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tomekkorbak

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[ "Estradiol sensitization of rat pituitary cells to gonadotropin-releasing hormone: involvement of protein kinase C- and calcium-dependent signaling pathways.", "\nDuring the female reproductive cycle, estrogen enhances the actions of GnRH on the gonadotrope cell. ", "Recently, we reported that in vivo exposure to estradiol causes a marked enhancement GnRH-induced transcription of the alpha gene promoter in primary cultures of pituitary cells. ", "In the present study, we analyzed the GnRH signaling pathways that mediate the sensitizing effects of estradiol on the alpha promoter. ", "Primary cultures of male and female rat pituitary cells were transfected with the -420alphaLUC reporter gene and treated with agonists or antagonists for 24 h. As found previously, the degree of GnRH (1 nM) stimulation was 15-fold greater in females (157-fold) than in males (9-fold). ", "When cells were treated with phorbol esters [phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA); 10 nM], the level of stimulation was half that observed with GnRH, but the sexual dimorphism was preserved. ", "When protein kinase C (PKC) activity was either depleted by long term treatment with phorbol esters (1 microM PMA for 24 h) or inhibited with staurosporine, the stimulatory effect of GnRH was minimally affected in males, but was markedly reduced in females. ", "The reduced threshold of GnRH responsiveness after inhibition of PKC suggests that the actions of estrogen involve this pathway. ", "Coexpression of c-jun and c-fos, which are increased by GnRH and PMA, suppressed basal alphaLUC activity, but did not alter the sensitivity to GnRH in a sexually dimorphic manner. ", "Dominant negative mutants of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is also activated by GnRH and PMA, failed to reveal sexually dimorphic alterations in GnRH responsiveness. ", "These findings indicate that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and activating protein-1 are probably not involved in estrogen sensitization of transcriptional responses to GnRH. ", "The involvement of Ca2+-dependent pathways was analyzed either by chelating extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA (5 mM) or by using a Ca2+ channel blocker, methoxyverapamil (D600; 1 microM). ", "Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ markedly reduced GnRH action in females, but not in males. ", "Treatment with the Ca2+ channel blocker D600 did not alter GnRH-induced stimulation of -420alphaLUC in males, but in females, GnRH stimulation was significantly impaired (208- vs. 23-fold). ", "Estrogen replacement in ovariectomized females reconstituted GnRH sensitivity and the inhibitory effect of methoxyverapamil (84- vs. 13-fold). ", "We conclude that both PKC- and Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways are involved in estradiol-induced sensitization of female pituitary cells to GnRH." ]

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[ "Significance of gastrectomy as palliative surgery for gastric carcinoma with pyloric stenosis.", "\nWe conducted a clinicopathological study of cases of gastric carcinoma with pyloric stenosis and examined treatment outcomes and the prognosis of cases of stage IV gastric carcinoma with pyloric stenosis and the validity of gastrectomy as palliative surgery in these cases. ", "The outcomes of 49 surgeries for gastric carcinoma with pyloric stenosis were compared with those of 671 surgeries for gastric carcinoma without pyloric stenosis. ", "The diagnosis of pyloric stenosis was confirmed with both upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and an upper gastrointestinal barium series. ", "The frequency of pyloric stenosis in patients with gastric carcinoma was 7.3%. ", "Serosal invasion was observed in about 70% of all cases. ", "Of these cases, 53.1% were classified as stage IV. ", "The resection rate was 73.5%, and the resection was classified as curative in 44.9% of cases. ", "The incidence of complications after surgery in cases of stage IV gastric carcinoma was 47.1%. ", "The median survival time was significantly greater in patients undergoing resection group than in those not undergoing resection (p=0.025). ", "Most patients with gastric cancer and pyloric stenosis can be considered to have stage IV disease, which is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality; thus, prevention of complications, and therefore, avoidance of gastrectomy is recommended in such patients. ", "Nonetheless, in this study, gastrectomy was shown to improve prognoses in these patients." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to install the gedit markdown-preview plugin on 14.04?", "\n\nI've just installed the markdown preview plugin for gedit and I get the following error on the console when I try to activate it in the plugins tab:\n\nTraceback (most recent call last): File\n \"/home/aarold/.local/share/gedit/plugins/markdown-preview/init.py\",\n line 25, in \n import markdown ImportError: No module named 'markdown'\n(gedit:20735): libpeas-WARNING **: Error loading plugin\n 'markdown-preview\n\nNote that this is not the same question as the other one about gedit since its solution does not work for me.", "\nI've tried setting the Loader parameter in my /home/aarold/.local/share/gedit/plugins/markdown-preview.plugin file to python and python3 as well but none of them work. ", "I tried reinstalling the plugin with all possible permutations of options and although it says install was succesful I always get this error. ", "What could be the problem?", "\nI've checked the .py file and it seems that it cannot\nimport markdown.", "\nDo I need to install some additional python modules?", "\nI've tried\npip install markdown\n\nbut although it \n\nSuccessfully installed markdown\n\nI still get the same error.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis plugin is written for Python 2, but since gedit 3.8, only Python 3 plugins are supported. ", "So some small changes are required.", "\n\nModify the installer (gedit-markdown.sh) to install the python3 markdown module:\nThis is a patch that you can apply on the existing file (or you can just copy the full modified version available here):\n--- gedit-markdown_ori.sh 2014-05-14 16:14:58.386700310 +0200\n+++ gedit-markdown.sh 2014-05-14 15:42:21.038783248 +0200\n@@ -263,7 +263,9 @@\n\n # Note: sous Archlinux, «/usr/bin/python» correspond à Python 3. ", "On teste donc les\n # chemins pour Python 2 en premier.", "\n-if type -p python2.7 > /dev/null; then\n+if type -p python3 > /dev/null; then\n+ binPython=$(type -p python3)\n+elif type -p python2.7 > /dev/null; then\n binPython=$(type -p python2.7)\n elif type -p python2.6 > /dev/null; then\n binPython=$(type -p python2.6)\n@@ -287,15 +289,15 @@\n cheminPythonMarkdown=python-markdown/python2\n cheminPythonSitePackages=$(\"$binPython\" -m site --user-site)\n fi\n-# elif [[ ${versionPython:0:1} == 3 ]]; then\n-# compareVersions \"$versionPython\" \"3.1\"\n-# \n-# if [[ $? ", "== 2 ]]; then\n-# bonneVersionPython=false\n-# else\n-# cheminPythonMarkdown=python-markdown/python3\n-# cheminPythonSitePackages=$(\"$binPython\" -m site --user-site)\n-# fi\n+ elif [[ ${versionPython:0:1} == 3 ]]; then\n+ compareVersions \"$versionPython\" \"3.1\"\n+ \n+ if [[ $? ", "== 2 ]]; then\n+ bonneVersionPython=false\n+ else\n+ cheminPythonMarkdown=python-markdown/python3\n+ cheminPythonSitePackages=$(\"$binPython\" -m site --user-site)\n+ fi\n else\n bonneVersionPython=false\n fi\n\nRun ./gedit-markdown.sh install\nYou should see python 3.4 instead of 2.7:\n############################################################\n##\n## Installation of gedit-markdown\n##\n############################################################\n\n## First step: check dependencies\n\n- gedit: 3.10.4\n- Python: 3.4\n\n[...]\n\nChange the plugin loader to python3\nReplace /home/aarold/.local/share/gedit/plugins/markdown-preview.plugin with:\n[Plugin]\nLoader=python3\nModule=markdown-preview\nIAge=3\nName=Markdown Preview\nName[fr]=Aperçu Markdown\nDescription=Show the HTML version of the Markdown text you're editing\nDescription[fr]=Affiche l'aperçu en HTML du document Markdown en cours d'édition\nAuthors=Michele Campeotto <[email protected]>\\nJean-Philippe Fleury <[email protected]>\nCopyright=Copyright © 2005, 2006 Michele Campeotto\\nCopyright © 2009, 2011-2012 Jean-Philippe Fleury\nWebsite=http://www.jpfleury.net/logiciels/gedit-markdown.php\n\nConvert /home/aarold/.local/share/gedit/plugins/markdown-preview/__init__.py to python3:\nRun:\n2to3 -w /home/aarold/.local/share/gedit/plugins/markdown-preview/__init__.py\n\nFinally open this file and edit line 86 (remove the binary mode, \"wb\" -> \"w\"):\nwith open(confFile, \"w\") as confFile:\n\nActivate the plugin in Gedit as you did.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Intramuscular botulinum toxin prior to comprehensive rehabilitation has no added value for improving motor impairments, gait kinematics and goal attainment in walking children with spastic cerebral palsy.", "\nBotulinum toxin (BoNT-A) is widely used in combined treatment for spastic cerebral palsy, but its added value preceding comprehensive rehabilitation for motor impairments, gait, and goal attainment has not been studied. ", "A comparative multi-centre trial, in which two groups underwent comprehensive rehabilitation (i.e. high-intensive functional physiotherapy, and indicated casting/orthoses). ", "One group received intramuscular BoNT-A prior to rehabilitation, and the other group did not receive BoNT-A. Children with spastic cerebral palsy, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III, age range 4-12 years, indicated for BoNT-A treatment regarding mobility problems. ", "Sixty-five children participated (37 boys), mean age 7.3 years (standard deviation (SD) 2.3, range 4-12 years), equally distributed across GMFCS levels. ", "Forty-one children received BoNT-A+ comprehensive rehabilitation and 24 received comprehensive rehabilitation only. ", "Functional leg muscle strength, passive range of motion, angle of catch, cerebral palsy-related pain, walking speed, kinematic gait parameters, goal attainment, and proxy-reported general functioning were assessed at baseline, primary end-point (12 weeks) and 24-week follow-up. ", "Statistical analyses were performed with linear mixed models. ", "At the primary end-point there were no statistically significant differences in treatment effects between the groups, except for the angle-of-catch of the rectus femoris, which was in favour of comprehensive rehabilitation without BoNT-A (12° difference, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2:23, p = 0.025). ", "Results at follow-up were similar. ", "At the group level, treating with BoNT-A prior to comprehensive rehabilitation did not add to the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation. ", "Thus, BoNT-A prescription and use should be critically reconsidered in this cerebral palsy age- and GMFCS-subgroup." ]

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[ "This invention concerns in general a headset having different adjustment features. ", "In particular the invention enables a user to make an adjustment of the location of each cup separately relatively to the headband and each ear of the user. ", "Thereby the invention enables the user to choose a most comfortable location of the ear cups for the user, after wearing the headset on the head of the user. ", "In the same time the invention enables the user to make adjustment of the pressure exerted by the ear cups on the user's head.", "\nThe invention is provided with coupling means for rotatively coupling the ear cups to the headband and securement means which provide effective fixing the ear cups in a chosen location.", "\nThe use of headsets with adjusting of some parameters has long been known.", "\nIn general, conventional headsets comprises headbands, which support ear cups usually constitute a C-clamp type device, comprising a spring, the tension of which applies pressure to the head of the user so as to hold the headset on the users head. ", "This spring tension is usually somewhat adjustable by flexing the elements which comprises the headband.", "\nA general problem of such headset is that a user experiences difficultly in choosing the most comfortable location of the ear cups and in precisely adjusting the amount of tension of the headset gripping his head. ", "Often a user is painfully aware of such limitations of a conventional headset in that the pressure exerted on this head by the headset in too great or too little to be satisfactory. ", "If the pressure is too great, discomfort, lack of concentration and even headaches may be caused.", "\nHowever, if a user attempts to loosen the headset to relieve such excessive pressure, and only a coarse adjustment is present, the user is likely to decrease the pressure to the point where slippage of the headset can occur. ", "It is possible for such slippage to cause loss of communication if the ear cup becomes separated from the user's ear.", "\nAccordingly, there has been a long felt need for headsets which can be mass manufactured, but yet easily adjusted to fit an individual user, taking into account both the physical dimensions and personal tastes of those wearing such headsets.", "\nSome attempts at solving this problem are known. ", "For example, the U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,636,279 to Turner disclosed an headset of adjustable size including a pair of headphones each having a pair of parallel tracks formed therein and receiving a pair of electrical conductors associated with a headband assembly adjustable connecting the headphones. ", "Such headset enables only the adjustment of the location of the headphones upwardly and downwardly respectively to the ears of user. ", "However, there is no change in the headband pressure on the user's head and there is no change in the axial distance between the headphones.", "\nThe U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,189,788 to Schenke disclosed a headset comprises a headband and ear pieces. ", "Each ear piece is supported to the headband by means of support member having a wedge shaped opening therein. ", "A wedge is positioned within the support member opening and the headband is secured to the wedge. ", "The wedge resiliently urges a fork attached to the ear piece against the support member thereby providing a slideable, frictional engagement. ", "Such headset enables up and downwardly adjustment of the location of the ear pieces, but there are no means for adjusting the headband pressure on the users head.", "\nThe U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,727,585 comprises a band for a headset for adjustably varying the tension intermediate the downwardly depending ends of a spring headband includes a longitudinally extending spring member having an arcuate shape and radius less than the intermediate portion of the headband, that is disposed in the top of the intermediate portion of the headband at one end, a tension adjusting slider is disposed around the headband and the spring member for the longitudinal movement so that the tension intermediate the lower ends of headband is varied as the slider is repositioned. ", "There is no suggestion of simultaneous adjustment of the headband pressure on the users head and the adjustment of the location of the ear cups relative to the ears of the user.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,783,822 to Cocoa, Charlson and Bussey discloses a multi-adjustable headband having separate coarse and fine adjustment of the axial distance between at least one ear piece element and a side support to vary the pressure exerted on the head of the user. ", "However, there is no means for adjusting the upward and downward location of the ear piece element relative to the headband." ]

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[ "More than just ‘clothes’, blue jeans have been central to virtually every youth subculture over the last 80 years. ", "From greasers of the 1950s, hippies of the 1970s, punks of the 1980s, there are countless subculture styles that have worn jeans whilst resisting authority and defining cool. ", "As culture changes and subcultures spring up, jeans have a way of changing with us, morphing into whatever we need at that moment.", "\n\nThey’re simply one of the most versatile pieces of clothing ever created.", "\n\nBut what is it about the style of these subcultures that has had such a defining impact on the contemporary culture of today? ", "That’s what Greg Foley and co-author Andrew Luecke asked themselves a couple years ago when they started working on their book Cool: Style, Sound and Subversion. ", "The 272-page illustrated guide is equal parts historical chronicle and handbook of the myriad subcultures, visually explaining the stylistic codes of each. ", "Zeitgeist films, zines, art collectives, and over one hundred music playlists tied to specific subcultures through the years are featured.", "\n\nWith denim being such a common thread, especially Levi’s® 501, it was only natural that Foley and Luecke reached out to the American jean giant to collaborate on the story. ", "The result is a collection of illustrated postcards featuring 501s and all the coolest subcultures that wore them.", "\n\nTo find out more about the project and denims defining style, WGSN spoke to the guys behind the book in an exclusive interview.", "\n\nHow did the collaboration with Levi’s come about?", "\n\nIn writing and producing the book, my coauthor, Greg Foley, and I realized Levi’s® 501s were consistent favorites among really influential subcultures of the past, and were important to edgier, newer subcultures, like punks in the 1970s and even grunge and Riot Grrrl in the 1990s. ", "With that information in mind, we reached out to Levi’s® and asked if they’d be interesting in collaborating with us on a series of postcards featuring 501s and all the coolest subcultures that wore them. ", "We agreed on a series of ten postcards with art from the book on the front and little factual blurbs on the back. ", "It’s amazing to explore how so many different groups wore Levi’s® 501®s differently. ", "The printed postcards turned out great, too. ", "They’re great quality, with really vivid colors on thick card stock.", "\n\nIf you look at big cultural moments like youthquake, summer of love and moments like the fall of the Berlin Wall, Levi’s® have always been present, worn by the youth. ", "What is it about the appeal of denim that has kept it a cornerstone for subcultural uniforms throughout the eras?", "\n\nIf you go back far enough, Levi’s® was there for what was essentially the American founding of California. ", "That’s not a “youth” moment per se, but with the symbolism of California, the idea of ‘Fun in the Sun’ – surfing, skating, and hippies, it’s clear that even that is part of the story. ", "I think they made their first 501s® in the 1890s. ", "As workwear, Levi’s® were always a symbol that one wasn’t participating in upper class, white collar culture, which later became known as ‘The Establishment’. ", "Sure, for farmers or carpenters, that might not have been a choice, but once the Beat writers started wearing Levi’s® in the 1940s it was partially to show that they were opting out of the established culture and power structures in the West. ", "Secondly, the jeans wear tough and look great – they were anti-establishment and they were functional. ", "Same for the hippies, who spent time sleeping rough or travelling. ", "In that way, they just look and feel like freedom.", "\n\nOver the years, each subculture has re-appropriated denim in terms of silhouettes, customization, and attitude. ", "What are some of your favourite ways these style movements have adopted denim and changed the conversation on jeanswear style?", "\n\nFirst, you see the Mods in the 1960s. ", "There’s that famous Mod thing of wearing your shrink-to-fit Levi’s® in the bathtub and then out in the sun so they’ll dry perfectly fitted to your body. ", "So that ultra slim look is theirs, and it’s so sharp and influential. ", "No one wore denim quite as sharply as the Mods, and that really opened doors for the way people wear denim now. ", "Then, you’ve got to look to hip hop in the early ’90s and how that culture pioneered wearing baggy jeans. ", "No one had done that before, and it’s just another example of how hip-hop remixed style to make it its own, just like it did with music. ", "With that push, you see hip hop companies like Karl Kani emerge to make baggy jeans, which also hadn’t been done before. ", "Of course, skaters and ravers took inspiration here and ran with it, eventually wearing truly huge jeans. ", "We definitely feature late ’80s and early ’90s hip-hop style on one of our COOL 501®s postcards.", "\n\nSounds and music is a big part of the conversation in the book. ", "How has music and the personalities in each scene influenced denim style?", "\n\nWell, as I said, with the greasers and Mods, they really influenced rock and roll style. ", "But then you have other really interesting stuff too, like grunge. ", "The way Kurt Cobain wore jeans was amazing. ", "It was totally his own ripped up, broken down style, but it resonates today. ", "People love it.", "\n\nIt’s interesting to see how denim style has been borrowed and evolved throughout these subcultural groups. ", "Andrew, we’ve had conversations on the Ramones style and how they created their look of cropped tees and slimmer jeans from New York City male hustlers. ", "Can you elaborate on this?", "\n\nYes, that’s true. ", "The Ramones’ signature white T-shirts, tight Levi’s® 501s®, Schott Perfecto leather jackets, and Kids sneakers were the uniform of New York City male hustlers in the late ’60s and early ’70s. ", "It’s very similar to the classic ’50s greaser and biker looks, similar to what Marlon Brando wore in The Wild One. ", "That look, and that movie in particular, really influenced the gay leatherman scene and gay fashion in general. ", "Also, sometimes The Ramones would even wear cropped T-shirts, which I thought looked goofy when I was a kid, but now I think it’s part of that hustler style, looking sexually appealing. ", "Gay leathermen and punks are both part of our set of COOL 501®s postcards.", "\n\nOn the topic of those more lesser-known subcultural groups like gay leathermen and Congolese Bills. ", "Can you give us a rundown on the denim style of these style groups?", "\n\nCertainly. ", "With the gay leatherman thing, that style came right out of biker and greaser culture, and so if they weren’t wearing leather pants, they were wearing Levi’s® 501®s. There’s even a ‘rules’ sign from a ’70’s New York leather bar we came across doing research for COOL. ", "Some of those rules are a dress code and it says, like, “No trousers, no suit pants, Levi’s® only,” which is amazing. ", "With the Bills, they were there in the Belgian Congo in the late ’50s dressing like cowboys. ", "It wasn’t easy to get cowboy gear in the Congo then, so they made their own stuff or had relatives send it in from Paris, where Levi’s® 501®s were first available around 1959. ", "That kind of globalism mixed with DIY style is really prescient.", "\n\nIn the book, you detail some of the sartorial codes that denim spoke to amongst subcultural groups – like gay community with handkerchief code. ", "Was there anything else interesting like this that you discovered in your research? ", "How have people used denim as a way to communicate?", "\n\nSure, with Biker colors, those go on denim vests. ", "There are certain rules in biker culture about what the top rocker (or top text) says, what the patch in the middle says, and what state or territory the bottom rocker (or bottom text claims). ", "Those rules are really important in that subculture, and even though we don’t advocate it, people have spilled blood to enforce them.", "\n\nWith denim’s deep and wide history amongst these subcultural groups its unsurprising that todays designers find endless design inspiration and reference. ", "Are there any particular subcultural groups that ring true on todays catwalks or amongst youth of today?", "\n\nI mean, the recent one is skaters, who like I said, took hip-hop bagginess and really ran with it. ", "Beyond that though, it was also skaters who brought back the high-waisted, cropped denim thing that’s been so popular for the past few years. ", "In a couple years, I’m sure Hedi Slimane’s early 2000’s punk, ultra-tight skinny jeans thing will come back. ", "It never really left for women, but for men, it did, but I’m sure it’s on its way back in the next five or so years.", "\n\nWho are some of your favorite denim icons and why?", "\n\nWell, Kurt Cobain is amazing. ", "And there’s certainly a drawing on our grunge postcard for Levi’s® that’s inspired by Kurt Cobain. ", "Sid Vicious too, who took that Ramones skinny Levi’s® 501®s style and made it even more filthy and rude in a really irresistible way. ", "Those two for sure.", "\n\n… maybe not on the catwalks, but I’ll admit I stay more focused on what’s happening in the streets 😉\n\nThomas Stege Bojer\n\nJun 02nd, 2018\n\n“In a couple years, I’m sure Hedi Slimane’s early 2000’s punk, ultra-tight skinny jeans thing will come back. ", "It never really left for women, but for men, it did” – hmm, I’m still seeing guys in really tight jeans. ", "Even tighter that the early 2000s’ Diors." ]

