (1901), to the Mercedes-Benz W125, and the Mercedes-Benz C111. Now part of Mercedes-Benz's corporate art collection, \"Cars\" was unfinished at the time of", "title": "Cars (painting)" }, { "id": "14502970", "score": "1.8775189", "text": "their subjects. Cars (painting) Cars is a series of artworks by the American artist Andy Warhol, commissioned by Mercedes-Benz in 1986. A German art dealer, Hans Meyer, commissioned the first painting, of a 300SL coupe, to celebrate the 1986 centenary of the invention of the motor car. When Mercedes-Benz saw the result, it commissioned the entire series, which was to track the evolution of its designs from the Benz Patent-Motorwagen 1885, Daimler Motor Carriage (1886), and Mercedes 35 hp (1901), to the Mercedes-Benz W125, and the Mercedes-Benz C111. Now part of Mercedes-Benz's corporate art collection, \"Cars\" was unfinished at the", "title": "Cars (painting)" }, { "id": "14502969", "score": "1.7350969", "text": "by BMW to paint a Group 4 race version of the then elite supercar BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project. Unlike the three artists before him, Warhol declined the use of a small scale practice model, instead opting to immediately paint directly onto the full scale automobile. It was indicated that Warhol spent only a total of 23 minutes painting the entire car. Warhol's work for Mercedes-Benz and his similar commissions for Perrier have been criticized as \"undistinguished glitz\", with critics lamenting Warhol's \"passionate avarice\", accusing him of crossing the line into advertisements for", "title": "Cars (painting)" }, { "id": "4629", "score": "1.712954", "text": "U.S. artist. Artist Maurizio Cattelan describes that it is difficult to separate daily encounters from the art of Andy Warhol: \"That's probably the greatest thing about Warhol: the way he penetrated and summarized our world, to the point that distinguishing between him and our everyday life is basically impossible, and in any case useless.\" Warhol was an inspiration towards Cattelan's magazine and photography compilations, such as \"Permanent Food, Charley\", and \"Toilet Paper\". In the period just before his death, Warhol was working on \"Cars\", a series of paintings for Mercedes-Benz. A self-portrait by Andy Warhol (1963–64), which sold in New", "title": "Andy Warhol" }, { "id": "4624", "score": "1.7080057", "text": "BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project. It was reported at the time that, unlike the three artists before him, Warhol opted to paint directly onto the automobile himself instead of letting technicians transfer his scale-model design to the car. It was indicated that Warhol spent only a total of 23 minutes to paint the entire car. Warhol produced both comic and serious works; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair. Warhol used the same techniques—silkscreens, reproduced serially, and often painted with bright colors—whether he painted celebrities, everyday objects, or images", "title": "Andy Warhol" }, { "id": "19539916", "score": "1.6796352", "text": "history. In 1972, Fitzpatrick and Kaufman moved to General Motors' European subsidiary, Opel, where they produced advertising artwork for several years. Fitzpatrick continued to produce signed and numbered prints and artist proofs of his work, eventually adapting to digital illustration techniques. He consulted with Pixar Animation Studios on the development of feature movie \"Cars\". Fitzpatrick continued to lecture widely and appeared at venues such as the Center For Creative Studies and the Gilmore Car Museum in Michigan. He gave his last presentation at the Automobile Driving Museum in El Segundo, California in October 2015. Fitzpatrick drew two series of top-selling", "title": "Art Fitzpatrick" }, { "id": "8221311", "score": "1.6747192", "text": "and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. \"Andy Warhol Enterprises\" was displayed at the IMA from October, 2010 to January, 2011 and featured more than 150 works of art by Andy Warhol, as well as archival materials. The exhibition was the largest to illustrate Warhol's fascination with money and feature consumerism as a central theme. Visitors were able to view the progression of Warhol's career, from his beginnings as a commercial artist to his multimillion-dollar empire. \"European Design since 1985: Shaping the New Century\" was displayed from March 8 to June 21, 2009 and was the first major survey of contemporary European Design.", "title": "Indianapolis Museum of Art" }, { "id": "11812439", "score": "1.6685729", "text": "said \"I think [Warhol] mainly did some of the conceptualizing and showed up to be an extra. And he invited his various friends to be in it. It was like any video shoot, but with a more interesting cast of characters. And you could always look over on the set and go 'Hey that's Andy Warhol.'\" The music video explored the controversial topics of sex and violence (mostly the former) that were being featured in music videos at the time. \"Hello Again\" was described as \"eccentric\" by AllMusic critic Greg Prato, who also cited the track as a highlight from", "title": "Hello Again (The Cars song)" }, { "id": "4623", "score": "1.6599939", "text": "as well. From these beginnings he developed his later style and subjects. Instead of working on a signature subject matter, as he started out to do, he worked more and more on a signature style, slowly eliminating the handmade from the artistic process. Warhol frequently used silk-screening; his later drawings were traced from slide projections. At the height of his fame as a painter, Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk-screen multiples, following his directions to make different versions and variations. In 1979, Warhol was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group-4 race version of the then \"elite supercar\"", "title": "Andy Warhol" }, { "id": "7795162", "score": "1.6574888", "text": "Stella, and Andy Warhol. To date, a total of 19 BMW Art Cars, based on both racing and regular production vehicles, have been created. Frank Stella also made one unofficial art car at the behest of race car driver Peter Gregg. The most recent artist to the join BMW Art Car program is Cao Fei in 2017 with her M6. Artists for the BMW Art Car Project are chosen by a panel of international judges. According to Thomas Girst, who has been in charge of the BMW Art Cars project since 2004, the purpose of the project has changed over", "title": "BMW Art Car" }, { "id": "4604", "score": "1.6521622", "text": "(Vegetable)\", of 1962 which initiated Warhol's most sustained motif, the soup can. With the rapid expansion of the record industry, RCA Records hired Warhol, along with another freelance artist, Sid Maurer, to design album covers and promotional materials. He began exhibiting his work during the 1950s. He held exhibitions at the Hugo Gallery and the Bodley Gallery in New York City; in California, his first West Coast gallery exhibition was on July 9, 1962, in the Ferus Gallery of Los Angeles. The exhibition marked his West Coast debut of pop art. Andy Warhol's first New York solo pop art exhibition", "title": "Andy Warhol" }, { "id": "4593", "score": "1.6487999", "text": "Andy Warhol Andy Warhol (; born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist, director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture, and advertising that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings \"Campbell's Soup Cans\" (1962) and \"Marilyn Diptych\" (1962), the experimental film \"Chelsea Girls\" (1966), and the multimedia events known as the \"Exploding Plastic Inevitable\"", "title": "Andy Warhol" }, { "id": "18185603", "score": "1.633734", "text": "this collection. \"Green Car Crash\" was finished in 1963. It was inspired by photographs taken by John Whitehead and published in \"Newsweek\" magazine. The car was pursued by the Seattle police. The driver lost control of the wheel at , crashing into a utility pole. \"Green Car Crash\" (\"Green Burning Car I\") is the only Warhol \"Burning Car\" painting of five (all based on Whitehead's photograph) to utilize a color other than black and white. \"Green Car Crash\" was privately owned for more than 30 years, and when it was put up for sale in 2007, it generated a large", "title": "Green Car Crash" }, { "id": "1840633", "score": "1.6238768", "text": "their works to the art car world. An art car community began to cohere in the 1990s, inspired by movies and books with a wide underground following, and the development of innovative art display venues such as Burning Man. One of the main forces behind this is filmmaker and art car artist Harrod Blank, who created the art car documentaries \"Wild Wheels\" (1992), \"Driving The Dream\" (1998) and \"Automorphosis\" (2009). He also published two books \"Wild Wheels\"(1993, 2001) and \"Art Cars: the cars, the artists, the obsession, the craft\" (2002, 2007, 2012) Blank also co-founded with Philo Northrup the U.S.'s", "title": "Art car" }, { "id": "4666", "score": "1.6228726", "text": "Andy Warhol and his Polaroid camera was revealed at Union Square in New York City. Andy Warhol Andy Warhol (; born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist, director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture, and advertising that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings \"Campbell's Soup Cans\" (1962) and \"Marilyn Diptych\" (1962), the", "title": "Andy Warhol" }, { "id": "20118558", "score": "1.6222423", "text": "Bergamot Station in Santa Monica. Its first exhibit, \"Andy Warhol Revisited,\" opened on February 22, 2017, the 30th anniversary of Warhol's death. In addition to Warhol's work, the Bergamot location exhibited a work done in collaboration with Keith Haring and a tribute to Warhol by Deborah Kass. The Revolver collection includes Warhol's 1974 Rolls Royce Silver Shadow, \"Andy Mouse\" (four original screenprints by Keith Haring, depicting Andy Warhol as Mickey Mouse on a dollar bill), \"Campbell's Tomato Juice Box\" (a 1964 silkscreen ink and house paint on plywood), and the John Gotti Unique Portfolio (Warhol's four unique screenprints by commission", "title": "Revolver Gallery" }, { "id": "18718938", "score": "1.6204271", "text": "classic cars. In 1992, Phoenix was shopping for vintage clothing in a Pasadena thrift store when he came across a shoebox labeled \"Trip Across the U.S., 1957\" which was filled Kodachrome color slides of an unidentified family's vacation photos at numerous roadside landmarks. Fascinated by the vivid color depictions of a bygone era and culture as well as its cars, architecture and fashion, Phoenix began scouring thrift stores, flea markets and estate sales buying boxes of old slides taken from the late 1940s to the early 1970s, soon amassing a sizable collection of thousands. Phoenix began developing his slide show", "title": "Charles Phoenix" }, { "id": "17284281", "score": "1.6174321", "text": "was retired early, and never raced again. Calder died a year later, in 1976; the BMW was his last work. Andy Warhol's version of the BMW M1 was more successful at Le Mans, with Poulain, Winkelhock and Mignot behind the wheel. They completed 288 laps at the Sarthe circuit, coming in 6th overall, and 2nd in their class. During the course of that race the car made contact with other cars several times; Andy Warhol had painted spare bumpers and body panels, which were necessary! Poulain also drove the Roy Lichenstein's Art Car - a Group 5 BMW 320i, which", "title": "Hervé Poulain" }, { "id": "20118563", "score": "1.6147736", "text": "\"Andy Warhol: Revisited | Thirty Years Later\" marked the first time that Warhol’s car has ever been displayed publicly. \"Andy Warhol: Revisited | Thirty Years Later\" was celebrated during its initial run and was even visited by actor Jared Leto who had begun preparing for his role as Andy Warhol in a currently untitled biopic of the famed artist. Leto will star and produce the film with Michael De Luca also set to produce; Terence Winter has been tapped to write the screenplay, which will be an adaptation of Victor Bockris' book \"Warhol: The Biography.\" Revolver Gallery Revolver Gallery is", "title": "Revolver Gallery" } ]

[ "Algérie", "Algerie", "name of algeria", "Algerian Peoples Democratic Republic", "administrative divisions of algeria", "Algerian State", "Ad-Dimuqratiyah ash-Sha'biyah", "الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية", "algérie", "algeria", "Algeria", "Algerian People's Democratic Republic", "Algeria country", "popular democratic republic of algeria", "republic of algeria", "people s republic of algeria", "Etymology of Algeria", "algerian peoples democratic republic", "AlgeriA", "algerian state", "subdivision of algeria", "Al-Jumhuriyah al-Jaza'iriyah", "République algérienne démocratique et populaire", "Subdivision of Algeria", "ISO 3166-1:DZ", "al jumhūrīyah al jazā irīyah", "Algery", "algery", "People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria", "Dzayer", "Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Jazā’irīyah", "People's Democratic Algerian Republic", "people s democratic republic of algeria", "Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah", "al jumhuriyah al jaza iriyah", "iso 3166 1 dz", "الجزائر", "Administrative divisions of Algeria", "People's Republic of Algeria", "dzayer", "people s democratic algerian republic", "république algérienne démocratique et populaire", "Ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah ash-Sha’bīyah", "Name of Algeria", "Subdivisions of Algeria", "ad dimuqratiyah ash sha biyah", "Republic of Algeria", "People's Democratic Republic of Algeria", "subdivisions of algeria", "etymology of algeria", "ad dīmuqrāṭīyah ash sha bīyah", "al jumhuriyah al jaza iriyah ad dimuqratiyah ash shabiyah", "algerie", "algerian people s democratic republic", "algeria country", "Popular Democratic Republic of Algeria" ]

[ { "id": "232595", "score": "1.7500914", "text": "the 16th largest nation in the world by size. Libya is bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, the west by Tunisia and Algeria, the southwest by Niger, the south by Chad, the southeast by Sudan, and the east by Egypt. Libya lies between latitudes 19° and 34°N, and longitudes 9° and 26°E. At , Libya's coastline is the longest of any African country bordering the Mediterranean. The portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Libya is often called the Libyan Sea. The climate is mostly extremely dry and desertlike in nature. However, the northern regions enjoy a milder", "title": "Libya" }, { "id": "7919073", "score": "1.6593678", "text": "– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a", "title": "Africa" }, { "id": "513920", "score": "1.6530483", "text": "Sahara Desert, forms an integral part of the section of North Africa known as the Maghreb. This area includes Morocco, Tunisia, and the northwestern portion of Libya known historically as Tripolitania. Land boundaries:\"Total:\" \"Border countries:\" Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Morocco , Niger , Tunisia , Western Sahara . Area – comparative: roughly 3.5 times the size of Texas and twice the size of Ontario. Coastline: Maritime claims:\"Exclusive fishing zone:\" \"Territorial sea:\" Stretching from the Moroccan border the Tell Atlas, including the Djebel Babor formation, is the dominant northwestern mountain range. Stretching more than 600 kilometers eastward from the", "title": "Geography of Algeria" }, { "id": "2220191", "score": "1.6503625", "text": "Maghreb The Maghreb (; ), also known as Northwest Africa or Northern Africa, Greater Arab Maghreb (), Arab Maghreb () or Greater Maghreb (), or by some sources the Berber world, Barbary and Berbery, is a major region of North Africa that consists primarily of the countries Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania. It additionally includes the disputed territories of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco) and the cities of Melilla and Ceuta (both controlled by Spain and claimed by Morocco). As of 2018, the region has a population of over 100 million people. In historical English and European literature,", "title": "Maghreb" }, { "id": "17295773", "score": "1.6476471", "text": "Heritage Site, with the citrus Orchards and olive groves surrounding the old town are backed by long stretches of sandy shores. Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa and in the Mediterranean Basin, with a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi). The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many ancient prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian cultures. Its area has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient Berber Numidians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arab Umayyads, Berber Fatimids, Berber Almoravids, Berber Almohads and later Turkish Ottomans. Algeria's southern part includes", "title": "Tourism in the Arab world" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Algeria\n\nAlgeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of , making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, being more than 200 times as large as the smallest country in the continent, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.\n\nAlgeria produced and is linked to many civilizations, empires and dynasties, including ancient Numidians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and the French colonial empire, with the latter expanded into its present-boundaries. After 132 years of being part of France, tensions between France and the local Algerian populace led to the start of the Algerian War which concluded with Algeria obtaining its independence on 5 July 1962 with the establishment of the People's Democratic Republic on 20 September of that year.\n\nThe official languages of Algeria are Arabic and Berber. The majority of Algeria's population is Arab, practicing Islam.<ref name=\"CIA\" /> The native Algerian Arabic is the main spoken language. French also serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but it has no official status.\n\nAlgeria is a semi-presidential republic, with local constituencies consisting of 58 provinces and 1,541 communes. Algeria is a regional power in North Africa, and a middle power in global affairs. It has the highest Human Development Index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent, based largely on energy exports. Algeria has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves and the ninth-largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa, supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe. Algeria's military is one of the largest in Africa, and has the largest defence budget on the continent. It is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.", "title": "Algeria" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sahara\n\nThe Sahara (, ) is a desert on the African continent. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic.\n\nThe name \"Sahara\" is derived from the Arabic word for \"desert\" in the feminine irregular form, the singular ( ), plural ( ), (), (), ().\n\nThe desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and the Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan region of sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.\n\nFor several hundred thousand years, the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000-year cycle caused by the precession of Earth's axis as it rotates around the Sun, which changes the location of the North African monsoon.", "title": "Sahara" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Maghreb" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sub-Saharan Africa\n\nSub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the African countries and territories that are situated fully in that specified region, the term may also include polities that only have part of their territory located in that region, per the definition of the United Nations (UN). This is considered a non-standardized geographical region with the number of countries included varying from 46 to 48 depending on the organization describing the region (e.g. UN, WHO, World Bank, etc.). The African Union uses a different regional breakdown, recognizing all 55 member states on the continent - grouping them into 5 distinct and standard regions.\n\nThe term serves as a grouping counterpart to North Africa, which is instead grouped with the definition of MENA (i.e. Middle East–North Africa) as it is part of the Arab world, and most North African states are likewise members of the Arab League. However, while they are also member states of the Arab League, the Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, and Mauritania (and sometimes Sudan) are all geographically considered to be part of sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the UN Development Programme applies the \"sub-Saharan\" classification to 46 of Africa's 55 countries, excluding Djibouti, SADR, Somalia, and Sudan.\n\nSince probably 3900 BCE, the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier that is interrupted only by the Nile in Sudan, though navigation on the Nile was blocked by the Sudd and the river's cataracts. There is also an evident genetic divide between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa that dates back to the Neolithic. The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna (including \"Homo sapiens\") left Africa to penetrate Eurasia and beyond. African pluvial periods are associated with a \"Wet Sahara\" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed.", "title": "Sub-Saharan Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "North Africa\n\nNorth Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in the west, to Egypt's Suez Canal.\n\nVarying sources limit it to the countries of Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia, a region that was known by the French during colonial times as \"\"Afrique du Nord\"\" and is known by Arabs as the Maghreb.<ref name=\"Britannica\"/>\n\nThe United Nations definition includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, and the Western Sahara, the territory disputed between Morocco and the Sahrawi Republic.\n\nThe African Union definition includes the Western Sahara and Mauritania but not Sudan. When used in the term Middle East and North Africa (MENA), it often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb.\n\nNorth Africa includes the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and plazas de soberanía and can also be considered to include other Spanish, Portuguese and Italian regions such as Canary Islands, Madeira, Lampedusa and Lampione.\n\nThe countries of North Africa share a large amount of ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity with the Middle East.\n\nNorthwest Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history, while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians. \n\nThe distinction between North Africa, the Sahel and the rest of the continent is as follows: \nThe Sahel or \"African Transition Zone\" has been affected by many formative epochs in North African history ranging from the Ancient Roman colonization, the subsequent Arab expansion, to the Ottoman occupation. As a result, many modern African nation-states that are included in the Sahel evidence cultural similarities and historical overlap with their North African neighbours. In the present day, North Africa is associated with West Asia in the realm of geopolitics to form a Middle East-North Africa region. The Islamic influence in the area is also significant, and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world.", "title": "North Africa" }, { "id": "415469", "score": "1.6430619", "text": "Tunisia Tunisia is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, covering . Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest", "title": "Tunisia" }, { "id": "238558", "score": "1.6428082", "text": "obstacle to efforts toward achieving a fully unified Libya. Area: <br>\"total:\" 1 759 540 km² <br>\"land:\" 1 759 540 km² <br>\"water:\" 0 km² Area - comparative: Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Slightly smaller than Nunavut, Canada Land boundaries: <br>\"total:\" 4 348 km <br>\"border countries:\" Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1 770 km Maritime claims: <br>\"territorial sea:\" <br>\"note:\" Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.", "title": "Geography of Libya" }, { "id": "1389656", "score": "1.6403751", "text": "populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, Algeria (2.4 million km) in the center of the region and Sudan (1.9 million km) in the southeast. Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab Middle East is Saudi Arabia (2 million km). At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country in North Africa and the Middle East is Lebanon (10,452 km),", "title": "Arab world" }, { "id": "1389661", "score": "1.639648", "text": "north, Tunisia thus marks the junction of western and eastern Mediterranean, and a cultural transition as well: west of Egypt begins the region of the Arab World known as the Maghreb include (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania). Historically the 4,000-kilometer Mediterranean boundary has fluttered. Population centers north of it in Europe have invited contact and Arab exploration—mostly friendly, though sometimes not. Islands and peninsulas near the Arab coast have changed hands. The islands of Sicily and Malta lie just a hundred kilometers east of the Tunisian city of Carthage, which has been a point of contact with Europe since", "title": "Arab world" }, { "id": "11824005", "score": "1.6343468", "text": "largest in Africa and in the Mediterranean region, Algeria has a vast transportation system which include many transportation infrastructures. Tourism in Algeria Algeria is the largest country on the African continent and the 10th largest country in terms of total area. Located in North Africa, one of the main tourist attractions is the Sahara, the second largest desert in the world. Some sand dunes can reach 180 meters in height This State has been a member of the World Tourism Organization since 1976, but tourism in Algeria i report of the World Tourism Organization published in 2014, Algeria is the", "title": "Tourism in Algeria" }, { "id": "232549", "score": "1.6301852", "text": "Libya Libya (; ,), officially the State of Libya, is a country the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and", "title": "Libya" }, { "id": "283374", "score": "1.6298854", "text": "it slightly less than twice the size of France, and the world's twenty-second largest country. Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of . The longest border is with Nigeria to the south (). This is followed by Chad to the east, at , Algeria to the north-northwest (), and Mali at . Niger also has small borders in its far southwest with Burkina Faso at and Benin at and to the north-northeast Libya at . The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of . The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Aïr Mountains", "title": "Niger" }, { "id": "254892", "score": "1.6242085", "text": "Rif Mountains are located in the north of the country. Both ranges are mainly inhabited by the Berber people. At , Morocco is the fifty-seventh largest country in the world. Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast, though the border between the two countries has been closed since 1994. Spanish territory in Northwest Africa neighbouring Morocco comprises five enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas, the Chafarinas islands, and the disputed islet Perejil. Off the Atlantic coast the Canary Islands belong to Spain, whereas Madeira to the north is Portuguese.", "title": "Morocco" }, { "id": "12302570", "score": "1.6233741", "text": "considering downgrading its trade relations with Mauritania because of its poor record on enforcing its anti-slavery laws. Filming for several documentaries and films has taken place in Mauritania, including \"Fort Saganne\" (1984), \"The Fifth Element\" (1997), \"Winged Migration\" (2001), and \"Timbuktu\" (2014). Mauritania Mauritania (; '; Berber: \"Agawej\" or \"Cengiṭ\"; ; Soninke: \"Murutaane\"; Pulaar: \"Moritani\"; ), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in Northwest Africa. It is the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to", "title": "Mauritania" }, { "id": "17295770", "score": "1.6203763", "text": "Africa with an area of almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi) and an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline along the Mediterranean. Tunisia's climate is temperate in the north, with mild rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Until recently, Tunisia's main attraction was on its northeast coastline around Tunis; however, the Seventh National Development Plan of 1989 created", "title": "Tourism in the Arab world" }, { "id": "10347168", "score": "1.6180956", "text": "through the Sahara Desert, starting and ending at Gibraltar. The book contains 13 chapters: \"Gibraltar\", \"Morocco\", \"Algeria\", \"Western Sahara\", \"Mauritania\", \"Senegal\", \"Mali\", \"Niger\", \"Algeria\", \"Libya\", \"Tunisia\", \"Algeria\", and \"Gibraltar\". The reason Algeria is featured three times is that the trip first cut through part of western Algeria, then later up through south, central and eastern Algeria, and finally on the return trip followed the Mediterranean coast of northern Algeria. Some of these countries are huge; for example, Algeria is four times the size of France or three times the size of Texas. The Sahara Desert is roughly the same size", "title": "Sahara (Michael Palin book)" }, { "id": "1389659", "score": "1.6143306", "text": "the coast is gentle but substantial, such that Mauritania's capital, Nouakchott (18°N, 16°W), is far enough west to share longitude with Iceland (13–22°W). Nouakchott is the westernmost capital of the Arab World and the third-westernmost in Africa, and sits on the Atlantic fringe of the southwestern Sahara. Next south along the coast from Mauritania is Senegal, whose abrupt border belies the gradient in culture from Arab to indigenous African that historically characterizes this part of West Africa. Arab Africa's boundary to the north is again a continental boundary, the Mediterranean Sea. This boundary begins in the west with the narrow", "title": "Arab world" }, { "id": "415551", "score": "1.6130196", "text": "the Tunisian Tennis Federation that this kind of action will not be tolerated.\" Tunisia Tunisia is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, covering . Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas", "title": "Tunisia" }, { "id": "613281", "score": "1.603375", "text": "Geography of Tunisia Tunisia is a country in Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, having a western border with Algeria (965 km) and south-eastern border with Libya (459 km) where the width of land tapers to the south-west into the Sahara. The country has north, east and complex east-to-north coasts including the curved Gulf of Gabès, which forms the western part of Africa's Gulf of Sidra. Most of this greater gulf forms the main coast of Libya including the city of Sirte which shares its root name. The country's geographic coordinates are . Tunisia occupies an area of 163,610 square", "title": "Geography of Tunisia" }, { "id": "238566", "score": "1.600416", "text": "Law of the Sea This is a list of the extreme points of Libya, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Geography of Libya Libya is fourth in size among the countries of Africa and seventeenth among the countries of the world. It is on the Mediterranean between Egypt and Tunisia, with Niger and Chad to the south and Sudan to the southeast. Although the oil discoveries of the 1960s have brought immense wealth, at the time of its independence it was an extremely poor desert state whose only important physical asset appeared", "title": "Geography of Libya" } ]

[ "Ruth Leonard", "Rabbit, Run (novel)", "harold angstrom", "Rabbit Run", "Harold Angstrom", "rabbit run", "rabbit angstrom", "harry angstrom", "Harry Angstrom", "Rabbit, Run", "ruth leonard", "rabbit run novel", "Rabbit Angstrom" ]

[ { "id": "5803528", "score": "1.7199092", "text": "chosen the name Rabbit for his character for its echo of Sinclair Lewis's \"Babbitt\", whose main theme \"focuses on the power of conformity, and the vacuity of middle-class American life\". This is unlikely, however, as Updike claims not to have read Lewis's novel until after he wrote \"Rabbit at Rest\". Updike said in interviews that the name Angstrom was inspired by his reading of Kierkegaard and meant to suggest 'stream of Angst'. Updike said that when he looked around in 1959 he saw a number of scared dodgy men who could not make commitments, men who peaked in high school", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "211125", "score": "1.650677", "text": "is extremely well regarded as a writer who mastered many genres, wrote with intellectual vigor and a powerful prose style, with \"shrewd insight into the sorrows, frustrations, and banality of American life\". Updike's character Rabbit Angstrom, the protagonist of the series of novels widely considered his \"magnum opus\", has been said to have \"entered the pantheon of signal American literary figures\", along with Huckleberry Finn, Jay Gatsby, Holden Caulfield and others. A 2002 list by \"Book\" magazine of the 100 Best Fictional Characters Since 1900 listed Rabbit in the top five. The Rabbit novels, the Henry Bech stories, and the", "title": "John Updike" }, { "id": "211108", "score": "1.6371379", "text": "the others being William Faulkner and Booth Tarkington. In 1995, Everyman's Library collected and canonized the four novels as the omnibus \"Rabbit Angstrom\"; Updike wrote an introduction in which he described Rabbit as \"a ticket to the America all around me. What I saw through Rabbit's eyes was more worth telling than what I saw through my own, though the difference was often slight.\" Updike later called Rabbit \"a brother to me, and a good friend. He opened me up as a writer.\" After the publication of \"Rabbit at Rest\", Updike spent the rest of the 1990s and early 2000s", "title": "John Updike" }, { "id": "211093", "score": "1.6013331", "text": "most famous work is his \"Rabbit\" series (the novels \"Rabbit, Run\"; \"Rabbit Redux\"; \"Rabbit Is Rich\"; \"Rabbit at Rest\"; and the novella \"Rabbit Remembered\"), which chronicles the life of the middle-class everyman Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom over the course of several decades, from young adulthood to death. Both \"Rabbit Is Rich\" (1982) and \"Rabbit at Rest\" (1990) were recognized with the Pulitzer Prize. Describing his subject as \"the American small town, Protestant middle class\", Updike was recognized for his careful craftsmanship, his unique prose style, and his prolific outputhe wrote on average a book a year. Updike populated his fiction with", "title": "John Updike" }, { "id": "5300687", "score": "1.5924797", "text": "the company where Rabbit works as a linotypist in \"Rabbit Redux\", and a fairly well-defined social and class structure. It also has a cinema multiplex, which Updike uses as a device to define the era in which each novel is set by frequently listing which films are playing there. Rabbit eventually comes to head the city's Toyota car dealership, inherited by his wife from her father. Updike, a Pennsylvania native, set much of his fiction in the state, largely in Brewer and in the much smaller rural town of Olinger. Brewer (John Updike) Brewer, Pennsylvania is a fictional city that", "title": "Brewer (John Updike)" }, { "id": "6421875", "score": "1.5915163", "text": "literature using the same word in the title include John Dryden's \"Astraea Redux\" (1662), \"a poem on the happy restoration and return of His Sacred Majesty,\" and Anthony Trollope's \"Phineas Redux\" (1873). The book's popularity resulted in a rise in the use of the word \"redux\" in popular discourse. In \"Rabbit at Rest\", Rabbit notices: Updike pronounced the word \"ray-dooks.\" Rabbit Redux Rabbit Redux is a 1971 novel by John Updike. It is the second book in his \"Rabbit\" series, beginning with \"Rabbit, Run\" and followed by \"Rabbit Is Rich\", \"Rabbit At Rest\", published from 1960 to 1990, and the", "title": "Rabbit Redux" }, { "id": "5803537", "score": "1.5737146", "text": "some \"sexually explicit passages,\" but he restored and rewrote the book for the 1963 Penguin edition and again for the 1995 Everyman's omnibus edition. Though it had been done earlier, as in William Faulkner's \"As I Lay Dying\" and Albert Camus' \"The Fall\", Updike's novel is noted as being one of several well regarded, early uses of the present tense. Updike stated: \"Time\" magazine included the novel in its \"Time 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005\". The philosopher Daniel Dennett makes extended reference to the Rabbit novels in his paper \"The Self as a Center of Narrative Gravity\".", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "5128780", "score": "1.5713522", "text": "his former lover Ruth, and whether she had ever given birth to their daughter. In the first edition of the novel, Updike repeatedly refers to a convertible Ford Maverick driven by Rabbit's wife, Janice, and later damaged by Rabbit's son, Nelson—an automobile which was never actually manufactured by Ford Motor Company. The car is a minor plot point when Nelson decides to purchase two convertible cars in one of his first efforts at his father's dealership, and foreshadows the events of the subsequent Rabbit novel, \"Rabbit at Rest\", in which Nelson has been given control of the dealership by his", "title": "Rabbit Is Rich" }, { "id": "5803532", "score": "1.5694208", "text": "of identity that his basketball playing gave him. For Updike, the particular etiology of Rabbit's sickness can be perceived as his distance from God, illustrated by his cavalier conversations with Eccles. The existing framework of religion and ethics should support his devotion to his marriage, job, and life, but he finds it utterly unsatisfactory. Rabbit is clearly a sinner and in some ways he is aware of that, but he still quests for some kind of religious meaning in his life, “Well I don’t know all this about theology, but I’ll tell you. I do feel, I guess that somewhere", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "6421874", "score": "1.5668097", "text": "and authors alike have praised the book. Joyce Carol Oates has said of the Rabbit Novels, \"The being that most illuminates the Rabbit quartet is not finally Harry Angstrom himself but the world through which he moves in his slow downward slide, meticulously recorded by one of the most gifted American realists... The Rabbit novels, for all their grittiness, constitute John Updike's surpassingly eloquent valentine to his country.\" In 2015, The Guardian Newspaper ranked it number 88 in a list of the 100 Best Novels. Redux means \"brought back, restored\" (from the Latin reducere – bring back). Other works of", "title": "Rabbit Redux" }, { "id": "211100", "score": "1.5653582", "text": "and 1970s are included in a letter to the same paper published soon after Updike's death and written by a friend and contemporary. In Ipswich, Updike wrote \"Rabbit, Run\" (1960), on a Guggenheim Fellowship, and \"The Centaur\" (1963), two of his most acclaimed and famous works; the latter won the National Book Award. \"Rabbit, Run\" featured Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom, a former high school basketball star and middle-class paragon who would become Updike's most enduring and critically acclaimed character. Updike wrote three additional novels about him. \"Rabbit, Run\" was featured in \"Time\"s All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels. Updike's career and reputation were", "title": "John Updike" }, { "id": "5128781", "score": "1.5653452", "text": "father. Later printings change the Ford Maverick to a more accurate Ford Mustang, which was popular in the convertible body. In a speech Updike delivered on April 27, 1982 at Carnegie Hall, Updike mentioned this error and its correction, reflects on personally driving a convertible Ford Mustang, and notes a few other, more minor anachronisms in the novel. Rabbit Is Rich Rabbit Is Rich is a 1981 novel by John Updike. It is the third novel of the four-part series which begins with \"Rabbit, Run\" and \"Rabbit Redux\", and concludes with \"Rabbit At Rest\". There is also a related 2001", "title": "Rabbit Is Rich" }, { "id": "1621668", "score": "1.564103", "text": "of man in the modern age.\" In contrast, John Updike approached American life from a more reflective but no less subversive perspective. His 1960 novel \"Rabbit, Run,\" the first of four chronicling the rising and falling fortunes of Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom over the course of four decades against the backdrop of the major events of the second half of the 20th century, broke new ground on its release in its characterization and detail of the American middle class and frank discussion of taboo topics such as adultery. Notable among Updike's characteristic innovations was his use of present-tense narration, his rich,", "title": "American literature" }, { "id": "5803535", "score": "1.5621355", "text": "and questing for meaning. But while at times he finds himself enthralled with people, like his relationship with Ruth, his conversations with Eccles, and his initial return to his family, in the end Rabbit is dissatisfied and takes flight. Transience appears to be implicit in the character. \"Rabbit, Run\" established Updike as one of the major American novelists of his generation. In the \"New York Times\" he was praised for his “artful and supple” style in his “tender and discerning study of the desperate and the hungering in our midst.” American novelist Joyce Carol Oates has written that Updike is", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "5803521", "score": "1.5616193", "text": "Rabbit, Run Rabbit, Run is a 1960 novel by John Updike. The novel depicts three months in the life of a 26-year-old former high school basketball player named Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom who is trapped in a loveless marriage and a boring sales job, and his attempts to escape the constraints of his life. It spawned several sequels, including \"Rabbit Redux\", \"Rabbit is Rich\" and \"Rabbit at Rest\", as well as a related 2001 novella, \"Rabbit Remembered\". In these novels Updike takes a comical and retrospective look at the relentless questing life of Rabbit against the background of the major events", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "211107", "score": "1.5487475", "text": "a comical and self-conscious antithesis of Updike's own literary persona: Jewish, a World War II veteran, reclusive, and unprolific to a fault. In 1990, he published the last Rabbit novel, \"Rabbit at Rest\", which won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Over 500 pages long, the novel is among Updike's most celebrated. In 2000, Updike included the novella \"Rabbit Remembered\" in his collection \"Licks of Love\", drawing the Rabbit saga to a close. His Pulitzers for the last two Rabbit novels make Updike one of only three writers to have won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction,", "title": "John Updike" }, { "id": "5803534", "score": "1.534222", "text": "apart from offering tremendous consumerist possibilities, urged Americans to renegotiate themselves to the postwar reality. The cultural atmosphere of the 1950s, charged by the politics of the Cold War, thus necessitated the phenomena of self-definition at all levels and in all areas of life. Alive to the mood of inner-directedness, Updike’s Rabbit considers himself “as a person in the process of becoming”. This involves his rejection of certain traditional aspects of American life in search of a satisfactory place in the world that is never really found, as the book ends with his fate uncertain. Rabbit is always running, searching", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "5803527", "score": "1.5327985", "text": "lost. Harry returns to Ruth and learns that she is pregnant by him. Though Harry is relieved to discover she has not had an abortion, he is unwilling to divorce Janice. Harry abandons Ruth, still missing the feeling he has attempted to grasp during the course of the novel; his fate is uncertain as the novel concludes. A rabbit is \"a person likened to a rabbit, typically in being timid or ineffectual; a poor or novice player\" and \"a runner who intentionally sets a fast pace for a teammate during a long-distance race\". Besides its other associations, Updike may have", "title": "Rabbit, Run" }, { "id": "5128772", "score": "1.5302134", "text": "Rabbit at Rest Rabbit at Rest is a 1990 novel by John Updike. It is the fourth and final novel in a series beginning with \"Rabbit, Run\"; \"Rabbit Redux\"; and \"Rabbit Is Rich.\" There is also a related 2001 novella, \"Rabbit Remembered\". The novel won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1991, the second \"Rabbit\" novel to garner that award. This novel is part of the series that follows the life of Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom from 1960 to 1990. \"Rabbit at Rest\" focuses on the years 1988–89. Harry, nearly 40 years after his glory days as a high school basketball", "title": "Rabbit at Rest" }, { "id": "211127", "score": "1.5290923", "text": "in 2010 at Alvernia University. Eulogizing Updike in January 2009, the British novelist Ian McEwan wrote that Updike's \"literary schemes and pretty conceits touched at points on the Shakespearean\", and that Updike's death marked \"the end of the golden age of the American novel in the 20th century's second half.\" McEwan said the Rabbit series is Updike's \"masterpiece and will surely be his monument\", and concluded: Jonathan Raban, highlighting many of the virtues that have been ascribed to Updike's prose, called \"Rabbit at Rest\" \"one of the very few modern novels in English ... that one can set beside the", "title": "John Updike" } ]

[ "The Grand Slam of Asia/Pacific", "Australasian Championships", "australasian championships", "Australian Tennis Open", "australian open tennis", "Australian Open (tennis)", "australian open juniors", "Australia Open", "australian open wildcards", "australian championships", "Australian Championships (tennis)", "australian tennis open", "australasian championships tennis", "australia open", "Australian Open (December)", "Australian Open", "Aussie open", "australian open december", "australian open qualifiers", "Australian Open – Main Draw Wildcard Entries", "australian open – main draw wildcard entries", "Australian Open - Main Draw Wildcard Entries", "aus open", "Australian open", "australian open january", "grand slam of asia pacific", "Australasian champion", "Australian Open - Qualifiers", "aussie open", "australian championships tennis", "australian open main draw wildcard entries", "Aus open", "Australian Championships", "australian open", "ozzy open", "Australian Open - Wildcards", "Australasian Championships (tennis)", "Australian Open Juniors", "australasian champion", "Australian Open (January)", "Ozzy open" ]

[ { "id": "6730526", "score": "1.9606788", "text": "Together, they reigned as the top two women in the world from January 2012 to January 2013, except for a brief period in July and August when Agnieszka Radwańska was the world No. 2 behind Azarenka. Azarenka won their first meeting in 2007, in the second round of the Kremlin Cup in Moscow. Their first meeting in a WTA Tour final came at the 2010 Bank of the West Classic in Stanford, which Azarenka won for her first (and fourth career) title that year. Azarenka also defeated Sharapova in the Miami Masters final in 2011 to win her second title", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "15895954", "score": "1.8006055", "text": "evening, the men's semi-final between Novak Djokovic and David Ferrer suspended on September 8 and completed on September 9, and the men's final postponed to the afternoon of Monday, September 10. Djokovic and Samantha Stosur were the defending men's and women's singles champions, respectively. Both were unsuccessful in their title defences; Stosur being narrowly defeated by World No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in the quarter-finals, and Djokovic defeated in the final by Andy Murray. Murray became the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win a Grand Slam singles title, and the first man to win both the US", "title": "2012 US Open (tennis)" }, { "id": "16718586", "score": "1.7985626", "text": "women's doubles title with a victory over Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. Łukasz Kubot and Robert Lindstedt took the men's doubles title with a victory over Eric Butorac and Raven Klaasen. The mixed doubles were won by Kristina Mladenovic and Daniel Nestor, with Sania Mirza and Horia Tecău the runners-up. Both defending singles champions lost in the quarterfinals, the first time in the open era. Novak Djokovic was the three-time defending champion in the men's singles, but failed to defend his title, losing to eventual champion Wawrinka. Two-time defending champion Victoria Azarenka also failed to defend her title in the", "title": "2014 Australian Open" }, { "id": "16999033", "score": "1.7964785", "text": "since Serena Williams in 2009–10 to successfully defend her Australian Open title. With the victory, she also became only the fifth active player (after Serena and Venus Williams, Maria Sharapova and Svetlana Kuznetsova) to hold two or more Grand Slam singles titles. As the defending champion in Qatar, Azarenka once again reached the championship match, where she met Serena Williams, who replaced her as World No. 1 upon reaching the semi-finals (Williams did not play in Doha last year). After receiving a bye in the first round, she defeated Romina Oprandi, Christina McHale (without losing a game), Sara Errani and", "title": "2013 Victoria Azarenka tennis season" }, { "id": "13075416", "score": "1.7881866", "text": "Djokovic in the final. Victoria Azarenka of Belarus won the women's singles event by defeating defending champion Serena Williams. Both Murray and Azarenka were first-time winners at the tournament and also the first to win from their respective countries. In the doubles events, Max Mirnyi and Andy Ram won the men's title by defeating the team of Ashley Fisher and Stephen Huss. The women's doubles title was won by Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amélie Mauresmo who overcame Květa Peschke and Lisa Raymond in the final match. The 2009 Sony Ericsson Open was the 25th edition of the Miami Masters tournament and", "title": "2009 Sony Ericsson Open" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Victoria Azarenka\n\nVictória Fyódarauna Azárenka (; Russian: Виктория Фёдоровна Азаренко; born 31 July 1989) is a Belarusian professional tennis player. Azarenka is a former world No. 1 in singles, having claimed the top ranking for the first time on 30 January 2012. She was the year-end No. 1 in 2012 and has held the top ranking for a combined total of 51 weeks. Azarenka has won 21 WTA singles titles, including two Grand Slam singles titles at the 2012 and 2013 Australian Open, becoming the first Belarusian player, male or female, to win a Grand Slam tournament singles title. Azarenka is also a three-time major finalist at the US Open, finishing runner-up to Serena Williams in both 2012 and 2013 and to Naomi Osaka in 2020. In singles she also won six Premier Mandatory tournaments (including the Sunshine Double in 2016), four Premier 5 tournaments, and the singles bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She was the runner-up at the 2011 WTA Finals to Petra Kvitová, reached three other Grand Slam singles semifinals (Wimbledon in 2011 and 2012 and the French Open in 2013), and had nine other major quarterfinal appearances. She finished with a year-end top 10 singles ranking for five consecutive years between 2009 and 2013.\n\nAzarenka has won nine WTA doubles titles (including two Premier Mandatory and two Premier 5 titles), reached four Grand Slam finals in women's doubles, and reached a career-high ranking of No. 7 in the world on 7 July 2008. She has won three mixed doubles titles — two being Grand Slam titles at the 2007 US Open with compatriot Max Mirnyi and the 2008 French Open with Bob Bryan, and the third being the Olympic gold medal in mixed doubles at the 2012 London Olympics with Mirnyi.\nSection::::Personal life.\nSection::::Early life.\nAzarenka was born in Minsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union, to Alla and Fyodor Azarenka. Her tennis idol is German former player Steffi Graf. In an interview, Azarenka said: \"Graf's Calendar Golden Slam in 1988 is my biggest motivation.\"\n\nAt age 15, Azarenka moved full-time to Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, from Minsk, Belarus, to train and live. In this she was aided by National Hockey League goalie Nikolai Khabibulin and his wife, who was a friend of Azarenka's mother. In 2012, she became registered in Monaco, but in August 2013 she purchased a large ocean-overlooking house as her principal residence where she lives in Manhattan Beach, California. Azarenka dated American musician Redfoo between late 2012 and early 2014. Azarenka has spoken openly about her experience of depression during her injury-induced absence from professional tennis in 2014.", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2013 Wimbledon Championships\n\nThe 2013 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 127th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 24 June to 7 July 2013. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour. The championships were organised by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the International Tennis Federation.\n\nRoger Federer and Serena Williams were the defending champions in singles events, but neither was able to repeat their success: Federer was eliminated in the second round by Sergiy Stakhovsky, and Williams lost in the fourth round to Sabine Lisicki. This marked the first time since 1927 that both defending champions were eliminated before the quarterfinals. Federer and Williams were two of a number of big-name casualties in the early rounds, along with two-time champion Rafael Nadal, two-time semifinalist Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, 2004 champion Maria Sharapova and former World No. 1s Victoria Azarenka, Ana Ivanovic, Lleyton Hewitt, Caroline Wozniacki and Jelena Janković.\n\nAndy Murray became the first man from Great Britain to win the singles title since Fred Perry in 1936. Marion Bartoli won the women's singles title. Bob and Mike Bryan completed the \"Bryan Slam\" and became the first team to hold all four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold at the same time.", "title": "2013 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Novak Djokovic\n\nNovak Djokovic (, ; born 22 May 1987) is a Serbian professional tennis player. He has been ranked world No. 1 for a record total 373 weeks, He has won 21 Grand Slam men's singles titles, including a record nine Australian Open titles. He is currently ranked world No. 5 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Overall, he has won 91 ATP singles titles, which include a record 65 Big Titles, a joint-record six year-end championships, and a record 38 Masters titles. Djokovic has completed a non-calendar year Grand Slam in singles, becoming the only man in tennis history to be the reigning champion of the four majors at once across three different surfaces. He is also the first man in the Open Era to achieve a double Career Grand Slam in singles and the only player to complete the Career Golden Masters in singles on the ATP Tour, which he has done twice.\n\nDjokovic began his professional career in 2003. At age 20, he disrupted Roger Federer's and Rafael Nadal's streak of 11 consecutive majors to win his first major title at the 2008 Australian Open. By 2010, Djokovic also separated himself from the rest of the field to join Federer and Nadal in the Big Three, collectively considered by some to be the three most successful male tennis players of all time. In 2011, Djokovic ascended to No. 1 for the first time, winning three out of the four majors and five Masters titles. He remained the most successful player in men's tennis for the rest of the decade. In 2015, Djokovic had his most successful season, reaching 15 consecutive finals and winning a season-record 10 Big Titles. His dominant run extended through to the 2016 French Open, where he completed a non-calendar year Grand Slam and his first career Grand Slam, becoming the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four majors simultaneously and setting a ranking points record (16,950).\n\nRepresenting Serbia, Djokovic led the Serbian national team to their first Davis Cup title in 2010 and to the inaugural ATP Cup title in 2020. Moreover, he won the bronze medal for Serbia at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Djokovic has won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year award four times (2012, 2015, 2016, 2019), the BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year award in 2011 and the L'Équipe Champion of Champions award in 2021. He is also a recipient of the Order of St. Sava, the Order of Karađorđe's Star, and the Order of the Republika Srpska.\n\nBeyond competition, Djokovic is an active philanthropist and a former ATP player council president. In August 2020, Djokovic and Vasek Pospisil announced the formation of the Professional Tennis Players Association as the first player-only association in tennis, citing the need for players to have more influence on the tour and advocating better prize money structure for lower ranked players.", "title": "Novak Djokovic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012 Australian Open\n\nThe 2012 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia, from 16 to 29 January 2012. It was the 100th edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam event of the year. The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments.\n\nNovak Djokovic successfully defended his title after he defeated Rafael Nadal in the longest grand slam final in history. The 2012 final passed the 2008 Wimbledon final for the record, finishing after 5 hours and 53 minutes of play. Kim Clijsters was the defending champion for the women's singles, but lost to Victoria Azarenka in the semifinals. Azarenka defeated Maria Sharapova for her first Grand Slam title; and over took Caroline Wozniacki as the number one ranked player on the WTA Tour. In the doubles Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek won the title. Paes completed a career Grand Slam with the title while Štěpánek won his first Slam. On the women's side an all Russian duo of Svetlana Kuznetsova and Vera Zvonareva took the title. The mixed event was won by Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Horia Tecău.", "title": "2012 Australian Open" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012 US Open (tennis)\n\nThe 2012 US Open was a tennis tournament played on the outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows Park, of Queens, New York City, United States. It was played from August 27 to September 10. As a result of adverse weather conditions on September 8, which included a full evacuation of the National Tennis Center because of an upcoming tornado, another day was added to the schedule for the fifth straight year, with the women's final postponed to the afternoon of Sunday, September 9 rather than the previous evening, the men's semi-final between Novak Djokovic and David Ferrer suspended on September 8 and completed on September 9, and the men's final postponed to the afternoon of Monday, September 10.\n\nDjokovic and Samantha Stosur were the defending men's and women's singles champions, respectively. Both were unsuccessful in their title defences; Stosur being narrowly defeated by World No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in the quarter-finals, and Djokovic defeated in the final by Andy Murray. Murray became the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win a Grand Slam singles title, and the first man to win both the US Open and the Olympic men's singles gold medal in the same year. In the women's draw, Serena Williams won her fourth US Open title, and first since 2008, by defeating Victoria Azarenka in the final.\n", "title": "2012 US Open (tennis)" }, { "id": "6730531", "score": "1.7846228", "text": "in the decider. Azarenka was also victorious in their meetings at Madrid and the year-end championships. Their most notable meeting to date was in the final of the 2013 Australian Open. Both players entered the championship match with one Grand Slam title each (Azarenka who the 2012 Australian Open, whilst Li won the 2011 French Open), and in very good form, with Azarenka only dropping one set throughout her run and Li Na having not dropped a set and also having defeated two top four players (Agnieszka Radwańska and Maria Sharapova) en route. After Li Na won the first set,", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "16711019", "score": "1.775794", "text": "defending champion in the men's singles, but lost to Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals. Marion Bartoli was the reigning champion in the women's singles; however, her retirement from the sport following her victory meant that she did not return to defend her title. As a result, the opening Ladies' Singles match on Centre Court on the second day of the tournament – which is traditionally played by the defending champion – was played by Bartoli's opponent in the 2013 final, runner-up Sabine Lisicki. The men and women's singles titles were won by Novak Djokovic and Petra Kvitová respectively. Both players", "title": "2014 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "6730482", "score": "1.7672241", "text": "Maria Sharapova. After a nervous start Azarenka proceeded to win the last nine games to win the title. Azarenka recorded her first Grand Slam singles title and became the world No. 1 (with effect from 30 January 2012) in the same match. Her first tournament as world number one was the 2012 Qatar Total Open. She won her third title of the year in Doha, defeating Samantha Stosur in the final. Azarenka planned to compete at the 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships. However, after a bye in the first round, she withdrew from the tournament due to an ankle injury. In", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "16999041", "score": "1.7644056", "text": "she was the defending champion. She lost in the first round to Andrea Petkovic in three sets, delivering 15 double faults and committing 44 unforced errors in the process. Following Azarenka's run to the US Open final, she qualified for the WTA Tour Championships for the fifth consecutive year. She was placed in the White Group along with Li Na, Sara Errani and Jelena Janković. She started off with a tight straight-sets victory over Errani, but then fell to Janković and Li in her remaining matches, thus failing to reach the semi-finals for the first time since 2010 and spelling", "title": "2013 Victoria Azarenka tennis season" }, { "id": "6730492", "score": "1.755863", "text": "69–10 win-loss record and 6 titles, losing five of those matches to Serena Williams, two to Maria Sharapova, one to Marion Bartoli, one to Dominika Cibulková and the remaining loss coming on a retirement to Tamira Paszek. Victoria Azarenka began her 2013 season at the 2013 Brisbane International in what was her first appearance at the tournament since winning the title in 2009. She was able to reach the semi-finals, however had to withdraw from her scheduled match against Serena Williams due to a toe infection. Azarenka defended the title at the 2013 Australian Open, beating Li Na in three", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "6730520", "score": "1.7395315", "text": "the year-end championships. They had been due to meet in the semi-finals of the 2013 Brisbane International, before Azarenka was forced to withdraw due to a toe infection. At the Qatar Total Open, Azarenka scored just her second victory over Williams in a WTA Tour match, winning in the championship match in three sets. They next faced off on clay at 2013 Internazionali BNL d'Italia which Williams won in straight sets. Azarenka's third victory over Williams came in the final of the Western and Southern Open; again, a third set was required to decide the outcome, and on this occasion", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "13458306", "score": "1.7354264", "text": "year to 26 consecutive matches by winning titles in Doha and Indian Wells, before losing in the quarterfinals of the 2012 Sony Ericsson Open to Marion Bartoli. Later that year, Azarenka reached her second consecutive semifinal at Wimbledon and the semifinals of the 2012 London Olympics, where she won the bronze medal in singles by defeating Maria Kirilenko. She also won a Gold Medal in mixed doubles with her compatriot, Max Mirnyi. In September, Azarenka defeated defending champion Samantha Stosur and Maria Sharapova in three sets en route to her first final at the US Open and second grand slam", "title": "Victoria Azarenka career statistics" }, { "id": "6730457", "score": "1.7352773", "text": "winning the first set against world No. 2 Serena Williams, before she was forced to retire because of heat stress. At the Cellular South Cup in Memphis, Tennessee, Azarenka was seeded second. She won her second WTA title by beating her doubles partner and top seeded Caroline Wozniacki in the final. Afterwards, Wozniacki and Azarenka won the doubles title, beating Michaëlla Krajicek and Yuliana Fedak in the final. At the BNP Paribas Open, Azarenka was seeded 8th and reached the semifinals, where she lost to her doubles partner and eventual champion Vera Zvonareva. Because of her performance at this tournament,", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "17652192", "score": "1.7301049", "text": "she was the two-time defending champion. She failed to defend her title, losing in the quarter-finals to Agnieszka Radwańska in three sets. Azarenka was due to play in the Qatar Total Open, where she was the two-time defending champion, but she withdrew before the tournament started due to a left foot injury. Azarenka returned from her foot injury at the Indian Wells Masters, but she lost her first match to Lauren Davis, marking her earliest ever exit from Indian Wells. A recurrence of her foot injury at Indian Wells later forced her withdrawal from Miami for the second consecutive year.", "title": "2014 Victoria Azarenka tennis season" }, { "id": "13458307", "score": "1.7257726", "text": "singles final overall. In October, Azarenka defeated Sharapova in the final of the China Open to win her second Premier Mandatory singles title of the year. With this achievement, Azarenka won three of the four Premier Mandatory singles events; she finished as runner-up twice at the Mutua Madrid Open. Azarenka finished the year ranked the world no. 1 for the first time in her career. \"Only Main Draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam Tournaments and Olympic Games are included in Win–Loss records. \"Only Main Draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam Tournaments and Olympic Games are included in Win–Loss", "title": "Victoria Azarenka career statistics" }, { "id": "16999039", "score": "1.7203479", "text": "in the championship match in Carlsbad. Seeded second at Cincinnati, Azarenka received a first round bye, following which she won her first match at the tournament since 2009, when she defeated local hope Vania King in the second round. That was then followed by wins over Magdaléna Rybáriková, Caroline Wozniacki (her first victory against her since 2009) and Jelena Janković, en route to reaching her fifth final of the year, where she defeated Serena Williams in a thrilling championship match to pick up her third title for the year. At the US Open, where Azarenka was seeded second, she successfully", "title": "2013 Victoria Azarenka tennis season" }, { "id": "7014478", "score": "1.720156", "text": "became a WTA tournament again. The women's tournament is currently an International Series tournament. No former World No. 1 has ever won the women's tournament but Victoria Azarenka was runner-up in 2007. Statistically, the men's tournament highlights the dominance of Argentine and Spanish male players on red clay. Between 1990 and 2001, at least one Spaniard appeared in the final ten times, with a player from Spain claiming the title in nine of those twelve years. The Spanish dominance waned in recent years. Since 2001, there have only been three Spaniards in four finals with two victories. Between 2002 and", "title": "Portugal Open" }, { "id": "6730527", "score": "1.7177646", "text": "at that tournament. The rivalry between the two players started to intensify in 2012, with six meetings between the pair that year, four of them being in finals. Azarenka won four of the six meetings that year, three of them in finals. Their most famous meeting occurred early that year, in the final of the 2012 Australian Open. This match had historical proportions as Azarenka would become the first player from her country to either win a Grand Slam singles title or become world No. 1, or Sharapova would win her second title at the tournament, having won in 2008.", "title": "Victoria Azarenka" }, { "id": "3165705", "score": "1.7153953", "text": "marking her first WTA doubles final in six years and her first title as a mother. Zvonareva qualified for Wimbledon for the first time since 2014, where she lost to eventual champion Angelique Kerber in the first round. At the inaugural Moscow River Cup, Zvonareva and her partner Anastasia Potapova won the doubles title, marking her overall eight doubles title. Zvonareva and Caroline Wozniacki have met nine times, with Zvonareva leading their head-to-head 5–4. Throughout 2010 and 2011, they reigned as the top two players in the world and during this period they met each other seven times with Zvonareva", "title": "Vera Zvonareva" }, { "id": "5002212", "score": "1.7117281", "text": "defending champion Li at 4–3 in the decider. Azarenka was also victorious in their meetings at Madrid and the year-end championships. Their most notable meeting to date was in the final of the 2013 Australian Open. Both players entered the championship match with one Grand Slam title each (Azarenka won the 2012 Australian Open, whilst Li won the 2011 French Open), and in very good form, with Azarenka only conceding one set during the tournament and Li not having dropped a set and also having defeated two top-4 players (Agnieszka Radwańska and Maria Sharapova) en route. After Li won the", "title": "Li Na" } ]

[ "Ethiopioa", "name of ethiopia", "ethiopean", "Ityop'pya", "ethiopian", "Ityoppya", "etymology of ethiopia", "ityoṗṗya", "etheopia", "ethiopioa", "Ityoṗṗya", "aethiopia", "Ethiopean", "Abysinna", "ethiopia", "Names of Ethiopia", "ethiopai", "ISO 3166-1:ET", "federal republic of ethiopia", "Ityop'iya", "Ityop'ia", "habeshistan", "The Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia", "ethopian", "Ethiop", "Ethiopia", "Etheopia", "ityop iya", "ityop pya", "Abbysinnia", "names of ethiopia", "Habeshistan", "prehistory of ethiopia", "ethiop", "abysinna", "iso 3166 1 et", "Prehistory of Ethiopia", "Etymology of Ethiopia", "fdre", "Ethopian", "Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "Abissinia", "Ethiopai", "Name of Ethiopia", "æthiopia", "ኢትዮጵያ", "Federal Republic of Ethiopia", "Etiopia", "Ītyōṗṗyā", "FDRE", "ʾĪtyōṗṗyā", "abbysinnia", "abissinia", "etiopia", "federal democratic republic of ethiopia", "ityoppya", "ʾītyōṗṗyā", "ītyōṗṗyā", "ityop ia", "democratic republic of ethiopia", "AEthiopia", "Æthiopia", "Ethiopian" ]

[ { "id": "11916648", "score": "1.7845578", "text": "for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. After the liberation Eritrea held a referendum on independence between 23 and 25 April 1993 under international supervision including the UN Observer Mission to Verify the Referendum in Eritrea (UNOVER). The result was 99.83% in favour, with a 98.5% turnout. The referendum was completed under budget, and was considered free and fair. Independence was declared on 27", "title": "Eritrea" }, { "id": "15003090", "score": "1.7680252", "text": "fair. 1993 Eritrean independence referendum An independence referendum was held in Eritrea between 23 and 25 April 1993. The result was 99.83% in favour, with a 98.5% turnout. Independence was declared on 27 April. The UN Observer Mission to Verify the Referendum in Eritrea (UNOVER) was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 47/114 of 16 December 1992 and lasted until 25 April 1993. The goals of the mission were to verify the impartiality of the referendum, report claims of irregularities, and verify the counting, computation and announcement of the results. The referendum was completed under budget, and was considered free", "title": "1993 Eritrean independence referendum" }, { "id": "20052141", "score": "1.7588701", "text": "corrupt and 100 very clean, its score in recent years has declined from 25 in 2012 to 20 in 2013 to 18 in 2014. Eritrea was a part of Ethiopia until 1991, when Eritreans won a civil war that had lasted for thirty years and were granted independence. After a UN-supervised referendum, in which Eritreans voted overwhelmingly for independence, Eritrea declared its independence in 1993. At that time, Eritrea had a weak private sector with few skilled workers, a situation that led the government to take steps to build a strong private sector. During the 1990s, the private sector began", "title": "Corruption in Eritrea" }, { "id": "120817", "score": "1.7482786", "text": "No. 22/1992 (issued on April 7, 1992) declares that the referendum question was: \"Do you approve Eritrea to become an independent, sovereign state?\" The same proclamation stated that \"There shall be no other question or issue on the ballot\" (UNDPI 1996, 159). While the Canadian NGO Observation Delegation to Eritrea reported that the referendum question was \"Do you want Eritrea to be an independent and sovereign country?\" (September 1, 1993) , variations of the question were mentioned in other media sources. In Qatar, the \"Gulf Times\" said: \"They were asked only one question: Do you support a free Eritrea? Yes", "title": "History of Eritrea" }, { "id": "2384215", "score": "1.7454529", "text": "April 1993, after the national referendum, he was elected as the President of the State of Eritrea by the National Assembly. In February 1994, the EPLF held its third congress, and Isaias was elected secretary-general of the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) by an overwhelming majority of votes. In April 1993, a United Nations-supervised referendum on independence was held, and the following month Eritrea achieved \"de jure\" independence. Isaias was declared the first head of state, a position he has held ever since the end of the war for independence. During the first few years of Isaias' administration,", "title": "Isaias Afwerki" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1993 Eritrean independence referendum\n\nAn independence referendum was held in Eritrea, at the time part of Ethiopia, between 23 and 25 April 1993. The result was 99.83% in favour, with a 98.5% turnout. Independence from Ethiopia was declared on 27 April.", "title": "1993 Eritrean independence referendum" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eritrean War of Independence\n\nThe Eritrean War of Independence was a war for independence which Eritrean independence fighters waged against successive Ethiopian governments from 1 September 1961 to 24 May 1991.\n\nEritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the defeat of the Italians by the Allies of World War II in 1941, Eritrea then briefly became a British protectorate until 1951. The General Assembly of the United Nations held a meeting about the fate of Eritrea, in which the majority of the delegates voted for the federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia, and Eritrea became a constituent state of the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea in 1952. The Federation was supposed to last for ten years in which Eritreans could have mini sovereign decisions such as a parliament and some autonomy, but under the Ethiopian crown for further ones. The Assembly also assigned commissioner Anzio Mattienzo to supervise the process. Eritreans were supposed to claim Eritrea as an independent sovereign state after the ten years of federation. However, Eritrea's declining autonomy and growing discontent with Ethiopian rule caused an independence movement led by the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) in 1961. Hamid Idris Awate officially began the Eritrean armed struggle for independence on 1 September 1961 on the mountain of Adal, near the town of Agordat in south western Eritrea. Ethiopia annexed Eritrea the next year.\n\nFollowing the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the Derg abolished the Ethiopian Empire and established a Marxist-Leninist communist state. The Derg enjoyed support from the Soviet Union and other communist nations in fighting against the Eritreans. The ELF was supported diplomatically and militarily by various countries, particularly the People's Republic of China, which supplied the ELF with weapons and training until 1972, when Ethiopia recognized Beijing as the legitimate government of China.<ref name=\"Schmidt\"/>\n\nThe Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) became the main liberation group in 1977, expelling the ELF from Eritrea, then exploiting the Ogaden War to launch a war of attrition against Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government under the Workers Party of Ethiopia lost Soviet support at the end of the 1980s and were overwhelmed by Ethiopian anti-government groups, allowing the EPLF to defeat Ethiopian forces in Eritrea in May 1991.\n\nThe Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), with the help of the EPLF, defeated the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) when it took control of the capital Addis Ababa a month later. In April 1993, the Eritrean people voted almost unanimously in favour of independence in the Eritrean independence referendum, with formal international recognition of an independent, sovereign Eritrea in the same year.", "title": "Eritrean War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Eritrea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Eritrea\n\n\"Eritrea\" is an ancient name, associated in the past with its Greek form \"Erythraia\", Ἐρυθραία, and its derived Latin form \"Erythræa\". This name relates to that of the Red Sea, then called the \"Erythræan Sea\", from the Greek for \"red\", ἐρυθρός, \"erythros\". The Italians created the colony of Eritrea in the 19th century around Asmara, and named it with its current name. After World War II, Eritrea was annexed to Ethiopia. In 1991, the communist Ethiopian government was toppled by TPLF and Eritrean people liberation front {EPLF} are earned their independence. Eritrea officially celebrated its 1st anniversary of independence on May 24, 1994.", "title": "History of Eritrea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eritrea under Isaias Afwerki\n\nOn 24 May 1993, Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia following a United Nations sponsored referendum, which gained 99.8% Eritrean support for independence. Isaias Afwerki became president and head of Eritrea, after fighting with his Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) against the authoritarian Derg government during the Ethiopian Civil War from 1974 to 1991. Eritrea became a one-party state and promised to schedule presidential elections in 2001, but was then delayed them indefinitely without precondition. Isaias became a totalitarian leader and was accused by many watchdogs of repression and purges of journalists, dissent and opposition groups like People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) officials, mass surveillance, arbitrary detention, lack of independent judiciary body and freedom of association, press and speech. In 2015, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Eritrea reported that there were \"systemic, widespread and gross human rights violations carried out in a context of total lack of rule of law\". The Freedom in the World ranked Eritrea \"not free\" state as of 2022, with total 3/100 score in both political rights and civil liberties.", "title": "Eritrea under Isaias Afwerki" }, { "id": "15003089", "score": "1.7421432", "text": "1993 Eritrean independence referendum An independence referendum was held in Eritrea between 23 and 25 April 1993. The result was 99.83% in favour, with a 98.5% turnout. Independence was declared on 27 April. The UN Observer Mission to Verify the Referendum in Eritrea (UNOVER) was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 47/114 of 16 December 1992 and lasted until 25 April 1993. The goals of the mission were to verify the impartiality of the referendum, report claims of irregularities, and verify the counting, computation and announcement of the results. The referendum was completed under budget, and was considered free and", "title": "1993 Eritrean independence referendum" }, { "id": "121037", "score": "1.7388958", "text": "withdrew from the government; in March 1993, members of the Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition left the government. The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), an ally in the fight against the Mengistu regime, assumed control of Eritrea and established a provisional government. Eritrea achieved full independence on May 24, 1993. President Meles Zenawi and members of the TGE pledged to oversee the formation of a multi-party democracy. The first election for Ethiopia's 547-member constituent assembly was held in June 1994. This assembly adopted the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in December 1994. The elections for Ethiopia's first", "title": "Politics of Ethiopia" }, { "id": "11916647", "score": "1.7353015", "text": "of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy. In 1958, a group of Eritreans founded the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM). The organization mainly consisted of Eritrean students, professionals and intellectuals. It engaged in clandestine political activities intended to cultivate resistance to the centralizing policies of the imperial Ethiopian state. On 1 September 1961, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), under the leadership of Hamid Idris Awate, waged an armed struggle for independence. In 1962, Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the territory. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on", "title": "Eritrea" }, { "id": "19779779", "score": "1.7341039", "text": "after which the ELF and the Soviet Union started secret negotiations. The Second Eritrean Civil War lasted until 1981, and the EPLF emerged victorious, with help from the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). The ELF was driven out of Eritrea into Sudan. On 27May 1991 the new Ethiopian Transitional Government was formed after the fall of the pro-Soviet government. The Ethiopian Transitional Government promised to hold a referendum, within two years in the region. The referendum was held between 23–25April 1993 with 99.81% voting in favour of independence. On 4May 1993 the official independence of Eritrea was established. However, the", "title": "Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict" }, { "id": "11916616", "score": "1.7269299", "text": "foreign affairs and defense it would enter into a federal status with Ethiopia for a period of 10 years. However, in 1962 the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and formally annexed Eritrea. But the Eritreans that argued for complete Eritrean independence since the ouster of the Italians in 1941, anticipated what was coming and in 1960 organized the Eritrean Liberation Front in opposition. In 1991, after 30 years of continuous armed struggle for independence, the Eritrean liberation fighters entered the capital city, Asmara, in victory. Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have never been", "title": "Eritrea" }, { "id": "2438365", "score": "1.7248727", "text": "independent Eritrean nation out of the northernmost province of Ethiopia in 1993. The historical region of Eritrea had joined Ethiopia as an autonomous unit in 1952. The Eritrean Liberation Movement was founded in 1958 and was succeeded by the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) in 1961. The ELF grew in membership when the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie abolished Eritrea’s autonomous status, annexing it as a province in 1962. In the 1960s and 1970s the ELF undertook a systematic campaign of guerrilla warfare against the Ethiopian government. A faction of the ELF broke away in 1970 to form the Eritrean People’s Liberation", "title": "People's Front for Democracy and Justice" }, { "id": "6648397", "score": "1.7154808", "text": "EPLF attended as an observer and held talks with the new transitional government regarding Eritrea's relationship to Ethiopia. The outcome of those talks was an agreement in which the Ethiopians recognized the right of the Eritreans to hold a referendum on independence. The referendum was held in April 1993 and the Eritrean people voted almost unanimously in favour of independence, with the integrity of the referendum being verified by the UN Observer Mission to Verify the Referendum in Eritrea (UNOVER). On 28 May 1993, the United Nations formally admitted Eritrea to its membership. Below are the results from the referendum:", "title": "Eritrean War of Independence" }, { "id": "8467512", "score": "1.7032816", "text": "official language in Eritrea replacing Tigrinya and Arabic. Finally on November 14, 1962 -– Ethiopia officially annexed Eritrea as its 14th province. The people of Eritrea, after finding out peaceful resistance against Ethiopia's rule was falling on deaf ears formed the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) which was formed in 1958. The founders of these independence movement were: Mohammad Said Nawud, Saleh Ahmed Iyay, Yasin al-Gade, Mohammad al-Hassen and Said Sabr. ELM members were organised in secret cells of seven. The movement was known as Mahber Shewate in Tigrinya and as Harakat Atahrir al Eritrea in Arabic. On July 10, 1960,", "title": "African independence movements" }, { "id": "17264145", "score": "1.6998687", "text": "claimed it had been an abortive coup attempt. Eritrea has been ruled by Isaias Afewerki since its independence in 1993 from Ethiopia, following a 30-year independence war. Initially allied with Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and his Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, whom Isaias' Eritrean People's Liberation Front had helped overthrow the communist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam, border disputes caused relations between the two nations to rapidly turn sour, and in May 1998, Eritrea invaded Ethiopia. The resultant conflict killed between 70,000-100,000 on both sides, and left Eritrea with over a third of its territory occupied and over 650,000 people", "title": "2013 Eritrean Army mutiny" }, { "id": "7564747", "score": "1.6995972", "text": "Eritrean workers in the diaspora, including construction workers in Sudan. These workers provided financial support as well as professional and skilled expertise. Eritrea became an independent country in 1991, with EPLF forming the government in its new guise - People's Front for Democracy and Justice. NUEW, while still led by its war-time leadership, changed focus to organizing workers into trade unions with a view to supporting the reconstruction of its war-torn country. Major public and private-sector industries were organized with the support of the government. In 1992, the government increased wages by 50% based on NUEW's intervention. Labour proclamation 8/1991", "title": "National Confederation of Eritrean Workers" }, { "id": "20797006", "score": "1.6959947", "text": "conflict (2000–2018) with sporadic clashes. Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993 following the 30-year Eritrean War of Independence, and subsequent border disputes caused continuing tension between the two nations. The tensions came to a boiling point in May 1998, and Eritrea invaded Ethiopia, leading to the Ethiopian–Eritrean War; this killed between 70,000–100,000 on both sides and left Eritrea with over a third of its territory occupied and more than 650,000 people displaced. In 2000, the two countries signed the Algiers Agreement agreeing to submit to binding arbitration to resolve boundary and restitution questions. Eritrea was awarded most of the", "title": "2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit" }, { "id": "722220", "score": "1.6928236", "text": "of Amharic, the main language of Ethiopia, in all Eritrean schools. The lack of regard for the Eritrean population led to the formation of an independence movement in the early 1960s (1961), which erupted into a 30-year war against successive Ethiopian governments that ended in 1991. Following a UN-supervised referendum in Eritrea (dubbed UNOVER) in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly voted for independence, Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition in 1993. In 1998, a border dispute with Ethiopia led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War. From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura situated", "title": "Horn of Africa" }, { "id": "8755895", "score": "1.6890078", "text": "presence in Eritrea from 1942 to 1949. Afterwards, Awate and his armed faction came to a truce agreement with the British authorities. In the meantime the Eritrean independence movement was taking shape and working towards making Eritrea an independent country by peaceful means rather than joining landlocked Ethiopia. In 1958 a group of Eritrean exiles in Cairo founded the Eritrean Liberation Movement under Awate's leadership. In July 1960, in the city of Cairo, a group of young Eritrean students and intellectuals held a meeting and formed the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). Back home, the Ethiopian authorities were suspicious of Awate’s", "title": "Hamid Idris Awate" }, { "id": "2615044", "score": "1.6880903", "text": "to be merged to Ethiopia; the Muslim area to Sudan. After international debate and the intervention of the Allied Powers, the United States passed a resolution with the agreement of Britain formulating the creation of an autonomous Eritrea in federation with Ethiopia in 1950. On September 15, 1952, Eritrea became independent from British rule and was made an autonomous part of Ethiopia. Since the United Nations had helped the country obtain independence from British rule, the 1952 Eritrean flag was designed with a light blue background to honour the organisation's assistance. The flag at that time had an olive wreath", "title": "Flag of Eritrea" }, { "id": "120857", "score": "1.6818357", "text": "successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea between 23 and 25 April 1993, on 19 May of that year the Provisional Government of Eritrea (PGE) issued a Proclamation regarding the reorganization of the Government. It declared that during a four-year transition period, and sooner if possible, it would draft and ratify a constitution, prepare a law on political parties, prepare a press law, and carry out elections for a constitutional government. In March 1994, the PGE created a constitutional commission charged with drafting a constitution flexible enough to meet the current needs of a population suffering from", "title": "Politics of Eritrea" } ]

[ "", "time:minutes", "ten time", "10 minutes", "ten time", "10", "10 time" ]

[ { "id": "3016293", "score": "1.5750573", "text": "achieve an average speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). He had grown up \"when speed was regarded as the essential thing on the railway\". But disappointment in his trip came when he realised that despite the train's much-publicised but very brief dash at 160 km/h, the journey, over all, had the leisurely features of a branch-line train. ... In the end, the journey took 4 hours and 37 minutes – 20 minutes longer than scheduled, at an average speed of 70.6 kilometres per hour. I was absolutely appalled by the whole thing. After I flew home that night,", "title": "Paul Wild (Australian scientist)" }, { "id": "390741", "score": "1.5299368", "text": "by the time interval. For example, if a distance of 80 kilometres is driven in 1 hour, the average speed is 80 kilometres per hour. Likewise, if 320 kilometres are travelled in 4 hours, the average speed is also 80 kilometres per hour. When a distance in kilometres (km) is divided by a time in hours (h), the result is in kilometres per hour (km/h). Average speed does not describe the speed variations that may have taken place during shorter time intervals (as it is the entire distance covered divided by the total time of travel), and so average speed", "title": "Speed" }, { "id": "3016296", "score": "1.5185758", "text": "progressively shorter. Eventually he fixed on the notion of completing the journey in three hours, which would be highly competitive with air travel. That meant a speed of 350 kilometres an hour – although the world's fastest train at that time, the French TGV, only travelled at 270 km/h. (Later he was to set his sights on a symbolic speed, just as 60 miles per hour had been the target in his youth: 360 kilometres an hour, because it represented 100 metres per second.) In April 1984, he and several CSIRO senior staff members, and a senior engineering manager from", "title": "Paul Wild (Australian scientist)" }, { "id": "13671224", "score": "1.4987235", "text": "Kilometres per hour The kilometre per hour (American English: kilometer per hour) is a unit of speed, expressing the number of kilometres travelled in one hour. Internationally, km/h is the most commonly used unit of speed on traffic signs and speedometers. Although the metre was formally defined in 1799, the term \"kilometres per hour\" did not come into immediate use – the myriametre () and myriametre per hour were preferred to kilometres and kilometres per hour. In 1802 the term \"\"myriamètres par heure\"\" appeared in French literature and many French maps printed in the first half of the nineteenth century", "title": "Kilometres per hour" }, { "id": "6681823", "score": "1.4921923", "text": "11.5 hours. Aitken (1977) assumes that 1 h takes to cover 3 mi (5 km) on paths, tracks and roads, while this is reduced to 2½ mi (4 km) on all other surfaces. For both distances he gives an additional 1 h per 2000 ft (600 m) of ascent. So Aitken doesn't take into account equivalence between distance and climb (proposed by Scarf in 1998). Langmuir (1984) extends the rule on descent. He assumes the Naismith's base speed of 5 km/h and makes the following further refinements for going downhill: Later he says i.e., that fitness of the slowest member", "title": "Naismith's rule" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Speed limits by country\n\nA speed limit is the limit of speed allowed by law for road vehicles, usually the maximum speed allowed. Occasionally, there is a minimum speed limit. Advisory speed limits also exist, which are recommended but not mandatory speeds. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or local governments.", "title": "Speed limits by country" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fastest animals\n\nThis is a list of the fastest animals in the world, by types of animal.", "title": "Fastest animals" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Speed of light" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Light-year\n\nA light-year, alternatively spelled light year, is a large unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (), or 5.88 trillion miles (). As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). Because it includes the time-measurement word \"year\", the term \"light-year\" is sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of time.\n\nThe \"light-year\" is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist contexts and popular science publications.<ref name=es18/> The unit most commonly used in professional astronomy is the parsec (symbol: pc, about 3.26 light-years) which derives from astrometry; it is the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second of arc.<ref name=\"IAUgen\"/>", "title": "Light-year" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Speed limit\n\nSpeed limits on road traffic, as used in most countries, set the legal maximum speed at which vehicles may travel on a given stretch of road. Speed limits are generally indicated on a traffic sign reflecting the maximum permitted speed - expressed as kilometres per hour (km/h) and/or miles per hour (mph). Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and judicial authorities. Speed limits may also be variable, or in some places nonexistent, such as on most of the Autobahnen in Germany.\n\nThe first numeric speed limit for automobiles was the limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861.\n\nThere are several reasons to regulate speed on roads. It is often done in an attempt to improve road traffic safety and to reduce the number of casualties from traffic collisions. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified speed control as one of a number of steps that can be taken to reduce road casualties. As of 2021, the WHO estimates that approximately 1.3 million people die of road traffic crashes each year.\n\nAuthorities may also set speed limits to reduce the environmental impact of road traffic (vehicle noise, vibration, emissions) or to enhance the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, and other road-users. For example, a draft proposal from Germany's National Platform on the Future of Mobility task force recommended a blanket 130 km/h (81 mph) speed limit across the Autobahnen to curb fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Some cities have reduced limits to as little as for both safety and efficiency reasons. However, some research indicates that changes in the speed limit may not always alter average vehicle speed.<ref>\n</ref>\nLower speed-limits could reduce the use of over-engineered vehicles.<ref>", "title": "Speed limit" }, { "id": "9469752", "score": "1.491508", "text": "0 to 60 mph The time it takes to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h or 0 to 27 m/s) is a commonly used performance measure for automotive acceleration in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the rest of the world, 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62.1 mph) is used. Present performance cars are capable of going from 0 to 60 mph in under 6 seconds, while exotic cars can do 0 to 60 mph in between 3 and 4 seconds, whereas motorcycles have been able to achieve these figures with sub-500cc since", "title": "0 to 60 mph" }, { "id": "13314642", "score": "1.4812572", "text": "drops to 80 km/h (formerly 90 km/h before freeway works completed). The Western Ring Road between the Western Highway and the Tullamarine Freeway is configured with variable speed limits, which can vary between 60 km/h and 100 km/h depending upon traffic conditions. Standard travel time for the M80 Ring Road is 25 minutes (19 minutes on the Western Ring Road and 6 minutes on the Metropolitan Ring Road) in both directions. However, peak period freeway travel times typically vary between 30 and 45 minutes in each direction, unless there are significant incidents, which can stretch travel times from 50 minutes", "title": "M80 Ring Road, Melbourne" }, { "id": "8235238", "score": "1.4629576", "text": "However, many existing roads, especially subarterial roads in urban areas, have had 60 km/h limits posted on them. Queensland's Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Speed Controls) states that 60 km/h is the general minimum speed limit for traffic-carrying roads. The Northern Territory has retained the 60 km/h limit; however, 50 km/h is also a common speed limit (particularly in residential areas). Outside of built up areas, a \"prima facie\" speed limit applied. In New South Wales and Victoria, the \"prima facie\" speed limit was 50 miles per hour (80 km/h in New South Wales after metrication). In the 1970s", "title": "Speed limits in Australia" }, { "id": "390742", "score": "1.4576588", "text": "is often quite different from a value of instantaneous speed. If the average speed and the time of travel are known, the distance travelled can be calculated by rearranging the definition to Using this equation for an average speed of 80 kilometres per hour on a 4-hour trip, the distance covered is found to be 320 kilometres. Expressed in graphical language, the slope of a tangent line at any point of a distance-time graph is the instantaneous speed at this point, while the slope of a chord line of the same graph is the average speed during the time interval", "title": "Speed" }, { "id": "6220484", "score": "1.45683", "text": "km/h north of Mora and usually 90 km/h south thereof. There are 27 road crossings or intersections where the Swedish E45 does not follow the straight direction. There are 26 level crossings with railways. The ferry Gothenburg–Frederikshavn has about 7 daily departures and takes 2–3½ hours. In Denmark the E 45 is a motorway (speed limit 110 km/h – 130 km/h) from the south of Frederikshavn to the Denmark–Germany border. The E 45 has no other national number. It connects to the E 39 and E 20 motorways. In 1992 it was renamed from E 3 (which actually before 1985", "title": "European route E45" }, { "id": "5657150", "score": "1.456503", "text": "s (manual: in the 5th or 6th gear, last 10 s with clutch disengaged), and idles for another 20 s (manual: in neutral). Total duration is 400 s (6 minutes 40 s econds) and theoretical distance is 6956 meters, with an average speed of 62.6 km/h. The combined fuel economy is calculated by a total consumption of urban and extra-urban cycles over the total distance (theoretical 10932 meters). The total test time amounts to 1180 s with an average speed of 33.35 km/h. Sometimes the NEDC is also quoted at 1220 s, which includes the initial 40 s with the", "title": "New European Driving Cycle" }, { "id": "1640421", "score": "1.4521321", "text": "as myrio-) is obsolete and not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960. 10 kilometres is equal to: A length of 100 kilometres (about 62 miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in measurements on Earth and for some astronomical objects. It is the altitude at which the FAI defines spaceflight to begin. To help compare orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometres (10 and 10 metres). A distance of 100 kilometres is equal to about 62 miles (or ). To help compare different orders of magnitude", "title": "Orders of magnitude (length)" }, { "id": "6966344", "score": "1.4471846", "text": "80 km/h, the allowance is five kilometres per hour. At nominal speeds of 80–160 km/h, the tolerance is ten kilometres per hour and at speeds in excess of 160 km/h, it is fifteen kilometres per hour. In the centre of the driver's desk in a TGV cab, just below the windscreen, there is a double or triple row of square indicators. This is where target speeds for the current and subsequent blocks are displayed to the driver, in the form of numbers (in kilometres per hour) on a colour-coded background. Full line speed is indicated in black numerals on a", "title": "Transmission Voie-Machine" }, { "id": "1535880", "score": "1.4395432", "text": "examining speeds in both kilometres per hour and miles per hour. The judge was quoted as saying the speed seemed \"very excessive\" at 180 km/h but did not look \"as bad\" at 112 mph; a reduced fine was still imposed on the speeding driver. Miles per hour is the unit also used in the Canadian rail system, which uses km/h on roads. Nautical and aeronautical applications favour the knot as a common unit of speed. (One knot is one nautical mile per hour, with a nautical mile being exactly 1,852 meters or about 6,076 feet.) In some countries mph may", "title": "Miles per hour" }, { "id": "9469756", "score": "1.4362078", "text": "United States use a \"1 feet rollout\", which means that the timer is only started once the car has traveled 11.5 inches, reducing the measured time by up to 0.3 second. 0 to 60 mph The time it takes to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h or 0 to 27 m/s) is a commonly used performance measure for automotive acceleration in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the rest of the world, 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62.1 mph) is used. Present performance cars are capable of going from 0 to 60 mph", "title": "0 to 60 mph" }, { "id": "13671225", "score": "1.4356554", "text": "had scales in leagues and myriametres, but not in kilometres. The Dutch on the other hand adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the \"mijl\". Several representations of \"kilometres per hour\" have been used since the term was introduced and many are still in use today; for example, dictionaries list \"km/h\", \"kmph\" and \"km/hr\" as English abbreviations. The SI representations, classified as symbols, are \"km/h\", \"\" and \"\". Abbreviations for \"kilometres per hour\" did not appear in the English language until the late nineteenth century. The kilometre, a unit of length, first appeared in English", "title": "Kilometres per hour" }, { "id": "1991949", "score": "1.4291868", "text": "the 100 km/h allowed for class 60. Classes 63 and 65 are modified by replacing Sulzer engines with 2 stroke 8 cylinders EMD 8-710G which develop 2150 hp at crankshaft at 900 rpm, the generators were replaced with alternators and DC traction motors were replaced with new ones. Class 63 has as max speed 120 km/h while class 65 is limited to 100 km/h. 63 and 65 are in service for CFR Calatori only in passenger coaches' traction. 63 and 65 do not feature Dynamic Braking Systems available in North America The following classes are in service: CFR Călători uses", "title": "Căile Ferate Române" }, { "id": "102150", "score": "1.4260495", "text": "it makes no sense to ask whether 1 hour is more, the same, or less than 1 kilometer, as these have different dimensions, nor to add 1 hour to 1 kilometer. However, it makes perfect sense to ask whether 1 mile is more, the same, or less than 1 kilometer being the same dimension of physical quantity even though the units are different. On the other hand, if an object travels 100 km in 2 hours, one may divide these and conclude that the object's average speed was 50 km/h. The rule implies that in a physically meaningful \"expression\" only", "title": "Dimensional analysis" }, { "id": "13671231", "score": "1.4254539", "text": "States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration promulgated a rule stating that \"MPH and/or km/h\" were to be used in speedometer displays. On May 15, 2000 this was clarified to read \"MPH, or MPH and km/h\". However, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 101 (\"Controls and Displays\") allows \"any combination of upper- and lowercase letters\" to represent the units. Kilometres per hour The kilometre per hour (American English: kilometer per hour) is a unit of speed, expressing the number of kilometres travelled in one hour. Internationally, km/h is the most commonly used unit of speed on traffic signs and speedometers.", "title": "Kilometres per hour" }, { "id": "433086", "score": "1.4238636", "text": "left. The maximum speed limit is 70 miles per hour (112 km/h) on motorways and dual carriageways. On 29 April 2015, the UK Supreme Court ruled that the government must take immediate action to cut air pollution, following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth. The National Cycle Network, created by the charity Sustrans, is the UK's major network of signed routes for cycling. It uses dedicated bike paths as well as roads with minimal traffic, and covers 14,000 miles, passing within a mile of half of all homes. Other cycling routes such as The National Byway, the Sea", "title": "Transport in the United Kingdom" } ]

[ "horse veterinarian", "veterinary opthamologist", "Doctor of Veterinary Medicine", "Veterinary Medical Doctor", "veternarian", "Doctor of Veterinary Science", "D.V.M.", "Horse veterinarian", "Vet's office", "veterinarian", "Veterinarians", "Equine veterinarian", "vet s office", "Vet (profession)", "Veterinarian", "veterinarians", "veterinary physicians", "Veterinary practioners", "veterinary medical doctor", "equine veterinarian", "Veterinary physicians", "Veterinary practice", "Veterinary opthamologist", "veterinary physician", "Veternarian", "vet profession", "d v m", "doctor of veterinary science", "doctor of veterinary medicine", "veterinary practioners", "Doctor of veterinary medicine", "veterinary practice", "Veterinary physician" ]

[ { "id": "15945808", "score": "1.4835377", "text": "small-scale sites. An undercover investigation into the recruiting practices, administration and facilities at the Academy de London and London School of Business and Finance An investigation into the effectiveness of the UK's cancer screening programme, exploring how some testing regimes have better early diagnosis and detection rates than others. An investigation uncovers pressures, abuse and violence - as well as locked fire doors and lies about health and safety - behind the closed doors of Dhaka's sweatshops. Presented by Laura Kuenssberg, who had provided extensive coverage in the aftermath of the Rana Plaza factory disaster in April 2013 as \"ITV", "title": "Exposure (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "10909990", "score": "1.4171486", "text": "mat in Season 1, he will \"hand over to the professionals\" or remove himself from danger. Really Big Things Really Big Things is a series about massive man-made marvels like big machines, giant telescopes, skyscrapers and other massive structures. It airs on the Discovery Channel, HD Theater and Science Channel. It is now being aired on the UK version of the Discovery Channel in the early slot of 04:40am Matt Rogers presents the show in a semi-comedy fashion, often giving the viewers the impression he is a maverick with little regard for common sense, although when faced with true danger,", "title": "Really Big Things" }, { "id": "12029602", "score": "1.3885677", "text": "Richmond and is open to the public. Other extensive parts, including the living room and the dispensary, are on display at The World of James Herriot museum in Thirsk, which is also open to the public. \"There was something about the series. It had the right content,\" recalled producer Bill Sellars. \"It became a world favourite, and at its height was actually watched by twenty million viewers.\" The series occupied a slot in the TV week that helped solidify it as Sunday-evening fare. In the BBC documentary on the series, David Butcher of the \"Radio Times\" said: \"At the end", "title": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)" }, { "id": "17985113", "score": "1.3871334", "text": "most of the subject matter. Though there were some intriguing snippets of information, this wasn't really the most accessible format for the general viewer\". Was one review of the show. \"Dyckhoff emphasises the \"battles\" with breathless superlatives. Instead, some major issues of conservation are intelligently aired: the conflict between heritage and environmentalism in retaining traditional rural land management; or that conservation of the physical doesn’t necessarily include the community\". Later released as a DVD running 420 mins. Saving Britain's Past Saving Britain's Past is a British factual television series presented by Tom Dyckhoff that was first broadcast on BBC Two", "title": "Saving Britain's Past" }, { "id": "9908907", "score": "1.3833575", "text": "BAFTA coverage on BBC One. The series has been compared to \"Doc Martin\", another ITV series featuring a professional working in a rural town. The ratings for the first episode of Series 3 were affected by a scheduling clash with the finale of \"The Apprentice\" on BBC One; the episode had 4.95 million viewers and a 19.1% audience share. Filming of the series in Swaffham and surrounding areas has given a boost to the local economy, dubbed \"the \"Kingdom\" effect\" by producer Georgina Lowe. Businesses have capitalised on the popularity of the series by offering guided tours of featured locations,", "title": "Kingdom (UK TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)\n\nAll Creatures Great and Small is a British television series made by the BBC and based on the books of the British veterinary surgeon Alf Wight, who wrote under the pseudonym James Herriot. The title aired over seven series, totalling 90 episodes, from 1978 to 1990. A remake premiered in 2020.\n\nSet in the Yorkshire Dales and beginning in the mid-1930s, it stars Christopher Timothy as Herriot, Robert Hardy as Siegfried Farnon (based on Donald Sinclair), the proprietor of the Skeldale House surgery, and Peter Davison as Siegfried's \"little brother\", Tristan (based on Brian Sinclair). Herriot's wife, Helen (based on Joan Wight), was initially played by Carol Drinkwater and in the latter series by Lynda Bellingham.\n\nThe series was produced throughout its run by Bill Sellars. In early 1977, the BBC tasked him with the creation of a television series from Herriot's first two novels, \"If Only They Could Talk\" (1970) and \"It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet\" (1972), using the title of the 1975 film adaptation. It is part of a series of movies and television series based on Herriot's novels. The Herriot novels were written in an episodic style, with each chapter generally containing a short story within the ongoing narrative of Herriot's life. This format greatly facilitated their adaptation for a television series.\n\nThe series had two runs: the original (1978 to 1980, based directly on Herriot's books) was for three series; the second (1988 to 1990, filmed with original scripts but generally regarded as a continuation of the 1978 series) for four. A total of ninety episodes was broadcast. The supporting cast, both recurring and one-offs, numbers over 600, most of whom appear as farmers or clients of the surgery. In 2020, a remake, also titled \"All Creatures Great and Small\", was produced by Playground Entertainment for Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and PBS in the United States.\n", "title": "All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Pokémon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paranormal Activity\n\nParanormal Activity is a 2007 American supernatural horror film produced, written, directed, photographed and edited by Oren Peli. It centers on a young couple (Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat) who are haunted by a supernatural presence in their home. They then set up a camera to document what is haunting them. The film utilizes found-footage conventions that were mirrored in the later films of the series.\n\nOriginally developed as an independent feature and given film festival screenings in 2007, the film was shot for $15,000. It was then acquired by Paramount Pictures and modified, particularly with a new ending that cost an additional $200,000. It was given a limited U.S. release on September 25, 2009, and then a nationwide release on October 16, 2009. The film earned nearly $108 million at the U.S. box office and a further $85 million internationally for a worldwide total of $193 million. as this is likely to exclude marketing costs.\n\nThe film is the first entry in the \"Paranormal Activity\" film series. A parallel sequel, \"Paranormal Activity 2\", was released in 2010. The success of the first two films would spawn additional films in the series: the prequel \"Paranormal Activity 3\" in 2011, and sequel to the second film, \"Paranormal Activity 4\" in 2012. The fifth installment and spin-off, , was released in 2014, and the sixth installment, , was released in 2015. A video game, \"The Lost Soul\", was released in 2017, while a seventh film, , was released in 2021.", "title": "Paranormal Activity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction\n\nApocalyptic fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that is concerned with the end of civilization due to a potentially existential catastrophe such as nuclear warfare, pandemic, extraterrestrial attack, impact event, cybernetic revolt, technological singularity, dysgenics, supernatural phenomena, divine judgment, climate change, resource depletion or some other general disaster. Post-apocalyptic fiction is set in a world or civilization after such a disaster. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the travails or psychology of survivors, or considerably later, often including the theme that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been forgotten (or mythologized).\n\"Apocalypse\" is a Greek word referring to the end of the world. Apocalypticism is the religious belief that there will be an apocalypse, a term which originally referred to a revelation of God's will, but now usually refers to belief that the world will come to an end very soon, even within one's own lifetime.\n\nApocalyptic fiction does not portray catastrophes, or disasters, or near-disasters that do not result in apocalypse. A threat of an apocalypse does not make a piece of fiction apocalyptic. For example, \"Armageddon\" and \"Deep Impact\" are considered disaster films and not apocalyptic fiction because, although Earth or humankind are terribly threatened, in the end they manage to avoid destruction. Apocalyptic fiction is not the same as fiction that provides visions of a dystopian future. George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", for example, is dystopian fiction, not apocalyptic fiction.\n\n\n", "title": "List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Roald Dahl\n\nRoald Dahl (13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short-story writer, poet, screenwriter, and wartime fighter ace of Norwegian descent. His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide. Dahl has been called \"one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century\".<ref name=IND/>\n\nDahl was born in Wales to affluent Norwegian immigrant parents, and spent most of his life in England. He served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. He became a fighter pilot and, subsequently, an intelligence officer, rising to the rank of acting wing commander. He rose to prominence as a writer in the 1940s with works for children and for adults, and he became one of the world's best-selling authors.\n\nDahl's short stories are known for their unexpected endings, and his children's books for their unsentimental, macabre, often darkly comic mood, featuring villainous adult enemies of the child characters.<ref name=INT/> His children's books champion the kindhearted and feature an underlying warm sentiment. His works for children include \"James and the Giant Peach\", \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\", \"Matilda\", \"The Witches\", \"Fantastic Mr Fox\", \"The BFG\", \"The Twits\", \"George's Marvellous Medicine\" and \"Danny, the Champion of the World\". His works for older audiences include the short story collections \"Tales of the Unexpected\" and \"The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More\".", "title": "Roald Dahl" }, { "id": "1951157", "score": "1.3807786", "text": "\"Strictly Come Dancing\", \"House of Cards\", \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" (genealogy series where a celebrity traces their family tree), \"Black Mirror\" (created by Charlie Brooker), \"Sherlock\", \"Doctor Who\", \"Downton Abbey\", \"The Crown\" and \"Top Gear\". David Attenborough's acclaimed nature documentaries, including \"The Blue Planet\", \"Planet Earth\" and \"Life on Earth\", are produced by the BBC Natural History Unit, the largest wildlife documentary production house in the world. The British Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes in 2000 was voted by industry insiders. In 2004 the BBC conducted a poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom.", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "12029582", "score": "1.3679237", "text": "the television series but with different names. These include Bedale, Keld, Gunnerside, West Witton, West Burton, Muker, Semerwater, Countersett, Coverdale, West Scrafton (where the Herriots holidayed), Middleham, Sutton Bank and Oughtershaw, which is \"some of Yorkshire's bleakest country\". When it came to the oft-joked-about insertion of an arm into a cow's rear end, Davison said: \"People think we cheated, or something. I tell them that the BBC are not going to pay for a stunt cow that I can put my arm up.\" Robert Hardy added: \"It's enchanting, because once you've got your hand inside you can understand how the", "title": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)" }, { "id": "9626889", "score": "1.3569162", "text": "advocating the dismantling of transnational criminal networks involved in illegal trade, pressing for better legislation and the closure of key markets, advocating improved enforcement techniques and exposing transnational organised criminal networks. Key campaign areas include: In 1995, Independent Television Network (ITV) broadcast a TV series called The Animal Detectives in the UK. The series commissioned by Carlton Television was produced by Goldhawk together with Ecodetectives, a company owned by directors of EIA. The series, based on EIA's undercover investigation work into the trade in endangered species, showed footage from EIA's undercover filming. The series had seven episodes, each covering a", "title": "Environmental Investigation Agency" }, { "id": "12029581", "score": "1.356092", "text": "'expertise'.\" \"It was very important to get the crew on side,\" explained director Tony Virgo. \"The BBC camera crews back then could be very stubborn, and if you weren't careful, you could be stuck with, 'Well, we always do it like this...' or 'No, we can't do that...' But if you said good morning to them all and had a bit of a joke and a laugh, they would bend over backwards for you.\" \"James Herriot's Yorkshire\", written by the vet and published in 1979, mentions several of his favourite locations in \"his\" Yorkshire, many of which were used in", "title": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)" }, { "id": "13776004", "score": "1.3540485", "text": "its intention to close production facilities at its Norwich base stating, \"volume is no longer at the level necessary to sustain the overheads and investment needs\". The London Scene (1961) The first \"Survival\" and a landmark for television natural history. \"The London Scene\" was screened on ITV on 1 February 1961 and presented by Aubrey Buxton. The capital was chosen because television viewing was concentrated in urban areas and demonstrating how creatures like foxes, Arctic geese, herons and even a puffin shared the living space with the citizens of London, had obvious appeal. But actually filming the animals in an", "title": "Survival (TV series)" }, { "id": "20457738", "score": "1.352749", "text": "\"two low-level cops who have spent far too much time in a car together; two criminals who are largely kept in the dark; two dispatch workers who haven’t really clicked; and two Mexican tunnelers who are in way too small a space considering they’ve only just met.\" On August 1, 2017, it was announced that CBS All Access had given the production, an American adaptation of the Australian television series \"No Activity\", a series order. Executive producers were expected to include Will Ferrell, Adam McKay, Patrick Brammall, Trent O’Donnell, Jason Burrows and Joe Farrell. Production companies involved with the series", "title": "No Activity (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "12029557", "score": "1.3485589", "text": "cast were so good, they would see the boom in the corner of their eye and know when it was going to be over their head — then they would start speaking.\" Separate crews were used for studio recording and exteriors. In early 1978, news came from London: \"The BBC, planning all their schedules and choosing their programmes, were pestering me after the first series,\" remembered Bill Sellars. \"'We want thirteen more episodes now!' I'd say, 'Where are we going to get all this from, Ted?'\" \"They commissioned a second series,\" explained Peter Davison. \"This time they wanted the show", "title": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)" }, { "id": "12442156", "score": "1.3468795", "text": "All the Small Things (TV series) All the Small Things (alternatively titled Heart and Soul in some countries) is a British television drama, produced by the BBC and created and developed by Debbie Horsfield. Following the lives and ambitions of a church choir and its members, the programme began airing on 31 March 2009 and ran for six episodes. The programme frequently features musical performances from its cast, usually popular music. The programme's title is taken from \"All the Small Things\", a hit song from the American pop punk band Blink-182. The initial idea for the programme came from creator", "title": "All the Small Things (TV series)" }, { "id": "12442161", "score": "1.3438833", "text": "\"Rakkautta ja riitasointuja\" (Love and discords). All the Small Things (TV series) All the Small Things (alternatively titled Heart and Soul in some countries) is a British television drama, produced by the BBC and created and developed by Debbie Horsfield. Following the lives and ambitions of a church choir and its members, the programme began airing on 31 March 2009 and ran for six episodes. The programme frequently features musical performances from its cast, usually popular music. The programme's title is taken from \"All the Small Things\", a hit song from the American pop punk band Blink-182. The initial idea", "title": "All the Small Things (TV series)" }, { "id": "12029508", "score": "1.3422346", "text": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series) All Creatures Great and Small is a British television series based on the books of the British veterinary surgeon Alf Wight, who wrote under the pseudonym James Herriot. In early 1977, the BBC tasked producer Bill Sellars with the creation of a television series from Herriot's first two novels, \"If Only They Could Talk\" and \"It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet\", using the title of the 1975 film adaptation. It is part of a series of movies and television series based on Herriot's novels. The Herriot novels were written in an episodic style,", "title": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)" }, { "id": "10115781", "score": "1.3415217", "text": "Discover Science & Engineering (DSE) awareness programme, which is managed by Forfás on behalf of the Office of Science and Technology at the Department Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation. Scope (Irish TV series) SCOPE was a science television series produced in conjunction with Irish broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). Each show was a 25-minute, fast moving 'MTV’-style programme targeting young people. It aimed to interest young people in science and engineering and to give a wide perspective on the range of careers available in these areas. The 2007 series was the fourth in successive years and visited a wide range of", "title": "Scope (Irish TV series)" }, { "id": "9846715", "score": "1.3385751", "text": "would have likely made the series one-dimensional and more overtly sexist. Two compilation episodes, called UKU Uncut were made and broadcast in early 2005, which contained very graphic language and adult humour - these have never been shown again, possibly due to the re-branding of the channel by ITV. UK Uncovered UK Uncovered is a British reality television show that was filmed on location as part of a national tour, visiting nearly every major town and city in the United Kingdom. Three series aired originally on the Men and Motors cable/satellite channel in the United Kingdom, operated by ITV plc,", "title": "UK Uncovered" }, { "id": "10909989", "score": "1.3380373", "text": "Really Big Things Really Big Things is a series about massive man-made marvels like big machines, giant telescopes, skyscrapers and other massive structures. It airs on the Discovery Channel, HD Theater and Science Channel. It is now being aired on the UK version of the Discovery Channel in the early slot of 04:40am Matt Rogers presents the show in a semi-comedy fashion, often giving the viewers the impression he is a maverick with little regard for common sense, although when faced with true danger, such as standing by a dumper truck tipping and cutting the restraining wires on a concrete", "title": "Really Big Things" }, { "id": "12104357", "score": "1.3364093", "text": "Life (UK TV series) Life is a British nature documentary series created and produced by the BBC in association with The Open University. It was first broadcast as part of the BBC's Darwin Season on BBC One and BBC HD from October to December 2009. The series takes a global view of the specialised strategies and extreme behaviour that living things have developed in order to survive; what Charles Darwin termed \"the struggle for existence\". Four years in the making, the series was shot entirely in high definition. \"Life\" premiered on 12 October 2009 in the United Kingdom consisting of", "title": "Life (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "12104373", "score": "1.3337579", "text": "Books () on 1 October 2009. Life (UK TV series) Life is a British nature documentary series created and produced by the BBC in association with The Open University. It was first broadcast as part of the BBC's Darwin Season on BBC One and BBC HD from October to December 2009. The series takes a global view of the specialised strategies and extreme behaviour that living things have developed in order to survive; what Charles Darwin termed \"the struggle for existence\". Four years in the making, the series was shot entirely in high definition. \"Life\" premiered on 12 October 2009", "title": "Life (UK TV series)" } ]

[ "sporadic goitre", "simple goitre", "goiter endemic", "Sporadic goiter", "goiters", "Goiter, endemic", "goitrous", "Goiters", "derbyshire neck", "Goiter", "Goitrousness", "struma medicine", "Derbyshire neck", "Sporadic goitre", "Goitres", "Goitre", "goitres", "Goitrously", "diffuse goitre", "goider", "Struma (medicine)", "Bronchiocele", "bronchiocele", "goitrousness", "Diffuse goitre", "Derbyshire Neck", "Goitrous", "sporadic goiter", "goiter", "goitrously", "Simple goitre", "Goider", "goitre" ]

[ { "id": "4195827", "score": "1.6769907", "text": "became available for scale-up in 2001, a body of scientific literature has been emerging to support the DFS initiative including studies conducted in Ghana, India, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya and Morocco. In some countries, table salt is treated with potassium fluoride to enhance dental health. In India and China, diethylcarbamazine has been added to salt to combat lymphatic filariasis. Iodised salt Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine. The ingestion of iodine prevents iodine deficiency. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "4732886", "score": "1.6761456", "text": "Some table salt sold for consumption contains additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans, and a deficiency of the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) and enlargement of the thyroid gland (endemic goitre) in adults or cretinism in children. Iodized salt has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, sodium iodide or sodium iodate. A small amount of dextrose", "title": "Salt" }, { "id": "4732887", "score": "1.6670281", "text": "may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used. The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)] 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the", "title": "Salt" }, { "id": "4195816", "score": "1.6353327", "text": "evaporating. Anti-caking agents such as calcium silicate are commonly added to table salt to prevent clumping. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities. According to public health experts, iodisation of salt may be the world's simplest and most cost-effective measure available to improve health, only costing US$0.05 per person per year. At the World Summit for Children in 1990, a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000. At that time, 25% of households consumed iodised salt, a proportion that increased to 66% by 2006. Salt producers are", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "4195812", "score": "1.6049854", "text": "Iodised salt Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine. The ingestion of iodine prevents iodine deficiency. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Deficiency also causes thyroid gland problems, including \"endemic goitre.\" In many countries, iodine deficiency is a major public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by purposely adding small amounts of iodine to the sodium chloride salt. Iodine is a micronutrient and dietary mineral that is naturally present in the food", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iodised salt\n\nIodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine. The ingestion of iodine prevents iodine deficiency. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Deficiency also causes thyroid gland problems, including endemic goitre. In many countries, iodine deficiency is a major public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by purposely adding small amounts of iodine to the sodium chloride salt.\n\nIodine is a micronutrient and dietary mineral that is naturally present in the food supply in some regions, especially near sea coasts but is generally quite rare in the Earth's crust since iodine is a so-called heavy element, and abundance of chemical elements generally declines with greater atomic mass. Where natural levels of iodine in the soil are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables, iodine added to salt provides the small but essential amount of iodine needed by humans.\n\nAn opened package of table salt with iodide may rapidly lose its iodine content in high temperature and high relative humidity conditions through the process of oxidation and iodine sublimation.", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Salt\n\nSalt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater. The open ocean has about of solids per liter of sea water, a salinity of 3.5%.\n\nSalt is essential for life in general, and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes. Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings, and is known to uniformly improve the taste perception of food, including otherwise unpalatable food. Salting, brining, and pickling are also ancient and important methods of food preservation.\n\nSome of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 6,000 BC, when people living in the area of present-day Romania boiled spring water to extract salts; a salt-works in China dates to approximately the same period. Salt was also prized by the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Hittites, Egyptians, and Indians. Salt became an important article of trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially built salt roads, and across the Sahara on camel caravans. The scarcity and universal need for salt have led nations to go to war over it and use it to raise tax revenues. Salt is used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural and traditional significance.\n\nSalt is processed from salt mines, and by the evaporation of seawater (sea salt) and mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine; salt is used in many industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp and many other products. Of the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, about 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency. As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods.\n\nSodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute. The World Health Organization recommends that adults consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium, equivalent to 5 grams of salt per day.", "title": "Salt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Potassium iodide\n\nPotassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. It is a supplement used by people with low dietary intake of iodine.\nCommon side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. Commercially it is made by mixing potassium hydroxide with iodine.\nPotassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Potassium iodide is available as a generic medication and over the counter. Potassium iodide is also used for the iodization of salt.", "title": "Potassium iodide" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dishwasher salt\n\nDishwasher salt is a particular grade of granulated, crystalline sodium chloride intended for regenerating the water softener circuit of household or industrial dishwashers. Analogous to water softener salt, dishwasher salt regenerates ion exchange resins, expelling the therein trapped calcium and magnesium ions that characterize hard water. Dishwater salt granules are larger than those of table salt. The granule size ensures that the salt dissolves slowly, and that fine particles do not block the softener unit.\n\nDishwasher salt is unsuitable for cooking as it is not considered food grade and therefore may contain toxic elements.\n\nIn some countries, especially those in Europe, dishwashers include a built-in water softener that removes calcium and magnesium ions from the water. Dishwasher salt, which is coarse-grained sodium chloride (table salt), is used to regenerate the resin in the built-in ion-exchange system. The coarse grains prevent it from clogging the softener unit. Unlike certain types of salt used for culinary purposes, it does not contain added anticaking agents or magnesium salts. The presence of magnesium salts will defeat the purpose of removing magnesium from the water softener. Anticaking agents may lead to clogging or may contain magnesium. Table salt may contain added iodine in the form of sodium iodide or potassium iodide. These compounds will not affect the ion-exchange system, but adding table salt to the dishwasher's water softening unit can damage it.\n\nIf a dishwasher has a built-in water softener there will be a special compartment inside the dishwasher where the salt is to be added when needed. This salt compartment is separate from the detergent compartment, and generally located at the bottom of the wash cabinet (this is below the bottom basket). On most dishwashers, an automatic sensing system will notify the user when more dishwasher salt is required.\n\nIf the dishwasher has run out of the salt that regenerates the ion exchange resin that softens the water, and the water supply is \"hard\", limescale deposits can appear on all items, but are especially visible on glassware.\n\nEven in areas with soft water there is a need to use dishwasher salt for the machine to work. There is an option to adjust the water hardness making the machine to use less amount of salt brine for every dish cycle.\n", "title": "Dishwasher salt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iodine\n\nIodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a violet gas at . The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek 'violet-coloured'.\n\nIodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I), iodate (), and the various periodate anions. It is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element. As the heaviest essential mineral nutrient, iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities.\n\nThe dominant producers of iodine today are Chile and Japan. Due to its high atomic number and ease of attachment to organic compounds, it has also found favour as a non-toxic radiocontrast material. Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer. Iodine is also used as a catalyst in the industrial production of acetic acid and some polymers.\n\nIt is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.", "title": "Iodine" }, { "id": "4195826", "score": "1.5944922", "text": "because the iodide can be oxidised by the foods and darken them—a harmless but aesthetically undesirable effect. Salt can also be double-fortified with iron and iodine. The iron is microencapsulated with stearin to prevent it from reacting with the iodine in the salt. By providing iron in addition to iodine in the convenient delivery vehicle of salt, it could serve as a sustainable approach to combating both iodine and iron deficiency disorders in areas where both deficiencies are prevalent. Adding iron to iodised salt is complicated by a number of chemical, technical, and organoleptic issues. Since a viable DFS premix", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "4195819", "score": "1.5854452", "text": "of 5 g a day. To avoid excess consumption of iodine, the iodizing of Brazilian table salt was reduced to 15–45 mg/kg in July 2013. Specialists criticized the move, saying that it would be better for the government to promote reduced salt intake, which would solve the iodine problem as well as reduce the incidence of high blood pressure. Salt sold to consumers in Canada for table and household use must be iodized with 0.01% potassium iodide. Sea salt and salt sold for other purposes, such as pickling, may be sold uniodized. Much of the Chinese population lives inland, far", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "5292874", "score": "1.5499216", "text": "lower the risk of cardiovascular disease have resulted in lower discretionary salt use at the table. Additionally, there is a trend towards consuming more processed foods in western countries. The noniodized salt used in these foods means that people are less likely to obtain iodine from adding salt during cooking. Goiter is said to be endemic when the prevalence in a population is > 5%, and in most cases goiter can be treated with iodine supplementation. If goiter is untreated for around five years, however, iodine supplementation or thyroxine treatment may not reduce the size of the thyroid gland because", "title": "Iodine deficiency" }, { "id": "4054671", "score": "1.5480884", "text": "adequate human iodine intake. To iodize salt, potassium iodate is added to salt after it is refined and dried and before it is packed. Although large-scale iodization is most efficient, given the proliferation of small scale salt producers in developing countries, technology for small-scale iodization has also been developed. International organizations work with national governments to identify and support small salt producers in adopting iodization activity. In 1990, less than 20 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt. By 1994, international partnerships had formed in a global campaign for Universal Salt Iodization. By 2008, it was estimated", "title": "Micronutrient" }, { "id": "13618382", "score": "1.5467069", "text": "of iodine include many marine organisms, such as kelp and certain seafood products, as well as plants grown on iodine-rich soil. Iodized salt is fortified with iodine. According to a Food Fortification Initiative 2016 report, 130 countries have mandatory iodine fortification of salt and an additional 10 have voluntary fortification. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation. Mental disability is a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of dietary iodine (new hypothyroidism in adults may cause temporary mental slowing, but not permanent", "title": "Iodine in biology" }, { "id": "4195815", "score": "1.538608", "text": "1952, 7.5 mg/kg in 1962, 15 mg/kg in 1980, 20 mg/kg in 1998, and 25 mg/kg in 2014. These increases were found to improve iodine status in the general Swiss population. Salt that is iodised with iodide may slowly lose its iodine content by exposure to excess air over long periods. Edible salt can be iodised by spraying it with a potassium iodate or potassium iodide solution. 57 grams of potassium iodate, costing about US$1.15 (in 2006), is required to iodise a ton (2,000 pounds) of salt. Dextrose is added as a stabilizer to prevent potassium iodide from oxidizing and", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "4195813", "score": "1.5292218", "text": "supply in some regions, especially near sea coasts, but is generally quite rare in the Earth's crust, since iodine is a so-called heavy element and abundance of chemical elements generally declines with greater atomic mass. Where natural levels of iodine in the soil are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables, iodine added to salt provides the small but essential amount of iodine needed by humans. An opened package of table salt with iodide may rapidly lose its iodine content through the process of oxidation and iodine sublimation. Four inorganic compounds are used as iodide sources, depending", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "5292886", "score": "1.5269645", "text": "for the adoption of the use of iodized salt require education of salt producers and sellers and a communication campaign directed at the public. The cost of adding iodine to salt is negligible—\"Only a few cents a ton.\" Iodine deficiency has largely been confined to the developing world for several generations, but reductions in salt consumption and changes in dairy processing practices eliminating the use of iodine-based disinfectants have led to increasing prevalence of the condition in Australia and New Zealand in recent years. A proposal to mandate the use of iodized salt in most commercial breadmaking was adopted there", "title": "Iodine deficiency" }, { "id": "5292871", "score": "1.5226274", "text": "is common. It is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in iodine-poor soil. Prevention includes adding small amounts of iodine to table salt, a product known as \"iodized salt\". Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk, in areas of deficiency. Seafood is also a well known source of iodine. In the U.S., the use of iodine has decreased over concerns of overdoses since mid-20th century, and the iodine antagonists bromine, perchlorate and fluoride have become more ubiquitous. In particular, around 1980 the practice of using potassium", "title": "Iodine deficiency" }, { "id": "7491572", "score": "1.5088785", "text": "\"Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the single greatest cause of preventable mental retardation. Severe deficiencies cause cretinism, stillbirth and miscarriage. But even mild deficiency can significantly affect the learning ability of populations. […] Today over 1 billion people in the world suffer from iodine deficiency, and 38 million babies born every year are not protected from brain damage due to IDD.\"—Kul Gautam, Deputy Executive Director, UNICEF, October 2007 Iodised salt has been used in the United States since before World War II. It was discovered in 1821 that goiters could be treated by the use of iodized salts. However, it", "title": "Food fortification" }, { "id": "3807688", "score": "1.503622", "text": "of KI include as a nutritional supplement in animal feeds and also the human diet. For the latter, it is the most common additive used to \"iodize\" table salt (a public health measure to prevent iodine deficiency in populations that get little seafood). The oxidation of iodide causes slow loss of iodine content from iodised salts that are exposed to excess air. The alkali metal iodide salt, over time and exposure to excess oxygen and carbon dioxide, slowly oxidizes to metal carbonate and elemental iodine, which then evaporates. Potassium iod\"ate\" (KIO) is used to add iodine to some salts so", "title": "Potassium iodide" }, { "id": "4195818", "score": "1.5024204", "text": "2003 and 2004 As a result of this study the Australian Government mandated that all bread with the exception of \"organic \" bread must use iodized salt.There remains concern that this initiative is not sufficient for pregnant and lactating women. Iodine Deficiency Disorders were detected as a major public health issue by Brazilian authorities in the 1950s, when about 20% of the population had goiter. The National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA) is responsible for setting the mandatory iodine content of table salt. The Brazilian diet averages 12 g of table salt per day, more than twice the recommended value", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "4195825", "score": "1.4992375", "text": "paper found that the nationwide distribution of iodine-fortified salt increased incomes by 11%, labor force participation by 0.68 percentage points and full time work by 0.9 percentage points. According to the study, \"These impacts were largely driven by changes in the economic outcomes of young women. In later adulthood, both men and women had higher family incomes due to iodization.\" In contrast to table salt, which often has iodide as well as anticaking ingredients, special canning and pickling salt is made for producing the brine to be used in pickling vegetables and other foodstuffs. This salt has no iodine added", "title": "Iodised salt" }, { "id": "12112295", "score": "1.4953576", "text": "The black market, however, is laden with the non-iodized counterpart and partially accounts for the population still be fairly saturated with IDDs. The levels of iodized salt were measured in a urinalysis of households in China. It was confirmed that about 15–25 mg/kg of iodized salt content in the diet was sufficient in preventing IDDs and preventing side effects of over consumption. In provinces where people are consuming less than this amount, there is an increased amount of improper brain development in children. Furthermore, one can see the relation between the importance of iodine in thyroid hormones and the IDD", "title": "Iodine deficiency in China" }, { "id": "7297201", "score": "1.4912295", "text": "salt, which is coarse-grained sodium chloride (table salt), is used to regenerate the resin in the built-in ion-exchange system. The coarse grains prevent it from clogging the softener unit. Unlike certain types of salt used for culinary purposes, it does not contain added anticaking agents or magnesium salts. The presence of magnesium salts will defeat the purpose of removing magnesium from the water softener. Anticaking agents may lead to clogging or may contain magnesium. Table salt may contain added iodine in the form of sodium iodide or potassium iodide. These compounds will not affect the ion-exchange system, but adding table", "title": "Dishwasher salt" } ]

[ "In the Atlantic Ocean, due south of Ghana and due West of Gabon.", "in atlantic ocean due south of ghana and due west of gabon" ]

[ { "id": "587061", "score": "1.4566729", "text": "it in several places for political reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands. The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a \"graticule\". The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about south of Tema, Ghana. On the GRS80 or WGS84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures \"30.715 metres\", one latitudinal minute is \"1843 metres\" and one latitudinal", "title": "Geographic coordinate system" }, { "id": "1277132", "score": "1.441077", "text": "is at 37°N. Roughly half the length of border between the United States and Canada follows 49°N. There are five major circles of latitude, listed below from north to south. The position of the Equator is fixed (90 degrees from Earth's axis of rotation) but the latitudes of the other circles depend on the tilt of this axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit, and so are not perfectly fixed. The values below are for : These circles of latitude, excluding the Equator, mark the divisions between the five principal geographical zones. The equator is the circle that is", "title": "Circle of latitude" }, { "id": "12214849", "score": "1.4409635", "text": "was met with strong objections by the United States and Great Britain. Subsequent negotiations resulted in a clear and permanent boundary for Russian America, the southward terminus of which was established at 54°40′ north. 51st parallel north The 51st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 51 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 16 hours, 33 minutes during the summer solstice and 7 hours, 55 minutes during the winter solstice. Capital cities between the 51st and", "title": "51st parallel north" }, { "id": "12138386", "score": "1.438937", "text": "50th parallel north The 50th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 50 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 16 hours, 22 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, 4 minutes during the winter solstice. The maximum altitude of the sun on the summer solstice is 63.5 degrees and on the winter solstice it is 16.5 degrees. At this latitude, the average sea surface temperature between 1982 and 2011 was about 8.5°C (47.3°F). Starting at", "title": "50th parallel north" }, { "id": "3054165", "score": "1.4340755", "text": "the measured point. By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180° For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used. The latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The common or \"geodetic latitude\" is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is normal to the reference ellipsoid. Depending on the flattening, it may be slightly different from the \"geocentric (geographic) latitude\", which", "title": "Reference ellipsoid" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Null Island\n\nNull Island is the point on Earth's surface at zero degrees latitude and zero degrees longitude (), i.e., where the prime meridian and the Equator intersect. Null Island is located in international waters in the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 600 km off the coast of West Africa, in the Gulf of Guinea. The exact point, using the WGS84 datum, is marked by the Soul buoy (named after the musical genre), a permanently-moored weather buoy.\n\nThe term \"Null Island\" jokingly refers to a fictional place at that location, and to a common cartographic placeholder name to which coordinates erroneously set to 0,0 are assigned in placename databases in order to more easily find and fix them. The nearest land () is to the north – a small Ghanaian islet offshore from Achowa Point between Akwidaa and Dixcove. The depth of the seabed beneath the Soul buoy is around . Although Null Island started as a joke within the geospatial community, its existence has both technological and social implications that promote Null Island as a recurring issue in geographic information science. ", "title": "Null Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Longitude\n\nLongitude (, ) is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians are semicircular lines running from pole to pole that connect points with the same longitude. The prime meridian defines 0° longitude; by convention the International Reference Meridian for the Earth passes near the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England on the island of Great Britain. Positive longitudes are east of the prime meridian, and negative ones are west.\n\nBecause of the Earth's rotation, there is a close connection between longitude and time measurement. Scientifically precise local time varies with longitude: a difference of 15° longitude corresponds to a one-hour difference in local time, due to the differing position in relation to the Sun. Comparing local time to an absolute measure of time allows longitude to be determined. Depending on the era, the absolute time might be obtained from a celestial event visible from both locations, such as a lunar eclipse, or from a time signal transmitted by telegraph or radio. The principle is straightforward, but in practice finding a reliable method of determining longitude took centuries and required the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds.\n\nA location's north–south position along a meridian is given by its \"latitude\", which is approximately the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal from the ground at that location.\n\nLongitude is generally given using the geodetic normal or the gravity direction. The astronomical longitude can differ slightly from the ordinary longitude because of \"vertical deflection\", small variations in Earth's gravitational field (see astronomical latitude).", "title": "Longitude" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geographic coordinate system\n\nThe geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or ellipsoidal coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on the Earth as latitude and longitude. It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system, the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface.\n\nA full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location.", "title": "Geographic coordinate system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prime meridian\n\nA prime meridian is an arbitrary meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides a spheroid, like Earth, into two hemispheres: the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere (for an east-west notational system). For Earth's prime meridian, various conventions have been used or advocated in different regions throughout history. Earth's current international standard prime meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian. It is derived, but differs slightly, from the Greenwich Meridian, the previous standard.\n\nA prime meridian for a planetary body not tidally locked (or at least not in synchronous rotation) is entirely arbitrary, unlike an equator, which is determined by the axis of rotation. However, for celestial objects that are tidally locked (more specifically, synchronous), their prime meridians are determined by the face always inward of the orbit (a planet facing its star, or a moon facing its planet), just as equators are determined by rotation.\n\nLongitudes for the Earth and Moon are measured from their prime meridian (at 0°) to 180° east and west. For all other Solar System bodies, longitude is measured from 0° (their prime meridian) to 360°. West longitudes are used if the rotation of the body is prograde (or 'direct', like Earth), meaning that its direction of rotation is the same as that of its orbit. East longitudes are used if the rotation is retrograde.", "title": "Prime meridian" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Longitude of the ascending node\n\nThe longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space. It is the angle from a specified reference direction, called the \"origin of longitude\", to the direction of the ascending node, as measured in a specified reference plane. The ascending node is the point where the orbit of the object passes through the plane of reference, as seen in the adjacent image. Commonly used reference planes and origins of longitude include:\n\nIn the case of a binary star known only from visual observations, it is not possible to tell which node is ascending and which is descending. In this case the orbital parameter which is recorded is simply labeled longitude of the node, Ω, and represents the longitude of whichever node has a longitude between 0 and 180 degrees.<ref name=\"tatum\" /><ref name=\"aitken\" />", "title": "Longitude of the ascending node" }, { "id": "6563211", "score": "1.4313493", "text": "40th parallel north The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours, 1 minute during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 20 minutes during the winter solstice. On 21 June, the maximum altitude of the sun is 73.83 degrees and 26.17 degrees on 21 December. Starting in Spain at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 40° north passes through: The parallel 40°", "title": "40th parallel north" }, { "id": "3005758", "score": "1.4260417", "text": "with the previous two examples gives 30M13, identifying a map sheet which includes the city of Vaughan, Ontario). All map series span four degrees of latitude, but are split differently east-to-west depending on the zones they are located in. Map series in the Southern and Arctic zones span eight degrees of longitude, while those in the High Arctic zone span sixteen degrees of longitude. The NTS designates the southernmost set of map series, from 40 to 44 degrees north latitude, with numbers that end with the digit 0, using 10, 20, 30 and 40. The third row, ending with the", "title": "National Topographic System" }, { "id": "232329", "score": "1.4257936", "text": "from 1 at the equator to 0 at the poles, which measures how circles of latitude shrink from the equator to a point at the pole, so the length of a degree of longitude decreases likewise. This contrasts with the small (1%) increase in the length of a degree of latitude (north-south distance), equator to pole. The table shows both for the WGS84 ellipsoid with = and = . Note that the distance between two points 1 degree apart on the same circle of latitude, measured along that circle of latitude, is slightly more than the shortest (geodesic) distance between", "title": "Longitude" }, { "id": "587059", "score": "1.4237595", "text": "of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The \"longitude\" (abbreviation: Long., λ, or lambda) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great", "title": "Geographic coordinate system" }, { "id": "232322", "score": "1.4134848", "text": "the location of a place on Earth east or west of the Prime Meridian. Each degree of longitude is sub-divided into 60 minutes, each of which is divided into 60 seconds. A longitude is thus specified in sexagesimal notation as 23° 27′ 30″ E. For higher precision, the seconds are specified with a decimal fraction. An alternative representation uses degrees and minutes, where parts of a minute are expressed in decimal notation with a fraction, thus: 23° 27.5′ E. Degrees may also be expressed as a decimal fraction: 23.45833° E. For calculations, the angular measure may be converted to radians,", "title": "Longitude" }, { "id": "3391688", "score": "1.4129767", "text": "Middle latitudes The middle latitudes (also called the mid-latitudes, sometimes midlatitudes, or moderate latitudes) of Earth lie between 23°26'22\" and 66°33'39\" north, and between 23°26'22\" and 66°33'39\" south. They include Earth's subtropical and temperate zones, which lie between the tropics and the polar circles (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle). Weather fronts and extratropical cyclones are usually found in this area, as well as occasional tropical cyclones, which have traveled from their areas of formation closer to the Equator. The prevailing winds in the middle latitudes are", "title": "Middle latitudes" }, { "id": "9453890", "score": "1.4104042", "text": "39th parallel north The 39th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 54 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 26 minutes during the winter solstice. Daylight along the 39th parallel north falls under 10 hours a day starting on 18 November and returns to over ten hours a day beginning 24 January. Crops and other plant growth is considerably slowed during this", "title": "39th parallel north" }, { "id": "232271", "score": "1.4103578", "text": "Latitude In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or \"parallels\", run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. On its own, the term latitude should be taken to be the \"geodetic latitude\" as defined below. Briefly, geodetic latitude at a point is the angle", "title": "Latitude" }, { "id": "5855648", "score": "1.4073751", "text": "of the military grid reference system (MGRS). They are however sometimes used. Each zone is segmented into 20 latitude bands. Each latitude band is 8 degrees high, and is lettered starting from \"C\" at 80°S, increasing up the English alphabet until \"X\", omitting the letters \"I\" and \"O\" (because of their similarity to the numerals one and zero). The last latitude band, \"X\", is extended an extra 4 degrees, so it ends at 84°N latitude, thus covering the northernmost land on Earth. Latitude bands \"A\" and \"B\" do exist, as do bands \"Y\" and \"Z\". They cover the western and", "title": "Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system" }, { "id": "12144052", "score": "1.4053847", "text": "(though some organisations and countries, notably Australia, have other definitions) and of the Antarctic Treaty System. It also marks the southern boundary of the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the Latin American Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. At this latitude the sun is visible for 18 hours, 52 minutes during the summer solstice and 5 hours, 52 minutes during the winter solstice. On December 21, the sun is at 53.83 degrees up in the sky and 6.17 degrees on June 21. The latitudes south of this parallel are often referred to as the Screaming 60s due to the prevailing high-speed, westerly winds which", "title": "60th parallel south" }, { "id": "290192", "score": "1.4046966", "text": "from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the North and South poles. The latitude of the North Pole is 90° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90° S. Mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the North Star Polaris with a sextant and using sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction. The height of Polaris in degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer, within a degree or so. Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of", "title": "Navigation" }, { "id": "14554550", "score": "1.4041903", "text": "latitude. Longitudinal slices are numbered 1 (180-174°West) through 60 (174-180°East). Latitudinal slices are named NA (0-4°North) through NV (84-88°North) and SA (0-4°South) through SV (84-88°South). For example Due to shortening of longitudinal distances with increasing latitude, longitudinal span beyond 60 degrees latitude doubles to twelve degrees. Beyond 76 degrees it doubles again to 24 degrees. This indexing system outlived the international project and is still used in national and international mapping programs by Australia, Russia and the United States. International Map of the World The International Map of the World (also called the Millionth Map, after its scale of 1:1000000)", "title": "International Map of the World" }, { "id": "12138494", "score": "1.4015324", "text": "60th parallel north The 60th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 60 degrees north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. Although it lies approximately twice as far away from the Equator as from the North Pole, the 60th parallel is half as long as the Equator line. This is where the Earth bulges halfway as much as on the Equator. At this latitude, the Sun is visible for 18 hours, 52 minutes during the June solstice and 5 hours, 52 minutes during the December solstice. The maximum", "title": "60th parallel north" }, { "id": "3409327", "score": "1.4013892", "text": "42nd parallel north The 42nd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 42 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours, 15 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 7 minutes during the winter solstice. The earth rotation speed at this latitude is roughly equal to the speed of sound. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 42° north passes through: The parallel 42° north forms most of the", "title": "42nd parallel north" }, { "id": "3409318", "score": "1.4000843", "text": "41st parallel north The 41st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 41 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours, 8 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 13 minutes during the winter solstice. Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 41° north passes through: In the United States, the parallel defines the southernmost border of Wyoming (bordering Utah and Colorado), and part of the border between Nebraska", "title": "41st parallel north" } ]

[ "cyclism", "Cyclists", "Bicycling", "Cycling", "bicyclists", "bikeriding", "Bicycle user", "bike riding", "Cyclist", "Bicycle riding", "Bicycle uses", "bicyclist", "cycling", "cyclist", "bicycle uses", "Bike riding", "bicycle riding", "🚴", "bicycling", "Pedal cyclist", "Bicyclist", "Cyclism", "cyclists", "Bikeriding", "Biking", "bicycle user", "Bike rider", "Bicyclists", "pedal cyclist", "biking", "bike rider" ]

[ { "id": "6410907", "score": "1.6918542", "text": "Andy Schleck Andy Raymond Schleck (; born 10 June 1985) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer. He won the 2010 Tour de France, being awarded it retroactively in February 2012 after Alberto Contador's hearing at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. He has also been the runner-up at the Tour twice; in 2009 and 2011. He is the younger brother of Fränk Schleck, also a professional rider between 2003 and 2016. Their father Johny Schleck rode the Tour de France and Vuelta a España between 1965 and 1974. Andy Schleck was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, and is", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "6410922", "score": "1.6578753", "text": "his bike, which were considered small for a man of his height. Andy Schleck Andy Raymond Schleck (; born 10 June 1985) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer. He won the 2010 Tour de France, being awarded it retroactively in February 2012 after Alberto Contador's hearing at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. He has also been the runner-up at the Tour twice; in 2009 and 2011. He is the younger brother of Fränk Schleck, also a professional rider between 2003 and 2016. Their father Johny Schleck rode the Tour de France and Vuelta a España between 1965", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "6410908", "score": "1.6478112", "text": "the youngest of Gaby and Johny Schleck's three sons. His older brother Fränk Schleck was also a cyclist on Trek Factory Racing, and his oldest brother Steve Schleck is a politician in Luxembourg. Andy's father, Johny Schleck, is a former professional cyclist and rode the Tour de France at the service of 1968 winner Jan Janssen and 1973 winner Luis Ocaña, and also managed to finish in the top 20 twice: 19th in 1970 and 20th in 1967. He won a stage in the 1970 Vuelta a España and the Luxembourg National Championships. Johny's father, Gustav Schleck, also contested events", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "6410911", "score": "1.6433866", "text": "the Tour de France, Andy won the major mountain stage in the Sachsen Tour, followed by the final stage, finishing 23rd overall. In 2007, he won the young rider classification in the Giro d'Italia and was second in the general classification after Danilo Di Luca. He finished fourth at the Giro di Lombardia after helping his brother Fränk, who crashed with six kilometres to go. In 2008, Schleck finished 4th in the Liège–Bastogne–Liège. His success continued in the Tour de France, in which he finished 12th overall, winning the young rider classification ahead of Roman Kreuziger and helping CSC win", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "8297161", "score": "1.6400652", "text": "15 km and 30 km events. In April 2014, Schlütter was appointed as Sporting Director of cross-country skiing of the German Ski Association. All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Andreas Schlütter Andreas Schlütter (born August 17, 1972) is a German cross-country skier who has been competing since 1993. He won 2 medals in the 4 × 10 km relay at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 2006 and a bronze in 2002. Schlütter's best individual Olympic finish was fourth in the 50 km event in 2002. Schlütter also has three 4 × 10 km relay", "title": "Andreas Schlütter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andy Schleck\n\nAndy Raymond Schleck (; born 10 June 1985) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer. He won the 2010 Tour de France, being awarded it retroactively in February 2012 after Alberto Contador's hearing at the Court of Arbitration for Sport.<ref name=\"TDF2010\"/> He has also been the runner-up at the Tour twice; in 2009 and 2011. He is the younger brother of Fränk Schleck, also a professional rider between 2003 and 2016. Their father Johny Schleck rode the Tour de France and Vuelta a España between 1965 and 1974.", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tour de France\n\nThe Tour de France () is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand Tours (the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España), it consists of 21 stages, each a day long, over the course of 23 days, coinciding with the Bastille Day holiday. It is the oldest of the Grand Tours and generally considered the most prestigious.\n\nThe race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper \"L'Auto\" and is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation. The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity, the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily French field as more riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year. The Tour is a UCI World Tour event, which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams, with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite. It has become \"the world's biggest annual sporting event.\"\n\nA similar race for women was held under different names between 1984 and 2009. Following criticism by campaigners and the professional women's peloton, a one/two day race (La Course by Le Tour de France) was held between 2014 and 2021, and Tour de France Femmes staged its first edition in 2022.<ref name=\":0\" />\n\nTraditionally, the bulk of the race is held in the month of July; the only exception to this in recent decades was the 2020 race, whose start was postponed to 29 August on account of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same, including the appearance of time trials, The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day-long segments (stages) over a 23-day period and cover around . The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France.\n\nThere are usually between 20 and 22 teams, with eight riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. While the general classification garners the most attention, there are other contests held within the Tour: the points classification for the sprinters, the mountains classification for the climbers, young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the team classification, based on the first three finishers from each team on each stage.<ref name=\"Telegraph Tour Info\"/> Achieving a stage win also provides prestige, often accomplished by a team's sprint specialist or a rider taking part in a breakaway.", "title": "Tour de France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sport in Luxembourg\n\nUnlike in most countries in Europe, sports in Luxembourg are not concentrated upon a particular national sport, but encompasses a number of sports, both team and individual. Despite the lack of a central sporting focus, over 100,000 people in Luxembourg, which has a total population of only 610,000, are licensed members of one sports federation or another.", "title": "Sport in Luxembourg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alberto Contador\n\nAlberto Contador Velasco (; born 6 December 1982) is a Spanish former professional cyclist. He is one of the most successful riders of his era, winning the Tour de France twice (2007, 2009), the Giro d'Italia twice (2008, 2015), and the Vuelta a España three times (2008, 2012, 2014). He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling, and one of only two riders to have won all three more than once. He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times.\n\nHe was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the team. During his time at the Astana team, he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia, the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France. Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered. This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana, although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race. After a long battle in court, he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins.\n\nContador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber, and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist. He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour, most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España. Following his return from suspension, he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more. On the penultimate day of his career, he won a stage victory at the mountaintop finish of the Alto de l'Angliru.", "title": "Alberto Contador" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Height in sports\n\nHeight can significantly influence success in sports, depending on how the design of the sport is linked to factors that are height-biased due to physics and biology. The balance of the intricate array of links will determine the degree to which height plays a role in success, if any.", "title": "Height in sports" }, { "id": "6410921", "score": "1.6225653", "text": "rode the Tour de Suisse in preparation for the Tour de France. While only finishing 40th in Switzerland, Schleck rode a season best of 20th at the Tour de France. Schleck abandoned the 2014 Tour de France, suffering with injuries sustained as a result of a crash during stage three. In October 2014, Schleck announced his retirement, citing a knee injury. In March 2015 Schleck announced plans to open a bike shop and café in Itzig. The shop opened in February 2016, and also includes a small museum with souvenirs from Schleck's racing career. Schleck used 172.5mm crank arms on", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "6410909", "score": "1.6160216", "text": "in the 1930s. Andy Schleck joined the VC Roubaix cycling club in 2004, and caught the attention of Cyrille Guimard, a sports director who became famous as the directeur sportif for several Tour de France winners, including Bernard Hinault, Laurent Fignon, Lucien Van Impe and American Greg LeMond. Guimard described Schleck as one of the biggest talents he had seen and compared him to Laurent Fignon. Still an amateur, Schleck won the 2004 Flèche du Sud stage race at 18. As the Danish national team were in the race, word spread to the Danish manager Bjarne Riis. Riis asked Fränk,", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "13693088", "score": "1.6013992", "text": "Following the positive B-Sample the RadioShack–Nissan team suspended him. In January 2013, it was announced that Schleck was handed a ban of one year by the Luxembourg Anti-Doping Agency, who specified that Schleck \"had not ingested the substance intentionally\" and as a result the standard two-year suspension was reduced to twelve months. The ban became effective from the point of the original positive, 14 July 2012. Fränk Schleck Fränk René Schleck (born 15 April 1980) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2003 and 2016, for and . Schleck is the older brother of Andy,", "title": "Fränk Schleck" }, { "id": "6410910", "score": "1.5978612", "text": "already on Team CSC, about his brother, and Andy started as a stagiaire for Team CSC on 1 September 2004. Schleck secured a professional contract with in 2005, and made his debut in a ProTour race at age 19, in the 2005 Volta a Catalunya. He and Fränk shared the 2005 National Championships, Fränk taking the road race and Andy the individual time trial. In 2006, Schleck crashed in the GP Cholet and took an eight-week break before returning for the Volta a Catalunya in May. In July, a few days after his brother won the Alpe d'Huez stage of", "title": "Andy Schleck" }, { "id": "13766095", "score": "1.5913758", "text": "in 1967. He won a stage in the 1970 Vuelta a España and the Luxembourg National Championships. Johnny's father, Auguste Schleck, also contested events in the 1920s. He also competed in the individual road race at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Schleck is married and has three sons, two of them are professional cyclists: Fränk (born 1980) and Andy (born 1985). Johny Schleck Johny Schleck (born November 22, 1942) is a former professional cyclist from Luxembourg. Between 1965 and 1974 Schleck was a professional cyclist. He participated in the Tour de France eight times (1965-1968 and 1970-1973). From 1965 until 1968,", "title": "Johny Schleck" }, { "id": "8297160", "score": "1.585734", "text": "Andreas Schlütter Andreas Schlütter (born August 17, 1972) is a German cross-country skier who has been competing since 1993. He won 2 medals in the 4 × 10 km relay at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 2006 and a bronze in 2002. Schlütter's best individual Olympic finish was fourth in the 50 km event in 2002. Schlütter also has three 4 × 10 km relay medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, earning two silvers (2003, 2005) and one bronze (2001). His best individual finishes at the World Championships were in 2003 with fifth-place finishes in the", "title": "Andreas Schlütter" }, { "id": "13693073", "score": "1.5831901", "text": "He contacted Team CSC manager Bjarne Riis through their common youth coach Marcel Gilles of the ACC Contern amateur team. Schleck rode 2002 as a stagiaire on Team CSC and signed to a pro contract by Riis in 2003. At the start of 2005, Schleck was joined by his younger brother Andy on , and they split the 2005 national championships between them, with Fränk winning the road race and Andy winning the time trial. Schleck's breakthrough came in 2005, with three podium places in the last month of the season. He finished all three races behind Paolo Bettini (2004", "title": "Fränk Schleck" }, { "id": "15613710", "score": "1.5725513", "text": "points of brothers Andy and Fränk Schleck. The Schleck brothers were initially planned to represent the country, but Andy withdrew after an injury, and was replaced by Laurent. Fränk was unable to participate after testing positive for a substance during a diuretic urine test for drugs in the Tour de France, and was not replaced. For the female road cycling, the fifteen highest-ranking nations in the 2012 UCI World Tour qualified an athlete. Christine Majerus was qualified in June 2012. The 2012 men's road race took place on 28 July 2012 and was over a distance of . Didier took", "title": "Luxembourg at the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "13693081", "score": "1.5585796", "text": "to retire from the race. He later then rode the Vuelta a España where he finished 5th. On 29 July 2010, Schleck and his brother Andy announced their departure from at the end of 2010. They planned on forming a brand-new Luxembourg-based team, with former Team Saxo Bank director Kim Andersen. In October 2010, one of the managers of the Luxembourg cycling project revealed the team website, which was labeled Leopard True Racing, leading to speculation that the team might race under this name. By the 2011 season, Frank's new team was confirmed as and Schleck won the Critérium International,", "title": "Fränk Schleck" }, { "id": "13693071", "score": "1.5534807", "text": "Fränk Schleck Fränk René Schleck (born 15 April 1980) is a Luxembourgish former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2003 and 2016, for and . Schleck is the older brother of Andy, winner of the 2010 Tour de France. Their father, Johny Schleck, was a professional road bicycle racer between 1965 and 1974, as was their grandfather, Gustave Schleck, who contested events in the 1930s. Schleck's greatest achievements include five national road race championships, winning a in the 2006 Tour de France which finished on the Alpe d'Huez, the 2006 edition of the Amstel Gold Race classic, and", "title": "Fränk Schleck" }, { "id": "15226911", "score": "1.535409", "text": "Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang, however, managed to snatch a result for the team, as he finished in 4th place, 5 seconds down on Gilbert. The Schleck brothers were again the squad leaders for the remaining Ardennes classics, La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Pre-race analyses mentioned them as contenders for both races. At La Flèche Wallonne, Andy Schleck worked for brother Fränk, taking pulls at the front of the main field to help chase down the morning breakaway. He did not feel physically up to riding for the win. Fränk was able to ride at the front of the race all", "title": "2011 Leopard Trek season" }, { "id": "15285030", "score": "1.4970214", "text": "who competed at three editions of the Olympics. Alex Schlopy Alex Schlopy (born July 25, 1992) is an American freeskier from Park City, Utah. He was the winner of a gold medal at the 2011 Winter X Games in the big air contest. The following week, he won the gold medal in slopestyle at the 2011 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships. Schlopy attended The Winter Sports School in Park City. His mother, Holly Flanders, was a three-time winner on the FIS Alpine Skiing World Cup circuit. His father, Todd Schlopy, is a former NFL placekicker for the Buffalo Bills. Todd's", "title": "Alex Schlopy" }, { "id": "15125897", "score": "1.4892037", "text": "allows soldiers to compete and train in their respective sports with the goal of competing in the Olympics. He is currently stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado. Nathan Schrimsher Nathan Schrimsher (born May 22, 1992) is an American modern pentathlete. He competed in the inaugural Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in August 2010 where he placed 13th in the individual event and 16th in the mixed relay. He was teamed with Cuban Leydi Laura Moya Lopez in the mixed relay. It is believed this was the first time that an American and a Cuban teamed up together in an Olympic style event", "title": "Nathan Schrimsher" }, { "id": "13693072", "score": "1.4819908", "text": "an alpine stage of the 2009 Tour de France, finishing in the sole company of his brother Andy and Alberto Contador. On 30 January 2013, Schleck was suspended for 12 months following a positive test for xipamide at the 2012 Tour de France. The ban, backdated to the date of the positive test, expired on 13 July 2013. After riding for the Luxembourg military sports programme, he moved to Italy to ride for De Nardi–Pasta Montegrappa. In 2001, he tried out as a stagiaire for , but when the team folded after the season, Schleck was left with no contract.", "title": "Fränk Schleck" }, { "id": "13693080", "score": "1.4807057", "text": "competition since 1983. On 22 July he won the 17th stage of the Tour de France, reaching the finish line in the company of overall leader Alberto Contador and his own brother, Andy Schleck. He later finished 5th that year. In 2010, Schleck won Stage 3 in the Tour de Suisse and then he put in a surprise in the final time trial. He ended up winning the race. While riding in Stage 3 of the Tour de France, Schleck suffered a triple fracture of his clavicle, which was sustained on a cobble-stoned section of the stage, and was forced", "title": "Fränk Schleck" } ]

[ "North", "Northward", "north", "northward" ]