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[ "\nShow HN: A Book about Lambdas on Java (+Maven) Using Lambada - aldrinleal\nhttps://ingenieux.gitbooks.io/lambada-book/\n======\naldrinleal\nIts draft enough to keep me shamed, but since I've amassed a long body of\ncode, its time to start writing about it. :)", "\n\nThis covers lambada, which is a set of metadata extractors. ", "Alongside\nbeanstalker, my Maven plugin for AWS Elastic Beanstalk (+ cloudformation, api\ngateway, lambda) it helps you build a full-fledged web api with complete AWS\nSupport.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Clinical study of chronic invasive sinusitis caused by dematiaceous fungi].", "\nTo discuss the clinical presentation, diagnostic criterion and treatment principle of chronic invasive sinusitis caused by dematiaceous fungi. ", "One patient was diagnosed as chronic invasive sinusitis based on history, headache, especially eye symptoms without fever, sinus CT and MRI, endoscopic and cytological findings in the nasal cavity. ", "Surgical debridement was performed, and the patient was administered with systemic anti-fungi treatment. ", "Alternaria was identified on culture. ", "The patient was proved of tissue invasion histopathologically through biopsy. ", "The patient survived after treatment without recurrence. ", "Extensive and aggressive surgical debridement, prompt and adequate dosage of intravenous antifungal therapy , together with controlling of the underlying disease, all contribute to a complete resolution of the disease." ]

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[ "Tag: Forbes\n\nI just finished readingAlexander Mallery’s paper on “protective ignorance” in Stanford Intersect. ", "It’s an interesting take on the Elizabeth Holmes/Steve Jobs connection and how it may have shielded her and her company from scrutiny. ", "Some highlights: Holmes, thus, did not just copy the Jobs story—she improved upon it. ", "Jobs dropped out of Reed College" ]

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[ "Sport / Other Sport SEMIFINALISTS Injured Nadal retires on day of Aussie Open upsets BL PREMIUM\n\nMelbourne — Rafael Nadal’s drive towards a second Australian Open title came to a shuddering injury-induced halt on Tuesday on a day of upsets that saw unseeded Kyle Edmund and Elise Mertens make the semifinals. ", "The men’s world No1 retired against Marin Cilic after an upper right leg problem began troubling him during the fourth set on Rod Laver Arena, with the Spaniard wincing in pain as he struggled to continue. ", "His 3-6 6-3 6-7 (5/7) 6-2 2-0 exit set up a last-four clash for the former US Open champion against Britain’s Edmund, who stunned third seed Grigor Dimitrov 6-4 3-6 6-3 6-4. ", "The South African-born Edmund, playing in his first Grand Slam quarterfinal, showed no nerves as he blazed away with his fearsome forehand to subdue a jaded-looking Dimitrov. ", "Edmund crunched 46 winners to Dimitrov’s 32 at a packed Rod Laver Arena. ", "Mertens, who is yet to drop a set, was equally convincing in blasting past world No4 Elina Svitolina 6-4 6-0 to become the first Belgian to make the semis si..." ]

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[ "“A U.S. E-6B Doomsday Plane is using ‘Trump’ as radio callsign while flying over central U.S. right now” blared the headline on a Flipboard Magazine story in early March.", "\n\nAt the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January, a group of reporters for the Quartz website put together an ADS-B receiver and tracked all the helicopter traffic flying to and from the conference, then reported what they discovered.", "\n\nAircraft for which blocking of position data has been requested are regularly seen on the ADS-B Exchange website, which does not comply with blocking agreements that are supposed to protect blocked aircraft information. “", "This cannot possibly be called ‘progress,’” wrote a commenter on a popular business aviation forum earlier this year, frustrated that his own airplane can easily be tracked despite his participation in the FAA’s blocking program.", "\n\n“Currently, several sources of crowd-sourced flight-tracking information are making business aircraft movements extremely easy to track by reading the mode-S transponder code,” NBAA noted in a survey that it sent to members on March 16. ", "The one-question survey asked members to comment on how often they would be willing to change the hexadecimal code on mode-S transponders in their aircraft to prevent such simple tracking of their movements.", "\n\nThe latest Senate bill on FAA reauthorization includes language that would attempt to fix the blocking dilemma. ", "The new legislation, according to NBAA, “ensures the real-time location of general aviation aircraft is not disseminated or displayed, protecting the privacy and security of flight information.”", "\n\nBlocking of information about aircraft flying in U.S. national airspace has become difficult, despite the FAA’s current blocking program. ", "This program, which replaced the previous Block Aircraft Registration Request (Barr) system, relies on flight-tracking providers’ agreeing to block information at operators’ requests in exchange for being able to tap into the FAA’s Aircraft Situation Display to Industry (ASDI) data feed.", "\n\nThe problem with blocking is that simple sub-$100 hobbyist receivers can detect position, speed and identification information by receiving broadcasts from mode-S transponders and ADS-B out transmitters. ", "None of this information is in any way encrypted, and hobbyists can share the information gathered on their receivers to create a network of flight-tracking information. ", "Flight-tracking companies can also use information from receivers, as does FlightAware with its PiAware receiver and Passur with its own receiver network, but FlightAware, Passur, FlightRadar24 and others participate in the agreement to withhold information on blocked aircraft.", "\n\nNot so ADS-B Exchange. ", "This website was put up by pilot Dan Streufert last year. “", "This is really just a hobby,” he told AIN. “", "I got interested in aircraft tracking with PiAware and found that I could expand on that. ", "I threw the site up for the heck of it.”", "\n\nIn Streufert’s opinion, there is little that can be done to protect the information that aircraft are broadcasting about their position. “", "The information is being broadcast in the clear over the air,” he said. “", "Any sense of security that operators may have had is an illusion. ", "If you have a mode-S transponder, you can be tracked. ", "ADS-B makes it a bit easier. ", "The information is already out there, just spend $100 on Amazon to buy the parts and you can receive it. ", "If the bad guys want the information, it’s already out there. ", "We’re not making anything that is not already there. ", "Maybe it will draw attention [to this situation]. ", "Even military aircraft are trackable on mode-S. There are a ton of military aircraft on the site, including Air Force One, U-2s, and they’re perfectly trackable.”", "\n\nSecurity Concerns and Protecting Information\n\nThe business pilot who complained about being unable to block his airplane on ADS-B Exchange is worried about the security implications of someone with ill intent tracking his airplane and others. ", "He asked not to be identified for this article, and AIN agreed to withhold any information that might identify him. ", "He also believes the unblocked information could be used by businesses tracking competitors’ activities, to thwart, say, the purchase of one company by another. “", "There is an [airplane] at my airport in the [unidentified] business, and it goes to a place in [another state]. ", "They’re only going for one reason: there is a store for sale and they want to buy it. [", "Now] it’s simple for the competitors to go and see what’s for sale,” he explained.", "\n\nThere are efforts under way to prevent identifying aircraft from airborne transponder and ADS-B broadcasts, possibly encrypting those signals, and to enact laws regarding the dissemination of such information.", "\n\nSection 609 of a House FAA reauthorization–which failed to make it through Congress, likely because of its ATC privatization focus–included language that would require the FAA to block aircraft upon request. ", "S.2658, which was approved by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on March 16, eliminates the privatized ATC proposal and essentially replicates Section 609 of the House bill with a “Right to Privacy When Using Air Traffic Control System” amendment proposed by Sen. Dan Sullivan (R-Alaska): “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Federal Aviation Administration shall, upon request of a private aircraft owner or operator, block the registration number of the aircraft of the owner or operator from any public dissemination or display, except in data made available to a Government agency, for the noncommercial flights of the owner or operator.”", "\n\nThis appears to address concerns about blocking registration information, but receivers could still detect mode-S transponder or ADS-B out signals and, presumably, view the real-time position of even blocked aircraft, in contrast to NBAA’s wording in its survey question. ", "The bill’s language also doesn’t cover blocking of military or commercial aircraft.", "\n\nNBAA says it is aware of the concerns of its members and is working on several avenues to provide relief to operators that don’t want their aircraft to be so easily trackable. ", "Part of this includes the survey that the association sent on March 16, but there are other efforts under way as well.", "\n\nAt a December 2015 meeting of the industry Equip 2020 group, according to Jens Hennig, vice president of operations for the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), the FAA explained how dynamic allocation of 24-bit addresses could work. ", "Currently these addresses are listed on the FAA registry for each mode-S-equipped aircraft and also a database for RVSM-equipped aircraft and enable flight-tracking services to look up that information. ", "Changing to an address not linked to the registry would essentially make a tracked aircraft unidentifiable, except by a spotter positioned near an airport using a pair of binoculars, a zoom lens or the naked eye to view registration numbers.", "\n\nAt the meeting, the FAA asked NBAA to develop a concept of operations for how dynamic allocation would work for its members, including, Hennig explained, how many operators would use it, how often the addresses would be changed and the number of aircraft that would be affected. ", "The FAA also wants to know whether transponders would need to be altered to allow dynamic allocation. “", "Can the address change be made through a menu setup or do we need to add a capability?”", "\n\nA better way to block could be encrypting the 24-bit address, which would eliminate the need to change it. ", "The FAA has asked the RTCA Program Management Committee to see if this would be feasible and practical, according to Hennig, although this would be a longer-term project." ]

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[ "\n#ifndef __CMPTEST_H__\n#define __CMPTEST_H__\n\n#ifdef NDEBUG\n#/**/undef/**/ NDEBUG\n#endif\n\n#include <assert.h>\n#include <errno.h>\n#include <limits.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n\n#include \"sodium.h\"\n#include \"quirks.h\"\n\n#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__\n# undef TEST_SRCDIR\n# define TEST_SRCDIR \"/test-data\"\n#endif\n#ifndef TEST_SRCDIR\n# define TEST_SRCDIR \".\"", "\n#endif\n\n#define TEST_NAME_RES TEST_NAME \".res\"\n#define TEST_NAME_OUT TEST_SRCDIR \"/\" TEST_NAME \".exp\"\n\n#ifdef HAVE_ARC4RANDOM\n# undef rand\n# define rand(X) arc4random(X)\n#endif\n\nint xmain(void);\n\nstatic unsigned char *guard_page;\n\n#ifdef BENCHMARKS\n\n# include <sys/time.h>\n\n# ifndef ITERATIONS\n# define ITERATIONS 128\n# endif\n\nstruct {\n void *pnt;\n size_t size;\n} mempool[1024];\n\nstatic size_t mempool_idx;\n\nstatic __attribute__((malloc)) void *mempool_alloc(size_t size)\n{\n size_t i;\n if (size >= (size_t) 0x80000000 - (size_t) 0x00000fff) {\n return NULL;\n }\n size = (size + (size_t) 0x00000fff) & ~ (size_t) 0x00000fff;\n for (i = 0U; i < mempool_idx; i++) {\n if (mempool[i].size >= (size | (size_t) 0x80000000)) {\n mempool[i].size &= ~ (size_t) 0x80000000;\n return mempool[i].pnt;\n }\n }\n if (mempool_idx >= sizeof mempool / sizeof mempool[0]) {\n return NULL;\n }\n mempool[mempool_idx].size = size;\n return (mempool[mempool_idx++].pnt = (void *) malloc(size));\n}\n\nstatic void mempool_free(void *pnt)\n{\n size_t i;\n for (i = 0U; i < mempool_idx; i++) {\n if (mempool[i].pnt == pnt) {\n if ((mempool[i].size & (size_t) 0x80000000) !", "= (size_t) 0x0) {\n break;\n }\n mempool[i].size |= (size_t) 0x80000000;\n return;\n }\n }\n abort();\n}\n\nstatic __attribute__((malloc)) void *mempool_allocarray(size_t count, size_t size)\n{\n if (count > (size_t) 0U && size >= (size_t) SIZE_MAX / count) {\n return NULL;\n }\n return mempool_alloc(count * size);\n}\n\nstatic int mempool_free_all(void)\n{\n size_t i;\n int ret = 0;\n\n for (i = 0U; i < mempool_idx; i++) {\n if ((mempool[i].size & (size_t) 0x80000000) == (size_t) 0x0) {\n ret = -1;\n }\n free(mempool[i].pnt);\n mempool[i].pnt = NULL;\n }\n mempool_idx = (size_t) 0U;\n\n return ret;\n}\n\n#define sodium_malloc(X) mempool_alloc(X)\n#define sodium_free(X) mempool_free(X)\n#define sodium_allocarray(X, Y) mempool_allocarray((X), (Y))\n\nstatic unsigned long long now(void)\n{\n struct timeval tp;\n unsigned long long now;\n\n if (gettimeofday(&tp, NULL) !", "= 0) {\n abort();\n }\n now = ((unsigned long long) tp.tv_sec * 1000000ULL) +\n (unsigned long long) tp.tv_usec;\n\n return now;\n}\n\nint main(void)\n{\n unsigned long long ts_start;\n unsigned long long ts_end;\n unsigned int i;\n\n if (sodium_init() !", "= 0) {\n return 99;\n }\n\n#ifndef __EMSCRIPTEN__\n randombytes_set_implementation(&randombytes_salsa20_implementation);\n#endif\n ts_start = now();\n for (i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++) {\n if (xmain() !", "= 0) {\n abort();\n }\n }\n ts_end = now();\n printf(\"%llu\\n\", 1000000ULL * (ts_end - ts_start) / ITERATIONS);\n if (mempool_free_all() !", "= 0) {\n fprintf(stderr, \"** memory leaks detected **\\n\");\n return 99;\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\n#undef printf\n#define printf(...) do { } while(0)\n\n#elif !", "defined(BROWSER_TESTS)\n\nstatic FILE *fp_res;\n\nint main(void)\n{\n FILE *fp_out;\n unsigned char *_guard_page;\n int c;\n\n if ((fp_res = fopen(TEST_NAME_RES, \"w+\")) == NULL) {\n perror(\"fopen(\" TEST_NAME_RES \")\");\n return 99;\n }\n if (sodium_init() !", "= 0) {\n return 99;\n }\n# if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)\n guard_page = _guard_page = NULL;\n#else\n if ((_guard_page = (unsigned char *) sodium_malloc(0)) == NULL) {\n perror(\"sodium_malloc()\");\n return 99;\n }\n guard_page = _guard_page + 1;\n#endif\n if (xmain() !", "= 0) {\n return 99;\n }\n rewind(fp_res);\n if ((fp_out = fopen(TEST_NAME_OUT, \"r\")) == NULL) {\n perror(\"fopen(\" TEST_NAME_OUT \")\");\n return 99;\n }\n do {\n if ((c = fgetc(fp_res)) !", "= fgetc(fp_out)) {\n return 99;\n }\n } while (c !", "= EOF);\n sodium_free(_guard_page);\n\n return 0;\n}\n\n#undef printf\n#define printf(...) fprintf(fp_res, __VA_ARGS__)\n\n#else\n\nint main(void)\n{\n if (sodium_init() !", "= 0) {\n return 99;\n }\n if (xmain() !", "= 0) {\n return 99;\n }\n printf(\"--- SUCCESS ---\\n\");\n\n return 0;\n}\n\n#endif\n\n#define main xmain\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "U.S. new home sales post largest drop in 16 months; jobless claims up\n\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) - Sales of new U.S. single-family homes fell more than expected in December, recording their biggest drop in nearly 1-1/2 years, likely as the boost from the replacement of flood-damaged houses in parts of the South affected by hurricanes faded.", "\n\nFILE PHOTO -- A real estate sign advertising a new home for sale is pictured in Vienna, Virginia, U.S. October 20, 2014. ", "REUTERS/Larry Downing/File Photo\n\nOther data on Thursday showed the number of Americans filing for unemployment benefits rose from a 45-year low last week. ", "The jump in jobless claims was, however, less than expected, and the underlying trend remained consistent with a tight labor market that is helping to underpin demand for housing.", "\n\n“We expect demand for single-family housing to remain robust, driven by job gains and the aging of the millennial generation into prime homebuying ages,” said Ben Ayers, senior economist at Nationwide in Columbus, Ohio.", "\n\nThe Commerce Department said new home sales declined 9.3 percent to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 625,000 units last month. ", "The percentage decrease was the largest since August 2016. ", "Unseasonably cold temperatures at the end of December probably also hurt sales.", "\n\nEconomists polled by Reuters had forecast that new home sales, which account for 10.1 percent of the housing market, would tumble 7.9 percent to a pace of 679,000 units last month.", "\n\nSales plunged 9.8 percent in the South last month after a 6.6 percent surge in November that was tied to rebuilding after the devastation caused by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. ", "They fell 10 percent in the Midwest and dropped 2.4 percent in the Northeast - both regions experienced unusually cold weather in late December. ", "In the West, sales fell 9.5 percent.", "\n\nPointing to underlying strength in the housing market, new home sales surged 14.1 percent from a year ago. ", "They increased 8.3 percent in 2017 to 608,000 units, the highest level since 2007.", "\n\nThe strong labor market, which is near full employment, has unleashed demand for housing that has not been matched by supply. ", "As a result, house price inflation has outpaced wage growth, keeping some first-time home buyers out of the market. ", "The median new house price rose 2.6 percent to a record $335,400 in December from a year ago.", "\n\nWhile the stock of new homes on the market increased 3.9 percent in December to 295,000 units, more than an 8-1/2-year high, it remained below its peak of 572,000 units in July 2006.", "\n\nAt December’s sales pace it would take 5.7 months to clear the supply of houses on the market, up from 4.9 months in November. ", "A six-month supply is viewed as a healthy balance between supply and demand.", "\n\nThe U.S. dollar .DXY was weaker against a basket of currencies after the data. ", "Prices of U.S. Treasuries were trading mostly lower while U.S. stock indexes were largely flat.", "\n\nTIGHT LABOR MARKET In a separate report on Thursday, the Labor Department said initial claims for state unemployment benefits increased 17,000 to a seasonally adjusted 233,000 for the week ended Jan. 20. ", "Claims fell to 216,000 in the prior week, the lowest level since January 1973.", "\n\nEconomists had forecast claims rising to 240,000 in the latest week. ", "Last week marked the 151st straight week that claims remained below the 300,000 threshold, which is associated with a strong labor market. ", "That is the longest such stretch since 1970, when the labor market was much smaller.", "\n\n“The song remains the same for tightness of the labor market - employers are extremely reluctant to fire current workers, which reflects not only the current positive business environment but also the difficulty in finding qualified replacements,” said John Ryding, chief economist at RDQ Economics in New York.", "\n\nLast week, the four-week moving average of initial claims, considered a better measure of labor market trends as it irons out week-to-week volatility, fell 3,500 to 240,000.", "\n\nThe claims report also showed the number of people receiving benefits after an initial week of aid dropped 28,000 to 1.94 million in the week ended Jan. 13. ", "The four-week moving average of the so-called continuing claims fell 3,500 to 1.92 million.", "\n\nThe continuing claims data covered the week of the household survey from which January’s unemployment rate will be calculated. ", "The four-week average of continuing claims slipped 1,750 between the December and January survey periods.", "\n\nThat suggests little change in the unemployment rate this month. ", "The jobless rate dropped seven-tenths of a percentage point to a 17-year low of 4.1 percent in 2017, and economists expect it to hit 3.5 percent by the end of this year, which could spur faster wage growth as companies compete for workers.", "\n\nStrong wage inflation would in turn likely prompt the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates a bit more aggressively than currently anticipated. ", "The U.S. central bank has forecast three rate hikes this year. ", "It increased borrowing costs three times in 2017.", "\n\n“The Fed may have to pick up its game this year and raise rates four times, not just the three they have already forecast,” said Chris Rupkey, chief economist at MUFG in New York." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nControl Libreoffice Impress from Python\n\nIm writing an application oriented to speakers and conferences. ", "Im writing it with Python and focused on Linux.", "\nI would like to know if its possible to control LibreOffice Impress with Python, under Linux in some way.", "\nI want to start an instance of LibreOffice Impress with some .odp file loaded, from my Python app. ", "Then, I would like to be able to receive from the odp some info like: previous, current and next slide. ", "Or somehow generate the images of the slides on the go.", "\nFinally, I want to control LibreOffice in real time. ", "This is: move through the slides using direction keys; right and left.", "\nThe idea is to use python alone, but I don't mind using external libraries or frameworks.", "\nThanks a lot.", "\n\nA:\n\nFinally, I found a way to solve this using Python, in an elegant and easy way. ", "Instead of libraries or APIs, Im using a socket to connect to Impress and control it.", "\nAt the end of the post you can read the full-text that indicates how to control Impress this way. ", "It is easy, and amazing.", "\nYou send a message using Python to Impress ( that is listening in some port ), it receives the message and does things based on your request.", "\nYou must enable this \"remote control\" feeature in the app. ", "I solved my problem using this. ", "\nThanks for your replies!.", "\nLibreOffice Impress Remote Protocol Specification\nCommunication is over a UTF-8 encoded character stream.", "\n(Using RTL_TEXTENCODING_UTF8 in the LibreOffice portion.)", "\nTCP\nMore TCP-specific details on setup and initial handshake to be\nwritten, but the actual message protocol is the same as for Bluetooth.", "\nMessage Format\nA message consists of one or more lines. ", "The first line is the message description,\nfurther lines can add any necessary data. ", "An empty line concludes the message.", "\nI.e. \"MESSAGE\\n\\n\" or \"MESSAGE\\nDATA\\nDATA2...\\n\\n\"\nYou must keep reading a message until an empty line (i.e. double\nnew-line) is reached to allow for future protocol extension.", "\nIntialisation\nOnce connected the server sends \"LO_SERVER_SERVER_PAIRED\".", "\n(I.e. \"LO_SERVER_SERVER_PAIRED\\n\\n\" is sent over the stream.)", "\nSubsequently the server will send either slideshow_started if a slideshow is running,\nor slideshow_finished if no slideshow is running. (", "See below for details of.)", "\nThe current server implementation then proceeds to send all slide notes and previews\nto the client. (", "This should be changed to prevent memory issues, and a preview\nrequest mechanism implemented.)", "\nCommands (Client to Server)\nThe client should not assume that the state of the server has changed when a\ncommand has been sent. ", "All changes will be signalled back to the client.", "\n(This is to allow for cases such as multiple clients requesting different changes, etc.)", "\nAny lines in [square brackets] are optional, and should be omitted if not needed.", "\n\ntransition_next\ntransition_previous\ngoto_slide\nslide_number\npresentation_start\npresentation_stop\npresentation_resume // Resumes after a presentation_blank_screen.", "\npresentation_blank_screen\n[Colour String] // Colour the screen will show (default: black). ", "Not\n // implemented, and format hasn't yet been defined.", "\n\nAs of gsoc2013, these commands are extended to the existing protocol, since server-end are tolerant with unknown commands, these extensions doesn't break backward compatibility\n\npointer_started // create a red dot on screen at initial position (x,y)\ninitial_x // This should be called when user first touch the screen\ninitial_y // note that x, y are in percentage (from 0.0 to 1.0) with respect to the slideshow size\npointer_dismissed // This dismiss the pointer red dot on screen, should be called when user stop touching screen\npointer_coordination // This update pointer's position to current (x,y)\ncurrent_x // note that x, y are in percentage (from 0.0 to 1.0) with respect to the slideshow size\ncurrent_y // unless screenupdater's performance is significantly improved, we should consider limit the update frequency on the\n // remote-end\n\nStatus/Data (Server to Client)\n\nslideshow_finished // (Also transmitted if no slideshow running when started.)", "\nslideshow_started // (Also transmitted if a slideshow is running on startup.)", "\nnumberOfSlides\ncurrentSlideNumber\nslide_notes\nslideNumber\n[Notes] // The notes are an html document, and may also include \\n newlines,\n // i.e. the client should keep reading until a blank line is reached.", "\nslide_updated // Slide on server has changed\ncurrentSlideNumber\nslide_preview // Supplies a preview image for a slide.", "\nslideNumber\nimage // A Base 64 Encoded png image.", "\n\nAs of gsoc2013, these commands are extended to the existing protocol, since remote-end also ignore all unknown commands (which is the case of gsoc2012 android implementation), backward compatibility is kept.", "\n\nslideshow_info // once paired, the server-end will send back the title of the current presentation\nTitle\n\n" ]

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[ "How does VoteBot work?", "\n\nSimply enter your number above or text VOTE to 687-88 and respond to a few questions. ", "First, we'll look up your voter registration status using Target Smart, a secure service. ", "If you are not registered to vote, we will direct you to Turbo Vote so you can make sure you are ready to participate in the 2018 elections.", "\n\nNext, we'll let you know who is running for the US Senate and the US House of Representatives in your district using Google Civic Information. ", "We'll also tell you which candidates support or opppose net neutrality based on information compiled by Fight for the Future and Common Cause. ", "We encourage you to contact these candidates and let them know you want them to support net neutrality before the election.", "\n\nRemember that you’re texting with Vote Bot, so data & message rates may apply. ", "You can text STOP to 687-88 any time to stop receiving messages.", "\n\nPlease be aware that the services we use are not always 100% accurate. ", "You may be registered to vote even if our system says otherwise. ", "And in some rare cases, Congressional districts have been recently changed and the Google Civic Information API hasn't been updated. ", "If you find an error, you can let us know by emailing [email protected]. ", "We'll try to fix it if we can." ]

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[ "Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:\nhttp://hdl.handle.net/2080/876\n\nFull metadata record\n\nDC Field\n\nValue\n\nLanguage\n\ndc.contributor.author\n\nMatada, Mahesh\n\n-\n\ndc.contributor.author\n\nPanda, A K\n\n-\n\ndc.date.accessioned\n\n2009-05-30T01:21:52Z\n\n-\n\ndc.date.available\n\n2009-05-30T01:21:52Z\n\n-\n\ndc.date.issued\n\n2009\n\n-\n\ndc.identifier.citation\n\nIEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology,Australia, February 13-15, ICIT 2009.", "\n\nen\n\ndc.identifier.uri\n\nhttp://10.1109/ICIT.2009.4939650\n\n-\n\ndc.identifier.uri\n\nhttp://hdl.handle.net/2080/876\n\n-\n\ndc.description.abstract\n\nA novel PWM technique in active power factor correction converter for power supplies with a 1-phase front end diode rectifier is proposed and analyzed. ", "Regarding PFC converters as highly non-linear plants with inherence parameter uncertainties, the deleterious effects due to large disturbances in line voltage and load resistance are tackled by two sided latched PWM technique with sophisticated feedback control loops. ", "Two sided latched PWM control approach which owns merits in both fast response and cost-effectiveness. ", "The performance of the power factor correction converter for variable input voltage is observed by simulating in PSIM. ", "The resulting input voltage and current waveforms show that design is successful.", "\n\nen\n\ndc.format.extent\n\n455469 bytes\n\n-\n\ndc.format.mimetype\n\napplication/pdf\n\n-\n\ndc.language.iso\n\nen\n\n-\n\ndc.publisher\n\nIEEE\n\nen\n\ndc.subject\n\nPulse width modulation\n\nen\n\ndc.subject\n\npower factor correction\n\nen\n\ndc.title\n\nTwo Sided PWM Control of Switching Power Factor Correction AC-DC Converter" ]

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[ "Le ministre des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP), Pierre Dufour, a aboli la protection administrative dont jouissaient trois massifs au Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean pour favoriser la survie des caribous forestiers, une espèce menacée. ", "C’est quelque 46 000 hectares de forêt qui seront livrés à l’industrie afin qu’elle procède à une coupe intensive.", "\n\nLe MFFP a justifié sa décision en indiquant que le système de suivi — on se sert de colliers télémétriques pour localiser les cervidés — n’avait pas montré la présence de caribous dans ces secteurs. ", "Or des scientifiques doutent des constats du ministère, d’autant plus que ce ne sont qu’une minorité des caribous qui sont munis de tels colliers et que ces bêtes se déplacent d’année en année. ", "Le MFFP n’a pas fait la démonstration, qui s’appuierait sur une solide méthodologie scientifique, que les caribous ne fréquentent pas ces massifs ou qu’ils ne le feraient pas dans un avenir prochain si ces milieux propices à leur survie n’étaient pas détruits.", "\n\nLa vraie justification, c’est que l’industrie a fait pression pour faire main basse sur ces forêts inexploitées et que le gouvernement caquiste, au nom de « la vitalité économique du Québec et de ses régions », a répondu favorablement à cette exigence. ", "En campagne électorale en 2014, le chef libéral Philippe Couillard avait déclaré qu’il « ne sacrifiera[it] pas une job dans la forêt pour les caribous forestiers ». ", "Le gouvernement Legault agit dans le même esprit.", "\n\nIl y a près de 20 ans, le gouvernement fédéral a placé le caribou forestier sous la protection de la Loi sur les espèces en péril. ", "Mais comme le cervidé se retrouve essentiellement sur des terres publiques au Québec, c’est à l’État québécois que revient la responsabilité de protéger l’espèce. ", "En 2017, Environnement Canada avait conclu que le Québec, à l’instar des autres provinces, avait failli à sa responsabilité de protéger le caribou forestier.", "\n\nLe gouvernement Couillard avait planché sur un plan de rétablissement de l’espèce. ", "On visait à faire passer la population actuelle — entre 6000 et 8500 têtes, selon les évaluations — à 11 000 individus. ", "Ce plan, qui devait conduire à l’élaboration d’une stratégie d’ensemble, n’avait jamais été approuvé par le Conseil des ministres.", "\n\nEn avril 2019, le gouvernement Legault, par la voix de son ministre Pierre Dufour, a annoncé que l’élaboration de la stratégie était reportée en 2022 et sa mise en oeuvre, en 2023. ", "Les consultations entourant cette stratégie impliqueront essentiellement l’industrie forestière et les communautés autochtones. ", "Le ministre n’a pas fourni les raisons qui expliqueraient ce report.", "\n\nLa décision de livrer les trois massifs à la coupe à blanc est donc prématurée. ", "En l’absence de plan, on ne peut évaluer l’importance ou non de préserver ces forêts et comment elles pourraient compléter les aires protégées de plus grande ampleur dans le Nord québécois.", "\n\nLe caribou forestier est une espèce particulièrement sensible aux perturbations causées par l’exploitation industrielle du territoire. ", "Les chemins forestiers, par exemple, qui demeurent après le passage des abatteuses, constituent une menace à la survie de l’espèce parce qu’ils facilitent le déplacement des prédateurs, notamment le loup. ", "Comme le rapportait La Presse la semaine dernière, dans Charlevoix, on abat davantage de loups dans le but de ralentir le déclin des populations de caribous. ", "Or l’abattage des prédateurs est pratiqué en Gaspésie depuis des décennies sans que l’espèce cesse de péricliter. ", "Pour les experts, la vraie solution consiste à conserver intactes des vieilles forêts, ces milieux propices à la vie du caribou, et à diminuer les perturbations dont est responsable l’industrie forestière.", "\n\nLe problème, c’est que le MFFP poursuit des missions contradictoires, celle de favoriser l’industrie forestière et celle de préserver la biodiversité. ", "Alors que le ministre Dufour évoque sa « volonté de trouver un juste équilibre », c’est l’industrie qui a le gros bout du bâton. ", "Arbitraire, la dernière décision du ministre, qui devra nous dire qu’il n’est pas le simple pion de l’industrie, illustre une autre fois quels intérêts défend le ministère. ", "Et comme nous l’avons déjà écrit, les caribous ne votent pas, contrairement aux travailleurs forestiers." ]

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[ "Ashareh\n\nAshareh () may refer to:\n Ashareh-ye Bozorg, Ahvaz County\n Ashareh-ye Kuchek, Ahvaz County\n Ashareh-ye Olya, Omidiyeh County\n Ashareh-ye Sofla, Omidiyeh County" ]

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[ "Influence of Lewis and other blood group systems in kidney transplantation.", "\nIn 167 first cadaver kidney recipients and their donors the blood groups ABO, Rhesus, Lewis, MN, Ss, P, Kell and Duffy were determined. ", "The influence of incompatibility in each system as well as of simultaneous presence of several mismatches was analysed. ", "Whereas one-year graft survival of Lewis-compatible grafts was 67 per cent (p = 0.02). ", "The other blood groups showed no significant effect on graft outcome. ", "Cumulative red cell incompatibilities, however, led to decreased survival rates. ", "One-year graft survival in the group with greater than or equal to 4 incompatibilities was only 51 per cent versus 69 per cent in transplants with less than 4 incompatibilities (18% difference, p less than 0.01). ", "When the Lewis system was excluded from analysis, the difference in survival rates was reduced to only six per cent. ", "These data indicate that cumulative incompatibilities of red cell antigens have an unfavourable effect on graft survival. ", "Of the different blood groups, the Lewis system is of major importance." ]

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[ "Endothelial protein C receptor supports hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and expansion in Mpl-deficient mice.", "\nThrombopoietin (Thpo)/myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (Mpl) signaling controls hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and quiescence; however, how these 2 seemingly opposing functions are controlled is not well understood. ", "By transplantation of lentiviral-transduced hematopoietic cells in the Mpl-deficient mouse model, we addressed whether known or predicted Thpo target genes were able to rescue the Mpl-deficient phenotype of the mice. ", "Among the tested genes, we identified endothelial protein C receptor (Epcr) to expand HSCs with the long-term (LT)-HSC surface phenotype in Mpl-/- mice and to enable secondary transplantation of Mpl-deficient bone marrow (BM). ", "Epcr-transduced Mpl-/- HSCs enter quiescence earlier after transplantation than control-transduced Mpl-/- cells, and upregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL. Also, in the wild-type background, Epcr expression marked the engrafting population in the BM. ", "Furthermore, Epcr expression in Mpl-/- hematopoiesis increased the number of megakaryocytes in the BM. ", "In vitro Thpo supported the surface expression of Epcr on primary murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. ", "With these data, we add new insights into Thpo-dependent influence on HSC engraftment after transplantation. ", "This may be of use for the in vitro manipulation of HSCs, also in the context of gene therapy." ]

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[ " NO. ", "07-11-00377-CR\n \n IN THE COURT OF APPEALS\n \n FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS\n \n AT AMARILLO\n \n PANEL D\n \n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nJULY 30, 2012\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n \n ALBERTO GUERRERO, JR., ", "APPELLANT\n \n v.\n \n THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE \n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n \n FROM THE 242ND DISTRICT COURT OF HALE COUNTY;\n \n NO. ", "B18771-1104; HONORABLE EDWARD LEE SELF, JUDGE\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nBefore QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.", "\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n \n\tAppellant Alberto Guerrero, Jr., appeals from his jury conviction of the offense of possession of a controlled substance in an amount of one gram or less and the resulting sentence of two years in a state jail facility. ", " Appellant's appellate attorney has filed a motion to withdraw from representation supported by an Anders brief. ", " Agreeing with counsel's conclusion that the record fails to show any arguably meritorious issue capable of supporting an appeal, we grant the motion to withdraw and affirm the trial court's judgment. ", " \n\tEvidence showed that a Plainview, Texas, police officer saw appellant driving a vehicle. ", " The officer testified he had previous knowledge appellant did not have a valid driver's license, so he turned his vehicle around and began to follow appellant. ", " He saw appellant run through two stop signs and initiated a traffic stop. ", " Appellant stopped the car immediately, jumped out and ran, leaving his two passengers, who stayed with the car.", "\n\tOfficers found small amounts of marijuana and cocaine in a cup holder in the front seat area of the car. ", " Appellant was later located, arrested and charged with possession of cocaine in an amount less than one gram. ", " \nBoth passengers testified, denying knowledge of the cocaine. ", " Appellant also testified, admitting he possessed the marijuana but also denying knowledge of the cocaine. ", " The jury found appellant guilty, and assessed punishment at two years of imprisonment in a state jail facility and a ten thousand dollar fine.", "\nOn appeal, appellant's appointed appellate counsel has filed a motion to withdraw certifying that he has conducted a conscientious examination of the record and, in his opinion, the record reflects no potentially plausible basis to support an appeal. ", "Anders, 386 U.S. at 744-45; In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d at 406. ", "Counsel has filed a brief discussing why, under controlling authorities, the appeal is frivolous. ", "See High v. State, 573 S.W.2d 807, 813 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "1978). ", "Counsel has also demonstrated that he has complied with the requirements of Anders and In re Schulman by (1) providing a copy of the brief to appellant, (2) notifying him of his right to file a pro se response if he desired to do so, and (3) informing him of his right to file a pro se petition for discretionary review. ", "In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d at 408. ", "By letter, this Court also notified appellant of his opportunity to submit a response to the Anders brief and motion to withdraw filed by his counsel. ", "Appellant has filed a response, raising several issues, most of which raise assertions he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial.", "\nIn conformity with the standards set out by the United States Supreme Court, we will not rule on the motion to withdraw until we have independently examined the record. ", "Nichols v. State, 954 S.W.2d 83, 86 (Tex.", "App.--San Antonio 1997, no pet.). ", "If this Court determines the appeal has merit, we will remand it to the trial court for appointment of new counsel. ", "See Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex.", "Crim. ", "App.1991).", "\n\tAppellant's counsel discusses one potential appellate issue, regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to link appellant to the cocaine found in the vehicle he was driving. ", " Citing Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "2010) and Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "2005), counsel explains why the issue is not arguably meritorious, noting appellant was the driver of the vehicle, admitted possession of the marijuana found with the cocaine, and ran from police after stopping, and his passengers denied knowledge of the cocaine. ", " \t\nAppellant's punishment was within the permissible range for a state jail felony. ", " The applicable range of punishment for a state jail felony is confinement in a state jail facility for any term of not more than two years or less than 180 days and a fine not to exceed $10,000. ", " Tex. ", "Penal Code Ann. § ", "12.35 (West 2011). ", " It is the general rule that as long as a sentence is within the proper range of punishment, it will not be disturbed on appeal. ", "Jackson v. State, 680 S.W.2d 809, 814 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "1984); Rodriguez v. State, 917 S.W.2d 90, 92 (Tex.", "App.--Amarillo 1996, pet. ", "ref'd) (Texas courts have traditionally held that a sentence within the range of punishment established by the Legislature in a valid statute does not violate state or federal prohibitions).", "\n\tAs noted, appellant asserts in his response that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. ", " He points to contradictions he sees in the evidence and to choices made by trial counsel. ", "The standard by which appellate review of the effectiveness of trial counsel is measured is that set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. ", "2052, 80 L. Ed. ", "2d 674 (1984), and adopted by our Court of Criminal Appeals in Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App. ", "1986). ", "In order to show that trial counsel was ineffective, a claimant must establish two elements: (1) counsel's performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. ", "Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. ", "To be sustained, an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel must be firmly founded and affirmatively demonstrated in the record. ", "McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 (Tex.", "Crim.", "App.1996). ", "We find the record on this direct appeal demonstrates no arguably meritorious contention appellant was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel. ", "\nOur review convinces us that appellate counsel conducted a complete review of the record. ", "We have also made an independent examination of the record to determine whether there are any arguable grounds which might support the appeal. ", " Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S.75, 80, 109 S.Ct. ", "346, 102 L.Ed.2d 300 (1988). ", " We agree it presents no arguably meritorious grounds for review. ", "We grant counsel's motion to withdraw and affirm the trial court's judgment.", "\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJames T. Campbell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJustice\n\n\nDo not publish.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Two significant activities which to contribute to community projects, such as Wikipedia, are to refactor complicated articles into simpler ones, and to refactor duplicated content into reusable templates." ]