[ { "id": "444438", "score": "1.6272703", "text": "parts brackish and unsuited for drinking or irrigation. Geography of Venezuela Venezuela is a country in South America, and part of the Caribbean South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana. It is situated on major sea and air routes linking North and South America. Located at the northernmost end of South America, Venezuela has a total area of 916,445 square kilometers and a land area of 882,050 square kilometers, about twice the size of California. Shaped roughly like an inverted triangle, the country has a 2,800-kilometer coastline and is bounded on the", "title": "Geography of Venezuela" }, { "id": "444429", "score": "1.6036866", "text": "Geography of Venezuela Venezuela is a country in South America, and part of the Caribbean South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana. It is situated on major sea and air routes linking North and South America. Located at the northernmost end of South America, Venezuela has a total area of 916,445 square kilometers and a land area of 882,050 square kilometers, about twice the size of California. Shaped roughly like an inverted triangle, the country has a 2,800-kilometer coastline and is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic", "title": "Geography of Venezuela" }, { "id": "442805", "score": "1.5862573", "text": "country has a coastline in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean and the northeast borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well-defined topographical regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the Guiana Highlands in the southeast. The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range. Pico Bolívar, the nation's highest point at , lies in this region. To the south,", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": "442804", "score": "1.5735495", "text": "next year's presidential vote after they boycotted mayoral polls. Maduro won the 2018 election with 67.8% of the vote. The result was deemed fraudulent and denounced by many countries, including Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Canada and the United States. Venezuela is located in the north of South America; geologically, its mainland rests on the South American Plate. It has a total area of and a land area of , making Venezuela the 33rd largest country in the world. The territory it controls lies between latitudes 0° and 13°N and longitudes 59° and 74°W. Shaped roughly like a triangle, the", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": "442755", "score": "1.5706112", "text": "Venezuela Venezuela ( ; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and a large number of small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km (353,841 sq mi). The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. With", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "South America\n\nSouth America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southern subregion of a single continent called America.\n\nSouth America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent generally includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one internal territory: French Guiana. In addition, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ascension Island (dependency of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a British Overseas Territory), Bouvet Island (dependency of Norway), Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago may also be considered parts of South America.\n\nSouth America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population has been estimated at more than floor(/1e6) million. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the continent's population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela and Peru. In recent decades, Brazil has also generated half of the continent's GDP and has become the continent's first regional power.\n\nMost of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of the Southern Cone located in the middle latitudes.\n\nThe continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese, and societies and states are rich in Western traditions. Relative to Europe, Asia and Africa, 20th-century South America has been a peaceful continent with few wars.", "title": "South America" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andes\n\nThe Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.\n\nAlong their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus—some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogotá, Cali, Arequipa, Medellín, Bucaramanga, Sucre, Mérida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes.\n\nThe Andes Mountains are the highest mountain range outside Asia. The highest mountain outside Asia, Argentina's Mount Aconcagua, rises to an elevation of about above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to .\n\nThe Andes are also part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western \"backbone\" of North America, Central America, South America and Antarctica.", "title": "Andes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Latin America" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Caracas\n\nCaracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas).<ref name=\":122\" /> Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country, within the Caracas Valley of the Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-meter-high (7,200 ft) mountain range, Cerro El Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 5 million inhabitants.\n\nThe center of the city is still \"Catedral\", located near Bolívar Square, though some consider the center to be Plaza Venezuela, located in the Los Caobos area. Businesses in the city include service companies, banks, and malls. Caracas has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area. The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered in Caracas. Empresas Polar is the largest private company in Venezuela. Caracas is also Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and shopping centers. Caracas has some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America, such as the Parque Central Towers. The Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas is one of the most important in South America.", "title": "Caracas" }, { "id": "444430", "score": "1.5531814", "text": "Ocean, on the east by Guyana, on the south by Brazil, and on the west by Colombia. Its maritime limits border Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Geographic coordinates: Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well-defined regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the Caribbean Sea, the wide Orinoco plains (llanos) in central Venezuela, and rank highly dissected Guiana highlands in the", "title": "Geography of Venezuela" }, { "id": "20001031", "score": "1.548909", "text": "of the nation's islands, and is formed by the state of Nueva Esparta and the Federal Dependencies. Is a large central depression very flat in a vast natural region of approximately 243,869 of extension, equivalent to 26.61% of the total continental territory of the country. Is a foreland basin, found in the northwestern corner of Venezuela in South America. Covering over 35,000 square km, it is a hydrocarbon-rich region that has produced over 30 billion bbl of oil with an estimated 44 billion bbl yet to be recovered. The basin is characterized by a large shallow tidal estuary, Lake Maracaibo,", "title": "Natural regions of Venezuela" }, { "id": "1463144", "score": "1.5480571", "text": "and Nuevo Rico are somewhere near Guyana, bordering Venezuela and Brazil. In \"Tintin and the Picaros\", the Paris Flash report clearly claims that the country is in fact in South America, since Bianca Castafiore reportedly \"continued her brilliant progress through South America\", after successfully visiting Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, and is to visit San Theodoros. In the same book, Captain Haddock, attempting to call General Tapioca, says \"Hello, International? Give me South America... Tapiocapolis... General Tapioca!\". The \"Bibaro\" indigenous tribe seems to be inspired by the Jivaros of Ecuador, another pointer to South America. The country has a few magnificent", "title": "San Theodoros" }, { "id": "18915808", "score": "1.5345253", "text": "is spread over 30,000 square kilometers to the border with Guayana Esequiba reclamation area now Guyana and Brazil, for its size is considered the world's sixth largest national park. About 65% of the park is occupied by rock plateaus called tepuis. These are a unique biological environment, also presenting a great geological interest. Its steep cliffs and waterfalls (including Angel Falls, which is the highest waterfall of the world, 1,002 m) are spectacular sceneries. Venezuela has many beaches of calm waters and for extreme sports. Besides those already mentioned, most famous sites for its beauty its are: South of Venezuela", "title": "Tourism in Venezuela" }, { "id": "18915809", "score": "1.5264963", "text": "in the states Bolivar, Amazonas and Delta Amacuro begins the Amazon rainforest, the largest rainforest and the largest nature reserve in the world. This area of the country has great tourism value, because there is the Angel Falls, the highest waterfall of the world; savannah, rivers, forests and tepuis form a ecotourism that has not yet been truly exploited, it is necessary that the national government to promote plans to turn over this Venezuelan soil an essential point for ecotourism in this part of the world. However, the influx of international tourists in Canaima and the Gran Sabana is high", "title": "Tourism in Venezuela" }, { "id": "2075149", "score": "1.5185966", "text": "popular tourist areas in Venezuela and has some of the nation's best Caribbean beaches. Tourists can take a ferry from Puerto La Cruz to Margarita Island. Travelling from Barcelona and Puerto La Cruz, the highway continues westward. For about 47 km, it becomes a limited-access expressway, returning to a two-lane highway at Puerto Píritu. The highway travels another 62 km reaches the border with the state of Miranda at the town of Boca de Uchire. This portion includes a short run through the \"llanos\", or Venezuelan savannahs. About 34 km west of Boca de Uchire, the highway starts climbing up", "title": "Pan-American Highway (South America)" }, { "id": "442756", "score": "1.5172217", "text": "this last country, the Venezuelan government maintains a claim for Guayana Esequiba over an area of 159,542 km (61,600 sq mi). For its maritime areas, it exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km (27,527 sq mi) of territorial waters, 22,224 km (8,581 sq mi) in its contiguous zone, 471,507 km (182,050 sq mi) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone, and 99,889 km (38,567 sq mi) of continental shelf. This marine area borders those of 13 states. The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world's list of nations with", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": "442806", "score": "1.5110927", "text": "the dissected Guiana Highlands contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall, as well as \"tepuis\", large table-like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the \"llanos\", which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east. The Orinoco, with its rich alluvial soils, binds the largest and most important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America. The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers. Venezuela borders Colombia to the west,", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": "2075151", "score": "1.5102892", "text": "Caribbean Sea, Caracas is on a plateau at an approximate height of , so its weather can vary greatly. The city lies under Cerro El Ávila, a mountain approximately high. Attractions include the Teresa Carreño Theater, the National Art Gallery, and Avila National Park. The Pan-American Highway switches from Highway 9 in Caracas to turn south on Venezuela Highway 1, where it re-enters Miranda. It remains an expressway as it heads towards Carabobo for its remaining 48 km in Miranda. Maracay is the capital and most important city of Aragua state in central Venezuela. It was officially established on March", "title": "Pan-American Highway (South America)" }, { "id": "2075146", "score": "1.508855", "text": "among these countries. It is crossed by three large rivers, but an international system of ferries helps cross these natural obstacles. The highway begins its path through South America in Colombia. However, a branch called the Simon Bolivar Highway runs through Venezuela. This stretch of the highway is an important link between Caracas and Bogotá. The road begins as Venezuela Highway 9 in Güiria, a small town in the state of Sucre just west of Trinidad along the Gulf of Paria coastline. From Güiria, the highway winds west towards the town of Yaguaraparo. Once the highway reaches Yaguaraparo, on the", "title": "Pan-American Highway (South America)" }, { "id": "444434", "score": "1.5081097", "text": "important of the more than 1,000 rivers in the country. Flowing more than 2,500 kilometers to the Atlantic from its source in the Guiana highlands at the Brazilian border, the Orinoco is the world's eighth largest river and the largest in South America after the Amazon. Its flow varies substantially by season, with the high water level in August exceeding by as much as thirteen meters the low levels of March and April. During low water periods, the river experiences high and low tides for more than 100 kilometers upstream from Ciudad Guayana. For most of the river's course, the", "title": "Geography of Venezuela" }, { "id": "442807", "score": "1.5073835", "text": "Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba, and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana, formerly United Kingdom, largely concerning the Essequibo area and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela. In 1895, after years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border dispute, the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up. It was submitted to a \"neutral\" commission (composed of British, American, and Russian representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly against Venezuela's claim. Venezuela's", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "id": "361890", "score": "1.5071563", "text": "the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela), a part of France (French Guiana), and a non-sovereign area (the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina). In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama may also be considered part of South America. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population has been estimated at more than", "title": "South America" }, { "id": "361897", "score": "1.5067623", "text": "or subregion of North America, since they are more distant on the Caribbean Plate, even though San Andres and Providencia are politically part of Colombia and Aves Island is controlled by Venezuela. Other islands that are included with South America are the Galápagos Islands that belong to Ecuador and Easter Island (in Oceania but belonging to Chile), Robinson Crusoe Island, Chiloé (both Chilean) and Tierra del Fuego (split in between Chile and Argentina). In the Atlantic, Brazil owns Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, while the Falkland Islands are governed by", "title": "South America" }, { "id": "18915804", "score": "1.5031368", "text": "car in the world, reaching the Espejo Peak of 4,765 m. In the Méridan páramos, there are good hotels and restaurants. Another place to visit is Mucuchíes, the village of Los Aleros. There is also the National Observatory of Llano del Hato. The city has several museums worth visiting: Beekeeping Museum, Colonial Art Museum, Modern Art Museum, and the Museum of the great Méridan Don Mariano Picón Salas and the Aquarium Garden. Also in the state are hot springs such as Bailadores Las Tapias and la Capellanía Park. Margarita is an island with modern infrastructure, bordered by beaches suitable for", "title": "Tourism in Venezuela" } ]

[ "soora pappa", "Soora Pappa", "Asterix (comics)", "asterix comic", "The Mirror World Asterix exhibition", "asterix", "Astérix", "Astérix and Obélix", "List of Asterix products", "Asterix comics", "astérix and obélix", "astérix", "list of asterix products", "The Adventures of Asterix", "asterix and obelix", "humour in asterix", "asterix comics", "Humour in Asterix", "adventures of asterix", "Asterix", "Asterix Comics", "Asterix and Obelix", "Asterix comic", "mirror world asterix exhibition" ]

[ { "id": "22265", "score": "1.7290831", "text": "less frequent basis. Most critics and fans of the series prefer Goscinny's albums. Uderzo created his own publishing company, Les Editions Albert-René, which published every album drawn and written by Uderzo alone since then. However, Dargaud, the initial publisher of the series, kept the publishing rights on the 24 first albums made by both Uderzo and Goscinny. In 1990, the Uderzo and Goscinny families decided to sue Dargaud to take over the rights. In 1998, after a long trial, Dargaud lost the rights to publish and sell the albums. Uderzo decided to sell these rights to Hachette instead of Albert-René,", "title": "Asterix" }, { "id": "1956131", "score": "1.7158674", "text": "as well. The series made its debut in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine \"Record\" on 15 January 1962 under the title, \"Les aventures du Calife Haroun el Poussah\". It was eventually recognised that the wicked supporting character ought to be the focus of the strip, and it was renamed \"Iznogoud\". In 1968, it resumed serial publication in Goscinny's \"Pilote\" magazine. Goscinny's taste for sharp satirical writing keeps the repetitive format of the stories constantly fresh, making Iznogoud one of the most popular anti-heroes in the French comic strip world. Goscinny's skills with puns, made famous in \"Astérix\", is also evident in", "title": "Iznogoud" }, { "id": "541601", "score": "1.7067755", "text": "his agency as the head of the Paris office in 1951. There he met Albert Uderzo, with whom he started a longtime collaboration. They started out with some work for \"Bonnes Soirées\", a women's magazine for which Goscinny wrote \"Sylvie\". Goscinny and Uderzo also launched the series \"Jehan Pistolet\" and \"Luc Junior\" in \"La Libre Junior\". In 1955, Goscinny, together with Uderzo, Jean-Michel Charlier, and Jean Hébrad, founded the syndicate Edipress/Edifrance. The syndicate launched publications like \"Clairon\" for the factory union and \"Pistolin\" for a chocolate company. Goscinny and Uderzo cooperated on the series \"Bill Blanchart\" in \"Jeannot\", \"Pistolet\" in", "title": "René Goscinny" }, { "id": "835943", "score": "1.6960135", "text": "1951. The two men quickly became good friends, and decided to work together in 1952 at the newly opened Paris office of the Belgian company, World Press. Their first creations were the characters Oumpah-pah, Jehan Pistolet and Luc Junior. In 1958 they adapted \"Oumpah-pah\" for serial publication in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine \"Tintin\", though it ran only until 1962. In 1959 Goscinny and Uderzo became editor and artistic director (respectively) of \"Pilote\" magazine, a new venture aimed at older children. The magazine's first issue introduced Astérix to the French world, and it was an instant hit. During this period Uderzo", "title": "Albert Uderzo" }, { "id": "4793633", "score": "1.6885211", "text": "Oumpah-pah Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge (\"Ompa-pa the Redskin\") is a comics series created by comics artist Albert Uderzo and comics author René Goscinny, best known as the creators of Asterix the Gaul. The series first appeared in the weekly \"Tintin\" magazine in 1958 though it remained serialised for a relatively short time. The stories were published in book form by Lombard and Dargaud starting in 1961. In 1995, the series was reissued by Albert Uderzo's own publishing house, Les Éditions Albert-René. The series features the adventures of Ompa-pa (Oumpah-pah in French) (the name referring to a waltz), a Native American of", "title": "Oumpah-pah" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/April 2006" }, { "id": "20498359", "score": "1.685411", "text": "Uderzo had become strained by the 1970s. When Goscinny died of a heart attack in 1977, the 24th \"Asterix\" book, \"Asterix in Belgium\", had been written but not illustrated. Uderzo was unwilling to complete the book, so Dargaud took him to court and forced him to finish the book. Uderzo once said that if he were to caricature Dargaud in an \"Asterix book\", he would depict him as a vampire. In addition to children’s comics, Dargaud also published adult-oriented comics. Dargaud in 1982 bought publishing firm Les Éditions du Square and its comic \"Charlie Mensuel\", which was merged with \"Pilote\"", "title": "Georges Dargaud" }, { "id": "12285771", "score": "1.6780238", "text": "Charlier published \"L’agonie du Bismarck\" in 1946 and \"Les Japs attaquent\" in 1947 in \"Spirou\". The eponymous hero of \"Buck Danny\" starts out as an engineer in the air force. Georges Troisfontaines was the scriptwriter of the first thirteen strips, then Charlier took over. In 1996 a trial between Georges Troisfontaines against Charlier's rights took place, which allowed him to be recognized as a co-author of the series. Georges Troisfontaines also made possible the collaboration between René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo in 1950, when Goscinny became the leader of the World Press' subsidiary in Paris. He met Uderzo, with whom", "title": "Georges Troisfontaines" }, { "id": "835947", "score": "1.6758373", "text": "over by Jean-Yves Ferri (script) and Didier Conrad (art). Sylvie owns 40% of Editions Albert René, while the remaining 60%, previously owned by Uderzo and by Goscinny's daughter, is currently owned by Hachette Livre. Uderzo has a brother, Marcel, also a cartoonist. \"Asterix and the Falling Sky\" was dedicated to his late brother Bruno (1920–2004). According to the UNESCO's Index Translationum, Uderzo is the 10th most often translated French language author (Goscinny being 4th) and the third most often translated French language comics author behind René Goscinny and Hergé. Albert Uderzo Alberto Aleandro Uderzo (; ; born 25 April 1927),", "title": "Albert Uderzo" }, { "id": "835944", "score": "1.6738893", "text": "also collaborated with Jean-Michel Charlier on the realistic series \"Michel Tanguy\", later named \"Les Aventures de Tanguy et Laverdure\". Astérix was serialised in \"Pilote\", but in 1961 the first album \"Astérix le gaulois (Asterix the Gaul)\" was published as an individual album. By 1967, the comic had become so popular that both decided to completely dedicate their time to the series. After Goscinny's death in 1977, Uderzo continued to write and illustrate the books on his own, though at a significantly slower pace (averaging one album every three to five years compared to two albums a year when working with", "title": "Albert Uderzo" }, { "id": "541603", "score": "1.6738181", "text": "publication in \"Tintin\" from 1958-1962. In addition, Goscinny appeared in the magazines \"Paris-Flirt\" (\"Lili Manequin\" with Will) and \"Vaillant\" (\"Boniface et Anatole\" with Jordom, \"Pipsi\" with Godard). In 1959, the Édifrance/Édipresse syndicate started the Franco-Belgian comics magazine \"Pilote\". Goscinny became one of the most productive writers for the magazine. In the magazine's first issue, he launched his most famous creation, \"Astérix\", with Uderzo. The series was an instant hit and remains popular worldwide. Goscinny also restarted the series \"Le Petit Nicolas\" and \"Jehan Pistolet\", now called \"Jehan Soupolet\". Goscinny also began \"Jacquot le Mousse\" and \"Tromblon et Bottaclou\" with Godard.", "title": "René Goscinny" }, { "id": "12285772", "score": "1.6701756", "text": "he created the series \"Jehan Pistolet\", \"Oumpah-pah\" and \"Astérix\". In 1956 a grave argument occurred at the World Press. Some comics authors of the agency decided to join together to sign a draft to defend their job. In particular, the authors wanted to retain the rights to their characters. At that time publishers could freely grant the making of a series to any other authors. In the face of this rebellion, Georges Troisfantaines decided to fire René Goscinny, seen as the leader of the movement. Jean-Michel Charlier and Uderzo decided to deliberately leave the agency and founded, together with Goscinny,", "title": "Georges Troisfontaines" }, { "id": "541605", "score": "1.6556737", "text": "5 November 1977, during a routine stress test at his doctor's office. He was buried in the Jewish Cemetery of Nice. In accordance with his will, most of his money was transferred to the chief rabbinate of France. After Goscinny's death, Uderzo began to write \"Asterix\" himself and continued the series, although at a much slower pace, until passing the series over in 2011 to Jean-Yves Ferri (script) and Didier Conrad (art). Tabary similarly began to write \"Iznogoud\" himself, whereas Morris continued \"Lucky Luke\" with various other writers. In a tribute to Goscinny, Uderzo gave his likeness to one of", "title": "René Goscinny" }, { "id": "888312", "score": "1.6532018", "text": "a later point in their careers, most notably Hermann), \"Buck Danny\" (with Hubinon), \"La Patrouille des Castors\" (with Mitacq after his apprenticeship on \"L'oncle Paul\") and \"Jean Valhardi\" (with Paape and Jijé). Aside from being a very prolific comic script writer, becoming his trademark henceforth, Charlier also became an editorial driving force and spokesperson for the agency, because of his background in law and his assertive personality. As such, he was responsible for introducing the two Frenchmen Rene Goscinny (who also starting out \"his\" comics career at the agency) and former \"Bravo\" artist Albert Uderzo to each other in 1951", "title": "Franco-Belgian comics" }, { "id": "10425196", "score": "1.6511135", "text": "series \"Les aventures du Calife Haroun el Poussah\", first published in \"Record\" on 15 January 1962. Shifting its focus and title name to the evil protagonist/anti-hero of the series, \"Iznogoud\" became a considerable success, and was eventually adapted into a cartoon TV series. In 1968 the series changed serial publication magazine to Goscinny's \"Pilote\" magazine. \"Valentin le vagabond\", another series Tabary initially created with Goscinny, also appeared in \"Pilote\" since 1962. After Goscinny's death in 1977, Tabary continued to create \"Iznogoud\" albums. Tabary's own publishing label, at first named Editions de la Séguinière, then Éditions Tabary, continues to publish Tabary", "title": "Jean Tabary" }, { "id": "1956132", "score": "1.650173", "text": "\"Iznogoud\". Most of the puns in the original French make little sense if translated directly into English, requiring of translators (Anthea Bell and Derek Hockridge in the case of the English translations) to find creative solutions for equivalent puns while still keeping within the spirit of the original text. When Goscinny died in 1977, Tabary eventually decided to carry on the work himself, just as Albert Uderzo did with \"Asterix\". While the Goscinny period was characterized by \"albums\" comprising several short-length tales each, Tabary turned the series in a new direction, by dedicating every new album entirely to a single", "title": "Iznogoud" }, { "id": "12386228", "score": "1.6399176", "text": "Les Dingodossiers Les Dingodossiers is a humorous series of comics created by French artists Marcel Gotlib (cartoonist) and René Goscinny (writer) first published in \"Pilote\" magazine from 1965 to 1967. The term \"dingodossiers\" is a portmanteau of the two French words \"dingo\" or \"dingue\" (\"mad\") and \"dossiers\". As the title suggests, the series is composed of didactic dossiers with a very humorous tone. Each story consists of two to four strips drawn in black and white. The strips deal with stereotypes and clichés and depict everyday life in a caricatured way. The stories are parodies and comic reports of scenes", "title": "Les Dingodossiers" }, { "id": "5791687", "score": "1.6338743", "text": "decided to open a publishing house in Milan and developed the idea of \"pocket comics\", also known as a digest. This was a time when the adult \"black comics\" genre (\"Diabolik\", \"Kriminal\" and \"Satanik\"), a series of paperback featuring graphic violence and scantily cladded women, was at its peak. In 1966 he created Editore 66, inspired by film and literary subjects of the time (such as \"Angelica\" and James Bond) and developed the plots of his first two comics books, \"Isabella\" and \"Grendizer\" (both illustrated by Sandro Angiolini). Initially slightly erotic in terms of contents, the books became progressively more", "title": "Renzo Barbieri" }, { "id": "1288771", "score": "1.6306951", "text": "that \"none bear up to the slightest serious analysis\", and that comics were \"the sabotage of all art and all literature\". In the 1960s, the term \"\" (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\" was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine \"Pilote\" in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's \"The Adventures of Asterix\" appeared in it and went on", "title": "Comics" }, { "id": "13685188", "score": "1.6292926", "text": "English. Below is a list of the French titles, their year of publication, an English translation of the titles and a brief description. They are listed in order of publication. La Ribambelle La Ribambelle (French for \"\" or \"\") is a Belgian comics series about a gang of kids living in the same neighbourhood. There were two versions of this strip: Joseph Loeckx (better known under the pen-name of \"Jo-El Azara\") drew a one-off story in 1958, but the longer-lasting version was that of Jean Roba (best known for \"Boule et Bill\") who created a whole new set of characters", "title": "La Ribambelle" }, { "id": "541602", "score": "1.6291698", "text": "\"Pistolin\" and \"Benjamin et Benjamine\" in the magazine of the same name. Under the pseudonym Agostini, Goscinny wrote \"Le Petit Nicolas\" for Jean-Jacques Sempé in \"Le Moustique\" and later \"Sud-Ouest\" and \"Pilote\" magazines. In 1956, Goscinny began a collaboration with \"Tintin\" magazine. He wrote some short stories for Jo Angenot and Albert Weinberg, and worked on \"Signor Spaghetti\" with Dino Attanasio, \"Monsieur Tric\" with Bob de Moor, \"Prudence Petitpas\" with Maurice Maréchal, \"Globul le Martien\" and \"Alphonse\" with Tibet, \"Strapontin\" with Berck and \"Modeste et Pompon\" with André Franquin. An early creation with Uderzo, \"Oumpah-pah\", was also adapted for serial", "title": "René Goscinny" } ]

[ "Letter tiles can be stacked on top of others", "letter tiles can be stacked on top of others" ]

[ { "id": "440190", "score": "1.7947671", "text": "words. The higher the stack of letters, the more points are scored. This typically makes words built in later turns of the game more valuable than earlier words, increasing play intensity and adding a level of strategy unique to \"Upwords\". The memorization of two-letter words is considered a useful skill in this game. Unlike \"Scrabble\", which is manufactured in the U.S. and Canada by Hasbro, and elsewhere in the world by Mattel, \"Upwords\" is solely controlled by Hasbro worldwide. The game is available in about twenty languages, and there have been national tournaments played in Hungary and Turkey. Players draw", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": "440189", "score": "1.7232277", "text": "Upwords Upwords (also branded as Scrabble Upwords in the United States and Canada, and Topwords Crucimaster, Betutorony, Palabras Arriba, Stapelwoord in other countries) is a board game invented by Elliot Rudell and originally published by the Milton Bradley Company, now a division of Hasbro. The game remains under license to Hasbro by Rudell Design, LLC. \"Upwords\" is similar to \"Scrabble\", or \"Words With Friends\", in that players build words using letter tiles on a gridded gameboard. The point of difference is that in \"Upwords\" letters can be stacked on top of other letters already on the gameboard to create new", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": "440194", "score": "1.6502833", "text": "used in foreign languages such as German and Dutch. The 10×10 matrix is currently employed in worldwide versions of the game. The board is purposely smaller (has fewer tile positions) than \"Scrabble\" to encourage and even force the stacking up of letters upon letters. It does not have special squares such as \"triple word scores\" and \"double letter scores\" that require additional scoring calculations. In the early 1990s, Hasbro licensed electronic marketing rights to Microsoft, briefly making the game available electronically. Microsoft no longer has rights to \"Upwords\". In 2013, \"Upwords\" was developed by indie software developers Lonely Star Software,", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": "440195", "score": "1.5994918", "text": "under license from Hasbro. The game was released as an app for iOS devices. On 27 March 2014, Lonely Star released the app for Android platform devices. In August 2016, Hasbro introduced a new 10×10 version of \"Upwords\". As of December 2018, \"Upwords\" is still available in its \"classic\" 8×8 version, distributed by Winning Moves. Upwords Upwords (also branded as Scrabble Upwords in the United States and Canada, and Topwords Crucimaster, Betutorony, Palabras Arriba, Stapelwoord in other countries) is a board game invented by Elliot Rudell and originally published by the Milton Bradley Company, now a division of Hasbro. The", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": "440193", "score": "1.5838301", "text": "a word is pluralized by the addition of an \"s\", the \"s\" must also be part of another complete word that was placed on the board. This rule prevents players from capitalizing too much on other players' words without changing them. Players are also not allowed to build words in an assending manner, all words must be horizontal from left to right or vertical from top to bottom. Originally, \"Upwords\" was played on an 8×8 square board, with 64 letter tiles. Hasbro Europe later expanded the gameboard to a 10×10 matrix and 100 tiles, to accommodate the longer words frequently", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Upwords\n\nUpwords (at one time branded as Scrabble Upwords in the United States and Canada; and Topwords Crucimaster, Betutorony, Palabras Arriba or Stapelwoord in other countries) is a board game invented by Elliot Rudell and originally published by the Milton Bradley Company, now a division of Hasbro. Worldwide marketing rights to \"Upwords\" have been licensed to Spin Master Inc. by Rudell Design, LLC as of 2018. \"Upwords\" is similar to \"Scrabble\" or \"Words With Friends\", in that players build words using letter tiles on a gridded gameboard. The point of difference is that in \"Upwords\" letters can be stacked on top of other letters already on the gameboard to create new words.<ref name=\"gala\"/> The higher the stack of letters, the more points are scored. This typically makes words built in later turns of the game more valuable than earlier words, increasing play intensity and adding a level of strategy unique to \"Upwords\". The memorization of two-letter words is considered a useful skill in this game.<ref>\n</ref>\n\nUnlike \"Scrabble\", which is manufactured in the U.S. and Canada by Hasbro and elsewhere in the world by Mattel, \"Upwords\" is solely controlled by Spin Master. As of August 2019 the game is being relaunched and will be available in other countries around the world. In the past and while under license from Hasbro, \"Upwords\" was available in about twenty languages. There have been national tournaments played in Hungary and Turkey.", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scrabble\n\nScrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a game board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words that, in crossword fashion, read left to right in rows or downward in columns and are included in a standard dictionary or lexicon.\n\nThe name \"Scrabble\" is a trademark of Mattel in most of the world, except in the United States and Canada, where it is a trademark of Hasbro, under the brands of both of its subsidiaries, Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers. The game is sold in 121 countries and is available in more than 30 languages; approximately 150 million sets have been sold worldwide, and roughly one-third of American and half of British homes have a \"Scrabble\" set.", "title": "Scrabble" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scrabble variants\n\nScrabble variants are games created by changing the normal Scrabble rules or equipment.", "title": "Scrabble variants" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anagrams (game)\n\nAnagrams (also published under names including Anagram, Snatch and Word Making and Taking) is a tile-based word game that involves rearranging letter tiles to form words.\n\nThe game pieces are a set of tiles with letters on one side. Tiles are shuffled face-down then turned over one by one, players forming words by combining them with existing words, their own or others'. The game has never been standardized and there are many varieties of sets and rules. Anagrams is often played with tiles from another word game, such as \"Scrabble\" or \"Bananagrams\".", "title": "Anagrams (game)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Balderdash\n\nBalderdash is a board game variant of a classic parlor game known as \"Fictionary\" or \"The Dictionary Game\". It was created by Laura Robinson and Paul Toyne of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The game was first released in 1984 under Canada Games. It was later picked up by a U.S company, The Games Gang, and eventually became the property of Hasbro and finally Mattel. The game has sold over 15 million copies worldwide to date. It is aimed at fans of word games, such as \"Scrabble\".", "title": "Balderdash" }, { "id": "756171", "score": "1.5707184", "text": "company, Oxford Games Ltd, has published Anagram, the ingenious game of juggling words. \"Up For Grabs\" was published by Tyco in 1995. Portobello Games produces a version under the name \"Snatch\". Prodijeux has been marketing a variant called wordXchange since 2000. \"One Up!\" is yet another version, except it adds a \"wild\" tile, called the Uppity tile, that can be any letter (much like a blank tile in Scrabble). In 2015 Interactive Coconut produced an iOS mobile app variant called Grabble Words. Many players use several Scrabble or Upwords sets together. A version of the game seems to be popular", "title": "Anagrams" }, { "id": "7015522", "score": "1.5497067", "text": "word LAVA would score . The hierarchy of letters is similar to that of Scrabble; Q and Z are the highest-scoring tiles (each 10) followed by X and J (each 8) and so on, the most notable variance is that here L is worth five as opposed to just one in Scrabble. The player starts with two minutes to find as many words as he can; if he manages to use Q, Z, X, or J in any word he is awarded a further 10 seconds. After each successful entry the letters used are discarded with the matrix replacing those", "title": "Word Up (video game)" }, { "id": "384763", "score": "1.5467962", "text": "skill level) board. There are numerous variations of the game. While they are similar to the original \"Scrabble\" game, they include minor variations. For example, Literati draws random tiles instead of providing a finite number of tiles for the game, assigns different point levels to each letter and has a slightly different board layout, whereas Lexulous assigns eight letters to each player instead of seven. Words with Friends uses a different board layout and different letter values, as does Words of Gold. Duplicate Scrabble is a popular variant in French speaking countries. Every player has the same letters on the", "title": "Scrabble" }, { "id": "440191", "score": "1.528756", "text": "letter tiles until they each have seven tiles. The first player forms a word with the tiles that covers one or more of the central squares and then draws more tiles to replace those played. Play continues to the left. Subsequent players may put tiles on the board adjacent to and on top of the tiles already played, as long as all words formed are found in the dictionary being used. For example, if the word CATER is on the board, a player could put a B and E in front of CATER and then put an L on top", "title": "Upwords" }, { "id": "7015526", "score": "1.5154744", "text": "leading to considerable replayability. In addition to the localised scoreboards there is a national website dedicated to collecting the highest scores in one resource (see links below). A PC version of the game has been produced by the makers, and is known as \"Puzzle Word\". The PC version is identical in almost every detail. The only noticeable differences occur with the in-game dictionary and the length of each timed game (5 minutes as opposed to the 2 in Word Up). While not offering exactly the same experience due to the aforementioned differences, the PC version does act as a useful", "title": "Word Up (video game)" }, { "id": "4455348", "score": "1.5035573", "text": "corners of the board. Other than the differences in the board and the number of tiles, gameplay is similar to \"Scrabble\". Each player has seven tiles in their rack as normal, scoring is the same, and the same word lists are used. However, the differences are enough to upset normal \"Scrabble\" strategies. For example, the fifty points earned from a bingo (using all seven tiles) is not nearly as significant when compared to the high final scores. For a two-player game, scores over eight hundred points are not uncommon. Tournament-level \"Scrabble\" games are usually limited to two players. Many tournament", "title": "Super Scrabble" }, { "id": "6286339", "score": "1.5028639", "text": "teams of 2, 3, or 4 race to play legal Scrabble words as quickly as possible. Scoring does not matter; all that matters is how quickly words are played. This can be a co-operative game where all players are simply trying to complete the game as fast as possible. A new variant on Scrabble introduced by Mattel on April 6, 2010. This game has the same rules and tiles as Scrabble, but the board is larger (21x21 vs. 15x15 in the original). With the larger board there are more premium squares, going up to quadruple letter and quadruple word scores.", "title": "Scrabble variants" }, { "id": "6286341", "score": "1.5016435", "text": "are formed. This variation is also used on \"Scrabble Showdown\". This game has the same size board and nearly the same scoring system as Scrabble. The major differences are the inclusion of twelve wild tiles marked with an asterisk that may represent one letter or any series of letters and special board squares that convert a regular letter tile into a wild tile (the tile in question is placed upside down on such a square). The nature of these changes shifts the emphasis of the game from playing short words to playing words of any length. For example, QUA*IST, could", "title": "Scrabble variants" }, { "id": "384770", "score": "1.5012159", "text": "gives the information a serious player needs to advance to successful tournament play. There have been numerous documentaries made about the game, including: Scrabble Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles bearing a single letter onto a board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words that, in crossword fashion, read left to right in rows or downward in columns, and be included in a standard dictionary or lexicon. The name is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada; outside these two countries", "title": "Scrabble" }, { "id": "6286329", "score": "1.4999098", "text": "included in the new one, plus at least one more. When a new letter is turned over, the first person to say a valid word takes it. If more than one is said at the same time the longer word takes it. If the two are the same length (or the same word) then that word(s) are banned for the rest of the game and nobody takes it. Sharp suggests that the score for each word is the face value of the tiles multiplied by the number of letters in that word. In practice any reasonable system, such as totaling", "title": "Scrabble variants" }, { "id": "6286338", "score": "1.495789", "text": "the winner. In others, a calculation based on word length is used to determine the winner. Some variants allow for the exchange of unwanted tiles. Local variants include Take One or Take Four; the banning of 2 letter words; having a dictionary on hand for any players to use (but since it is a game of speed, this doesn't get used much); a bonus of 50 points for building the word \"chicken\", a bonus for longest word (number of letters in word, not tile values; and only if a single player has longest word), etc. Team Speed Scrabble is when", "title": "Scrabble variants" }, { "id": "17083265", "score": "1.4942169", "text": "adjacent one to another. You can not enter the same letter-box multiple times within the same word. As in Scrabble, a different score is assigned to each letter. After each round, in the paid version, you can view all the possible words and see if you managed to find any of the highest-scoring possible words. You also get to compare your words with that of an opponent (if you had one—there is a practice mode that allows you to play against no one). In round 3, the tiles generally have more score boosters such as Doubling or Tripling the value", "title": "Ruzzle" }, { "id": "384717", "score": "1.4930375", "text": "Scrabble Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles bearing a single letter onto a board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words that, in crossword fashion, read left to right in rows or downward in columns, and be included in a standard dictionary or lexicon. The name is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada; outside these two countries it is a trademark of Mattel. The game is sold in 121 countries and is available in 29 languages; approximately 150 million sets", "title": "Scrabble" }, { "id": "6286328", "score": "1.4909289", "text": "any player may call out a word of at least four letters. This word can be made either entirely from the pool of letters, or by adding at least one new letter to an existing word. If the new word is acceptable the person who said the word first takes the letters and places them in front of him or her. When making a new word the root of the existing word must be changed - for example you may not add a D to the word LIVE to make LIVED. All the letters in an existing word must be", "title": "Scrabble variants" }, { "id": "3068251", "score": "1.4893658", "text": "and neither contestant scored. Whenever time ran short or the score became tied at 2–2, the rest of the round was played in Speedword. The first contestant to solve three words won the round and advanced to the Scrabble Sprint. The first word in each Crossword round was played horizontally, with one letter placed in the center square of the board. One of the letters in the first word formed the building block for the next word, which was played vertically. Play continued in this manner until a winner was crowned. Pink and blue squares, laid out in the same", "title": "Scrabble (game show)" } ]

[ "Meet Me in St Louis", "meet me in st louis film", "Meet Me in St. Louis", "meet me in st louis", "Meet Me In St. Louis", "Meet Me in St. Louis (film)" ]

[ { "id": "2467184", "score": "1.9119916", "text": "background in theatre, Minnelli was known as an auteur who always brought his stage experience to his films. The first film that he directed, \"Cabin in the Sky\" (1943), was visibly influenced by the theater. Shortly after that, he directed \"I Dood It\" with Red Skelton and \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" (1944), during which he fell in love with the film's star, Judy Garland. They had first met on the set of \"Strike Up the Band\" (1940), a Busby Berkeley film for which Minnelli was asked to design a musical sequence performed by Garland and Mickey Rooney. They began", "title": "Vincente Minnelli" }, { "id": "2467178", "score": "1.911553", "text": "Vincente Minnelli Vincente Minnelli (February 28, 1903 – July 25, 1986) was an American stage director and film director, famous for directing such classic movie musicals as \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" (1944), \"Gigi\" (1958), \"The Band Wagon\" (1953), and \"An American in Paris\" (1951). \"An American in Paris\" and \"Gigi\" both won the Academy Award for Best Picture, with Minnelli winning Best Director for \"Gigi\". In addition to having directed some of the most famous and well-remembered musicals of his time, Minnelli made many comedies and melodramas. He was married to Judy Garland from 1945 until 1951; they were", "title": "Vincente Minnelli" }, { "id": "820557", "score": "1.9094186", "text": "Meet Me in St. Louis Meet Me in St. Louis is a 1944 American Technicolor musical film made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes, starting with Summer 1903, it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis, leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (more commonly referred to as the World's Fair) in the spring of 1904. The picture stars Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart, and Joan Carroll. The film was adapted by Irving Brecher", "title": "Meet Me in St. Louis" }, { "id": "9237594", "score": "1.8894683", "text": "she needs six. Aged just nineteen, she marries composer David Rose, but the marriage lasts only nine months. 1944: Judy (now played by Judy Davis) meets Vincente Minnelli (Hugh Laurie), who is the director of her next film, \"Meet Me in St. Louis\". She is then shown filming \"The Trolley Song\" sequence. She and Vincente marry in 1945. On their honeymoon, she tells him she plans to quit MGM when her contract expires and that she is pregnant. She then throws away a bottle of her pills and vows never to take them again. 1947: Now mother to Liza, Judy", "title": "Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows" }, { "id": "8042187", "score": "1.8482218", "text": "film was released. Warner Home Video then released it on DVD in February 2007. The Clock (1945 film) The Clock (UK title Under the Clock) is a 1945 American romantic drama film starring Judy Garland and Robert Walker and directed by Garland's future husband, Vincente Minnelli. This was Garland's first dramatic role, as well as her first starring vehicle in which she did not sing. A soldier, Joe Allen (Robert Walker), on a 48-hour leave, meets Alice Mayberry (Judy Garland) in Pennsylvania Station when she trips over his foot and breaks the heel off one of her shoes. Although it", "title": "The Clock (1945 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Meet Me in St. Louis\n\nMeet Me in St. Louis is a 1944 American Christmas musical film made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes, starting with Summer 1903, it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (more commonly referred to as the World's Fair) in the spring of 1904. The film stars Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart and Joan Carroll.\n\nThe film was adapted by Irving Brecher and Fred F. Finklehoffe from a series of short stories by Sally Benson originally published in \"The New Yorker\" magazine called \"The Kensington Stories\" and later in novel form as \"Meet Me in St. Louis\". The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli, who met Garland on the set and later married her. Tony Award-winning designer Lemuel Ayers served as the film's art director.\n\nUpon its release, \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" was both a critical and a commercial success. It became the second-highest grossing film of 1944, behind only \"Going My Way\", and was also MGM's most successful musical of the 1940s. In 1994, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.\n\nGarland debuted the standards \"The Trolley Song\", \"The Boy Next Door\" and \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", all of which became hits after the film was released. The film's producer Arthur Freed also wrote and performed one of the songs.", "title": "Meet Me in St. Louis" }, { "id": "820558", "score": "1.8097961", "text": "and Fred F. Finklehoffe from a series of short stories by Sally Benson, originally published in \"The New Yorker\" magazine under the title \"5135 Kensington\", and later in novel form as \"Meet Me in St. Louis\". The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli, who met Garland on the set and later married her. It was the second-highest grossing picture of the year, only behind \"Going My Way\". In 1994, the film has been deemed \"culturally significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Garland debuted the standards \"The Trolley Song\", \"The", "title": "Meet Me in St. Louis" }, { "id": "8042175", "score": "1.8070807", "text": "The Clock (1945 film) The Clock (UK title Under the Clock) is a 1945 American romantic drama film starring Judy Garland and Robert Walker and directed by Garland's future husband, Vincente Minnelli. This was Garland's first dramatic role, as well as her first starring vehicle in which she did not sing. A soldier, Joe Allen (Robert Walker), on a 48-hour leave, meets Alice Mayberry (Judy Garland) in Pennsylvania Station when she trips over his foot and breaks the heel off one of her shoes. Although it is Sunday, Joe gets a shoe-repair shop owner to open his store and repair", "title": "The Clock (1945 film)" }, { "id": "3975400", "score": "1.8043909", "text": "Louis\" (1944) as Rose Smith, Judy Garland's older sister, and followed this with a starring role opposite Fred Astaire in the musical fable \"Yolanda and the Thief\" (1945). Despite sumptuous production values and a staff of high-priced talent behind the scenes (directed again by Vincente Minnelli from a story by Ludwig Bemelmans, with an original score by Harry Warren and producer/songwriter Arthur Freed, and choreographed by Eugene Loring), it was a box-office failure. The film's ambitious surrealist fantasy theme was not popular with wartime audiences, and unfortunately Bremer, a newcomer in her first starring role, took most of the blame.", "title": "Lucille Bremer" }, { "id": "690643", "score": "1.7911217", "text": "never confident in her appearance and never escaped the \"girl-next-door\" image that the studio had created for her. One of Garland's most successful films for MGM was \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" (1944), in which she introduced three standards: \"The Trolley Song\", \"The Boy Next Door\", and \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\". This was one of the first films in her career that gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady, rather than the dowdy girl next door. Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct, and he requested that make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland. Ponedel", "title": "Judy Garland" }, { "id": "2467185", "score": "1.7801236", "text": "a courtship that eventually led to their marriage in June 1945. Their one child together, Liza Minnelli, grew up to become an Academy Award-winning singer and actress. The Minnelli family is thus unique in that father, mother and child all won Oscars. Widely known for directing musicals, including \"An American in Paris\" (1951), \"Brigadoon\" (1954), \"Kismet\" (1955), and \"Gigi\" (1958), he also directed comedies and melodramas, including \"Madame Bovary\" (1949), \"Father of the Bride\" (1950), \"The Bad and the Beautiful\" (1952), \"Lust for Life\" (1956), \"Designing Woman\" (1957), and \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963). His last film was \"A", "title": "Vincente Minnelli" }, { "id": "2098075", "score": "1.7689881", "text": "the 1998 book \"\". Among its revelations is that she had an affair with Barry Manilow in 1971. In 2001, it was adapted as an Emmy-winning TV miniseries \"\". It stars Judy Davis as the adult Judy, Tammy Blanchard as the teenage Judy, Hugh Laurie as Vincente Minnelli, Victor Garber as Sid Luft, and Marsha Mason as Ethel Gumm. Luft is the co-author (film historian Jeffrey Vance is credited as the other co-author) of the 2018 book, \"A Star Is Born: Judy Garland and the Film That Got Away\" which she describes as \"a vivid account of the film classic's", "title": "Lorna Luft" }, { "id": "5104990", "score": "1.7680476", "text": "to be regarded as one of the three most important persons in the company, alongside Louis B. Mayer and Vice President Sam Katz. At MGM he continued to produce operetta films, starting with \"Seven Sweethearts\" (1942) starring Grayson, and \"Presenting Lily Mars\" (1943) starring Judy Garland. Both were very popular. Pasternak followed these with \"Thousands Cheer\" (1943) with Grayson and Gene Kelly, which was a huge hit; \"Song of Russia\" (1944), a musical which later became notorious because of its pro-Russian viewpoint; \"Two Girls and a Sailor\" (1944) with June Allyson, Van Johnson and Gloria De Haven, and \"Music for", "title": "Joe Pasternak" }, { "id": "12278826", "score": "1.7596464", "text": "Meet the People Meet the People (1944) is a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical comedy film made, and set, during World War II, and starring Lucille Ball and Dick Powell and featuring Virginia O'Brien, Bert Lahr, Rags Ragland and June Allyson. The film takes its title from a successful Los Angeles musical revue, which ran on Broadway from December 25, 1939 to May 10, 1941. Vaughn Monroe and his orchestra, Spike Jones and his City Slickers, and Virginia O'Brien were also in the original stage cast. O'Brien sings the hit song \"Say We're Sweethearts Again\". Welder William \"Swanee\" Swanson works at a shipyard", "title": "Meet the People" }, { "id": "8511793", "score": "1.7585709", "text": "of vaudeville, on the verge of America's entrance into World War I, two talented performers, Jo Hayden (Judy Garland) and Harry Palmer (Gene Kelly), set their sights on playing the Palace Theatre on Broadway, the epitome of vaudeville success, and marrying immediately after. Just weeks before their plans are to be realized Harry gets a draft notice. Intending to obtain a short delay before reporting for duty, he intentionally smashes his hand in a trunk. That same day Jo is notified that her brother, who had been studying to be a doctor, has died in the war. When she realizes", "title": "For Me and My Gal (film)" }, { "id": "1790807", "score": "1.7433913", "text": "of Ceremonies is joined by two of the Kit Kat girls. After the box office failure of his film version of \"Sweet Charity\" in 1969, Bob Fosse bounced back with \"Cabaret\" in 1972, a year that would make him the most honored director in the movie business. The film also brought Liza Minnelli, the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli, her own first chance to sing on screen, and she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. With Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor (Joel Grey), Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, Best Sound, Best Original Song Score and Adaptation,", "title": "Cabaret (1972 film)" }, { "id": "690619", "score": "1.7419736", "text": "as a child with her two older sisters, and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two dozen films with MGM and is often best remembered for her portrayal of Dorothy Gale in \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939). Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly, and regularly collaborated with director and husband Vincente Minnelli. Other film appearances during this period include roles in \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" (1944), \"The Harvey Girls\" (1946), \"Easter Parade\" (1948), and \"Summer Stock\" (1950). Garland was released from MGM in 1950, after 15", "title": "Judy Garland" }, { "id": "6805985", "score": "1.7394977", "text": "starred his wife at the time, Judy Garland. Minnelli's specialty was in directing the kind of glossy musicals that M-G-M's Arthur Freed unit turned out. Because he trusted producer Pandro S. Berman's judgement in regard to the film's star, Katharine Hepburn – who had already signed on to do the film – Minnelli accepted the assignment; Berman had produced \"alice Adams\" and \"Stage Door\" with Hepburn when they both worked for RKO Pictures. Berman and Minnelli would go on to make \"Madame Bovary\" (1949), \"Father of the Bride\" (1950), and other successful films together. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer paid David O. Selznick $25,000", "title": "Undercurrent (1946 film)" }, { "id": "8042180", "score": "1.7271723", "text": "the request of Garland as there was a lack of chemistry between the two and early footage was disappointing. When Freed asked who Garland wanted to direct the film, she requested Vincente Minnelli who had just directed Garland the previous year in \"Meet Me in St. Louis\", which was a tremendous success. Moreover, she and Minnelli had become romantically involved during the principal photography of \"Meet Me In St. Louis\". During production of \"The Clock\", they rekindled their romance, and were engaged by the end of shooting. Minnelli discarded most of the footage shot by Zinnemann and reshaped the film.", "title": "The Clock (1945 film)" }, { "id": "820559", "score": "1.7264023", "text": "Boy Next Door\", and \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", all of which became hits after the film was released. Arthur Freed, the producer of the film, also wrote and performed one of the songs. The backdrop for \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" is St. Louis, Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 World's Fair. It is summer 1903. The Smith family leads a comfortable upper-middle class life. Alonzo Smith (Leon Ames) and his wife Anna (Mary Astor) have four daughters: Rose (Lucille Bremer), Esther (Judy Garland), Agnes (Joan Carroll), and Tootie (Margaret O'Brien); and a son, Lon", "title": "Meet Me in St. Louis" }, { "id": "18476106", "score": "1.7256911", "text": "it,\" said De Carlo later. Rainbow Island (1944 film) Rainbow Island is a 1944 American musical comedy film directed by Ralph Murphy and written by Arthur Phillips and Walter DeLeon. The film stars Dorothy Lamour, Eddie Bracken, Gil Lamb, Barry Sullivan, Forrest Orr, Anne Revere and Reed Hadley. The film was released on September 5, 1944, by Paramount Pictures. Dorothy Lamour was reluctant to play the lead. Paramount was going to use contract player Yvonne De Carlo instead but then Lamour changed her mind, and De Carlo was relegated to a bit player. \"You might have seen Gil Lamb chasing", "title": "Rainbow Island (1944 film)" } ]

[ "jazz history", "Modern Jazz", "Jazz history", "Jazzy", "Jazz music", "Vaudeville jazz", "History of jazz", "List of jazz albums", "Jazz genres", "Jazz structure", "jazz", "history of jazz", "Classical blues", "Blues and soul jazz", "jazz structure", "Jazz (music genre)", "list of jazz albums", "blues and soul jazz", "jazz music genre", "modern jazz", "jazzy", "Jazz Music History", "Jazz Structure", "vaudeville jazz", "jazz music history", "classical blues", "jazz music", "jazz genres", "Jazz" ]

[ { "id": "94323", "score": "1.6447511", "text": "his preferred drummer until Mingus's death in 1979. The two men formed one of the most impressive and versatile rhythm sections in jazz. Both were accomplished performers seeking to stretch the boundaries of their music while staying true to its roots. When joined by pianist Jaki Byard, they were dubbed \"The Almighty Three\". In 1959 Mingus and his jazz workshop musicians recorded one of his best-known albums, \"Mingus Ah Um\". Even in a year of standout masterpieces, including Dave Brubeck's \"Time Out\", Miles Davis's \"Kind of Blue\", John Coltrane's \"Giant Steps\", and Ornette Coleman's prophetic \"The Shape of Jazz to", "title": "Charles Mingus" }, { "id": "211684", "score": "1.6357985", "text": "Charles Mingus is also frequently associated with the avant-garde in jazz, although his compositions draw from myriad styles and genres. The first major stirrings came in the 1950s with the early work of Ornette Coleman (whose 1960 album \"\" coined the term) and Cecil Taylor. In the 1960s, exponents included Albert Ayler, Gato Barbieri, Carla Bley, Don Cherry, Larry Coryell, John Coltrane, Bill Dixon, Jimmy Giuffre, Steve Lacy, Michael Mantler, Sun Ra, Roswell Rudd, Pharoah Sanders, and John Tchicai. In developing his late style, Coltrane was especially influenced by the dissonance of Ayler's trio with bassist Gary Peacock and drummer", "title": "Jazz" }, { "id": "94325", "score": "1.5994136", "text": "swing.\" Mingus witnessed Ornette Coleman's legendary—and controversial—1960 appearances at New York City's Five Spot jazz club. He initially expressed rather mixed feelings for Coleman's innovative music: \"...if the free-form guys could play the same tune twice, then I would say they were playing something...Most of the time they use their fingers on the saxophone and they don't even know what's going to come out. They're experimenting.\" That same year, however, Mingus formed a quartet with Richmond, trumpeter Ted Curson and multi-instrumentalist Eric Dolphy. This ensemble featured the same instruments as Coleman's quartet, and is often regarded as Mingus rising to", "title": "Charles Mingus" }, { "id": "115015", "score": "1.5656419", "text": "era, and free jazz and jazz-rock fusion, produced several influential bassists. Charles Mingus (1922–1979), who was also a composer and bandleader, produced music that fused hard bop with black gospel music, free jazz, and classical music. Free jazz and post-bop bassist Charlie Haden (1937–2014) is best known for his long association with saxophonist Ornette Coleman, and for his role in the 1970s-era Liberation Music Orchestra, an experimental group. Eddie Gómez and George Mraz, who played with Bill Evans and Oscar Peterson, respectively, and are both acknowledged to have furthered expectations of pizzicato fluency and melodic phrasing. Fusion virtuoso Stanley Clarke", "title": "Double bass" }, { "id": "10956788", "score": "1.5432281", "text": "Ornette assembled a group of musicians—teenaged cornet player Don Cherry, double bass player Charlie Haden, and drummers Ed Blackwell and Billy Higgins—with whom he could explore his unusual jazz compositions. Coleman was introduced to music producer Lester Koenig of Contemporary Records by a bebop bassist friend of Cherry's, Red Mitchell, who thought Koenig might be interested in purchasing Coleman's songs. When other musicians found the tunes too challenging, Coleman was invited to perform the compositions himself. Though often controversial at the time, music from Coleman's first album is now generally well received. \"Rolling Stone\" commented admiringly on the composer's \"genuinely", "title": "Something Else!!!!" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles Mingus\n\nCharles Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz upright bassist, pianist, composer, bandleader, and author. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history, with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Herbie Hancock.\n\nMingus' compositions continue to be played by contemporary musicians ranging from the repertory bands Mingus Big Band, Mingus Dynasty, and Mingus Orchestra, to the high school students who play the charts and compete in the Charles Mingus High School Competition. In 1993, the Library of Congress acquired Mingus' collected papers—including scores, sound recordings, correspondence and photos—in what they described as \"the most important acquisition of a manuscript collection relating to jazz in the Library's history\".", "title": "Charles Mingus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jazz (miniseries)\n\nJazz is a 2001 television documentary miniseries directed by Ken Burns. It was broadcast on PBS in 2001 and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series. Its chronological and thematic episodes provided a history of jazz, emphasizing innovative composers and musicians and American history.\n\nSwing musicians Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington are the central figures. Several episodes discussed the later contributions of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie to bebop, and of Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman, and John Coltrane to free and cool jazz. Of this 10-part documentary surveying jazz in the years from 1917 to 2001, all but the last episode are devoted to music pre-1961. The series was produced by Florentine Films in cooperation with the BBC and in association with WETA-TV, Washington.", "title": "Jazz (miniseries)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jazz\n\nJazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major form of musical expression in traditional and popular music. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, complex chords, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. Jazz has roots in European harmony and African rhythmic rituals.\n\nAs jazz spread around the world, it drew on national, regional, and local musical cultures, which gave rise to different styles. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. But jazz did not begin as a single musical tradition in New Orleans or elsewhere. In the 1930s, arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz (a hard-swinging, bluesy, improvisational style), and gypsy jazz (a style that emphasized musette waltzes) were the prominent styles. Bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging \"musician's music\" which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed near the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, linear melodic lines.\n\nThe mid-1950s saw the emergence of hard bop, which introduced influences from rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues to small groups and particularly to saxophone and piano. Modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation, as did free jazz, which explored playing without regular meter, beat and formal structures. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock music's rhythms, electric instruments, and highly amplified stage sound. In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful, garnering significant radio airplay. Other styles and genres abound in the 21st century, such as Latin and Afro-Cuban jazz.", "title": "Jazz" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Newport Jazz Festival\n\nThe Newport Jazz Festival is an annual American multi-day jazz music festival held every summer in Newport, Rhode Island. Elaine Lorillard established the festival in 1954, and she and husband Louis Lorillard financed it for many years. They hired George Wein to organize the first festival and bring jazz to Rhode Island.\n\nMost of the early festivals were broadcast on Voice of America radio, and many performances were recorded and released as albums. In 1972, the Newport Jazz Festival was moved to New York City. In 1981, it became a two-site festival when it was returned to Newport while continuing in New York. From 1984 to 2008, the festival was known as the JVC Jazz Festival; in the economic downturn of 2009, JVC ceased its support of the festival and was replaced by CareFusion.\n\nThe festival is hosted in Newport at Fort Adams State Park. It is often held in the same month as the Newport Folk Festival.", "title": "Newport Jazz Festival" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lee Konitz\n\nLeon Konitz (October 13, 1927 – April 15, 2020) was an American composer and alto saxophonist.\n\nHe performed successfully in a wide range of jazz styles, including bebop, cool jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Konitz's association with the cool jazz movement of the 1940s and 1950s includes participation in Miles Davis's \"Birth of the Cool\" sessions and his work with pianist Lennie Tristano. He was one of relatively few alto saxophonists of this era to retain a distinctive style, when Charlie Parker exerted a massive influence. Like other students of Tristano, Konitz improvised long, melodic lines with the rhythmic interest coming from odd accents, or odd note groupings suggestive of the imposition of one time signature over another. Other saxophonists were strongly influenced by Konitz, such as Paul Desmond and Art Pepper.\n\nHe died during the COVID-19 pandemic from complications brought on by the disease.", "title": "Lee Konitz" }, { "id": "1351335", "score": "1.5363967", "text": "to the bebop that came before it than is sometimes popularly imagined. After the Atlantic period and into the early part of the 1970s, Coleman's music became more angular and engaged with the avant-garde jazz which had developed in part around his innovations. After his quartet disbanded, he formed a trio with David Izenzon on bass and Charles Moffett on drums. He extended the sound of his music, introducing string players and playing trumpet and violin, which he played left-handed. He had little conventional musical technique and used the instruments to make large, unrestrained gestures. His friendship with Albert Ayler", "title": "Ornette Coleman" }, { "id": "2063813", "score": "1.530698", "text": "Los Angeles-based Ornette Coleman moved to New York, bringing with him the nascent style of free jazz. He was later joined by a number of others, most famously including John Coltrane and his contemporaries, such as Albert Ayler and Sun Ra. The last few decades have seen a further diffusion of jazz from New York and other major long-time capitals, to cities and regions across the United States and the world. Many New York jazz performers during this period played fusions of jazz with rock and other styles; among the earliest of these modern musicians was Carla Bley, cofounder of", "title": "Music of New York City" }, { "id": "94307", "score": "1.5139523", "text": "Charles Mingus Charles Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz double bassist, pianist, composer and bandleader. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history, with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz legends such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Dannie Richmond, and Herbie Hancock. Mingus' compositions continue to be played by contemporary musicians ranging from the repertory bands Mingus Big Band, Mingus Dynasty, and Mingus Orchestra, to the high school students who play the", "title": "Charles Mingus" }, { "id": "242965", "score": "1.5053982", "text": "However, a growing generation gap became apparent between him and the young jazz musicians who emerged in the postwar era such as Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, and Sonny Rollins. The postwar generation regarded their music as abstract art and considered Armstrong's vaudevillian style, half-musician and half-stage entertainer, outmoded and Uncle Tomism, \"... he seemed a link to minstrelsy that we were ashamed of.\" He called bebop \"Chinese music\". While touring Australia, 1954, he was asked if he could play bebop. \"Bebop?\" he husked. \"I just play music. Guys who invent terms like that are walking the streets with their instruments", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "id": "94331", "score": "1.5050336", "text": "black gospel music and blues, while sometimes containing elements of Third Stream, free jazz, and classical music. He once cited Duke Ellington and church as his main influences. Mingus espoused collective improvisation, similar to the old New Orleans jazz parades, paying particular attention to how each band member interacted with the group as a whole. In creating his bands, he looked not only at the skills of the available musicians, but also their personalities. Many musicians passed through his bands and later went on to impressive careers. He recruited talented and sometimes little-known artists, whom he utilized to assemble unconventional", "title": "Charles Mingus" }, { "id": "11489007", "score": "1.5029154", "text": "Tomorrow Is the Question! Tomorrow Is the Question!, subtitled \"The New Music of Ornette Coleman!\", is the second album by American jazz musician Ornette Coleman, originally released in 1959 by Contemporary Records. It was Coleman's last album for the label before he began a highly-successful multi-album series for Atlantic Records in 1959. As well as regular sideman Don Cherry on trumpet, the album features bassists Percy Heath and Red Mitchell, and drummer Shelly Manne. Unlike Coleman's debut \"Something Else!!!!\", on which he was contractually obliged to feature a pianist, there is no piano on the album. The album generally received", "title": "Tomorrow Is the Question!" }, { "id": "16809574", "score": "1.5017295", "text": "free jazz innovator Ornette Coleman would make himself heard in the jazz music scene. Nicholson does not suggest that Charles innovated these, but rather offer them as examples of Charles' role in \"a small group of New York-based musicians who were exploring ways of extending the music's boundaries\" and whose \"significance in anticipating changes in jazz, sometimes years in advance, have come to be overlooked.\" For January 1956 recording dates (tracks 1-7). For tracks 8 and 9, recorded October 23, 1956. For track 10, recorded November 12, 1956 The Teddy Charles Tentet The Teddy Charles Tentet is a 1956 jazz", "title": "The Teddy Charles Tentet" }, { "id": "1351327", "score": "1.4961067", "text": "Ornette Coleman Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015) was an American jazz saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter, and composer. In the 1960s, he was one of the founders of free jazz, a term he invented for his album \"\". His \"Broadway Blues\" has become a standard and has been cited as an important work in free jazz. His album \"Sound Grammar\" received the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music. Coleman was born in 1930 in Fort Worth, Texas where he was raised. His sister, Truvenza Coleman, claims that he was born on March 9, 1931. He attended I.M.", "title": "Ornette Coleman" }, { "id": "2631460", "score": "1.4943252", "text": "whom he met through his friendship with bassist Red Mitchell, For a time, he shared an apartment with the bassist Scott LaFaro. In May 1959, he recorded his first album with the Ornette Coleman Quartet, the seminal \"The Shape of Jazz to Come\". Haden's folk-influenced style complemented Coleman's microtonal, Texas blues elements. Later that year, the Quartet moved to New York City and secured an extended booking at the avant-garde Five Spot Café. This residency lasted six weeks and represented the beginnings of their unique, free and avant-garde jazz. Ornette's quartet played everything by ear, as Haden explained: “At first", "title": "Charlie Haden" }, { "id": "1351329", "score": "1.491761", "text": "Rouge incident. He then joined the band of Pee Wee Crayton and traveled with them to Los Angeles. He worked at various jobs, including as an elevator operator, while pursuing his music career. In California he found like-minded musicians such as Ed Blackwell, Bobby Bradford, Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, Billy Higgins, and Charles Moffett.</ref> He recorded his debut album, \"Something Else!!!!\" (1958) with Cherry, Higgins, Walter Norris, and Don Payne. During the same year he belonged briefly to a quintet led by Paul Bley that performed at a club in New York City. By the time \"Tomorrow Is the Question!\"", "title": "Ornette Coleman" }, { "id": "9793195", "score": "1.4880658", "text": "known album by John Coltrane in this category, and only the second collaboration in this category of recordings. The events of the 1960s resulted in Coltrane's innovations being regarded as avant-garde statements of black revolution, which is apparent in the article \"Black, Angry, and Hard to Understand\" published in 1966 by \"the New York Times\". Ornette Coleman attended the Lenox School of Jazz in 1959 with Don Cherry as his private instructor. His education was sponsored by Atlantic Records. Coleman had a revolutionary sound that deviated from conventional jazz (apparent by the lack of harmonies) and that resulted in disrespect", "title": "The Avant-Garde (album)" }, { "id": "15193186", "score": "1.4831676", "text": "widely considered a landmark year of innovation in jazz due to the release of four groundbreaking albums: \"Kind of Blue\" by Miles Davis, \"Time Out\" by The Dave Brubeck Quartet, \"Mingus Ah Um\" by Charles Mingus, and \"The Shape of Jazz to Come\" by Ornette Coleman. Each of these albums made a unique contribution to jazz. With \"Kind of Blue\", Miles Davis established a previously developing style of jazz, called modal jazz, which uses fewer chords and melodic improvisation based on scales. Today \"Kind of Blue\" is recognized as the best-selling jazz album of all time. In \"Time Out\", Dave", "title": "The Cry of Jazz" }, { "id": "20875521", "score": "1.4824023", "text": "on the lawn outside the halls where the concerts were being held, but while there was great opposition to these concerts, the music gave African Americans a voice and put them on the front lines of the Civil Rights Movement. Overlapping with the Civil Rights movement, jazz musicians such as Charles Mingus, John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman and Sun Ra pushed the boundaries of jazz as a musical form, embracing free improvisation and rejecting various forms and elements previously associated with jazz music. Free jazz was seen as a reaction, not only to the strictures of jazz as a musical form,", "title": "Music and Black liberation" }, { "id": "964750", "score": "1.4807055", "text": "\"musicians may incorporate free playing into structured modes—or play just about anything.\"He includes John Zorn, Henry Kaiser, Eugene Chadbourne, Tim Berne, Bill Frisell, Steve Lacy, Cecil Taylor, Ornette Coleman, and Ray Anderson in this genre, which continues \"the tradition of the '50s to '60s free-jazz mode\". Ornette Coleman rejected pre-written chord changes, believing that freely improvised melodic lines should serve as the basis for harmonic progression. His first notable recordings for Contemporary included \"Tomorrow Is the Question!\" and \"Something Else\" in 1958. These albums do not follow typical 32-bar form and often employ abrupt changes in tempo and mood. The", "title": "Free jazz" }, { "id": "469615", "score": "1.4803964", "text": "at this time included Lester Young, Ben Webster, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Art Tatum, Bill Evans, Ahmad Jamal, Oscar Peterson, Gil Evans, Jerry Mulligan, Cannonball Adderley, Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Art Blakey, Max Roach, the Miles Davis Quintet, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Ella Fitzgerald, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Nina Simone, and Billie Holiday. The American folk music revival became a phenomenon in the United States in the 1950s to mid-1960s with the initial success of The Weavers who popularized the genre. Their sound, and their broad repertoire of", "title": "1950s" } ]

[ "no shots were fired and at end people filled rifle muzzles with carnations", "No shots were fired and at the end people filled the rifle muzzles with carnations" ]

[ { "id": "1963495", "score": "1.8609343", "text": "Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution (), also referred to as the 25th of April (), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo. The revolution started as a military coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (, MFA) composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated and popular campaign of civil resistance. The MFA would lead to the fall of the Estado Novo and the withdrawal of Portugal from its African colonies. The name Carnation Revolution comes from the", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "6558431", "score": "1.844476", "text": "April 1974 – the Carnation Revolution. The anti-\"Estado Novo\" MFA-led Carnation Revolution, a military coup in Lisbon on April 25, 1974, initially had a negative impact on the Portuguese economy and social structure. Although the military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War where thousands of Portuguese soldiers had been conscripted into military service, and replacing the authoritarian \"Estado Novo\" (New State) regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms, it also paved the way for the end of Portugal as an intercontinental empire and an intermediate emerging power. The coup was", "title": "Economic history of Portugal" }, { "id": "16467458", "score": "1.8273952", "text": "in the capital and in the south of Portugal. Coup of 25 November 1975 The Coup of 25 November 1975 (usually referred to as the in Portugal) was a failed military \"coup d'état\" against the post-Carnation Revolution governing bodies of Portugal. This attempt was carried out by Portuguese Communists and other left-wing activists, who hoped to hijack the Portuguese transition to democracy in favor of Socialism. Vasco Gonçalves, the previous Prime Minister (July 1974 to September 1975), later described the coup as a \"provocation\" organised by the sixth provisional government, saying that the government had ordered the paratroopers to bomb", "title": "Coup of 25 November 1975" }, { "id": "1963499", "score": "1.8204737", "text": "colonial wars and began negotiations with the African independence movements. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops had been withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter had become a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in 1975. The Carnation Revolution also led to Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in south-east Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees — the \"retornados\". Although the regime's political police, PIDE, killed four people", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "6471120", "score": "1.8155041", "text": "embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. In April 1974 a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, would lead the way for a modern democracy as well as the independence of the last colonies in Africa, after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (\"Processo Revolucionário Em Curso\", or On-Going Revolutionary Process), characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. These events left Portugal on the brink of a civil war and made it a fertile ground for radicalism. Some factions, including Álvaro", "title": "Processo Revolucionário Em Curso" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Carnation Revolution\n\nThe Carnation Revolution (), also known as the 25 April (), was a military coup by left-leaning military officers that overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime on 25 April 1974 in Lisbon, producing major social, economic, territorial, demographic, and political changes in Portugal and its overseas colonies through the Processo Revolucionário Em Curso. It resulted in the Portuguese transition to democracy and the end of the Portuguese Colonial War.\n\nThe revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (, MFA), composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated, popular civil resistance campaign. Negotiations with African independence movements began, and by the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea, which became a UN member state. This was followed in 1975 by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in Africa and the declaration of independence of East Timor in Southeast Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the \"retornados\".\n\nThe Carnation Revolution got its name from the fact that almost no shots were fired and from restaurant worker Celeste Caeiro offering carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship, with other demonstrators following suit and carnations placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (, Freedom Day) that commemorates the revolution.", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Angolan War of Independence\n\nThe Angolan War of Independence (; 1961–1974), called in Angola the (\"Armed Struggle of National Liberation\"), began as an uprising against forced cultivation of cotton, and it became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's \"Estado Novo\" dictatorship, and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay.\n\nThe conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Overseas War, which also included the independence wars of Guinea-Bissau and of Mozambique.\n\nIt was a guerrilla war in which the Portuguese army and security forces waged a counter-insurgency campaign against armed groups mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside. Many atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict. In the end, the Portuguese achieved overall military victory.\n\nIn Angola, after the Portuguese withdrew, an armed conflict broke out among the nationalist movements. This war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement. Informally, this civil war resumed by May 1975, including street fighting in Luanda and the surrounding countryside.", "title": "Angolan War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Estado Novo (Portugal)\n\nThe Estado Novo (, lit. \"New State\") was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933. It evolved from the \"Ditadura Nacional\" (\"National Dictatorship\") formed after the \"coup d'état\" of 28 May 1926 against the democratic but unstable First Republic. Together, the \"Ditadura Nacional\" and the \"Estado Novo\" are recognised by historians as the Second Portuguese Republic (). The \"Estado Novo\", greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, who was President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968.\n\nThe \"Estado Novo\" was one of the longest-surviving authoritarian regimes in Europe in the 20th century. Opposed to communism, socialism, syndicalism, anarchism, liberalism and anti-colonialism, the regime was conservative, corporatist, and nationalist in nature, defending Portugal's traditional Catholicism. Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental nation under the doctrine of lusotropicalism, with Angola, Mozambique, and other Portuguese territories as extensions of Portugal itself, it being a supposed source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions. Under the \"Estado Novo\", Portugal tried to perpetuate a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of , while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence of their overseas colonies.\n\nPortugal joined the United Nations (UN) in 1955 and was a founding member of NATO (1949), the OECD (1961), and EFTA (1960). In 1968, Marcelo Caetano was appointed prime minister replacing an aged and debilitated Salazar; he continued to pave the way towards economic integration with Europe and an higher level of economic liberalization in the country, achieving the signing of an important free-trade agreement with the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1972.\n\nFrom 1950 until Salazar's death in 1970, Portugal saw its GDP per capita increase at an annual average rate of 5.7 per cent. Despite the remarkable economic growth, and economic convergence, by the fall of the \"Estado Novo\" in 1974, Portugal still had the lowest per capita income and the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe (although this also remained true following the fall, and continues to the present day). On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, a military coup organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers – the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) – led to the end of the \"Estado Novo\".", "title": "Estado Novo (Portugal)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mozambican War of Independence\n\nThe Mozambican War of Independence (, 'War of Independence of Mozambique') was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO () and Portugal. The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a ceasefire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975.\n\nPortugal's wars against guerrilla fighters seeking independence in its 400-year-old African territories began in 1961 with Angola. In Mozambique, the conflict erupted in 1964 as a result of unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican populations, who perceived foreign rule as exploitation and mistreatment, which served only to further Portuguese economic interests in the region. Many Mozambicans also resented Portugal's policies towards indigenous people, which resulted in discrimination and limited access to Portuguese-style education and skilled employment.\n\nAs successful self-determination movements spread throughout Africa after World War II, many Mozambicans became progressively more nationalistic in outlook, and increasingly frustrated by the nation's continued subservience to foreign rule. For the other side, many enculturated indigenous Africans who were fully integrated into the social organization of Portuguese Mozambique, in particular those from urban centres, reacted to claims of independence with a mixture of discomfort and suspicion. The ethnic Portuguese of the territory, which included most of the ruling authorities, responded with increased military presence and fast-paced development projects.\n\nA mass exile of Mozambique's political intelligentsia to neighbouring countries provided havens from which radical Mozambicans could plan actions and foment political unrest in their homeland. The formation of FRELIMO and the support of the Soviet Union, Romania, China, Cuba, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Tanzania, Zambia, Egypt, Algeria, Gaddafi regime in Libya and Brazil through arms and advisers, led to the outbreak of violence that was to last over a decade.\n\nFrom a military standpoint, the Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during the conflict against FRELIMO guerrilla forces. Nonetheless, Mozambique succeeded in achieving independence on June 25, 1975, after a civil resistance movement known as the Carnation Revolution backed by portions of the military in Portugal overthrew the Salazar regime, thus ending 470 years of Portuguese colonial rule in the East African region. According to historians of the Revolution, the military coup in Portugal was in part fuelled by protests concerning the conduct of Portuguese troops in their treatment of some of the indigenous Mozambican populace. The growing communist influence within the group of Portuguese insurgents who led the military coup and the pressure of the international community in relation to the Portuguese Colonial War were the primary causes of the outcome.", "title": "Mozambican War of Independence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "April Captains\n\nApril Captains () is a 2000 film telling the story of the \"Carnation Revolution\", the military coup that overthrew the corporatist dictatorship (known as the \"Estado Novo\") in Portugal on 25 April 1974. Although dramatised, the plot is closely based on the events of the revolution and many of the key characters are real - such as Captain Salgueiro Maia and Prime Minister Marcelo Caetano.\n\nThis European co-production was directed by Maria de Medeiros. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.", "title": "April Captains" }, { "id": "1963527", "score": "1.8064637", "text": "1975, the day of a pro-communist coup followed by a successful counter-coup by pro-democracy moderates, marked by constant friction between liberal-democratic forces and leftist/communist political parties. After a year, the first free election was carried out on 25 April 1975 in order to write a new Constitution to replace the Constitution of 1933 which prevailed during the \"Estado Novo\" period. In 1976, another election was held and the first Constitutional government, led by the centre-left socialist Mário Soares, assumed office. Before April 1974, the Portuguese Colonial War in Africa was consuming as much as 40% of the Portuguese budget and", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "1963546", "score": "1.8042989", "text": "the incumbent Portuguese authoritarian regime, almost all the Portuguese-ruled territories outside Europe became independent. Several left-wing historians have described the stubbornness of the regime as a lack of sensibility to the \"winds of change\". For the regime, those overseas possessions were a matter of national interest. Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution (), also referred to as the 25th of April (), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo. The revolution started as a military coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (, MFA) composed of military", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "16467455", "score": "1.7993248", "text": "Coup of 25 November 1975 The Coup of 25 November 1975 (usually referred to as the in Portugal) was a failed military \"coup d'état\" against the post-Carnation Revolution governing bodies of Portugal. This attempt was carried out by Portuguese Communists and other left-wing activists, who hoped to hijack the Portuguese transition to democracy in favor of Socialism. Vasco Gonçalves, the previous Prime Minister (July 1974 to September 1975), later described the coup as a \"provocation\" organised by the sixth provisional government, saying that the government had ordered the paratroopers to bomb the occupied . These orders, carried out by low-level", "title": "Coup of 25 November 1975" }, { "id": "1963498", "score": "1.7971007", "text": "military service, and replacing the \"Estado Novo\" regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms. It started as a professional class protest of Portuguese Armed Forces captains against a decree law: the \"Dec Lei nº 353/73\" of 1973. A group of Portuguese low-ranking officers organised within the Armed Forces Movement (\"MFA – Movimento das Forças Armadas\"), including some who had been fighting the pro-independence guerrillas in the Portuguese empire's territories in Africa, and rose to overthrow the \"Estado Novo\" regime that had ruled Portugal since the 1930s. Portugal's new regime pledged itself to end the", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "16118305", "score": "1.7828333", "text": "previous two years combined. The effect of the security forces' decisive counter-campaign was undone by two drastic changes to the geopolitical situation in 1974 and 1975, each relating to one of the Rhodesian government's two main backers, Portugal and South Africa. In Lisbon, a military coup on 25 April 1974 replaced the right-wing \"Estado Novo\" administration with a leftist government opposed to the unpopular Colonial War in Angola, Mozambique and Portugal's other African territories. Following this coup, which became known as the Carnation Revolution, Portuguese leadership was hurriedly withdrawn from Lisbon's overseas territories, each of which was earmarked for an", "title": "Victoria Falls Conference (1975)" }, { "id": "1963525", "score": "1.77758", "text": "and President Américo Tomás fled to Brazil. Caetano spent the rest of his life in Brazil, while Tomás returned to Portugal a few years later. The revolution was closely watched from neighbouring Spain, where the government and opposition were planning for the succession of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who died a year and a half later, in 1975. After the military coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974, power was taken by a military junta, the National Salvation Junta, and Portugal went through a turbulent period, commonly called the \"Continuing Revolutionary Process\" (Portuguese: Processo Revolucionário Em Curso, or PREC). Initially", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "10426277", "score": "1.7750354", "text": "Caetano to step down. Most of the population of the country soon supported this uprising. It was called the Carnation Revolution because of the use of the carnation on soldiers' rifles as a symbol of peace. This revolution was the beginning of the Portuguese Third Republic. The days after the revolution saw widespread celebration for the end of 48 years of dictatorship and soon exiled politicians like Álvaro Cunhal and Mário Soares returned to the country for the celebration of May Day, in what became a symbol of the country's regained freedom. After the fall of the \"Estado Novo\", differences", "title": "Third Portuguese Republic" }, { "id": "1963539", "score": "1.7743149", "text": "fall of the Estado Novo regime and the loss of its colonies in 1974 and 1975, Portugal left EFTA and entered into the European Economic Community in 1986. A report published in January 2011 by the \"Diário de Notícias\", a right-wing Portuguese tabloid newspaper, demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments have encouraged over expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear public-private partnerships. This has funded numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advising committees and firms, allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works, inflated top management and head officers'", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "1760217", "score": "1.7715759", "text": "cost and unpopularity of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), in which Portugal resisted to the emerging nationalist guerrilla movements in some of its African territories, eventually led to the collapse of the Estado Novo regime in 1974. Known as the \"Carnation Revolution\", one of the first acts of the MFA-led government which then came into power – the National Salvation Junta (\"Junta de Salvação Nacional\") – was to end the wars and negotiate Portuguese withdrawal from its African colonies. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a", "title": "Portuguese Empire" }, { "id": "2930064", "score": "1.7677083", "text": "networks were being opened to link the well-developed and highly urbanized coastal strip with the more remote inland regions, and the number of ethnic European Portuguese migrants from mainland Portugal (the \"metrópole\") increased rapidly since the 1950s (although always as a small minority of each territory's total population). Suddenly, after some failed attempts of military rebellion, in April 1974 the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers – the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), overthrew the Estado Novo regime. The military-led coup can be described as the necessary means of bringing back democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular", "title": "Estado Novo (Portugal)" }, { "id": "14305865", "score": "1.7654287", "text": "sides). On April 25, 1974, the Portuguese Government of the \" Estado Novo\" regime under Marcelo Caetano, the corporatist and authoritarian regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar that had ruled Portugal since the 1930s, was overthrown in the Carnation Revolution, a military uprising in Lisbon. In May of that year, the \"Junta de Salvação Nacional\" (the new revolutionary government of Portugal) proclaimed a truce with the pro-independence African guerrillas in an effort to promote peace talks and independence. The military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War where hundreds of thousands of Portuguese soldiers had been", "title": "Portuguese Angola" }, { "id": "676422", "score": "1.763393", "text": "influence. The military coup in 1974, which became known as the Carnation Revolution, was a result of multiple internal and external factors like the colonial wars that ended in removing the dictator, Marcelo Caetano, from power. The prospect of a communist takeover in Portugal generated considerable concern among the country's NATO allies. The revolution also led to the country abruptly abandoning its colonies overseas and to the return of an estimated 600,000 Portuguese citizens from abroad. The 1976 constitution, which defined Portugal as a \"Republic... engaged in the formation of a classless society,\" was revised in 1982, 1989, 1992, 1997,", "title": "Politics of Portugal" }, { "id": "1963497", "score": "1.7555639", "text": "into a democracy, and produced enormous social, economic, territorial, demographic, and political changes in the country. These changes evolved during and after a two-year transitional period known as \"Processo Revolucionário Em Curso\" (PREC), or \"On-Going Revolutionary Process\", characterised by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. Despite repeated appeals by the revolutionaries, broadcast over the radio, asking the population to stay home, thousands of Portuguese descended on the streets, mixing with the military insurgents. The military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War in which thousands of Portuguese citizens had been conscripted into", "title": "Carnation Revolution" }, { "id": "3980085", "score": "1.7535107", "text": "a disgruntled former associate, agents assassinated Amílcar Cabral on the 20th January 1973 in Conakry, Guinea. The assassination happened less than 15 months before end of hostilities. On April 25, 1974 the Carnation Revolution, a left-wing military led revolution, broke out in Portugal ending the authoritarian dictatorship of \"Estado Novo\". The new regime quickly ordered cease-fire and began negotiating with leaders of the PAIGC. On 26 August 1974, after a series of diplomatic meetings, Portugal and the PAIGC signed an accord in Algiers, Algeria in which Portugal agreed to remove all troops by the end of October and to officially", "title": "Guinea-Bissau War of Independence" }, { "id": "8918378", "score": "1.7523661", "text": "and called for political solutions to Portugal's colonial problems. Dissatisfaction in Portugal culminated on April 25, 1974, when the Carnation Revolution, a peaceful leftist military \"coup d'état\" in Lisbon, ousted the incumbent Portuguese government of Marcelo Caetano. Thousands of Portuguese citizens left Mozambique, and the new head of government, General António de Spínola, called for a ceasefire. With the change of government in Lisbon, many soldiers refused to continue fighting, often remaining in their barracks instead of going on patrol. Negotiations between the Portuguese administration culminated in the Lusaka Accord signed on September 7, 1974, which provided for a complete", "title": "Mozambican War of Independence" } ]

[ "minks", "Mink (mammal)", "Mustela vison evergladensis", "mink mammal", "Mink", "mink", "mustela vison evergladensis", "Minks" ]

[ { "id": "247552", "score": "1.6104981", "text": "species as placed by Harding & Smith (2009). The genetic studies on which the scheme was based did not include the genus \"Lyncodon\", which is therefore unplaced, but it is probably allied with \"Mustela\" and \"Neovison\". Mustelidae The Mustelidae (; from Latin \"mustela\", weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, martens, mink, and wolverines, among others. Mustelids are diverse and the largest family in the order Carnivora, suborder caniform. The internal classification is still disputed, with rival proposals containing between two and eight subfamilies. One study, published in 2008, questions the long-accepted Mustelinae subfamily, and suggests", "title": "Mustelidae" }, { "id": "3883101", "score": "1.5866029", "text": "the family are also found in North America. Family Mephitidae (skunks and stink badgers) was once classified as mustelids, but are now recognized as a lineage in their own right. The 12 species of skunks are divided into four genera: \"Mephitis\" (hooded and striped skunks, two species), \"Spilogale\" (spotted skunks, four species), \"Mydaus\" (stink badgers, two species) and \"Conepatus\" (hog-nosed skunks, four species). The two skunk species in the genus \"Mydaus\" inhabit Indonesia and the Philippines; all other skunks inhabit the Americas from Canada to central South America. Family Mustelidae (badgers, weasels and otters) is the largest family of carnivora,", "title": "Caniformia" }, { "id": "2827141", "score": "1.5693653", "text": "vulgaris\" and \"M. eskimo\". Abrimov and Baryshinikov (2000) disagreed, recognising only \"M. subpalmata\" as a separate species. Within the genus \"Mustela\", the least weasel is a relatively unspecialised form, as evidenced by its pedomorphic skull, which occurs even in large subspecies. Its direct ancestor was \"Mustela praenivalis\", which lived in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene and Villafranchian. \"M. praenivalis\" itself was probably preceded by \"M. pliocaenica\" of the Pliocene. The modern species probably arose during the Late Pleistocene. The least weasel is the product of a process begun 5–7 million years ago, when northern forests were replaced by open grassland,", "title": "Least weasel" }, { "id": "14086826", "score": "1.5689204", "text": "interdigital webbing, as does the American water shrew (\"Sorex palustris\") of North America, but it is more well-developed in \"Nectogale elegans\" of montane Asia. Webbing is also present in the Pyrenean desman (\"Galemys pyrenaicus\"). The tenrec family, which occurs in Africa and mainly on Madagascar, includes several semiaquatic forms, and the small otter-shrews (\"Micropotamogale\") and the aptly named web-footed tenrec (\"Limnogale mergulus\") have developed interdigital webbing. The water opossum (\"Chironectes minimus\") of South America is the only opossum with interdigital webbing. Several carnivorans have interdigital webbing, including the greater grison (\"Galictis vittata\"), the Colombian weasel (\"Mustela felipei\"), the Amazon weasel", "title": "Interdigital webbing" }, { "id": "4347394", "score": "1.567245", "text": "weasel, otter, ferret, and wolverine. The American badger belongs to the Taxidiinae, one of three subfamilies of badgers – the other two being the Melinae (9 species, including the Eurasian badger) and the Mellivorinae (honey badger). The American badger's closest relative is the prehistoric \"Chamitataxus\". Recognized subspecies include: the nominate subspecies \"T. t. taxus\", found in central Canada and central US; \"T. t. jacksoni\", found in the southern Great Lakes region including southern Ontario; \"T. t. jeffersoni\", in British Columbia and the western US; and \"T. t. berlandieri\", in the southwestern US and northern Mexico. Ranges of subspecies overlap considerably,", "title": "American badger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mink\n\nMink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera \"Neogale\" and \"Mustela\" and part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, otters, and ferrets. There are two extant species referred to as \"mink\": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink was related to the American mink but was much larger.\n\nThe American mink's fur has been highly prized for use in clothing. Their treatment on fur farms has been a focus of animal rights and animal welfare activism. American mink have established populations in Europe (including Great Britain and Denmark) and South America. Some people believe this happened after the animals were released from mink farms by animal rights activists, or otherwise escaped from captivity. In the UK, under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is illegal to release mink into the wild. In some countries, any live mink caught in traps must be humanely killed.\n\nAmerican mink are believed by some to have contributed to the decline of the less hardy European mink through competition (though not through hybridization—native European mink are in fact more closely related to polecats than to North American mink). Trapping is used to control or eliminate introduced American mink populations.\n\nMink oil is used in some medical products and cosmetics, as well as to treat, preserve, and waterproof leather.", "title": "Mink" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Otter\n\nOtters are carnivorous mammals in the subfamily Lutrinae. The 13 extant otter species are all semiaquatic, aquatic, or marine, with diets based on fish and invertebrates. Lutrinae is a branch of the Mustelidae family, which also includes weasels, badgers, mink, and wolverines, among other animals.", "title": "Otter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Pinniped" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mustelidae\n\nThe Mustelidae (; from Latin \"mustela\", weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks and wolverines, among others. Mustelids () are a diverse group and form the largest family in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. They comprise about 66 to 70 species in nine subfamilies.", "title": "Mustelidae" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Mammals/Selected articles" }, { "id": "12254694", "score": "1.5530981", "text": "from Russia and Bulgaria, the first known members of the family \"Procyonidae\" lived in Europe in the late Oligocene about 25 million years ago. Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and weasels share a common ancestor, but molecular analysis indicates a closer relationship between raccoons and bears. After the then-existing species crossed the Bering Strait at least six million years later in the early Miocene, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America. Coatis (\"Nasua\" and \"Nasuella\") and raccoons (\"Procyon\") have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus \"Paranasua\" present between 5.2", "title": "Raccoon" }, { "id": "15738135", "score": "1.5475153", "text": "mammal clades in the later Neogene as the worlds top predators, though no evidence of direct competition is known, and carnivorans may have simply filled vacated niches. Palaeonictis Palaeonictis is an extinct hyena-like predatory mammal belonging to the family Oxyaenidae, existing from the late Paleocene to the early Eocene times. In life, it would have resembled a large modern wolverine. This oxyaenid had heavy jaws and blunt robust teeth more suited for crushing bones, than slicing meat. This meant that the plantigrade \"Palaeonictis\" was at least a part-time scavenger. The biggest species, \"Palaeonictis peloria\" (meaning \"terrible ancient weasel\") is known", "title": "Palaeonictis" }, { "id": "14842666", "score": "1.5439141", "text": "Weasels are some of the most important predators of squirrels, mice, and voles, although wolverines can take down an animal as large as a caribou and the primary food of river otters is fish. Several species, including the river otter, black-footed ferret, and wolverine, have declined over much of their range because of habitat loss, poisoning, and trapping, as well as decline in prey species. There are now only about 300 black-footed ferrets in the wild. They are classified as critically endangered. Members of the deer family (Cervidae) are relatively common in the Rocky Mountains, and include North American elk,", "title": "Ecology of the Rocky Mountains" }, { "id": "247539", "score": "1.5434937", "text": "Mustelidae The Mustelidae (; from Latin \"mustela\", weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, martens, mink, and wolverines, among others. Mustelids are diverse and the largest family in the order Carnivora, suborder caniform. The internal classification is still disputed, with rival proposals containing between two and eight subfamilies. One study, published in 2008, questions the long-accepted Mustelinae subfamily, and suggests that the Mustelidae consist of four major clades and three much smaller lineages. Mustelids vary greatly in size and behaviour. The least weasel can be under a foot in length, while the giant otter can measure", "title": "Mustelidae" }, { "id": "62028", "score": "1.5412276", "text": "superfamily Canoidea (or suborder Caniformia) – Canidae (wolves, dogs and foxes), Mephitidae (skunks and stink badgers), Mustelidae (weasels, badgers, and otters), Procyonidae (raccoons), Ursidae (bears), Ailuridae (red panda), Otariidae (eared seals), Odobenidae (walrus), and Phocidae (earless seals) (the last three families formerly classified in the superfamily Pinnipedia) and the extinct family Amphicyonidae (bear-dogs) – are characterized by having nonchambered or partially chambered auditory bullae, nonretractable claws, and a well-developed baculum. Most species are rather plain in coloration, lacking the flashy spotted or rosetted coats like many species of felids and viverrids have. This is because Canoidea tend to range in", "title": "Carnivora" }, { "id": "1362271", "score": "1.5381125", "text": "Mink Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera \"Neovison\" and \"Mustela\", and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets. There are two extant species referred to as \"mink\": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink is related to the American mink, but was much larger. The American mink is larger and more adaptable than the European mink but, due to variations in size, an individual mink usually cannot be determined as European or American with certainty without looking at the skeleton; however, all European mink have a large white", "title": "Mink" }, { "id": "1362283", "score": "1.528954", "text": "not wild-colored. Mink Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera \"Neovison\" and \"Mustela\", and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets. There are two extant species referred to as \"mink\": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink is related to the American mink, but was much larger. The American mink is larger and more adaptable than the European mink but, due to variations in size, an individual mink usually cannot be determined as European or American with certainty without looking at the skeleton; however, all European mink have a", "title": "Mink" }, { "id": "12606135", "score": "1.5248251", "text": "that the two diverged around 1.6-1.7 million years ago. Their ranges now overlap in western Japan where the Siberian weasel has been introduced. Adult males of the Japanese weasel can reach in body length with a tail length of up to . Females are smaller. The fur is orange-brown with darker markings on the head. The species typically occurs in mountainous or forested areas near water. Its diet includes mice, frogs, reptiles, insects and crayfish. Japanese weasel The Japanese weasel (\"Mustela itatsi\") is a carnivorous mammal belonging to the genus \"Mustela\" in the family Mustelidae. It is native to Japan", "title": "Japanese weasel" }, { "id": "9049067", "score": "1.5243156", "text": "carnivoran in South America. It is considered vulnerable by the IUCN. It is the second smallest living carnivore on average, being only slightly larger than the least weasel (\"Mustela nivalis\") and slightly smaller than the ermine or stoat (\"M. erminea\"). The upperparts and tail are blackish-brown, while the underparts are orange-buff. \"M. felipei\" has an elongated body with an average length of , and a tail long. Weight ranges between . \"M. felipei\" has a dark dorsal color with no variation, ventrally the weasel has a light orange color with gradual fading of color up to the head. Hair color", "title": "Colombian weasel" }, { "id": "10312384", "score": "1.5147433", "text": "vole etc.), harvest mice, hazel dormouse, garden dormouse, edible dormouse, red squirrel, striped field mouse, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, black rat, brown rat, house mouse, water vole, \"Cricetus\". The European beaver was hunted almost to extinction, but is now being re-introduced throughout the continent. The three European lagomorphs are the European rabbit, mountain hare and European hare. Widespread and locally common ungulates are boar, moose, roe deer, red deer, reindeer, wisent, chamois and argali. Today the larger carnivores (wolves and bears) are endangered. The brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia and Russia; a small number also persist", "title": "Fauna of Europe" }, { "id": "483372", "score": "1.5126143", "text": "Weasel A weasel is a mammal of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae. The genus \"Mustela\" includes the least weasels, polecats, stoats, ferrets and minks. Members of this genus are small, active predators, with long and slender bodies and short legs. The family Mustelidae (which also includes badgers, otters, and wolverines) is often referred to as the \"weasel family\". In the UK, the term \"weasel\" usually refers to the smallest species, the least weasel (\"M. nivalis\"). Weasels vary in length from , females being smaller than the males, and usually have red or brown upper coats and white bellies;", "title": "Weasel" }, { "id": "9488334", "score": "1.5053462", "text": "white-tailed deer, raccoon, eastern spotted skunk, striped skunk, long-tailed weasel, and the American badger and beaver. The wild boar is common in the South, while the American mink lives in every central state with the exception of Texas. The least weasel is found around the Great Lakes as well as states such as Nebraska, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The gray fox is found in Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and also around the Great Lakes region. The ring-tailed cat is found in the southern region, including in Texas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. There are many species of squirrels", "title": "Fauna of the United States" }, { "id": "62044", "score": "1.5049608", "text": "from among them. Carnivora are generally divided into the suborders Feliformia (cat-like) and Caniformia (dog-like), the latter of which includes the pinnipeds. The pinnipeds are part of a clade, known as the Arctoidea, which also includes the Ursidae (bears) and the superfamily Musteloidea. The Musteloidea in turn consists of the Mustelidae (mustelids: weasels), Procyonidae (procyonids: raccoons), Mephitidae (skunks) and \"Ailurus\" (red panda). The oldest caniforms are the \"Miacis\" species \"Miacis cognitus\", the Amphicyonidae (bear-dogs) such as \"Daphoenus\", and \"Hesperocyon\" (of the family Canidae, subfamily Hesperocyoninae). Hesperocyonine canids first appeared in North America, and the earliest species is currently dated at", "title": "Carnivora" }, { "id": "20634779", "score": "1.5034617", "text": "Cultural depictions of weasels Weasels are mammals belonging to the family \"Mustelidae\" and the genus Mustela, which includes stoats, least weasels, ferrets, and minks, among others\".\" Different species of weasel have lived alongside humans on every continent except Antarctica and Australia, and have been assigned a wide range of folkloric and mythical meanings. Excavations in Çatalhöyük, the earliest known agricultural settlement in Turkey (dating to 7000-6000 BC), uncovered animal parts which were incorporated into the structure of homes in what may have been a ritual practice. The teeth of weasels, alongside the teeth of foxes, tusks of wild boars, the", "title": "Cultural depictions of weasels" }, { "id": "14204255", "score": "1.5026412", "text": "Pantolestidae Pantolestidae is an extinct family of semi-aquatic, non-placental eutherian mammals that took part in the first placental evolutionary radiation together with other early mammals such as the leptictids. Forming the core of the equally extinct suborder Pantolesta, the pantolestids evolved as a series of increasingly otter-like forms, ranging from the Middle Paleocene (60 mya) \"Bessoecetor\" to the Late Eocene (Ergilian) (50-33 mya) \"Gobiopithecus\" and \"Kiinkerishella\". They first appear in North America, whence they spread to Europe. The pantolestids were fish predators with a body length of about and a tail about long. The anatomy of these archaic \"insectivorous\" mammals", "title": "Pantolestidae" } ]

[ "one thousand, eight hundred and twenty-two", "", "1822", "one thousand eight hundred and twenty two" ]

[ { "id": "668070", "score": "1.9179199", "text": "of booklets about the Egyptian gods, including some decipherments of their names. Building on his progress, Champollion now began to study other texts in addition to the Rosetta stone, studying a series of much older inscriptions from Abu Simbel. During 1823, he succeeded in identifying the names of pharaohs Ramesses and Thutmose written in cartouches in these ancient texts. With the help of a new acquaintance, the Duke de Blacas in 1824, Champollion finally published the \"Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens\" dedicated to and funded by King Louis XVIII. Here he presented the first correct translation of the", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "2215099", "score": "1.8964794", "text": "la littérature de l'Egypte\" (1808), showing that the language of ancient Egypt must be sought in Coptic. His \"Mémoires géographiques et historiques sur l'Égypte… sur quelques contrées voisines\" was published in 1811. This publication forced Jean-François Champollion, the famous decoder of the Rosetta stone, to publish, prematurely, an \"Introduction\" to his \"L'Égypte sous les pharaons\". Since both works concern the Coptic names of Egyptian towns, and Champollion's was published later, Champollion was accused by some of plagiarism. In fact \"neither he nor Quatremère had copied from one another, and very obvious differences of approach were apparent in their publications\". Quatremère", "title": "Étienne Marc Quatremère" }, { "id": "8401250", "score": "1.8950012", "text": "in 1799 of the Rosetta Stone by Napoleon's troops (during Napoleon's Egyptian invasion) provided the critical information which allowed Jean-François Champollion, taking into the account the work of other scholars, to discover the nature of the script by the 1820s. He had been introduced to hieroglyphics at the tender age of 10 and so began a lifelong fascination. A significant breakthrough was made by Champollion in 1822, as reflected in his well-known \"Lettre à M. Dacier\": \"It is a complex system, writing figurative, symbolic, and phonetic all at once, in the same text, the same phrase, I would almost say", "title": "Decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs" }, { "id": "367691", "score": "1.8670988", "text": "another. In 1824 Classical scholar Antoine-Jean Letronne promised to prepare a new literal translation of the Greek text for Champollion's use. Champollion in return promised an analysis of all the points at which the three texts seemed to differ. Following Champollion's sudden death in 1832, his draft of this analysis could not be found, and Letronne's work stalled. François Salvolini, Champollion's former student and assistant, died in 1838, and this analysis and other missing drafts were found among his papers. This discovery incidentally demonstrated that Salvolini's own publication on the stone, published in 1837, was plagiarism. Letronne was at last", "title": "Rosetta Stone" }, { "id": "668042", "score": "1.8453133", "text": "hieroglyphs, basing his own work on the investigations of Swedish diplomat Johan David Åkerblad. Young and Champollion first became aware of each other's work in 1814 when Champollion wrote to the Royal Society of which Young was the secretary, requesting better transcriptions of the Rosetta stone, to Young's irritation, arrogantly implying that he would be able to quickly decipher the script if he only had better copies. Young had at that time spent several months working unsuccessfully on the Rosetta text using Åkerblad's decipherments. In 1815, Young replied in the negative, arguing that the French transcriptions were equally good as", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "668039", "score": "1.844436", "text": "script represented the Coptic language. Already in 1806, he wrote to his brother about his decision to become the one to decipher the Egyptian script: In 1808, Champollion received a scare when French Archeologist Alexandre Lenoir published the first of his four volumes on \"Nouvelles Explications des Hieroglyphes\". making the young scholar fear that his budding work had already been surpassed. But he was relieved to find that Lenoir still operated under the assumption that the hieroglyphs were mystic symbols and not a literary system expressing language. This experience made him even more determined to be the first to decipher", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "668027", "score": "1.8402407", "text": "in Arab clothing and calling himself \"Al Seghir\", the Arab translation of \"le jeune\". He divided his time between the College of France, the Special School of Oriental Languages, the National Library where his brother was a librarian and the Commission of Egypt, the institution in charge of publishing the findings of the Egyptian expedition. In 1808, he first began studying the Rosetta stone, working from a copy made by the Abbé de Tersan. Working independently he was able to confirm some of the readings of the demotic previously made by Johan David Åkerblad in 1802, finally identifying the Coptic", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "668095", "score": "1.835713", "text": "Champollion's method, cementing his reputation as the true decipherer of the hieroglyphs. Champollion's most immediate legacy is in the field of Egyptology, of which he is now widely considered as the founder and father, with his decipherment the result of his genius combined with hard work. Figeac honors him with La place des Écritures, a monumental reproduction of the Rosetta Stone by American artist Joseph Kosuth (pictured to the right). And a museum devoted to Jean-François Champollion was created in his birthplace at Figeac in Lot. It was inaugurated on 19 December 1986 in the presence of President François Mitterrand", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "10955336", "score": "1.8328681", "text": "Kircher (1601–1680) was the first in Europe to realize that Coptic was a direct linguistic descendant of ancient Egyptian. In his \"Oedipus Aegyptiacus\", he made the first concerted European effort to interpret the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphs, albeit based on symbolic inferences. It was not until 1799, with the Napoleonic discovery of a trilingual (i.e. hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) stela inscription on the Rosetta Stone, that modern scholars were able to decipher ancient Egyptian literature. The first major effort to translate the hieroglyphs of the Rosetta Stone was made by Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832) in 1822. The earliest translation efforts of Egyptian", "title": "Ancient Egyptian literature" }, { "id": "367692", "score": "1.8291972", "text": "able to complete his commentary on the Greek text and his new French translation of it, which appeared in 1841. During the early 1850s, German Egyptologists Heinrich Brugsch and Max Uhlemann produced revised Latin translations based on the demotic and hieroglyphic texts. The first English translation followed in 1858, the work of three members of the Philomathean Society at the University of Pennsylvania. Whether one of the three texts was the standard version, from which the other two were originally translated, is a question that has remained controversial. Letronne attempted to show in 1841 that the Greek version, the product", "title": "Rosetta Stone" }, { "id": "6357656", "score": "1.8161966", "text": "makes him a celebrity in his adopted home of London where the British Museum would later honour him. Jean-François Champollion uses the Rosetta Stone to unlock the mysteries of the lost civilisation of Ancient Egypt which had been closed off to Europeans for centuries prior to the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798. The stone, discovered by the French in 1799, had been created as a work of propaganda by the Greek-speaking Pharaoh Ptolemy V to establish his place in Egyptian cosmology and flashbacks are included to explain this belief system. The young Champollion, encouraged to develop his gift for", "title": "Egypt (TV series)" }, { "id": "668043", "score": "1.8101013", "text": "the British ones, and added that \"I do not doubt that the collective efforts of savants, such as M. Åkerblad and yourself, Monsieur, who have so much deepened the study of the Coptic language, might have already succeeded in giving a more perfect translation than my own, which is drawn almost entirely from a very laborious comparison of its different parts and with the Greek translation\" This was the first Champollion had heard of Young's research, and realizing that he also had a competitor in London was not to Champollion's liking. In his work on the Rosetta stone, Young proceeded", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "367682", "score": "1.8056167", "text": "the hands of colleague Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon. Ameilhon produced the first published translations of the Greek text in 1803, in both Latin and French to ensure that they would circulate widely. At Cambridge, Richard Porson worked on the missing lower right corner of the Greek text. He produced a skilful suggested reconstruction, which was soon being circulated by the Society of Antiquaries alongside its prints of the inscription. At almost the same moment, Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen was making a new Latin translation of the Greek text that was more reliable than Ameilhon's, which was first published in 1803. It", "title": "Rosetta Stone" }, { "id": "622029", "score": "1.8008542", "text": "Åkerblad in 1802 (14 turned out to be incorrect). Åkerblad was correct in stressing the importance of the demotic text in trying to read the inscriptions, but he wrongly believed that demotic was entirely alphabetic. By 1814 Young had completely translated the \"enchorial\" text of the Rosetta Stone (using a list with 86 demotic words), and then studied the hieroglyphic alphabet but initially failed to recognise that the demotic and hieroglyphic texts were paraphrases and not simple translations. There was considerable rivalry between Young and Jean-François Champollion while both were working on hieroglyphic decipherment. At first they briefly cooperated in", "title": "Thomas Young (scientist)" }, { "id": "668024", "score": "1.7966437", "text": "his approach to decipherment of the hieroglyphs. He had a chance to practice his Coptic when he met Dom Raphaël de Monachis, a former Coptic Christian monk and Arabic translator to Napoleon, who visited Grenoble in 1805. By 1806, Jean-Jacques was making preparations to bring his younger brother to Paris to study at the University. Jean-François had by then already developed a strong interest for Ancient Egypt, as he wrote in a letter to his parents dated to January 1806: \"I want to make a profound and continuous study of this ancient nation. The enthusiasm brought me by the study", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "668015", "score": "1.7961264", "text": "some periods he lived exiled from the scientific community. In 1820, Champollion embarked in earnest on the project of decipherment of hieroglyphic script, soon overshadowing the achievements of British polymath Thomas Young who had made the first advances in decipherment before 1819. In 1822, Champollion published his first breakthrough in the decipherment of the Rosetta hieroglyphs, showing that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs – the first such script discovered. In 1824, he published a \"Précis\" in which he detailed a decipherment of the hieroglyphic script demonstrating the values of its phonetic and ideographic", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" }, { "id": "14717019", "score": "1.7939267", "text": "de La Porte du Theil he produced the first published translation (into Latin and French) of the Greek inscription on the Rosetta Stone: this was published in 1803. He was responsible for saving up to 800,000 printed books threatened with destruction in the early years of the French Revolution. Many of these found a home at the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, of which he became director in 1800 (perpetual administrator in 1804). Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon (born in Paris, 7 April 1730; died 1811) was a French historian and librarian. He first worked at the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de", "title": "Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon" }, { "id": "838106", "score": "1.7938212", "text": "subsequent publication of Description de l'Égypte between 1809 and 1829 made numerous ancient Egyptian source materials available to Europeans for the first time. Jean-François Champollion, Thomas Young and Ippolito Rosellini were some of the first Egyptologists of wide acclaim. The German Karl Richard Lepsius was an early participant in the investigations of Egypt; mapping, excavating, and recording several sites. Champollion announced his general decipherment of the system of Egyptian hieroglyphics for the first time, employing the Rosetta Stone as his primary aid. The Stone's decipherment was a very important development of Egyptology. With subsequently ever-increasing knowledge of Egyptian writing and", "title": "Egyptology" }, { "id": "6357659", "score": "1.7915105", "text": "is arrested for sedition and exiled to Figeac until 1821. Eccentric Egyptologist Giovanni Belzoni discovers an obelisk inscribed with the name of Cleopatra in Greek and hieroglyphs at Philae and sends it back to Young in England. Young makes a mistake in translating the obelisk setting back his work whilst Champollion using a copy of the obelisk creates a hieroglyphic alphabet that he uses along with Coptic to translate the name of Ramesses the Great from sketches of Abu Simbal. Champollion's discovery arouses the suspicions of the Catholic Church who fear hieroglyphs might disprove the historical accuracy of the Bible.", "title": "Egypt (TV series)" }, { "id": "668052", "score": "1.7794816", "text": "though he was suffering from failing health, and the chicanery of the Ultras kept him struggling to maintain his job, it motivated him to return in earnest to the study of the hieroglyphs. When he was eventually removed from his professorship by the Royalist faction, he finally had the time to work on it exclusively. While he awaited trial for treason, he produced a short manuscript, \"De l'écriture hiératique des anciens Égyptiens\", in which he argued that the hieratic script was simply a modified form of hieroglyphic writing. Young had already anonymously published an argument to the same effect several", "title": "Jean-François Champollion" } ]

[ "Amy Johnson CBE", "amy mollison", "amy johnson", "Amy Mollison", "amy johnson cbe", "amy johnston", "Amy Johnston", "Amy Johnson" ]

[ { "id": "7893656", "score": "1.7998011", "text": "received more promotion and publicity. Neither of her aircraft still exist. Maude Bonney Maude Rose \"Lores\" Bonney, (20 November 1897 – 24 February 1994) was an Australian aviator and the first woman to fly solo from Australia to England. Born as Maude Rose Rubens, in Pretoria, South Africa, she adopted the name \"Lores\" later in preference to her given names. The family moved first to England, then to Australia. After education first in Melbourne, and then at a finishing school in Germany, she met and married Harry Barrington Bonney, a leather goods manufacturer in 1917 and moved to Brisbane, Queensland.", "title": "Maude Bonney" }, { "id": "1550464", "score": "1.7968032", "text": "gave Johnson) was painted in Cricklewood railway station to commemorate the hundred-year anniversary of women getting the right to vote in the United Kingdom. Amy Johnson Amy Johnson (1 July 1903 – 5 January 1941) was a pioneering English aviator who was the first female pilot to fly alone from Britain to Australia. Flying solo or with her husband, Jim Mollison, she set numerous long-distance records during the 1930s. She flew in the Second World War as a part of the Air Transport Auxiliary and died during a ferry flight. Amy Johnson was born at 154 St. George's Road in", "title": "Amy Johnson" }, { "id": "15708001", "score": "1.7618157", "text": "finally arrived as the first woman to complete an England-to-Australia flight. Although 24 hours late, a huge crowd greeted them on arrival in Darwin, and on their subsequent tour around Australia. In 1928 Lancaster and Miller moved to the United States on the promise of a Hollywood movie which was never made. Miller became an aviator in her own right, competing in the famous \"Powder Puff Derby\" of 1929. Three years after Miller's pioneering flight, the first solo England - Australia flight by a woman was made in 1930 by Amy Johnson. In 1932, Lancaster was in Mexico looking for", "title": "Jessie Miller" }, { "id": "19757194", "score": "1.7573657", "text": "\"Christopher Robin II\". She flew extensively within Australia, and to Papua and New Guinea. She competed in air races and formation-flying events. She won forty-seven trophies. She was president in 1948 of the Royal Victorian Aero Club. She was still flying up until 1980. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1972. Lores Bonney as she was known, although born in South Africa, was the first Australian woman to fly solo in a DeHavilland-60G Moth from Australia to England in 1933. She had earlier circumnavigated Australia in 1932. She was also the first", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": "19757209", "score": "1.7400593", "text": "the Australian Women's Pilot Association in 1954, to recognise a noteworthy feat by a female pilot each year. After the death of her husband, May Bradford Shepherd (born May Bradford, the name she also used professionally) from Rubyvale, Queensland, overheard a conversation about aviator Amy Johnson, which fired her competitive spirit. It inspired her to take flying lessons in 1931, where she went on to become the only woman In Australia to hold a first class pilot's 'A' and 'B' licences, in addition to 'A' and 'B' electrical ground engineers' certificates. Financial constraints stopped a planned trip to England. She", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Amy Johnson\n\nAmy Johnson (born 1 July 1903 – disappeared 5 January 1941) was a pioneering English pilot who was the first woman to fly solo from London to Australia.\n\nFlying solo or with her husband, Jim Mollison, she set many long-distance records during the 1930s. She flew in the Second World War as a part of the Air Transport Auxiliary and disappeared during a ferry flight. The cause of her death has been a subject of discussion over many years.", "title": "Amy Johnson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jean Batten\n\nJane Gardner Batten (15 September 1909 – 22 November 1982), commonly known as Jean Batten, was a New Zealand aviator, making a number of record-breaking solo flights across the world. She is notable for completing the first solo flight from England to New Zealand in 1936.\n\nBorn in Rotorua, Batten went to England to learn to fly. She made two unsuccessful attempts to fly from England to Australia solo, before finally achieving the feat in May 1934, taking just under 15 days to fly the distance in a Gipsy Moth biplane. The flight set a new record for the women's solo flight between the two countries. After a publicity tour around Australia and New Zealand, she flew the Gipsy Moth back to England, setting the solo women's record for the return flight from Australia to England. In doing so she became the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia and back again. In November 1935, she set the absolute record of 61 hours, 15 minutes, for flying from England to Brazil. In the course of this endeavour, made in a Percival Gull Six monoplane, she completed the fastest crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean and was the first woman to make the England–South America flight. The pinnacle of her flying achievements was completed in October 1936, when she flew her Gull from England to New Zealand, covering the distance in a little over 11 days, an absolute record which would stand for 44 years. The following year she made her last major flight, flying from Australia to England to set a new solo record. \nDuring the Second World War, Batten unsuccessfully applied to join the Air Transport Auxiliary. Instead, she joined the short-lived Anglo-French Ambulance Corps and worked in the munitions industry. In the years following the war, Batten lived a reclusive and nomadic life with her mother, Ellen Batten, in Europe and the Caribbean. Ellen, a strong personality who dominated her daughter, died in Tenerife in 1967, and soon afterwards Batten returned to public life with several appearances in relation to the aviation industry and her own record achievements. She had no close relationships. Her death in Mallorca in November 1982 from complications of a dog bite went publicly unnoticed at the time due to a bureaucratic error. Her fate was eventually discovered by a journalist in September 1987.", "title": "Jean Batten" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Maude Bonney\n\nMaude Rose \"Lores\" Bonney, (20 November 1897 – 24 February 1994) was a South African-born Australian aviator. She was the first woman to fly solo from Australia to Britain.", "title": "Maude Bonney" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of women aviators\n\nWomen have participated prominently in the field of aviation ever since its inception as constructors, designers, pilots and sponsors. They have also formed organizations of women aviators.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of women aviators" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of women in aviation\n\nThis is a timeline of women in aviation which describes many of the firsts and achievements of women as pilots and other roles in aviation. Women who are part of this list have piloted vehicles, including hot-air balloons, gliders, airplanes, dirigibles and helicopters. Some women have been instrumental in support roles. Others have made a name for themselves as parachutists and other forms of flight-related activities. This list encompasses women's achievements from around the globe.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of women in aviation" }, { "id": "1550448", "score": "1.7219039", "text": "Amy Johnson Amy Johnson (1 July 1903 – 5 January 1941) was a pioneering English aviator who was the first female pilot to fly alone from Britain to Australia. Flying solo or with her husband, Jim Mollison, she set numerous long-distance records during the 1930s. She flew in the Second World War as a part of the Air Transport Auxiliary and died during a ferry flight. Amy Johnson was born at 154 St. George's Road in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, the eldest of the four daughters of John William Johnson, a member of the family fish merchants", "title": "Amy Johnson" }, { "id": "9027505", "score": "1.7215049", "text": "solo flight by a woman from England to Australia in May 1930. At the age of 14, Jean joined the Junior Royal Victorian Aero Club and started flying lessons at the age of 17. Graduating with two other young women on 13 March 1937, she obtained her A class pilot's licence and became Australia's youngest female pilot. She held the record until Brigid Holmes broke it as a younger 17-year-old in 1952. She flew an Ansett Porterfield (Model 35 or Collegiate) with her parachute instructor Mr F B Mueller from Melbourne to District Park Aerodrome for the Newcastle Air Display", "title": "Jean Burns" }, { "id": "19757196", "score": "1.7125595", "text": "cynical about her achievements. Her solo flight from Australia to England was also overlooked due to the more public success of Amy Johnson. Her Klemm aircraft was destroyed in a fire in 1939. Her first aircraft, the De Havilland plane was requisitioned during World War II and later scrapped. Bonney's plans for an around the world flight did not materialise due to World War II. Despite offering her services as a pilot in World War II, these were declined. She stopped flying after 1945. She was awarded an OBE in 1934 for her Australia-England flight. Nancy Bird born in Kew,", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": "1550450", "score": "1.703623", "text": "Baker. In that same year, she became the first British woman to obtain a ground engineer's \"C\" licence. Johnson obtained the funds for her first aircraft from her father, who would always be one of her strongest supporters, and Lord Wakefield. She purchased a second-hand de Havilland DH.60 Gipsy Moth G-AAAH and named it \"Jason\" after her father's business trade mark. Johnson achieved worldwide recognition when, in 1930, she became the first woman pilot or aviatrix to fly solo from England to Australia. Flying G-AAAH \"Jason\", she left Croydon, south of London, on 5 May and landed at Darwin, Northern", "title": "Amy Johnson" }, { "id": "7893652", "score": "1.6986194", "text": "Maude Bonney Maude Rose \"Lores\" Bonney, (20 November 1897 – 24 February 1994) was an Australian aviator and the first woman to fly solo from Australia to England. Born as Maude Rose Rubens, in Pretoria, South Africa, she adopted the name \"Lores\" later in preference to her given names. The family moved first to England, then to Australia. After education first in Melbourne, and then at a finishing school in Germany, she met and married Harry Barrington Bonney, a leather goods manufacturer in 1917 and moved to Brisbane, Queensland. In 1928 she met Bert Hinkler, Harry Bonney's first cousin once", "title": "Maude Bonney" }, { "id": "12434783", "score": "1.6930606", "text": "Sir Ross Macpherson Smith. Freda Thompson Freda Thompson OBE (5 April 1909 – 11 December 1980) was a pioneer aviator, the first Australian woman to fly solo from the United Kingdom to Australia. Born at South Yarra, Melbourne Victoria to parents Frederick and Martha Thompson, Thompson was educated at Toorak College in Melbourne leaving with Honours, Proficiency Certificates Pianoforte and Ice Skating. On 28 May 1930 she did her first flight as a pilot and later in that year obtained her A Licence. In 1932 Thompson obtained her Commercial Pilots licence and won the Adelaide Aerial Derby for Victoria. In", "title": "Freda Thompson" }, { "id": "7893653", "score": "1.6840075", "text": "removed and a Queensland aviator who had set a solo England–Australia record in his Avro Avian biplane (now in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane). His exploits fired her imagination and her first flight in his Avian confirmed her determination to learn to fly. She took her first lessons secretly, but when she told her husband, he bought her the de Havilland DH.60 Gypsy Moth with which she began her record-breaking flights: The outbreak of the Second World War ended her flying career just as she was planning her next flight – around the world, via Japan, Alaska and the United States.", "title": "Maude Bonney" }, { "id": "19757190", "score": "1.6817045", "text": "Ninety-Nines. She later married Monte Fowler. Margaret Skelton, the daughter of a grazier of Inverell, New South Wales, was one of the six women pilots to escort Amy Johnson as she flew into Sydney, on her history making flight in 1930. After taking her licence in 1929, Skelton struggled to fulfil her ambition of flying to England during the years of the Great Depression, as she did not own a plane. She was no longer flying by 1953. Phyllis Rogers Arnott from Sydney, Australia, a member of the Arnott's biscuit manufacturing family, was the first Australian woman to take a", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": "19757203", "score": "1.6810567", "text": "went on to become a successful pilot. Her first passenger was Brisbane's Catholic Archbishop James Duhig. She won many races, was proficient at air acrobatics, and was ranked the fastest female pilot in the Adelaide Centenary Air Race of 1936. Ivy Pearce married fellow pilot, Captain Ernst Jason Hassard in 1937. Their marriage was marked by a fly-over by three female pilots. By 1950, she was no longer flying and would go on to become a successful fashion industry icon of the Gold Coast, Queensland. Gwen Stark, born in Bondi, New South Wales, gained her pilot's licence in 1939 and", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": "12434780", "score": "1.6795561", "text": "Freda Thompson Freda Thompson OBE (5 April 1909 – 11 December 1980) was a pioneer aviator, the first Australian woman to fly solo from the United Kingdom to Australia. Born at South Yarra, Melbourne Victoria to parents Frederick and Martha Thompson, Thompson was educated at Toorak College in Melbourne leaving with Honours, Proficiency Certificates Pianoforte and Ice Skating. On 28 May 1930 she did her first flight as a pilot and later in that year obtained her A Licence. In 1932 Thompson obtained her Commercial Pilots licence and won the Adelaide Aerial Derby for Victoria. In 1933 she was the", "title": "Freda Thompson" }, { "id": "19757188", "score": "1.6779711", "text": "nurse who served with the Australian Army Nursing Service during World War I. She took a pilot's licence in England in 1919, and her achievement was recorded on film, but McMaugh was not allowed to use her licence within Australia. After World War I, and with the historic flights of Charles Kingsford Smith and Bert Hinkler, however, the Australian's public appetite for flying and air races was whetted. Pilots such as Amelia Earhart and Amy Johnson, inspired Australian women to want to take to the air. On March 28, 1927, widow Millicent Bryant from Vaucluse, Sydney became the first Australian", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": "19757206", "score": "1.6759448", "text": "Women Pilots’ Association begun in 1950. In 1952, she flew to the U.S. and piloted a Lockheed Shooting Star T33A. This flight earned her the distinction of becoming the first Australian woman to fly a jet aircraft. Ellis became the first Australian woman to work as a chief flying instructor (at Dubbo Aero Club) in 1953. After receiving an Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship in 1954, Ellis studied in the U.S. and England, where she met fellow pilot, Arthur Leebold and they married in 1955. She flew a single-engine Miles Messenger aeroplane back to Australia with her husband as passenger. The", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" }, { "id": "10264128", "score": "1.6757159", "text": "first long solo flight, which occurred just as Amelia was coming into the national spotlight. By making the trip in August 1928, she became the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back. In 2001 Carlene Mendita recreated this flight in Greg Herrick's Type 594 Avian which he had purchased from Lang Kidby. At the time Herrick purchased the Avian from Kidby, two years prior, it was the oldest flying aircraft in Australia. It is now based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wilfrid R. \"Wop\" May used a 594 to make his famous January 1929 mercy flight with", "title": "Avro Avian" }, { "id": "3375988", "score": "1.6716288", "text": "to England. After her first Australia flight Batten bought a Percival Gull Six monoplane, \"G-ADPR\", which was named \"Jean\". In 1935 she set a world record flying from England to Brazil in the Percival Gull, for which she was presented the Order of the Southern Cross, the first person other than Royalty to be so honoured. In 1936 she set another world record with a solo flight from England to New Zealand. At her birthplace of Rotorua she was honored by local Māori, as she had been after the 1934 journey. She was given a chief’s feather cloak and given", "title": "Jean Batten" }, { "id": "19757193", "score": "1.668102", "text": "was acclaimed as the first Australian woman to fly from England to Australia. Thompson's sister, Clare Embling would also learn to fly, taking her licence in 1936. At the start of World War II, Thompson sold her plane, named \"Christopher Robin\". She was commandant of the Woman's Air Training Corps in Victoria from 1940–1942. Despite applying to join the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force, their lack of interest prompted her to enlist in the Australian Women's Army Service in 1942. She instead served as an ambulance driver. Following the war Thompson bought a de Havilland Hornet Moth, and named it", "title": "Early Australian female aviators" } ]

[ "u s progressive party 1912", "Bull moose party", "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)", "Bull-Moose Party", "U.S. Progressive Party 1912", "bull moose", "Progressive (1912) Party (United States)", "Bull Moose", "Bull Moose Party", "united states progressive party of 1912", "1912 Republican Party split", "progressive party united states 1912", "1912 republican party split", "Bull-Moose", "Bull Moose party", "bull moose party united states", "Bull Moose Party (United States)", "bull moose party", "Bullmoose Party", "United States Progressive Party of 1912", "Progressive Party 1912 (United States)", "progressive party 1912 united states", "bullmoose party", "progressive 1912 party united states" ]

[ { "id": "7091307", "score": "2.0717285", "text": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912) The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive reforms and attracting some leading reformers. After the party's defeat in the 1912 presidential election, it went into rapid decline, disappearing by 1918. The Progressive Party was popularly nicknamed the \"Bull Moose Party\" since Roosevelt often said that he felt \"strong as a bull moose\" both", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "7091334", "score": "1.9805495", "text": "Party by conservatives left many former Progressives with no real affiliation until the 1930s, when most joined the New Deal Democratic Party coalition of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Progressive Party (United States, 1912) The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive reforms and attracting some leading reformers. After the party's defeat in the 1912 presidential election, it went into", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "413870", "score": "1.9407039", "text": "if they nominate a progressive\". Bolting from the Republican Party, Roosevelt and key allies such as Pinchot and Albert Beveridge created the Progressive Party, structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level. It was popularly known as the \"Bull Moose Party\", after Roosevelt told reporters, \"I'm as fit as a bull moose\". At the 1912 Progressive National Convention, Roosevelt cried out, \"We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord.\" California Governor Hiram Johnson was nominated as Roosevelt's running mate. Roosevelt's platform echoed his 1907–8 proposals, calling for vigorous government", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "id": "7091309", "score": "1.9329333", "text": "his supporters shifted to Roosevelt after the former President decided to seek a third presidential term, which was permissible under the Constitution prior to the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment. At the 1912 Republican National Convention, Taft narrowly defeated Roosevelt for the party's presidential nomination. After the convention, Roosevelt, Frank Munsey, George Walbridge Perkins and other progressive Republicans established the Progressive Party and nominated a ticket of Roosevelt and Hiram Johnson of California at the 1912 Progressive National Convention. The new party attracted several Republican officeholders, although nearly all of them remained loyal to the Republican Party—in California, Johnson and", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "413765", "score": "1.927192", "text": "won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him. Frustrated with Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination. He failed, walked out and founded a third party, the Progressive, so-called \"Bull Moose\" Party, which called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. He ran in the 1912 election and the split allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the election. Following his defeat, Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin, where he nearly died of tropical disease. During World War I, he criticized President Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany, and his", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1912 United States presidential election" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "William Howard Taft" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1912 Republican Party presidential primaries\n\nFrom March 19 to June 4, 1912, delegates to the 1912 Republican National Convention were selected through a series of primaries and caucuses to determine the party's nominee for President in the 1912 election. Incumbent President William Howard Taft was chosen over former President Theodore Roosevelt. Taft's victory at the national convention precipitated a fissure in the Republican Party, with Roosevelt standing for the presidency as the candidate of an independent Progressive Party, and the election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson over the divided Republicans.\n\nFor the first time, a large number of delegates were selected through direct primary elections rather than local or state party conventions. Primary elections were a progressive reform supported by Roosevelt and his allies, and the primaries were largely dominated by Roosevelt or Robert M. La Follette, a fellow progressive who entered the race early. However, President Taft was equally dominant under the traditional caucus and convention systems, where executive patronage power could be leveraged in his favor and party bosses were able to maneuver delegations towards him.\n\nAt the conclusion of the delegation selection process, Roosevelt had won 411 instructed delegates, Taft had 201, and 254 were contested between the two candidates. Of the remaining delegates, 46 were pledged to the minor candidates Albert B. Cummins and Robert M. La Follette and 166 were uninstructed. In the end, Taft won the vast majority of the contests over delegate credentials, delivering him a working majority outright, and many Roosevelt supporters abstained from voting at the convention before bolting to form their own party.", "title": "1912 Republican Party presidential primaries" }, { "id": "7091313", "score": "1.9228773", "text": "his presidential run. A third Progressive Party was set up in 1948 for the presidential campaign of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace. Roosevelt left office in 1909. He had selected Taft, his Secretary of War, to succeed him as presidential candidate and Taft easily won the 1908 presidential election. Roosevelt became disappointed by Taft's increasingly conservative policies. Taft upset Roosevelt when he used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to sue U.S. Steel for an action that President Roosevelt had explicitly approved. They became openly hostile and Roosevelt decided to seek the presidency. Roosevelt entered the campaign late as Taft was", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "7091308", "score": "1.9011974", "text": "before and after an assassination attempt on the campaign trail. As a member of the Republican Party, Roosevelt had served as President from 1901 to 1909, becoming increasingly progressive in the later years of his presidency. In the 1908 presidential election, Roosevelt helped ensure that he would be succeeded by Secretary of War Taft. After Taft took office, he hewed closer to the conservative wing of the party and this and other actions alienated Roosevelt from his former friend. Progressive Republican leader Robert La Follette had already announced a challenge to Taft for the 1912 Republican nomination, but many of", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "18545399", "score": "1.8944741", "text": "construction of two new battleships per year, much to the distress of outright pacifists such as Jane Addams. 1912 Progressive National Convention Angered at the renomination of President William Howard Taft over their candidate at the 1912 Republican National Convention, supporters of former president Theodore Roosevelt convened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party acclaimed Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a \"bull moose\". Henceforth known as", "title": "1912 Progressive National Convention" }, { "id": "438821", "score": "1.8840848", "text": "pro-economic reform. The party was usually dominant over the Democrats during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran as a candidate. He called for many social reforms, some of which were later championed by New Deal Democrats in the 1930s. He lost the election, and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they were at odds with the new conservative economic stance, leading to them leaving for the Democratic Party and an ideological shift to the right in the", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "id": "18545393", "score": "1.8821058", "text": "1912 Progressive National Convention Angered at the renomination of President William Howard Taft over their candidate at the 1912 Republican National Convention, supporters of former president Theodore Roosevelt convened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party acclaimed Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a \"bull moose\". Henceforth known as the \" Bull Moose Party\", the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary", "title": "1912 Progressive National Convention" }, { "id": "11228838", "score": "1.874082", "text": "stolen the nomination, Roosevelt and his followers formed the Progressive Party, commonly known as the \"Bull Moose Party.\" Taft knew he would almost certainly be defeated, but concluded that through Roosevelt's loss at Chicago the party had been preserved as \"the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions.\" He made his doomed run to preserve the Republican Party. Governor Woodrow Wilson was the Democratic nominee. Seeing Roosevelt as the greater electoral threat, Wilson spent little time attacking Taft, arguing that Roosevelt had been lukewarm in opposing the trusts during his presidency, and that Wilson was the true reformer. Taft contrasted", "title": "Presidency of William Howard Taft" }, { "id": "7091490", "score": "1.8715732", "text": "After winning election to the United States Senate in 1905, La Follette had emerged as a leader of progressives. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in the 1912 election, but many of his backers switched to Theodore Roosevelt after the former president entered the race. La Follette refused to join Roosevelt's Progressive Party, and that party collapsed after 1916. However, the progressives remained a potent force within both major parties. In 1924, La Follette and his followers created their own Progressive Party which challenged the conservative major party nominees, Calvin Coolidge of the Republican Party and John W. Davis of", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)" }, { "id": "7091312", "score": "1.8678312", "text": "election was marked primarily by Democratic gains. The 1916 Progressive National Convention was held in conjunction with the 1916 Republican National Convention in hopes of reunifying the parties with Roosevelt as the presidential nominee of both parties. The Progressive Party collapsed after Roosevelt refused the Progressive nomination and insisted his supporters vote for Charles Evans Hughes, the moderately progressive Republican nominee. Most Progressives joined the Republican Party, but some converted to the Democratic Party and Progressives like Harold L. Ickes would play a role in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. In 1924, La Follette set up another Progressive Party for", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "7091333", "score": "1.8566024", "text": "Ickes of Chicago, supported Wilson. All the remaining Progressives in Congress rejoined the Republican Party, except Whitmell Martin, who became a Democrat. No candidates ran as Progressives for governor, senator or representative. Robert M. La Follette, Sr. broke bitterly with Roosevelt in 1912 and ran for President on his own ticket, the 1924 Progressive Party, during the 1924 presidential election. From 1916 to 1932, the Taft wing controlled the Republican Party and refused to nominate any prominent 1912 Progressives to the Republican national ticket. Finally, Frank Knox was nominated for Vice President in 1936. The relative domination of the Republican", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "7209646", "score": "1.8513387", "text": "by George Norris revolted against the conservatives led by Speaker Cannon. The Democrats won control of the House in 1910 as the rift between insurgents and conservatives widened. In 1912, Roosevelt broke with Taft and tried for a third term, but he was outmaneuvered by Taft and lost the nomination. Roosevelt led his delegates out of the convention and created a new party (the Progressive, or \"Bull Moose\" ticket), in the election of 1912. Few party leaders followed him except Hiram Johnson of California. Roosevelt had the support of many notable women reformers, including Jane Addams. The Roosevelt-caused split in", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" }, { "id": "7091493", "score": "1.8482893", "text": "inside the Republican Party of Wisconsin in 1900. In 1912 he attempted to create a Progressive Party but lost control to Theodore Roosevelt, who became his bitter enemy. In 1924 his new party (using the old 1912 name) called for public ownership of railroads, which catered to the Railroad brotherhoods. La Follette ran with Senator Burton K. Wheeler, Democratic Senator from Montana. The party represented a farmer/labor coalition and was endorsed by the Socialist Party of America, the American Federation of Labor and many railroad brotherhoods. The party did not run candidates for other offices, and only carried one state,", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)" }, { "id": "7091314", "score": "1.8434554", "text": "already being challenged by progressive leader Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin. Most of La Follette's supporters switched to Roosevelt, leaving the Wisconsin Senator embittered. Nine of the states where progressive elements were strongest had set up preference primaries, which Roosevelt won, but Taft had worked far harder than Roosevelt to control the Republican Party's organizational operations and the mechanism for choosing its presidential nominee, the 1912 Republican National Convention. For example, he bought up the votes of delegates from the southern states, copying the technique Roosevelt himself used in 1904. The Republican National Convention rejected Roosevelt's protests. Roosevelt and", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "504661", "score": "1.8407004", "text": "an alternative candidate, such as Hiram Johnson or Gifford Pinchot, in Roosevelt's stead. However those discussed refused to consider the notion, and by this point some leaders like Henry Justin Allen had started to follow Roosevelt's lead and endorsed the Republican ticket, and various state parties such as those in Iowa and Maine began to disband. Finally, when the Progressive Party National Committee met in Chicago on June 26, those in attendance begrudgingly endorsed Hughes; even those like Ickes who had vehemently refused to consider granting an endorsement to Hughes began to recognize that without Roosevelt the party had no", "title": "1916 United States presidential election" }, { "id": "7091310", "score": "1.8385296", "text": "the Progressives took control of the Republican Party. The party's platform built on Roosevelt's Square Deal domestic program and called for several progressive reforms. The platform asserted that \"to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day\". Proposals on the platform included restrictions on campaign finance contributions, a reduction of the tariff and the establishment of a social insurance system, an eight-hour workday and women's suffrage. The party was split on the regulation of large corporations, with some party members disappointed that the platform did not contain a", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" }, { "id": "7091311", "score": "1.8330786", "text": "stronger call for \"trust-busting\". Party members also had different outlooks on foreign policy, with pacifists like Jane Addams opposing Roosevelt's call for a naval build-up. In the 1912 election, Roosevelt won 27.4% of the popular vote compared to Taft's 23.2%, making Roosevelt the only third party presidential nominee to finish with a higher share of the popular vote than a major party's presidential nominee. Both Taft and Roosevelt finished behind Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, who won 41.8% of the popular vote and the vast majority of the electoral vote. The Progressives elected several Congressional and state legislative candidates, but the", "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" } ]

[ "Two Row", "Mansury", "hordeum sativum", "bære", "plumage archer", "Pearled barley", "betzes", "Two row barley", "Common barley", "golden promise", "Winter barley", "Sticky barley", "baere", "Betzes", "glutinous barley", "Sanalta", "fall barley", "six row barley", "manscheuri", "Vrs1", "two row barley", "tregal", "Barley Grass", "Six row", "Morex", "Scotch barley", "pearled barley", "Chalbori", "Glutinous barley", "6row", "Two row", "h vulgare", "Azure (barley)", "feed barley", "Common Barley", "Two-row barley", "chalbori", "vrs1", "Barley", "Four row", "Manscheuri", "Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare", "hordeum vulgare subsp vulgare", "Orzo (cereal)", "Hordeum hexastichum", "wisconsin 38", "Wisconsin 38", "Hordeum vulgare", "Feed barley", "orzo cereal", "pot barley", "sanalta", "common barley", "six row", "barley grass", "winter barley", "two row", "sticky barley", "Six-row", "Spring barley", "2row", "Four-row", "malting barley", "Bære", "Plumage Archer", "barley", "Two-row", "Golden Promise", "Baere", "azure barley", "mansury", "Six-row barley", "Hordeum sativum", "hordeum hexastichum", "Tregal", "Fall barley", "Pot barley", "Barley grass", "spring barley", "morex", "Malting barley", "4row", "hordeum vulgare", "H. vulgare", "scotch barley", "four row" ]

[ { "id": "12117826", "score": "1.6743248", "text": "empowered tenant farmers and communities to purchase land even if the landlord did not want to sell. In June 2013, of crops grown in Scotland (excluding grass), cereals accounted for 78 per cent of the land area, with nearly three-quarters of that being barley (340,000 hectares). Wheat was also significant (87,000 hectares), along with oilseed rape (34,000 hectares), oats (32,000 hectares) and potatoes (29,000 hectares). Amongst fruit and vegetables, a total of 911 hectares of strawberries were grown, mainly under cover, which was the largest source of income amongst horticulture crops. The major areas of cereal production were Grampian, Tayside,", "title": "Agriculture in Scotland" }, { "id": "12687588", "score": "1.6699181", "text": "\"beremeal\" which is used locally in bread, biscuits, and the traditional beremeal bannock. The Agronomy Institute at Orkney College UHI in Scotland has had a research programme on Bere since 2002. The programme is aimed at developing new markets for the crop and developing best practices for growing it more easily and with increased yield. As a result of this research, several new markets (whisky, beer and biscuits) have been developed for Orkney Bere. The crop is also being grown on the island of Islay, for whisky production by Bruichladdich Distillery. Research at the James Hutton Institute has shown that", "title": "Bere (grain)" }, { "id": "1482183", "score": "1.6693425", "text": "Douglas Laing & Co, Signatory, Hart Brothers, Cadenhead's, and Blackadder. Single malt Scotch Single malt Scotch is single malt whisky made in Scotland. To be a single malt scotch the whisky must have been distilled at a single distillery using a pot still distillation process and made from a mash of malted barley. As with any Scotch whisky, a single malt Scotch must be distilled in Scotland and matured in oak casks in Scotland for at least three years and one day. (Most single malts are matured longer.) Until the Scotch Whisky Regulations 2009 (SWR 2009), the word \"blended\" only", "title": "Single malt Scotch" }, { "id": "1819848", "score": "1.6659545", "text": "extent that the Macallan Distillery builds casks and leases them to the sherry cellars in Spain for a time, then has them shipped back to Scotland. Other casks used include those that formerly held port wine, madeira, rum or cognac. To be called a single malt whisky in Scotland, a bottle may only contain whisky distilled from malted barley and produced at a single distillery. The regulations of other countries may allow malted rye. If the bottle is the product of malt whiskies produced at more than one distillery, the whisky is called a blended malt or vatted malt, or", "title": "Single malt whisky" }, { "id": "1482176", "score": "1.6483864", "text": "Single malt Scotch Single malt Scotch is single malt whisky made in Scotland. To be a single malt scotch the whisky must have been distilled at a single distillery using a pot still distillation process and made from a mash of malted barley. As with any Scotch whisky, a single malt Scotch must be distilled in Scotland and matured in oak casks in Scotland for at least three years and one day. (Most single malts are matured longer.) Until the Scotch Whisky Regulations 2009 (SWR 2009), the word \"blended\" only appeared (in the context of Scotch whisky) on bottles of", "title": "Single malt Scotch" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scotch whisky\n\nScotch whisky (; ; often simply called whisky or Scotch) is malt whisky or grain whisky (or a blend of the two), made in Scotland.\n\nAll Scotch whisky was originally made from malted barley. Commercial distilleries began introducing whisky made from wheat and rye in the late 18th century.\n, there were 141 whisky distilleries operating in Scotland.\n\nAll Scotch whisky must be aged immediately after distillation in oak barrels for at least three years. Any age statement on a bottle of Scotch whisky, expressed in numerical form, must reflect the age of the youngest whisky used to produce that product. A whisky with an age statement is known as guaranteed-age whisky. A whisky without an age statement is known as a no age statement (NAS) whisky, the only guarantee being that all whisky contained in that bottle is at least three years old. The minimum bottling strength according to the regulation is 40% alcohol by volume.\n\nScotch whisky is divided into five distinct categories: single malt Scotch whisky, single grain Scotch whisky, blended malt Scotch whisky (formerly called \"vatted malt\" or \"pure malt\"), blended grain Scotch whisky, and blended Scotch whisky.\n\nThe first known written mention of Scotch whisky is in the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland of 1494.<ref name=\"ERoS\" />\n\nMany Scotch whisky drinkers refer to a unit for drinking as a dram.\n\nAccording to the Scotch Whisky Association, the word \"whisky\" comes from the Gaelic \"uisge beatha\" or \"usquebaugh\", which means \"water of life\".", "title": "Scotch whisky" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Whisky\n\nWhisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, which are typically made of charred white oak. Uncharred white oak casks previously used for the aging of sherry are also sometimes used.\n\nWhisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels.", "title": "Whisky" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grain whisky\n\nGrain whisky normally refers to any whisky made, at least in part, from grains other than malted barley. Frequently used grains include maize, wheat, and rye. Grain whiskies usually contain some malted barley to provide enzymes needed for mashing and are required to include it if they are produced in Ireland or Scotland. Whisky made only from malted barley is generally called \"malt whisky\" rather than grain whisky. Most American and Canadian whiskies are grain whiskies.", "title": "Grain whisky" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Irish whiskey\n\nIrish whiskey ( or \"uisce beatha\") is whiskey made on the island of Ireland. The word 'whiskey' (or whisky) comes from the Irish , meaning \"water of life\". Irish whiskey was once the most popular spirit in the world, though a long period of decline from the late 19th century onwards greatly damaged the industry, so much so that although Ireland boasted at least 28 distilleries in the 1890s, by 1966 this number had fallen to just two, and by 1972 the remaining distilleries, Bushmills Distillery and Old Midleton Distillery (replaced by New Midleton Distillery), were owned by just one company, Irish Distillers.\n\nThe monopoly situation was ended by an academically-conceived launch of the first new distillery in decades, Cooley Distillery, in 1987. Since the 1990s, Irish whiskey has seen a resurgence in popularity and has been the fastest-growing spirit in the world every year since 1990. With exports growing by over 15% per annum, existing distilleries have been expanded and a number of new distilleries constructed. As of December 2019, Ireland has 32 distilleries in operation, with more either planned or under development.", "title": "Irish whiskey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "English whisky\n\nEnglish whisky is whisky produced in England. At least eight distilleries currently produce it, and there are 26 whisky distilleries across England in various stages of development. Though England is not well known for whisky, distillers operated in London, Liverpool and Bristol until the late 19th century, after which production of English single malt whisky ceased until 2003.<ref name=FirstBBC>\n\nCornish take on Scotch, BBC News, Thursday, 1 May 2003.</ref> Since then, English whisky has experienced a resurgence in production.", "title": "English whisky" }, { "id": "5182732", "score": "1.6404023", "text": "single malt whisky produced from the same distillery is still considered a single malt whisky. The \"malt\" part of the term refers to the use of a malted grain to make the whisky. In Scotch whisky, this grain is required to be barley. Outside Scotland, whisky is produced from other malted grains, such as malted rye, and the term \"rye malt whisky\" is specifically recognized along with (barley-based) \"malt whisky\" in the code of federal regulations for whisky in the United States. Moreover, in much of the world, whisky is often made using grain that is not malted (for example,", "title": "Blended malt whisky" }, { "id": "1819855", "score": "1.633764", "text": "than grain. The combination allowed the single malt producers to expand their operations as the blended whisky was more popular on the international market. Single malt distilleries also exist in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, England, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Japan, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, USA, Wales and Norway. Single malt whisky Single malt whisky is malt whisky from a single distillery, that is, whisky distilled from a fermented mash made with malted barley, as distinguished from unmalted grain. Single malts are typically associated with single malt Scotch, though", "title": "Single malt whisky" }, { "id": "1482181", "score": "1.632122", "text": "Scottish ownership is William Grant & Sons, owned by the Grant family, with headquarters in Motherwell, Scotland. Other distilleries owned by Scottish companies/families are Glenfarclas, Kilchoman, and Daftmill. Flavour, aroma, and finish differ widely from one single malt to the next. Single malt Scotch whiskies are categorised into the following whisky-producing regions: Highland single malts, Island single malts (A sub-section of the Highland region), Speyside single malts, Islay single malts, Lowland single malts, and Campbeltown single malts. Independent bottlers buy casks of single malts and either bottle them immediately or store them for future use. Many of the independents began", "title": "Single malt Scotch" }, { "id": "1819840", "score": "1.6258852", "text": "at many distilleries both in Scotland and in other countries. However, most of the distilleries now use commercial \"maltsters\" to prepare their malt. The germination is halted (by heating) after three to five days, when the optimum amount of starch has been converted to fermentable sugars. The method for drying the germinated barley is by heating it with hot air. In most cases, some level of smoke from a peat-heated fire is introduced to the kiln to add phenols, a smoky aroma and flavour to the whisky. Some of the more intensely smoky malts have phenol levels between 25 and", "title": "Single malt whisky" }, { "id": "1482178", "score": "1.6161819", "text": "mixing of spirits with different amounts of ageing is allowed; the age statement reflects the age of the \"youngest\" whisky in the mix. Distillation of whisky has been performed in Scotland for centuries. The earliest written record of whisky production in Scotland from malted barley is an entry on the 1494 Exchequer Rolls, which reads \"Eight bolls of malt to Friar John Cor, by order of the King, wherewith to make \"aqua vitae\".\" In the following centuries, the various governments of Scotland began taxing the production of whisky, to the point that most of the spirit was produced illegally. However,", "title": "Single malt Scotch" }, { "id": "5183309", "score": "1.6143671", "text": "Lowland single malts Lowland single malts are single malt whiskies distilled in Scotland's lowlands. The region is home to six distilleries which are both currently producing and commercially available: Ailsa Bay, in Girvan; Annandale Distillery in Annan; Auchentoshan near Clydebank; Bladnoch in Galloway; Daftmill in Fife; and Glenkinchie distillery near Edinburgh. Several new distilleries have begun to produce new-make spirit in recent years, including Glasgow distillery, Kingsbarns distillery and InchDairnie distillery, both in Fife, and Lindores Abbey, at Ardgowan, At least six other lowland single malts are still available, but are no longer distilled: Rosebank, Kinclaith, St. Magdalene, Ladyburn, Inverleven,", "title": "Lowland single malts" }, { "id": "392509", "score": "1.6121378", "text": "the other, a \"whisky – product of Scotland\" that complies with the generic EU standard for whisky. According to the Scotch Whisky Association, allowing non-Scotch whisky production in Scotland would make it difficult to protect Scotch whisky as a distinctive product. The majority of grain whisky produced in Scotland goes to make blended Scotch whisky. The average blended whisky is 60%–85% grain whisky. Some higher-quality grain whisky from a single distillery is bottled as single grain whisky. Blended malt whisky—formerly called \"vatted malt\" or \"pure malt\" (terms that are now prohibited in the SWR 2009)—is one of the least common", "title": "Scotch whisky" }, { "id": "1819853", "score": "1.611464", "text": "is first mentioned in Scotland in an entry on the 1494 Exchequer Rolls: \"Eight bolls of malt to Friar John Cor, by order of the King, wherewith to make 'aqua vitae'\". Single malt whisky is associated with the Scottish tradition, although there are also Irish and other single malts. Penderyn, the only whisky commercially produced in Wales, is also a single malt. From the 15th century onwards, whisky was heavily taxed in Scotland, to the point that most of the spirit was produced illegally. However, in 1823, Parliament passed an act making commercial distillation much more profitable, while imposing punishments", "title": "Single malt whisky" }, { "id": "5183310", "score": "1.611384", "text": "and Littlemill. Some Lowland single malts, such as Auchentoshan, are triple distilled, often giving them a lighter taste. In terms of flavour, the character of the malt often comes through strongly, with a soft body. Traditionally the barley used has been unpeated, possibly because the Lowlands, East Lothian in particular, had a strong coal-mining industry. However, in recent years Lowland distilleries such as Ailsa Bay and Annandale have been characterised by their use of peat. As a region, the Lowlands have been more strongly associated with grain whisky and blended whisky than malt whisky. Blended whisky often uses a high", "title": "Lowland single malts" }, { "id": "1482180", "score": "1.6079994", "text": "first blended Scotch whisky. The blended Scotch proved quite successful, less expensive to produce than malt with more flavour and character than grain. The combination allowed the single malt producers to expand their operations as the blended whisky was more popular on the international market. , over 90% of the single malt Scotch produced is used to make blended Scotch. Most distilleries in Scotland are not owned by Scots. The Japanese beverage company Suntory owns Morrison-Bowmore, while other international companies, such as LVMH & Pernod-Ricard (France), and Diageo (England), own the majority of distilleries. The largest distiller to remain under", "title": "Single malt Scotch" }, { "id": "1819835", "score": "1.604949", "text": "Single malt whisky Single malt whisky is malt whisky from a single distillery, that is, whisky distilled from a fermented mash made with malted barley, as distinguished from unmalted grain. Single malts are typically associated with single malt Scotch, though they are also produced in various other countries. Under Scotch Whisky Regulations, a \"Single Malt Scotch Whisky\" must be made exclusively from malted barley (although the addition of E150A caramel colouring is allowed), must be distilled using pot stills at a single distillery, and must be aged for at least three years in oak casks of a capacity not exceeding", "title": "Single malt whisky" }, { "id": "1819839", "score": "1.6017513", "text": "of any distillery. Barley, yeast and water are the only ingredients required in the production of (barley-based) single malt whisky. The barley used to make the whisky is \"malted\" by soaking the grain in water for two to three days and allowing it to germinate. This process releases enzymes, which convert unfermentable starch (which is insoluble in water and not available for fermentation by yeast) to fermentable sugars. Traditionally in Scotland each distillery had its own malting floor where the germinating seeds were regularly turned. The \"pagoda roof\" (many now false) which ventilated the malt kiln can still be seen", "title": "Single malt whisky" }, { "id": "5070186", "score": "1.601364", "text": "Campbeltown single malts Campbeltown single malts are single malt Scotch whiskies distilled in the burgh of Campbeltown, on the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland. Once a major producer of whisky with as many as 30 distilleries, and claiming the title \"whisky capital of the world\", its production has markedly declined. Most of the distilleries have gone out of business and little trace of them remains. By 2010 only three distilleries continue to produce whisky in Campbeltown: Springbank, Glengyle, and Glen Scotia. The Springbank distillery produces three distinct whiskies; Springbank, Hazelburn, and Longrow. Glengyle distillery has only recently been revived by J", "title": "Campbeltown single malts" }, { "id": "12687584", "score": "1.5991917", "text": "Bere (grain) Bere, pronounced \"bear,\" is a six-row barley currently cultivated mainly on 5-15 hectares of land in Orkney, Scotland. It is also grown on Shetland, Caithness and on a very small scale by a few crofters on some of the Western Isles, \"i.e.\" North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist, Islay and Barra. It is probably Britain's oldest cereal in continuous commercial cultivation. Bere is a landrace adapted to growing on soils of a low pH and to a short growing season with long hours of daylight, as found in the high latitudes of northern Scotland. It is sown in the", "title": "Bere (grain)" }, { "id": "1819836", "score": "1.5935638", "text": ". While the Scotch model is usually copied internationally, these constraints may not apply to whisky marketed as \"single malt\" that is produced elsewhere. For example, there is no definition of the term \"single\" with relation to whisky in the law of the United States, and some American whiskey advertised as \"single malt whisky\" is produced from malted rye rather than malted barley. All single malt goes through a similar batch production process, as outlined below. There are several types of single malts available from distilleries including single barrel single malts which are the product of a single batch that", "title": "Single malt whisky" } ]