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[ "David Mamet's new book, Chicago, is his first crime novel and a return to the 1920s gangland of his screenplay for The Untouchables. ", "Below, the acclaimed playwright, screenwriter, and director lists the novels he turns to for the pleasure of their dialogue.", "\n\nOutlaws by George V. Higgins (Vintage, $10 as an e-book).", "\n\nGreat dialogue — in novels, drama, on the street corner, or at the barbershop — adheres to our consciousness and shapes our understanding of the world. ", "If you appreciate great dialogue, read some of George Higgins' novels. ", "He was a 1970s state and federal prosecutor before he became a Homeric chronicler-inventor of the language of the cops, crooks, and shysters of Boston.", "\n\nTrue Grit by Charles Portis (Overlook, $16).", "\n\nThe dialogue in True Grit is exquisite. ", "Portis was inspired, I believe, by the work of Andy Adams (1859–1935), an actual cowpuncher, who wrote the best fiction of the frontier. ", "Read Adams' The Log of a Cowboy and A Texas Matchmaker, both novels of the trail drive, for a visit to Reconstruction Texas.", "\n\nWolfville by Alfred Henry Lewis (Free at Gutenberg.org).", "\n\nLewis' Wolfville series also must have inspired the great Mr. Portis. ", "Wolfville is a fictional trail town, peopled by gunfighters, gamblers, cowmen, and whores. ", "If you like to laugh, you will love these books.", "\n\nThe Complete Works of Ernest Bramah (Delphi, $2 as an e-book).", "\n\nFor pure delight, I recommend Bramah's Kai Lung series, a Victorian treasure. ", "Bramah invented a sage-scoundrel story-teller, Kai Lung, whose method of circumlocution spawned the Victorian phenomenon of Kai Lung Clubs. ", "There, folks would assemble and speak in Bramah's pseudo-Chinese patter.", "\n\nPost Captain by Patrick O'Brian (Norton, $17).", "\n\nGates of Fire by Steven Pressfield (Bantam, $17).", "\n\nFinally, for dialogue (or anything else for that matter), one cannot top the perfection of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin books and the historical-military romances of Steven Pressfield, which are just flat-out delightful. ", "Consider the character of the Assyrian sutler who attaches himself to the Spartans en route to Thermopylae in Pressfield's Gates of Fire. ", "He prefaces his utterances with an Ionian-accented \"Weck up to thees!\" — ", "meaning \"Wake up to this!\" — ", "to my taste, the literary equivalent of a chocolate truffle. ", "I once asked Mr. Pressfield how he became so knowledgeable about the procedures and dialogue of the armies of antiquity, and he said that he'd put himself in their shoes and just made it up." ]

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[ "Robert Redford Picked the Wrong Week to Quit Sniffing Glue\n\nIn 2001, when it was announced that Will Smith would be playing Muhammad Ali in a film directed by Michael Mann, this seemed like perfect casting. ", "If anybody could portray Ali, it was the equally charismatic Smith, then at the peak of his career. ", "Unfortunately, this was a case of the right actor in the wrong movie, at the wrong time. ", "The film was released in late 2001, after 9/11, and after American troops first rolled into Afghanistan. ", "As John Podhoretz wrote in January of 2002, Mann wasn’t interested in Ali the superstar boxer who was made for television, he was interested in Ali’s radical politics during the Vietnam War, and the timing and the lugubrious, inert feel of what should have an exercise in kinetic filmmaking sunk the movie at the box office:\n\nIt’s conceivable that the movie has failed because it’s a stiff. ", "But moviegoers wouldn’t have known that in the first weekend of its release, and with Will Smith’s name above the title, it should have made at least $30 million. ", "It made half that. ", "Why?", "\n\nSimple. ", "Ali is a mostly worshipful movie about an American icon who converted to Islam — or rather, Elijah Muhammad’s bizarre riff on Islam — and then proceeded to dodge the draft while making speeches about how he had no argument with the people who were killing tens of thousands of young Americans in Southeast Asia.", "\n\nYou can perhaps see how uncomfortable this story would make American audiences these days. ", "In 1975, Ali himself starred in a fictionalized version of his own life called The Greatest. ", "Ali was charming and funny in The Greatest in a warts-and-all portrait that showed him being a selfish jerk with at least one of his wives. ", "What The Greatest did not do was turn Ali into a political icon.", "\n\nA wise move. ", "As a political icon, Muhammad Ali is as much of a dud as the movie about him.", "\n\nA movie that dwelled on the comic aspects of his life — that would have used Will Smith’s own natural energy and likability to its utmost — might have been a triumph. ", "But such a movie wouldn’t have satisfied Michael Mann’s hunger to Be Important.", "\n\nMemo to Hollywood: Draft-dodging Muslims are out. ", "A movie with a Muslim war hero — now that might make a fortune.", "\n\nOf course, Hollywood would spend the next seven years doing its damnedest to destroy America’s morale in the wake of 9/11. ", "This was partly because they hated Dubya, and as Daniel Henninger has written, for many on the left, their most intense day during that period wasn’t 9/11, but a year earlier, when Al Gore lost the recall election to GWB, partly because of the nostalgic left wanting to relive the glory days of their protests against LBJ, Nixon, and fighting communism in Vietnam.", "\n\nWhich brings us to this infamous moment by Robert Redford, while promoting The Company You Keep, his new film embracing the Weather Underground:\n\nGeorge Stephanopoulos was so enthusiastic towards Robert Redford and his sympathetic new film about an ex-1960s radical that the actor enthused, “You ought to get on the marketing team!” ", "The aging actor/director appeared on Tuesday’s Good Morning America and endorsed the violent actions of protest groups. ", "Reminiscing on his own past, the liberal Hollywood star recounted, “When I was younger, I was very much aware of the movement. ", "I was more than sympathetic, I was probably empathetic because I believed it was time for a change.”", "\n\nAfter Stephanopoulos wondered, “Even when you read about bombings,” Redford responded, “All of it. ", "I knew that it was extreme and I guess movements have to be extreme to some degree.", "\n\n“ALL OF IT,” said Robert Redford, when asked if he supported the bombings by The Weather Underground.", "\n\nRedford came out for terrorism on a mainstream morning television show in an interview with democrat-operative-leftist-hack George Stephanopoulos, who was slobbering over Redford’s pro-terrorist movie, The Company You Keep. ", "I drew my illustration of Redford, below, days ago, and I wonder if he’s for the terrorist attack in Boston today. ", "Or maybe he wants to wait and see if it’s leftist terrorists before he decides he’s all for it. ", "Below is a list of what Robert Redford was for, via Sean Hannity on FOX News.", "\n\nThe Weather Underground’s history of terrorism consisted of:\n\n1970: SFPD Bombing (1 Killed)\n\n1970: NYPD Bombing (7 Hurt)\n\n1970: NYC Explosion (3 Killed)\n\n1971-72: Capital & Pentagon Attacked\n\n1981: Armed Robbery (3 Killed)\n\n(As John Boot at PJ Media notes: The Vietnam War, of course, had been over for years, [by 1981] which gives the lie to the film’s claim that the Southeast Asia conflict was anything but a pretext for the terrorist network.)", "\n\nFortunately, Redford really did his homework, thoroughly immersing himself in the history of that intense and convoluted period before the cameras rolled:\n\n[A]t a recent press junket, Redford emphasized that he didn’t do much research beside watching Siegel’s documentary.", "\n\n“I didn’t feel I needed to, because I saw a documentary several years ago that came to the festival called the ‘Weather Underground,’” Redford said. “", "I felt that that documentary was very well made about the actual people … I felt I had a thorough description of them from the film.”", "\n\nRedford’s film is now playing in an environment where real terrorism is front and center in the news. ", "On Twitter, Bill Hobbs speculates:\n\nGonna be hard for liberal film critics to praise Redford’s pro-terrorist bombers movie “The Company You Keep” after Boston. ", "But they will.", "\n\nOf course they will. ", "As Kathy Shaidle likes to say, so much of “liberalism” boils down to “It’s different, when we do it.” ", "This might be the ultimate case. ", "Still, kudos to Redford for revealing his inner liberal fascist on national television.", "\n\nRelated: Speaking of the Company You Keep, “New York Times shows sympathy for Boston terrorist suspects,” as spotted by the Daily Caller, who finds the Times attempting to brand the suspects as just average Joes, slacker kids “Far From War-Torn Homeland, Trying to Fit In”; “Brothers Seen as Good Students and Avid Athletes.”", "\n\nWhy, it’s almost as if, from the top down, the Gray Lady is pretty cool with this whole radical chic thing themselves." ]

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[ "Reduction incidence of myocardial infarction associated with a national legislative ban on smoking.", "\nThe aim of the present study was to assess change in admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the period immediately subsequent to the coming into force of law no. ", "3/2003 ''Protection of the health of non-smokers''. ", "Four Italian regions (Piedmont, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio and Campania) took part in the study. ", "Data regarding admissions for AMI were taken from the daily discharge papers of patients aged between 40 and 64 (cod. ", "ICD9-CM 410.), ", "in the period 10 January-10 March 2001-2005. ", "Repeated admissions were excluded. ", "Admission rates standardised by age and overall total, and specifically by region, age and gender were calculated. ", "The hypothesis of a significant reduction between 2005 and 2004 was also checked. ", "The results showed a decrease in the number of cases and in the standardised rates between 2004 and 2005. ", "The number of admissions estimated with a linear regression model for 2005 was significantly higher than that really observed (+13%). ", "The decrease between the 2005 and 2004 rates was noteworthy for all four regions. ", "Analysis by gender shows that the effect is observed only in male patients and in the age classes 45-49 and 50-54. ", "This study shows that there has been an appreciable reduction in the incidence of heart attacks in the period immediately subsequent to the coming into force of the non-smoking Law in the populations surveyed, and that this reduction mainly regards men of working age. ", "The reduction reverses a trend that has been evident for a number of years, namely that of a decidedly upward trend in the number of admissions for AMI." ]

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[ "## 计算机图形学大实验及报告\n\n\n\n`Qt`实现几何画板.", "\n\n一把辛酸泪, 建议用`PyQt`\n\n:night_with_stars:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n//\n// (C) Copyright Ion Gaztanaga 2014-2014\n//\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.", "\n// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n//\n// See http://www.boost.org/libs/intrusive for documentation.", "\n//\n/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n#ifndef BOOST_INTRUSIVE_DETAIL_MATH_HPP\n#define BOOST_INTRUSIVE_DETAIL_MATH_HPP\n\n#ifndef BOOST_CONFIG_HPP\n# include <boost/config.hpp>\n#endif\n\n#if defined(BOOST_HAS_PRAGMA_ONCE)\n# pragma once\n#endif\n\n#include <cstddef>\n#include <climits>\n#include <boost/intrusive/detail/mpl.hpp>\n\nnamespace boost {\nnamespace intrusive {\nnamespace detail {\n\n///////////////////////////\n// floor_log2 Dispatcher\n////////////////////////////\n\n#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1300)\n\n }}} //namespace boost::intrusive::detail\n\n //Use _BitScanReverseXX intrinsics\n\n #if defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(_M_IA64) //64 bit target\n #define BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC_64_BIT\n #endif\n\n #ifndef __INTRIN_H_ // Avoid including any windows system header\n #ifdef __cplusplus\n extern \"C\" {\n #endif // __cplusplus\n\n #if defined(BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC_64_BIT) //64 bit target\n unsigned char _BitScanReverse64(unsigned long *index, unsigned __int64 mask);\n #pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)\n #else //32 bit target\n unsigned char _BitScanReverse(unsigned long *index, unsigned long mask);\n #pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)\n #endif\n\n #ifdef __cplusplus\n }\n #endif // __cplusplus\n #endif // __INTRIN_H_\n\n #ifdef BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC_64_BIT\n #define BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC _BitScanReverse64\n #undef BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC_64_BIT\n #else\n #define BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC _BitScanReverse\n #endif\n\n namespace boost {\n namespace intrusive {\n namespace detail {\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2 (std::size_t x)\n {\n unsigned long log2;\n BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC( &log2, (unsigned long)x );\n return log2;\n }\n\n #undef BOOST_INTRUSIVE_BSR_INTRINSIC\n\n#elif defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ >= 4) || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4)) //GCC >=3.4\n\n //Compile-time error in case of missing specialization\n template<class Uint>\n struct builtin_clz_dispatch;\n\n #if defined(BOOST_HAS_LONG_LONG)\n template<>\n struct builtin_clz_dispatch< ::boost::ulong_long_type >\n {\n static ::boost::ulong_long_type call(::boost::ulong_long_type n)\n { return __builtin_clzll(n); }\n };\n #endif\n\n template<>\n struct builtin_clz_dispatch<unsigned long>\n {\n static unsigned long call(unsigned long n)\n { return __builtin_clzl(n); }\n };\n\n template<>\n struct builtin_clz_dispatch<unsigned int>\n {\n static unsigned int call(unsigned int n)\n { return __builtin_clz(n); }\n };\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2(std::size_t n)\n {\n return sizeof(std::size_t)*CHAR_BIT - std::size_t(1) - builtin_clz_dispatch<std::size_t>::call(n);\n }\n\n#else //Portable methods\n\n////////////////////////////\n// Generic method\n////////////////////////////\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2_get_shift(std::size_t n, true_ )//power of two size_t\n { return n >> 1; }\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2_get_shift(std::size_t n, false_ )//non-power of two size_t\n { return (n >> 1) + ((n & 1u) & (n !", "= 1)); }\n\n template<std::size_t N>\n inline std::size_t floor_log2 (std::size_t x, integral_constant<std::size_t, N>)\n {\n const std::size_t Bits = N;\n const bool Size_t_Bits_Power_2= !(", "Bits & (Bits-1));\n\n std::size_t n = x;\n std::size_t log2 = 0;\n\n std::size_t remaining_bits = Bits;\n std::size_t shift = floor_log2_get_shift(remaining_bits, bool_<Size_t_Bits_Power_2>());\n while(shift){\n std::size_t tmp = n >> shift;\n if (tmp){\n log2 += shift, n = tmp;\n }\n shift = floor_log2_get_shift(shift, bool_<Size_t_Bits_Power_2>());\n }\n\n return log2;\n }\n\n ////////////////////////////\n // DeBruijn method\n ////////////////////////////\n\n //Taken from:\n //http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11376288/fast-computing-of-log2-for-64-bit-integers\n //Thanks to Desmond Hume\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2 (std::size_t v, integral_constant<std::size_t, 32>)\n {\n static const int MultiplyDeBruijnBitPosition[32] =\n {\n 0, 9, 1, 10, 13, 21, 2, 29, 11, 14, 16, 18, 22, 25, 3, 30,\n 8, 12, 20, 28, 15, 17, 24, 7, 19, 27, 23, 6, 26, 5, 4, 31\n };\n\n v |= v >> 1;\n v |= v >> 2;\n v |= v >> 4;\n v |= v >> 8;\n v |= v >> 16;\n\n return MultiplyDeBruijnBitPosition[(std::size_t)(v * 0x07C4ACDDU) >> 27];\n }\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2 (std::size_t v, integral_constant<std::size_t, 64>)\n {\n static const std::size_t MultiplyDeBruijnBitPosition[64] = {\n 63, 0, 58, 1, 59, 47, 53, 2,\n 60, 39, 48, 27, 54, 33, 42, 3,\n 61, 51, 37, 40, 49, 18, 28, 20,\n 55, 30, 34, 11, 43, 14, 22, 4,\n 62, 57, 46, 52, 38, 26, 32, 41,\n 50, 36, 17, 19, 29, 10, 13, 21,\n 56, 45, 25, 31, 35, 16, 9, 12,\n 44, 24, 15, 8, 23, 7, 6, 5};\n\n v |= v >> 1;\n v |= v >> 2;\n v |= v >> 4;\n v |= v >> 8;\n v |= v >> 16;\n v |= v >> 32;\n return MultiplyDeBruijnBitPosition[((std::size_t)((v - (v >> 1))*0x07EDD5E59A4E28C2ULL)) >> 58];\n }\n\n\n inline std::size_t floor_log2 (std::size_t x)\n {\n const std::size_t Bits = sizeof(std::size_t)*CHAR_BIT;\n return floor_log2(x, integral_constant<std::size_t, Bits>());\n }\n\n#endif\n\n//Thanks to Laurent de Soras in\n//http://www.flipcode.com/archives/Fast_log_Function.shtml\ninline float fast_log2 (float val)\n{\n union caster_t\n {\n unsigned x;\n float val;\n } caster;\n\n caster.val = val;\n unsigned x = caster.x;\n const int log_2 = int((x >> 23) & 255) - 128;\n x &= ~(unsigned(255u) << 23u);\n x += unsigned(127) << 23u;\n caster.x = x;\n val = caster.val;\n //1+log2(m), m ranging from 1 to 2\n //3rd degree polynomial keeping first derivate continuity.", "\n //For less precision the line can be commented out\n val = ((-1.f/3.f) * val + 2.f) * val - (2.f/3.f);\n return val + static_cast<float>(log_2);\n}\n\ninline bool is_pow2(std::size_t x)\n{ return (x & (x-1)) == 0; }\n\ntemplate<std::size_t N>\nstruct static_is_pow2\n{\n static const bool value = (N & (N-1)) == 0;\n};\n\ninline std::size_t ceil_log2 (std::size_t x)\n{\n return static_cast<std::size_t>(!(is_pow2)(x)) + floor_log2(x);\n}\n\ninline std::size_t ceil_pow2 (std::size_t x)\n{\n return std::size_t(1u) << (ceil_log2)(x);\n}\n\ninline std::size_t previous_or_equal_pow2(std::size_t x)\n{\n return std::size_t(1u) << floor_log2(x);\n}\n\ntemplate<class SizeType, std::size_t N>\nstruct numbits_eq\n{\n static const bool value = sizeof(SizeType)*CHAR_BIT == N;\n};\n\ntemplate<class SizeType, class Enabler = void >\nstruct sqrt2_pow_max;\n\ntemplate <class SizeType>\nstruct sqrt2_pow_max<SizeType, typename voider<typename enable_if< numbits_eq<SizeType, 32> >::type>::type>\n{\n static const SizeType value = 0xb504f334;\n static const std::size_t pow = 31;\n};\n\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_INT64_T\n\ntemplate <class SizeType>\nstruct sqrt2_pow_max<SizeType, typename voider<typename enable_if< numbits_eq<SizeType, 64> >::type>::type>\n{\n static const SizeType value = 0xb504f333f9de6484ull;\n static const std::size_t pow = 63;\n};\n\n#endif //BOOST_NO_INT64_T\n\n// Returns floor(pow(sqrt(2), x * 2 + 1)).", "\n// Defined for X from 0 up to the number of bits in size_t minus 1.", "\ninline std::size_t sqrt2_pow_2xplus1 (std::size_t x)\n{\n const std::size_t value = (std::size_t)sqrt2_pow_max<std::size_t>::value;\n const std::size_t pow = (std::size_t)sqrt2_pow_max<std::size_t>::pow;\n return (value >> (pow - x)) + 1;\n}\n\n} //namespace detail\n} //namespace intrusive\n} //namespace boost\n\n#endif //BOOST_INTRUSIVE_DETAIL_MATH_HPP\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "The specular is a bit toned down where only ambient light is present. ", "The \"ambient world\" light is supposed to represent pure dark or shadow in the game yet allow the player to navigate... so what would specular look like when almost completely dark? ", "Perhaps there's a better method but this one looks quite good when BOTH real and ambient light hit anything.", "\n\nBetter options will be available when the Source Code is release of course. ", "Hell, Sikkpin showed that you can do HL2 style Ambient Cubemap lighting (even now without the source code) but you'd have to replace all your existing light assets." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format\n// Copyright 2008 Google Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/\n//\n// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are\n// met:\n//\n// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer\n// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the\n// distribution.", "\n// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its\n// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n// this software without specific prior written permission.", "\n//\n// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n// \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\n// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\n// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n\n#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_STUBS_LOGGING_H_\n#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_STUBS_LOGGING_H_\n\n#include <google/protobuf/stubs/macros.h>\n#include <google/protobuf/stubs/port.h>\n\n// ===================================================================\n// emulates google3/base/logging.h\n\nnamespace google {\nnamespace protobuf {\n\nenum LogLevel {\n LOGLEVEL_INFO, // Informational. ", " This is never actually used by\n // libprotobuf.", "\n LOGLEVEL_WARNING, // Warns about issues that, although not technically a\n // problem now, could cause problems in the future. ", " For\n // example, a // warning will be printed when parsing a\n // message that is near the message size limit.", "\n LOGLEVEL_ERROR, // An error occurred which should never happen during\n // normal use.", "\n LOGLEVEL_FATAL, // An error occurred from which the library cannot\n // recover. ", " This usually indicates a programming error\n // in the code which calls the library, especially when\n // compiled in debug mode.", "\n\n#ifdef NDEBUG\n LOGLEVEL_DFATAL = LOGLEVEL_ERROR\n#else\n LOGLEVEL_DFATAL = LOGLEVEL_FATAL\n#endif\n};\n\nclass StringPiece;\nnamespace util {\nclass Status;\n}\nclass uint128;\nnamespace internal {\n\nclass LogFinisher;\n\nclass LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT LogMessage {\n public:\n LogMessage(LogLevel level, const char* filename, int line);\n ~LogMessage();\n\n LogMessage& operator<<(const std::string& value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(const char* value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(char value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(int value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(uint value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(long value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned long value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(long long value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned long long value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(double value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(void* value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(const StringPiece& value);\n LogMessage& operator<<(const ::google::protobuf::util::Status& status);\n LogMessage& operator<<(const uint128& value);\n\n private:\n friend class LogFinisher;\n void Finish();\n\n LogLevel level_;\n const char* filename_;\n int line_;\n std::string message_;\n};\n\n// Used to make the entire \"LOG(BLAH) << etc.\" ", "expression have a void return\n// type and print a newline after each message.", "\nclass LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT LogFinisher {\n public:\n void operator=(LogMessage& other);\n};\n\ntemplate<typename T>\nbool IsOk(T status) { return status.ok(); }\ntemplate<>\ninline bool IsOk(bool status) { return status; }\n\n} // namespace internal\n\n// Undef everything in case we're being mixed with some other Google library\n// which already defined them itself. ", " Presumably all Google libraries will\n// support the same syntax for these so it should not be a big deal if they\n// end up using our definitions instead.", "\n#undef GOOGLE_LOG\n#undef GOOGLE_LOG_IF\n\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_OK\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_EQ\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_NE\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_LT\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_LE\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_GT\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_GE\n#undef GOOGLE_CHECK_NOTNULL\n\n#undef GOOGLE_DLOG\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_OK\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_NE\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_LT\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_LE\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_GT\n#undef GOOGLE_DCHECK_GE\n\n#define GOOGLE_LOG(LEVEL) \\\n ::google::protobuf::internal::LogFinisher() = \\\n ::google::protobuf::internal::LogMessage( \\\n ::google::protobuf::LOGLEVEL_##LEVEL, __FILE__, __LINE__)\n#define GOOGLE_LOG_IF(LEVEL, CONDITION) \\\n !(", "CONDITION) ? (", "void)0 : GOOGLE_LOG(LEVEL)\n\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK(EXPRESSION) \\\n GOOGLE_LOG_IF(FATAL, !(", "EXPRESSION)) << \"CHECK failed: \" #EXPRESSION \": \"\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_OK(A) GOOGLE_CHECK(::google::protobuf::internal::IsOk(A))\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_EQ(A, B) GOOGLE_CHECK((A) == (B))\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(A, B) GOOGLE_CHECK((A) !", "= (B))\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_LT(A, B) GOOGLE_CHECK((A) < (B))\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_LE(A, B) GOOGLE_CHECK((A) <= (B))\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_GT(A, B) GOOGLE_CHECK((A) > (B))\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_GE(A, B) GOOGLE_CHECK((A) >= (B))\n\nnamespace internal {\ntemplate<typename T>\nT* CheckNotNull(const char* /* file */, int /* line */,\n const char* name, T* val) {\n if (val == NULL) {\n GOOGLE_LOG(FATAL) << name;\n }\n return val;\n}\n} // namespace internal\n#define GOOGLE_CHECK_NOTNULL(A) \\\n ::google::protobuf::internal::CheckNotNull(\\\n __FILE__, __LINE__, \"'\" #A \"' must not be NULL\", (A))\n\n#ifdef NDEBUG\n\n#define GOOGLE_DLOG(LEVEL) GOOGLE_LOG_IF(LEVEL, false)\n\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK(EXPRESSION) while(false) GOOGLE_CHECK(EXPRESSION)\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_OK(E) GOOGLE_DCHECK(::google::protobuf::internal::IsOk(E))\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(A, B) GOOGLE_DCHECK((A) == (B))\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_NE(A, B) GOOGLE_DCHECK((A) !", "= (B))\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_LT(A, B) GOOGLE_DCHECK((A) < (B))\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_LE(A, B) GOOGLE_DCHECK((A) <= (B))\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_GT(A, B) GOOGLE_DCHECK((A) > (B))\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_GE(A, B) GOOGLE_DCHECK((A) >= (B))\n\n#else // NDEBUG\n\n#define GOOGLE_DLOG GOOGLE_LOG\n\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK GOOGLE_CHECK\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_OK GOOGLE_CHECK_OK\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ GOOGLE_CHECK_EQ\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_NE GOOGLE_CHECK_NE\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_LT GOOGLE_CHECK_LT\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_LE GOOGLE_CHECK_LE\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_GT GOOGLE_CHECK_GT\n#define GOOGLE_DCHECK_GE GOOGLE_CHECK_GE\n\n#endif // !", "NDEBUG\n\ntypedef void LogHandler(LogLevel level, const char* filename, int line,\n const std::string& message);\n\n// The protobuf library sometimes writes warning and error messages to\n// stderr. ", " These messages are primarily useful for developers, but may\n// also help end users figure out a problem. ", " If you would prefer that\n// these messages be sent somewhere other than stderr, call SetLogHandler()\n// to set your own handler. ", " This returns the old handler. ", " Set the handler\n// to NULL to ignore log messages (but see also LogSilencer, below).", "\n//\n// Obviously, SetLogHandler is not thread-safe. ", " You should only call it\n// at initialization time, and probably not from library code. ", " If you\n// simply want to suppress log messages temporarily (e.g. because you\n// have some code that tends to trigger them frequently and you know\n// the warnings are not important to you), use the LogSilencer class\n// below.", "\nLIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT LogHandler* SetLogHandler(LogHandler* new_func);\n\n// Create a LogSilencer if you want to temporarily suppress all log\n// messages. ", " As long as any LogSilencer objects exist, non-fatal\n// log messages will be discarded (the current LogHandler will *not*\n// be called). ", " Constructing a LogSilencer is thread-safe. ", " You may\n// accidentally suppress log messages occurring in another thread, but\n// since messages are generally for debugging purposes only, this isn't\n// a big deal. ", " If you want to intercept log messages, use SetLogHandler().", "\nclass LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT LogSilencer {\n public:\n LogSilencer();\n ~LogSilencer();\n};\n\n} // namespace protobuf\n} // namespace google\n\n#endif // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_STUBS_LOGGING_H_\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "5-HT4 receptor modulation of acetylcholine outflow in guinea pig brain slices.", "\nThe effect of the 5-HT4 agonist, BIMU-8 was studied on [3H]choline outflow in guinea pig brain slices and synaptosomes. ", "BIMU-8 did not modify [3H]choline efflux in slices kept at rest, but increased [3H]choline outflow in electrically stimulated slices of cerebral cortex (CC), hippocampus (hip) and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm). ", "This effect was prevented by the selective 5-HT4 antagonist, GR 125487. ", "Conversely, BIMU-8 did not affect [3H]choline efflux in hippocampal synaptosomes depolarized with KCl 20 mM. These results provide evidence that BIMU-8 increases the electrically triggered [3H]choline efflux in CC, hip and nbm slices. ", "A possible role of 5-HT4 agonists in memory and learning diseases is suggested." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Welcome back to our discussion of Jane Goodall’s In the Shadow of Man, an account of chimpanzee life in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. ", "I enjoyed this book quite a bit; my chief difficulty has been deciding which parts to excerpt for you.", "\n\nTanzania borders the DRC ne Congo ne Belgian Congo, which was (coincidentally) the location of our previous Anthropology Friday selection, Isaac Bacirongo’s Still a Pygmy.", "\n\nThe book begins with the difficulties inherent in setting up the research–obtaining permits and funding, overcoming the locals’ distrust, (they of course did not believe that this white woman actually wanted to live in the forest and stare at monkeys all day,) and a massive influx of refugees:\n\nOnce we reached Nairobi, however, I could think of nothing save the excitement of the eight-hundred-mile journey to Kigoma–and the chimpanzees. … ", "When we reached Kigoma, however, after a dusty three days on the road, we found the whole town in a state of chaos. ", "Since we had left Nairobi violence and bloodshed had erupted in the Congo, which lay only some twenty-five miles to the west of Kigoma, on the other side of lake Tanganyika. ", "Kigoma was overrun by boatloads of Belgian refugees. … ", "Eventually we ran the District Commissioner to earth, and he explained, regretfully but firmly, that there was no chance at all of my proceeding to the chimpanzee reserve. ", "First it was necessary to wait and find out how the local Kigoma district Africans would react to the tales of rioting and disorder in the Congo. … ", "Bernard shared his room with two homeless Belgians, and we even got out our three camp beds and lent them to the harassed hotel owner. ", "Every room was crammed, but these refugees were in paradise compared to those housed in the huge warehouse, normally used for storing cargo… There everyone slept in long rows on mattresses or merely blankets on the cement floor, and queued up in the hundreds for the scant meals that Kigoma was able to provide for them. … ", "On our second evening in Kigoma we three and a few others made two thousand SPAM sandwiches. … ", "Two evenings later most of the refugees had gone, carried off by a series of extra trains to Tanganyika’s capital, Dar es Salaam.", "\n\nThere follows a nice description of the town of Kigoma itself, and of course there is soon a great deal of material about chimpanzees and rather little about humans. ", "Jane doesn’t mention the refugees again. (", "To be fair, isolation probably meant that she had rather little knowledge about most human affairs for most of the 60s and 70s.)", "\n\nSo who were these refugees? ", "Where did they come from, and why?", "\n\nObviously they were Belgians, from the Congo. ", "We briefly covered this conflict back in Anthropology Friday: War, Violence, and More War:\n\nPatrice Lumumba was an anti-colonialist protestor who was jailed for opposing Belgian rule in the Congo and became the first democratically elected prime minister of the DRC. ", "He then gave raises to everyone in the government except the military, so of course the military revolted. ", "He asked the UN for help putting down the rebellion, but the UN sucked so he went to the Soviets.", "\n\nThe Wikipedia page on the Congo Crisis gives far more detail on this conflict–notably, it blames the outbreak of the crisis not on Lumumba failing to give the army a raise, but on a Belgian military commander’s speech:\n\nLieutenant-General Émile Janssens, the Belgian commander of the Force Publique, refused to see Congolese independence as marking a change in the nature of command. ", "The day after the independence festivities, he gathered the black non-commissioned officers of his Léopoldville garrison and told them that things under his command would stay the same, summarising the point by writing “Before Independence = After Independence” on a blackboard.", "\n\nBasically, the Belgians officially proclaimed that the Republic of the Congo was independent on June 30, 1960, thirty years earlier than they had intended to. ", "They seemed to have thought they could get people to stop protesting against Belgian rule by “officially” handing over power, but would still run everything. ", "After all, while the colony had been advancing rapidly in recent decades–\n\nDuring the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo experienced an unprecedented level of urbanisation and the colonial administration began various development programmes aimed at making the territory into a “model colony”. ", "One of the results of the measures was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African “évolués” in the cities. ", "By the 1950s the Congo had a wage labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony.", "\n\n–most native Congolese still weren’t well-educated in the fields thought necessary to run a country (or army.)", "\n\nThe idea that the Congolese were too dumb and inexperienced to run their own country and therefore needed the Belgians to do it for them went over great with the army:\n\nThis message was hugely unpopular among the rank and file—many of the men had expected rapid promotions and increases in pay to accompany independence. ", "On 5 July, several units mutinied against their white officers at Camp Hardy near Thysville. ", "The insurrection spread to Léopoldville the next day and later to garrisons across the country. ", "Rather than deploying Belgian troops against the mutineers as Janssens had wished, Lumumba dismissed him and renamed the Force Publique the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC). ", "All black soldiers were promoted by at least one rank.", "Victor Lundula was promoted directly from sergeant-major to major-general and head of the army, replacing Janssens. …", "\n\nOf course, the Congolese proved the Belgians wrong by transforming their country into one of the world’s best-run economic powerhouses with an astonishing per capita GDP of $499 and reports of cannibalism. (", "By contrast, the nearby country of Botswana has a per cap GDP of over $6,000.)", "\n\nBut back to the post-independence anti-Belgian violence:\n\nThe government attempted to stop the revolt… but in most of the country the mutiny intensified. ", "White officers and civilians were attacked, white-owned properties were looted and white women were raped. ", "The Belgian government became deeply concerned by the situation, particularly when white civilians began entering neighbouring countries as refugees.", "\n\nA 1960s newsreel reports:\n\nViolence and chaos in the Congo. ", "Barely 11 days after official independence from Belgium, Congolese troops begin a wave of attacks and looting throughout the fare flung sectors of the former colony. ", "Meanwhile in Belgium and African countries bordering on the Congo, refugees are pouring in with harrowing tales of violence and of hasty flight. … ", "The mutiny first started only four days after independence, on July 4, 1960, in the camp outside Leopoldville. ", "The rebels used machetes on their white officers and broke into the armory. ", "On day eight, all 1000+ Belgian officers were removed from their positions, and replaced with Congolese. ", "With or without an Africanized officer corps, the soldiers are running amok throughout the Congo, and panic-stricken whites are fleeing in all directions. ", "Numerous European targets have been attacked. ", "The flight of officers has left the army totally uncontrolled, and the new country has no effective instrument to control the territory.", "\n\nBack to Wikipedia:\n\n… On 9 July, Belgium deployed paratroopers, without the Congolese state’s permission, in Kabalo and elsewhere to protect fleeing white civilians. …", "At Lumumba’s request, white civilians from the port city of Matadi were evacuated by the Belgian Navy on 11 July. ", "Belgian ships then bombarded the city; at least 19 civilians were killed. ", "This action prompted renewed attacks on whites across the country, while Belgian forces entered other towns and cities, including Léopoldville, and clashed with Congolese troops.", "\n\nThen parts of the Congo started secede. ", "UN “Peace Keeping” troops tried to get people to stop fighting but without actually defeating once side or the other, so predictably people kept killing each other. ", "The Prime Minister, Lumumba, went to the Soviets for help, which concerned everyone because the Congo made a lot of money selling uranium to the US, which used it in atomic bombs, so the Congolese President dismissed Lumumba and Lumumba dismissed the President, at which point Mobutu dismissed both of them (leading pro-Lumumba protesters in Yugoslavia to attack the local Belgian embassy,) and had Lumumba shot. ", "Mobutu, while awful in many ways, did end the civil war and restore a modicum of order.", "\n\n“Mad” Mike Hoare was a Irish mercenary active in the Congo and elsewhere in Africa:\n\nMad Mike once tried to conquer the Seychelles, but failed when customs officials noticed his groups’ weapons.", "\n\nMany of the Belgian refugees, meanwhile, fled to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which became just “Rhodesia” after Northern Rhodesia changed its name to Zambia (one of the obscurer African countries, with a per cap GDP of $1,143) The white folks + refugees of Southern Rhodesia took one look at the chaos over in the Congo, said “Nope,” and declared themselves independent of Great Britain to avoid handing over power to the black majority (97% of the Rhodesian population.)", "\n\nThe rest of the world (Great Britain included) never officially recognized Rhodesia as a country and hit it with a bunch of sanctions. ", "According to Wikipedia:\n\nNote that Douglas-Home here is the head of the British conservatives.", "\n\nHarold Wilson and his incoming Labour government took an even harder line on demanding that these points be legitimately addressed before an independence agenda could be set.[24] … However, few seemed to initially realise that Rhodesia was no longer within the Commonwealth’s direct sphere of influence and British rule was now a constitutional fiction; Salisbury remained virtually immune to credible metropolitan leverage.[15] In October 1965, the United Nations Security Council had warned Whitehall about the possibility of UDI, urging Wilson to use all means at his disposal (including military pressure) to prevent the Rhodesian Front from asserting independence.[44] After UDI was proclaimed, UN officials branded Ian Smith’s government as an “illegal racist minority regime”[45] and called on member states to sever economic ties with Rhodesia, recommending sanctions on petroleum products and military hardware.[24] In December 1966, these measures became mandatory, extending to bar the purchase of Rhodesian tobacco, chrome, copper, asbestos, sugar, meat, and hides.[24] Britain, having already adopted extensive sanctions of its own, dispatched a Royal Navy squadron to monitor oil deliveries in the port of Beira, from which a strategic pipeline ran to Umtali. ", "The warships were to deter “by force, if necessary, vessels reasonably believed to be carrying oil destined for (Southern) Rhodesia”.[46][47]\n\nMeanwhile, of course, no one is allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia, but no one seems to care about that.", "\n\nYou probably know the story by now: the USSR supported the black nationalists, pretty much no one supported the white Rhodesians, and eventually they got tired of civil war and gave up. ", "According to Wikipedia:\n\nIn the ten years after independence, around 60% of the white population of Zimbabwe emigrated, most to South Africa and to other mainly white, English speaking countries where they formed expatriate communities. … ", "While as Rhodesia, the country was once considered the breadbasket of Africa. ", "Today, Zimbabwe is a net importer of foodstuffs, with the European Union and United States providing emergency food relief as humanitarian aid on a regular basis.[151] The nation has suffered profound economic and social decline in the past twenty years. ", "Recently the agriculture sector has started to do well since the availability of expertise and machines has improved supported mainly by China.[152][153] Zimbabwe also suffered from a crippling inflation rate, as the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had a policy of printing money to satisfy government debts, which introduces excessive currency into the economic system which led to the demise of the local currency. ", "This policy caused the inflation rate to soar from 32% in 1998 (considered extremely high by most economic standards) to an astonishing 11,200,000% by 2007. ", "Monetary aid by the International Monetary Fund has been suspended due to the Zimbabwe government’s defaulting on past loans, inability to stabilise its own economy, and its inability to stem corruption and advance human rights.[151] In 2009, Zimbabwe abandoned its currency, relying instead on foreign currencies such as the South African rand, the US dollar, the Botswana pula, the euro and the British pound, among others.[154]\n\nZimbabwe‘s current per cap GDP is $1,054.", "\n\nI think one of the common misconceptions about NRx is that it is based on a bunch of overly-pessimistic speculations about the future of democracy in places like the US or Germany. ", "There’s plenty of that, of course. ", "But much of Neoreaction is actually based on observation of events that have already happened in places like the DRC, Zimbabwe, and South Africa.", "\n\nTo be fair, though, we are getting really off track from our original mission of reviewing Jane Goodall’s book about chimpanzees. ", "In the book’s Forward, David A. Hamburg writes:\n\nThe picture of chimpanzee life that emerges is fascinating. ", "Here is a highly intelligent, intensely social creature capable of close and enduring attachments, yet nothing that looks quite like human love, capable of rich communication through gestures, posture, facial expressions, and sounds, yet nothing quite like human language. ", "This is a creature who not only uses tools effectively but also makes tools with considerable foresight; a creature who does a little sharing of food, though much less than man; a creature gifted in the arts of bluff and intimidation, highly excitable and aggressive, capable of using weapons, yet engaging in no activity comparable to human warfare; a creature who frequently hunts and kills small animals of other species in an organized, cooperative way, and seems to have some zest for the process of hunting, killing, and eating the prey; a creature whose repertoire of acts in aggression, deference, reassurance, and greeting bear uncanny similarity to human acts in similar situations.", "\n\nThis bold turns out to be false.", "\n\nIn the Shadow of Man was published in 1971; the chimpanzees of the Kahama region of the Gombe Stream went to war against the chimps of Kasakala in 1974:\n\nThe two [groups] had previously been a single, unified community, but by 1974 researcher Jane Goodall, who was observing the community, first noticed the chimps dividing themselves into northern and southern sub-groups.[2] … The Kahama group, in the south, consisted of six adult males (among them the chimpanzees known to Goodall as “Hugh”, “Charlie”, and “Goliath”), three adult females and their young, and an adolescent male (known as “Sniff”).[2] The larger Kasakela group, meanwhile, consisted of twelve adult females and their young, and eight adult males.[2] … The first outbreak of violence occurred on January 7, 1974,[4] when a party of six adult Kasakela males attacked and killed “Godi”, a young Kahama male … Over the next four years, all six of the adult male members of the Kahama were killed by the Kasakela males.[5] Of the females from Kahama, one was killed, two went missing, and three were beaten and kidnapped by the Kasakela males.[5] The Kasakela then succeeded in taking over the Kahama’s former territory.[5]\n\nI have the luxury of reading this account after already hearing, at least vaguely, that chimps wage war on each other. ", "To Jane–despite having observed chimpanzee belligerence for years–it came as a surprise:\n\nThe outbreak of the war came as a disturbing shock to Goodall, who had previously considered chimpanzees to be, although similar to human beings, “rather ‘nicer'” in their behavior.[7] Coupled with the observation in 1975 of cannibalistic infanticide by a high-ranking female in the community, the violence of the Gombe war first revealed to Goodall the “dark side” of chimpanzee behavior.[7] She was profoundly disturbed by this revelation; in her memoir Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe, she wrote:\n\n“For several years I struggled to come to terms with this new knowledge. ", "Often when I woke in the night, horrific pictures sprang unbidden to my mind—Satan [one of the apes], cupping his hand below Sniff’s chin to drink the blood that welled from a great wound on his face; old Rodolf, usually so benign, standing upright to hurl a four-pound rock at Godi’s prostrate body; Jomeo tearing a strip of skin from Dé’s thigh; Figan, charging and hitting, again and again, the stricken, quivering body of Goliath, one of his childhood heroes. [", "8]”\n\nWar.", "\n\nI suspect that humans evolved their upright stance to be better at carrying around large sticks with which to kill other apes. ", "This made it harder for us to climb trees, but may have allowed for our voice boxes to descend (the voice box is actually important for closing off the lungs to provide rigidity to the chest while climbing,) allowing for a greater range of vocalizations, which in turn made us better at communicating and so organizing our bashing-apes-with-sticks expeditions. ", "Eventually we stopped hunting other primates and turned our attention to more efficient game, like mammoths." ]