[ "kingdom of spain", "Espańa", "espainia", "SPAIN", "españa", "iso 3166 1 es", "el reino de españa", "espainiako erresuma", "Espana", "Reino de Espana", "Regne d'Espanha", "spain", "mountains of spain", "espanya", "espana", "Spain", "Espanya", "ISO 3166-1:ES", "The Spanish Society", "El Reino de España", "espańa", "Espagna", "Spane", "Mountains of Spain", "name of spain", "The kingdom of Spain", "Kingdom of Spain", "Etymology of Spain", "Islands of Spain", "España", "kingdom of spains", "El Reino de Espana", "Kingdom of the Spains", "islands of spain", "etymology of spain", "spanish kingdom", "Spanish Kingdom", "el reino de espana", "espagna", "Regne d'Espanya", "spane", "reino de españa", "Espainiako Erresuma", "Name of Spain", "Espainia", "reino de espana", "regne d espanha", "spanish society", "Reino de España", "regne d espanya" ]

[ { "id": "85558", "score": "1.4814167", "text": "Catalonia Catalonia (; ; ; ;) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a \"nationality\" by its Statute of Autonomy. Catalonia consists of four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union. It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia (with the remainder Roussillon now part of France's Pyrénées-Orientales, Occitanie). It is bordered by France (Occitanie) and Andorra (Andorra la Vella, Encamp,", "title": "Catalonia" }, { "id": "2126058", "score": "1.4348311", "text": "Catalan Countries The Catalan Countries (, ) refers to those territories where the Catalan language, or a variant of it, is spoken. They include the Spanish regions of Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and parts of Aragon and Murcia, as well as Roussillon in France, the Principality of Andorra, and the city of Alghero in Sardinia (Italy). In the context of Catalan nationalism, the term is sometimes used in a more restricted way to refer to just Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The Catalan Countries do not correspond to any present or past political or administrative unit, though most", "title": "Catalan Countries" }, { "id": "5925789", "score": "1.4055929", "text": "Northern Catalonia Northern Catalonia ( , also known as \"Catalunya Nord\" ), French Catalonia or Roussillon refers to the Catalan-speaking and Catalan-culture territory ceded to France by Spain through the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 in exchange of France's effective renunciation on the formal protection given to the recent founded Catalan Republic. The area corresponds exactly to the modern French \"département\" of the Pyrénées-Orientales which were historically part of Catalonia since the old County of Barcelona, and lasted during the times of the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia until they were given to", "title": "Northern Catalonia" }, { "id": "2126083", "score": "1.4039757", "text": "to a greater or lesser extent. Catalan Countries The Catalan Countries (, ) refers to those territories where the Catalan language, or a variant of it, is spoken. They include the Spanish regions of Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and parts of Aragon and Murcia, as well as Roussillon in France, the Principality of Andorra, and the city of Alghero in Sardinia (Italy). In the context of Catalan nationalism, the term is sometimes used in a more restricted way to refer to just Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The Catalan Countries do not correspond to any present or past", "title": "Catalan Countries" }, { "id": "7623181", "score": "1.3879399", "text": "Commonwealth of Catalonia () was established in 1913, with its own Regional Assembly. The Assembly drafted a Statute of Autonomy that was, however, rejected by the General Courts (the Spanish Parliament). The Commonwealth of Catalonia was dissolved during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was established, and a new liberal constitution allowed the \"regions\" of Spain to attain self-government, and created the \"autonomous region\" as a first-order administrative division. Catalonia was the first to approve a Statute of Autonomy, later sanctioned by the Spanish Parliament, and the Generalitat, the Catalan institutions of", "title": "Nationalities and regions of Spain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Catalonia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Catalan Countries\n\nThe Catalan Countries (, , ) refers to those territories where the Catalan language is spoken. They include the Spanish regions of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Valencia, and parts of Aragon (\"La Franja\") and Murcia (Carche), as well as the Principality of Andorra, the department of Pyrénées-Orientales (aka Northern Catalonia, including Cerdagne, Roussillon, and Vallespir) in France, and the city of Alghero in Sardinia (Italy). In the context of Catalan nationalism, the term is sometimes used in a more restricted way to refer to just Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The Catalan Countries do not correspond to any present or past political or administrative unit, though most of the area belonged to the Crown of Aragon in the Middle Ages. Parts of Valencia (Spanish) and Catalonia (Occitan) are not Catalan-speaking.\n\nThe \"Catalan Countries\" have been at the centre of both cultural and political projects since the late 19th century. Its mainly cultural dimension became increasingly politically charged by the late 1960s and early 1970s, as Francoism began to die out in Spain, and what had been a cultural term restricted to connoisseurs of Catalan philology became a divisive issue during the Spanish Transition period, most acrimoniously in Valencia during the 1980s. Modern linguistic and cultural projects include the Institut Ramon Llull and the Fundació Ramon Llull, which are run by the governments of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Andorra, the Department Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the city council of Alghero and the Network of Valencian Cities. Politically, it involves a pan-nationalist project to unite the Catalan-speaking territories of Spain and France, often in the context of the independence movement in Catalonia. The political project does not currently enjoy wide support, particularly outside Catalonia, where some sectors view it as an expression of pancatalanism. Linguistic unity is widely recognized, except for the followers of a political movement known as Blaverism, even though some of its main organizations have recently abandoned such idea.", "title": "Catalan Countries" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andorra\n\nAndorra, officially the Principality of Andorra,<ref name=\"constitution\"/> is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is headed by two co-princes: the bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain and the president of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.\n\nAndorra is the sixth-smallest state in Europe, with an area of and a population of approximately . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent. Andorra is the world's 16th-smallest country by land and 11th-smallest by population. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of above sea level. The official language is Catalan, but Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.\n\nTourism in Andorra brings an estimated 10.2 million visitors to the country annually. Andorra is not a member state of the European Union. It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993.", "title": "Andorra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barcelona\n\nBarcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people,<ref name=\"demographia\"/> making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid, and Milan.<ref name=\"demographia\" /> It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is high.\n\nFounded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After joining with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the confederation of the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona, which continued to be the capital of the Principality of Catalonia, became the most important city in the Crown of Aragon and the main economic and administrative centre of the Crown, only to be overtaken by Valencia, wrested from Arab domination by the Catalans, shortly before the dynastic union between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1492. Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city is home to two of the most prestigious universities in Spain: the University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments.\n\nBarcelona is a major cultural, economic, and financial centre in southwestern Europe, as well as the main biotech hub in Spain. As a leading world city, Barcelona's influence in global socio-economic affairs qualifies it for global city status (Beta +).\n\nBarcelona is a transport hub, with the Port of Barcelona being one of Europe's principal seaports and busiest European passenger port, an international airport, Barcelona–El Prat Airport, which handles over 50 million passengers per year, an extensive motorway network, and a high-speed rail line with a link to France and the rest of Europe.", "title": "Barcelona" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Autonomous communities of Spain\n\nIn Spain, an autonomous community () is the first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.\n\nSpain is not a federation, but a decentralised\nThere are 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities that are collectively known as \"autonomies\". The two autonomous cities have the right to become autonomous communities, but neither has yet exercised it. This unique framework of territorial administration is known as the \"State of Autonomies\".\n\nThe autonomous communities are governed according to the constitution and their own organic laws known as Statutes of Autonomy, which define the powers that they assume. Since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical in nature, the scope of powers () varies for each community, but all have the same parliamentary structure; in fact, despite the Constitution not setting a mandatory legislative chamber framework, all autonomous communities have chosen unicameralism.<ref name=eso/>", "title": "Autonomous communities of Spain" }, { "id": "5925804", "score": "1.3864844", "text": "complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery up to secondary education. Northern Catalonia Northern Catalonia ( , also known as \"Catalunya Nord\" ), French Catalonia or Roussillon refers to the Catalan-speaking and Catalan-culture territory ceded to France by Spain through the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 in exchange of France's effective renunciation on the formal protection given to the recent founded Catalan Republic. The area corresponds exactly to the modern French \"département\" of the Pyrénées-Orientales which were historically part of Catalonia since the old County of Barcelona, and lasted during the times of the Crown of Aragon", "title": "Northern Catalonia" }, { "id": "6152142", "score": "1.385765", "text": "this region is administratively part of French \"Départment\" of Pyrénées-Orientales. In the last decades of the 17th century during the reign of Spain's last Habsburg king, Charles II, despite intermittent conflict between Spain and France, the population increased to approximately 500.000 inhabitants and the Catalan economy recovered. This economic growth was boosted by the export of wine to England and the Dutch Republic, this countries were involved in the Nine Years' War against France, as a consequence, there weren't able to trade with French wine. This new trade caused many Catalans to look to England and, especially, the Netherlands as", "title": "Principality of Catalonia" }, { "id": "8650511", "score": "1.3679374", "text": "After the independence bid of October 2017, the Spanish state suspended the \"Generalitat\" pending fresh regional elections. When these were held on 21 December they again produced a majority for pro-independence parties, which won 48% of the vote, even though Citizens became the largest single party in Parliament. Catalonia is among the top 10 regions in Europe on a \"regionalism index\". According to another survey carried out in 2002, 16% of residents in Catalonia \"did not consider themselves Spanish at all\" and another 24% identified more strongly with Catalonia than with Spain. The overwhelming majorities for independence in the 2014", "title": "National and regional identity in Spain" }, { "id": "13533512", "score": "1.3618156", "text": "Pyrénées-Orientales Pyrénées-Orientales (; ; ; \"Eastern Pyrenees\"), also known as Northern Catalonia is a department of Occitanie adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain. Prior to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, most of the present department was part of the former Principality of Catalonia, within the Crown of Aragon, therefore part of the Kingdom of Spain, so the majority of it has historically been Catalan-speaking, and it is still referred to as Northern Catalonia. The modern department was", "title": "Pyrénées-Orientales" }, { "id": "8650487", "score": "1.3610759", "text": "to grow mainly in the regions where it was already concentrated, bringing about the internal migration of millions of Spaniards and contributing to a revival of nationalism in the receiving regions. Catalonia and the Basque Country, together with Madrid and Navarre, are still the wealthiest parts of Spain in terms of GDP per head, and this has fuelled conflict between the regions and the centre over regional autonomy in taxation and over policies for redistribution between richer and poorer regions. Eurobarometer surveys throughout Europe asked people to \"rate their attachment to their region\" and to their country, EU, and local", "title": "National and regional identity in Spain" }, { "id": "7623200", "score": "1.3596692", "text": "Basque Country in 2003, the regional government proposed a plan whereby the autonomous community would become a \"free associated State\" of Spain, which was later rejected by the Spanish Parliament. In 2006, the Catalan Parliament, in approving a new Statute of Autonomy, chose to define Catalonia not as a \"nationality\" but explicitly as a \"nation\", by a large majority. Similar proposals were made in Andalusia. The Spanish Parliament, which must ratify all Statutes of Autonomy, removed the article that defined Catalonia as a \"nation\", but made a reference in the Preamble of the document to the \"fact\" that the Catalan", "title": "Nationalities and regions of Spain" }, { "id": "11529558", "score": "1.357904", "text": "Gate of the Catalan Countries The Gate of the Catalan Countries (), a work of the sculptor Emili Armengol, marks the Northern starting location of the Catalan Countries in Salses, Pyrénées-Orientales (this part of France belongs to what is also called, especially in Catalonia, \"Catalunya Nord\", English: Northern Catalonia). After more than 20 years since the beginning of the project (often stopped, and even sometimes forbidden), it was finally inaugurated on September 28, 2003, being visible from the highway. Its conception and execution was in charge of the Union for the Catalan Region. The aerial view of the monument reminds", "title": "Gate of the Catalan Countries" }, { "id": "13077314", "score": "1.3577784", "text": "still within Spain. As with the rest of Spain, Catalonia has had high levels of unemployment. As many as 22% of the economically active population, which is still lower than Spain's national jobless rate, yet higher than Madrid. In 2010, Spain's Constitutional Court weakened the Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia, which further irritated Catalan secessionist organization. The 2015 regional election was the first to produce a majority for openly separatist parties. Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy insisted that Spain's constitution does not allow a region to secede. Spain's Basque Country unsuccessfully tried to get such a move approved in Parliament in", "title": "2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis" }, { "id": "2126079", "score": "1.3525572", "text": "which contained Northern Catalonia, with to create a new region to be called , the French magazine said that the movement was \"completely unrelated to the situation on the other side of the border\", and that it was \"more directed against Toulouse [the chief city of ] than against Paris or for Barcelona.\" , which stood in the French legislative election, 2017, said that's its aim is a \"territorial collectivity\" within the French Republic on the same lines as Corsica. The term \"Països Catalans\" was first documented in 1876 in \"Historia del Derecho en Cataluña, Mallorca y Valencia. Código de", "title": "Catalan Countries" }, { "id": "757694", "score": "1.3521767", "text": "considered part of the same region, as in the case of the Empordà or Vallès. The current official division of Catalonia into comarques originates in an order of the semi-autonomous Catalan government under the Spanish Republic in 1936. It was superseded after the 1939 victory of Francisco Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War, but restored in 1987 by the re-established Generalitat of Catalonia. Since the definition of comarques is traditionally a non-official and sometimes ambiguous, many new proposals have been made since the comarques were first officially designated as different towns attempt to adjust the official comarques with what", "title": "Comarques of Catalonia" }, { "id": "5925790", "score": "1.3488011", "text": "France by Spain. The equivalent term in French, \"Catalogne Nord\", is used nowadays, although less often than the more politically neutral Roussillon (the French word for ). Sometimes the term French Catalonia can also be used. Northern Catalonia forms a triangle between the Pyrenees to the south, the Corbières to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The Roussillon plain in the east, by far the most populated area, is formed by the flood plains of the Tech, Têt and Agly rivers (). The districts of Vallespir and Conflent cover the upper valleys of the Tech and the", "title": "Northern Catalonia" }, { "id": "85598", "score": "1.3465173", "text": "The Catalan capital and largest city, Barcelona, is a major international cultural centre and a major tourist destination. In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympic Games. In November 2003, elections to the Parliament of Catalonia gave the government to a left-wing catalanist coalition formed by the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC-PSOE), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV), and the socialist Pasqual Maragall was appointed President. The new government redacted a new version of the Statute of Autonomy, which consolidated and extended certain aspects of self-government. The new Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, approved after a", "title": "Catalonia" }, { "id": "2126067", "score": "1.3406632", "text": "that centre on the Catalan Countries have been described as a \"hypothetical and future union\" of the various territories. In many cases it involves the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics. The 2016 electoral programme of Valencian parties Compromís and Podemos spoke of a \"federation\" between the Valencian Community, the Balearic Islands and Catalonia. They are to campaign for an amendment to article 145 of the Spanish constitution, which forbids federation of autonomous communities. The territories concerned may also include Roussillon and \"La Franja\". Many in Spain see the concept of the \"Països Catalans\" as regional exceptionalism,", "title": "Catalan Countries" }, { "id": "15332424", "score": "1.3382831", "text": "was 49.41% of the total electorate, an unprecedentedly low figure for this type of vote. The new Statute has been in force since August 9, 2006. Catalonia is an Autonomous Community within the Kingdom of Spain, with the status of historical region in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. In September 2005, the Parliament of Catalonia approved the definition of Catalonia as a 'nation' in the preamble of the new Statute of Autonomy (autonomous basic law). The 120 delegates of all parties (CiU, PSC, ERC, ICV-EA) with the exception of the 15 delegates of the Partido Popular approved this definition. In", "title": "Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia" }, { "id": "85683", "score": "1.3377984", "text": "is also a sparkling wine, the cava. Catalonia is internationally recognized for its fine dining. Three of The World's 50 Best Restaurants are in Catalonia, and four restaurants have three Michelin stars, including restaurants like El Bulli or El Celler de Can Roca, both of which regularly dominate international rankings of restaurants. Catalonia Catalonia (; ; ; ;) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a \"nationality\" by its Statute of Autonomy. Catalonia consists of four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-most", "title": "Catalonia" } ]

[ "Fidji", "Fiji Islands", "ISO 3166-1:FJ", "Fiji's", "Name of Fiji", "Tourism in Fiji", "republic of fiji", "Etymology of Fiji", "Fiji Island", "fidji islands", "Chikoba", "etymology of fiji", "Fijis", "Matanitu Ko Viti", "holidays in fiji", "Holidays in fiji", "Fijian Islands", "Pacific/Fiji", "Fiji Archipelago", "Fidji Islands", "fijian islands", "Feejee", "fiji islander", "republic of fiji islands", "fiji islands", "Fiji Islander", "matanitu tugalala o viti", "Cannibal Isles", "Ripablik ăph Phījī", "feejee", "Holidays in Fiji", "Matanitu Tugalala o Viti", "pacific fiji", "cannibal isles", "Fiji", "fiji archipelago", "Republic of Fiji", "fiji", "fidji", "name of fiji", "iso 3166 1 fj", "tourism in fiji", "sovereign democratic republic of fiji", "Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji", "fijis", "chikoba", "fiji s", "Republic of the Fiji Islands", "fiji island", "matanitu ko viti", "ripablik ăph phījī" ]

[ { "id": "2775157", "score": "2.1505451", "text": "post in 2001, however, in the wake of allegations made against him by former President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of complicity in the Fiji coup of 2000, which deposed both Mara and the Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry, on 19 May 2000. Claiming that the coup leader George Speight – who was then in custody and has since been convicted of treason – was only a front, Mara appeared on Close-Up television program on 30 April 2001 and revealed that on 21 May 2000, two days after the coup, he had confronted Rabuka and Isikia Savua, the police chief, about", "title": "Sitiveni Rabuka" }, { "id": "2374700", "score": "2.114561", "text": "Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara on 27 May; Mara intended to assume emergency powers himself but was himself deposed by the military leader, Commodore Frank Bainimarama. After 56 days in captivity, Chaudhry was released on 13 July and subsequently embarked on a tour of the world to rally support. He was one of the leading voices raised in opposition to the Qarase government's proposed Reconciliation and Unity Commission, which he said was just a mechanism to grant amnesty to persons guilty of coup-related offences. In January 2007 he was appointed as Minister of Finance, Sugar Reform Public Enterprise and National Planning", "title": "Mahendra Chaudhry" }, { "id": "2492750", "score": "2.0602486", "text": "go,\"\" he defiantly declared) the group, including the army commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, former Prime Minister and 1987 Coup Leader Sitiveni Rabuka, former military commander Ratu Epeli Ganilau (a son-in-law of Mara's), and a former Police Commissioner Isikia Savua, are alleged to have asked for, and possibly forced, Mara's resignation. He was subsequently taken to his home island of Lakeba in the Lau Islands. For the 80-year-old president, who was seen as the father of the country and had led it, in one capacity or another, for more than 40 years, it was an anticlimactic end. The military regime that", "title": "Kamisese Mara" }, { "id": "2492765", "score": "2.0594378", "text": "less forgiving, however. Sitiveni Rabuka, who led the 1987 coup, surprised many in 1999 when he claimed in an autobiography that he had carried out the coups at Mara's behest. Mara retaliated by suing him for defamation. Mahendra Chaudhry said that he did not believe that Mara had been involved. Not all of Mara's critics were Indo-Fijian. George Speight, a commoner (i.e., one of non-chiefly ancestry) who led the 2000 putsch accused Mara of selling the country out to Indo-Fijians, and of working to keep power in the hands of a coalition of Fijian chiefs and Indo-Fijian businessmen, at the", "title": "Kamisese Mara" }, { "id": "2775160", "score": "2.0187619", "text": "his own suspicions about Rabuka to Singh. \"On Monday (following the Friday coup) I had a telephone conversation with the President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. He had no doubts that it was Mr Sitiveni Rabuka and Mr Isikia Savua\", the then Commissioner of Police \"who had organised the miserable affair at parliamentary complex,\" Singh said. Rabuka refused to comment on Singh's allegations, citing sub judice. Rabuka was also accused of instigating or supporting the mutiny that took place at Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks on 2 November 2000. In an interview with the Fiji Times on 12 November 2000, the Military", "title": "Sitiveni Rabuka" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Frank Bainimarama\n\nJosaia Voreqe \"Frank\" Bainimarama ( ]; born 27 April 1954) is a Fijian politician and former naval officer who served as the prime minister of Fiji from 2007 until 2022. A member of the FijiFirst party, which he founded in 2014, he began his career as an officer in the Fijian navy and commander of the Fijian military. He has been serving as the opposition leader since 24 December 2022.\n\nBainimarama attended Marist Brothers High School, the Asian Institute of Technology and Dalhousie University. He joined the Fijian Navy in 1975 and rose through the ranks, becoming an Able Seaman and a Midshipman in 1976, an Ensign in 1977 and later promoted to a sub-lieutenant at the end of that year. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander in 1986 and became a commander in 1988. He later became captain in 1991. In 1997, Bainimarama was appointed Chief of Staff of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces. In 1998, he was promoted to a Commodore and later became the commander of the Armed Forces in 1999. He relinquished command in 2014, and in recognition of his military service, he was promoted to Rear Admiral.\n\nBainimarama instigated the 2006 coup, removing Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase from power. He later restored Ratu Josefa Iloilo as president and himself as prime minister in 2007. Bainimarama promised the return of elections and democracy in 2014, and formed a party named FijiFirst. In the 2014 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won a majority and Bainimarama was sworn in as prime minister of Fiji by President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau. In the 2018 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won an outright majority, and Bainimarama became prime minister for a second term on 20 November 2018. In the 2022 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won a plurality but was unable to form a government, meaning Bainimarama would cease to be prime-minister after 16 years of rule. He was succeeded by Sitiveni Rabuka.\n\nIn January 2022, Bainimarama underwent heart surgery in Melbourne, Australia. During his recovery, Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum was named Acting Prime Minister. Bainimarama returned to Fiji in March 2022.", "title": "Frank Bainimarama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sitiveni Rabuka\n\nSitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka (; born 13 September 1948) is a Fijian politician who has served as Prime Minister of Fiji since 24 December 2022. He was the instigator of two military coups in 1987. He was democratically elected as Prime Minister of Fiji, serving from 1992 to 1999, and again in 2022, leading a three-party coalition. He also served as Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs from 1999 to 2001, and later as Chairman of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council from 2001 to 2008. \n\nRabuka was elected as leader of the Social Democratic Liberal Party in 2016, succeeding Leader of the Opposition Ro Teimumu Kepa, who publicly disapproved of Rabuka's nomination to replace her. He was appointed as the leader of the Opposition to Parliament in 2018, following the 2018 election defeat. He was the only nomination for the position, and his nomination was moved by Ro Teimumu Kepa and seconded by Biman Prasad. He was ousted as SODELPA leader by Viliame Gavoka in a leadership contest. Rabuka resigned from parliament in 2020, citing that he would no longer be an obstacle to the bipartisan approach to be taken by the leaders of Fiji to create harmony and progress, and unity in Fiji. He formed a new political party in 2020, named Peoples Alliance, to contest the 2022 election.", "title": "Sitiveni Rabuka" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Fiji\n\nThe majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermic activity still occurs on the is\nlands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji was settled first by the Lapita culture, around 1,500–1,000 years BCE, followed by a large influx of people with predominantly Melanesian genetics about the time of the beginning of the Common Era. Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century, and, after a brief period as an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of Fiji in 1874. Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970, when it gained independence as the Dominion of Fiji. A republic was declared in 1987, following a series of coups d'état.\n\nIn a coup in 2006, Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power. When the High Court ruled in 2009 that the military leadership was unlawful, President Ratu Josefa Iloilo, whom the military had retained as the nominal Head of State, formally abrogated the Constitution and reappointed Bainimarama. Later in 2009, Iloilo was replaced as president by Ratu Epeli Nailatikau. After years of delays, a democratic election was held on 17 September 2014. Bainimarama's FijiFirst party won with 59.2% of the vote, and the election was deemed credible by international observers.", "title": "History of Fiji" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fiji\n\nFiji ( , ,; , ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, \"Fijī\"), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about . The most outlying island group is Ono-i-Lau. About 87% of the total population of live on the two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts: either in the capital city of Suva; or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry; or in Lautoka, where the sugar-cane industry is dominant. The interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited because of its terrain. \n\nThe majority of Fiji's islands were formed by volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Some geothermal activity still occurs today on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. The geothermal systems on Viti Levu are non-volcanic in origin and have low-temperature surface discharges (of between roughly ).\n\nHumans have lived in Fiji since the second millennium BCE—first Austronesians and later Melanesians, with some Polynesian influences. Europeans first visited Fiji in the 17th century. In 1874, after a brief period in which Fiji was an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of Fiji. Fiji operated as a Crown colony until 1970, when it gained independence and became known as the Dominion of Fiji. In 1987, following a series of coups d'état, the military government that had taken power declared it a republic. In a 2006 coup, Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power. In 2009, the Fijian High Court ruled that the military leadership was unlawful. At that point, President Ratu Josefa Iloilo, whom the military had retained as the nominal head of state, formally abrogated the 1997 Constitution and re-appointed Bainimarama as interim prime minister. Later in 2009, Ratu Epeli Nailatikau succeeded Iloilo as president. On 17 September 2014, after years of delays, a democratic election took place. Bainimarama's FijiFirst party won 59.2% of the vote, and international observers deemed the election credible.\n\nFiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific through its abundant forest, mineral, and fish resources. The currency is the Fijian dollar, with the main sources of foreign exchange being the tourist industry, remittances from Fijians working abroad, bottled water exports, and sugar cane.<ref name=\"Factbook-Fiji\" /> The Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development supervises Fiji's local government, which takes the form of city and town councils.<ref name=\"Fiji: Our Government\">\n</ref>", "title": "Fiji" }, { "id": "4277712", "score": "2.0128906", "text": "of Fiji, Madraiwiwi succeeded in brokering a truce on 16 January 2006 between Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase and Military Commander Commodore Frank Bainimarama, whose long-running feud had raised fears of civil unrest or a military coup. Under Madraiwiwi's mediation, each side made some concessions to the other, and observers were cautiously optimistic that Fiji had been pulled back from the brink. Although the truce eventually broke down, it postponed the coup that eventually took place on 5 December. Ratu Madraiwiwi is the eldest son of Doctor Ratu Jione Atonio Rabici Doviverata, who preceded him as Roko Tui Bau. His mother,", "title": "Joni Madraiwiwi" }, { "id": "13247289", "score": "1.9934978", "text": "the House of Representatives. He subsequently served as a Senator in the 1990s, and was President of the Senate prior to his becoming Vice-President of Fiji on 18 January 1999. He was in this position under President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara in 1999 and 2000, when Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry's government was overthrown by Fijian nationalists led by George Speight in the Fiji coup of 2000. He was sworn in as President on 13 July 2000, but legal experts consider that he was constitutionally the President as of 29 May, the date on which Ratu Mara had been removed from", "title": "Josefa Iloilo" }, { "id": "2775154", "score": "1.9754174", "text": "class. During the time of the coup, Rabuka was sometimes referred to in the press as \"Colonel Steve Rambo.\" In 2006, Rabuka finally apologised for having executed the coups. Fiji Live reported on 28 March that Rabuka had told India's Ahmedabad Newsline, while visiting India for medical treatment, that he regretted his role in the coups, which he described as \"democratically wrong.\" Following the adoption in 1990 of a new Constitution that guaranteed ethnic Fijian domination of the political system, Rabuka was chosen to lead the newly formed Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei in 1991. This party won the parliamentary", "title": "Sitiveni Rabuka" }, { "id": "2492747", "score": "1.9745638", "text": "Dr Timoci Bavadra. His retirement was to be short-lived, however. Two military coups led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka seriously undermined the social and economic stability, and the international prestige, of Fiji. Mara was recalled to head an interim administration, with a view to restoring Fiji's international reputation and rebuilding the country's shattered economy. In 1992, he handed over power to an elected government. After the military coups of 1987, Fiji had severed its links with the Monarchy and become a republic, with a president and two Vice-Presidents chosen by the Great Council of Chiefs. Following his retirement as Prime", "title": "Kamisese Mara" }, { "id": "6932781", "score": "1.963675", "text": "1963 and March 1970, and after independence in 1973, 1977 and 1982. Following the election of the ethnically Indian-dominated government of Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra (although he personally was an indigenous Fijian) on 13 April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka carried out the first of two military coups on 14 May 1987. At first, Rabuka expressed loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II. However, Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, in an effort to uphold Fiji's constitution, refused to swear in the new (self-appointed) government headed by Rabuka, and so Rabuka declared a republic on 6 October 1987. This was accepted by the", "title": "Dominion of Fiji" }, { "id": "2828804", "score": "1.9534268", "text": "confederacy under the Tui Vuda, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, who died in 2011. In 1999, Momoedonu had been elected on the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) ticket to represent the Vuda Open Constituency in the House of Representatives, and subsequently appointed to the Cabinet. He was the only minister not present in the Parliament building when George Speight stormed the complex on 19 May 2000, taking Chaudhry and other government members hostage and staging a coup d'état. The President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, wanted to assume emergency powers to deal with the situation, but was unable to do so, because constitutionally, the", "title": "Tevita Momoedonu" }, { "id": "2803175", "score": "1.9523833", "text": "elements of the Fijian population rallied to his side. For 56 days Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry and most of his cabinet, along with many parliamentarians and their staff, were held as hostages while Speight attempted to negotiate with the President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, who denounced the coup and declared a state of emergency. Believing that President Kamisese Mara was not dealing effectively with the situation, Bainimarama apparently forced Mara to resign on 29 May 2000, in what some politicians have since called \"a coup within a coup,\" and formed an interim military government, which negotiated an accord under which", "title": "Frank Bainimarama" }, { "id": "2775158", "score": "1.9477525", "text": "their possible involvement in it. \"I could see it in their faces,\" Mara declared. Ratu Mara told the programme that within half an hour of Speight's forcible occupation of the Parliament, Rabuka had telephoned Government House (the official residence of the President) to offer to form a government. He further alleged that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Army had been involved in the coup after receiving training on a farm owned by Rabuka. In an interview with Fiji's Daily Post on 2 July 2001, Rabuka angrily denied the allegations, saying that they were the ravings of '\"an angry", "title": "Sitiveni Rabuka" }, { "id": "6958818", "score": "1.9443393", "text": "incitement and of threatening public order. The next day, FLP spokespeople declined to comment on unusual troop deployments at Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks, referring all questions to Deputy Leader Poseci Bune, who was away in the northern town of Savusavu. Leader Mahendra Chaudhry was en route home from a visit to India, and could not be reached for comment. At a press conference on 16 January, FLP leader Mahendra Chaudhry blamed Prime Minister Qarase for the standoff with the Military. As \"evidence,\" he cited an alleged plot to depose Ratu Josefa Iloilo from the presidency in 2000, which Bainimarama, who", "title": "Reaction to the 2005–06 Fijian political crisis" }, { "id": "2492751", "score": "1.944191", "text": "took over appointed Ratu Josefa Iloilo, who had been Mara's vice-president, to succeed him on 13 July 2000. After the coup had been quashed, the Supreme Court ruled on 15 November that year that Mara's replacement was unconstitutional and ordered his reinstatement, but Mara, wishing to spare the country further constitutional trauma, officially resigned, with his resignation retroactive to 29 May 2000. On 29 April 2001, Mara publicly accused the police chief, Colonel Isikia Savua and former Prime Minister, Sitiveni Rabuka, of instigating the coup. In what was to be his last public interview, Mara claimed that George Speight –", "title": "Kamisese Mara" }, { "id": "5561945", "score": "1.9435399", "text": "into 2005, he repeatedly entered the political arena to criticize government policy - especially its policy of lenience, as he saw it, towards persons responsible for the coup. Politicians countered with charges of inappropriate interference in political affairs, and some accused him of hypocrisy, saying that he himself had a case to answer for his role in Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara's resignation from the Presidency on 29 May 2000. Major differences between the government and the Military first became public early in 2003, when the Military protested government attempts to reduce the sentences of soldiers who had been convicted of", "title": "Military unrest following the 2000 Fijian coup d'état" }, { "id": "2803167", "score": "1.9432188", "text": "after his Fiji First Party won the general elections. Bainimarama has taken power twice in Fiji's history, the first time as Head of the Interim Military Government of Fiji from 29 May to 13 July 2000, after organising a counter-coup to neutralise the ethnic Fijian putsch led by George Speight. He handed power over to the newly appointed President Ratu Josefa Iloilo. He was instrumental in the rise to power of the government of the Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase, but his intense criticism of the government's policy of showing leniency towards persons implicated in the coup later strained his relations", "title": "Frank Bainimarama" }, { "id": "2492749", "score": "1.9351745", "text": "Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry, several Cabinet ministers, and a number of parliamentarians. Speight declared himself Prime Minister, and ordered Mara to step aside as president. Mara refused to negotiate with the plotters, and decided instead to dismiss the kidnapped government and assume emergency powers himself. His move backfired, however. In what politicians called \"a coup within a coup,\" Ratu Mara was whisked away on the naval ship Kiro on 28 May, where he was allegedly approached by a group of present and former military and police officers and ordered to suspend the Constitution. When he refused, \"(\"If the Constitution goes, I", "title": "Kamisese Mara" }, { "id": "6603973", "score": "1.9322708", "text": "government of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry was deposed, it was thought that a non-citizen would be better able to present an image of fairness and impartiality in the prosecution of coup-related cases. His predecessor, Isikia Savua, had been accused by the former President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, of complicity in it. Ratu Sir Kamisese resigned (allegedly under pressure from the Military and police) in the midst of the coup. Since 2003, Hughes vigorously pursued investigations against high-profile citizens in connection with the events of 2000. His targets included chiefs and politicians, including some government Ministers. His relationship with the government", "title": "Andrew Hughes (police officer)" }, { "id": "5531390", "score": "1.9307592", "text": "Kavunono, wife of President Ratu Josefa Iloilo (2000-2009). Ratu Jone Yavala Kubuabola served as Fiji's Minister for Finance from 2000 to 2006. He was also a former Governor of the Reserve Bank of Fiji. Ratu Inoke Kubuabola (younger brother of Ratu Jone Yavala Kubuabola) is a Fijian politician who served as Leader of the Opposition in 1999 and 2000. He became leader of the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei, or SVT, following its defeat in the 1999 election and the subsequent resignation of its leader, the defeated Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, from Parliament. Kubuabola served as Fiji's High Commissioner to", "title": "Taveuni" } ]

[ "A mug of beer", "mug of beer" ]

[ { "id": "724386", "score": "1.5979842", "text": "Schooner A schooner is a type of sailing vessel with fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts. The most common type has two masts, the foremast being shorter than the main. While the schooner was originally gaff-rigged, modern schooners typically carry a Bermuda rig. The first detailed definition of a schooner, describing the vessel as two-masted vessel with fore and aft gaff-rigged sails appeared in 1769 in William Falconer's \"Universal Dictionary of the Marine\". According to the language scholar Walter William Skeat, the term \"schooner\" comes from \"scoon\", while the \"sch\" spelling comes from the later adoption of the Dutch", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "724390", "score": "1.5549349", "text": "a variety of small two-masted gaff-rigged vessels used in the coast and estuaries of the Netherlands. Most were working craft but some pleasure yachts with schooner rigs were built for wealthy merchants. Following the arrival of the Dutch Stadtholder William of Orange on the British throne, the British Royal Navy built a royal yacht with a schooner rig in 1695, HMS \"Royal Transport\". This vessel, captured in a detailed Admiralty model, is the earliest fully documented schooner. \"Royal Transport\" was quickly noted for its speed and ease of handling, and mercantile vessels soon adopted the rig in Europe and in", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "370021", "score": "1.5511255", "text": "while her after mast is rigged fore-and-aft. A brig is a vessel with two masts both rigged square. As one gets into three or more masts the number of combinations rises and one gets barques, barquentines, and full-rigged ships. A spinnaker is a large, full headsail that is only used when sailing off wind either reaching or downwind, to catch the maximum amount of wind. With modern technology, \"wings\", that is rigid sails, may be used in place of fabric sails. An example of this would be the International C-Class Catamaran Championship and the yacht USA 17 that won the", "title": "Sailing" }, { "id": "13635934", "score": "1.5450702", "text": "Schooner (glass) A schooner is a type of glass for serving drinks. In the United Kingdom it is the name for a large sherry glass. in Australia it is the name for a particular glass size, used for any type of beer. In Britain, a schooner is a large sherry glass. Sherry is traditionally served in one of two measures, based on how tots was served in naval days. There was a clipper, the smaller measure, or a schooner, the larger measure, named after the sort of ships that brought sherry over from Spain. The schooner name was more particular", "title": "Schooner (glass)" }, { "id": "13635938", "score": "1.5448033", "text": "usually a tankard (mug) shaped glass, rather than a pint shaped glass. It shouldn't be confused with Schooner Lager, which is a regional brand of beer found only in the eastern maritime provinces of Canada. In the United States, \"schooner\" refers to the shape of the glass (rounded with a short stem), rather than the capacity. It can range from 18 oz. (532 mL) to 32 oz. (946 mL). Schooner (glass) A schooner is a type of glass for serving drinks. In the United Kingdom it is the name for a large sherry glass. in Australia it is the name", "title": "Schooner (glass)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Schooner (glass)\n\nA schooner is a type of glass for serving drinks. In the United Kingdom it is the name for a large sherry glass. In Australia it is the name for a particular glass size, used for any type of beer.", "title": "Schooner (glass)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Beer in Australia\n\nBeer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004 Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita beer consumption, at around 110 litres per year; although, the nation ranked considerably lower in a World Health Organization report of alcohol consumption per capita of 12.2 litres. Lager is by far the most popular type of beer consumed in Australia.\n\nThe oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824. The largest Australian-owned brewery is the family-owned Coopers Brewery, as the other two major breweries Carlton & United Breweries and Lion Nathan are owned by Japan's Asahi and Kirin Brewing Company respectively.\n\nNon-alcohol beer variations continue to increase their market share in Australia. According to BWS in December 2019, non alcoholic beer sales had risen 60% since July that year.", "title": "Beer in Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Template:Aust Beer Glass" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sea shanty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/News/January 2011/Articles ..." }, { "id": "724400", "score": "1.544524", "text": "schooner may carry a square topsail atop the foremast. A schooner with no bowsprit is known as a \"knockabout\" schooner. A \"cat-rigged\" schooner not only has no bowsprit but has no headsails, and has the foremast set as far forward as possible. While schooners were initially defined as having two masts, three-masted schooners were first introduced around 1800. In the late 19th century, additional masts were added as schooners were built with as many as six masts (e.g., the wooden six-masted \"Wyoming\") or seven masts to carry a larger volume of cargo. The only seven-masted schooner, the steel-hulled \"Thomas W.", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "13635937", "score": "1.5412548", "text": "pint, pre-metrication). There is no legal definition of a schooner in Australia, the volume of beer served depends on the venue. A calibrated 420 ml glass may be used and filled to about 15 mm of the rim resulting in a \"schooner\" of 375 ml of beer. In Canada, a \"schooner\" refers to a large capacity beer glass. Unlike the Australian schooner, which is smaller than a pint, a Canadian schooner is always larger. Although not standardized, the most common size of schooner served in Canadian bars is 32 oz. (946 mL); the volume of two US pints. It is", "title": "Schooner (glass)" }, { "id": "724387", "score": "1.5371026", "text": "spelling (\"schoener\"). Another study suggests that a Dutch expression praising ornate schooner yachts in the 17th century, \"een schoone Schip\", may have led to the term \"schooner\" being used by English speakers to describe the early versions of the schooner rig as it evolved in England and America. The Dutch word \"schoon(e)\" means \"nice, clean, good looking\". A popular legend holds that the first schooner was built by builder Andrew Robinson and launched in Gloucester, Massachusetts where a spectator exclaimed \"Oh how she scoons\", \"scoon\" being similar to \"scone\", a Scots word meaning to skip along the surface of the", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "13635936", "score": "1.5323095", "text": "and the Northern Territory, although not unknown in other states. Some hospitality venues in Western Australia are going through a process of \"schoonerification\", whereby the previous culture of drinking by pints has been changed with vessels of schooner size to allay increasing costs to venues and with encouragement from the state government to curb binge drinking. In South Australian pubs and clubs, the term \"schooner\" refers to a glass with a capacity of 285 mL (known as a \"pot\" elsewhere in Australia, and a \"middy\" in New South Wales and Western Australia 10 imp. fl. oz., or half an imperial", "title": "Schooner (glass)" }, { "id": "20507792", "score": "1.5259172", "text": "Schooner barge A schooner barge is a type of ship; a schooner converted as a barge. Schooner barges originated on the Great Lakes in the 1860s and were in use until World War II, although a few survived into the 1950s. Even though steamboats were used for time-critical routes such as for passengers and mail, schooners were still economical to use for bulk cargoes such as grain, wood, or iron ore. Steam tugs were introduced on the Great Lakes that could tow one or more barges. Since old schooners were available, they could be adapted to towing service with reduced", "title": "Schooner barge" }, { "id": "9178512", "score": "1.5200456", "text": "to the yacht after returning home to address an emergency. The Italian press suggested that this may have been an attempt to avoid steep taxation of luxury vessels. Many reports at the time identified \"Bel Amica\" as a \"schooner\". This term is frequently associated with sailing ships from the pre-steamship era; however, it is simply a technical name for the layout of the sails. Schooners of many sizes are in current production. The misidentification of this modern yacht as an antique ship deepened the mystery and probably contributed to the brief international interest at the time. Bel Amica Bel Amica", "title": "Bel Amica" }, { "id": "15822960", "score": "1.5165019", "text": "it is operated by Manhattan by Sail, which gives 90-minute-long tours of New York Harbor, and is licensed to carry 48 passengers. The schooner was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The schooner is in overall length, extending on deck and along the waterline. At 36 gross tons, her maximum beam is and she draws of water. The design is a semi-fisherman type with a spooned bow, that was popular in the early 20th century. The full keel is made of solid oak and the hull is yellow pine over an oak frame. The floor timbers", "title": "Shearwater (schooner)" }, { "id": "724389", "score": "1.5088866", "text": "popular in trades requiring speed and windward ability, such as slaving, privateering, blockade running, and offshore fishing. In the Chesapeake Bay area several distinctive schooner types evolved, including the Baltimore clipper, bugeye, and pungy. Schooners were also popular among pirates in the West Indies during the Golden Age of Piracy, for their speed and agility. They could also sail in shallow waters, and while being considerably smaller than other ships of the time period (such as frigates and galleons), they could still hold enough cannons to intimidate merchant vessels into submission. Schooners first evolved in the late 17th century from", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "724393", "score": "1.5065371", "text": "America. In their heyday, during the late 19th century more than 2,000 schooners carried on the Great Lakes. Three-masted \"terns\" were a favourite rig of Canada's Maritime Provinces. The scow schooner, which used a schooner rig on a flat-bottomed, blunt-ended scow hull, was popular in North America for coastal and river transport. Schooners were used in North American fishing, especially the Grand Banks fishery. Some Banks fishing schooners such as Bluenose also became famous racers. Two of the most famous racing yachts, \"America\" and \"Atlantic\", were rigged as schooners. They were about in length. Although a schooner may have several", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "724388", "score": "1.4998306", "text": "water. Robinson replied, \"A schooner let her be.\" The launch is variously described as being in 1713 or 1745. Naval architects such as Howard Chapelle have dismissed this invention story as a \"childish fable\", but some language scholars feel that the legend may support a Gloucester origin of the word. Other sources state the etymology as unknown and uncertain. Although mostly associated with North America, schooners were first used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century. They were further developed in North America from the early 18th century, and came into extensive use in New England. Schooners were", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "724392", "score": "1.4971838", "text": "Massachusetts, fishing industry. Bath, Maine, was another notable center, which during much of the 19th century had more than a dozen yards working at a time, and from 1781 to 1892 launched 1352 schooners, including the \"Wyoming\". Schooners were popular on both sides of the Atlantic in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, long dominating yacht races such as the America's Cup, but gradually gave way in Europe to the cutter. Schooners were used to carry cargo in many different environments, from ocean voyages to coastal runs and on large inland bodies of water. They were popular in North", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "2083438", "score": "1.4966089", "text": "also have the aforementioned vertical yard, although this makes for a very large topsail. A cornish topsail is a triangular sail having its luff extended well above the masthead by being laced to a yard hoisted by a halyard rove through a sheave fitted diagonally in the mast. The heel of the yard fits immediately about the gaff and is kept in place by a tackline called a \"timminoggy\". A square topsail is a square-rigged sail, carried above the foresail only, on gaff schooners. (A brigantine is a two-masted vessel with a forward course.) Schooners carrying square tops are referred", "title": "Topsail" }, { "id": "724398", "score": "1.4946914", "text": "the mainsail on the aft mast, and its other mast is the foremast. Compared to a single-masted vessel, all the two-masted vessels can have a lower centre of pressure in the sail plan. Although the ketch and, to a much lesser extent, the yawl are more popular than the schooner in Europe, the schooner is arguably more efficient. The schooner can carry a larger sail area, because of its much larger mainsail and the effective sail(s) between the masts. Also, in a schooner, all the sails work together in a complementary fashion, optimising airflow and drive. By contrast, on a", "title": "Schooner" }, { "id": "1542999", "score": "1.4856331", "text": "main sail of a schooner). On the foremast is a similar sail, called the trysail. Attached to the respective yards of square-rigged ships are smaller spars, which can be extended, thus lengthening the yard, thus receiving an additional sailing wing on each side. These are called studding sails, and are used with fair and light wind only. The wings are named after the sails to which they are fastened, i.e. the main studding sails, main top studding sails, and the main top gallant studding sails, etc. The brig's foremast is smaller than the main mast. The fore mast holds a", "title": "Brig" }, { "id": "8168857", "score": "1.4820356", "text": "is also used as a storm tactic. The term is also used in the context of vessels under power and refers to bringing the vessel to a complete stop. For example, in waters over which the United States has jurisdiction the Coast Guard may, under , demand that a boat \"heave to\" in order to enforce federal laws. A sailing vessel is hove to when it is at or nearly at rest because the driving action from one or more sails is approximately balanced by the drive from the other(s). This always involves 'backing' one or more sails, so that", "title": "Heaving to" } ]

[ "radaman", "Ramadhaan", "Ramadhan", "ramazaan", "ramadan in islam", "ramadan ul mubarak", "ramadan mubarak", "Ramzaan", "Ramadan", "Ramadan Mubarak", "Ramadan Kareem", "Ramadan ul Mubarak", "ramadhaan", "رمضان", "ramadan kareem", "Radaman", "ramadan calendar", "Ramadaan", "ramadan religious observances", "ramadhan", "ramadan", "ramadân", "Ramadan in islam", "Ramadar", "Ramazaan", "Ramadan calendar", "Rouzi Festival", "Ramadân", "Ramadam", "ramadar", "ramzaan", "Ramazan Dynasty", "Ramadan (religious observances)", "ramadaan", "rouzi festival", "ramazan dynasty", "Ramaḍan", "ramadam", "ramaḍan" ]

[ { "id": "5304858", "score": "1.7409042", "text": "the synodic period of the Moon's revolution around the Earth, approximately 29 days. The Islamic calendar alternates months of 29 and 30 days (which begin with the new moon). Twelve of these months make up an Islamic year, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year. Muslims fast from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar when the Quran was revealed to Muhammad. Fasting is a purifying experience so that Muslims can gain compassion and deepen their faith in Allah. Although the idea of fasting is done so people feel what", "title": "Islamic holidays" }, { "id": "11076547", "score": "1.7111919", "text": "and to 100% on wealth that is considered haram, as part of attempting to make atonement for the sin, such as that gained through financial interest (riba). Fasting (sawm) during the ninth month of the Muslim lunar calendar, Ramadan, is the fourth pillar of Islam, to which all Muslims after the age of puberty in good health (as judged by a Muslim doctor to be able fast without incurring grave danger to health: even in seemingly obvious situations, a \"competent and upright Muslim physician\" is required to agree), that are not menstruating are bound to observe—missed days of the fast", "title": "Abrahamic religions" }, { "id": "140178", "score": "1.6724174", "text": "sura Al-Baqara), and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab). Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially mindful of other sins. Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty (unless he/she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him/her from doing so). The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God, to express their gratitude to and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and to remind them of", "title": "Five Pillars of Islam" }, { "id": "6635394", "score": "1.6594298", "text": "Fasting during Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obligated to fast (, \"sawm\"), every day from dawn to sunset (or from dawn to night according to some scholars). Fasting requires the abstinence from food, drink . Fasting the month of Ramadān was made obligatory (wājib) during the month of Sha‘bān, in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Makkah to Madīnah. Fasting the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Fasting during the month of Ramadan is specifically mentioned in three consecutive verses of the Qur'an: O ye who believe! Fasting is", "title": "Fasting during Ramadan" }, { "id": "13707368", "score": "1.6580837", "text": "requires one to refrain from smoking and sexual intercourse during the period of the fast, as well. The infirm and travelers may delay their fasting until a later date, but must make up every obligatory day missed. While Sawm is optional during most of the year (and forbidden altogether on Islam's two holiest days: \"Eid ul Fitr\" and \"Eid ul Adha\"), it is mandatory during daylight hours throughout the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It was during this month that the first verses of the Quran were said to have been revealed to the Prophet", "title": "Islam and Mormonism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lent" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Medieval cuisine\n\nMedieval cuisine includes foods, eating habits, and cooking methods of various European cultures during the Middle Ages, which lasted from the fifth to the fifteenth century. During this period, diets and cooking changed less than they did in the early modern period that followed, when those changes helped lay the foundations for modern European cuisine.\n\nCereals remained the most important staple during the Early Middle Ages as rice was introduced late, and the potato was only introduced in 1536, with a much later date for widespread consumption. Barley, oats, and rye were eaten by the poor. Wheat was for the governing classes. These were consumed as bread, porridge, gruel, and pasta by all of society's members. Cheese, fruits, and vegetables were important supplements to the cereal-based diet of the lower orders.\n\nMeat was more expensive and therefore more prestigious. Game, a form of meat acquired from hunting, was common only on the nobility's tables. The most prevalent butcher's meats were pork, chicken, and other domestic fowl; beef, which required greater investment in land, was less common. A wide variety of freshwater and saltwater fish was also eaten, with cod and herring being mainstays among the northern populations.\n\nSlow transportation and food preservation techniques (based on drying, salting, smoking, and pickling) made long-distance trade of many foods very expensive. Because of this, the nobility's food was more prone to foreign influence than the cuisine of the poor; it was dependent on exotic spices and expensive imports. As each level of society imitated the one above it, innovations from international trade and foreign wars from the 12th century onward gradually disseminated through the upper middle class of medieval cities. Aside from economic unavailability of luxuries such as spices, decrees outlawed consumption of certain foods among certain social classes and sumptuary laws limited conspicuous consumption among the nouveaux riches. Social norms also dictated that the food of the working class be less refined, since it was believed there was a natural resemblance between one's labour and one's food; manual labour required coarser, cheaper food.\n\nA type of refined cooking developed in the Late Middle Ages that set the standard among the nobility all over Europe. Common seasonings in the highly spiced sweet-sour repertory typical of upper-class medieval food included verjuice, wine, and vinegar in combination with spices such as black pepper, saffron, and ginger. These, along with the widespread use of honey or sugar, gave many dishes a sweet-sour flavor. Almonds were very popular as a thickener in soups, stews, and sauces, particularly as almond milk.", "title": "Medieval cuisine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jewish holidays\n\nJewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or Yamim Tovim (, or singular , in transliterated Hebrew []), are holidays observed in Judaism and by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar. They include religious, cultural and national elements, derived from three sources: biblical \"mitzvot\" (\"commandments\"), rabbinic mandates, and the history of Judaism and the State of Israel.\n\nJewish holidays occur on the same dates every year in the Hebrew calendar, but the dates vary in the Gregorian. This is because the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar (based on the cycles of both the sun and moon), whereas the Gregorian is a solar calendar.", "title": "Jewish holidays" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Hajj" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Egypt – Travel guide at Wikivoyage" }, { "id": "6635403", "score": "1.6494547", "text": "Ramadan. Fasting during Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obligated to fast (, \"sawm\"), every day from dawn to sunset (or from dawn to night according to some scholars). Fasting requires the abstinence from food, drink . Fasting the month of Ramadān was made obligatory (wājib) during the month of Sha‘bān, in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Makkah to Madīnah. Fasting the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Fasting during the month of Ramadan is specifically mentioned in three consecutive verses of the Qur'an: O ye who believe! Fasting", "title": "Fasting during Ramadan" }, { "id": "12181931", "score": "1.6488683", "text": "month of Ramadan. The Fast also requires the abstaining one's mind and tongue away from evil thoughts and words. It is obligatory from the age of adolescence until the time one possesses the physical strength to undertake it. The fast is not obligatory for the sick, those travelling and breast-feeding mothers, but they must make up the lost days when possible. According to Tabataba'ei, (Fasting) means to abstain oneself from something, which later in the development of the religion was applied to abstaining from some particular things, from break of dawn up to sunset, with intention (niyyah,النّيّة). Fasting results in", "title": "Twelver" }, { "id": "4602535", "score": "1.648572", "text": "are prohibited from eating or drinking from [[dawn]] ([[fajr]]) to [[sunset]] ([[maghrib]]). It is considered time to begin fasting when a person standing outside can tell a white thread from a black thread. Fasting helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better understanding of God’s gifts and greater compassion towards the deprived. Fasting in Islam involves abstaining from all bodily pleasures between dawn and sunset. All things which are regarded as prohibited is even more so in this month, due to its sacredness. Each and every moment during the fast, a person suppresses their passions and desires in loving obedience to", "title": "Fasting in Islam" }, { "id": "12249194", "score": "1.6350965", "text": "its religious context, abstinence is meant to elevate the believer beyond the normal life of desire, to a chosen ideal, by following a path of renunciation. For Jews, the principal day of fast is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. For Muslims, the period of fasting lasts during the whole month of Ramadan, from dawn to dusk. Both Jews and Muslims abstain from pork in their regular diet. In both Christianity and Islam, amongst others, pre-marital sex is prohibited. Also, Catholic Christians abstain from food and drink for an hour prior to taking Holy Communion, and abstain from meat on", "title": "Abstinence" }, { "id": "1561975", "score": "1.6302261", "text": "speech and action, abstaining from any ignorant and indecent speech, and from arguing, fighting, and having lustful thoughts. Therefore, fasting strengthens control of impulses and helps develop good behavior. During the sacred month of Ramadan, believers strive to purify body and soul and increase their \"taqwa\" (good deeds and God-consciousness). This purification of body and soul harmonizes the inner and outer spheres of an individual. Muslims aim to improve their body by reducing food intake and maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Overindulgence in food is discouraged and eating only enough to silence the pain of hunger is encouraged. Muslims believe they", "title": "Fasting" }, { "id": "4602550", "score": "1.6283169", "text": "tenth and eleventh of Muharram, the first month of the year. The tenth day, called Ashurah, is also a fast day for the Jews (Yom Kippur), and Allah commanded the Muslims to fast two days to distinguish themselves from the People of the Book. such as: Although fasting is considered a pious act in Islam, there are times when fasting is considered prohibited or discouraged according to the majority of the [[Sunni Islam|sunni scholars]]: The Quran contains no prohibition regarding the days of fasting. Nothing was said directly about the polar region and fasting. But there is [[Hadith]] about [[Al-Masih", "title": "Fasting in Islam" }, { "id": "6722844", "score": "1.6274143", "text": "Ramadan (calendar month) Ramadan (Arabic: ) or Ramadhan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the month in which the Quran was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The month is spent by Muslims fasting during the daylight hours from dawn to sunset. According to Islam, the Quran was sent down to the lowest heaven during this month, thus being prepared for gradual revelation by Jibreel (Gabriel) to Muhammad. Therefore, Muhammad told his followers that the gates of Heaven would be open for the", "title": "Ramadan (calendar month)" }, { "id": "354321", "score": "1.622415", "text": "or dryness. Fasting is fard (obligatory) for adult Muslims, except those who are suffering from an illness, travelling, are elderly, pregnant, breastfeeding, diabetic, chronically ill or menstruating. Fasting the month of Ramadan was made obligatory (wājib) during the month of Sha'ban, in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina. Fatwas have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a natural phenomenon such as the midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca, but the more commonly accepted opinion is that Muslims in those areas should follow the timetable of the", "title": "Ramadan" }, { "id": "1561925", "score": "1.6044273", "text": "sunset during the Bahá'í month of 'Ala' (March 1 or 2 – March 19 or 20). Bahá'u'lláh established the guidelines in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. It is the complete abstaining from both food and drink during daylight hours (including abstaining from smoking). Consumption of prescribed medications is not restricted. Observing the fast is an individual obligation and is binding on Bahá'ís between 15 years (considered the age of maturity) and 70 years old. Exceptions to fasting include individuals younger than 15 or older than 70; those suffering illness; women who are pregnant, nursing, or menstruating; travellers who meet specific criteria; individuals whose", "title": "Fasting" }, { "id": "354349", "score": "1.5999628", "text": "with discrimination claims in the United Kingdom and the United States. Ramadan Ramadan (; ', ; also known as Ramazan, romanized as Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan\"') is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (Sawm) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief. This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The month lasts 29–30 days based on the visual sightings of the crescent moon, according to numerous biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths. The word Ramadan comes", "title": "Ramadan" }, { "id": "6033434", "score": "1.5979195", "text": "one interesting ijtihad of the author, to which special attention must be drawn. It is about dispensation from fasting for people living on the north and south poles, where the days and nights extend up to six months. The author notes that the Muslims have been ordained to observe the fasting month, when they are witness to the month of Ramadan. On the poles the situation is abnormal, as the year is divided into a day and a night, both extending to six months each. In such a case a Muslim can neither observe the five daily prayers, as they", "title": "Fazal Khan Changwi" }, { "id": "17723334", "score": "1.589014", "text": "reward, and the responsibilities of the parties in Islamic trade. During the Islamic month of Ramadan, Muslims abstain from food and drinks between dawn and sunset. Exceptions to this obligation are made for children who are pre-pubescent, the infirm, travelers, and pregnant or menstruating women. During Ramadan, the daylight hours will often begin and end with a large meal. After dinner, many Muslims participate in special communal prayers held during Ramadan. The end of Ramadan fasting is celebrated with special prayers, gatherings of family and friends, and specially prepared meals. Muslims may also fast on other special days of the", "title": "Topics in sharia law" }, { "id": "4602549", "score": "1.5836964", "text": "health effects are observed exclusively during the month of Ramadan due to fasting, such as migraines, [[tachycardia]], severe headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, [[circulatory collapse]], and sleeping problems. Fasting in the month of [[Ramadan]] is considered [[Fard]]. If you swear or make an oath, for example: \"If I graduate with a good mark, I will fast for three days for God\" then common belief dictates that one should fulfil this. This type of fasting is considered obligatory. Breaking such an oath is considered sinful. Muslims are encouraged, although not obliged, to fast days throughout the year: the ninth and tenth, or", "title": "Fasting in Islam" }, { "id": "1476072", "score": "1.5835087", "text": "honest in daily life, not backbiting, etc., for 30 days during the holy month of Ramadan (9th month of the Islamic calendar). In contrast, the Nizari and Musta'ali sects believe in a metaphorical as well as a literal meaning of fasting. The literal meaning is that one must fast as an obligation, such as during Ramadan, and the metaphorical meaning is seeking to attain the Divine Truth and striving to avoid worldly activities which may detract from this goal. In particular, Ismāʿīlīs believe that the esoteric meaning of fasting involves a \"fasting of the soul,\" whereby they attempt to purify", "title": "Isma'ilism" }, { "id": "354322", "score": "1.5834359", "text": "closest country to them in which night can be distinguished from day. While fasting from dawn until sunset, Muslims refrain from consuming food, drinking liquids, smoking, and engaging in sexual relations. Muslims are also instructed to refrain from sinful behavior that may negate the reward of fasting, such as false speech (insulting, backbiting, cursing, lying, etc.) and fighting except in self-defense. Pre-fast meals before dawn are referred to as \"Suhoor\", while the post-fast breaking feasts after sunset are called \"Iftar\". Spiritual rewards (\"thawab\") for fasting are also believed to be multiplied within the month of Ramadan. Fasting for Muslims during", "title": "Ramadan" } ]

[ "Aleister Crowly", "aliester crowley", "Crowleyan", "Aha !", "Edward Alexander Crowley", "Aleister Crowley (biography)", "Aleister Crowley (Biography)", "aleister crowley biography", "alick crowley", "alastair crowley", "aha", "alistair crowley", "Alick Crowley", "aliestter crowley", "Alestair crowley", "Alistair Crowley", "frater perdurabo", "Frater Perdurabo", "Great Beast 666", "The Great Beast", "alexander crowley", "Alesteir Crowley", "alesteir crowley", "great beast", "crowleyan", "edward alexander crowley", "alestair crowley", "alister crowley", "Alastair Crowley", "great beast 666", "Alistair crowley", "maria ferrari de miramar", "Aliester Crowley", "crowley aleister", "Alexander Crowley", "aleister crowley", "aleister crowly", "Crowley, Aleister", "Alister Crowley", "Maria Ferrari de Miramar", "Aleister Crowley", "Aliestter crowley" ]

[ { "id": "425202", "score": "2.5187776", "text": "The Book of the Law Liber AL vel Legis (), commonly known as The Book of the Law, is the central sacred text of Thelema, allegedly written down from dictation mostly by Aleister Crowley, although his wife Rose Edith Crowley is also known to have written two phrases into the manuscript of the Book after its dictation. Crowley claimed it was dictated to him by a discarnate entity named Aiwass. However, the three chapters are largely written in the first person by the Thelemic deities Nuit, Hadit, and Ra-Hoor-Khuit respectively, rather than by Aiwass/Aiwaz. Through the reception of the \"Book\",", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "411407", "score": "2.4642944", "text": "the foundation of the religious and philosophical system he called Thelema. Crowley's system of Thelema begins with \"The Book of the Law\", which bears the official name \"Liber AL vel Legis\". It was written in Cairo, Egypt during his honeymoon with his new wife Rose Crowley (née Kelly). This small book contains three chapters, each of which he claimed to have written in exactly one hour, beginning at noon, on April 8, April 9, and April 10, 1904. Crowley claims that he took dictation from an entity named Aiwass, whom he later identified as his own Holy Guardian Angel. Disciple,", "title": "Thelema" }, { "id": "1563373", "score": "2.3046262", "text": "The Holy Books of Thelema Aleister Crowley, the founder of Thelema, designated his works as belonging to one of several classes. Not all of his work was placed in a class by him. Liber AL vel Legis, also known as The Book of the Law, is the foundational text for Thelema. It is the only Holy Book that Aleister Crowley claimed to have had no part in the authorship of. Its primacy is indicated in chapter III, verse 47: \"This book shall be translated into all tongues: but always with the original in the writing of the Beast; for in", "title": "The Holy Books of Thelema" }, { "id": "12107", "score": "2.2407722", "text": "later statements, on 8 April he heard a disembodied voice that claimed to be that of Aiwass, the messenger of Horus, or Hoor-Paar-Kraat. Crowley said that he wrote down everything the voice told him over the course of the next three days, and titled it \"Liber L vel Legis\" or \"The Book of the Law\". The book proclaimed that humanity was entering a new Aeon, and that Crowley would serve as its prophet. It stated that a supreme moral law was to be introduced in this Aeon, \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law,\" and that", "title": "Aleister Crowley" }, { "id": "425250", "score": "2.2239175", "text": "outdated high school textbooks were two boxes of assorted papers and newspaper clippings dealing with Germer's affairs, the charter of the O.T.O. and an envelope containing the manuscript of \"The Book of the Law\". Whitmore donated the papers to the O.T.O. How they found their way to a Berkeley basement remains a complete mystery. \"Liber AL\" is also published in many books, including: And at least one out-of-print audio version common on eBay: The Book of the Law Liber AL vel Legis (), commonly known as The Book of the Law, is the central sacred text of Thelema, allegedly written", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "425205", "score": "2.177239", "text": "\"Liber AL\", \"Liber Legis\" or just \"AL\", though technically the latter two refer only to the manuscript. According to Crowley, the story began on 16 March 1904, when he tried to \"shew the Sylphs\" by use of the Bornless Ritual to his wife, Rose Edith Kelly, while spending the night in the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Although she could see nothing, she did seem to enter into a light trance and repeatedly said, \"They're waiting for you!\" Since Rose had no interest in magic or mysticism, he took little interest. However, on the 18th, after he", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "7587400", "score": "2.1508634", "text": "Aiwass Aiwass //is the name given to a voice that English occultist Aleister Crowley claimed to have heard on April 8, 9, and 10 in 1904. Crowley claimed that this voice, which he considered originated with a non-corporeal intelligence, dictated \"The Book of the Law\" (or \"Liber Legis\") to him. According to Crowley, the first appearance of Aiwass was during the Three Days of the writing of \"Liber al vel Legis\". His first and only identification as such is in Chapter I: \"Behold! it is revealed by Aiwass the minister of Hoor-paar-kraat\" (AL I:7). Hoor-paar-kraat (Egyptian: Har-par-khered) is more commonly", "title": "Aiwass" }, { "id": "1563377", "score": "2.146019", "text": "to be part of Liber Al vel Legis. At other times, it is considered to be a different document. In either instance, it has been understood by some to mean that no discussion of any of the Holy Books may take place, despite the fact that the Comment, which was written after all of the Holy Books were written, only applies to the Book of the Law. According to this interpretation, which appears to be Crowley's as well, the purpose of the Comment is to allow others to interpret Liber Al vel Legis for themselves; in other words, no one", "title": "The Holy Books of Thelema" }, { "id": "425249", "score": "2.1411881", "text": "L vel Legis\". Crowley retitled it \"Liber AL vel Legis\" in 1921, when he also gave the handwritten manuscript its own title, \"Liber XXXI\". The original manuscript of \"The Book of the Law\" was sent on Crowley's death to Karl Germer, the executor of his will and head of the O.T.O. On Germer's death no trace of it could be found in his papers. There matters rested until 1984, when Tom Whitmore, the new owner of a house in Berkeley, California, began searching through the junk left in the basement by the previous owner. Among the used mattresses, lumber, and", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "411390", "score": "2.100936", "text": "itself Aiwass contacted him and dictated a text known as \"The Book of the Law\" or \"Liber AL vel Legis\", which outlined the principles of Thelema. The Thelemic pantheon includes a number of deities, primarily a trio adapted from ancient Egyptian religion, who are the three speakers of \"The Book of the Law\": Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit. Crowley described these deities as a \"literary convenience\". The religion is founded upon the idea that the 20th century marked the beginning of the Aeon of Horus, in which a new ethical code would be followed: \"Do what thou wilt shall be the", "title": "Thelema" }, { "id": "5085026", "score": "2.0856934", "text": "Abrahadabra Abrahadabra is a word that first publicly appeared in \"The Book of the Law\" (1904), the central sacred text of Thelema. Its author, Aleister Crowley, described it as \"the Word of the Aeon, which signifieth The Great Work accomplished.\" This is in reference to his belief that the writing of \"Liber Legis\" (another name for \"The Book of the Law\") heralded a new Aeon for mankind that was ruled by the god Ra-Hoor-Khuit (a form of Horus). Abrahadabra is, therefore, the \"magical formula\" of this new age. It is not to be confused with the Word of the Law", "title": "Abrahadabra" }, { "id": "425248", "score": "2.0846503", "text": "so therefore Liber 31 is the manuscript of \"The Book of the Law\" called AL (not be confused with Liber 31 by C. S. Jones (Frater Achad), which is an exegesis of some of the qabalistic symbolism of the \"Book\"), whereas Liber 220 is the edited (strictly according to the editing instructions dictated as part of the text of the Book itself), printed form of the text: see \"The Equinox of The Gods\" for a full account by Crowley of the reception and publishing of the \"Book\" according to these internal instructions. The original title of the book was \"Liber", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "425238", "score": "2.0747106", "text": "\"The Law is for All.\" Crowley's former secretary Israel Regardie argued in his biography of Crowley, \"The Eye in the Triangle\", that Aiwass was an unconscious expression of Crowley's personality. Regardie stated that although Crowley initially regarded Aiwass as one of the secret chiefs, years later he came to believe that Aiwass was his own Holy Guardian Angel. Regardie argued: \"If Aiwass was his own Higher Self, then the inference is none other than that Aleister Crowley was the author of the Book, and that he was the external mask for a variety of different hierarchical personalities ... The man", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "425239", "score": "2.0455477", "text": "Crowley was the lowest rung of the hierarchical ladder, the outer shell of a God, even as we all are, the persona of a Star ... He is the author of \"The Book of the Law\" even as he is the author of \"The Book of the Heart Girt with a Serpent\" and \"Liber Lapidis Lazuli\", and so forth ... these latter books reveal a dialogue between the component parts of Crowley. It seems to me that basically this \"Liber Legis\" is no different\". Regardie also noted resemblances between \"The Book of the Law\" and these latter holy books, such", "title": "The Book of the Law" }, { "id": "7763114", "score": "2.0399296", "text": "for All\" was edited by Hymenaeus Beta based upon the final Wilkinson manuscript. Earlier editions from other manuscripts: The Law is for All The Law is for All is a collection of Aleister Crowley's commentary on \"The Book of the Law\", the central sacred text of Thelema. It was edited to be a primer of sorts into Crowley's general interpretations about the sometimes opaque text of Liber Legis. For this reason, the book omits many of the more complex qabalistic explanations that lean heavily on an understanding of gematria and The Tree of Life. As the original editor, Louis Wilkinson,", "title": "The Law is for All" }, { "id": "12083", "score": "2.0340786", "text": "Crowley claimed to have been contacted by a supernatural entity named Aiwass, who provided him with \"The Book of the Law\", a sacred text that served as the basis for Thelema. Announcing the start of the Æon of Horus, \"The Book\" declared that its followers should \"Do what thou wilt\" and seek to align themselves with their True Will through the practice of magick. After an unsuccessful attempt to climb Kanchenjunga and a visit to India and China, Crowley returned to Britain, where he attracted attention as a prolific author of poetry, novels, and occult literature. In 1907, he and", "title": "Aleister Crowley" }, { "id": "3218383", "score": "2.0318239", "text": "necessarily under that name. The A∴A∴ is composed of two orders, known as the inner and outer college. The outer college in its modern form was formulated in 1907 by Aleister Crowley and George Cecil Jones, claiming authority from Aiwass (the Author of The Book of the Law) and other Secret Chiefs of the planetary spiritual order after the schism in and subsequent collapse of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn at the turn of the Twentieth century. The principal holy book of the A∴A∴ is the book Crowley called \"AL\" and \"Liber Legis\", technically called \"Liber AL vel", "title": "A∴A∴" }, { "id": "12241197", "score": "2.030189", "text": "\"English Cabala\". In 1904, Aleister Crowley wrote out the text of the foundational document of his world-view, known as Liber AL vel legis, or The Book of the Law. In this text was the injunction found at verse 2:55; \"Thou shalt obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet, thou shalt find new symbols to attribute them unto\" which was understood by Crowley as referring to an English Qabalah yet to be developed or revealed. In one of the Holy Books of Thelema written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, called \"Liber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII -- Being the Book", "title": "English Qabalah" }, { "id": "7763111", "score": "2.0023468", "text": "The Law is for All The Law is for All is a collection of Aleister Crowley's commentary on \"The Book of the Law\", the central sacred text of Thelema. It was edited to be a primer of sorts into Crowley's general interpretations about the sometimes opaque text of Liber Legis. For this reason, the book omits many of the more complex qabalistic explanations that lean heavily on an understanding of gematria and The Tree of Life. As the original editor, Louis Wilkinson, wrote in his introduction (p. 17): The aim of the \"Commentary on the Book of the Law\" is", "title": "The Law is for All" }, { "id": "1563378", "score": "2.0003166", "text": "is to preach its contents or tell you their understanding of it is the one true understanding. However, the Comment also prohibits the study of the Book of the Law! The punishment for violating the Comment is anathema (shunning). The Holy Books of Thelema Aleister Crowley, the founder of Thelema, designated his works as belonging to one of several classes. Not all of his work was placed in a class by him. Liber AL vel Legis, also known as The Book of the Law, is the foundational text for Thelema. It is the only Holy Book that Aleister Crowley claimed", "title": "The Holy Books of Thelema" } ]