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[ "Due To The Events of September Eleventh\n\nIt’s been six long years since September 11th, 2001. ", "In that time, Americans—and the world—hopefully have learned several important lessons.", "\n\nAll you need is duct tape and Saran Wrap. ", "I know fighting terror is a hard thing to do. ", "The guys at the top are fighting an enemy that is invisible, has no nationality or easily identifiable markings, and motivations ranging from religious cleansing to negotiating an export deal to crack the energy drink market in Riyadh.", "\n\nAnd I also know that there was a time in our nation’s history in which it was possible to convince an entire population of schoolchildren that, in the event of a nuclear attack—not a conventional attack, with Russkies wielding Kalishnikovs around like sparklers on the Fourth of July—but a atmosphere-changing, create-a-hinterland, grade-A class one mushroom cloud explosion, the best course of action would be to hide under your freaking desk.", "\n\nK. I understand all that. ", "But, seriously, duct tape and plastic? ", "Seriously. ", "Why not just tell us to wrap ourselves in burlap and macramé and get in the fetal position every time a camel drops a nut? ", "I hope we’re not paying these people in real money.", "\n\nThe check is in the mail? ", "Nevermore! ", "The legacy of 9/11 became the greatest scapegoat ever conceived for those unabashed enough to exploit it. ", "Second quarter figures not up to par? “", "Due to the events of September 11th, the numbers just weren’t there.” ", "Every fourth car on the assembly line has a major irreversible error? “", "Due to the events of September 11th, quality control has not been a priority.” ", "Mortgage payment late? ", "Don’t want to fly to Denver for your wife’s sister’s wedding? ", "Want to invade a Middle Eastern nation with almost comically flimsy evidence? “", "Due to the events of September 11th…”\n\nPeople believe some completely ridiculous things. ", "Granted, this predates the terrorist attacks, but it certainly made a lot of conspiracy theories bubble to the surface. ", "It’s not just about poet laureates inventing tales of wily Jews calling off work or incendiary bombs being stashed in ductwork to make the explosions bigger, it’s stuff people make up because they have no other explanation outside of what they hear from political pundits, talk radio, and Pierre Salinger. ", "And everyone has an opinion, regardless of whether you are Senior Expert on Arab-Israeli Affairs at the University of Virginia, or a country western singer whose geopolitical public policy experience apex was reached when they sold out an arena in Burlington, Vermont. ", "Expert metallurgist Rosie O’Donnell, of course, rightfully called it that steel doesn’t melt under any circumstances, regardless of the ferocity and copious amounts of airliner fuel involved, and professional gaydarist Jerry Falwell personally knew the sexual orientation of the pilots.", "\n\nThe terrorists took a community college course in web design while we were all sitting around thinking up new ways to blaspheme Islam. ", "The terrorists—whether they’re looking for journalists to behead, contractors to torture, or make elaborately veiled threats from an unmarked cave somewhere in the mountains of (hey CIA—you paying attention?) ", "western Pakistan, they’re pretty web savvy. ", "Sure, it’s not slick and classy like Amazon or http://www.heavyhorselovin.com, but they do have just as much experience as the person who posted that video clip of the dog riding a skateboard, and that’s a pretty high threshold to beat.", "\n\nThe worst idea in the world is to make 9/11 a holiday. ", "After 9/11, there was a small and rather vocal movement to have 9/11 declared a national holiday. ", "Technically, it is a holiday, known as Patriot Day, in what I can only assume is a blatant slap in the face to the Dolphins, Jets, and Bills of the world. ", "As long as it stays similar in scope as the normally subdued Pearl Harbor Day, I don’t think there will be a problem. ", "But if gains the level of importance now placed on such holidays as Memorial Day and Veterans Day, Patriot Day will simply become yet another holiday used to convert important parts of our history into another opportunity to buy shoes off at half price. ", "Anyone who believes that in forty years you won’t see garish posters tastelessly claiming “The towers came down, and so will our prices!” ", "hasn’t been paying attention for the past few centuries or so.", "\n\nPeople have differing opinions. ", "About everything. ", "While the tragedy of 9/11 brought us all together, it wasn’t long until we learned that we differ violently in how we should be brought together. ", "The battle lines are drawn pretty simply, actually. ", "Either you think anyone with a foreign accent or making your change for the Hustler and lime slush you just bought walks home after work to find new and creative methods of desecrating the United States flag and developing ways to infringe your God-given rights to discharge a gun, drive a pickup truck, or smoke; or, you think George Bush and Dick Cheney drink barrels of crude oil for breakfast and the US Armed Forces unnecessarily broke up the world’s biggest tea and crumpet party held in the candy cane fields of greater Arabia. ", "One this is agreed by both of these factions, though: anyone who doesn’t fall into these categories is a terrorist.", "\n\nLike this:\n\nLikeLoading...\n\nRelated\n\nThis entry was posted on Tuesday, September 11th, 2007 at 6:16 am and is filed under Politics. ", "You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.", "\nYou can leave a response, or trackback from your own site." ]

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[ "The photoelectric type pulse signal detection is extensively applied to the field of medical care and consumer electronics, and particularly applied to wearable devices due to its characteristics such as convenient use, small size and low power consumption.", "\nA main principle of photoelectric type pulse signal detection is that when light is irradiated on skin, it is partly absorbed and partly reflected; when heart beats, a flow rate of arterial blood in arterial blood vessels presents a periodic motion identical with a heartbeat cycle, which causes cyclic changes of the intensity of the reflected light. ", "A photoelectric transmitter transmits light beams to the skin, the light beams are reflected by the skin and received by a photoelectric receiver, and a cycle and frequency of heartbeat may be obtained according to a change tendency of the intensity of the reflected light.", "\nIn practical application, the photoelectric type pulse detection is usually confronted with interference from ambient light. ", "Natural light and artificial light outside a photoelectric sensor is irradiated on the photoelectric receiver to form ambient light interference. ", "In practical application, the photoelectric type pulse detection are further vulnerable to the interference of a user's actions. ", "For example, when it is applied to a smart watch or smart wristband, it is susceptible to the interference of a hand's motion. ", "When it is applied to a smart earphone, it is susceptible to the interference of the head motions and respiration. ", "Relative motion between a photoelectric pulse measuring instrument and skin causes an optical transmission pathway between the photoelectric transmitter and photoelectric sensor to change, causes changes of light intensity, and forms motion interference. ", "The resultant ambient light interference and/or motion interference affect signal energy statistics of the reflected light and thereby affect a heartbeat cycle detection precision.", "\nIn conventional technologies, a customary method of eliminating and weakening ambient light interference is to improve the structure and minimize a gap between the optical sensor and the external environment to block the ambient light; another customary method is to strengthen a transmission intensity of a light source. ", "However, these methods are less applicable in a portable device and a wearable device. ", "In such devices, for the sake of convenience and comfort in use, contact between the sensor and skin is not tight, a gap is apt to occur, and a size of the gap varies with relative motions so that the ambient light is hard to effectively block; in a wearable device, the apparatus needs to operate in a longer time period, so increasing the light source intensity will cause excessive power consumption, and shorten the use time period, which is not applicable.", "\nIn conventional technologies, a customary method of eliminating and weakening motion interference is to strengthen the clamp or contact of the photoelectric sensor and skin to eliminate the motion interference. ", "However, for a wearable device, the sensor cannot tightly contact with the skin and the body motion is frequent, so this method is not practical; another customary method is using an accelerometer to detect actions so as to eliminate action interference in the photoelectric sensor signal. ", "However, since the accelerometer and photoelectric sensor are different types of sensors, different signal collecting systems need to be configured, and rigid sample cycle consistency is required between the signal collecting systems. ", "The correspondence relationship between the accelerometer signal and the optical signal is complicated so that complexity of the hardware and software is high." ]

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[ "The present invention is directed to a seating/storage add-on section having a non-rigid coupling means for attaching to a shopping cart. ", "The add-on section can be retrofitted to various sized shopping carts and provides additional seating and storage space on the cart. ", "The non-rigid coupling means readily connects with a shopping cart and allows relative movement between the add-on section and the cart. ", "The add-on section can be quickly and easily disconnected from an attached shopping cart.", "\nConventional shopping carts generally comprise a basket on a wheeled frame and a collapsible seat mounted in the basket. ", "Such collapsible seats are intended to accommodate one small child, but for a shopper who has more than one child or whose child is too large to use the collapsible seat, shopping is made more difficult.", "\nDevices that provide additional seating for shopping carts have been developed to accommodate those shoppers whose seating requirements exceed the limited capacity provided by a collapsible seat in a conventional cart. ", "Some of these seating devices are integrally formed with the shopping cart so that the cart and seating device cannot be separated from each other. ", "While such an integral device provides additional cart seating for shoppers, the shopping cart can only be used with the seating device.", "\nOther types of seating devices exist that can be releasably attached to a shopping cart. ", "Some of these devices can be retrofitted to an existing shopping cart to provide additional seating for children. ", "However, installing such a device on a cart can require tools, skill and time, so that it can be a frustrating and lengthy task. ", "Removing the device from the cart can be equally frustrating for the same reasons. ", "Once attached, the shopping cart is generally dedicated to exclusive use with the seating device. ", "This limits the versatility of the shopping cart and can be a drawback when there may be a shortage of carts available for shoppers not requiring the additional seating of the combined unit.", "\nIn addition, the seating device and attached cart are usually stored as a combined unit since the connection between the two cannot be readily disengaged. ", "A combined unit is unable to nest with other units as do conventional, unattached shopping carts. ", "Each combined unit requires the full length of the shopping cart and the attached seating device for storage. ", "Consequently, more space is required for storing the combined units than would be needed for storing carts separately from the seating devices.", "\nWhen the seating device and attached cart of the combined unit are rigidly connected to each other, the rigid connection deters relative movement between the device and the cart. ", "This is especially disadvantageous when the combined unit is used on uneven surfaces, including curbs, speed bumps and ramps. ", "When crossing an uneven surface, one or more wheels of the seating device and/or cart can leave the ground. ", "The combined unit will remain rigid, thereby placing undue stress on the connector. ", "This stress can loosen and/or damage the connector which necessitates frequent inspection and maintenance of the combined unit at an increased cost to the owner.", "\nFor the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a seating/storage add-on section having a non-rigid coupling means that can be readily attached and detached from a shopping cart so that the add-on section can be quickly installed or removed when desired. ", "The need also exists for a non-rigid coupling means that allows for relative movement between the add-on section and an attached shopping cart." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nUnder what circumstances might not be viewstate persisted?", "\n\nI have a page and a user control inside it. ", "\nI assign a value to viewstate in the control and do \nServer.", "Transfer(Request.", "Url.", "AbsolutePath);\n\nbut when I check the value on control's Page_Load() event the assigned value doesn't exists (viewstate is empty, has not keys).", "\nWhy might this happened?", "\n\nA:\n\nViewState is stored on per-page basis. ", " As soon as you do a Server.", "Transfer you're going to lose the ViewState from the page you're transferring from, which seems to be where your control is located? ", " ViewState is only persisted during postback.", "\nNumber two, you might be explicitly turning off the ViewState for a page or a single control and not realizing it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsetBackgroundImage forBarMetrics image size?", "\n\nI am fairly new in iOS programming and I am creating my first app.", "\nI have been trying to use the following code to change the navigation bar background image (this is using the new iOS 5 method):\n[self.navigationController.navigationBar setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@\"gradientBackgroundPlain.png\"] forBarMetrics: UIBarMetricsDefault];\n\nIt works fine, but my image is 640 x 88 and it looks too big for the bar. ", "It's like the system doesn't want to scale it, or do I need to do it manually? ", "If I scale the image and create a smaller one it looks pixelated in the retina display.", "\nAny thoughts on this?", "\nAny help or response will be appreciated.", "\nThanks,\nJorge.-\n\nA:\n\nYour image gradientBackgroundPlain.png should be 320x44, and create a second image named [email protected] with a size of 640x88. ", "Include the @2x image in your bundle, but continue to specify gradientBackgroundPlain.png for the name of the image. ", "The platform automatically chooses the correct size image for use depending on whether there is a retina display present or not.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n147 F.Supp.2d 495 (2001)\nWendell NOWELL\nv.\nACADIAN AMBULANCE SERVICE, et al.", "\nNo. ", "Civ.", "A. 00-0696.", "\nUnited States District Court, W.D. Louisiana, LaFayette-Opelousas Division.", "\nApril 13, 2001.", "\n*496 *497 *498 *499 Leonard Radlauer, New Orleans, LA, for plaintiff.", "\nMark E. Stipe, Perret, Doise, et al, Lafayette, LA, for Acadian Ambulance Service.", "\nJames L. Pate, Laborde & Neuner, Lafayette, LA, for Sheriff Charles Fuselier, Sergeant Gerald Savoy, Corporal Charles Scott and Deputy Patrick Clay.", "\n\nREASONS FOR JUDGMENT\nTYNES, United States Magistrate Judge.", "\nPending before the court is the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Sheriff Charles Fuselier (\"Fuselier\"), Sergeant Gerald W. Savoy (\"Savoy\"), Corporal Charles Scott (\"Scott\") and Deputy Patrick Clay (\"Clay\") on February 26, 2001 and the Motion for Summary Judgment or Alternatively Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12 (b) filed by Acadian Ambulance Service, Inc. (\"Acadian\") on February 26, 2001. (", "Document Nos. ", "72 and 75). ", "No opposition has been filed with respect to either motion, and the deadline for filing opposition has expired.[1]\nNowell filed this civil rights action on April 7, 2000. ", "In his Complaint and Amended Complaints, Nowell names the following defendants: Acadian Ambulance Service, Inc., Sheriff Charles Fuselier, Sergeant Gerald W. Savoy, Corporal Charles Scott and Deputy Patrick Clay. (", "Document Nos. ", "1, 25, 56). ", "He asserts that his civil rights were violated when he was unlawfully detained and assaulted and battered on April 30, 1999. ", "Plaintiff's claims are asserted under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988; the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution; Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315 and Louisiana Constitution Article 1, Sections 2 and 5. ", "By Partial Judgment entered on October 16, 2000, all federal claims asserted by plaintiff against Acadian were dismissed with prejudice. (", "Document No. ", "61).", "\nIn the instant motion, Fuselier contends that plaintiff's official capacity claim should be dismissed because plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that any official policy, custom or procedure caused his alleged constitutional violations. ", "Fuselier further contends that plaintiff's individual capacity claims should be dismissed because he was not personally involved in the alleged constitutional deprivations nor has he implemented any inadequate policy, custom or procedure which caused the alleged constitutional deprivation. ", "Deputies Savoy, Scott and Clay assert that they are not individually liable for any alleged deprivation of due process because Nowell's arrest was based upon probable cause, because he voluntarily committed himself to Vermillion Hospital, and as a result of his never being jailed or prosecuted he cannot claim deprivation of any legal procedure or hearing. ", "Savoy, Scott and Clay also contend that Nowell's seizure and arrest were based on probable cause and therefore, he *500 cannot prevail on his claims of unlawful seizure or false arrest or imprisonment. ", "Savoy and Scott assert that they cannot be liable for the alleged use of excessive force as they were not present at the scene of the alleged incident, inside the Acadian ambulance. ", "Clay contends that although he was present in the ambulance, the force used upon Nowell in response to Nowell's spitting on him and the EMT was reasonable. ", "Additionally, he contends that Nowell is unable to sustain his burden of demonstrating the use of force was wanton or malicious, and also that Nowell did not receive a \"substantial injury\". ", "Savoy, Scott and Clay contend that Nowell has no claim for malicious prosecution because amongst other things, his arrest was based upon probable cause and there has been no egregious misuse of a legal proceeding. ", "Finally, Savoy, Scott and Clay contend that Nowell has no proof of his conclusory allegations that falsified documents were filed or that these alleged documents caused him any injury. ", "Accordingly, these defendants request that all of Nowell's federal and state claims asserted against them should be dismissed.", "\nAcadian contends that the sole remaining state law claims pending against it should be dismissed because under La.R.S. 40:1233 the Acadian emergency medical technicians were certified and acting pursuant to physician orders, thus, because Nowell has no expert witness he cannot sustain his burden of proof that there was any deviation from the applicable standard of care. ", "Additionally, Acadian asserts that this action is premature as Nowell failed to seek review by a medical review panel prior to instituting the instant action.", "\n\nStandard on Motion for Summary Judgment\nFed.", "R.Civ.", "Proc. ", "Rule 56(e) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:\nWhen a motion for summary judgment is made and supported as provided in this rule, an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party's pleading, but the adverse party's response, by affidavits or otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. ", "If the adverse party does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against the adverse party.", "\nNowell has not submitted any evidence whatsoever in opposition to the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Fuselier, Savoy, Scott and Clay, or the Motion for Summary Judgment or Alternatively Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b) filed by Acadian Ambulance Service, Inc. Both motions are properly made and supported. ", "Thus, plaintiff may not rest upon his allegations or denials in his pleadings, but rather must go beyond the pleadings and designate specific facts demonstrating that there is a genuine issue for trial. ", "Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 2553-54, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). ", "However, metaphysical doubt as to the material facts, conclusory allegations, unsubstantiated assertions, and those supported by only a scintilla of evidence are insufficient. ", "Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir.1994). ", "Moreover, summary judgment is mandated against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish an essential element of that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. ", "Celotex, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2552. ", "Accordingly, summary judgment with respect to the federal claims asserted against Fuselier, Savoy, Scott and Clay is appropriate in this case based on the following grounds.", "\n\nI. Sheriff Fuselier\n\nOfficial Capacity Claims\nAn official capacity suit is the equivalent of a suit against the entity of *501 which the officer is an agent. ", "Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 105 S.Ct. ", "3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985); Brandon v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 105 S.Ct. ", "873, 83 L.Ed.2d 878 (1985); Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 112 S.Ct. ", "358, 116 L.Ed.2d 301 (1991); McMillian v. Monroe County, Ala., 520 U.S. 781, 784-85, 117 S.Ct. ", "1734, 138 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997)[2]; Burge v. St. Tammany Parish, 187 F.3d 452, 466 (5th Cir.1999). ", "Thus, such a claim requires Monell proof of an official policy[3] or custom[4] as the cause of the constitutional deprivation. ", "Turner v. Houma Municipal Fire & Police Civil Service Board, 229 F.3d 478, 483 fn. ", "10 (5th Cir.2000) citing Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. ", "2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).[5]\nIn his original complaint, plaintiff alleges that the following official policies or customs of Sheriff Fuselier, the admitted official policy maker of the St. Martin Parish Sheriff's Office: Failing to properly train[6], *502 hire[7], discipline and supervise deputies, failing to make and enforce proper regulations on the use of force on arrestees[8], tolerating a pattern of police misconduct and use of excessive force by deputies, and failing to discipline employees who violate individuals' civil rights. ", "In support of his Motion for Summary Judgment, the Sheriff submits his affidavit in which he details the department's policies on hiring, training, supervision, discipline, and use of force. ", "Plaintiff fails to submit any evidence that these policies are in any respect inadequate, or that there is any custom or pattern of inadequate hiring, training, supervision or discipline. ", "Moreover, the Sheriff submits Nowell's deposition testimony in which he admits that he has no knowledge of the existence of these alleged inadequacies nor any evidence in support of same. ", "Finally, the undersigned's research fails to reveal any constitutional inadequacy with the Sheriff's policies. ", "Accordingly, plaintiff fails to demonstrate a material issue of fact which precludes summary judgment herein with respect to the official capacity claims asserted against Sheriff Fuselier.", "\n\nIndividual Capacity Claims\nA supervisor may not be held liable on a theory of respondeat superior. *", "503 Rather, to be liable under § 1983, a supervisory official must be personally involved in the act causing the alleged constitutional deprivation, or must have implemented a policy so deficient that the policy itself acts as a deprivation of constitutional rights. ", "Cronn v. Buffington, 150 F.3d 538, 544 (5th Cir.1998); Thompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 303-04 (5th Cir.1987); Alton v. Texas A & M University, 168 F.3d 196, 200 (5th Cir.1999).", "\nA sheriff not personally involved in the acts that deprived the plaintiff of his constitutional rights is liable under § 1983 if: 1) the sheriff failed to train or supervise the officers involved; 2) there is a causal connection between the alleged failure to supervise or train and the alleged violation of the plaintiff's rights; and 3) the failure to train or supervise constituted deliberate indifference to the plaintiff's constitutional rights. ", "Thompson v. Upshur County, 245 F.3d 447, 458-59 (5th Cir.2001) citing Smith v. Brenoettsy, 158 F.3d 908, 911-12 (5th Cir. ", "1998), Doe v. Taylor Independent School District, 15 F.3d 443, 452-54 & nn. ", "7-8 (5th Cir.1994) (en banc) (adopting the City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 109 S.Ct. ", "1197, 1205 n. 10, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989), standard of municipal liability for supervisory liability, thus omitting gross negligence from the Hinshaw test), and Hinshaw v. Doffer, 785 F.2d 1260, 1263 (5th Cir.1986). ", "Proof of more than a single instance of the lack of training or supervision causing a violation of constitutional rights is normally required before such lack of training or supervision constitutes deliberate indifference. ", "Id. citing Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 798-99 (5th Cir.1998) and Belt, 828 F.2d at 304-305. ", "The plaintiff must generally demonstrate at least a pattern of similar violations. ", "Id. citing Snyder, 142 F.3d at 798. ", "Furthermore, the inadequacy of training must be obvious and obviously likely to result in a constitutional violation. ", "Id. citing City of Canton, 109 S.Ct. ", "at 1205 n. 10 (1989) and Snyder, 142 F.3d at 799.", "\nIn the instant matter, the Sheriff submits his affidavit in which he states that he was not present at the scene of plaintiff's arrest, nor was he personally involved in the transfer of plaintiff to the University Medical Center. ", "These statements are uncontradicted.", "\nMoreover, in light of the Sheriff's policies at issue herein which, as set forth above, have not been shown to be constitutionally inadequate, plaintiff has not demonstrated the Sheriff was deliberately indifferent. ", "Accordingly, there is no material issue of fact precluding summary judgment herein with respect to the individual capacity claims asserted against Sheriff Fuselier.", "\n\nII. ", "Unreasonable Seizure/False Arrest and Imprisonment\nPlaintiff has a right to be free from illegal arrest; however, whether an arrest is illegal hinges on the absence of probable cause. ", "Thus, if plaintiff cannot show an absence of probable cause, he fails to state a violation of a constitutional right. ", "Sorenson v. Ferrie, 134 F.3d 325, 328 (5th Cir.1998) citing Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144-45, 99 S.Ct. ", "2689, 2694-95, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979). ", "The \"constitutional torts\" of unreasonable seizure and false imprisonment also require a showing of no probable cause. ", "Brown v. Lyford, 243 F.3d 185, 189-90 (5th Cir.2001) citing Mendenhall v. Riser, 213 F.3d 226, 230 (5th Cir.2000).", "\nIn the instant suit, plaintiff admits in his deposition that he pointed a .32 caliber pistol at the sheriff's deputies twice in the hopes that the deputies would shoot him, and that he was ultimately charged *504 with aggravated assault on a \"police officer `by fire'.\" ", "Under Louisiana law, aggravated assault on a peace officer with a firearm requires that a peace officer be placed in reasonable apprehension of receiving a battery from a firearm. ", "La.R.S. 14:37.2. ", "Obviously, the officers had probable cause to arrest plaintiff on those charges. ", "Moreover, plaintiff has failed to submit any countervailing affidavits or other evidence demonstrating that probable cause was absent. ", "Accordingly, plaintiff has no claim for unreasonable seizure, false arrest or false imprisonment and summary judgment is properly granted with respect to these claims.", "\nAdditionally, summary judgment is proper with respect to plaintiff's claim of unreasonable seizure[9] because the seizure was not conducted in an extraordinary manner. ", "Generally, when probable cause to arrest exists, \"the government's interests in enforcing its laws outweigh the suspect's privacy interest and arrest of the suspect is reasonable\" under the Fourth Amendment. ", "Glenn v. City of Tyler, 242 F.3d 307, 314 (5th Cir.2001) citing Atwater v. City of Lago, 195 F.3d 242, 244 (5th Cir.1999) (cert. ", "granted). ", "Courts \"deviate from this principle ... only when an arrest is `conducted in an extraordinary manner, unusually harmful to an individual's privacy or even physical interests.\" ", "Id. (quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 817-18, 116 S.Ct. ", "1769, 1776-77, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996)).", "\nIn the instant case, medical records, affidavits and deposition testimony submitted in support of the defendants' motion for summary judgment reveal that plaintiff's arrest was not conducted in an extraordinary manner. ", "It is uncontradicted that Nowell brandished a handgun threatening suicide by placing the gun to his head and inside his mouth. ", "On more than one occasion he pointed the gun at the deputies in an admitted attempt to have the deputies shoot him, thus, accomplishing his suicidal goal. ", "The standoff between plaintiff and the officers continued for over one half hour before deputies were able to disarm Nowell and physically wrestle him to the ground. ", "On the date of this incident, plaintiff admittedly had consumed a case of beer. ", "Moreover, the medical records indicate that plaintiff was so agitated that the EMT was unable to take his vitals, and also that Nowell was \"aggravated\" and \"violent\", thus, requiring stretcher straps during transport. ", "Plaintiff fails to submit any affidavits or other evidence in support of his claim of unreasonable seizure. ", "Accordingly, because plaintiff's arrest was not conducted in an extraordinary manner, summary judgment on the claim of unreasonable seizure is proper.", "\n\nIII. ", "Malicious Prosecution\nTo date, the Fifth Circuit accepts that malicious prosecution can deprive a person of constitutional rights. ", "This \"constitutional tort\" has seven elements:\n1. ", "criminal action commenced against the plaintiffs;\n2. ", "that the prosecution was caused by the defendants or with their aid;\n3. ", "that the action terminated in the plaintiffs' favor;\n4. ", "that the plaintiffs were innocent;\n5. ", "that the defendants acted without probable cause;\n6. ", "that the defendants acted with malice; and\n7. ", "that the criminal proceeding damaged the plaintiffs. *", "505 Brown v. Lyford, 243 F.3d at 189 (5th Cir.2001) citing Kerr v. Lyford, 171 F.3d 330, 340 (5th Cir.1999). ", "As discussed above, because Nowell's arrest was made upon probable cause, he has no claim for malicious prosecution. ", "Summary judgment is properly granted with respect to this claim.", "\n\nIV. ", "Filing of False Police Reports\nIn his complaint, plaintiff alleges that the \"defendant officers further made and filed false official documents, in the form of false police reports, in an attempt to cover up their wrongdoing, the negligent acts of the officers and shield themselves from civil and criminal liability and internal discipline.\" ", "Plaintiff does not allege what report he claims was false or how the alleged filing caused him damage. ", "Moreover, Nowell fails to identify any federal rights in jeopardy, nor has he indicated how the alleged filing of these reports deprived him of any constitutional right.", "\nThe mere existence of falsified police reports do not in and of themselves violate any of Nowell's federal rights. ", "Landrigan v. City of Warwick, 628 F.2d 736, 745 (1st Cir.1980); Comfort v. Town of Pittsfield, 924 F.Supp. ", "1219, 1230 (D.Me.1996); White v. Tamlyn, 961 F.Supp. ", "1047, 1056-57 citing Comfort and Bailey v. Tricolla, 1995 WL 548714, at *5 (E.D.N.Y., Sept. 12, 1995); See also Bush v. City of Philadelphia, 1999 WL 554585 (E.D.Pa.1999) (and cases cited therein).", "\nIn Landrigan, the First Circuit held that \"the mere filing of false police reports, by themselves without more, [does] not create a right of action in damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.\" ", "Id. at 744-45. ", "The court reasoned that for the purpose of recovering damages, the existence of a false report sitting in a police station filing cabinet does not itself deprive a person of a constitutional or statutory right. ", "Id. To the contrary, falsified police reports are only actionable under § 1983 if those reports result in the deprivation of life, liberty or property. ", "Id. If action is taken on the basis of falsified reports a plaintiff may file suit. ", "Id.\nHere, however, as in Landrigan, the police reports are mainly relevant to the extent they resulted in an allegedly false charge. ", "Id. However, as discussed above, probable cause existed to charge plaintiff with aggravated assault on a peace officer with a firearm. ", "Accordingly, it has not been demonstrated that any police report charging Nowell with that crime was false. ", "Moreover, in the absence of more specific pleadings, it is not clear that the alleged false reports alone resulted in damages to Nowell cognizable under § 1983, beyond those arising out of his Fourth Amendment claims. ", "Finally, in support of summary judgment herein, the defendants submit the deposition testimony of Nowell wherein he admits that he had no personal knowledge of any falsified documents, nor has Nowell produced any proof to support his conclusory allegations. ", "For these reasons, summary judgment with respect to this claim is proper.", "\n\nV. Deprivation of Due Process\nIn his complaint, Nowell conclusorily states that he was deprived of his liberty without due process. ", "To the extent Nowell's complaint focuses on his being transported to the hospital, that complaint is without merit.[10] It was entirely *506 appropriate for the officers to transport Nowell to the hospital for immediate psychiatric attention given his admittedly suicidal state. ", "Indeed, the deputies had a duty to render reasonable medical care and hence, would have been subject to liability had they not taken that step. ", "See Nerren v. Livingston Police, 86 F.3d 469 (5th Cir.1996) (holding that arrestees, like pretrial detainees are entitled to reasonable medical care unless the failure to supply that care is reasonably related to a legitimate governmental objective.). ", "To the extent that Nowell complains about his subsequent commitment to the Vermillion Hospital for Psychiatric and Addictive Medicine, the defendants have submitted medical records demonstrating that Nowell voluntarily committed himself for treatment. ", "Hence, the officers did not involuntarily deprive Nowell of his liberty interest. ", "With respect to procedural due process, Nowell has not alleged that he was deprived of any hearing or legal proceeding, nor has he submitted any evidence or affidavits indicating the need for same. ", "To the contrary, under the circumstances presented herein, the undersigned is unable to discover that any such hearing or proceeding was necessary. ", "Accordingly, in the absence of any evidence or affidavits in opposition to summary judgment herein, the undersigned concludes that no issue of fact remains with respect to plaintiff's due process claim. ", "Thus, summary judgment is appropriate with respect to Nowell's due process claim.", "\n\nVI. ", "Excessive Force\n\nDeputies Savoy and Scott\nIn his complaint, plaintiff alleges that \"while in the ambulance, Mr. Nowell was beaten until he was unconscious.\" ", "He further asserts that Savoy and Scott[11] \"observed the unlawful assault and battery upon the plaintiff through the use of excessive force\" and that the \"defendant officers' allowing plaintiff to be severely assaulted and battered was done in deliberate indifference and disregard of his rights....\" Defendants Savoy and Scott have submitted their affidavits wherein they each state under oath that they never struck Mr. Nowell, did not observe anyone else strike Nowell, and did not enter the Acadian Ambulance which transported Mr. Nowell to the hospital. ", "Additionally, the defendants have submitted deposition testimony of Nowell, Ronald J. Leger, the EMT inside the ambulance, and Deputy Clay who accompanied Mr. Nowell to the hospital. ", "That testimony *507 reveals that the alleged use of excessive force occurred while Mr. Nowell was inside the ambulance on route to the hospital, and that only Nowell, Deputy Clay and EMT Leger were present. ", "Plaintiff has failed to submit any evidence contradicting Savoy's and Scott's testimony that they were not present inside the ambulance when the alleged use of excessive force occurred, nor has he presented any evidence which would indicate that Savoy or Scott observed any excessive use of force prior to Nowell's being placed in the ambulance or any evidence indicating that they were in any way placed on notice that the alleged use of force would occur during transport.", "\nAn officer who is present at the scene and does not take reasonable measures to protect a suspect from another officer's use of excessive force may be liable under § 1983 under a theory of bystander liability. ", "Hale v. Townley, 45 F.3d 914, 919 (5th Cir.1995) citing Harris v. Chanclor, 537 F.2d 203, 205-06 (5th Cir.1976), Smith v. Dooley, 591 F.Supp. ", "1157, 1168 (W.D.La.1984), aff'd, 778 F.2d 788 (5th Cir.1985), and Gaudreault v. Municipality of Salem, Mass., 923 F.2d 203, 205 n. 3 (1st Cir.1990), cert. ", "denied, 500 U.S. 956, 111 S.Ct. ", "2266, 114 L.Ed.2d 718 (1991).[12] Thus, the officer must have had a reasonable opportunity to realize the excessive nature of the force and a reasonable opportunity to intervene to stop it. ", "Indeed, under Hale, the Fifth Circuit has articulated that liability attaches only if \"[the plaintiff] prove[s] that [the bystanding officer] was present at the scene ... but did not take reasonable measures to prevent [another officer] from using excessive force.\" ", "Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 801 at fn. ", "11 (5th Cir.1998) citing Hale. ", "Accordingly, in Snyder, the court found no error in dismissing the plaintiff's claim against a bystanding officer \"[i]n light of [the plaintiff's] admission that he did not know whether [the bystanding officer] was in the area when he was shot, and the absence of probative evidence suggesting otherwise....\" Id.\nAccordingly, summary judgment is properly granted to Savoy and Scott with respect to plaintiff's claim for use of excessive force as there is simply no evidence supporting plaintiff's claim that either defendant used excessive force on plaintiff, observed the complained use of excessive force or allowed plaintiff to be subjected to the use of excessive force, nor is there any evidence that Savoy or Scott had any opportunity to take steps to prevent the alleged use of force, or to intervene to stop it.", "\n\nDeputy Clay\nPlaintiff complains of events which occurred in connection with his arrest while he was still in custody of the arresting officers, prior to any processing by the sheriff's department, at a time when he was not incarcerated awaiting trial, much less awaiting trial for a significant period of time. ", "Thus, he enjoys the protections of the Fourth as opposed to the Fourteenth Amendment. ", "Gutierrez v. City of San Antonio, 139 F.3d 441, 452 (5th Cir. ", "1998) citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395, 109 S.Ct. ", "1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989), Brothers v. Klevenhagen, 28 F.3d *508 452, 455-56 (5th Cir.1994) and Valencia v. Wiggins, 981 F.2d 1440, 1445 (5th Cir. ", "1993).", "\nThe standard for use of force applicable to arrestees is set forth in Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 109 S.Ct. ", "1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). ", "The force must be objectively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. ", "Graham, 109 S.Ct. ", "at 1873. ", "The issue is \"whether the officer's actions are objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them without regard to their underlying intent or motivation ...