[ "francis bacon 1st viscount st alban 1561 1626", "Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban (1561 1626)" ]

[ { "id": "471049", "score": "1.691473", "text": "with an attack of acute intestinal catarrh and died on 2 October. He was buried in Uppsala. Arrhenius was the grandfather of bacteriologist Agnes Wold. In developing a theory to explain the ice ages, Arrhenius, in 1896, was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) will increase Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. These calculations led him to conclude that human-caused CO emissions, from fossil-fuel burning and other combustion processes, are large enough to cause global warming. This conclusion has been extensively tested,", "title": "Svante Arrhenius" }, { "id": "2037555", "score": "1.6767102", "text": "Infectious Diseases at the University of California, Berkeley, and the President of the non-profit organization Sustainable Sciences Institute. Harris died in his sleep after a routine working day at the age of 82 on May 22, 1992, in New York. From the outset of his early work in the 1930s, Harris was concerned with establishing the mathematical and empirical foundations of the science of language then emerging. He saw that one could not 'explain' language (Saussure's \"parole\") by appeal to a priori principles or competencies (\"langue\") for which language itself provides the sole evidence. \"The danger of using such undefined", "title": "Zellig Harris" }, { "id": "628676", "score": "1.6632993", "text": "asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. Pavlov died of double pneumonia at the age of 86. He was given a grandiose funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour. Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing \"The Work of the Digestive Glands\"", "title": "Ivan Pavlov" }, { "id": "145267", "score": "1.6263528", "text": "and \"as for masculine love, they have no touch of it\". On 9 April 1626, Francis Bacon died of pneumonia while at Arundel mansion at Highgate outside London. An influential account of the circumstances of his death was given by John Aubrey's \"Brief Lives\". Aubrey's vivid account, which portrays Bacon as a martyr to experimental scientific method, had him journeying to Highgate through the snow with the King's physician when he is suddenly inspired by the possibility of using the snow to preserve meat:They were resolved they would try the experiment presently. They alighted out of the coach and went", "title": "Francis Bacon" }, { "id": "7904390", "score": "1.620888", "text": "doing. Proof was demonstrated by archaeological evidence which showed liquid mercury associated with turtle bones and vermilion colouring associated with dog bones found in the deposit. Hewson had documented experimentation on the lymphatic system using both substances and animals. He died on 1 May 1774 as a result of sepsis contracted whilst dissecting a cadaver. Hewson's work was continued after his death by Magnus Falconar, who had married Hewson's sister Dorothy in September 1774. Falconar repeated Hewson's experiments on the spleen and thymus and as a result re-published Hewson's work on red blood cells in 1777 together with his corroboration.", "title": "William Hewson (surgeon)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Francis Bacon\n\nFrancis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon led the advancement of both natural philosophy and the scientific method and his works remained influential even in the late stages of the Scientific Revolution.\n\nBacon has been called the father of empiricism. He argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. He believed that science could be achieved by the use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. Although his most specific proposals about such a method, the Baconian method, did not have long-lasting influence, the general idea of the importance and possibility of a sceptical methodology makes Bacon one of the later founders of the scientific method. His portion of the method based in scepticism was a new rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, whose practical details are still central to debates on science and methodology. He is famous for his role in the scientific revolution, begun during the Middle Ages, promoting scientific experimentation as a way of glorifying God and fulfilling scripture. He was renowned as a politician in Elizabethan England, as he held the office of Lord Chancellor.\n\nBacon was a patron of libraries and developed a system for cataloguing books under three categories – history, poetry, and philosophy – which could further be divided into specific subjects and subheadings. About books he wrote, \"Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested.\" The Shakespearean authorship thesis, which was first proposed in the mid-19th century, contends that Bacon wrote at least some and possibly all of the plays conventionally attributed to William Shakespeare.\n\nBacon was educated at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, where he rigorously followed the medieval curriculum, which was presented largely in Latin. He was the first recipient of the Queen's counsel designation, conferred in 1597 when Elizabeth I reserved him as her legal advisor. After the accession of James I in 1603, Bacon was knighted, then created Baron Verulam in 1618 and Viscount St Alban in 1621. He had no heirs and so both titles became extinct on his death in 1626 at the age of 65. He died of pneumonia, with one account by John Aubrey stating that he had contracted it while studying the effects of freezing on meat preservation. He is buried at St Michael's Church, St Albans, Hertfordshire.", "title": "Francis Bacon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British philosophy\n\nBritish philosophy refers to the philosophical tradition of the British people. \"The native characteristics of British philosophy are these: common sense, dislike of complication, a strong preference for the concrete over the abstract and a certain awkward honesty of method in which an occasional pearl of poetry is embedded\".", "title": "British philosophy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "John von Neumann" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "COVID-19\n\nCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease quickly spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nThe symptoms of COVID‑19 are variable but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. Of those who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classified as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). Older people are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some people continue to experience a range of effects (long COVID) for months after recovery, and damage to organs has been observed. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease.<ref name=\":5\" />\n\nCOVID‑19 transmits when people breathe air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur if contaminated fluids are splashed or sprayed in the eyes, nose, or mouth, or, more rarely, via contaminated surfaces. People remain contagious for up to 20 days and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms.\n\nTesting methods for COVID-19 to detect the virus's nucleic acid include real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRTPCR), transcription-mediated amplification, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RTLAMP)<ref name=\"CDC testing\" /><ref name=\"CDC NAATs\" /> from a nasopharyngeal swab.<ref name=\"pmid32621814\" />\n\nSeveral COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, use of face masks or coverings in public, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. While work is underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is symptomatic. Management involves the treatment of symptoms through supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.", "title": "COVID-19" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Meditation\n\nMeditation is a practice in which an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state.<ref group=web name=\"MW\"/><ref group=web name=\"Oxford\"/>\n\nMeditation is practiced in numerous religious traditions. The earliest records of meditation (\"dhyana\") are found in the Upanishads, and meditation plays a salient role in the contemplative repertoire of Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. Since the 19th century, Asian meditative techniques have spread to other cultures where they have also found application in non-spiritual contexts, such as business and health.\n\nMeditation may significantly reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and pain, and enhance peace, perception, self-concept, and well-being. Research is ongoing to better understand the effects of meditation on health (psychological, neurological, and cardiovascular) and other areas.\nSection::::Etymology.\nThe English \"meditation\" is derived from Old French \"meditacioun\", in turn from Latin \"meditatio\" from a verb \"meditari\", meaning \"to think, contemplate, devise, ponder\". In the Catholic tradition, the use of the term \"meditatio\" as part of a formal, stepwise process of meditation goes back to at least the 12th century monk Guigo II, before which the Greek word Theoria was used for the same purpose.\n\nApart from its historical usage, the term \"meditation\" was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as \"dhyāna\" in Hinduism and Buddhism and which comes from the Sanskrit root \"dhyai\", meaning to contemplate or meditate. The term \"meditation\" in English may also refer to practices from Islamic Sufism, or other traditions such as Jewish Kabbalah and Christian Hesychasm.", "title": "Meditation" }, { "id": "19374057", "score": "1.613484", "text": "year he was an instructor at San Diego Normal School (now San Diego State University), leaving there to enter the University of Chicago as fellow in physiology. Two years later he took his doctorate of philosophy under Jacques Loeb with a thesis on the action of low temperatures on micro-organisms, and was then appointed Assistant Professor of Zoology at the Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. For three summers he was a member of the staff of instruction in physiology at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts. He died in St. Louis, after an operation for appendicitis, on", "title": "Arthur White Greeley" }, { "id": "1283934", "score": "1.6047695", "text": "how metals enabled the combinations of certain gases. He made the first precise comparison of the mercury- and air-temperature scales. In 1830, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died of stomach cancer in Paris. His is one of the names of 72 scientists inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. At the time of his death, he was working on the development of precise methods in calorimetry. His last paper, published the year of his death, examined the heat released from chemical reactions. Roberto Piazza’s 2016 paper on the Dulong–Petit law provides biographical and", "title": "Pierre Louis Dulong" }, { "id": "825808", "score": "1.6023487", "text": "dialogues between scientists and the Dalai Lama about the relationship between modern science and Buddhism. The Institute continues today as a major nexus for such dialog as well as promoting and supporting multidisciplinary scientific investigation in mind sciences, contemplative scholarship and practice and related areas in the interface of science with meditation and other contemplative practices, especially Buddhist practices. Varela died in 2001 in Paris of Hepatitis C after having written an account of his 1998 liver transplant. Varela had four children, including the actress, environmental spokesperson, and model Leonor Varela. Varela was trained as a biologist, mathematician and philosopher", "title": "Francisco Varela" }, { "id": "721103", "score": "1.5845518", "text": "angina, and diphtheria. His son died two weeks later from the same disease. His last ambitious work, \"The Circus\", was left unfinished at the time of his death. 30 March 1891 a commemorative service was held in the church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul. Seurat was interred 31 March 1891 at Cimetière du Père-Lachaise. At the time of Seurat's death, Madeleine was pregnant with a second child who died during or shortly after birth. During the 19th century, scientist-writers such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and David Sutter wrote treatises on color, optical effects and perception. They adapted the scientific research of", "title": "Georges Seurat" }, { "id": "591617", "score": "1.5746922", "text": "rooster. Similar samples were sent to other Abrams practitioners, and a few found themselves facing fraud charges in court. In a case in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Abrams was called to be a witness, but he died of pneumonia at age 60 shortly before the trial began in January 1924. After his death, investigators with the Food and Drug Administration opened some of the doctor's boxes. One produced a magnetic field, similar to a doorbell; another was a low-powered radio wave transmitter. Psychologist Donovan Rawcliffe noted that Abrams' devices had no scientific validity but his successors had \"founded a good many special", "title": "Albert Abrams" }, { "id": "9053370", "score": "1.5709467", "text": "he continued to do researches and write but was extremely worried about his poor health. He had suffered from a coronary thrombosis in 1947 and on 14 July 1951 he died at Kew; survived by his wife, two sons and three daughters, he was cremated. In 1904 Agar was declared as a demonstrator in zoology at University of Glasgow, where he put down roots in teaching and research. His work on the embryology of the lungfish Lepidosiren and Protopterus caused a fellowship at King's College, Cambridge; this did not make an impact on his leaving Glasgow, for he had to", "title": "Wilfred Eade Agar" }, { "id": "5607705", "score": "1.5680348", "text": "Paulo; he died of complications of multiple pneumonia in 2002, at 94 years of age. His latest work, \"Ética e Divulgação Científica: Os Desafios do Novo Século (Ethic and Cientific Divulgation: The Challenges of the New Century)\", fifth in the Science Popularization Series, was published in the same year. 1935/36: Professor Thomas M. invites him for an internship at the Rockefeller Institute, In the United States. 1936: Publishes the book Tratado de Ornipatologia (Treatise of Ornithopathology - bird diseases), in collaboration with Paulo Nóbrega and Annita Swenson Reis 1941: J. Reis participates in the reorganization of the (Brazilian) Department of", "title": "José Reis (scientist)" }, { "id": "701088", "score": "1.5644476", "text": "brain tumor, he died in 1994 at the Genolier Clinic, overlooking Lake Geneva, Switzerland. In his books \"Against Method\" and \"Science in a Free Society\" Feyerabend defended the idea that there are no methodological rules which are always used by scientists. He objected to any single prescriptive scientific method on the grounds that any such method would limit the activities of scientists, and hence restrict scientific progress. In his view, science would benefit most from a \"dose\" of theoretical anarchism. He also thought that theoretical anarchism was desirable because it was more \"humanitarian\" than other systems of organization, by not", "title": "Paul Feyerabend" }, { "id": "16663282", "score": "1.5578988", "text": "interests is environmental chemistry, including the detection of trace elements in environmental matrices by nuclear methods. In 1991, while at ORNL, Robinson was a participant in a well-publicized investigation into the cause of the death of 19th-century U.S. President Zachary Taylor. When Taylor died rather suddenly in 1850, the cause of his death was listed as gastroenteritis, but some historians thought he might have been poisoned with arsenic. His descendants gave permission for his remains to be exhumed in order to allow analysis of tiny samples of his hair and fingernails. With ORNL's High Flux Isotope Reactor as a neutron", "title": "Larry Robinson (chemist)" }, { "id": "1448286", "score": "1.557367", "text": "1933 he bought a farm near Helsinki where he tested some of his scientific results in practice. He saw in the overproduction of food only a temporary phenomenon. He loved the simple life, never had a car of his own, never smoked and never consumed alcohol. He died of pneumonia in November 1973, following a broken femur from a fall few weeks prior. He was buried at the Hietaniemi Cemetery. Virtanen began his studies at the University of Helsinki in chemistry 1913 earning his Master and in 1918 his Phd in organic chemistry. In 1919 he started to work in", "title": "Artturi Ilmari Virtanen" }, { "id": "5466615", "score": "1.5567777", "text": "States. The academy was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 (later rebuilt), and almost all of Stimpson's works and specimens were lost. He died the following year of tuberculosis in Ilchester, Maryland). This article incorporates public domain text from the reference William Stimpson William Stimpson (February 14, 1832 – May 26, 1872) was a noted American scientist. He was interested particularly in marine biology. Stimpson became an important early contributor to the work of the Smithsonian Institution and later, director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Stimpson was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Herbert Hathorne Stimpson and Mary", "title": "William Stimpson" }, { "id": "13420058", "score": "1.555912", "text": "of the scientific method and pioneer in the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the \"Baconian method\" or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. His dedication probably led to his death, so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was an", "title": "British philosophy" }, { "id": "5831420", "score": "1.5521393", "text": "as a scientist and was neither a biologist nor an engineer. Complaints about his \"science\" also reached the news media. John Nathan Cobb suffered from heart disease and endured a heart attack in the summer of 1929. He was ill for many months and spent his final days in the warmer climate of La Jolla, California, where he died on January 13, 1930 at the age of 61. His death was prominently noted in local newspapers and in numerous fisheries publications. Shortly after Cobb's death, Washington State Governor Roland Hill Hartley (1864‒1952) appointed a new President of the University, Matthew", "title": "John Nathan Cobb" }, { "id": "15985094", "score": "1.5472963", "text": "lawyer Frederick William Peabody. The book argues that Christian Science has no scientific legitimacy, it also records many cases of death caused by its practitioners due to lack of medical treatment. Riley argued that Mary Baker Eddy plagiarized her ideas from Franz Mesmer, Phineas Quimby and the Shakers. Books Papers Reviews Woodbridge Riley Isaac Woodbridge Riley (May 20, 1869 - September 2, 1933) was an American academic scholar who worked in and across the areas of Philosophy, Religion, and Psychology. His published work often combined two of these disciplines in considering the historical development of a social movement or entity", "title": "Woodbridge Riley" }, { "id": "16903325", "score": "1.5436617", "text": "a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the Fisheries Society of Finland, the Russian Imperial Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants, the Zoological Society of London, the International Zoological Congress, the International Congress of Applied Chemistry, the Pan American Scientific Congress and others. He was granted honorary degrees by the University of Indiana, Bowdoin College, the University of Pittsburgh and George Washington University. He died on July 16, 1918, of heart disease resulting from the yellow fever he had suffered 40 years before, and was buried at Rock Creek Cemetery.", "title": "Richard Rathbun" } ]

[ "buffalo cell", "The Lackawanna Cell", "mukhtar al bakri", "lackawanna 6", "Buffalo Cell", "lakawanna six", "The Buffalo Six", "Lackawanna Six", "buffalo 6", "Buffalo six", "Buffalo 6", "Mukhtar Al-Bakri", "Lackawanna Cell", "Jaber Elbaneh", "jaber elbaneh", "Lackawanna six", "Lackawanna 6", "buffalo six", "lackawanna cell", "Lakawanna Six", "lackawanna six", "Buffalo Six" ]

[ { "id": "2335147", "score": "2.2367835", "text": "a car salesman. Taher, Moseb and Galeb all decided to leave together after Sahim Alwan made it clear he wanted to return home and was unhappy with the tone of the camp. They were driven to Quetta, and rather than wait a day for the next plane, took a bus to Karachi so they could leave Pakistan immediately. Faysal Galab Faysal Galab is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact", "title": "Faysal Galab" }, { "id": "14465718", "score": "2.0420842", "text": "Mukhtar al-Bakri Mukhtar al-Bakri (born 1981) is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact the group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together years earlier. Like the others, although initially entering a plea of \"not guilty\", he eventually pleaded guilty to \"providing material support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization\". He was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison and a $2,000 fine. Mukhtar", "title": "Mukhtar al-Bakri" }, { "id": "2335146", "score": "1.9954207", "text": "Faysal Galab Faysal Galab is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact the group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together years earlier. Along with the others he was convicted of \"providing support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization\", and received a seven-year sentence. Galab was born to James Galab, a steelworker at Bethlehem Steel in Lackawanna, NY. Galab graduated from high school, married and worked as", "title": "Faysal Galab" }, { "id": "2335132", "score": "1.9710922", "text": "Buffalo Six The Lackawanna Six (known primarily as Lackawanna Six, but also the Lackawanna Cell, or Buffalo Cell) is a group of six Yemeni-American friends who were convicted of providing material support to al-Qaeda in December 2003, based on their having attended an al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan together in the Spring of 2001. Friends from childhood in Yemen, all six are naturalized American citizens. The six men traveled from the United States to Afghanistan in spring 2001, before the September 11 attacks, while the country was still ruled by the Taliban. Its leaders were giving sanctuary to Osama bin", "title": "Buffalo Six" }, { "id": "1159773", "score": "1.9663785", "text": "section of the city. The court ruled such action would amount to racial discrimination. The Lackawanna Six (also known as the Buffalo Six) are a group of Yemeni Americans who were convicted of providing \"material support\" to Al-Qaeda. The group was accused of traveling to Afghanistan and Pakistan in the spring of 2001 to attend terrorist training camps. The men had claimed that their travel was to Pakistan only, and for the purpose of religious instruction. The group was arrested in Lackawanna on September 13, 2002, by the FBI. A member of the Lackawanna Cell, Jaber A. Elbaneh, never returned", "title": "Lackawanna, New York" }, { "id": "2335143", "score": "1.9409325", "text": "proceeded without incident; they were tried in criminal court. Buffalo Six The Lackawanna Six (known primarily as Lackawanna Six, but also the Lackawanna Cell, or Buffalo Cell) is a group of six Yemeni-American friends who were convicted of providing material support to al-Qaeda in December 2003, based on their having attended an al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan together in the Spring of 2001. Friends from childhood in Yemen, all six are naturalized American citizens. The six men traveled from the United States to Afghanistan in spring 2001, before the September 11 attacks, while the country was still ruled by the", "title": "Buffalo Six" }, { "id": "2335140", "score": "1.9401593", "text": "been accused of planning or engaging in terrorist acts. Yahya Goba and Mukhtar al-Bakri received 10-year prison sentences. Yaseinn Taher and Shafal Mosed received 8-year prison sentences. Sahim Alwan received a 9.5-year sentence. Faysal Galab received a 7-year sentence. All sentences were for single counts of \"providing support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization\". In discussing the plea bargain agreements, US prosecutors commented the defendants had cooperated with federal terrorism investigators, providing detailed information on al-Qaeda membership, training, and methods. In late October 2008, three of the six men testified at the Guantanamo military commission's review of Ali Hamza", "title": "Buffalo Six" }, { "id": "2335145", "score": "1.9204254", "text": "sickly mother and three younger siblings. The family lived in poverty, as Mosed worked as a telemarketer and took computer courses at the local community college. Taher, Moseb and Galeb all decided to leave together after Sahim Alwan made it clear he wanted to return home and was unhappy with the tone of the camp. They were driven to Quetta, and rather than wait a day for the next plane, took a bus to Karachi so they could leave Pakistan immediately. Shafal Mosed Shafal Mosed is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002,", "title": "Shafal Mosed" }, { "id": "2335144", "score": "1.9049474", "text": "Shafal Mosed Shafal Mosed is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact the group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together years earlier. Born in Detroit, Michigan, Mosed moved to Lackawanna as a child when his father's automotive job with Ford Motor Company was relocated to the Buffalo plant. When his father died of a heart attack, Mosed was left in charge of caring for his", "title": "Shafal Mosed" }, { "id": "2335150", "score": "1.8915412", "text": "Yaseinn Taher Yaseinn Taher is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact the group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together years earlier. The Taher household was not considered devoutly Muslim, although they forbade their children to date, they also exchanged gifts for Christmas and weren't \"regulars\" at mosque worship services. Taher was captain of the Lackawanna Steelers soccer team, and dated the cheerleader Nicole Frick,", "title": "Yaseinn Taher" }, { "id": "2335134", "score": "1.8901536", "text": "visited what later became known in the American media as the \"al-Farooq terrorist training camp.\" That year, they returned to the United States. In the late summer of 2002, one of the members, Mukhtar al-Bakri, sent an e-mail message in which he described his upcoming wedding in Yemen, and another in which he mentioned a \"big meal\" after the wedding, which is traditional in Islam. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), who were monitoring him, sounded the alarm and al-Bakri was arrested by Bahraini police on the date of his wedding in September 2002. They found him in his hotel room", "title": "Buffalo Six" }, { "id": "2335124", "score": "1.8747787", "text": "Sahim Alwan Sahim Alwan is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact the group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together years earlier. Like the others, although initially entering a plea of \"not guilty\", he eventually pleaded guilty to \"providing material support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization\". He was convicted and received a 9.5-year sentence. Described as the \"clean-cut\" son of a steelworker, Alwan", "title": "Sahim Alwan" }, { "id": "2335133", "score": "1.8621023", "text": "Laden, the Saudi Arabian Muslim who used it as a base for Al Qaeda terrorist training. In June 2001, an anonymous two-page handwritten letter was received from an individual ostensibly living in Lackawanna who knew the immigrant Yemeni population intimately. It warned, \"I am very concern. I am an Arab-American... and I cannot give you my name because I fear for my life. Two terrorist came to Lackawanna... for recruiting the Yemenite youth... the terrorist group... left to Afghanistan to meet... bin Laden and stay in his camp for training\", and gave the names of twelve local youths. The group", "title": "Buffalo Six" }, { "id": "2335130", "score": "1.8371313", "text": "Yahya Goba Yahya Goba is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact that he and a group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together years earlier. When Kamal Derwish moved back to Lackawanna in 2000, he lived with his uncle until Goba volunteered to split an apartment with him. Derwish then began holding regular get-togethers at the apartment, where a group of upwards to 25 young", "title": "Yahya Goba" }, { "id": "2335141", "score": "1.8119183", "text": "al Bahlul actions. Yassein Taher, Sahim Alwan and a third member of the group (not identified to the press) testified they had been shown a two-hour jihadist video that celebrated the attack on the USS \"Cole\" during the period when they were in al Qaeda guest houses and when they attended the al Farouq training camp. Al Bahlul was charged with producing the jihadist video for recruiting members to al-Qaeda. The Buffalo men testified that they were terrified and appalled by the video. According to the journalist Carol Rosenberg of the \"Miami Herald,\" Taher and Alwan expected their testimony would", "title": "Buffalo Six" }, { "id": "14465721", "score": "1.7621999", "text": "team was doing. He admitted in court that in April 2001, he and other members participated in a military-type training in Afghanistan. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison and $2,000 fine on a charge of providing material support to the Al Qaeda in December 2003. Mukhtar al-Bakri Mukhtar al-Bakri (born 1981) is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the \"Lackawanna Six\", based on the fact the group of friends had attended an", "title": "Mukhtar al-Bakri" }, { "id": "14465720", "score": "1.7546904", "text": "Bahrain they arranged for a commando team to storm his hotel room on 9 September 2002. They were surprised to find al-Bakri in bed with his new wife, preparing to consummate their marriage - and quickly handcuffed him and hustled him out of the room as she cried. He was held by Bahrain for five days, until State Trooper Mike Urbanski was able to fly out to the kingdom to pick up al-Bakri. After being interrogated and sharing his life story with Urbanski for five hours, al-Bakri had just one question he asked in return; how the Buffalo Bills football", "title": "Mukhtar al-Bakri" }, { "id": "14465719", "score": "1.7404435", "text": "was born in 1981, along with a twin brother named Amin, to Ali al-Bakri, a Yemeni who had immigrated to the United States decades earlier, and had spent the past 25 years working in the Sorrento Cheese Factory in New York. Ali and his wife, their twin sons, and their eldest son, his wife and children all lived together in a 2-storey house on Ingham Avenue. American counter-terrorism officials grew increasingly worried that al-Bakri's conversations kept mentioning a date in the future as the date of his \"wedding\" and the planning of a \"big meal\", so when he flew to", "title": "Mukhtar al-Bakri" }, { "id": "2335125", "score": "1.7107085", "text": "was noted for always wearing a shirt and tie, every day of his adult life, and studied criminal justice at the local community college. During the Gulf War, he and a group of friends were assaulted for their ethnicity outside a Lackawanna restaurant. In the late 1990s, while working for Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, he cooperated with the FBI to help investigate a fraud case, and asked them about the possibility of working for them as a career. A \"local success story\", he maintained a stable marriage, had three children, and worked with the Iroquois Job Corps Center", "title": "Sahim Alwan" }, { "id": "5969474", "score": "1.6788963", "text": "the Lackawanna Six said that Al Dossary had delivered a \"fiery speech\" at the Guidance Mosque in Lackawanna. According to Ahearn the FBI is interested in learning whether Al Dossary may have helped fund the Lackawanna men's travel expenses. The \"Buffalo News\" article quotes from Al Dossary's Combatant Status Review Tribunal. They report that Al Dossary acknowledges traveling to Buffalo, and acknowledges giving a \"fiery speech\", but denied ever encouraging anyone to join al Qaeda. They report Al Dossary denied having any ties to al Qaeda or terrorism. On November 9, 2005, the U.S. Embassy in Bahrain issued a statement", "title": "Juma al-Dossary" } ]

[ "Blancmange (food)", "Blankmanger", "Vanilla pudding", "Blanc-mange", "blancmange", "White dish", "white dish", "blanc mange", "blancmanger", "blancmange food", "Malabi", "vanilla pudding", "Whitedish", "whitedish", "Blancmange", "Blancmanger", "malabi", "blankmanger" ]

[ { "id": "484787", "score": "1.5681663", "text": "which is believed to have been based on a Latin or Romance vernacular manuscript from the 12th century or even earlier. The \"whitedish\" (from the original Old French term ) was an upper-class dish common to most of Europe during the Middle Ages and early modern period. It occurs in countless variations from recipe collections from all over Europe and was one of the few truly international dishes of medieval and early modern Europe. It is mentioned in the prologue to Geoffrey Chaucer's \"Canterbury Tales\" and in an early 15th-century cookbook written by the chefs of Richard II. The basic", "title": "Blancmange" }, { "id": "20153212", "score": "1.5602618", "text": "the north of France and the emblematic dish of Flanders and the province of Hainaut. The etymology of the word comes from the old French \"\"hottison\" which mean \"shake\" in English. The term also refers to a pot roast chicken with vegetables cooked with down pieces of beef. The oldest treatise of cooking in French is the Manuscript of Sion. It was written at the end of the 13th century. It was found in the Cantonal Library of Valais. It gives a recipe that says how to accommodate boar and deer meat which must be \"Long boiled, larded lengthwise from", "title": "Hochepot" }, { "id": "474875", "score": "1.5504749", "text": "Indo-European root \"\"). After the Norman Conquest, the French-speaking nobles who ruled England naturally used French words to refer to the meats they were served. Thus, various Anglo-Saxon words were used for the animal (such as \"nēat\", or \"cu\" for adult females) by the peasants, but the meat was called \"boef\" (ox) (Modern French \"bœuf\") by the French nobles — who did not often deal with the live animal — when it was served to them. This is one example of the common English dichotomy between the words for animals (with largely Germanic origins) and their meat (with Romanic origins)", "title": "Beef" }, { "id": "13050027", "score": "1.5218399", "text": "bé qué ? » (« eh bien quoi ? », similar to \"What's up\"), an expression picked up from the French settlers. Another explanation is that its origin lies in the term « blanc des quais » (\"a White from the quay\") as the White colonists and merchants controlled the ports. In contrast, the \"Blanc Créole\" (or \"Blan Kréyol\" in creole) is use for White people born in the Antilles and adapted to the creole life who are not descendants of the first White settlers. \"Blanc Pays\" (or \"Blan Péyi\" in creole) is used to talk about the Béké of", "title": "Béké" }, { "id": "3561936", "score": "1.5000741", "text": "Anglo-Norman was the conduit for the introduction of French into England, aided by the circulation of Langue d'oïl literature from France. This led to many paired words of French and English origin. For example, \"beef\" is related, through borrowing, to modern French \"bœuf,\" \"veal\" to \",\" \"pork\" to \",\" and \"poultry\" to \".\" All these words, French and English, refer to the meat rather than to the animal. Words that refer to farm animals, on the other hand, tend to be cognates of words in other Germanic languages. For example, \"swine/Schwein,\" \"cow/Kuh,\" \"calf/Kalb,\" and \"sheep/Schaf.\" The variant usage has been", "title": "Etymology" }, { "id": "484791", "score": "1.4983399", "text": "indeed \"white dish\", medieval sources are not always consistent as to the actual colour of the dish. Food scholar Terence Scully has proposed the alternative etymology of , \"bland dish\", reflecting its often mild and \"dainty\" (in this context meaning refined and aristocratic) taste and popularity as a sick dish. Blancmange Blancmange (, from ) is a sweet dessert commonly made with milk or cream and sugar thickened with gelatin, corn starch or Irish moss (a source of carrageenan), and often flavoured with almonds. It is usually set in a mould and served cold. Although traditionally white, blancmanges are frequently", "title": "Blancmange" }, { "id": "13201244", "score": "1.4928734", "text": "food culture that the call to eat in Acadian French is \"\"Au fricot!\"\" Fricot Fricot is a traditional Acadian dish. The word \"fricot\" has its origins in 18th century France where it was used to mean a feast. The following century, it had evolved to mean \"meat stew\", and later still it became used to refer to prepared food. The main ingredients consist of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used were chicken (\"fricot au poulet\"), clams (\"fricot aux coques\"), rabbit (\"fricot au lapin des bois\"), beef, or", "title": "Fricot" }, { "id": "484790", "score": "1.4793742", "text": "Alexandre de Rhodes: In the 17th century, the whitedish evolved into a meatless dessert pudding with cream and eggs and, later, gelatin. In the 19th century, arrowroot and cornflour were added, and the dish evolved into the modern blancmange. The word blancmange derives from Old French . The name \"whitedish\" is a modern term used by some historians, though the name historically was either a direct translation from or a calque of the Old French term. Many different local or regional terms were used for the dish in the Middle Ages: Though it is fairly certain that the etymology is", "title": "Blancmange" }, { "id": "484786", "score": "1.4760475", "text": "Additionally, related or similar dishes have existed in other areas of Europe under different names, such as the 13th-century Danish (\"white mush\"), and the Anglo-Norman (\"white Syrian dish\"); Dutch (from Latin , \"to strain\") was known in English as and in French as , and was based on cooked and then strained poultry. The oldest recipe found so far for blancmange is from a copy of the oldest extant Danish cookbook, written by , who died in 1244, which dates it to the early 13th century at the latest. The Danish work may be a translation of a German cookbook,", "title": "Blancmange" }, { "id": "5933345", "score": "1.4673414", "text": "no written trace of \"pot-au-feu\" until 1673. In 1600, King Henry IV of France (1553-1610) declared, \"I want no peasant in my kingdom to be so poor that he cannot have a \"poule au pot\" on Sundays.\" \"Poule au pot\" literally means \"chicken in the pot\" and the so-called traditional recipe resembles the one of \"pot-au-feu\". However, peasants' food was mainly based on bread (c. 500 g/day), root vegetables, in-season vegetables and soup. They rarely ate meat except salted pork, hog-grease, bacon, or other meat, whether it was during religious celebrations or when they dared to poach game from their", "title": "Pot-au-feu" }, { "id": "1702506", "score": "1.459727", "text": "derivatives would make up ostensibly innocuous phrases, such as \"cinq six boîtes de tomates vartes\" (literally, \"five or six boxes of green tomatoes\", \"varte\" being slang for \"verte\", \"green\"). This phrase when pronounced quickly by a native speaker sounds like \"saint-siboire de tabarnak\" (\"holy ciborium of the tabernacle\"). Another example of a benign word that is church sounding is \"coltord\", which was simply an anglicism for \"coal-tar\", but pronounced just so, sounds as like a merged \"câlice\" and \"tort\" (\"harm\"). French-Canadian swear words can be combined into more powerful combinations to express extreme anger or disgust. These intricate uses of", "title": "Quebec French profanity" }, { "id": "12620991", "score": "1.4425869", "text": "Culinary words and terms of endearment such as \"cher\" (dear) and \"nonc\" (uncle) are still heard among otherwise English-speaking Louisianians. An article written online by the Université Laval argues that the state of Louisiana's shift, from an anti-French stance to one of soft promotion has been of great importance to the survival of the language. The article states that it is advantageous to invigorate the revival of the language, to better cherish the state's rich heritage, and to protect a francophone minority that has suffered greatly from negligence by political and religious leaders. Furthermore, the university's article claims that it", "title": "Louisiana French" }, { "id": "9811777", "score": "1.4276304", "text": "places and people. A specialty among finer French chefs was the preparation of so-called parti-colored dishes. These mimicked the late medieval fashion of wearing clothing with two colors contrasting one another on either side of the garment, a fashion that survived in the costumes of court jesters. The common Western European \"white dish\" (\"blanc manger\") had a northern French variant where one side was colored bright red or blue. Another recipe in \"Du fait de cuisine\" from 1420 described an \"entremet\" consisting of a roasted boar's head with one half colored green and the other golden yellow. Roman influence on", "title": "Regional cuisines of medieval Europe" }, { "id": "9377037", "score": "1.4260958", "text": "French words from various periods of the development of French now make up one-third of the vocabulary of English. Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England. Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as \"egg\" and \"knife\". English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages, during all stages of its development. Many of these words had earlier been borrowed into Latin from Greek. Latin or Greek are still highly", "title": "English language" }, { "id": "7018636", "score": "1.4202917", "text": "the characters must be careful not to join the community of ghosts haunting the nearly inhospitable landscape. In an artistic and precise execution, White comes across as \"…a sort of poem—soft and funny, mathematical and fantastical—in which perceptions of the world—material, mathematical, as well as sentimental—are put into words, impressions, visions and equations.\" (Nathalie Crom, \"La Croix\", 4 September 2003). Both subtle and emotional, the story serves as a reminder that \"everything is white, but between that white, lays the essential\" (Pascal Gavilet, \"La Tribune de Genève\", August 25, 2003) Having explored the intricate realm of motherhood with 2002’s \"Le", "title": "Marie Darrieussecq" }, { "id": "9896803", "score": "1.4177358", "text": "The Commission investigated reasonable accommodation of immigrants into Quebec society. According to David Austin, author of \"Fear of a Black Nation\" (2013), which was based on Austin's two decades of inquiry including interviews and international archival research, The English-Canadian equivalent to \"pure laine\" is \"old stock\", referring to the descendants of those original settlers of British Canada and French Canada who immigrated in the 17th and 18th centuries. For example, Liberal MP Stéphane Dion used the term in 2014 in the following manner: \"If I'm fishing with a friend on a magnificent lake in the Laurentians ... and I see", "title": "Pure laine" }, { "id": "19752047", "score": "1.4090331", "text": "techniques such as confit, braising and en vessie highlighted. The move also saw an expansion to the number of different options served; while Harveys may have had a handful of main courses, this was increased to around 15 or more at The Restaurant. White's concept for the food was simplified versions of classical French cuisine. White was in the habit of creating new dish concepts late at night, sometimes drawing sketches of the plating directly into the pages of French cookbooks he had picked up during the course of his career, or at other times selecting a protein and writing", "title": "The Restaurant Marco Pierre White" }, { "id": "4222028", "score": "1.408885", "text": "in 1066, a king who spoke exclusively French and imposed the French language in England. Old English became the language of the poor population and French the language of the court and wealthy population. It is said that during this period England spoke more French than France itself. Today, it is estimated that 70% to 72% of the English language comes from French or Latin. It is easy to observe this tendency in the cooking world. The names of living farm animals have Anglo-Saxon roots. However, the names of cooked animals, once served to the wealthier, have Old French origins:", "title": "Francization" }, { "id": "645968", "score": "1.4074721", "text": "design). A French term (literally \"white from blacks\" or \"white of blacks\") for a white wine produced entirely from black grapes. The flesh of grapes described as black or red is white; grape juice obtained after minimal possible contact with the skins produces essentially white wine, with a slightly yellower colour than wine from white grapes. The colour, due to the small amount of red skin pigments present, is often described as white-yellow, white-grey, or silvery. \"Blanc de noirs\" is often encountered in Champagne, where a number of houses have followed the lead of Bollinger's \"prestige cuvée\" Vieilles Vignes Françaises", "title": "Champagne" }, { "id": "5801500", "score": "1.4025817", "text": "of African ancestry in general) came to be called (\"Black Farang\", ). Such words sometimes also connote things, plants or creatures introduced by Europeans/Franks. For example, in Khmer, , literally \"French Chicken\", refers to a turkey and in Thai, is the name both for Europeans and for the guava fruit, introduced by Portuguese traders over 400 years ago. In contemporary Israel, the Yiddish word () has, by a curious etymological development, come to refer to Mizrahi Jews and carries a strong pejorative connotation. Some linguists (among them Drs. Jan Tent and Paul Geraghty) have suggested that the Samoan and generic", "title": "Franks" } ]

[ "Orange Cake", "white cake", "gateau", "good cake", "Gateau", "Milk Cake", "queen elizabeth cake", "cake", "cake mix", "Cake", "White cake", "orange cake", "Cake mix", "Gâteau", "Cake bread", "Slice of cake", "caramel cake", "gâteau", "Queen Elizabeth cake", "cake slice", "slice of cake", "cakes", "Queen Elisabeth cake", "Orange cake", "queen elisabeth cake", "Cakes", "Caramel cake", "Milk cake", "Cake slice", "Good cake", "milk cake", "cake bread" ]

[ { "id": "6398174", "score": "1.6150668", "text": "Cassata Cassata or Cassata siciliana is a traditional sweet from Sicily, Italy. Cassata consists of round sponge cake moistened with fruit juices or liqueur and layered with ricotta cheese and candied fruit, a filling also used with cannoli. Cassata has a shell of marzipan, pink and green coloured icing, and decorative designs. Cassata may also refer to a Neapolitan ice cream containing candied or dried fruit and nuts. Cassata is believed to have originated in Palermo in the 10th century, when under Muslim rule. The Arabic name al-Qassāṭỉ \" القشاطي \" (Arabic for 'cassata-maker') is first mentioned in Corleone in", "title": "Cassata" }, { "id": "6398175", "score": "1.5558549", "text": "1178 The Arabic word \"qas'ah\", from which cassata may derive, refers to the bowl that is used to shape the cake. Historian John Dickie claims that the Sicilian word \"cassata\" did not derive from Arabic \"qashatah\" \" قشاطة \" (\"bowl\"), as is often claimed, but from \"caseata\" (\"cheese concoction\") Dickie observes that \"cassata\" did not signify a dessert until the late 17th century and did not take on its current striped form until the 18th century. \"Cassata\" he finds, \"is the subject of an invented tradition based on the claim that its roots lie in the Muslim Middle Ages. Many", "title": "Cassata" }, { "id": "6398177", "score": "1.5037354", "text": "personal-serving size, with a candied cherry on top, and often a specifically green-coloured marzipan. It is typically made in Catania for the festival of Saint Agatha. The allusion to the female breast relates the specific torture Saint Agatha faced as a Catholic martyr. When a cassata is made, layers of gelato (Italian ice cream) can be substituted for the layers of cheese, producing a dessert similar to an ice cream cake. The version of the recipe followed in Messina is less sweet than the one used in Palermo. \"Cassata\" can also refer to a flavor of ice-cream inspired by the", "title": "Cassata" }, { "id": "6398176", "score": "1.499521", "text": "other local food traditions purport to be as old.\" Unlike the round, traditional shape some cassata are made in the form of a rectangle, square, or box. The word \"box\" in Italian is \"cassa\", although it is unlikely that the word \"cassata\" originated from this term. \"Cassata Catanese\", as it is often prepared in the Sicilian province of Catania, is made similar to a pie, containing a top and bottom crust, filled with ricotta, and baked in the oven. The \"Cassatella di Sant'Agata\" (\"pl.\" cassatelle)—colloquially named Minni di Vergini, meaning \"virgin breasts\"—is a similar dessert, but made in a smaller,", "title": "Cassata" }, { "id": "6398180", "score": "1.480622", "text": "flavors the Pacific Northwest is known for, though it is usually served with a berry reduction. In India, 'cassata' refers to a layered ice cream, similar to Neapolitan ice cream, with three flavors, usually pistachio, vanilla, and strawberry, on a base of sponge cake, topped with chopped nuts. Cassata Cassata or Cassata siciliana is a traditional sweet from Sicily, Italy. Cassata consists of round sponge cake moistened with fruit juices or liqueur and layered with ricotta cheese and candied fruit, a filling also used with cannoli. Cassata has a shell of marzipan, pink and green coloured icing, and decorative designs.", "title": "Cassata" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Italian dishes\n\nThis is a list of Italian dishes and foods. Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes, with roots as far back as the 4th century BC. Italian cuisine has its origins in Etruscan, ancient Greek, and ancient Roman cuisines.\nSignificant changes occurred with the discovery of the New World and the introduction of potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers and maize, now central to the cuisine but not introduced in quantity until the 18th century. The cuisine of Italy is noted for its regional diversity, abundance of difference in taste, and is known to be one of the most popular in the world, with influences abroad.\n\nPizza and spaghetti, both associated with the Neapolitan traditions of cookery, are especially popular abroad, but the varying geographical conditions of the twenty regions of Italy, together with the strength of local traditions, afford a wide range of dishes.", "title": "List of Italian dishes" }, { "id": "6930101", "score": "1.4231546", "text": "Sicilian pizza Sicilian pizza is pizza prepared in a manner that originated in Sicily, Italy. In the United States, the phrase \"Sicilian pizza\" is often synonymous with thick-crust pizza derived from the Sicilian \"sfincione\" . Sicilian pizza is also known as \"sfincione\" or focaccia with toppings. This type of pizza became a popular dish in western Sicily by the mid-19th century and was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily until the 1860s. The version with tomatoes was not available prior to the 17th century. It eventually reached North America in a slightly altered form, with thicker crust and", "title": "Sicilian pizza" }, { "id": "369255", "score": "1.4011736", "text": "cheese, is strongly associated with Sicily worldwide. Biancomangiare, biscotti ennesi (cookies native to Enna), braccilatte (a Sicilian version of doughnuts), buccellato, ciarduna, pignoli, Biscotti Regina, giurgiulena, frutta martorana, cassata, pignolata, granita, cuccidati (a variety of fig cookie; also known as buccellati) and cuccìa are some notable sweet dishes. Like the cuisine of the rest of southern Italy, pasta plays an important part in Sicilian cuisine, as does rice; for example with arancine. As well as using some other cheeses, Sicily has spawned some of its own, using both cow's and sheep's milk, such as pecorino and caciocavallo. Spices used include", "title": "Sicily" }, { "id": "2927327", "score": "1.3982065", "text": "Siciliana The siciliana or siciliano (also known as the sicilienne or the ciciliano) is a musical style or genre often included as a movement within larger pieces of music starting in the Baroque period. It is in a slow or time with lilting rhythms, making it somewhat resemble a slow jig or tarantella, and is usually in a minor key. It was used for arias in Baroque operas, and often appears as a movement in instrumental works. Loosely associated with Sicily, the siciliana evokes a pastoral mood, and is often characterized by dotted rhythms that can distinguish it within the", "title": "Siciliana" }, { "id": "8771286", "score": "1.3908566", "text": "famous for its \"comfits\", nougat candy (\"torrone\", or \"turrón\" in Spanish) and almond clusters (\"confetti\"). From the south, the Arabs also brought the art of ice cream making that produced sorbet and several examples of sweet cakes and pastries; \"cassata alla Siciliana\" (from Arabic \"qas'ah\", the term for the terracotta bowl with which it was shaped), made from marzipan, sponge cake and sweetened ricotta and \"cannoli alla Siciliana\", originally \"cappelli di turchi\" (\"Turkish hats\"), fried, chilled pastry tubes with a sweet cheese filling. Research into medieval foodways was, until around 1980, a much neglected field of study. Misconceptions and outright", "title": "Medieval cuisine" }, { "id": "550912", "score": "1.3900449", "text": "San Giuseppe\" (English: maccu of St. Joseph) is a traditional Sicilian dish that consists of various ingredients and maccu. The dish may be prepared on Saint Joseph's Day in Sicily, to clear out pantries and allow room for the spring's new crops of vegetables. Sicily is the oldest Italian and Western location on record where pasta was part of the local cuisine after being worked into long and thin forms, dating back to around the 12th century, as attested by the Tabula Rogeriana of Muhammad al-Idrisi, reporting some traditions about the Sicilian kingdom. Spaghetti ai ricci (spaghetti prepared with sea", "title": "Sicilian cuisine" }, { "id": "14070935", "score": "1.384094", "text": "Frittula Frittula (frittola in Italian language) is a traditional Sicilian street food from Palermo. It is similar to the frìttuli from Calabria, but seems to use calf parts instead of pig. The waste left from the slaughter of mechanically processed calves includes bones that are ground for industrial use, and pieces of meat boiled at high temperature in large silos. After the meat is cooked it is pressed to remove moisture and formed into bales. This process, similar to lyophilization (freeze drying), can preserve the frittoli for years. The \"\"frittularu\"\" \"revives\" the frittoli by frying it with lard and placing", "title": "Frittula" }, { "id": "8681467", "score": "1.3837299", "text": "exclusively milk-fed veal. \"Cotoletta a orecchio di elefante\" (\"elephant ear cutlet\") is another type of \"milanese\", launched in recent years by trendy Milanese restaurants. This version uses a thinner but larger cut of meat, and is deboned and tenderized prior to frying, similarly to the American preparation of breaded pork tenderloin and chicken fried steak. This is the most common \"cotoletta\" eaten in Italy in everyday life because it is easy and fast to prepare. In the typical osteria in Milan the first version is much more common. \"Cotoletta alla palermitana\" (\"palermitana\" because it takes origin from Palermo, Sicily) is", "title": "Cotoletta" }, { "id": "19572062", "score": "1.3701918", "text": "ethno-anthropological science in Italy in the 19th century. At the heart of the collection is a set of bone spoons - used by shepherds while away in and collected by the founder of the museum, Nello Cassata. The lawyer Nello Cassata was a poet who wrote in the Sicilian dialect, a historian and a lover of all Sicilian things; he began his collection in the mid-20th century, passing on his passion to his son Franco, General Attorney at the Appeal Court of Messina, who helped him collect the artefacts over the years. In 1995 the Oikos Institute was founded to", "title": "Nello Cassata Ethnohistory Museum" }, { "id": "14070956", "score": "1.3675535", "text": "ca 'scorcìtta\" (bun with rind), accompanied by the local red wine. There is still the custom to hold the typical \"Frittoli, big table with unique dishes are the frittole, red wine and citrus fruit salad (oranges, lemons, bergamot) to end a meal. In the province of Cosenza, the Frittoli and Frisui are matched with the fried egg. Frìttuli Frittole (commonly known as \"Frittuli\"), is a traditional dish made of pork parts in the city of Reggio Calabria and the surrounding province. Curcùci is also made in the preparation process. Frittola (\"frittula\") is a similar dish eaten in Palermo, Sicily made", "title": "Frìttuli" }, { "id": "6930102", "score": "1.3670077", "text": "a rectangular shape. Traditional Sicilian pizza is often thick crusted and rectangular, but also round and similar to the Neapolitan pizza. It is often topped with onions, anchovies, tomatoes, herbs and strong cheese such as caciocavallo and toma. Other versions do not include cheese. The Sicilian methods of making pizza are linked to local culture and country traditions, so there are differences in preparing pizza even among the Sicilian regions of Palermo, Catania, Siracusa and Messina. The \"sfincione\" (or \"sfinciuni\" in Sicilian language) is a very common variety of pizza that originated in the province of Palermo. Unlike the more", "title": "Sicilian pizza" }, { "id": "4386620", "score": "1.3629749", "text": "movements of Sicilian immigrants, or more likely, through the logical adaptation of English using linguistic norms from the Sicilian language. Some common Siculish terms and an explanation of their derivation (not necessarily common to all Anglo-speaking countries): Many children of Sicilian immigrants will often confuse actual Sicilian words for Siculish. This will especially occur where both the Sicilian and English languages have basically the same word derived from Norman. For example the following are Sicilian words that could be mistaken for being Siculish: \"anciòva\" means \"anchovy\", \"trubbulu\" means \"trouble\", \"damaggiu\" means \"damage\", \"raggia\" means \"rage\", \"tastari\" means \"to taste\" and", "title": "Siculish" }, { "id": "6930105", "score": "1.3573937", "text": "pizza with dough over an inch thick, a crunchy base, and an airy interior. It is derived from the \"sfinciuni\" and was introduced in the United States by the first Italian (Sicilian) immigrants. Sicilian-style pizza is popular in Italian-American enclaves throughout the northeastern United States, including Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Michigan, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. Sicilian pizza Sicilian pizza is pizza prepared in a manner that originated in Sicily, Italy. In the United States, the phrase \"Sicilian pizza\" is often synonymous with thick-crust pizza derived from the Sicilian \"sfincione\" . Sicilian pizza is also known as \"sfincione\" or focaccia", "title": "Sicilian pizza" }, { "id": "13317262", "score": "1.3535149", "text": "Cassoeula Cassoeula (), sometimes Italianized \"cazzuola\" or \"cazzola\" (Italian word for \"trowel\", etymologically unrelated) or \"bottaggio\" (probably derived from the French word \"potage\") is a typical winter dish popular in Northern Italy, mostly in Lombardy. The dish has a strong, decisive flavour, and was a favourite of conductor Arturo Toscanini. One writer describes it as a \"noble, ancient Milanese dish\", and writes of the inexpressible \"pleasure that it furnishes the soul as well as the palate, especially on a wintry day\". One account of the origins of the dish associates it with the January 17 celebration of St Anthony the", "title": "Cassoeula" }, { "id": "3571172", "score": "1.3524024", "text": "they were probably put in the title to add a local flair. The play is about a Palermo prison gang with traits similar to the Mafia: a boss, an initiation ritual, and talk of \"\"umirtà\"\" (omertà or code of silence) and \"\"pizzu\"\" (a codeword for extortion money). The play had great success throughout Italy. Soon after, the use of the term \"mafia\" began appearing in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon. The word made its first official appearance in 1865 in a report by the prefect of Palermo Filippo Antonio Gualterio. The term \"mafia\" has become a generic", "title": "Sicilian Mafia" }, { "id": "2927336", "score": "1.35211", "text": "century inhabits the \"Intrada\" and \"Rhapsody\" from Gerald Finzi's exquisite cantata, \"Dies Natalis\". Siciliana The siciliana or siciliano (also known as the sicilienne or the ciciliano) is a musical style or genre often included as a movement within larger pieces of music starting in the Baroque period. It is in a slow or time with lilting rhythms, making it somewhat resemble a slow jig or tarantella, and is usually in a minor key. It was used for arias in Baroque operas, and often appears as a movement in instrumental works. Loosely associated with Sicily, the siciliana evokes a pastoral mood,", "title": "Siciliana" } ]

[ "Bonar-Law", "Bonar Law", "Andrew Bonar Law", "andrew bonar law", "A Bonar Law", "Annie Bonar Law", "Unknown Prime Minister", "boner law", "bonar law", "Boner law", "Andrew Bonar-Law", "annie bonar law", "unknown prime minister" ]

[ { "id": "4381478", "score": "1.7170262", "text": "Irish Scottish Welsh Others Two other Prime Ministers are known to have had Jewish ancestors: Britain's Prime Ministers have been predominately Anglican by denomination, in an office which has had input into the appointment of that Church's bishops. The first to hold the office from outside the English established church was Lord Bute, who was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church, while the Duke of Grafton was the first to convert away by formally becoming a Unitarian, after leaving office. Tony Blair is the only British Prime Minister to become a Roman Catholic, albeit he converted after leaving office.", "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "4381477", "score": "1.6797409", "text": "in the colony of New Brunswick in what is now Canada, the only Prime Minister born outside the British Isles. All other Prime Ministers were born either in England (47) or Scotland (7). (Although generally considered a Welshman, David Lloyd George was actually born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Lancashire.) British male Prime Ministers when in office have been predominately clean shaven men, except for the following (as borne out by pictures): Bearded Moustached when in office Side whiskers (sideburns) The English are a majority within the United Kingdom. Several Prime Ministers have come from the other ethnic groups of the United Kingdom.", "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "1718655", "score": "1.651242", "text": "Bonar Law Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923), commonly called Bonar Law (), was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1922 to 1923. Born in the British colony of New Brunswick (now in Canada), Law is the only British prime minister to have been born outside the British Isles. Law was of Scottish and Ulster Scots descent, and having moved to Scotland in 1870, he left school aged sixteen to work in the iron industry, becoming a wealthy man by the age of thirty. He entered the House", "title": "Bonar Law" }, { "id": "576962", "score": "1.5995662", "text": "prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual political power was held by Robert Walpole, now recognised as Britain's first \"de facto\" prime minister. George died of a stroke on a trip to his native Hanover, where he was buried. He was the last British monarch to be buried outside the United Kingdom. George was born on 28 May 1660 in the city of Hanover in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and his wife, Sophia of the Palatinate. Sophia was the granddaughter of King", "title": "George I of Great Britain" }, { "id": "576776", "score": "1.5423117", "text": "amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany. He was voted the third greatest British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by MORI, and in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language. His father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and", "title": "David Lloyd George" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom\n\nThe article lists the records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom since 1721.", "title": "Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by birthplace\n\nThis list give the names of British prime ministers by their birthplace.\n\nBoris Johnson is the first prime minister born outside the British Isles since Bonar Law. No prime minister has ever been born in Wales, Northern Ireland or the West Country.\n\n", "title": "List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by birthplace" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British people\n\nBritish people or Britons, also known colloquially as Brits, are the citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies.<ref>: \"Brit·ish \"(brĭt'ĭsh) adj\".\n\"n. (used with a pl. verb)\"\n\nThough early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the Union of the Crowns in 1603 and the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness and a shared British identity was forged during the 18th century and early 19th century when Britain engaged in several global conflicts with France, and developed further during the Victorian era. The complex history of the formation of the United Kingdom created a \"particular sense of nationhood and belonging\" in Great Britain and Ireland; Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by Unionists.\n\nModern Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic groups that settled in Great Britain in and before the 11th century: Prehistoric, Brittonic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Normans. The progressive political unification of the British Isles facilitated migration, cultural and linguistic exchange, and intermarriage between the peoples of England, Scotland and Wales during the late Middle Ages, early modern period and beyond. Since 1922 and earlier, there has been immigration to the United Kingdom by people from what is now the Republic of Ireland, the Commonwealth, mainland Europe and elsewhere; they and their descendants are mostly British citizens, with some assuming a British, dual or hyphenated identity. This includes the groups Black British and Asian British people, which together constitute around 10% of the British population.\n\nThe British are a diverse, multinational, multicultural and multilingual people, with \"strong regional accents, expressions and identities\". The social structure of the United Kingdom has changed radically since the 19th century, with a decline in religious observance, enlargement of the middle class, and increased ethnic diversity, particularly since the 1950s, when citizens of the British Empire were encouraged to immigrate to Britain to work as part of the recovery from World War II. The population of the UK stands at around 66 million, with a British diaspora of around 140 million concentrated in the United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, with smaller concentrations in the Republic of Ireland, Chile, South Africa, and parts of the Caribbean.<ref name=\"BritDis47\" />", "title": "British people" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Harold Wilson" }, { "id": "17453952", "score": "1.5399553", "text": "continuing his quiet retirement under the territory's Unilateral Declaration of Independence administration. His wife died in 1976 aged 89. Godfrey Huggins Godfrey Martin Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern (6 July 1883 – 8 May 1971) was a Rhodesian politician and physician. He served as the fourth Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia from 1933 to 1953 and remained in office as the first Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland until 1956, becoming the longest serving prime minister in British Commonwealth history. Huggins was born at 'Dane Cottage', Knoll Road, Bexley in northern Kent, England (now a borough of London),", "title": "Godfrey Huggins" }, { "id": "569021", "score": "1.5361619", "text": "John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, (; 25 May 1713 – 10 March 1792) was a British nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1762 to 1763 under George III. He was arguably the last important favourite in British politics. He was the first Prime Minister from Scotland following the Acts of Union in 1707 and the first Tory to have held the office. He was also elected as the first President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland when it was founded in 1780. He was born on Parliament Close,", "title": "John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute" }, { "id": "1496246", "score": "1.5229542", "text": "Alec Douglas-Home Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel, (; 2 July 1903 – 9 October 1995) was a British statesman and Conservative Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 1963 to October 1964. He is notable for being the most recent Prime Minister to hold office while being a member of the House of Lords, before renouncing his peerage and taking up a seat in the House of Commons for the remainder of his premiership. His reputation, however, rests more on his two spells as Britain's foreign secretary than on his brief", "title": "Alec Douglas-Home" }, { "id": "7887914", "score": "1.519433", "text": "a descendant of Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. After prep school at Pembroke House, in the town of Gilgil, Kenya, and Ashdown House School, in the village of Forest Row in East Sussex, he was educated at Eton College, from where he was expelled for bad behaviour. After school he worked on various farms for his \"pupil year\", including time working on Kenneth Matiba's farm, Wangu Embori. He attended the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, 1987–1990, and then worked for the Agricultural Mortgage Corporation in Andover, Great Britain. Back in Kenya from 1991 Cholmondeley started working", "title": "Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley" }, { "id": "17453938", "score": "1.5181382", "text": "Godfrey Huggins Godfrey Martin Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern (6 July 1883 – 8 May 1971) was a Rhodesian politician and physician. He served as the fourth Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia from 1933 to 1953 and remained in office as the first Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland until 1956, becoming the longest serving prime minister in British Commonwealth history. Huggins was born at 'Dane Cottage', Knoll Road, Bexley in northern Kent, England (now a borough of London), the second child, but eldest son of a stockbroker. The family later moved to a property his father built,", "title": "Godfrey Huggins" }, { "id": "42165", "score": "1.4935629", "text": "Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the glory and power of the British Empire. He is the only British Prime", "title": "Benjamin Disraeli" }, { "id": "853042", "score": "1.4928467", "text": "his predecessors in his youth. Macmillan was the last Prime Minister born during the Victorian era, the last to have served in the First World War, and the last to receive an hereditary peerage. At the time of his death he was the longest-lived prime minister in British history, a record he held until James Callaghan surpassed him on 13 February 2005. Macmillan was born at 52 Cadogan Place in Chelsea, London, to Maurice Crawford Macmillan (1853–1936), a publisher, and his wife, the former Helen (Nellie) Artie Tarleton Belles (1856–1937), an artist and socialite from Spencer, Indiana. He had two", "title": "Harold Macmillan" }, { "id": "208615", "score": "1.491986", "text": "John Major Sir John Major (born 29 March 1943) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. He served as Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Thatcher Government from 1989 to 1990, and was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdon from 1979 until his retirement in 2001. Since the death of Margaret Thatcher in 2013, Major has been the oldest living former Prime Minister. Born in St Helier, Surrey, Major grew up in Brixton. He initially worked as an insurance", "title": "John Major" }, { "id": "10340013", "score": "1.4917773", "text": "Peter Macdonald (Conservative politician) Sir Peter Drummond Macdonald KBE (1895 – 2 December 1961) was a Canadian-born Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Isle of Wight from 1924 to 1959. One of nine children born to Mary and Ronald A MacDonald, he was born in Gillis Lake, Nova Scotia and attended Dalhousie College in Halifax. When World War I began, he left his studies and joined the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force. He was shipped overseas and became a pilot. While serving in Europe, he was wounded in France and hospitalized for", "title": "Peter Macdonald (Conservative politician)" }, { "id": "16189974", "score": "1.4863563", "text": "people have risen to the highest ranks of UK politics, including at least three Prime Ministers, one Deputy Prime Minister, and several Leaders of the Opposition. Clement Attlee, Prime Minister for the Labour Party from 1945 to 1951, rejected organised religion and claims of the supernatural his whole life, despite growing up in a Christian household. James Callaghan, also of Labour, was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979. He left the Baptist Church as a young man when he became more involved in politics. Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1940–1945 and 1951–1955) was an atheist, saying \"I do not accept", "title": "Irreligion in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "348483", "score": "1.4850302", "text": "to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician. Robert Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister born before Confederation. From 1868 to 1874, he worked as a teacher in Grand-Pré and Matawan, New Jersey. Seeing no future in teaching, he returned to Nova Scotia in 1874. Despite having no formal university education, he went to article for four years at a Halifax law firm. In August 1878, he was called to the Nova Scotia Bar, placing", "title": "Robert Borden" }, { "id": "4381501", "score": "1.4836617", "text": "Ministers, including Thatcher, received it after serving office. As of , the only currently living Knight among them is John Major, knighted in 2005. The first and so far only Prime Minister to have received a British gallantry award was Sir Anthony Eden who won the Military Cross (MC) while serving in the army in the First World War, before entering parliament. After Sir Robert Walpole, three other Prime Ministers have been in office at a time when no former Prime Ministers were alive: After Lord Wilmington, eleven other Prime Ministers have been in office at a time when only", "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "42166", "score": "1.4835179", "text": "Minister to have been Jewish by birth and the first person from an ethnic minority background to hold one of the Great Offices of State. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as Prime Minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue; young Benjamin became an Anglican at age 12. After several unsuccessful attempts, Disraeli entered the House of Commons in 1837. In 1846, Prime Minister Robert Peel split the Conservatives over his proposal to repeal the Corn Laws, which involved ending the tariff", "title": "Benjamin Disraeli" }, { "id": "2542723", "score": "1.4818431", "text": "\"The Daily Telegraph\" alleging that the First Minister Nicola Sturgeon preferred David Cameron of the Conservative Party to be Prime Minister over then-Labour leader, Ed Miliband. At the time of the leak, he denied all knowledge of it, but later apologised after his role was identified by a subsequent Cabinet Office enquiry. He was born on Islay, and attended Port Ellen Primary School and Islay High School. He worked between 1984–89 as a hotel manager, after 2 years of study at the University of Glasgow. There, he was a member of the Students' Representative Council and President of the Liberal", "title": "Alistair Carmichael" }, { "id": "4381473", "score": "1.4783307", "text": "was James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, who was born on 27 March 1912 and died on 26 March 2005 at the age of 92 years 364 days, which was the day before his 93rd birthday. Prior to this the longest living Prime Minister was Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, who was born on 10 February 1894 and died on 29 December 1986 (aged 92 years, 322 days). Of the four former Prime Ministers currently alive, the oldest is John Major, who was born on 29 March 1943 and is years old. If he is still alive on 29", "title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom" } ]

[ "XXXII Olympics", "diving at 2020 summer olympics", "Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "weightlifting at 2020 summer olympics", "handball at 2020 summer olympics", "Japan 2020 Olympics", "judo at 2020 summer olympics", "gymnastics at 2020 summer olympics", "triathlon at 2020 summer olympics", "rugby at 2020 summer olympics", "Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "synchronized swimming at 2020 summer olympics", "Volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Summer Olympics 2020", "2020 Olympic", "rugby sevens at 2020 summer olympics", "field hockey at 2020 summer olympics – men s tournament", "Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 olympic", "Olympics in 2020", "Busan Bids for 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 japanese olympic games", "Handball at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "tokyo 2020", "Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "venues of 2020 summer olympics and paralympics", "summer olympics 2020", "2020 tokyo olympics", "volleyball at 2020 summer olympics", "Japan 2020", "2020 japanese summer olympic games", "golf at 2020 summer olympics", "Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 Japanese Summer Olympics", "2020 Summer Olympic Bids", "2020 Summer Olympics", "xxxii summer olympic games", "football at 2020 summer olympics", "field hockey at 2020 summer olympics – women s tournament", "2020 Japanese Summer Games", "Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 japanese olympics", "badminton at 2020 summer olympics", "Tokyo Olympics 2020", "equestrian at 2020 summer olympics", "2020 summer olympics", "Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 olympiad", "venues of 2020 summer olympics", "2020 Olympics", "2020 Summer Olympic Games", "tennis at 2020 summer olympics", "2020 japanese summer olympics", "Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games", "2020 summer olympics bids", "cycling at 2020 summer olympics", "2020 Olympiad", "Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "summer 2020 olympics", "sailing at 2020 summer olympics", "Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai", "Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 Japanese Olympics", "basketball at 2020 summer olympics", "Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 Japanese Olympic Games", "shooting at 2020 summer olympics", "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "XXXII Olympiad", "2020 tokyo", "2020 Tokyo Olympic Games", "2020 Summer Olympics bids", "2020 Olympic Games", "Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 tokyo olympic games", "Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics", "2020 tokyo summer olympics", "rowing at 2020 summer olympics", "2020 Tokyo", "2020 Japanese Summer Olympic Games", "taekwondo at 2020 summer olympics", "Tokyo 2020", "Basketball at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Busan Bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics", "xxxii summer games", "Olympic Games 2020", "2020 summer olympic bids", "japan 2020 olympics", "2020 Japan", "busan bids for 2020 summer olympics", "Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "athletics at 2020 summer olympics", "olympics 2020", "XXXII summer Olympic Games", "wrestling at 2020 summer olympics", "fencing at 2020 summer olympics", "Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "olympic velodrome tokyo", "2020 summer games", "Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "The 2020 Summer Olympics", "Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Fencing at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "XXXII Summer Games", "2020 japanese summer games", "archery at 2020 summer olympics", "olympic games 2020", "Canoeing at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "xxxii olympiad", "2020 Olympic games", "busan bid for 2020 summer olympics", "2020 Summer Games", "games of xxxii olympiad", "xxxii olympic games", "2020 olympic games", "Games of the XXXII Olympiad", "Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "boxing at 2020 summer olympics", "Taekwondo at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "modern pentathlon at 2020 summer olympics", "2020 Tokyo Olympics", "Olympic Velodrome (Tokyo)", "Olympic games 2020", "2020 tokyo summer olympic games", "Summer 2020 Olympics", "field hockey at 2020 summer olympics", "Dai Sanjuni-kai Orinpikku Kyogi Taikai", "xxxii olympics", "XXXII Olympic Games", "第三十二回オリンピック競技大会", "Diving at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "japan 2020", "olympics in 2020", "water polo at 2020 summer olympics", "table tennis at 2020 summer olympics", "Rugby at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "Olympics 2020", "canoeing at 2020 summer olympics", "2020 Tokyo Summer Games", "Table tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "2020 japan", "2020 summer olympic games", "Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament", "2020 olympics", "Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament", "tokyo olympics 2020", "swimming at 2020 summer olympics", "Weightlifting at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "dai sanjūni kai orinpikku kyōgi taikai", "2020 tokyo summer games", "Synchronized swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics", "dai sanjuni kai orinpikku kyogi taikai" ]

[ { "id": "925981", "score": "1.9088339", "text": "Olympians HRH The Princess Royal and Sebastian Coe unveiled the medals up for grabs, after both Prime Minister David Cameron and London Mayor Boris Johnson had given speeches. In December 2011, Jacques Rogge was invested as an Officer of the Légion d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. Jacques Rogge's IOC Presidency came to an end at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires. German Thomas Bach was elected as the new IOC President at the session on 10 September 2013. He then went on to become the Honorary President of the IOC. For the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China,", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "925976", "score": "1.9025416", "text": "Jacques Rogge Jacques Jean Marie Rogge, Count Rogge (; ; born 2 May 1942) is a Belgian sports administrator and physician who served as the eighth President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 2001 to 2013. In 2013, the IOC announced that Rogge would become their Honorary President. Born in Ghent, Belgium, during the Nazi Germany occupation, Rogge is by profession an orthopedic surgeon and was educated at the Jesuit private school Sint-Barbaracollege and the University of Ghent. Rogge is a noted athlete in his home country. He was a 16-time Belgian national champion in rugby and a one-time", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "925979", "score": "1.8956962", "text": "to admire modern art and is an avid reader of historical and scientific literature. He is married to Anne; they have two adult children. On 14 October 2016, The British School of Brussels opened their new sports center in Tervuren, Belgium. The building was opened and named after Rogge, titled \"The Jacques Rogge Sports Centre\". Rogge was elected as President of the IOC on 16 July 2001 at the 112th IOC Session in Moscow as the successor to Juan Antonio Samaranch, who had previously led the IOC since 1980. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Rogge became", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "14307288", "score": "1.8465075", "text": "the IOC since 1980. Under his leadership, the IOC aimed to create more possibilities for developing countries to bid for and host the Olympic Games. Rogge believes that this vision can be achieved in the not too distant future through government backing and new IOC policies that constrain the size, complexity and cost of hosting the Olympic Games. At the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, Rogge became the first IOC President to stay in the Olympic village, to enjoy closer contact with the athletes. During the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Rogge delivered a commemoration of Georgian luge", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "925980", "score": "1.8416979", "text": "the first ever IOC President to stay in the Olympic village, thereby enjoying closer contact with the athletes. In October 2009 he was re-elected for a new term as President of the IOC. In September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires a new IOC President was elected. In 2011, a \"Forbes\" magazine list of the 68 most powerful people in the world listed Rogge at no. 67. On 27 July 2011, one year prior to London 2012, Rogge attended a ceremony at Trafalgar Square where he invited athletes worldwide to compete in the forthcoming Olympic Games. Former", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2000 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 (Dharug: \"Gadigal 2000\"), the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium, was an international multi-sport event held from 15 September to 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It marked the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and in the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, in 1956.\n\nSydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 Games in 1993. Teams from 199 countries participated in the 2000 Games, which were the first to feature at least 300 events in its official sports programme. The Games' cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch before the arrival of his successor Jacques Rogge. The 2000 Games were the last of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English-speaking country following the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.\n\nThe final medal tally at the 2000 Summer Olympics was led by the United States, followed by Russia and China with host Australia at fourth place overall. Cameroon, Colombia, Latvia, Mozambique and Slovenia won a gold medal for the first time in their Olympic histories, while Barbados, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam won their first ever Olympic medals. Australia will host the Summer Olympics again in 2032 at Brisbane, Queensland making it the first Oceanian country to host the Olympics three times.\n\nThe 2000 Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship, and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson of \"The Times\" called the Sydney Games \"one of the most successful events on the world stage\", saying that they \"couldn't be better\". James Mossop of the \"Electronic Telegraph\" called the Games \"such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney\", while Jack Todd of the \"Montreal Gazette\" suggested that the \"IOC should quit while it's ahead. Admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it,\" as \"Sydney was both exceptional and the best\". ", "title": "2000 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thomas Bach\n\nThomas Bach (born 29 December 1953) is a German lawyer, former Olympic foil fencer and Olympic gold medalist, serving as the ninth and current president of the International Olympic Committee since 10 September 2013. He is also a former member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation executive board. Bach is the first ever Olympic champion to be elected President of the IOC.", "title": "Thomas Bach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "President of the International Olympic Committee\n\nThe president of the International Olympic Committee is head of the executive board that assumes the general overall responsibility for the administration of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the management of its affairs. The IOC Executive Board consists of the president, four vice-presidents and ten other IOC members; all of the board members are elected by the IOC Session, using a secret ballot, by a majority vote.\n\nThe IOC organizes the modern Olympic Games, held every two years, alternating summer and winter Games (each every four years). The IOC president holds the office for two terms of four years, renewable once for another term, so would expect to lead the organization of at least two Summer Olympic Games and two Winter Olympic Games. If reelected, the president is expected to lead through three of each season Olympics.", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 2012 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012) was an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the group stage in women's football, began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the 2012 Olympics.<ref name=athletecount/>\n\nFollowing a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and the then-London mayor Ken Livingstone, London was selected as the host city at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore on 6 July 2005, defeating bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid, and Paris. London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times, having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability. The main focus was a new Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site in Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid.\n\nThe United States topped the medal table, winning the most gold medals (46) and the highest number of medals overall (104). China finished second with a total of 91 medals (38 gold) and Great Britain came third with 65 medals overall (29 gold). Michael Phelps of the United States became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, winning his 22nd medal. Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, meaning that every currently eligible country has now sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Women's boxing was included for the first time, and the 2012 Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors.\n\nThe Games received considerable praise for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm commended particularly highly. The opening ceremony, directed by Academy Award winner Danny Boyle, received widespread acclaim. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Belgian Jacques Rogge, who was succeeded by German Thomas Bach the next year.\n\nA number of countries won their first Olympic medals, Bahrain, Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada, Guatemala and Montenegro, with Bahrain and Grenada's winning gold medals for their first Olympic medals.", "title": "2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hein Verbruggen\n\nHein Verbruggen (21 June 1941 – 14 June 2017) was a Dutch sports administrator who was president of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) from 1991 till 2005 and president of SportAccord from 2004 to 2013. He was an honorary member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 2008. Previously, he was a member of the IOC and Chairman of the Coordination Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in Beijing in 2008. He is highly suspected to have protected Lance Armstrong.", "title": "Hein Verbruggen" }, { "id": "925986", "score": "1.8325849", "text": "London on 6 August, and one at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base on the anniversary of the attack, 5 September. Rogge received these honours and titles in Belgium and abroad for his work: Jacques Rogge Jacques Jean Marie Rogge, Count Rogge (; ; born 2 May 1942) is a Belgian sports administrator and physician who served as the eighth President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 2001 to 2013. In 2013, the IOC announced that Rogge would become their Honorary President. Born in Ghent, Belgium, during the Nazi Germany occupation, Rogge is by profession an orthopedic surgeon and was educated at", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "925977", "score": "1.8274845", "text": "yachting world champion. He also competed in the Finn class of sailing on three Summer Olympic Games; in 1968, 1972, and 1976. In October 2016, The British School of Brussels named their new Sports Centre in his honour. Rogge served as president of the Belgian Olympic Committee from 1989 to 1992, and as president of the European Olympic Committees from 1989 to 2001. He became a member of the IOC in 1991 and joined its executive board in 1998. He was knighted in 1992, and in 2002 made a count in the Belgian nobility by King Albert II. On 25", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "7126849", "score": "1.7826648", "text": "Olympic Games. He declared the industrial city \"the world capital of sports\" during the Olympics. Valentino Castellani was followed by International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge, who told the Olympic athletes, \"Your achievements will inspire and motivate future generations,\" before adding, \"Please compete cleanly, without using doping.\" Rogge also hoped for peace during his short speech. \"Our world today is in need of peace and brotherhood, the values of the Olympic Games,\" he said. \"May these Games be held in peace in the true spirit of the Olympic Truce.\" Rogge then introduced Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who declared the", "title": "2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony" }, { "id": "16681493", "score": "1.7778107", "text": "Rogge also said that he has attended several ceremonies with the Israeli Olympic Committee and Israeli athletes during recent games. Despite the refusal to honour the victims during the opening ceremony of the Olympics, on July 23 IOC President Jacques Rogge led a minute of silence during a ceremony which promoted the Olympic truce. This was the first time that the IOC honoured the Israeli victims in a ceremony inside an Olympic village. Rogge started by \"honoring the memory of the 11 Israeli Olympians who shared the ideals that have brought us together in this beautiful Olympic village\" and said", "title": "2012 Olympics one minute of silence campaign" }, { "id": "835400", "score": "1.7641803", "text": "on the floor. Short speeches were presented by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, President of the Organising Committee, and by President Dr. Jacques Rogge of the IOC, in which he described the Athens Olympics as \"unforgettable, dream Games\". Dr. Rogge had previously declared he would be breaking with tradition in his closing speech as President of the IOC and that he would never use the words of his predecessor Juan Antonio Samaranch, who used to always say 'these were the best ever games'. Dr. Rogge had described Salt Lake City 2002 as \"superb games\" and in turn would continue after Athens 2004 and", "title": "2004 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "14307293", "score": "1.7521342", "text": "August, and one at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base on the 40th anniversary of the attack, 5 September. Thomas Bach was elected President of the IOC on 10 September 2013, as the successor to Jacques Rogge, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires. Bach is the first Olympic medallist to have risen to the position of IOC President – he won a gold medal in men's team foil fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He is the third IOC President to have been an Olympian (Brundage and Rogge were also former Olympic athletes). President of the International Olympic Committee The President", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "925985", "score": "1.7519755", "text": "in the Munich Massacre, during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics. He did this despite the standing request of the families of the 11 Israeli Olympic team members and political pressure from the United States, Britain, and Germany, stating: \"We feel that the opening ceremony is an atmosphere that is not fit to remember such a tragic incident.\" Speaking of the decision, Israeli Olympian Shaul Ladany, who had survived the Munich Massacre, commented: \"I do not understand. I do not understand, and I do not accept it.\" Rogge and the IOC instead opted for a ceremony at Guildhall,", "title": "Jacques Rogge" }, { "id": "14307289", "score": "1.7485564", "text": "athlete Nodar Kumaritashvili, after his fatal accident while practicing in Whistler on 12 February 2010. For the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Rogge announced in mid-July 2008 that there would be no Internet censorship by the mainland authorities: \"for the first time, foreign media will be able to report freely and publish their work freely in China.\" However, on 30 July 2008, IOC spokesman Kevan Gosper announced that the Internet would indeed be censored for journalists. Gosper, who said he had not heard about this, suggested that high IOC officials (probably including the Dutch Hein Verbruggen and Swiss IOC Executive", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "16800287", "score": "1.7389603", "text": "the Olympic Games were organized in Athens, Jacques Rogge, a Belgian, being elected chairman of the IOC. These various events led to the planning and organization of numerous negotiations, meetings and visits of delegations. In Madrid, from 2004 to 2009, he concentrated his efforts on creating a close working relationship on European Union issues and OSCE matters (Belgium chairing this organisation, its chairmanship being followed by Spain's)with the Spanish MFA. He consolidated the wide consular and economic network that Belgium maintains in Spain and organized a wide range of contacts, including working visits by the then Belgian PM, Mr. G.", "title": "Claude Rijmenans" }, { "id": "13702907", "score": "1.7342732", "text": "off his section. The opening remarks began with Jacques Rogge, President of the IOC, who offered sympathy for the loss of Georgian luge athlete, Nodar Kumaritashvili. A welcome from John Furlong, Chair of the Vancouver Organizing Committee, was then delivered. (transcript) A statement by Rogge followed, mixing English and French. Finally, Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada, declared the games officially open, first in French, then in English. k.d. lang performed a version of Leonard Cohen's \"Hallelujah\". While she was singing, doves, the symbol of peace, were projected on the stage floor, and rose from the stage floor to the", "title": "2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony" }, { "id": "1463214", "score": "1.7224485", "text": "packages for participating athletes, which included free flights, food, vouchers for long-distance calling and other financial accommodations. Immediately after announcing the initiative, London withdrew it, most likely as a result of Jacques Rogge raising concerns over its potential to start a \"bidding war\". Paris also claimed that the lobbying by Tony Blair was illegal, an accusation that was strongly denied by Downing Street. It was not until 4 August 2005 that Jacques Rogge suppressed any further controversies by saying in a statement: \"I made it very clear that, in my opinion, the competition was fair. It was conducted according to", "title": "Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "9381236", "score": "1.7191663", "text": "for a term ending in 2013. On 25 July 2012, he was elected at the 124th IOC Session in London as member of the International Olympic Committee. After president Rogge will have retired in 2013, Beckers will remain as the only Belgian member within the International Olympic Committee. Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant Pierre-Olivier, Baron Beckers-Vieujant (Uccle, 3 May 1960) is a Belgian businessman and former CEO of Delhaize. Born Pierre-Olivier Beckers, he is the youngest of the six children of Guy Beckers, a former president and CEO of Delhaize. The Beckers family is one of the significant shareholders of the company. Guy", "title": "Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant" }, { "id": "16681495", "score": "1.6917949", "text": "not for someone to mumble something in front of a few dozen people.\" At the London commemoration on August 6, Romano told Rogge he had \"submitted to terrorism\", and would be \"written down on the pages of history as ... a president who violated the Olympic charter calls for brotherhood, friendship and peace.\" Their attacks were applauded by the audience, but afterwards some attendees privately expressed discomfort at the sustained attack on Rogge, and Andrew Gilbert, formerly chair of Limmud International tweeted that \"the memorial service for Munich 11 became an anti-IOC rally and heavy-handed humiliation of Rogge\".' Jibril Rajoub,", "title": "2012 Olympics one minute of silence campaign" }, { "id": "14307287", "score": "1.6821842", "text": "expelled several IOC members for accepting bribes but cleared Samaranch of wrongdoing. Samaranch declared that the IOC's worst crisis was over but a group of former Olympic athletes, led by Mark Tewksbury, continued to push for his removal. There were allegations of vote buying in Salt Lake City, Utah's successful bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics. The scandal exposed runaway corruption within the IOC. Jacques Rogge (later created The 1st Count Rogge) was elected as president of the IOC on 16 July 2001 at the 112th IOC Session in Moscow as the successor to Juan Antonio Samaranch, who had led", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "14307282", "score": "1.6776574", "text": "failure of the 1976 Montréal Games. Due to limited interest from potential hosts, the cities of Lake Placid, New York and Los Angeles, California were chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games and the 1984 Summer Games respectively, in the absence of any competing cities. Killanin resigned prior to the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, after the massive political boycott of those Games, but retained his position until the Games were completed. Juan Antonio Samaranch (who was later created The 1st Marquess of Samaranch) was elected President of the IOC on 16 July at the 83rd IOC Session in Moscow,", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" } ]

[ "amnesty", "General amnesty", "general amnesty", "Amnesty" ]

[ { "id": "16536918", "score": "1.5531862", "text": "State law is no greater than the immunity which the States enjoy from Commonwealth law. \"Henderson\" is relevant in assessing how a State's legislative and executive actions may affect the Commonwealth's executive power, although a State's executive actions in that regard appear to be restricted to the area of royal prerogative. While there were majorities in favour of general concepts in the matter, there were differing views on specific aspects concerning the distribution of legislative power: The majority of Justices accepted that s. 64 of the \"Judiciary Act 1903\" did not apply, as the DHA was not a body that", "title": "Henderson v Defence Housing Authority" }, { "id": "12258445", "score": "1.546547", "text": "its own procedures for recall elections, and sets its own restrictions on how often, and how soon after a general election, they may be held. In all states, the legislatures can remove state executive branch officials, including governors, who have committed serious abuses of their power from office. The process of doing so includes impeachment (the bringing of specific charges), and a trial, in which legislators act as a jury. The primary responsibilities of state legislatures are to enact state laws and appropriate money for the administration of public policy. In all states, if the governor vetoes a bill (or", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "id": "6673996", "score": "1.523354", "text": "State Immunity Act 1978 The State Immunity Act 1978 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which was passed to implement the European Convention on State Immunity of 1972 into British law. The doctrine of absolute state immunity was changed to one of restricted immunity, whereby a foreign state could be sued in the British courts for some certain activities, usually of a commercial nature. In 1998 the defence attempted to use it during Augusto Pinochet's arrest and trial, but Lord Nicholls said that the Act flouted a battery of international legislation on human rights abuses to", "title": "State Immunity Act 1978" }, { "id": "9928115", "score": "1.5230485", "text": "Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998 The Offences Against the State Acts 1939–1998 form a series of laws passed by the Irish Oireachtas relating to the suppression of terrorism. The Act criminalises many actions deemed detrimental to state security. An organisation can be made subject to a suppression order under the act, after which being a member of or directing the activities of such an unlawful organisation becomes an offence. The opinion of a senior Garda can be admitted as prima facie evidence of membership. The act also criminalises obstruction of the President or government, secret societies in the police", "title": "Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998" }, { "id": "7523197", "score": "1.5212579", "text": "Act\" had not replaced the prerogative power in this case. He said that the question was whether the Act \"evinces a clear and unambiguous intention to deprive the Executive of the power to prevent entry bypreventing a vessel from docking at an Australian port and adopting the means necessary to achieve that result\". He found that the Act was a positive conferral of executive power, and did not clearly show such an intention. Finally, on the issue of whether a writ of habeas corpus should be issued, French said that the rescuees were not in fact under detention by the", "title": "Ruddock v Vadarlis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Capital punishment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Defamation\n\nDefamation is the act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person, place or thing that results in damage to its reputation. It can be spoken (slander) or written (libel). It constitutes a tort or a crime. The legal definition of defamation and related acts as well as the ways they are dealt with can vary greatly between countries and jurisdictions (what exactly they must consist of, whether they constitute crimes or not, to what extent proving the alleged facts is a valid defence).\n\nDefamation laws can encompass a variety of acts:<ref name=\"CriminalDefamationLawsByCountryTable\"/>\n", "title": "Defamation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ex post facto law\n\nAn \"ex post facto\" law (from ) is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. In criminal law, it may criminalize actions that were legal when committed; it may aggravate a crime by bringing it into a more severe category than it was in when it was committed; it may change the punishment prescribed for a crime, as by adding new penalties or extending sentences; or it may alter the rules of evidence in order to make conviction for a crime likelier than it would have been when the deed was committed.\n\nConversely, a form of \"ex post facto\" law commonly called an amnesty law may decriminalize certain acts. (Alternatively, rather than redefining the relevant acts as non-criminal, it may simply prohibit prosecution; or it may enact that there is to be no punishment, but leave the underlying conviction technically unaltered.) A pardon has a similar effect, in a specific case instead of a class of cases (though a pardon more often leaves the conviction itself – the finding of guilt – unaltered, and occasionally pardons are refused for this reason). Other legal changes may alleviate possible punishments (for example by replacing the death sentence with lifelong imprisonment) retroactively. Such legal changes are also known by the Latin term in mitius.\n\nSome common-law jurisdictions do not permit retroactive criminal legislation, though new precedent generally applies to events that occurred before the judicial decision. \"Ex post facto\" laws are expressly forbidden by the United States Constitution in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 3 (with respect to federal laws) and Article 1, Section 10 (with respect to state laws). In some nations that follow the Westminster system of government, such as the United Kingdom, \"ex post facto\" laws are possible, because the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy allows Parliament to pass any law it wishes. In a nation with an entrenched bill of rights or a written constitution, \"ex post facto\" legislation may be prohibited or allowed, and this provision may be general or specific. For example, Article 29 of the Constitution of Albania explicitly allows retroactive effect for laws that alleviate possible punishments.\n\n\"Ex post facto\" criminalization is also prohibited by Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 15(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 9 of the American Convention on Human Rights. While American jurisdictions generally prohibit \"ex post facto\" laws, European countries apply the principle of lex mitior (\"the milder law\"). It provides that, if the law has changed after an offense was committed, the version of the law that applies is the one that is more advantageous for the accused. This means that \"ex post facto\" laws apply in European jurisdictions to the extent that they are the milder law.", "title": "Ex post facto law" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jury\n\nA jury is a sworn body of people (jurors) convened to hear evidence and render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. \n\nJuries developed in England during the Middle Ages and are a hallmark of the English common law system. As such, they are used by the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and other countries whose legal systems were derived from the British Empire. But most other countries use variations of the European civil law or Islamic sharia law systems, in which juries are not generally used.\n\nMost trial juries are \"petit juries\", and usually consist of twelve people. Historically, a larger jury known as a grand jury was used to investigate potential crimes and render indictments against suspects. All common law countries except the United States and Liberia have phased these out. The modern criminal court jury arrangement has evolved out of the medieval juries in England. Members were supposed to inform themselves of crimes and then of the details of the crimes. Their function was therefore closer to that of a grand jury than that of a jury in a trial.", "title": "Jury" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tort\n\nA tort is a civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act. Tort law can be contrasted with criminal law, which deals with criminal wrongs that are punishable by the state. While criminal law aims to punish individuals who commit crimes, tort law aims to compensate individuals who suffer harm as a result of the actions of others. Some wrongful acts, such as assault and battery, can result in both a civil lawsuit and a criminal prosecution in countries where the civil and criminal legal systems are separate. Tort law may also be contrasted with contract law, which provides civil remedies after breach of a duty that arises from a contract. Obligations in both tort and criminal law are more fundamental and are imposed regardless of whether the parties have a contract. \n\nWhile tort law in civil law jurisdictions largely derives from Roman law, common law jurisdictions derive their tort law from customary English tort law. In civil law jurisdictions based on civil codes, both contractual and tortious or delictual liability is typically outlined in a civil code based on Roman Law principles. Tort law is referred to as the law of delict in Scots and Roman Dutch law, and resembles tort law in common law jurisdictions in that rules regarding civil liability are established primarily by precedent and theory rather than an exhaustive code. However, like other civil law jurisdictions, the underlying principles are drawn from Roman law. A handful of jurisdictions have codified a mixture of common and civil law jurisprudence either due to their colonial past (e.g. Québec, St Lucia, Mauritius) or due to influence from multiple legal traditions when their civil codes were drafted (e.g. Mainland China, the Philippines, and Thailand). Furthermore, Israel essentially codifies common law provisions on tort.", "title": "Tort" }, { "id": "6248921", "score": "1.5053207", "text": "placed on an individual (who has not been charged, let alone found guilty of any criminal offence) including subjecting that person to 12 months house arrest. Former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie announced that he has received advice that the blurring of boundaries between the executive and judicial powers is likely to be unconstitutional. This assertion was rejected by the then Prime Minister, John Howard: \"Lawyers often have different opinions as to what the law means.\". Former federal Treasurer Peter Costello has adopted a more cautious attitude, stating that \"you never really know\" the answer to the vexed question of constitutionality", "title": "Anti-Terrorism Act 2005" }, { "id": "8108758", "score": "1.4961513", "text": "acts of state (usually a foreign official). Any person who, in performing an act of state, commits a criminal offence is immune from prosecution. That is so even after the person ceases to perform acts of state. Thus, it is a type of immunity limited in the acts to which it attaches (acts of state) but ends only if the state itself ceases to exist. The immunity, though applied to the acts of individuals, is an attribute of a state, and it is based on the mutual respect of states for sovereign equality and state dignity. States thus have a", "title": "Immunity from prosecution (international law)" }, { "id": "7363503", "score": "1.4904463", "text": "39). If a person, by some act or omission, causes another person to commit the \"actus reus\" of an offence under the Act then they too are guilty of an offence, even if the other person was not prosecuted or could not be prosecuted because they were the Crown (section 36). Where an offence is committed by a body corporate with the consent or connivance, or by the neglect, of a director, manager, secretary or a member acting in a managerial capacity, that individual too is guilty of an offence (section 37). Where a person is convicted under the Act,", "title": "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974" }, { "id": "8053045", "score": "1.4878423", "text": "conclusions of the committee, the legislative had the responsibility to: abstain from enacting retroactive penal legislation; not discriminate in its laws between one citizen and another; not interfere with freedom of religious belief; not deny members of society the right to responsible government; not place restrictions on the freedom of speech, assembly or association; not impair the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual; and provide the procedural mechanisms to protect the above-mentioned freedoms (\"procedure of due process\"). The committee on the executive concluded that the granting of power by the legislative to the executive should be undertaken", "title": "Declaration of Delhi" }, { "id": "14138682", "score": "1.4778771", "text": "initiative for certain types of laws (for example, in some bicameral systems, tax-related laws must begin in the lower chamber of the legislature). In some jurisdictions, the legislature has a means to override an executive veto by a supermajority, or the voting populace have the means to override a law by a referendum. Under federal systems, ordinary laws may be created at the level of a sovereign state but also by its constituent components: for example, by states of the United States or autonomous communities of Spain. Ordinary law An ordinary law is a normal law, generally distinguished from a", "title": "Ordinary law" }, { "id": "2127332", "score": "1.4759979", "text": "Parliamentary immunity Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which members of the parliament or legislature are granted partial immunity from prosecution. Before prosecuting, it is necessary that the immunity be removed, usually by a superior court of justice or by the parliament itself. This reduces the possibility of pressing a member of the parliament to change his or her vote by fear of prosecution. Legislators in countries using the Westminster system, such as the United Kingdom, are protected from civil action for slander and libel by parliamentary immunity whilst they are in the House. This", "title": "Parliamentary immunity" }, { "id": "18333945", "score": "1.4750657", "text": "an offence, or whether a person charged with an offence is guilty of it.\" It outlines the codes of practice for any investigation set out by the Secretary of State and the means by which such a code could be revised. Section 54 of the act includes the follow administration of justice offences: In 2009, twenty six environmental protesters were pre-emptively arrested and later charged with conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass. It was claimed that Ratcliffe-on-Soar power station was the intended target. In 2011, their cases were quashed when it was revealed police withheld recordings made by undercover police officer", "title": "Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996" }, { "id": "874802", "score": "1.4738679", "text": "Union's Treaty of Rome or the Hague-Visby Rules have effect in English law only when adopted and ratified by Act of Parliament. Adopted treaties may be subsequently denounced by executive action.. Unless the denouncement or withdraw would affect rights enacted by parliament. In this case executive action cannot be used due to the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. This principle was established in the case of Miller v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union in 2017. Criminal law is the law of crime and punishment whereby the Crown prosecutes the accused. Civil law is concerned with tort, contract, families,", "title": "English law" }, { "id": "4823506", "score": "1.4724164", "text": "extent that relief is sought against an entity of Federal, State, or local government, or against an officer or agent of Federal, State, or local government (whether or not acting in official or personal capacity), concerning that entity's, officer's, or agent's acknowledgment of God as the sovereign source of law, liberty, or government.\" In other words, the bill would limit the power of the federal judiciary specifically in religious liberty cases. The bill also states that judges or other court officials that listen to cases that meet said criteria are to be impeached and convicted. Supporters of the bills, largely", "title": "Constitution Restoration Act" }, { "id": "5744735", "score": "1.4707623", "text": "Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 grants non-conviction asset seizing powers to relevant agencies (until March 2008, when it was replaced in its role by the Serious Organised Crime Agency, this was the Assets Recovery Agency). The Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service says that recovery of funds and items stops them being reinvested into further criminal activity. The Attorney General's Office advise that these powers should only be used when either a criminal conviction is not feasible, or, if one is, when it is still within the public interest to proceed. Such situations include: In Scotland alone, more than £80", "title": "Civil recovery" }, { "id": "1406975", "score": "1.4690914", "text": "account during the term for which they have been elected. Additionally, some officials and legislators may be appointed rather than elected. Constitution, or statute, can empower a legislative body to hold their own members, the government, and government bodies to account. This can be through holding an internal or independent inquiry. Inquiries are usually held in response to an allegation of misconduct or corruption. The powers, procedures and sanctions vary from country to country. The legislature may have the power to impeach the individual, remove them, or suspend them from office for a period of time. The accused person might", "title": "Accountability" }, { "id": "9928117", "score": "1.4685094", "text": "may order the detention of persons deemed dangerous to state security. It also establishes an independent appeals commission to which prisoners can apply for release making the case that they are not a threat to public safety. This was used during the Second World War and during the IRA Border Campaign in 1952. Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998 The Offences Against the State Acts 1939–1998 form a series of laws passed by the Irish Oireachtas relating to the suppression of terrorism. The Act criminalises many actions deemed detrimental to state security. An organisation can be made subject to a", "title": "Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998" }, { "id": "5552262", "score": "1.4652678", "text": "special position of authority or responsibility. In this case, the offence of misfeasance in public office or malfeasance in public office may be considered instead. For example, corrections officers who stand idly by while drug trafficking occurs within the prison may be prosecuted for this crime. It has been abolished in England and Wales and in Scotland (as part of the criminal law reforms that abolished the distinction between misdemeanour and felony), in Australia, Ireland and in Northern Ireland, but has often been replaced by a statutory offence. \"Misprision of felony\" is still an offense under United States federal law", "title": "Misprision of felony" }, { "id": "1989767", "score": "1.4613464", "text": "court has retained the power of judicial review even on a matter which has been vested by the Constitution solely in the Executive. However, it is important to note that India has a unitary legal system and there is no separate body of state law. All crimes are crimes against the Union of India. Therefore, a convention has developed that the Governor's powers are exercised for only minor offenses, while requests for pardons and reprieves for major offenses and offenses committed in the Union Territories are deferred to the President. Both the President and Governor are bound by the advice", "title": "Pardon" }, { "id": "17245362", "score": "1.4613326", "text": "a question of State legislative power affecting to control or abolish a federal fiscal right. It is not a question of the authority of the power of a State to make some general law governing the rights and duties of those who enter into some description of transaction, such as the sale of goods, and of the Commonwealth in its executive arm choosing to enter into a transaction of that description. It is not a question of the exercise of some specific grant of power which according to the very meaning of the terms in which it is defined embraces", "title": "Intergovernmental immunity (Australia)" } ]

[ "", "forty", "40" ]

[ { "id": "12968263", "score": "2.0229263", "text": "Quadrille (card game) Quadrille is a card game that was popular in the 18th century. A variant of the Spanish card game Ombre, it is played by four players in pairs, with a deck of 40 cards (the 8's, 9's and 10's being removed). By the end of the 19th century, the card game had fallen out of fashion. The novel \"Pride and Prejudice\" includes four references to the quadrille card game being played by an upper class character, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and her guests. In the \"Diary of Thomas Vernon\", which was written by a loyalist from Newport,", "title": "Quadrille (card game)" }, { "id": "12968264", "score": "1.8964746", "text": "Rhode Island, during the American Revolution in 1776, the author mentions playing quadrille frequently while exiled in Glocester, Rhode Island, during the war. It is also frequently mentioned in \"The Diary of a Country Parson 1758-1802\" kept by James Woodforde, edited by John Beresford. Quadrille (card game) Quadrille is a card game that was popular in the 18th century. A variant of the Spanish card game Ombre, it is played by four players in pairs, with a deck of 40 cards (the 8's, 9's and 10's being removed). By the end of the 19th century, the card game had fallen", "title": "Quadrille (card game)" }, { "id": "5036590", "score": "1.721656", "text": "Quadrille (patience) Quadrille, also called Captive Queens, La Française or Partner is a card game of the Patience or Solitaire type using a pack of 52 playing cards. The name Quadrille is derived from the layout of the four Queens around which the cards are built; an alternative name, Captive Queens, describes the way the Queens become \"enclosed\" as the foundations are built upon. Alluding to the name, Quadrille, Parlett describes it as \"a pleasant little pictorial which may be said to represent the dance of the cardboard court.\" There are two variants: Either way, the role of the Queens", "title": "Quadrille (patience)" }, { "id": "5036592", "score": "1.691072", "text": "permitted. The game is won when all the cards are in the foundations with the court cards (Kings and Jacks) at the top of each foundation, as shown on the right. Quadrille (patience) Quadrille, also called Captive Queens, La Française or Partner is a card game of the Patience or Solitaire type using a pack of 52 playing cards. The name Quadrille is derived from the layout of the four Queens around which the cards are built; an alternative name, Captive Queens, describes the way the Queens become \"enclosed\" as the foundations are built upon. Alluding to the name, Quadrille,", "title": "Quadrille (patience)" }, { "id": "2946503", "score": "1.6822107", "text": "the late 17th through the 18th centuries. As with most games, Ombre acquired many variations of increasing complexity over the years, until its popularity was eclipsed by the second quarter of the 18th century by a new four player French variant called Quadrille, later displaced by the English Whist. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced games like Preference, Mediator and Twenty-five. Under the name Tresillo, it survived in parts of Spain during the nineteenth century, as Voltarete in Portugal and Brazil, as Rocambor in countries such as Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia in the twentieth century, and it is still", "title": "Ombre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Quadrille (card game)\n\nQuadrille is a card game that was highly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries at the French court and among the British nobility, especially women. A variant of the three-player, Spanish card game Ombre, it is played by four players, both in varying alliances and solo games, using a pack of 40 cards (the 8's, 9's and 10's being removed). By the mid-19th century, Quadrille had fallen out of fashion, superseded by Whist and Boston.", "title": "Quadrille (card game)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ombre\n\nOmbre (, pronounced \"omber\") or l'Hombre is a fast-moving seventeenth-century trick-taking card game for three players and \"the most successful card game ever invented.\"\n\nIts history began in Spain around the end of the 16th century as a four-person game. It is one of the earliest card games known in Europe and by far the most classic game of its type, directly ancestral to Euchre, Boston and Solo Whist. Despite its difficult rules, complicated point score and strange foreign terms, it swept Europe in the last quarter of the 17th century, becoming \"Lomber\" in Germany, \"Lumbur\" in Austria and \"Ombre\" (originally pronounced 'umber') in England, occupying a position of prestige similar to contract bridge today. Ombre eventually developed into a whole family of related games such as the four-hand Quadrille, three-hand Tritrille, five-hand Quintille and six-hand Sextille, as well as German Solo, Austrian Préférence and Swedish Vira, itself \"one of the most complex card games ever devised.\" Other games borrowed features from Ombre such as bidding; for example, the gambling game of Bête, formerly known as Homme, and the tarot game of Taroc l'Hombre. ", "title": "Ombre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Boston (card game)\n\nBoston or Boston Whist is an 18th-century, trick-taking, card game played throughout the Western world apart from Britain, forming an evolutionary link between Hombre and Solo Whist. Apparently named after a key location in the American War of Independence, it is probably a French game which was devised in France in the 1770s, combining the 52-card pack and logical ranking system of partnership Whist with a range of solo and alliance bids borrowed from Quadrille. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced the games of Twenty-five, Préférence and Skat. Its most common form is known as Boston de Fontainebleau or French Boston.", "title": "Boston (card game)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Quadrille (patience)\n\nQuadrille is the name of two loosely related card games of the Patience or solitaire type which are often confused. Both use a pack of 52 playing cards. The earlier one was also known as La Française (\"the Frenchwoman\") or Royal Quadrille, the slightly later one as Captive Queens. The name is derived from the desired end result of the earlier game in which the four Kings and Queens are arranged in a square formation as in the European dance of quadrille that was fashionable in the 18th and 19th centuries.", "title": "Quadrille (patience)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tarot\n\nThe tarot (, first known as \"trionfi\" and later as tarocchi or tarocks) is a pack of playing cards, used from at least the mid-15th century in various parts of Europe to play card games such as Tarocchini. From their Italian roots, tarot playing cards spread to most of Europe evolving into a family of games that includes German Grosstarok and more recent games such as French Tarot and Austrian Königrufen which are still played today. In the late 18th century, French occultists began to make elaborate, but unsubstantiated, claims about their history and meaning, leading to the emergence of custom decks for use in divination via tarot card reading and cartomancy. Thus there are two distinct types of tarot pack: those used for playing games and those used for divination. However, some older patterns, such as the Tarot de Marseille, originally intended for playing card games, have also been used for cartomancy.\n\nLike the common playing cards, tarot has four suits which vary by region: French suits are used in western, central and eastern Europe, Latin suits in southern Europe. Cartomantic packs have their own symbols derived from the Latin suits. Each suit has 14 cards: ten pip cards numbering from one (or Ace) to ten, and four face cards (King, Queen, Knight, and Jack/Knave/Page). In addition, the tarot has a separate 21-card trump suit and a single card known as the Fool. Depending on the game, the Fool may act as the top trump or may be played to avoid following suit. These tarot cards are still used throughout much of Europe to play conventional card games.\n\nAmong English-speaking countries where these games are not widely played, only specially designed cartomantic tarot cards are readily available and they are used primarily for novelty and divinatory purposes. In fact, historians have described western views of the Tarot pack as \"the subject of the most successful propaganda campaign ever launched... An entire false history and false interpretation of the Tarot pack was concocted by the occultists; and it is all but universally believed\".\n\nIn the occult tradition, tarot cards are referred to as 'arcana'; with the Fool and 21 trumps being termed the Major Arcana and the suit cards the Minor Arcana. However, these terms are not used by players of tarot card games.\n\nTarot cards, then known as \"tarocchi\", first appeared in Ferrara and Milan in northern Italy, with a Fool and 21 trumps (then called \"trionfi\") being added to the standard Italian pack of four suits: batons, coins, cups and swords. Scholarship has established that the early European cards were probably based on the Egyptian Mamluk deck which followed the invention of paper from Asia into Western Europe and was invented in or before the 14th century. By the late 1300's Europeans were producing their own cards, the earliest patterns being based on the Mamluk deck but with variations to the suit symbols and court cards.<ref name=wopc/>", "title": "Tarot" }, { "id": "835758", "score": "1.6145959", "text": "All Fours All Fours, also known as High-Low-Jack or Seven Up, is an English tavern trick-taking card game that was popular as a gambling game until the end of the 19th century. It is the eponymous and earliest recorded game in a family that flourished most in 19th century North America, notable other members being Auction Pitch, Pedro and Cinch, which competed against Poker and Euchre. Nowadays the original game is especially popular in Trinidad and Tobago, but a simpler variant has also survived in parts of England. Martinique is also accredited with the creation of all fours by coming", "title": "All Fours" }, { "id": "2946506", "score": "1.6083508", "text": "it was invented prior to the publication of the Dictionary of Sebastián de Covarrubias in 1611, although it makes no mention of it. Cotton's \"Compleat Gamester\" says that “there were several sorts of this game, but that which the chief was called \"Renegado\", at which three only could play, and to whom were dealt nine cards apiece so that by discarding the eights, nines and tens, there would remain thirteen cards in the stock\". In Seymour's Complete Gamester, in 1722, where there is a frontispiece to the book in which a party of rank are represented playing at it, it", "title": "Ombre" }, { "id": "8191853", "score": "1.5979356", "text": "If four play, 28 to 32 cards are used, if five, 36 to 40 cards. When six play the dealer deals himself no hand, but pays or receives the same as the other players. The cards in each suit rank from high to low (ace high). The dealer deals five cards to each player. Deal and play are clockwise, and the turn to deal passes to the left after each hand. The players cut to determine the dealer for the first deal. The player with the lowest card deals first. The ace ranks below the two. After the shuffle, the", "title": "Napoleon (card game)" }, { "id": "18966490", "score": "1.5923843", "text": "\"Ghost\" card. The Myriad Myriad card disappeared by the late 19th century. During the Qing dynasty, draw-and-discard games became more popular and the 30-card deck was often multiplied with each card having two to five copies. noted that the three-suited decks were ten times more popular than four-suited ones around 1783, a disparity which has since significantly increased. Mahjong, which also exists in card format, was derived from these types of games during the middle of the 19th century. Four-suited decks still exist and are used by the Hakka to play , a multi-trick game. Six Tigers decks lack illustrations", "title": "Chinese playing cards" }, { "id": "334890", "score": "1.5826309", "text": "cards (a piquet deck does not have the 2-6, making it easier to modify, and a euchre deck is exactly half a pinochle deck), but with the game's popularity in the United States in the early 1900s, a single boxed deck with the necessary cards was marketed, and these specialized pinochle decks are now widely available in similar styles to common 52-card counterparts. Variants of pinochle can be played with five, six, eight or more players. These larger variations can combine two pinochle decks called a \"double deck\". The double deck can also be used when playing with four players;", "title": "Pinochle" }, { "id": "6990007", "score": "1.5810373", "text": "which offers details about the deck and a cursory explanation of how it is played. It likely had a total of 60 cards (four kings, forty pip cards and sixteen trumps). The forty-four plain-suited cards used birds as suit signs and the trumps presented sixteen Roman gods. In two suits, the pip cards are in reverse order as in many of the oldest card games. Two decks from June 1457 seem to relate to a visit at Ferrara of the young Milanese heir of the dukedom Galeazzo Maria Sforza in July/August 1457. Each deck consisted of 70 cards — the", "title": "Trionfi (cards)" }, { "id": "18684122", "score": "1.5753812", "text": "worth four, kings three, queens two, and jacks one; in total there should be 40 points. If a player achieves a slam (winning all the tricks), he will get 80 points. Though Triomphe can be traced back to the 1480s in France, the earliest surviving rules date to 1659. French Triomphe was played by four players divided into two partnerships with a 52-card deck. The order of the cards from highest to lowest is King, Queen, Jack, Ace, 10, 9 ... 2. Each player takes a card from the deck, the one with the highest card becomes the dealer and", "title": "Triomphe" }, { "id": "312230", "score": "1.5653825", "text": "holding them with right hand. Such design may be uncomfortable for left-handed people who may prefer all four corners of the card to be used. French decks come in a variety of patterns and deck sizes. The 52-card deck is the most popular deck and includes 13 ranks of each suit with reversible \"court\" or face cards. Each suit includes an ace, depicting a single symbol of its suit, a king, queen, and jack, each depicted with a symbol of their suit; and ranks two through ten, with each card depicting that number of pips of its suit. As well", "title": "Playing card" }, { "id": "14493613", "score": "1.565326", "text": "also a close relative but features a number of peculiarities, has spawned numerous variants, and is played with 36 cards. The popular South Asian card games \"Twenty-eight\" and \"Twenty-nine\" are derivatives of this family and share many of its characteristics. The earliest known games of this family were two-handed, such as \"klaberjass\" (also known as \"bela\") which is still played worldwide. Royal Marriage, a solitaire game in which the goal is also the union of a King and Queen Mariage (card game) The King–Queen card games, also known as the marriage group, are a family of point-trick games of which", "title": "Mariage (card game)" }, { "id": "2705353", "score": "1.5647799", "text": "of many differing designs. Through the rest of the Edo period through the Meiwa, An'ei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1765–1788), a game called \"Mekuri Karuta\" took the place of \"Unsun Karuta\". Consisting of a 48-card deck divided into four sets of 12, it became wildly popular and was one of the most common forms of gambling during this time period. In fact, it became so commonly used for gambling that it was banned in 1791, during the Kansei era. Over the next few decades, several new card games were developed and subsequently banned because they were used almost exclusively for", "title": "Hanafuda" }, { "id": "2498674", "score": "1.5640273", "text": "Quadrille The quadrille is a dance that was fashionable in late 18th- and 19th-century Europe and its colonies. Performed by four couples in a rectangular formation, it is related to American square dancing. The Lancers, a variant of the quadrille, became popular in the late 19th century and was still danced in the 20th century in folk-dance clubs. A derivative found in the Francophone Lesser Antilles is known as \"kwadril\", and the dance is also still found in Madagascar and is within old Jamaican / Caribbean culture. The \"quadrille\" consists of a chain of four to six \"contredanses\", courtly versions", "title": "Quadrille" }, { "id": "18684116", "score": "1.5630547", "text": "described the rules in the form of dialogues between the players. It is an ancestor of Ombre. The game is played by four players either individually or as partners. Maldonado uses a pack of 48 Spanish playing cards but Vives uses a French deck by discarding the 10s. In the suit of clubs and swords, the ranking from highest to lowest is King, Knight, Jack, 9 ... Ace while in the suit of cups and coins it is King, Knight, Jack, Ace ... 9. In the trump suit, the Ace is promoted above the King. Partners are chosen by drawing", "title": "Triomphe" }, { "id": "20872213", "score": "1.5571892", "text": "If, in doing so, two of the cards turn out to have the same suit (Clubs , Spades , Hearts or Diamonds ), the pair of cards is laid off to one side and replaced by two more cards from the stock. Alternatively the pairs may be covered by new cards. If three or four cards of the same suit surface at the same time, only two are removed; the third card remains in the tableau. The variant, Zudecken, is generally played with a 52-card deck. Here the cards are placed next to one another and, as soon as cards", "title": "Quadrat (patience)" }, { "id": "5036591", "score": "1.5567844", "text": "is purely decorative and plays no functional role in the game. The aim is to build the Sixes upwards in the same suit as far as the Jacks, and the Fives downwards as far as the Kings (via the Aces). The following chart clarifies which cards are placed on the foundations: To play, cards are turned from the stock and built if possible or discarded if not possible into a wastepile, face up. Once the stock runs out, the cards are gathered from the wastepile and become the new stock from which cards are to be dealt. Three redeals are", "title": "Quadrille (patience)" }, { "id": "64083", "score": "1.5550725", "text": "and the term with this definition is still recognized in the United Kingdom. Based on the association of card games and gambling, Pope Benedict XIV banned card games on October 17, 1750. Since the 19th century some decks have been specially printed for certain games. Old Maid, Phase 10, Rook, and Uno are examples of games that can be played with one or more 52-card decks but are usually played with custom decks. Cards play an important role in board games like Risk and Monopoly. Any specific card game imposes restrictions on the number of players. The most significant dividing", "title": "Card game" } ]

[ "Fast forward", "fast forwarding", "⏩", "Fast forwarding", "Fast Forward", "Fast-forwarding", "Fast-forward", "fast forward", "⏭" ]

[ { "id": "2618791", "score": "1.4831362", "text": "typically indicate whether the curves are to the right or to the left, the angle of the curve and whether it is one curve or a series of curves. <br><br><br> Chevron-shaped symbols or arrows on rectangular signs may be placed at the actual location of the bend or curve to further mark the location of the curve and to assist in the negotiation of the curve. They may also be used to indicate \"merge\" with other traffic, as for an on-ramp of a limited-access highway. <br> An unusual occurrence of the rectangular arrow sign appears on the eastbound approach to", "title": "Warning sign" }, { "id": "13659962", "score": "1.4724255", "text": "or both (DVD-14). When used for movie releases, double-sided DVDs typically have the widescreen (or letterbox) version of the movie on one side, and the pan and scan (sometimes called \"fullscreen\") version on the opposite side, often with different set of bonus content on each side (Many Fox and MGM DVDs have this setup). Some releases place the feature on Side A, and the extra features on the Side B (i.e. The Pianist and Terminator 1 ). Some particularly lengthy films (i.e. Schindler's List and Oliver!) are divided between the two sides, starting on Side A and continuing on Side", "title": "Double-sided disk" }, { "id": "535467", "score": "1.4492843", "text": "during a program. This can be confusing for the user as the player will indicate that it is still playing chapter 1 when it has played through to chapter 2 or later. Pressing the Next button would cause playback from the beginning of chapter 2. However, preview material is sometimes stored in a separate chapter, followed by a single chapter for the film. VCDs are often bilingual. Because they feature stereo audio, disc players have an option to play only the left or right audio channel. On some films, they feature English on the left audio channel and Cantonese on", "title": "Video CD" }, { "id": "400696", "score": "1.4250319", "text": "joined together means that the fingers flex repeatedly and in sync. A double-line zigzag means that the fingers wriggle or flutter out of sync. Hundreds of arrows of various sorts are used to indicate movement of the hands through space. Movement notation gets quite complex, and because it is more exact than it needs to be for any one sign language, different people may choose to write the same sign in different ways. For movement with the left hand, the Δ-shaped arrowhead is hollow (white); for movement with the right hand, it is solid (black). When both hands move as", "title": "SignWriting" }, { "id": "8008076", "score": "1.4083714", "text": "may become catastrophic due to visibility. Double red arrows are used for left turn installations on some county-managed roads in Henrico County, Virginia and Baltimore County, Maryland. The double-red ball aspect is used in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, to indicate a protected-prohibited left turn signal. A sign with the universal no left turn symbol and a depiction of the double red light is mounted near the signal to indicate that no left turns are permitted on a double-red light. Intersections with this configuration are quite common in Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton. According to Transportation Alberta, there is no legal significance", "title": "Traffic-light signalling and operation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Media control symbols\n\nIn digital electronics, analogue electronics and entertainment, the user interface may include media controls or player controls, to enact and change or adjust the process of video playback, audio playback, and alike. These controls are commonly depicted as widely known symbols found in a multitude of products, exemplifying what is known as dominant design.", "title": "Media control symbols" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Internet phenomena\n\nSocial and cultural phenomena specific to the Internet include Internet memes, such as popular themes, catchphrases, images, viral videos, and jokes. When such fads and sensations occur online, they tend to grow rapidly and become more widespread because the instant communication facilitates word of mouth transmission.\n\nThe below partial list focuses more on Internet phenomena that is not restricted by regional Internet laws; other countries such as China or Pakistan do have Internet phenomena specific there that is not blocked by regional laws. These are covered in List of Internet phenomena in China and List of Internet phenomena in Pakistan.\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of Internet phenomena" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Consumer Electronics Show\n\nCES (; formerly an initialism for Consumer Electronics Show) is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association (CTA). Held in January at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester, Nevada, United States, the event typically hosts presentations of new products and technologies in the consumer electronics industry.", "title": "Consumer Electronics Show" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/January 2006" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Electric Dreams (film)\n\nElectric Dreams is a 1984 science fiction romantic comedy film directed by Steve Barron (in his feature film directorial debut) and written by Rusty Lemorande. The film is set in San Francisco and depicts a love triangle among a man, a woman, and a personal computer. It stars Lenny Von Dohlen, Virginia Madsen, Maxwell Caulfield, and the voice of Bud Cort.\n\nThe film received mixed reviews from critics. Its credits dedicate it to the memory of UNIVAC I.", "title": "Electric Dreams (film)" }, { "id": "751291", "score": "1.4077384", "text": "emulated on many software control panels. These symbols are commonly a square for \"stop\", a vertically pointed triangle with a line under it for \"eject\", a right-pointing triangle for \"play\", double triangles for \"fast-forward\" and \"rewind\", a red dot for \"record\", and a vertically divided square (two rectangles side-by-side) for \"pause\". Stereo recorders eventually evolved into high fidelity and were known as cassette decks, after the reel-to-reel decks. Hi-Fi cassette decks, in contrast to cassette recorders and cassette players, often didn't have built-in amplification or speakers. Many formats of cassette players and recorders have evolved over the years. Initially all", "title": "Cassette tape" }, { "id": "400699", "score": "1.3993728", "text": "arm twists while it moves. (Doubled, in opposite directions, these can show shaking of the hand.) Arrows can turn, curve, zigzag, and loop-the-loop. Arrows on the face at the eyes show the direction of gaze. Six contact glyphs show hand contact with the location of the sign. That is, a handshape glyph located at the side of the face, together with a contact glyph, indicates that the hand touches the side of the face. The choice of the contact glyph indicates the manner of the contact: If the signing hand is located at the other hand, the symbol for it", "title": "SignWriting" }, { "id": "19765525", "score": "1.3989263", "text": "wedges with the word \"TOP\". These markings are all painted orange, but this tends to wear off over time. Right-handed users would normally hold the stick in their left hand by gripping the left side of the case with their thumb over the fire button, and fingers wrapped around the left side and bottom, while their right hand operated the stick. Some games allowed the stick to be rotated for left-handed users, or this could be done with some minor re-wiring. The ergonomics of the base and the need to hold it while pressing the fire button led to fatigue", "title": "Atari CX40 joystick" }, { "id": "10164231", "score": "1.3873535", "text": "content but General discs may not. Although most DVD writers can nowadays write the DVD+R/RW and DVD-R/RW formats (usually denoted by \"DVD±RW\" or the existence of both the DVD Forum logo and the DVD+RW Alliance logo), the \"plus\" and the \"dash\" formats use different writing specifications. Most DVD readers and players play both kinds of discs, though older models can have trouble with the \"plus\" variants. Some first generation DVD players would cause damage to DVD±R/RW/DL when attempting to read them. The form of the spiral groove that makes up the structure of a recordable DVD encodes unalterable identification data", "title": "DVD" }, { "id": "12156615", "score": "1.3834777", "text": "signals. For some VCRs (and, less often, TVs) this arrangement may cause a problem if the receiver uses the presence of active composite video or S-video connections to indicate that the signal should be accepted from those sources only. In such a case the two options would be to use the coax output exclusively, either when viewing analog TV only (which requires plugging and unplugging cables) or full-time (with the reduced digital TV quality produced using the coax output). The majority of TVs have a button on the unit and/or remote labeled something like \"TV/VIDEO\", \"INPUT\" or \"AUX\" which manually", "title": "Analog passthrough" }, { "id": "276681", "score": "1.3804774", "text": "and the contexts they can be used in. Both Mouse Gestures for Internet Explorer and ALToolbar Mouse Gestures display colored tracers that indicate the current motion that the user is taking to facilitate visual clues for the user. pie menus and marking menus have been proposed as solutions for both problems, since they support learning of the available options but can also be used with quick gestures. Most recent versions of Opera (11 and above) uses an on-screen pie menu to simply and restructively display which mouse gestures are available and how to activate them, providing feedback and visibility. One", "title": "Pointing device gesture" }, { "id": "4502239", "score": "1.3791673", "text": "black for a split second after making a move in certain scenes when Lance looks around, or after failing to make a choice. Also, button icons appear on the corners of the touch screen in an L-shape, with the \"Menu\" icon on the top left corner, the directional arrow icon on the bottom left, and the circular action button icon on the bottom right; the player can change or toggle the button icons any which way or size via \"Settings\", as well as turning the audio or visual move guide (which allows the player to quickly press an appropriate button", "title": "Brain Dead 13" }, { "id": "2247922", "score": "1.3746457", "text": "visiting London. In the US, the poster was altered to instead show Bynes with both arms down, to avoid giving the perception that the film was criticizing the then-recently commenced Iraq War. Notes Bibliography V sign The V sign is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted, while the other fingers are clenched. It has various meanings, depending on the cultural context and how it is presented. When displayed with the palm inward toward the signer, it has long been an offensive gesture in some Commonwealth nations. In the 1940s, during the Second", "title": "V sign" }, { "id": "325134", "score": "1.3704584", "text": "audio CDs and Japanese video games, as this format took up less retailer shelf space (which was at a premium due to the large number of PlayStation games being released), and focus testing showed that most consumers preferred this format. The \"OK\" and \"Cancel\" buttons in most of the Japanese PlayStation games are reversed in their North American and European releases. In Japan, the button (\"maru\", right) is used as OK, while the button (\"batsu\", wrong) is used as Cancel. North American and European releases have the button or the buttons as OK, while either the or the button are", "title": "PlayStation (console)" }, { "id": "8008034", "score": "1.3689942", "text": "\"dual indication\" third lamp which can display either a steady green arrow or a flashing yellow arrow. The other 3-lamp signal has a steady red arrow, a steady yellow arrow and a flashing yellow arrow, with no green arrow; this can be used for either left or right turns, and is used to prevent yellow trap where no green arrow left turn phase exists on the approach. This cannot be done with the circular green without causing yellow trap, because a circular green releases other movements. The steady arrows all have their usual meanings. A flashing yellow arrow indicates a", "title": "Traffic-light signalling and operation" }, { "id": "400695", "score": "1.3678869", "text": "hand, while an 'X' hand with a hollow bullet means that it becomes a 'D' hand. If the fingers are already flexed, then a solid bullet shows that they squeeze. For example, a square (closed fist, 'S' hand) with double solid bullets is the sign for 'milk' (iconically squeezing an udder). A downward-pointing chevron represents flexing at the knuckles, while an upward-pointing chevron (^) shows that the knuckles straighten. That is, a 'U' hand with a down chevron becomes an 'N' hand, while and 'N' hand with an up chevron becomes a 'U' hand. A zigzag like two chevrons (^^)", "title": "SignWriting" }, { "id": "8856395", "score": "1.3606229", "text": "outline and shadow instead, in order to block a smaller portion of the picture. Closed captions may still supersede DVD subtitles, since many SDH subtitles present all of the text centered, while closed captions usually specify position on the screen: centered, left align, right align, top, etc. This is helpful for speaker identification and overlapping conversation. Some SDH subtitles (such as the subtitles of newer Universal Studios DVDs/Blu-ray Discs) do have positioning, but it is not as common. DVDs for the U.S. market now sometimes have three forms of English subtitles: SDH subtitles; English subtitles, helpful for viewers who may", "title": "Subtitle (captioning)" }, { "id": "400697", "score": "1.3570397", "text": "one, an open (Λ-shaped) arrowhead is used. As with orientation, movement arrows distinguish two planes: Movement in the vertical plane (up & down) is represented by arrows with double stems, as at the bottom of the diagram at left, while single-stemmed arrows represent movement parallel to the floor (to & fro). In addition, movement in a diagonal plane uses modified double-stemmed arrows: A cross bar on the stem indicates that the motion is away as well up or down, and a solid dot indicates approaching motion. To & fro movement that also goes over or under something uses modified single-stemmed", "title": "SignWriting" }, { "id": "400698", "score": "1.3564677", "text": "arrows, with the part of the arrow representing near motion thicker than the rest. These are iconic, but conventionalized, and so need to be learned individually. Straight movements are in one of eight directions for either plane, as in the eight principal directions of a compass. A long straight arrow indicates movement from the elbow, a short arrow with a cross bar behind it indicates motion from the wrist, and a simple short arrow indicates a small movement. (Doubled, in opposite directions, these can show nodding from the wrist.) A secondary curved arrow crossing the main arrow shows that the", "title": "SignWriting" }, { "id": "4720829", "score": "1.3550454", "text": "each case, one hand controls left/right, and the other hand controls up/down movement. A further variation is used when two players use the keyboard at the same time; for example, \"Gauntlet\" uses the combination 1QSD for Player 1, and 8IKL for Player 2. The ESDX keys (known as the \"cursor movement diamond\") were used in the WordStar word processor and related applications, in combination with the Control key. These keys were also used, and had arrows printed on them, on the TI-99/4(A) computer (1979-1984). The numpad or number pad keys are used quite often, but is used mostly in driving", "title": "Arrow keys" } ]

[ "olivetian", "benedictinian order", "Benedictinians", "Benedictine monastery", "Benedictine monks", "Oblates of St. Benedict", "Benedictine religious order", "benedictine monk", "benedictine religious order", "benedictine monks", "Benedictian", "benedictine order", "Benedictine monasticism", "o s b", "Oblate of Saint Benedict", "Benedictine nun", "Oblates of St Benedict", "benedictines", "Benedictine order", "Ordo Sancti Benedicti", "benedictinian", "St. Benedict's monks", "Benedictines", "benedictine abbey", "benedictine nuns", "benedictine monastery", "Benedictine", "obl s b", "Order of St. Benedict", "benedictian", "Benedictine abbey", "benedictinians", "Benedictinian", "congregation of st justina of padua", "Order of St Benedict", "Benedictinian Order", "Order of Saint Benedict", "benedictine monasteries", "ordo sancti benedicti", "Congregation of St. Justina of Padua", "benedictine", "oblates of saint frances of rome", "black monk", "Benedictine Nuns", "Benedictine centuries", "Oblates of Saint Frances of Rome", "collatines", "st benedict s monks", "Benedictine Order", "order of st benedictine", "o s b cas", "O.S.B.", "oblates of st benedict", "Black monks", "benedictine nun", "Black Monk", "Obl.S.B.", "O. S. B.", "oblate of saint benedict", "benedictine monasticism", "Benedictine monk", "benedictine centuries", "black benedictines", "order of st benedict", "Olivetian", "Order of St. Benedictine", "Collatines", "O.S.B.Cas.", "order of saint benedict", "Black Benedictines", "Benedictine monasteries", "Black Monks", "black monks" ]

[ { "id": "43763", "score": "1.8063077", "text": "motherhouse with universal jurisdiction. Instead, the order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation, an organisation that was set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia 529, was the first of the dozen monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino. There is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. When Monte Cassino was sacked by the Lombards about the year 580, the monks fled to Rome, and", "title": "Benedictines" }, { "id": "486271", "score": "1.8035343", "text": "known. The second monastery was established by Petronax of Brescia around 718, at the suggestion of Pope Gregory II and with the support of the Lombard Duke Romuald II of Benevento. It was directly subject to the pope and many monasteries in Italy were under its authority. In 883 the monastery was sacked by Saracens and abandoned again. The community of monks resided first at Teano and then from 914 at Capua before the monastery was rebuilt in 949. During the period of exile, the Cluniac Reforms were introduced into the community. The 11th and 12th centuries were the abbey's", "title": "Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "3411500", "score": "1.7944179", "text": "for his monks. In the meanwhile the population built a village called \"Castellum Sancti Petri\". Because of their strategic position, the abbey and the village were involved in military events. In 577 a raid of the Lombards, led by Zotto, forced the monks to leave Monte Cassino to seek refuge in Rome. They came back only after more than a century. In 744, thanks to the donation of Gisulf II of Benevento, the monastery became the capital of a new state, called Terra Sancti Benedicti (\"Land of Saint Benedict\"). Few years later the town was re-founded by abbot Bertharius and", "title": "Cassino" }, { "id": "450476", "score": "1.7712556", "text": "abbey founded in AD 529 by Benedict of Nursia, dominated the nearby town of Cassino and the entrances to the Liri and Rapido valleys. Lying in a protected historic zone, it had been left unoccupied by the Germans, although they manned some positions set into the steep slopes below the abbey's walls. Repeated pinpoint artillery attacks on Allied assault troops caused their leaders to conclude the abbey was being used by the Germans as an observation post, at the least. Fears escalated along with casualties and in spite of a lack of clear evidence, it was marked for destruction. On", "title": "Battle of Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "15675618", "score": "1.7611535", "text": "Line. Monte Cassino, a historic hilltop abbey founded in AD 529 by Benedict of Nursia, dominated the nearby town of Cassino and the entrances to the Liri and Rapido valleys. Lying in a protected historic zone, it had been left unoccupied by the Germans. They had manned some positions set into the steep slopes below the abbey's walls. Repeated pinpoint artillery attacks on Allied assault troops caused their leaders to conclude the abbey was being used by the Germans as an observation post, at the least. Fears escalated along with casualties and in spite of a lack of clear evidence,", "title": "Fallschirmjäger (World War II)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Benedictines\n\nThe Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (, abbreviated as OSB), are a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict. They are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of their religious habits. They were founded by Benedict of Nursia, a 6th-century monk who laid the foundations of Benedictine monasticism through the formulation of his Rule of Saint Benedict.\n\nDespite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organised as a collection of autonomous monasteries. The order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation, an organisation set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests. They do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction, but elect an Abbot Primate to represent themselves to the Vatican and to the world.", "title": "Benedictines" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of hospitals\n\nThe history of hospitals began in antiquity with hospitals in Greece, the Roman Empire and on the Indian subcontinent as well, starting with precursors in the Asclepian temples in ancient Greece and then the military hospitals in ancient Rome. The Greek temples were dedicated to the sick and infirm but did not look anything like modern hospitals. The Romans did not have dedicated, public hospitals. Public hospitals, per se, did not exist until the Christian period. Towards the end of the 4th century, the \"second medical revolution\" took place with the founding of the first Christian hospital in the eastern Byzantine Empire by Basil of Caesarea, and within a few decades, such hospitals had become ubiquitous in Byzantine society. The hospital would undergo development and progress throughout Byzantine, medieval European and Islamic societies from the 5th to the 15th century. European exploration brought hospitals to colonies in North America, Africa, and Asia. Early Chinese and Japanese hospitals were established by Western missionaries in the 1800s. In the early modern era care and healing would transition into a secular affair in the West for many hospitals. During World War I and World War II, many military hospitals and hospital innovations were created. Government run hospitals increased in Korea, Japan, China, and the Middle East after World War II. In the late 1900s and 21st century, hospital networks and government health organizations were formed to manage groups of hospitals to control costs and share resources. Many smaller, less efficient hospitals in the West were closed because they could not be sustained.", "title": "History of hospitals" }, { "id": "5720", "score": "1.7588098", "text": "Between 520 and 700 AD, monasteries were built which were spacious and splendid. All the city states of Italy hosted a Benedictine convent as did the cities of England, France and Spain. By 1415 AD, the time of the Council of Constance, 15,070 Benedictine monasteries had been established. The early Benedictine monasteries, including the first at Monte Cassino, were constructed on the plan of the Roman villa. The layout of the Roman villa was quite consistent throughout the Roman Empire and where possible, the monks reused available villas in sound repair. This was done at Monte Cassino. However, over time,", "title": "Abbey" }, { "id": "3263448", "score": "1.7271073", "text": "superseded by that of St. Benedict. Benedict of Nursia is the most influential of Western monks and is called \"the father of western monasticism\". He was educated in Rome but soon sought the life of a hermit in a cave at Subiaco, outside the city. He then attracted followers with whom he founded the monastery of Monte Cassino around 520, between Rome and Naples. He established the Rule, adapting in part the earlier anonymous Rule of the Master (\"Regula magistri\"), which was written somewhere south of Rome around 500, and defined the activities of the monastery, its officers, and their", "title": "Christian monasticism" }, { "id": "486298", "score": "1.7012558", "text": "an end. That situation was reversed by Pope Urban V, a Benedictine, in 1367. In 1505 the monastery was joined with that of St. Justina of Padua. The site was sacked by Napoleon's troops in 1799. From the dissolution of the Italian monasteries in 1866, Monte Cassino became a national monument. During the Battle of Monte Cassino in the Italian Campaign of World War II (January–May 1944) the Abbey was heavily damaged. The German military forces had established the 161-kilometre (100-mile) Gustav Line, in order to prevent Allied troops from advancing northwards. The abbey itself however, was not initially utilised", "title": "Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "15747133", "score": "1.700995", "text": "established by Saint Benedict at Monte Cassino around 529. It was encouraged by Charlemagne with an increasing number of monasteries being founded across Europe in the late Middle Ages. The most influential orders during that period were the Benedictines, the Cluniacs founded at Cluny in 910, and then the Cistercians founded in 1098. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the Cistercian Order in 1113 and, as its leader, founded more than five hundred monasteries of austere design and often in remote locations. The Carolingian Plan of Saint Gall dating from the early 9th century is a detailed draught of an abbey church", "title": "Romanesque secular and domestic architecture" }, { "id": "3411508", "score": "1.6964135", "text": "marks the border between the regions Lazio and Campania. Because of its valley location, Cassino is often foggy in the winter, with chilly rainfall. Summers are generally quite warm and humid. Founded by St. Benedict in 529, the Abbey of Monte Cassino is one of the most famous monasteries in the world and is the source of the Benedictine Order. It has been destroyed four times in its millennial history, the last time in 1944 by Allied bombing. It has been rebuilt \"\"Com'era, dov'era\"\" (\"\"How it was, where it was\"\") after the war, and reconsecrated by Pope Paul VI in", "title": "Cassino" }, { "id": "20937468", "score": "1.682653", "text": "the archives of Monte Cassino. For some reason, Leo later erased this information from his chronicle. None of the charters he mentions survive. In 883, a band of Saracens sacked Monte Cassino and the monks went into exile for over half a century. This period must have severed relations between it and its provostries, including Tremiti. Originally the abbey was dedicated to James the Greater and its associated with the Virgin Mary developed gradually in the early 11th century. The earliest document referring to the abbey on San Nicola is a record of a land-grant of Bishop Landenulf of Lucera", "title": "Abbey of Santa Maria a Mare" }, { "id": "486273", "score": "1.6822534", "text": "the monastery's chronicle was written by two of its own, Cardinal Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon (who also compiled the cartulary). By the 13th century, the monastery's decline had set in. In 1239, the Emperor Frederick II garrisoned troops in it during his war with the Papacy. In 1322, Pope John XXII elevated the abbey into a bishopric but this was suppressed in 1367. The buildings were destroyed by an earthquake in 1349, and in 1369 Pope Urban V demanded a contribution from all Benedictine monasteries to fund the rebuilding. In 1454 the abbey was placed \"in commendam\"", "title": "Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "486270", "score": "1.6819426", "text": "Monte Cassino Monte Cassino (sometimes written Montecassino) is a rocky hill about southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, to the west of the town of Cassino and altitude. Site of the Roman town of Casinum, it is best known for its abbey, the first house of the Benedictine Order, having been established by Benedict of Nursia himself around 529. It was for the community of Monte Cassino that the Rule of Saint Benedict was composed. The first monastery on Monte Cassino was sacked by the invading Lombards around 570 and abandoned. Of the first monastery almost nothing is", "title": "Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "13381220", "score": "1.6775206", "text": "established a base in the Apennines in 882. They burned the abbey of San Vincenzo al Volturno, killing some of the monks there, and on September 4, 882, raiders attacked Monte Cassino, burning and destroying it. Bertharius and the monks managed to escape, finding refuge at the foot of the mountain of Monte Cassino, in the monastery of San Salvatore. Angelarius, a prior of Monte Cassino, took most of the monks to Teano. However, Bertharius remained at Monte Cassino. In 883, the monastery was again attacked, and Bertharius was killed along with some other monks at the altar of St.", "title": "Bertharius" }, { "id": "486291", "score": "1.6761134", "text": "a compact and strategic region between the Lombard principality of Benevento and the Byzantine city-states of the coast (Naples, Gaeta, and Amalfi). In 884 Saracens sacked and then burned it down, and Abbot Bertharius was killed during the attack. Among the great historians who worked at the monastery, in this period there is Erchempert, whose \"Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum\" is a fundamental chronicle of the ninth-century Mezzogiorno. Monte Cassino was rebuilt and reached the apex of its fame in the 11th century under the abbot Desiderius (abbot 1058–1087), who later became Pope Victor III. Monks caring for the patients in Monte", "title": "Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "486272", "score": "1.6712493", "text": "golden age. It acquired a large secular territory around Monte Cassino, the so-called \"Terra Sancti Benedicti\" (\"Land of Saint Benedict\"), which it heavily fortified with castles. It maintained good relations with the Eastern Church, even receiving patronage from Byzantine emperors. It encouraged fine art and craftsmanship by employing Byzantine and even Saracen artisans. In 1057, Pope Victor II recognised the abbot of Monte Cassino as having precedence over all other abbots. Many monks rose to become bishops and cardinals, and three popes were drawn from the abbey: Stephen IX (1057–58), Victor III (1086–87) and Gelasius II (1118–19). During this period", "title": "Monte Cassino" }, { "id": "13381219", "score": "1.663384", "text": "846 AD. Bertharius fortified the abbey with massive walls and towers between 856 and 873, while Louis II of Italy conducted various expeditions against the Muslim forces, beating them back temporarily. Bertharius founded the city that he named \"Eulogimenopoli\", later renamed San Germano, and today called Cassino. Bertharius promoted the study of texts and embellished the abbatial church with precious furnishings. He established a new monastery for women at Teano and maintained good relations with the city of Capua. In 873, Muslim raids in Campania and Latium resumed, and a band of raiders paid by the Duke of Naples, Athanasius,", "title": "Bertharius" }, { "id": "19922957", "score": "1.6624322", "text": "decided to retire from politics. and left Italy for Constantinople, where he remained until at least 544. During this time, he focused on the study of religious issues. The Constantinopolitan period contributed significantly to the deepening of his theological knowledge. Around 544, he returned to home, and founded the Vivarium near Scolacium, on the shore of the Ionian Sea. The exact date of its founding is uncertain. Vivarium (monastery) The Vivarium was a monastery, library, and biblical studies center founded c.544 by Cassiodorus near Squillace, in Calabria, Italy. Cassiodorus also established a biblical studies center on the Bible and a", "title": "Vivarium (monastery)" }, { "id": "14716580", "score": "1.6598907", "text": "monastic communities arose around Subiaco, including the one that would come to be named for St. Scholastica, Benedict's sister and herself a monastic. Eventually, seeking greater solitude, Benedict would retire to Monte Cassino, where the same process would be repeated. In the 9th century, St. Scholastica's Abbey was twice destroyed by the Saracens, in 828-829 and 876-877. But it was restored, and grew in the tenth century thanks to the patronage and favour of several popes, many of whom were, in fact, Benedictine monks. As for monastic establishments throughout Europe, the 11th and 12thcenturies were a golden age for the", "title": "Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco" }, { "id": "2842052", "score": "1.6568494", "text": "today's San Gregorio al Celio. This legend, however, can be traced back only to the 12th century, when in context of \"Renovatio Romae\" and Church Reform, the monastery of San Saba was meant to be provided with a long and impressive local tradition. The historic origin of the religious site goes back to the year 645. In this year, fugitive monks from the monastery of St. Sabas (Mar Saba, Palestine), who had fled their home country after the Islamic invasion, came to Rome to attend the Lateran Council. After the council, these Sabaite monks settled down in an old \"domus\"", "title": "San Saba, Rome" } ]

[ "Physics of surfing", "Surfboarder", "Surfboarding", "Surfers", "surf camp", "Surfing", "boardwear", "cutback surfing move", "hawaiian surfing", "Surf camp", "Barreling wave", "Boardwear", "Surf wave", "Cutback (surfing move)", "🏄", "barreling wave", "surfboarder", "surfer", "barreling waves", "surf wave", "Surfer", "surfboarding", "physics of surfing", "Barreling waves", "surfers", "Hawaiian surfing", "surfing" ]

[ { "id": "2552222", "score": "1.751483", "text": "Kelly Slater Robert Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972) is an American professional surfer, author, actor, model, environmental activist, businessman, and innovator, most well known for his unprecedented 11 world surfing championships. Slater grew up in Cocoa Beach, Florida, where he still resides. He is the son of Judy Moriarity and Stephen Slater. He has two brothers, Sean and Stephen, and a daughter, Taylor. The son of a bait-store proprietor, Slater grew up near the water, and he began surfing at age five. By age 10 he was winning age-division events up and down the Atlantic coast, and in 1984", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": "8129163", "score": "1.7157372", "text": "Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer is an extreme sports video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision under the Activision O2 label. The game is endorsed by veteran surfer Kelly Slater and released for Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2002, and for Mobile and Microsoft Windows in 2003. To coincide with the game, Slater appeared as an unlockable character in the 2001 video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3, complete with surfboard. \"Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer\" received \"generally favorable reviews\" on all platforms except the Game Boy Advance version, which received \"average\"", "title": "Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer" }, { "id": "2552230", "score": "1.647996", "text": "2003 and 2004. Slater has authored two autobiographies; \"Pipe Dreams: A Surfer's Journey\" (Publisher: It Books; ISBN-10: 006009631, ISBN-13: 978-0060096311) and \"Kelly Slater: For the Love\" (Publisher: Chronicle Books; ISBN-10: 9780811862226, ISBN-13: 978-0811862226). Slater is an advocate of a sustainable and clean living lifestyle., Slater is also a fundraiser and spokesperson for suicide prevention awareness. He has surfed in celebrity events for Surfers Against Suicide, telling sports website 'Athletes Talk': \"I've lost a couple of friends myself to suicide and it's just a horrible thing that can be prevented. People get in this dark place and they don't know what", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": "2552245", "score": "1.6406388", "text": "Mind\" (2008) \"\"Kelly Slater Letting Go\" (2008) \"\"Waveriders\" (2008) \"\"The Ocean\" (2008) \"\"A Fly in the Champagne\" (2009) (featuring Kelly Slater and Andy Irons) \"\"Cloud 9\" (2009) \"\"\" (2009) \"\"Ultimate Wave Tahiti\" (2010) \"\"Fighting Fear\" (2011) \"\"Wave Warriors 3\" \"\"View From A Blue Moon\" (2015) \"\"Momentum Generation\" (2018) Kelly Slater Robert Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972) is an American professional surfer, author, actor, model, environmental activist, businessman, and innovator, most well known for his unprecedented 11 world surfing championships. Slater grew up in Cocoa Beach, Florida, where he still resides. He is the son of Judy Moriarity and Stephen", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": "8129164", "score": "1.6280775", "text": "reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. \"Famitsu\" gave it a score of two sevens, one six, and one seven for a total of 27 out of 40. Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer is an extreme sports video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision under the Activision O2 label. The game is endorsed by veteran surfer Kelly Slater and released for Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2002, and for Mobile and Microsoft Windows in 2003. To coincide with the game, Slater appeared as an unlockable character in the 2001 video", "title": "Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kelly Slater\n\nRobert Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972) is an American professional surfer, best known for being crowned World Surf League champion a record 11 times. Slater is widely regarded as the greatest professional surfer of all time. Slater is also the oldest surfer still active on the World Surf League.", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of oldest professional athletes by sport\n\nThe following is a list of sport's oldest professional athletes.\n", "title": "List of oldest professional athletes by sport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Jews in sports\n\nThis list of Jewish athletes in sports contains athletes who are Jewish and have attained outstanding achievements in sports. The topic of Jewish participation in sports is discussed extensively in academic and popular literature (See also: List of Jews in sports (non-players)). Scholars believe that sports have been a historical avenue for Jewish people to overcome obstacles toward their participation in secular society, especially before the mid-20th century in Europe and the United States.\n\nThe criteria for inclusion in this list are:\n\nBoldface denotes a current competitor.\n\nTo be included in the list, one does not necessarily have to practice Judaism, or to hail from Israel. Some members of the list may practice other religions or no religion at all, but are of Jewish descent.\n", "title": "List of Jews in sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Slater (surname)\n\nSlater is an English surname derived from the occupation of a slater, a tradesman who works with slate.\n\nSome notable individuals and fictional characters with the surname include:\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Slater (surname)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Matthew Slater\n\nMatthew Wilson Slater (born September 9, 1985) is an American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at UCLA, where he received first-team All-Pac-10 honors, and was selected by the Patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. A special teams player for most of his career, Slater is considered one of the NFL's greatest gunners. He holds the record for special teams Pro Bowl selections at 10, in addition to two first-team All-Pros. Slater also won three Super Bowl titles in Super Bowl XLIX, Super Bowl LI, and Super Bowl LIII.", "title": "Matthew Slater" }, { "id": "2552231", "score": "1.6250424", "text": "to do so it's always nice to see a non-profit that isn't turning into anything else other than just trying to help people.\" Slater is passionate about preserving oceans globally and protecting temperate reefs in California through his relationship with Reef Check. On May 8, 2010 the United States House of Representatives honored Slater in H. Res. 792 for his \"outstanding and unprecedented achievements in the world of surfing and for being an ambassador of the sport and excellent role model.\" This resolution, sponsored by Florida representative Bill Posey and sponsored by 10 representatives, passed without objection by a voice", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": "5782672", "score": "1.5894437", "text": "Kelly Schumacher Kelly Schumacher (born October 14, 1977) is an American-born Canadian professional basketball player and professional volleyball player. She had been playing in the WNBA for the Detroit Shock, until her release 18 June 2009. After her junior season at the University of Connecticut, she competed with USA Basketball as a member of the gold medal-winning Jones Cup Team that compiled a 4-0 record in Taipei. In her professional career she plays in Spanish League in Arranz Burgos, Perfumerías Avenida and now in UB F.C.Barcelona. She is currently playing professional beach volleyball on the AVP Tour. Born in Cincinnati,", "title": "Kelly Schumacher" }, { "id": "2552223", "score": "1.5875647", "text": "he won his first age-division United States championship title. Two years later he finished third in the junior division at the world amateur championships in England, and he won the Pacific Cup junior championship in Australia the following year. After turning professional in 1990, Slater struggled during his first two years on the professional tour, finishing 90th and 43rd in the world rankings those years. In 1992 he secured podium (top-three) finishes in three of his first five events before winning his first professional tour event, the Rip Curl Pro, in France. His win in that year’s prestigious Pipeline Masters", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": "7975461", "score": "1.583464", "text": "she is seen with the Bridgestone scientist trying to pry the prototype away from him. Starting in 2016, Kulick has provided color commentary for CBS Sports Network broadcasts of the PWBA Tour, except in tournaments where she qualifies for the televised finals. Kelly Kulick Kelly Kulick (born March 16, 1977) is an American professional bowler from Union Township, New Jersey. She has won ten professional women's bowling titles (six of them majors) and one PBA Tour title (a major). She is a 14-time member of Team USA (1998–2001, 2008, 2010–2018). Kulick is currently a pro staff member for Storm Bowling,", "title": "Kelly Kulick" }, { "id": "7334564", "score": "1.5698082", "text": "Professional Kelly Robbins Kelly Robbins (born September 29, 1969) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1992 and won nine LPGA Tour events, including one major championship, during her career. Robbins was born in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. She started playing golf at the age of 8. She attended the University of Tulsa, where she was a member of the NCAA Championship team in 1988. Throughout her collegiate career, she won seven individual titles and twice was named a First-Team All-American. In 1991, she was honored as the NCAA Co-Player of the Year along", "title": "Kelly Robbins" }, { "id": "15992196", "score": "1.5695417", "text": "Kelly Kraft Kelly Kraft (born October 5, 1988) is an American professional golfer. Kraft was born in Denton, Texas. During his final year at Billy Ryan High School, 2006–07, Kraft served as team captain while earning All-District honors. While attending Southern Methodist University (SMU), he played college golf for the SMU Mustangs. Kraft won the 2011 Trans-Mississippi Amateur in July. He then won the 2011 U.S. Amateur in August, beating world-number-one Patrick Cantlay in the final, 2 up. The win earned Kraft a spot in the Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, and British Open in 2012. In September 2011, Kraft played", "title": "Kelly Kraft" }, { "id": "6195595", "score": "1.5628314", "text": "of Sumatra in the Mentawais of Indonesia. The film captures Kelly Slater during a major change of his life following his first retirement from the ASP circuit. Kelly had fallen into the trap of endless trade shows, store openings, and poster signings that became his life during his first retirement. By escaping both the trade shows and his former life of ASP competitions, Kelly sought to gain new levels in his spirit as he and his friends pulled into the keyhole at Hollow Trees in September, 1999. On the first morning, they awoke and stared at perfectly flawless waves. During", "title": "The September Sessions" }, { "id": "7975448", "score": "1.5609214", "text": "Kelly Kulick Kelly Kulick (born March 16, 1977) is an American professional bowler from Union Township, New Jersey. She has won ten professional women's bowling titles (six of them majors) and one PBA Tour title (a major). She is a 14-time member of Team USA (1998–2001, 2008, 2010–2018). Kulick is currently a pro staff member for Storm Bowling, Vise grips and High 5 gear. She has won four medals at The World Games, including two golds. Kulick attended and bowled competitively at Morehead State University. Kulick is the first woman ever to win a regular Professional Bowlers Association tour title,", "title": "Kelly Kulick" }, { "id": "18822277", "score": "1.5575883", "text": "Ken Slater (sportsman) Kenneth \"Ken\" Slater (22 March 1924 – 28 April 1963) was an Australian sportsman who played Australian rules football and tennis at the highest level. He played his football with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and competed in two Australian Tennis Championships (now the Australian Open). Slater was educated at Camberwell Grammar School, which he represented in athletics, cricket, football and tennis. It was as a tennis player he most excelled, good enough to win the Under-16 singles titles at both the 1938 and 1939 Victorian Championships at Kooyong. He was described as an exceptionally", "title": "Ken Slater (sportsman)" }, { "id": "18822282", "score": "1.5525149", "text": "in the fifth. Slater was left a quadriplegic following a car accident in 1957 and became a patient at the spinal unit in Melbourne's Austin Hospital. He died in 1963, at the age of 39. Ken Slater (sportsman) Kenneth \"Ken\" Slater (22 March 1924 – 28 April 1963) was an Australian sportsman who played Australian rules football and tennis at the highest level. He played his football with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and competed in two Australian Tennis Championships (now the Australian Open). Slater was educated at Camberwell Grammar School, which he represented in athletics, cricket, football", "title": "Ken Slater (sportsman)" }, { "id": "2552229", "score": "1.5515039", "text": "album in 1998 titled \"Songs from the Pipe\", a reference to the famous surf spot Pipeline on Oahu, Hawaii. Slater toured Australia with his band, performing in venues such as the Opera House and parliament house. He was given an honorary membership to the Rickson Cricket Club in northwest Sydney. A video game named \"Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer\" by Treyarch and published by Activision was released in 2002. Slater also appeared as a playable character in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 prior to this, complete with a surfboard. In addition to the ASP tour, Slater competed in the X-Games in", "title": "Kelly Slater" }, { "id": "7334562", "score": "1.5450459", "text": "Kelly Robbins Kelly Robbins (born September 29, 1969) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1992 and won nine LPGA Tour events, including one major championship, during her career. Robbins was born in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. She started playing golf at the age of 8. She attended the University of Tulsa, where she was a member of the NCAA Championship team in 1988. Throughout her collegiate career, she won seven individual titles and twice was named a First-Team All-American. In 1991, she was honored as the NCAA Co-Player of the Year along with", "title": "Kelly Robbins" }, { "id": "17776300", "score": "1.5420274", "text": "the greatest influence in her life. Kelly has a brother, Brad Sprague that still resides in Lorain, Ohio. Kelly Gunther Kelly Gunther (born August 14, 1987) is an American speed skater participated in the 2014 Winter Olympics. She began roller skating at age six, briefly tried figure skating, then took up inline speed skating. As an inline skater, she won multiple World Championship gold medals on the United States relay team. In 2009, she transitioned to ice speed skating. At the 2010 Olympic trials, Gunther appeared to make the United States speed skating team, but was bumped from the team", "title": "Kelly Gunther" }, { "id": "13097256", "score": "1.54069", "text": "Barbara Slater (sports producer) Barbara Jane Slater OBE (born 10 May 1959) is an English sports producer and former gymnast who represented Great Britain at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, where she carried the British flag at the Opening Ceremonies. Slater became the BBC's first female Director of Sport in April 2009. Previous to this, she had been the BBC's Head of Production and Head of General Sports for a number of years. Slater was born into a sporting family: her father, Bill, was a professional footballer who played for England, won the Footballer of the Year award in", "title": "Barbara Slater (sports producer)" }, { "id": "2552237", "score": "1.5290272", "text": "to become the most successful champion in the history of the sport. In 2007 he also became the all-time leader in career event wins by winning the Boost Mobile Pro event at Lower Trestles near San Clemente, California. The previous record was held by Slater's childhood hero, three-time world champion Tom Curren.After earlier being awarded the title prematurely as a result of a miscalculation by the Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP), on November 6, 2011 Slater officially won his eleventh ASP world title at the Rip Curl Pro Search San Francisco, by winning his 4th round heat. In May 2005,", "title": "Kelly Slater" } ]

[ "naural convection", "Global Convection Currents", "Naural convection", "Global Convection Current", "heat advection", "how heat rises", "convective temperature", "Convective flow", "Gravitational convection", "Solutal convection", "convection", "convecting", "solutal convection", "convective flow", "Convection cooling", "Heat advection", "convective", "Convecting", "heat convection", "convection currents", "global convection current", "Heat convection", "Convection Current", "convection cooling", "Convection", "gravitational convection", "How heat rises", "Convectional lifting", "Convective", "Convection currents", "Convective Temperature", "convection current", "Convection current", "convectional lifting", "global convection currents" ]

[ { "id": "1544898", "score": "1.6230651", "text": "to flow by using a pump, fan or other mechanical means. Convective heat transfer, or convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer. Bulk motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as (for example) between a solid surface and the fluid. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although sometimes discussed as a third method of heat transfer, convection is usually used to describe the combined effects of heat conduction", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "1544890", "score": "1.6152537", "text": "by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called \"natural convection\". All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan or other mechanical means. Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons in electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws. K", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "1544897", "score": "1.6012201", "text": "temperature within an object changes as a function of time. Analysis of transient systems is more complex and often calls for the application of approximation theories or numerical analysis by computer. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called \"natural convection\". All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "1544893", "score": "1.5986791", "text": "of heat-flow through a surface. In engineering contexts, the term \"heat\" is taken as synonymous to thermal energy. This usage has its origin in the historical interpretation of heat as a fluid (\"Caloric\") that can be transferred by various causes, and that is also common in the language of laymen and everyday life. The transport equations for thermal energy (Fourier's law), mechanical momentum (Newton's law for fluids), and mass transfer (Fick's laws of diffusion) are similar, and analogies among these three transport processes have been developed to facilitate prediction of conversion from any one to the others. Thermal engineering concerns", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "1544899", "score": "1.5884819", "text": "within the fluid (diffusion) and heat transference by bulk fluid flow streaming. The process of transport by fluid streaming is known as advection, but pure advection is a term that is generally associated only with mass transport in fluids, such as advection of pebbles in a river. In the case of heat transfer in fluids, where transport by advection in a fluid is always also accompanied by transport via heat diffusion (also known as heat conduction) the process of heat convection is understood to refer to the sum of heat transport by advection and diffusion/conduction. Free, or natural, convection occurs", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Heat transfer\n\nHeat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.\n\nHeat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchanges of kinetic energy of particles (such as molecules) or quasiparticles (such as lattice waves) through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics.\n\nHeat convection occurs when the bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries its heat through the fluid. All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called \"natural convection\". The former process is often called \"forced convection.\" In this case, the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan, or other mechanical means.\n\nThermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons or electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws.", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thermal conduction\n\nConduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. The ability of the object to conduct heat is known as its \"thermal conductivity\", and is denoted .\n\nHeat spontaneously flows along a temperature gradient (i.e. from a hotter body to a colder body). For example, heat is conducted from the hotplate of an electric stove to the bottom of a saucepan in contact with it. In the absence of an opposing external driving energy source, within a body or between bodies, temperature differences decay over time, and thermal equilibrium is approached, temperature becoming more uniform.\n\nIn conduction, the heat flow is within and through the body itself. In contrast, in heat transfer by thermal radiation, the transfer is often between bodies, which may be separated spatially. Heat can also be transferred by a combination of conduction and radiation. In solids, conduction is mediated by the combination of vibrations and collisions of molecules, propagation and collisions of phonons, and diffusion and collisions of free electrons. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of molecules during their random motion. Photons in this context do not collide with one another, and so heat transport by electromagnetic radiation is conceptually distinct from heat conduction by microscopic diffusion and collisions of material particles and phonons. But the distinction is often not easily observed unless the material is semi-transparent.\n\nIn the engineering sciences, heat transfer includes the processes of thermal radiation, convection, and sometimes mass transfer. Usually, more than one of these processes occurs in a given situation.", "title": "Thermal conduction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Adiabatic process\n\nIn thermodynamics, an adiabatic process (Greek: \"adiábatos\", \"impassable\") is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat or mass between the thermodynamic system and its environment. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings only as work. As a key concept in thermodynamics, the adiabatic process supports the theory that explains the first law of thermodynamics.\n\nSome chemical and physical processes occur too rapidly for energy to enter or leave the system as heat, allowing a convenient \"adiabatic approximation\". For example, the adiabatic flame temperature uses this approximation to calculate the upper limit of flame temperature by assuming combustion loses no heat to its surroundings.\n\nIn meteorology and oceanography, adiabatic cooling produces condensation of moisture or salinity, oversaturating the parcel. Therefore, the excess must be removed. There, the process becomes a \"pseudo-adiabatic process\" whereby the liquid water or salt that condenses is assumed to be removed upon formation by idealized instantaneous precipitation. The pseudoadiabatic process is only defined for expansion because a compressed parcel becomes warmer and remains undersaturated.", "title": "Adiabatic process" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Convection (heat transfer)\n\nConvection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. \n\nNote that this definition of convection is only applicable in Heat transfer and thermodynamic contexts. It should not to be confused with the dynamic fluid phenomenon of convection, which is typically referred to as \"Natural Convection\" in thermodynamic contexts in order to distinguish the two.", "title": "Convection (heat transfer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Convection\n\nConvection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow.\n\nConvective flow may be transient (such as when a multiphase mixture of oil and water separates) or steady state (see Convection cell). The convection may be due to gravitational, electromagnetic or fictitious body forces. Heat transfer by natural convection plays a role in the structure of Earth's atmosphere, its oceans, and its mantle. Discrete convective cells in the atmosphere can be identified by clouds, with stronger convection resulting in thunderstorms. Natural convection also plays a role in stellar physics. Convection is often categorised or described by the main effect causing the convective flow, e.g. Thermal convection.\nConvection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place. \nGranular convection is a similar phenomenon in granular material instead of fluids.\nAdvection is fluid motion created by velocity instead of thermal gradients.\nConvective heat transfer is the intentional use of convection as a method for heat transfer.", "title": "Convection" }, { "id": "9767240", "score": "1.5839529", "text": "Convective heat transfer Convective heat transfer, often referred to simply as convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of unknown conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection can be \"forced\" by movement of a fluid by means other than buoyancy forces (for example, a water pump in an automobile engine). Thermal expansion of fluids may also", "title": "Convective heat transfer" }, { "id": "4208638", "score": "1.5739555", "text": "such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and phase-change transfer. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. Sections include : Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work. It studies and interrelates the macroscopic variables, such as temperature, volume and pressure, which describe physical, thermodynamic systems. Fluid Mechanics the study of the physical forces at work during fluid flow. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid kinematics, the study of fluid motion, and fluid dynamics, the study of", "title": "Thermal fluids" }, { "id": "9767241", "score": "1.56691", "text": "force convection. In other cases, natural buoyancy forces alone are entirely responsible for fluid motion when the fluid is heated, and this process is called \"natural convection\". An example is the draft in a chimney or around any fire. In natural convection, an increase in temperature produces a reduction in density, which in turn causes fluid motion due to pressures and forces when fluids of different densities are affected by gravity (or any g-force). For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan rises, displacing the colder denser liquid, which falls. After", "title": "Convective heat transfer" }, { "id": "1544900", "score": "1.5594913", "text": "when bulk fluid motions (streams and currents) are caused by buoyancy forces that result from density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid. \"Forced\" convection is a term used when the streams and currents in the fluid are induced by external means—such as fans, stirrers, and pumps—creating an artificially induced convection current. Convective cooling is sometimes described as Newton's law of cooling: In a body of fluid that is heated from underneath its container, conduction and convection can be considered to compete for dominance. If heat conduction is too great, fluid moving down by convection is heated by", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "4692508", "score": "1.557452", "text": "and the fluid moves from one place to another, carrying the heat with it. At some point the heat energy in the fluid is usually transferred to some other object by means conduction again. The movement of the fluid can be driven by negative-buoyancy, as when cooler (and therefore denser) air drops and thus upwardly displaces warmer (less-dense) air (natural convection), or by fans or pumps (forced convection). In radiation, the heated atoms make electromagnetic emissions absorbed by remote other atoms, whether nearby or at astronomical distance. For example, the Sun radiates heat as both invisible and visible electromagnetic energy.", "title": "Temperature control" }, { "id": "4208639", "score": "1.5488752", "text": "the effect of forces on fluid motion, which can further be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid kinetics, the study of fluids in motion. Some of its more interesting concepts include momentum and reactive forces in fluid flow and fluid machinery theory and performance. Sections include: Combustion is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest", "title": "Thermal fluids" }, { "id": "20683801", "score": "1.5402322", "text": "Working fluids Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid. Refrigeration and heat pump technologies often refer to working fluids as refrigerants. Most thermodynamic cycles make use of the latent heat (adventages of phase change) of the working fluid. In case of other cycles the working fluid remains in gaseous phase while undergoing all the processes of the cycle. When it comes to heat engines, working fluid generally undergoes a combustion process as well, for example in internal", "title": "Working fluids" }, { "id": "4208637", "score": "1.5397813", "text": "Thermal fluids Thermofluids is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields: The term is a combination of \"thermo\", referring to heat, and \"fluids\", which refers to liquids, gases and vapors. Temperature, pressure, equations of state, and transport laws all play an important role in thermofluid problems. Phase transition and chemical reactions may also be important in a thermofluid context. The subject is sometimes also referred to as \"thermal fluids\". Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms,", "title": "Thermal fluids" }, { "id": "2466288", "score": "1.5348864", "text": "which is then trapped inside the collector. Fluid, usually water, in the absorber tubes collect the trapped heat and transfer it to a heat storage vault. Heat is transferred either by conduction or convection. When water is heated, kinetic energy is transferred by conduction to water molecules throughout the medium. These molecules spread their thermal energy by conduction and occupy more space than the cold slow moving molecules above them. The distribution of energy from the rising hot water to the sinking cold water contributes to the convection process. Heat is transferred from the absorber plates of the collector in", "title": "Solar thermal energy" }, { "id": "12532500", "score": "1.5320044", "text": "work and on the first law of thermodynamics. Such calculation is the primary approach of many theoretical studies of quantity of heat transferred. The discipline of heat transfer, typically considered an aspect of mechanical engineering and chemical engineering, deals with specific applied methods by which thermal energy in a system is generated, or converted, or transferred to another system. Although the definition of heat implicitly means the transfer of energy, the term \"heat transfer\" encompasses this traditional usage in many engineering disciplines and laymen language. \"Heat transfer\" is generally described as including the mechanisms of heat conduction, heat convection, thermal", "title": "Heat" }, { "id": "1544889", "score": "1.5293455", "text": "systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics. Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries heat along with the flow of matter in the fluid. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields)", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "12532447", "score": "1.528285", "text": "Heat In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system other than by macroscopic work or transfer of matter. When two systems with different temperatures are put in contact, heat flows spontaneously from the hotter to the colder system. Transfer of energy as heat can occur through direct contact, through a barrier that is impermeable to matter (as in conduction), by radiation between separated bodies, by way of an intermediate fluid (as in convective circulation), or by a combination of these. By contrast to work, heat involves the stochastic (random) motion of particles (such as atoms", "title": "Heat" }, { "id": "1544894", "score": "1.5265841", "text": "the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of heat transfer. As such, heat transfer is involved in almost every sector of the economy. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. The fundamental modes of heat transfer are: By transferring matter, energy—including thermal energy—is moved by the physical transfer of a hot or cold object from one place to another. This can be as simple as placing hot water in a bottle and heating a bed, or the movement of an iceberg in changing ocean currents. A", "title": "Heat transfer" }, { "id": "582655", "score": "1.524559", "text": "with conductive heat transfer, which is the transfer of energy by vibrations at a molecular level through a solid or fluid, and radiative heat transfer, the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Heat is transferred by convection in numerous examples of naturally occurring fluid flow, such as wind, oceanic currents, and movements within the Earth's mantle. Convection is also used in engineering practices of homes, industrial processes, cooling of equipment, etc. The rate of convective heat transfer may be improved by the use of a heat sink, often in conjunction with a fan. For instance, a typical computer CPU will", "title": "Convection" }, { "id": "4208640", "score": "1.5232108", "text": "often include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas, liquid or solid phase. Thermal fluids Thermofluids is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields: The term is a combination of \"thermo\", referring to heat, and \"fluids\", which refers to liquids, gases and vapors. Temperature, pressure, equations of state, and transport laws all play an important role in thermofluid problems. Phase transition and chemical reactions may also be important in a thermofluid context. The subject is sometimes also referred to as \"thermal fluids\". Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy", "title": "Thermal fluids" } ]

[ "Ethiopioa", "name of ethiopia", "ethiopean", "Ityop'pya", "ethiopian", "Ityoppya", "etymology of ethiopia", "ityoṗṗya", "etheopia", "ethiopioa", "Ityoṗṗya", "aethiopia", "Ethiopean", "Abysinna", "ethiopia", "Names of Ethiopia", "ethiopai", "ISO 3166-1:ET", "federal republic of ethiopia", "Ityop'iya", "Ityop'ia", "habeshistan", "The Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia", "ethopian", "Ethiop", "Ethiopia", "Etheopia", "ityop iya", "ityop pya", "Abbysinnia", "names of ethiopia", "Habeshistan", "prehistory of ethiopia", "ethiop", "abysinna", "iso 3166 1 et", "Prehistory of Ethiopia", "Etymology of Ethiopia", "fdre", "Ethopian", "Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "Abissinia", "Ethiopai", "Name of Ethiopia", "æthiopia", "ኢትዮጵያ", "Federal Republic of Ethiopia", "Etiopia", "Ītyōṗṗyā", "FDRE", "ʾĪtyōṗṗyā", "abbysinnia", "abissinia", "etiopia", "federal democratic republic of ethiopia", "ityoppya", "ʾītyōṗṗyā", "ītyōṗṗyā", "ityop ia", "democratic republic of ethiopia", "AEthiopia", "Æthiopia", "Ethiopian" ]

[ { "id": "18949503", "score": "1.7500939", "text": "submission until he was proclaimed negus at Amba Chera on 19 September 1854, and after the Battle of Derasge proclaimed himself emperor on 8 February 1855 and was crowned as Tewodros II, at Derasge Maryam the next day. Negus Negus (, ' ; ; cf. ') is a royal title in the Ethiopian Semitic languages. It denotes a monarch, such as the Bahri Negus (Lord of the Seas) of the Medri Bahri kingdom in pre-1890 Eritrea, and the Negus in pre-1974 Ethiopia. The Negus is referred to as An-Najashi (النجاشي) in the Islamic tradition. \"Negus\" is a noun derived from", "title": "Negus" }, { "id": "18949501", "score": "1.7070074", "text": "Negus Negus (, ' ; ; cf. ') is a royal title in the Ethiopian Semitic languages. It denotes a monarch, such as the Bahri Negus (Lord of the Seas) of the Medri Bahri kingdom in pre-1890 Eritrea, and the Negus in pre-1974 Ethiopia. The Negus is referred to as An-Najashi (النجاشي) in the Islamic tradition. \"Negus\" is a noun derived from the Ethiopian Semitic root , meaning \"to reign\". The title has subsequently been used to translate the words \"king\" or \"emperor\" in Biblical and other literature. In more recent times, it was used as an honorific title bestowed", "title": "Negus" }, { "id": "5931479", "score": "1.688594", "text": "were dissolved. In 1914, after having been appointed \"\"Negus\" of Zion\" by his son Lij Iyasu (Iyasu V), Mikael of Wollo, in consideration of the hostile feelings this provoked in of much of the nobility in northern Ethiopia (particularly \"Le'ul Ras\" Seyoum Mengesha, whose family had resented being denied the title by Menelik), who were now technically made subordinate to him, instead elected to use the title of \"Negus\" of Wollo. Tafari Makonnen, who later became Emperor Haile Selassie, was bestowed the title of \"Negus\" in 1928; he would be the last person to bear the title. Despite this, European", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "5931478", "score": "1.6861131", "text": ", \"king\") was a hereditary ruler of one of Ethiopia's larger provinces, over whom collectively the monarch ruled, thus justifying his imperial title. The title of \"Negus\" was awarded at the discretion of the Emperor to those who ruled important provinces, although it was often used hereditarily during and after the Zemene Mesafint. The rulers of Begemder, Shewa, Gojjam, Wollo, all held the title of Negus at some point, as the \"\"Negus\" of Shewa\", \"\"Negus\" of Gojjam\", and so forth. During and after the reign of Menelik II virtually all of the titles either lapsed into the Imperial crown or", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "5931475", "score": "1.6750157", "text": "gave precedence by rank, and then by seniority based when the title had been assumed irrespective of how the title was acquired. The Negusa Nagast ( , \"King of Kings\") was the Emperor of Ethiopia. Although several kings of Aksum used this style, until the restoration of the Solomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak, rulers of Ethiopia generally used the style of \"Negus\", although \"King of Kings\" was used as far back as Ezana. The full title of the Emperor of Ethiopia was \"Negusa Nagast\" and \"Seyoume Igziabeher\" (; \"Elect of God\"). The title \"Moa Anbessa Ze Imnegede Yehuda\" (\"Conquering Lion", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "5931480", "score": "1.6458964", "text": "sources referred to the Ethiopian monarch as the \"Negus\" well into the 20th century, switching to Emperor only after the Second World War- around the same time the name Abyssinia fell out of use in favour of Ethiopia in the west. Le'ul ( , \"Prince\") was a princely style used by sons and grandson of the Emperor. It conferred upon its holder the title of \"Imperial Highness\". The style first came into use in 1916, following the enthronement of Empress.Zewditu Abetohun ( ) or Abeto ( ) -- Prince. Title reserved for males of Imperial ancestry in the male line.", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "5931476", "score": "1.6143136", "text": "of the Tribe of Judah\") always preceded the titles of the Emperor. It was not a personal title but rather referred to the title of Jesus and placed the office of Christ ahead of the Emperor's name in an act of Imperial submission. Until the reign of Yohannes IV, the Emperor was also \"Neguse Tsion\" (, , \"King of Zion\"), whose seat was at Axum, and which conferred hegemony over much of the north of the Empire. The Emperor was referred to by the dignities of the formal \"Girmawi\" (, , \"His Imperial Majesty\"), in common speech as \"Janhoy\" (", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "18949502", "score": "1.613133", "text": "on governors of the most important provinces (kingdoms): Gojjam, Welega and the seaward kingdom (where the variation Bahr Negasi \"King of the Sea\", was the ancient title of the ruler of present-day central Eritrea) and later Shewa. Both uses and the imperial dignity would meet in the person of a regional prince, Lij Kassa Hailu, the third youngest son of \"Däjazmač\" Hailu Wolde-Giyorgis, Governor of Qwara Province, by his second wife Woizero Attitaggab. He rebelled against Empress Menen and her son, the Viceroy \"Ras\" Ali II of Yejju, in 1845 and spent the next nine years alternating between rebellion and", "title": "Negus" }, { "id": "3520594", "score": "1.6057377", "text": "Negest), a modification of the traditional title \"King of Kings\" (\"Nəgusä Nägäst\"). Initially, Zewditu was not permitted to exercise power herself. Instead, her cousin \"Ras\" Tafari Makonnen was appointed regent, and her father's old loyal general, Fitawrari Hapte Giorgis Dinagde was made commander-in-chief of the army. Ras Tafari was also made heir apparent to Zewditu, for none of her children had survived to adulthood. In 1928, after an attempt to remove Ras Tafari Makonnen from power failed, the Empress was compelled to crown her cousin Negus. While the conservative Ethiopian aristocracy was generally supportive of Zewditu, it was less enthusiastic", "title": "Zewditu" }, { "id": "6648775", "score": "1.596568", "text": "Tekezé was not allowed the \"sandaq\" (Banner) and \"nagarit\" (War Drum), and no longer had a place in Council unless especially called on by the Emperor\". This could also mean that the Bahr neguses' kingdom was no longer part of the \"Empire\" per se. Bahr negus Yeshaq Bahri Negassi Yeshaq (died 1578) was Bahri Negassi, or ruler of the kingdom of Mdre Bahri (Bahr Midir in Ge'ez) in present-day Eritrea during the mid to late 16th century. His support of the Emperor of Ethiopia during the invasion of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (also known as Ahmed Gragn), when so", "title": "Bahr negus Yeshaq" }, { "id": "2026062", "score": "1.581289", "text": "and proclaimed himself Negus. While Negus Menelik reclaimed his ancestral Shewan crown, he also laid claim to the Imperial throne, as a direct descendant male line of Emperor Lebna Dengel. However, he made no overt attempt to assert this claim at this time; Marcus interprets his lack of decisive action not only to Menelik's lack of confidence and experience, but that \"he was emotionally incapable of helping to destroy the man who had treated him as a son.\" Not wishing to take part in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia, he allowed his rival Kassai to benefit with gifts of modern", "title": "Menelik II" }, { "id": "3520601", "score": "1.5806599", "text": "activities, such as the construction of a number of significant churches. In 1928, there was a small conservative uprising against Tafari's reforms, but it was unsuccessful. Empress Zewditu was compelled to grant Tafari, who now controlled most of the Ethiopian government, the title of King (Negus). While Negus Tafari remained under the nominal rule of Zewditu (who was still Negeste Negest, Queen of Kings or Empress), Tafari was now effectively the ruler of Ethiopia. A number of attempts were made to displace him, but they were all unsuccessful. In 1930, Zewditu's husband Ras Gugsa Welle led a rebellion against Negus", "title": "Zewditu" }, { "id": "524426", "score": "1.5728965", "text": "he became known as Ras Tafari Makonnen . \"Ras\" is translated as \"head\" and is a rank of nobility equivalent to \"Duke\"; though it is often rendered in translation as \"prince\". In 1916, Empress Zewditu I appointed him to the position of \"Balemulu Silt'an Enderase\" (Regent Plenipotentiary). In 1928, she granted him the throne of Shewa, elevating his title to \"Negus\" or \"King\". On 2 November 1930, after the death of Empress Zewditu, Tafari was crowned \"Negusa Nagast\", literally King of Kings, rendered in English as \"Emperor\". Upon his ascension, he took as his regnal name Haile Selassie I. \"Haile\"", "title": "Haile Selassie" }, { "id": "3351780", "score": "1.5688065", "text": "Minister Menachem Begin obtained clear rulings from Chief Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef that they were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel did however initially require them to undergo \"pro forma\" Jewish conversions, to remove any doubt as to their Jewish status. After a period of civil unrest on September 12, 1974, a pro-communist military junta, known as the \"Derg\" (\"committee\") seized power after ousting the emperor Haile Selassie I. The Derg installed a government which was socialist in name and military in style. Lieutenant Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam assumed power as head of state and", "title": "Beta Israel" }, { "id": "6919170", "score": "1.5585647", "text": "and even diverges significantly in a few places where Petros evidently had some difficulty with the Arabic. Scholars have stated that the first section (the Ecclesiastical law) was already in use in Ethiopia before this time as part of the \"Senodos\", and that the title \"Fetha Negest\", Laws of the Kings, referred to the second (lay) part, that was new to Ethiopia. The Fetha Negest remained officially the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931, when a modern-style Constitution was first granted by Emperor Haile Selassie I. A completely modernised penal code had already been introduced in 1930. Earlier, in 1921,", "title": "Fetha Nagast" }, { "id": "5931488", "score": "1.5517447", "text": "end of the 19th century a \"negadras\" was often the single most important official in a town, essentially acting as its mayor. By 1900 the various \"negadrasoch\" had been subordinated to the \"negadras\" of Addis Ababa, Haile Giyorgis Woldemikael, who by 1906 supervised foreign businesses and diplomatic missions in the capital, the organisation of hand was responsible for granting concessions and contracts to foreign enterprises, making the post the \"de facto\" Mayor of Addis Ababa, Chief of police, Minister of Commerce and Minister of Foreign Affairs. These functions were separated by the formation of the first cabinet in 1907, with", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "12770223", "score": "1.5484627", "text": "declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. The Negus suffered criticism due to the expenses involved in fighting the Nationalist forces. By the early 1970s Emperor Haile Selassie's advanced age was becoming apparent. As Paul B. Henze explains: \"Most Ethiopians thought in terms of personalities, not ideology, and out of long habit still looked to Haile Selassie as the initiator of change, the source of status and privilege, and the arbiter of demands for resources and attention among competing groups.\" The nature of the succession, and of the desirability of the Imperial monarchy in general, were in dispute", "title": "History of Ethiopia" }, { "id": "5931484", "score": "1.5356414", "text": "behind the Emperor to listen to and write down all orders that the latter gave out in the course of an audience or an inspection tour.\" Spencer adds that under Haile Selassie the \"Tsehafe Tezaz\" safeguarded the Great Seal, kept the records of all important appointments, and was responsible for publishing all laws and treaties; \"his signature, rather than that of the Emperor, appeared on those [official] publications although the heading in each case referred to His Imperial Majesty.\" The office was combined with that of Prime Minister during the tenure of Aklilu Habte-Wold (1961–1974). Afe Negus (አፈ ንጉሥ ,", "title": "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles" }, { "id": "13150819", "score": "1.5319322", "text": "his father built at Debre Marqos. He did so in the image of what he had seen in Europe. On 27 October 1928, Tafari Makonnen was proclaimed \"Negus\" by \"Nigiste Negest\" Zewditu. Tafari Makonnen became the only \"Negus\" in the entire Ethiopian Empire. Even after he was later proclaimed \"Nəgusä Nägäst\", Tafari Makonnen never elevated others, like Hailu Tekle Haymanot, to the position of \"Negus\". Sometime in 1929, \"Ras\" Hailu was approached by \"Ras\" Gugsa Welle of Begemder Province. He was Zewditu's husband who was separated from her from the time she was elevated to \"Nigiste Negest\". Gugsa Welle asked", "title": "Hailu Tekle Haymanot" }, { "id": "14157419", "score": "1.5268972", "text": "crowning of Tafari as \"Negus\" caused him to begin exercising power at the expense of Zewditu. His crowning also caused two factions to develop within the royal court: One faction was pro-Tafari and one faction was pro-Zewditu. The husband of Zewditu, fifty-three-year-old \"Ras\" Gugsa Wale, imagined a future where Zewditu remained Empress and he himself would be proclaimed Emperor. He was clearly the leader of the pro-Zewditu faction. Within a month of Tefari being crowned \"Negus\", the Raya Oromo revolted in Wollo Province. As \"Negus\" and with the tacit approval of the Empress, Tafari called for the governors of several", "title": "Gugsa Wale's rebellion" } ]

[ "thomas lanier williams iii", "androgyne mon amour poems", "Tenessee Williams", "Androgyne, Mon Amour: Poems", "Tennessee Williams", "Tennessee williams", "tennesee williams", "Androgyne, Mon Amour", "thomas lanier williams", "tenessee williams", "tennesse williams", "Thomas Lanier Williams", "Tennesse williams", "thomas lanier 22tennessee 22 williams", "tennessee williams", "Tennesee Williams", "Tennesse Williams", "Thomas Lanier Williams III", "Thomas Lanier %22Tennessee%22 Williams", "androgyne mon amour" ]

[ { "id": "551640", "score": "1.8705267", "text": "Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier \"Tennessee\" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American playwright. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of \"The Glass Menagerie\" (1944) in New York City. This play closely reflected his own unhappy family background. It was the first of a string of successes, including \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" (1947), \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" (1955), and \"Sweet Bird of Youth\" (1959). With his", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": "551681", "score": "1.7171245", "text": "wrote over 70 one-act plays during his lifetime. The one-acts explored many of the same themes that dominated his longer works. Williams' major collections are published by New Directions in New York City. Notes Bibliography Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier \"Tennessee\" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American playwright. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of \"The Glass Menagerie\" (1944) in New York City. This play closely reflected", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": "3742688", "score": "1.5926282", "text": "with Charlotte's care during the trip. The Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon was partly based on Williams' cousin and close friend, the Reverend Sidney Lanier, the iconoclastic Rector of St Clement's Episcopal Church, New York. Lanier was a significant figure in the New York theatre scene in the 1950 and 1960s, started a Ministry to the Theatre Arts and would become co-founder of the experimental American Place Theatre in 1962. Lanier resigned from his ministry in May 1965. The play premiered on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on December 28, 1961, and ran for 316 performances. It starred Patrick O'Neal as", "title": "The Night of the Iguana" }, { "id": "551641", "score": "1.5914493", "text": "later work, he attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences. Increasing alcohol and drug dependence inhibited his creative expression. His drama \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" is often numbered on short lists of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Eugene O'Neill's \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" and Arthur Miller's \"Death of a Salesman\". Much of Williams' most acclaimed work has been adapted for the cinema. He also wrote short stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": "18234793", "score": "1.5238879", "text": "Stanley Thomas Williams Stanley Thomas Williams (25 October 1888 – 5 February 1956) was a scholar who helped to establish the study of American literature as an academic field during his teaching creeer at Yale University. In 1935 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. His most notable publication is a two-volume biography of Washington Irving but he is best remembered for changing the study of Herman Melville by strategically directing doctoral dissertations on his life and works. Williams was born in Meriden, Connecticut and studied at Yale (B.A 1911, Ph.D 1915). In 1915 he started to lecture at Yale, served", "title": "Stanley Thomas Williams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tennessee Williams\n\nThomas Lanier Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983), known by his pen name Tennessee Williams, was an American playwright and screenwriter. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama.\n\nAt age 33, after years of obscurity, Williams suddenly became famous with the success of \"The Glass Menagerie\" (1944) in New York City. He introduced \"plastic theatre\" in this play and it closely reflected his own unhappy family background. It was the first of a string of successes, including \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" (1947), \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" (1955), \"Sweet Bird of Youth\" (1959), and \"The Night of the Iguana\" (1961). With his later work, Williams attempted a new style that did not appeal as widely to audiences. His drama \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" is often numbered on short lists of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Eugene O'Neill's \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" and Arthur Miller's \"Death of a Salesman\".<ref name=\"ReferenceA\"/>\n\nMuch of Williams's most acclaimed work has been adapted for the cinema. He also wrote short stories, poetry, essays, and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Tennessee Williams - Wikiquote" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "J. California Cooper\n\nJoan Cooper (November 10, 1931 in Berkeley, California – September 20, 2014 in Seattle, Washington), known by her pen name, J. California Cooper, was an American playwright and author. She wrote 17 plays and was named Black Playwright of the Year in 1978 for her play \"Strangers\".", "title": "J. California Cooper" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Red Barber\n\nWalter Lanier \"Red\" Barber (February 17, 1908 – October 22, 1992) was an American sports announcer and author. Nicknamed \"The Ol' Redhead\", he was primarily identified with broadcasts of Major League Baseball, calling play-by-play across four decades with the Cincinnati Reds (1934–1938), Brooklyn Dodgers (1939–1953), and New York Yankees (1954–1966). Like his fellow sportscasting pioneer Mel Allen, Barber also developed a niche calling college and professional American football in his primary market of New York City.", "title": "Red Barber" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Glass Menagerie\n\nThe Glass Menagerie<ref name=\"GlassMenagerie2011\" /> is a memory play by Tennessee Williams that premiered in 1944 and catapulted Williams from obscurity to fame. The play has strong autobiographical elements, featuring characters based on its author, his histrionic mother, and his mentally fragile sister. In writing the play, Williams drew on an earlier short story, as well as a screenplay he had written under the title of \"The Gentleman Caller\".\n\nThe play premiered in Chicago in 1944. After a shaky start, it was championed by Chicago critics Ashton Stevens and Claudia Cassidy, whose enthusiasm helped build audiences so the producers could move the play to Broadway where it won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1945. \"The Glass Menagerie\" was Williams' first successful play; he went on to become one of America's most highly regarded playwrights.\n", "title": "The Glass Menagerie" }, { "id": "7515563", "score": "1.5235704", "text": "playwrights to make use of American material. Other plays along the same lines include \"Arizona\" (1900), \"In Mizzoura\" (1893), \"Colorado\" (1900) and \"Rio Grande\" (1916). Perhaps his most successful play was \"The Copperhead\" (1918) which made Lionel Barrymore a star. Thomas reached a high artistic level in \"Arizona\" and \"The Witching Hour.\" A novelization of the latter appeared in 1908. He was elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters, was awarded the National Institute's gold medal in 1913, and in 1914 received an honorary A. M. degree from Williams College. According to the \"Oxford Companion to", "title": "Augustus Thomas" }, { "id": "547666", "score": "1.519721", "text": "Edward Albee Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright known for works such as \"The Zoo Story\" (1958), \"The Sandbox\" (1959), \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" (1962), and \"A Delicate Balance\" (1966). Three of his plays won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and two of his other works won the Tony Award for Best Play. His works are often considered as frank examinations of the modern condition. His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights", "title": "Edward Albee" }, { "id": "551651", "score": "1.5056857", "text": "professional name. Williams' writings include mention of some of the poets and writers he most admired in his early years: Hart Crane, Arthur Rimbaud, Anton Chekhov (from the age of ten), William Shakespeare, Clarence Darrow, D. H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, August Strindberg, William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, and Emily Dickinson. In later years he also referred to William Inge, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway; of Hemingway, he said \"[his] great quality, aside from his prose style, is this fearless expression of brute nature.\" In the late 1930s, as Williams struggled to gain production and an audience for his work, he worked", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": "1305596", "score": "1.5050216", "text": "Dylan Thomas, \"Dylan Thomas Growing Up\", and H.H. Munro better known under his pseudonym Saki. His post-war acting credits included \"The Winslow Boy\" by Terence Rattigan and \"The Deputy\" aka \"The Representative\" by Rolf Hochhuth on Broadway. He also was the \"voice\" of Lloyd George in the seminal BBC documentary \"The Great War\" (1964). Among Williams' other books was the best seller \"\" (1968), a semi-fictionalised account of the Moors murderers, Ian Brady and Myra Hindley. His 1980 novel \"Headlong\", the fictional story of the unexpected death of the entire British royal family in a freak accident in 1930, and", "title": "Emlyn Williams" }, { "id": "551642", "score": "1.4999444", "text": "Lanier Williams III was born in Columbus, Mississippi, of English, Welsh, and Huguenot ancestry, the second child of Edwina Dakin (August 9, 1884 – June 1, 1980) and Cornelius Coffin \"C. C.\" Williams (August 21, 1879 – March 27, 1957). His father was a traveling shoe salesman who became alcoholic and was frequently away from home. His mother, Edwina, was the daughter of Rose O. Dakin, a music teacher, and the Reverend Walter Dakin, an Episcopal priest from Illinois who was assigned to a parish in Clarksdale, Mississippi, shortly after Williams' birth. Williams lived in his parsonage with his family", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": "1666060", "score": "1.4980731", "text": "throughout 1820. During 1820, Ainsworth began to publish many of his works under the name \"Thomas Hall\". The first work, a play called \"The Rivals\", was published on 5 March 1821 in \"Arliss's Pocket Magazine\". Throughout 1821, the magazine printed seventeen other works of Ainsworth's under the names \"Thomas Hall\", \"H A\" or \"W A\". The genre and forms of the work greatly varied, with one being a claim to have found plays of a 17th-century playwright \"William Aynesworthe\", which ended up being his own works. This trick was later exposed. In December 1821, Ainsworth submitted his play \"Venice, or", "title": "William Harrison Ainsworth" }, { "id": "14172825", "score": "1.4747555", "text": "statement became known as the \"BUSF\" (though the 'B' for 'Birmingham' had in fact been dropped) and continued to be used by the Unamended Christadelphians. In 1911 Williams relocated both home and magazine from Chicago to Orlando, Florida In 1913 he made a fourth visit to Britain visiting Sowerby Bridge, Heckmondike, Leeds and Huddersfield in Yorkshire arranged by Hall, then London for meetings arranged by Owler. Heading back by train from London to Mumbles he collapsed and died on December 8, aged 66. After William's death his role of editor passed to A.H. Zilmer, formerly a Lutheran pastor, then a", "title": "Thomas Williams (Christadelphian)" }, { "id": "19045723", "score": "1.4740703", "text": "as Williams, and it is said that others complained that his material was better than theirs. As a comedian and songwriter he was loved by all, however he often faced racism even by the restaurants and hotels that he played for. Williams was forced to perform in blackface makeup, gloves and other attire as he consistently played out stereotypical black characters. After Williams’ death on March 4, 1922 the Chicago Defender stated that \"No other performer in the history of the American stage enjoyed the popularity and esteem of all races and classes of theater-goers to the remarkable extent gained", "title": "Walker and Williams Co." }, { "id": "1462780", "score": "1.473984", "text": "Dodge. It had long been used by Rice as an advertising feature and accompanied him on his successful tour of London. Thomas D. Rice Thomas Dartmouth Rice (May 20, 1808 – September 19, 1860), known professionally as Daddy Rice, was an American performer and playwright who performed blackface and used African American vernacular speech, song and dance to become one of the most popular minstrel show entertainers of his time. He is considered the \"father of American minstrelsy\". His act drew on aspects of African American culture and popularized them with a national, and later international, audience. Rice's \"Jim Crow\"", "title": "Thomas D. Rice" }, { "id": "13378075", "score": "1.4726918", "text": "successful was his \"Farmers of Men\", which won the 2006 Stanley Drama Award. \"NOBODY\" premiered in 2008 at the Southern Writers' Project Festival of New Plays, presented by the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, to critical acclaim. Revised after comments by audience and critics, a reading of the play with the addition of music was restaged in 2009. The play examines racism in the United States of the early twentieth century, portraying Bert Williams and George Walker, two African-American vaudeville performers. The reading was praised by audience and critics. Richard Aellen Richard Aellen is an American author of novels and plays. In", "title": "Richard Aellen" }, { "id": "4213309", "score": "1.4695427", "text": "such as Shaw, and for modern methods of play production. Robertson was also a leader in requiring a fee from his managers for every performance of his plays, thus pioneering the modern royalty system. Thomas William Robertson Thomas William Robertson (9 January 1829 – 3 February 1871), usually known professionally as T. W. Robertson, was an English dramatist and innovative stage director best known for a series of realistic or naturalistic plays produced in London in the 1860s that broke new ground and inspired playwrights such as W.S. Gilbert and George Bernard Shaw. Born in Newark-upon-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England, Robertson was", "title": "Thomas William Robertson" }, { "id": "551655", "score": "1.4643356", "text": "for the play is clear. Elia Kazan (who directed many of Williams' greatest successes) said of Williams: \"Everything in his life is in his plays, and everything in his plays is in his life.\" \"The Glass Menagerie\" won the award for the best play of the season, the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. The huge success of his next play, \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" in 1947 secured his reputation as a great playwright. Although widely celebrated and increasingly wealthy, Williams was still restless and insecure, always gripped by fear that he would not be able to replicate his success.", "title": "Tennessee Williams" }, { "id": "15383093", "score": "1.4638526", "text": "permanent legal name. At the peak of his career Williams became active in the campaign to better the wages of vaudeville players and was the first to demand and receive $500 for a week’s engagement as a monologist. Williams continued to work well into his sixties though eventually no longer as a headliner. On January 16, 1915, Williams had a meeting with his booking agent, J. J. Armstrong, in New York and on his return trip home sent his sister-in-law a telegraph message from the Getty Square Train Station in Yonkers, asking her to tend to his wife Emma who", "title": "Gus Williams (vaudeville)" }, { "id": "11778022", "score": "1.4638264", "text": "Samm-Art Williams Samm-Art Williams (born Samuel Arthur Williams; January 20, 1946) is an American playwright and screenwriter, and a stage and film/TV actor. Much of his work concerns the African-American experience. He was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his play \"Home\" (1979), which moved from the Negro Ensemble Company to a Broadway production in 1980. In the mid-1980s, he received two Emmy nominations for his work for TV series. The Black Rep of St. Louis, Missouri produced the premier of his play \"The Montford Point Marine\" (2011). Samm-Art Williams was born in 1946 in", "title": "Samm-Art Williams" }, { "id": "18379320", "score": "1.4608632", "text": "entitled, \"\"Time, Fantasy, and Reality in Night of the Iguana\".\" It is published as a review of Thomas Lanier \"Tennessee\" Williams III's screenplay, \"The Night of the Iguana.\" He now teaches foreign languages in the Los Angeles City Schools, and still writes minimally for television. In addition to his review of Tennessee Williams' work, Leon has also completed a book on the dramatic uses of time in Williams' plays, which was scheduled to be published in 2014. Ferdinand Leon Ferdinand Leon (born 1922) was an African American writer who wrote for television shows. Ferdinand Leon was born on January 29,", "title": "Ferdinand Leon" } ]

[ "endometriotic cell", "chocolate ovarian cyst", "endometreosis", "Endometriosis", "Endomytriosis", "endometriosis", "Endometreosis", "Endometriotic cyst", "endomytriosis", "Endometriotic cell", "endometriotic cyst", "Chocolate ovarian cyst" ]

[ { "id": "11815539", "score": "1.5744864", "text": "gametes during fertilisation. Endometriosis is a gynaecological disorder affecting 1 in 10 women in their reproductive years globally. This disorder occurs when endometrial tissue which grows inside the lining of the uterus grows on the outer surface of the uterus. The predominant symptoms of this are pelvic pain and infertility, however 25% of women who are inflicted with the disease may show none of these symptoms. Whilst the disease is usually non-fatal, it can have prolonged social and psychological effects on women and thus degrades their quality of life. Whilst the causes of the disease are still unclear, a certain", "title": "VEZT" }, { "id": "643037", "score": "1.5377022", "text": "Endometriosis Endometriosis is a condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside of it. Most often this is on the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus and ovaries; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body. The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility. Nearly half of those affected have chronic pelvic pain, while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation. Pain during sexual intercourse is also common. Infertility occurs in up to half of women affected.", "title": "Endometriosis" }, { "id": "2458072", "score": "1.501679", "text": "Uterine cancer Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, is any type of cancer that emerges from the tissue of the uterus. It can refer to several types of cancer, with cervical cancer (arising from the lower portion of the uterus) being the most common type worldwide and the second most common cancer in women in developing countries. Endometrial cancer (or cancer of the inner lining of the uterus) is the second most common type, and fourth most common cancer in women from developed countries. Risk factors depend on specific type, but obesity, older age, and human papillomavirus infection add", "title": "Uterine cancer" }, { "id": "14600589", "score": "1.4969838", "text": "Experts are unclear as the condition itself is a rare finding and lack of knowledge presents itself as a challenge. Like the uterine endometrium of Endometriosis, estrogen can cause salpingoitic tissues outside of the fallopian tubes to grow and potentially aggravate the surrounding areas. High levels cause the glandular tissues to proliferate and, especially important, they cause the number of and activity of ciliated epithelial cells (that would normally line the fallopian tubes) to increase. Endosalpingiosis is diagnosed by a pathologist on excision (e.g. biopsy). It is characterized by cysts with tubal-type epithelium (e.g. ciliated epithelium) surrounded by a fibrous", "title": "Endosalpingiosis" }, { "id": "12235327", "score": "1.4642999", "text": "a condition in which tissues lining the uterus grows abnormally beyond the uterus that may become quite painful. In simpler terms, it means that the tissue lining the uterus develops in different parts outside of it. Causes: There is no exact cause of endometriosis. Symptoms: Menstrual cramps, heavy menstrual bleeding, bowel or urinary problems, nausea, vomiting, blood with stools, painful intercourse, fatigues, spotting or bleeding between periods. Treatment: It is common for many women to develop one cyst in their lifetime. At times, these can go unnoticed without pain or visible symptoms. A cyst may develop in either of the", "title": "Ovarian disease" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Endometrial cancer\n\nEndometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period.\nApproximately 40% of cases are related to obesity. The most frequent type of endometrial cancer is endometrioid carcinoma, which accounts for more than 80% of cases. Endometrial cancer is commonly diagnosed by endometrial biopsy or by taking samples during a procedure known as dilation and curettage. Regular screening in those at normal risk is not called for.\nThe leading treatment option for endometrial cancer is abdominal hysterectomy (the total removal by surgery of the uterus), together with removal of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries on both sides, called a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.\nIn 2012, endometrial cancers newly occurred in 320,000 women and caused 76,000 deaths.", "title": "Endometrial cancer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Benign tumor\n\nA benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that does not invade neighboring tissue or metastasize (spread throughout the body). Compared to malignant (cancerous) tumors, benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate. Benign tumors have relatively well differentiated cells. They are often surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of connective tissue) or stay contained within the epithelium. Common examples of benign tumors include moles and uterine fibroids.\n\nSome forms of benign tumors may be harmful to health. Benign tumor growth causes a mass effect that can compress neighboring tissues. This can lead to nerve damage, blood flow reduction (ischemia), tissue death (necrosis), or organ damage. The health effects of benign tumor growth may be more prominent if the tumor is contained within an enclosed space such as the cranium, respiratory tract, sinus, or bones. For example, unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life-threatening. Tumors may exhibit behaviors characteristic of their cell type of origin; as an example, endocrine tumors such as thyroid adenomas and adrenocortical adenomas may overproduce certain hormones.\n\nMany types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression. For this reason and other possible harms, some benign tumors are removed by surgery. When removed, benign tumors usually do not return. Exceptions to this rule may indicate malignant transformation.", "title": "Benign tumor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of dog diseases\n\nThis list of dog diseases is a selection of diseases and other conditions found in the dog. Some of these diseases are unique to dogs or closely related species, while others are found in other animals, including humans. Not all of the articles listed here contain information specific to dogs. Articles with non-dog information are marked with an asterisk (*).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n)</ref> It is possible not to see any symptoms of the disease until the adrenal cortex is 90% dysfunctional. Addison's can occur when regular steroid use is abruptly discontinued; during their use, the system the adrenal gland does not function at 100%. The system senses sufficient levels of these hormones in the body and does not signal for their production. Tapering the medication off gradually allows them to return to full production after discontinuation. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of dog diseases" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Short descriptions/wd/diseases" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ovarian cancer\n\nOvarian cancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary. It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from communicating nearby structures such as fallopian tubes or the inner lining of the abdomen. The ovary is made up of three different cell types including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. When these cells become abnormal, they have the ability to divide and form tumors. These cells can also invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms. These symptoms may include bloating, vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, constipation, and loss of appetite, among others.\nThe risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. Most cases of ovarian cancer develop after menopause. It is also more common in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime. This includes those who have never had children, those who began ovulation at a younger age and those who reach menopause at an older age. Factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, pregnancy, and breast feeding. and sex cord stromal tumors.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer is confirmed through a biopsy of tissue, usually removed during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/>\nScreening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own risks. Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as a preventive measure. Outcomes depend on the extent of the disease, the subtype of cancer present, and other medical conditions. The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 49%. Outcomes are worse in the developing world.<ref name=WCR2014/>\nIn 2020, new cases occurred in approximately 313,000 women. In 2019 it resulted in 13,445 deaths in the United States. Death from ovarian cancer increased globally between 1990 to 2017 by 84.2%. Ovarian cancer is the second-most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. It causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Among women it ranks fifth in cancer-related deaths. The typical age of diagnosis is 63. Death from ovarian cancer is more common in North America and Europe than in Africa and Asia. In the United States, it is more common in White and Hispanic women than Black or American Indian women.<ref name=\"USCS Data Visualizations\"/> ", "title": "Ovarian cancer" }, { "id": "2458074", "score": "1.4566829", "text": "type of cancer, are thought to interact with the hormone causing increased cell growth, which can then result in cancer. The exact mechanism of how this occurs is not understood. The terms uterine cancer and womb cancer may refer to any of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus, namely: Uterine cancer resulted in about 58,000 deaths worldwide in 2010 up from 45,000 in 1990. Uterine cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the UK (around 8,500 women were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the tenth most common cause of", "title": "Uterine cancer" }, { "id": "2458073", "score": "1.4520541", "text": "the greatest risk of developing uterine cancer. Early on, there may be no symptoms, but irregular vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or fullness may develop. If caught early, most types of uterine cancer can be cured using surgical or medical methods. When the cancer has extended beyond the uterine tissue, more advanced treatments including combinations of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery may be required. It is not known with certainty what the causes for uterine cancer may be, though hormone imbalance is speculated as a risk factor. Estrogen receptors, known to be present on the surfaces of the cells of this", "title": "Uterine cancer" }, { "id": "2458075", "score": "1.4455471", "text": "cancer death in women (around 2,000 people died in 2012). Uterine cancer Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, is any type of cancer that emerges from the tissue of the uterus. It can refer to several types of cancer, with cervical cancer (arising from the lower portion of the uterus) being the most common type worldwide and the second most common cancer in women in developing countries. Endometrial cancer (or cancer of the inner lining of the uterus) is the second most common type, and fourth most common cancer in women from developed countries. Risk factors depend on specific", "title": "Uterine cancer" }, { "id": "19835820", "score": "1.4391503", "text": "Ectopic decidua Decidual cells found outside inner lining of the uterus are called ectopic decidual cells or ectopic decidua. This condition was first described in 1971 by Walker and the name 'ectopic decidua' was coined by Tausig. While ectopic decidua is most commonly seen during pregnancy, it rarely occurs in non-pregnant women, accompanied by bleeding and pain. Generally, ectopic decidua has no clinical symptoms, but it sometimes manifests as abdominal pain in pregnancy. Ectopic decidua most commonly occurs the ovary, cervix and serosal lining of the uterus. It rarely occurs in peritoneum also. In the peritoneum, ectopic decidua is formed", "title": "Ectopic decidua" }, { "id": "4747155", "score": "1.4344025", "text": "Uterine malformation A uterine malformation is a type of female genital malformation resulting from an abnormal development of the Müllerian duct(s) during embryogenesis. Symptoms range from amenorrhea, infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and pain, to normal functioning depending on the nature of the defect. The American Fertility Society (now American Society of Reproductive Medicine) Classification distinguishes: A uterine septum can be corrected by hysteroscopic surgery. An additional variation is the arcuate uterus where there is a concave dimple in the uterine fundus within the cavity. A rudimentary uterus is a uterine remnant not connected to cervix and vagina and may be", "title": "Uterine malformation" }, { "id": "9098273", "score": "1.4337363", "text": "Couvelaire uterus Couvelaire uterus (also known as uteroplacental apoplexy) is a life-threatening condition in which loosening of the placenta (abruptio placentae) causes bleeding that penetrates into the uterine myometrium forcing its way into the peritoneal cavity. Patients can have pain secondary to uterine contractions, uterine tetany or localized uterine tenderness. Signs can also be due to abruptio placentae including uterine hypertonus, fetal distress, fetal death, and rarely, hypovolemic shock (shock secondary to severe blood loss). The uterus may adopt a bluish/purplish, mottled appearance due to extravasation of blood into uterine muscle. Couvelaire uterus is a phenomenon wherein the retroplacental blood", "title": "Couvelaire uterus" }, { "id": "19935373", "score": "1.4255953", "text": "OHVIRA Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome, also known as OHVIRA is an extremely rare syndrome characterized by a congenital birth defect of the lower abdominal and pelvic organs. It is a type of abnormality of the Müllerian ducts. In most cases, OHVIRA presents as a double uterus with unilateral obstructed (or blind) hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. It can also affect the urethra, urethral sphincter, ureters, bladder and spleen. Although the true incidence is unknown, it has been reported to be between 0.1% and 3%. Although there are no specific symptoms for this condition, common complains include progressively increasing pelvic pain during menstruation", "title": "OHVIRA" }, { "id": "6420696", "score": "1.4255598", "text": "and the discharge of pus on introduction of a sound into the uterus. Pyometra is treated with antibiotics, according to culture and sensitivity. Endometritis Endometritis is inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium). Symptoms may include fever, lower abdominal pain, and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. It is the most common cause of infection after childbirth. It is also part of spectrum of diseases that make up pelvic inflammatory disease. Endometritis is divided into acute and chronic forms. The acute form is usually from an infection that passes through the cervix as a result of an abortion, during", "title": "Endometritis" }, { "id": "3526067", "score": "1.4159446", "text": "cervix, which was open during her heat, begins to close, and the inner lining begins to adapt back to normal. However, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) – known as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) – may occur at this time for some animals, as an inappropriate response to progesterone. Under these circumstances, bacteria (especially \"E. coli\") that have migrated from the vagina into the uterus find the environment favorable to growth, especially since progesterone also causes mucus secretion, closes the cervix (preventing uterine drainage), and decreases uterine contractility. The condition of the cervix is a major", "title": "Pyometra" }, { "id": "14600592", "score": "1.4046268", "text": "a few. Endosalpingiosis In gynecology, endosalpingiosis is a condition in which fallopian tube-like epithelium is found outside the fallopian tube. It is unknown what causes this condition. It is generally accepted that the condition develops from transformation of coelomic tissue. It is often an incidental finding and is not usually associated with any pathology. The significance of endosalpingiosis is not settled; medical experts differ on whether the condition itself causes issues or whether it is an asymptomatic finding. Common symptoms include, pelvic pain, infertility, menstrual irregularities and dyspareunia. Further reports suggest chronic back pain as a common issue reported years", "title": "Endosalpingiosis" }, { "id": "15983944", "score": "1.3969624", "text": "Uterus-like mass The uterus-like mass (ULM) is a tumorlike anatomical entity originally described in the ovary in 1981 and thereafter reported in several locations of the pelvis and abdominal cavity including broad ligament, greater omentum, cervix, small intestine, mesentery and conus medullaris. Basically, it is represented by a miniature uterus comprising a smooth muscle wall lined by endometrium thus outlining a uterus anatomical structure. Some of the reported cases have been associated to urinary tract and internal genitalia malformations whereas others appeared as a solitary finding. The term endomyometriosis has also been applied to this lesion. Different pathogenetic views have", "title": "Uterus-like mass" }, { "id": "4960783", "score": "1.3969581", "text": "of lesions that affect the uterine cavity are hysterosalpingography or sonohysterography. Fibroids that lead to heavy vaginal bleeding lead to anemia and iron deficiency. Due to pressure effects gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and bloatedness are possible. Compression of the ureter may lead to hydronephrosis. Fibroids may also present alongside endometriosis, which itself may cause infertility. Adenomyosis may be mistaken for or coexist with fibroids. In very rare cases, malignant (cancerous) growths, leiomyosarcoma, of the myometrium can develop. In extremely rare cases uterine fibroids may present as part or early symptom of the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome.", "title": "Uterine fibroid" }, { "id": "19835821", "score": "1.392017", "text": "due to metaplasia of subserosal stromal cells under the influence of progesterone. It regresses within 4–6 weeks after childbirth. Therefore, no treatment is needed for this condition. However, it is necessary to differentiate deciduosis from metastatic cancers and mesothelioma. Ectopic decidua Decidual cells found outside inner lining of the uterus are called ectopic decidual cells or ectopic decidua. This condition was first described in 1971 by Walker and the name 'ectopic decidua' was coined by Tausig. While ectopic decidua is most commonly seen during pregnancy, it rarely occurs in non-pregnant women, accompanied by bleeding and pain. Generally, ectopic decidua has", "title": "Ectopic decidua" }, { "id": "4446835", "score": "1.3909936", "text": "underlying genetic predisposition for its development. AS can result from other pelvic surgeries including cesarean sections, removal of fibroid tumours (myomectomy) and from other causes such as IUDs, pelvic irradiation, schistosomiasis and genital tuberculosis. Chronic endometritis from genital tuberculosis is a significant cause of severe intrauterine adhesions (IUA) in the developing world, often resulting in total obliteration of the uterine cavity which is difficult to treat. An artificial form of AS can be surgically induced by endometrial ablation in women with excessive uterine bleeding, in lieu of hysterectomy. The history of a pregnancy event followed by a D&C leading to", "title": "Asherman's syndrome" }, { "id": "14600588", "score": "1.3909181", "text": "Endosalpingiosis In gynecology, endosalpingiosis is a condition in which fallopian tube-like epithelium is found outside the fallopian tube. It is unknown what causes this condition. It is generally accepted that the condition develops from transformation of coelomic tissue. It is often an incidental finding and is not usually associated with any pathology. The significance of endosalpingiosis is not settled; medical experts differ on whether the condition itself causes issues or whether it is an asymptomatic finding. Common symptoms include, pelvic pain, infertility, menstrual irregularities and dyspareunia. Further reports suggest chronic back pain as a common issue reported years before diagnosis.", "title": "Endosalpingiosis" } ]

[ "Edith piaf", "Edit piaf", "edith pilaf", "édith piaf", "edith giovanna gassion", "rien de rien", "Édith Piaf", "Édith Gassion", "edith piaf", "edith gassion", "Édith Giovanna Gassion", "heaven have mercy", "Edith Giovanna Gassion", "edit piaf", "édith giovanna gassion", "Edith pilaf", "édith gassion", "Edith Gassion", "Heaven Have Mercy", "Rien de rien", "Edith Piaf" ]

[ { "id": "9946602", "score": "1.755044", "text": "en Rose\": Other awards include: La Vie en rose (film) La Vie en Rose (; ) is a 2007 French biographical musical film about the life of French singer Édith Piaf. The film was co-written and directed by Olivier Dahan, and starred Marion Cotillard as Piaf. The UK and US title \"La Vie en Rose\" comes from Piaf's signature song. Cotillard's performance earned her several accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress — marking the first time an Oscar had been given for a French-language role — the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, the Golden", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "9946581", "score": "1.7498037", "text": "La Vie en rose (film) La Vie en Rose (; ) is a 2007 French biographical musical film about the life of French singer Édith Piaf. The film was co-written and directed by Olivier Dahan, and starred Marion Cotillard as Piaf. The UK and US title \"La Vie en Rose\" comes from Piaf's signature song. Cotillard's performance earned her several accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress — marking the first time an Oscar had been given for a French-language role — the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "9946582", "score": "1.7227745", "text": "– Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the César Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance. The film also won the Academy Award for Best Makeup, the BAFTA Award for Best Makeup, Costume Design, Film Music, four additional César Awards and grossed $86.3 million worldwide. The film is structured as a largely non-linear series of key events from the life of Édith Piaf. The film begins with elements from her childhood, and at the end with the events prior to and surrounding her death, poignantly juxtaposed by a performance of her song, \"Non, je ne regrette", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "5883511", "score": "1.717917", "text": "and Cotillard's eyes. The film was dubbed \"the most awaited film of 2007\" in France, where some critics said that Cotillard had reincarnated Édith Piaf to sing one last time on stage. At the Berlin International Film Festival, where the film premiered, Cotillard was given a 15-minute standing ovation. Powerful Hollywood talent agent, Hylda Queally, signed Cotillard shortly after its premiere at the festival. \"La Vie en Rose\" was a box office hit in France, gathering over 5 million admissions, and made US$86 million worldwide on a US$25 million budget. Cotillard is the first actress to win a Golden Globe", "title": "Marion Cotillard" }, { "id": "9946599", "score": "1.7000505", "text": "the third-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980 (behind \"Amélie\" and \"Brotherhood of the Wolf\"). The film received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 74% based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"The set design and cinematography are impressive, but the real achievement of \"La Vie en Rose\" is Marion Cotillard's mesmerizing, wholly convincing performance as Edith Piaf.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating \"generally favorable", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "144139", "score": "1.6576847", "text": "won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her portrayal of legendary French singer Édith Piaf in \"La Vie en Rose\", the first French-language performance to be so honored. The film won two Oscars and four BAFTAs and became the third-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980. Cotillard was the first female and second person to win both an Academy Award and César Award for the same performance. At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, \"Entre les murs\" (\"The Class\") won the Palme d'Or, the 6th French victory", "title": "Cinema of France" }, { "id": "9946596", "score": "1.6463408", "text": "small moments that somehow define all our lives more than the \"big moments\" do—scrambled and fragmentary as a dying person might experience—her mother commenting on her \"wild eyes,\" her father giving her a gift of a doll, and thoughts of her own dead child, Marcelle. The film ends with Édith performing \"Non, je ne regrette rien\" at the Olympia. Cotillard was chosen by director Olivier Dahan to portray the French singer Édith Piaf in the biopic \"La Vie en Rose\" before he had even met her, saying that he noticed a similarity between Piaf's and Cotillard's eyes. Producer Alain Goldman", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "4874894", "score": "1.6344353", "text": "play, switching to cold blue tones. In the United States the film received an R rating by the Motion Picture Association of America, an unusual decision because the film has minimal sexual content, minimal violence, and mild language. Those opposed to the rating believe that the rating was the result of transphobia. The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. It also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Ma vie en rose Ma vie en rose (English translation: \"My Life in Pink\") is a 1997 Belgian drama film directed by", "title": "Ma vie en rose" }, { "id": "9946601", "score": "1.6332057", "text": "voting. Just give the Oscar to Marion Cotillard now. As the chanteuse Édith Piaf in \"La Vie en rose\", her acting is the most astonishing I've seen in years.\" Critic Mark Kermode of \"The Observer\" was less keen; while he felt there was much to applaud, there was also \"plenty to regret\". Kermode agreed that the source material provided \"heady inspiration\", and that Cotillard plays everything with \"kamikaze-style intensity\", but thought the film lacking in structure and narrative, creating \"an oddly empty experience\". Marion Cotillard won seven major Best Actress Awards for her portrayal of Édith Piaf in \"La Vie", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "9946598", "score": "1.6318471", "text": "Marseillaise\" is performed by child singer Cassandre Berger (lip-synched by Pauline Burlet, who plays the young Édith in the film), and Mistinguett's \"Mon Homme\" \"(My Man)\" and \"Il m'a vue nue\" \"(He saw me naked)\" (sung in part by Emmanuelle Seigner) also appear. Recordings of Piaf are also used. The film premiered at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival. In theaters, the film grossed US$86,274,793 worldwide – $10,301,706 in the United States and Canada and $75,973,087 elsewhere in the world. In Francophone countries including France, Algeria, Monaco, Morocco and Tunisia, the film grossed a total of $42,651,334. The film became", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "5883501", "score": "1.6190176", "text": "film \"Taxi\" (1998), which earned her a César Award nomination. She made the transition into Hollywood in Tim Burton's \"Big Fish\" (2003), and subsequently appeared in \"A Very Long Engagement\" (2004), for which she won her first César Award. For her portrayal of French singer Édith Piaf in \"La Vie en Rose\" (2007), Cotillard achieved worldwide recognition and won her second César Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Lumières Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress, becoming the first and (as of 2018) only actor to win an Academy Award for a French-language performance, and also", "title": "Marion Cotillard" }, { "id": "4874893", "score": "1.6103876", "text": "to see her, accepts Ludo's identity and says that regardless what she believes to be, she is still her child. Although internationally presented as a Belgian film because of the nationality of Berliner, its director and co-screenwriter, the film is an international co-production between companies in Belgium, the United Kingdom and France – the majority of the production work was done by the French independent film house Haut et Court and the shooting took place south of Paris, France, near the commune of Évry. The color timing in the film is significant: it changes as parents exit from the school", "title": "Ma vie en rose" }, { "id": "11618126", "score": "1.6037519", "text": "Olivier Dahan Olivier Dahan (born 26 June 1967) is a French film director and screenwriter. His third directed film, \"La Vie en rose\", was one of the only French cinema films to win two Academy Awards, including the first acting Oscar in the French language. In 1991, Olivier Dahan received a diploma in art at the Art school of Marseille, then shot several short subjects and clips. In the beginning of 2004, he decided to shoot a film on the life of the French singer Édith Piaf. The film was a success and the actress Marion Cotillard won the Academy", "title": "Olivier Dahan" }, { "id": "4874887", "score": "1.5890565", "text": "Ma vie en rose Ma vie en rose (English translation: \"My Life in Pink\") is a 1997 Belgian drama film directed by Alain Berliner. It tells the story of Ludovic, a child who is seen by family and community as a boy, but consistently communicates being a girl. The film depicts Ludovic's family struggling to accept this transgressive gender expression. The film was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. When the Fabre family move into their dream house with wonderful neighbors, everything seems", "title": "Ma vie en rose" }, { "id": "9946591", "score": "1.5822687", "text": "bistro, and topples a bottle of champagne because of her developing arthritis, and to the severe morphine addiction that ultimately plays a large role in her demise, as she injects the drug with a young lover in her bedroom. After her husband, Jacques Pills, persuades her to enter rehabilitation for her addiction, she travels to California with him, and the audience sees the sober but manic-by-nature Édith being driven around in a convertible, laughing, joking, teasing her compatriots and generally being the life of the party, until she takes the wheel and promptly drives into a Joshua tree. The hilarity", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "9946595", "score": "1.5812905", "text": "also answers without hesitation, again showing the longings of her life. If you were to give advice to a woman, what would it be? \"Love.\" To a young girl? \"Love.\" To a child? \"Love.\" As though he is carrying a swaddled infant, Louis easily carries Édith, tiny and wasted away at the age of 47, into her bedroom and tucks her into bed, while the subtitle removes any illusions that this is other than the last day of her life. She is afraid. She says she cannot remember things, but has a disjointed series of memories of the kind of", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "9946600", "score": "1.5802592", "text": "reviews\". Cotillard received widespread critical acclaim for her performance, with many critics citing it as the best performance of the year and one of the greatest acting performances of all-time. A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\", while unimpressed with the film itself, said \"it is hard not to admire Ms. Cotillard for the discipline and ferocity she brings to the role.\" Carino Chocano of the \"Los Angeles Times\" opined that \"Marion Cotillard is astonishing as the troubled singer in a technically virtuosic and emotionally resonant performance...\" Richard Nilsen from \"Arizona Republic\" was even more enthusiastic, writing \"don't bother", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "9946584", "score": "1.5768831", "text": "as a child in a brothel, surrounded by the often brutal and demeaning business of prostitution, Édith is taken under the wing of the women there, especially Titine, a young troubled redhead who becomes emotionally attached to the little girl. Titine sings to, plays with, and tenderly cares for Édith through travails including an episode of keratitis-induced blindness. Years later, Édith's father returns for her. Despite anguished protests from both Titine and Édith, he takes the child away to join him as he works as a circus acrobat. As Édith is outside cleaning up after dinner one night, she watches", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" }, { "id": "14339165", "score": "1.5734676", "text": "The film \"Ma Vie en Rose\" (\"My Life in Pink\") (1997) by Alain Berliner depicts a similar scenario. Ludovic is a young child who is assigned male but who lives as a girl and tries to make others agree with her identification. Ludovic's \"gender play\" incurs conflict within the family and prejudice from the neighbors; in the end, the family had to relocate to a new community. The film \"Tomboy\" (2011) by Céline Sciamma follows the story of 10-year-old child named Laure who, after moving with her family to a new neighborhood, dresses as a boy and introduces himself to", "title": "Transgender youth" }, { "id": "9946592", "score": "1.5650139", "text": "is uninterrupted as Édith gets out and pretends to hitchhike—the whole episode appearing to be a metaphor for her lifelong frantic efforts to be happy and distracted by entertaining others, through all manner of disasters. Years later, Piaf, now frail and hunched, squabbles with her entourage about whether or not she will be able to perform at the Olympia. No one but Édith thinks that she will be ready to attempt the feat, but she ultimately faces this reality herself. Then, a new songwriter and arranger shows up with a song, \"Non, je ne regrette rien\", and Édith exclaims: \"You're", "title": "La Vie en rose (film)" } ]