\" Id. at 1872. ", "Factors to consider when determining whether the force used was objectively reasonable include the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect posed a threat to the safety of officers or others, and whether the arrestee actively resisted arrest or attempted to avoid arrest. ", "Id. Graham instructs courts not engage in second-guessing officers about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation, recognizing that officers have to make split second, on the scene decisions while confronted with a violent individuals. ", "Id.; Wagner v. Bay City Texas, 227 F.3d 316, 321 (5th Cir.2000) citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396-97, 109 S.Ct. ", "1865. ", "In gauging the objective reasonableness of the force, a court must balance the amount of force used against the need for that force. ", "Ikerd v. Blair, 101 F.3d 430, 434 (5th Cir. ", "1996).", "\nThe Fifth Circuit has held that in order to succeed on an excessive force claim, a plaintiff bears the burden of showing (1) an injury (2) which resulted directly and only from the use of force that was excessive to the need and (3) the force used was objectively unreasonable. ", "Glenn v. City of Tyler, 242 F.3d 307, 314 (5th Cir.2001) citing Goodson, 202 F.3d at 740 (quoting Williams v. Bramer, 180 F.3d 699, 703 (5th Cir.1999)). ", "Although a showing of \"significant injury\" is no longer required in the context of an excessive force claim, the Fifth Circuit does require a plaintiff asserting an excessive force claim to show that he sustained an injury which is \"more than a de minimis injury\" evaluated in the context in which the force was deployed. ", "Glenn, 242 F.3d at 314 citing Williams, 180 F.3d at 703 quoting Jackson v. R.E. Culbertson, 984 F.2d 699, 700 (5th Cir.1993); See also Gomez v. Chandler, 163 F.3d 921 (5th Cir.1999); Siglar v. Hightower, 112 F.3d 191 (5th Cir.1997). ", "Indeed, the extent of injury suffered by a plaintiff is one factor that may suggest whether the use of force was excessive in a particular situation. ", "Ikerd, 101 F.3d at 434 citing Hudson v. McMillian, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 999.", "\nIn his complaint herein, Nowell contends that while in the Acadian Ambulance he was beaten until unconscious.[13] He further claims to have remained unconscious until his arrival at the hospital. ", "However, he admits in his deposition he does not know who allegedly beat him. ", "He also admits to have consumed a case of beer on the date in question.", "\nDeputy Clay has submitted deposition excerpts of Ronald J. Leger, the EMT who accompanied plaintiff to the hospital, Nowell and himself. ", "Clay has also submitted medical record of Acadian Ambulance, University Medical Center and Vermillion Hospital for Psychiatric & Addictive Medicine. ", "These documents reveal that on the date in question, Nowell had consumed a case of beer. ", "While brandishing a gun threatening suicide by admittedly placing *509 the gun to his head and inside his mouth, he was physically wrestled from his wheelchair to the floor and the gun secured. ", "Thereafter, he was placed prone on a stretcher and placed in an Acadian Ambulance to be transported to a hospital. ", "The only persons present inside the ambulance during the transport were Deputy Clay and EMT Leger.", "\nThe medical records reveal that during transport Nowell appeared to be intoxicated and was \"agitated\" and \"violent\". ", "Indeed, he was so agitated that the EMT was unable to take his vitals and stretcher straps were required during transport. ", "The medical records also reveal that on physical examination Dr. Cain found \"abrasions inside mouth and ecchymoses R. upper eyelid.\" ", "The records fail to demonstrate that Nowell was unconscious for any period of time. ", "Additionally, there is no indication on any record that Nowell ever gave of a history of being beaten while in the ambulance.", "\nLeger testified that initially, Nowell was lying prone on the stretcher with his head turned to the right. ", "It is undisputed that while inside the ambulance, Nowell spat at Clay two to three times, one such occasion hitting Clay in the face. ", "Clay indicated that he believed that he and Leger were endangered because of the risk of infection associated with such behavior. ", "Clay testified that he told Nowell to stop spitting, but that \"verbal commands is out because he would not listen to verbal commands.\" ", "Accordingly, in response to being spat at and upon, he admittedly put his knee in Nowell's right facial area and then turned his head in the opposite direction, to the left. ", "Clay's knee remained on Nowell's face for approximately 45 seconds to a minute. ", "After removing his knee, Clay did not see any damage to Nowell. ", "He denied ever kicking or hitting Nowell and also denied seeing anyone else inside the ambulance kick or hit Nowell.", "\nLeger's testimony is consistent with Clay's version of events. ", "He testified that Clay put his knee on Nowell's face for less than a minute and told him to stop spitting. ", "Leger also testified that after the knee was removed, he visually examined Nowell's face and did not see anything abnormal. ", "Moreover, he testified that Nowell was conscious the entire trip and that he did not see any deputy beat or kick Nowell in any fashion.", "\nPlaintiff has not presented any contradictory affidavits or any evidence whatsoever to refute the evidence presented by Clay in support of his motion for summary judgment. ", "Thus, he has failed to present a material issue of fact establishing that the force used herein was excessive to the need or that it was in any way objectively unreasonable. ", "To the contrary, examination of the record and evidence submitted in support of summary judgment herein reveals that under the totality of the circumstances, the force used by Clay in response to Nowell's spitting at and on him was not objectively unreasonable or excessive to the need.", "\nMoreover, considering the totality of the facts and circumstances confronting Deputy Clay, balancing the amount of force used against the need for that force, it is clear that the force used by Clay was not excessive to the need, nor was it objectively unreasonable. ", "Nowell was under arrest for a serious crime, aggravated assault on a peace officer with a firearm. ", "He was by all accounts resisting and belligerent as he was admittedly intoxicated, agitated and spitting at Clay. ", "Moreover, Nowell's spitting placed both Clay and Leger in danger of contracting disease. ", "Finally, the record demonstrates that Nowell was not responsive to verbal commands, thus necessitating physical intervention. ", "Under these *510 circumstances, Clay's use of his knee in Nowell's facial area to turn Nowell's head in the opposite direction was appropriate.", "\nAlthough in his pleadings to this court Nowell claims to have been beaten until unconscious, that allegation is simply not supported by the record herein. ", "To the contrary, the medical records submitted by Clay in support of summary judgment herein demonstrate only abrasions on the inside of plaintiff's mouth and ecchymoses or a bruise in the area of the right eye. ", "These injuries are not consistent with the severe and debilitating beating which plaintiff claims to have suffered. ", "To the contrary, the abrasions and bruise are consistent with the application of force as described by Deputy Clay and EMT Leger. ", "Moreover, there is no indication that plaintiff was unconscious or that he ever gave a history of having been beaten to any of the health care providers on the night in question or during the one week thereafter when he was voluntarily committed for psychiatric treatment.[14] Finally, after removing his knee from Nowell's facial area neither Clay nor Leger saw anything abnormal. ", "In the absence of any evidence to the contrary in opposition to summary judgment herein, the undersigned cannot find an issue of material fact with respect to Nowell's excessive force claim.", "\nFinally, accepting the injuries as noted in the medical records, abrasions inside Nowell's mouth and a bruise in the area of the right eye, in the context employed, fail to rise to the level of constitutional significance. ", "To the contrary, such injuries, even if sustained as a result of force applied by Clay, more appropriately fall into the de minimis range of imposition.[15] See Siglar v. Hightower, 112 F.3d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1997) (finding the plaintiff's alleged injury, a bruised ear lasting for three days requiring no medical treatment suffered as a result of an unprovocated twisting of plaintiff's ear, was de minimis).", "\n\nVII. ", "State Law Claims\nAll federal law claims asserted against Acadian have been previously dismissed. ", "Further, for the reasons assigned above, all federal claims asserted against Sheriff Fuselier, and Deputies Clay, Savoy and Scott will be dismissed by judgment entered this date. ", "Accordingly, no federal question remains before this court.", "\nA district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction if the court has dismissed all claims over which it had pendent jurisdiction. ", "28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). ", "Indeed, when a court dismisses all federal claims before trial, the general rule is to dismiss any pendent claims. ", "Bass v. Parkwood Hospital, 180 F.3d 234, 246 (5th Cir.1999) citing Wong v. Stripling, 881 F.2d 200, 204 (5th Cir.1989). ", "However, the dismissal should be without prejudice. ", "Id. Dismissal is particularly appropriate when the remaining state law questions present difficult, novel or complex state law issues. ", "Parker & Parsley Petroleum v. Dresser Industries, 972 F.2d 580, 589 (5th Cir.1992). ", "The questions of state law presented by Acadian clearly fall within this category. ", "Moreover, this matter has been pending for less than one year. ", "Finally, Acadian previously requested that this court decline supplemental jurisdiction under § 1367 in it's Motion to Dismiss. (", "Document Nos. ", "38 and 12). *", "511 The request was denied at that time because federal law claims were still pending against the law enforcement defendants. (", "Document Nos. ", "60 and 61). ", "That is no longer the case. ", "Thus, the undersigned declines supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff's state law claims asserted against Acadian, Fuselier, Savoy, Scott and Clay. ", "Those claims shall be dismissed without prejudice. ", "Hence, the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Acadian is moot.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Local Rule 7.5W of the Uniform District Court Rules provides that opposition shall be filed within 15 days after service of the motion.", "\n[2] The Supreme Court in McMillian explained that:\n\na suit against a governmental officer \"in his official capacity\" is the same as a suit \"`against [the] entity of which [the] officer is an agent,'\" Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165, 105 S.Ct. ", "3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985) (quoting Monell v. New York City Dept. ", "of Social Servs., ", "436 U.S. 658, 690, n. 55, 98 S.Ct. ", "2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978)), and that victory in such an \"official-capacity\" suit \"imposes liability on the entity that [the officer] represents,\" Brandon v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 471, 105 S.Ct. ", "873, 83 L.Ed.2d 878 (1985).", "\nMcMillian, 520 U.S. at 785 n. 2, 117 S.Ct. ", "1734.", "\n[3] \"An official policy, for purposes of § 1983 liability, is `[a] policy statement, ordinance, regulation or decision that is officially adopted and promulgated by the municipality's lawmaking officers or by an official to whom the lawmakers have delegated policy-making authority.'\" ", "Brown v. Bryan County, 219 F.3d 450, 457 (5th Cir.2000) quoting Bennett v. City of Slidell, 735 F.2d 861, 862 (5th Cir.1984) (en banc). ", "In their motion, the defendants admit that Sheriff Fuselier is the official policy maker for the St. Martin Parish Sheriff's Office. (", "Document No. ", "75, pg. ", "7). ", "Thus, the policies adopted promulgated by the Sheriff are \"official\" for purposes of the instant motion.", "\n[4] Courts have defined custom as a \"persistent, widespread practice of city officials or employees, which, although not authorized by officially adopted and promulgated policy, is so common and well settled as to constitute a custom that fairly represents municipal policy.\" ", "Campbell v. City of San Antonio, 43 F.3d 973, 977 (5th Cir.1995) citing Webster v. City of Houston, 735 F.2d 838, 841 (5th Cir.1984); Matthias v. Bingley, 906 F.2d 1047, 1054 (5th Cir.1990) (en banc). ", "As discussed above, there is no evidence of any persistent, widespread practice for purposes of imputing official capacity liability or precluding summary judgment herein. ", "The singular incident described herein is insufficient. ", "See Thompson v. Upshur County, 245 F.3d 447, 458 (5th Cir.2001) citing Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 798-99 (5th Cir.1998) and Belt, 828 F.2d at 304-305; Board of the County Comm'rs of Bryan County v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 117 S.Ct. ", "1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997).", "\n[5] In Monell, the Court held that local governmental entities may be sued under § 1983. ", "However, they may not be held vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior. ", "Thus, a governmental entity may not be held liable merely because it employs a tortfeasor. ", "Liability must be based upon allegedly unconstitutional conduct which \"implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body's officers ... [or is] visited pursuant to governmental `custom' even though such a custom has not received formal approval through the body's decision making channels.\" ", "Id. at 690-91, 98 S.Ct. ", "2018.", "\n[6] In City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 109 S.Ct. ", "1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989) the Supreme Court set forth the standard for asserting a failure to train claim articulating that \"[t]he inadequacy of [a] training policy may serve as the basis for § 1983 liability only where the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the police come into contact.\" ", "Id. at 388, 109 S.Ct. ", "1197. \"[", "I]t may happen that in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or employees the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policy makers of the City can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need. ", "In that event, the failure to provide proper training may fairly be said to represent a policy for which the city is responsible, and for which the city may be held liable if it actually causes injury.\" ", "However, it is not enough to establish that a particular officer was inadequately trained, or that the injury could have been avoided with more or better training. ", "Id. Moreover, proof of more than a single instance of the lack of training or supervision causing a violation of constitutional rights is normally required before liability may attach. ", "Thompson v. Upshur County, 245 F.3d at 458 (5th Cir.2001) citing Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 798-99 (5th Cir.1998) and Belt, 828 F.2d at 304-305. ", "Furthermore, the inadequacy must be obvious and obviously likely to result in a constitutional violation. ", "Id.\n[7] In Board of the County Comm'ns of Bryan County v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 117 S.Ct. ", "1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997) the Court held that a Sheriff's isolated decision to hire a deputy who had past criminal history involving violence which ultimately resulted in the use of excessive force by the employee was not sufficient to impose liability on the governmental entity because imposing such liability would be tantamount to imposing vicarious liability. ", "Rather, the Sheriff must have necessarily concluded that the future use of force was the \"plainly obvious consequence of the decision to hire the applicant\" in order to establish deliberate indifference to the constitutional rights of citizens. ", "See also Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 797 (5th Cir.1998) (Trepagnier admitted to two nonviolent offenses: stealing a jacket and smoking marijuana. ", "On this evidence, Snyder's claim that the City's screening policies were inadequate fails the Bryan County test: that the plaintiff's injury be the \"plainly obvious consequence' of the hiring decision.\").", "\n[8] The standard for use of force applicable to arrestees is set forth in Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 109 S.Ct. ", "1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). ", "The force must be objectively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. ", "Id. The issue is \"whether the officer's actions are objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them without regard to their underlying intent or motivation ...\" Id. Factors to consider when determining whether the force used was objectively reasonable include the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect posed a threat to the safety of officers or others, whether the arrestee actively resisted arrest or attempted to avoid arrest. ", "Graham, 109 S.Ct. ", "at 1872. ", "The Sheriff's policy as set forth in his affidavit does not contravene this reasonableness standard. ", "To the contrary, the policy incorporates the Graham factors.", "\n[9] The instant analysis focuses on the plaintiff's seizure in connection with his arrest. ", "Plaintiff's claim for use of excessive force is addressed below.", "\n[10] \"After the initial incidents of a seizure have concluded and an individual is being detained by police officials but has yet to be booked, an arrestee's right to medical attention, like that of a pretrial detainee, derives from the Fourteenth Amendment.\" ", "Nerren, 86 F.3d at 473. ", "Thus, an arrestee's complaint for such a denial is evaluated under the same standards applicable to substantive due process claims of pretrial detainees. ", "Nerren, 86 F.3d at 472 citing Fields v. City of South Houston, Texas, 922 F.2d 1183 (5th Cir.1991) (applying pretrial detainee standards to an arrestee's claim that arresting officer denied arrestee medical attention). ", "In so finding, the Fifth Circuit noted that this holding leaves \"unmolested an arrestee's additional and specific Fourth Amendment protections to be free from an unreasonable arrest and excessive force at the time of arrest\" as stated in Valencia v. Wiggins, 981 F.2d 1440, 1443 (5th Cir.1993) (\"As the Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable `seizures,' it seems primarily directed to the initial act of restraining an individual's liberty, such as an investigatory stop or arrest.\"). \"", "An arrestee's Fourteenth Amendment due process rights are in addition to and overlap with that protection. ", "We simply recognize that arrestees as a subset of pretrial detainees have substantive due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment which are, as Judge Friendly said, `quite apart from any specific of the Bill of Rights.'\" ", "Nerren, 86 F.3d at 473 fn. ", "20 citing Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028, 1032 (2d Cir.1972).", "\n[11] Plaintiff refers to these defendants as \"Deputy Chuck\" and \"Deputy Gerald\". ", "However, in their affidavits submitted in support of this motion, they identify themselves using their proper names, Charles Scott and Gerald Savoy, respectively.", "\n[12] See also Anderson v. Branen, 17 F.3d 552, 556 (2nd Cir.1994) citing O'Neill v. Krzeminski, 839 F.2d 9, 11-12 (2d Cir.1988) (An officer who fails to intervene to protect citizens from the use of excessive force by other officers is liable for the preventable harm caused by the actions of the other officers where that officer observes or has reason to know that excessive force is being used and the officer had a realistic opportunity to intervene to prevent the harm from occurring.) ", "and Yang v. Hardin, 37 F.3d 282, 285 (7th Cir.1994) (same).", "\n[13] Nowell's complaint does not allege that excessive force was used in connection with the officers' disarming him. ", "Rather he complains solely of the alleged use of excessive force during his transport to the hospital.", "\n[14] Additionally, those injuries may well have been self inflicted as a result of Nowell's placing the gun inside his mouth, or could have occurred as a result of Nowell's being physically wrestled out of his wheel chair in order to disarm him.", "\n[15] See fn. ", "14, supra.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Friction stir welding is a solid-state (sub-solidus) joining process typically applied to metallic materials. ", "It involves forcing a spinning, non-consumable tool into and along a joint between two or more workpieces to be permanently joined. ", "A fully consolidated metallurgical joint may be formed between the workpieces as a result of the mechanical stirring and frictional heat introduced into the joint by the rotating, moving (traversing) tool. ", "A conventional friction stir welding tool includes a shoulder and a probe that extends outwardly from the shoulder. ", "During the FSW process, the probe is forced into the workpieces up to the shoulder and travels longitudinally along the joint interface (sometimes referred to as a faying surface) therebetween.", "\nIn full penetration welds, the probe provides through-thickness stirring of the joint interface to form a fully consolidated weld nugget or stir zone. ", "The shoulder travels under force on the surface of the workpieces along the top edge of the joint interface, and provides both mechanical heating and containment of the workpiece material at the joint interface (at times referred to as “joint material”) to keep it from escaping the stir zone. ", "More information regarding conventional friction stir welding may be found in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,460,317 to Thomas et al.; ", "R. S. Mishra et al., ", "Friction Stir Welding and Processing, 50 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING R 1-78 (2005); and R. S. Mishra et al. (", "eds.), ", "FRICTION STIR WELDING AND PROCESSING (2007), the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. ", "Information regarding the conventional joining of different aluminum structural alloys in particular by friction stir welding may be found in P. L. Threadgill et al., ", "Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloys, 54 (no. ", "2) INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS REVIEWS (2009), the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.", "\nA friction stir welding tool may include an integral probe or, as shown in FIG. ", "1, a separate probe 100 that is insertable into the shoulder. ", "As shown, the separate probe includes a shank and 102 and a tip 104. ", "The shank may be held in the body of the weld tool with a set screw or bolt, which may be tightened against a whistle-notch 106 located in the shank. ", "The tip is designed to extend outwardly from the shoulder, and it often includes threads 108 that are, in effect, small protruding geometric features. ", "Different screw thread forms have been used in friction stir welding tools including, for example, unified threads, pipe threads, and power screw threads. ", "As shown, the tip includes threads and a set of spiraled flats 110.", "\nThe tip 104 of the probe 100 often includes threads 108 as an effective and efficient means for moving material around and along the tip. ", "However, threads tend to break (“shed”) with use during the FSW process, leaving small fragments of the probe in the joint material and rendering the probe less effective. ", "Threaded tool probes are particularly susceptible to thread breakage at the end 112 of the probe tip 104 opposite the shank 102 because partial threads 104a are present at this location. ", "Even when a chamfer is machined into the end of the probe, the threads become partial threads at this location and are prone to breakage (especially during the plunging phase of a typical FSW cycle).", "\nThe threads 108 of a tool probe 100 also tend to constrain the joint material to flow around the tool probe in a spiral path, which is imposed on the material by the spiral nature of threads. ", "As such, the joint material is engaged by the strong auguring motion of the threads. ", "Given the relatively high rotational speeds of the probe, threads may be stripped similar to when the threads of a nut get stripped out by over-tightening. ", "Shavings of parent material produced in this way must be recombined to form a solid joint in the wake of the tool, especially in high-strength aluminum alloys. ", "The result is a relatively large content of interfaces in the recombined material behind the probe in the stir zone.", "\nTherefore, it may be desirable to have a tool probe designed to more efficiently move material front to back of the probe as it rotates and advances during a FSW process, while providing sufficient heat, pressure and relative translation of the joint material from each workpiece being joined without the use of threads or serrations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "`Risk perception'\n\nPhil Agre <[email protected]>Wed, 28 Aug 91 18:25:46 pdt\n\nI reread the LA Times article that Rodney Hoffman helpfully summarized the\nother day, and suddenly I understood something about the peculiar logic behind\nthe rhetoric of `risk'. ", "This article described a series of `findings' to\nthe effect that people are basically irrational about technological risks and\nother bureaucratic phenomena (in this case, the medical profession). ", "I tend\nto be suspicious about any theory that treats ordinary people as irrational,\nand indeed a close reading of this article reveals both better explanations\nof the data and internal incoherencies in the framework within which these\ndata were reported. ", "The `findings' summarized by RH, or most of them, are\neasily explained if we hypothesize that most people disbelieve the claims\nthat are made to them about the risks and benefits of new technologies etc\n(perhaps because they believe the organizations making such claims to be\ndriven by profit and prestige and getting promoted rather than by genuine\nconcerns for public health and safety), and furthermore that people only\nbelieve in risks and benefits they've had the opportunity to evaluate for\nthemselves. ", "This particular article was unusual in that this explanation was\ngiven a few lines, though it was quickly dropped and the analysis continued\nas before.", "\nThe point is important because it helps diagnose some of the hidden agenda\ninside the notion of `risk'. ", "To talk about `levels of risk' and the like\nerases the distinction between the experts' assessments of risk and the\nassessments that ordinary people are in a position to make. ", "If ordinary\npeople make different assessments from the experts, then that calls for some\nquasi-biological investigation of `risk perception'. ", "These investigations\nwill discover all manner of irrationality and ignorance, which will then\nmotivate calls for greater efforts to convince people to leave things in the\nhands of the experts. ", "The irrationality ascribed to ordinary people helps to\ndraw attention from the open contradictions in the research: the conclusion\nthat ordinary people are unwilling to accept any risk at all is juxtaposed\ncomfortably with the observation that the same people regularly assume large\nrisks out on the highway.", "\nThe thing is, though, that the experts have a pretty crude understanding of\nrisk. ", "The LA Times article and many others of its genre are obsessed with\ndeath statistics. ", "Levels of risk are routinely equated with the number of\npeople who die each year from a given cause. ", "Thus the obsessive interest in\npopular assessments of the relative magnitudes of these numbers. ", "It may well\nbe that people falsely believe that many more people die in fires than from\ndrowning, for example, but the question is only interesting once one accepts\nseveral premises. ", "Thus as well the obsessive interest in people's skills with\nword problems from probability theory, which are only germane if you believe\n(which most people apparently do not) that it's a responsible procedure to\nassume (as risk theorists so often do, if only because it makes the math\nsimpler) that probabilities are independent unless evidence to the contrary\ncannot be ignored. ", "Somehow the whole framework associated with the concept\nof `risk' derails any attempt to critically investigate these premises.", "\nIn my opinion this is not an accident. ", "The whole rhetoric of `risk' started\nout as corporate PR. ", "You probably remember the old oil-company ads (from\nMobil, right?) ", "decrying those people who supposedly called for a `risk-free\nsociety'. ", "These ads were the laughing-stock of the country, and rightly so.", "\nHow times have changed. ", "Oil companies no longer have to buy quarter page ads\non the NY Times op-ed page to get such stuff into print. ", "The same ideology,\nmade into a profession, now shows up as `research' in articles in the LA\nTimes. ", "Now we have sophisticated, scientific-sounding ways to ignore the\nreasonable insistences of normal people — on being told the truth, on being\nable to find the world intelligible and sane, being consulted about things\nthat change their lives, on not being subjected to hazards without their\nconsent, and generally on being able to participate in collective decisions\nabout issues of technology and social change — and remaking them as an\nirrational aversion to `risk'.", "\nThis is why it's so ironic that many of the same people who use the discourse\nof `risk' also complain about expressions such as ``risks to the public in\ncomputers and related systems'' which, we are told, encourage a one-sided\nfocus on risks without the balancing context of benefits. ", "Here, surely,\nis another instance of the irrational aversion to risk. ", "Such complaints\nare both right and wrong. ", "Technology has certainly been associated with both\ngood and bad in the world, and often at the same time. ", "But it's important\nnot to take `technology' (or `computers' or `credit databases') as package\ndeals. ", "Computer technology is malleable; it can be reshaped endlessly as\nimportant social goals are added to its requirements. ", "The problem with the\nvocabulary of `risks and benefits', as with the vocabulary of `risk', is\nthat it presupposes the unilateral nature of technology, handed down from\non high, take it or leave it. ", "But it doesn't have to be that way. ", "Socially\nresponsible technology is technology that is developed *with* people, not\njust `for' them. ", "Can the current social organization of technology even\nconceive of such a process?", "\nPhil Agre, UCSD\n\nFlaming makes the mainstream media (again, I guess)\n\nGene Spafford <[email protected]>Thu, 29 Aug 91 07:50:40 EST\n\nAny RISKer's read this book? ", "It sounds like worthwhile reading....\n------- Forwarded Message\nDate: Tue, 27 Aug 91 21:11:00 -0600\nFrom: [email protected] (Charles Forsythe)\nSubject: Flaming makes the mainstream media (again, I guess)\nFLAME THROWERS: Why the heated bursts on your computer network? ", "by Doug\nStewart (copied without permission from Omni magazine Sept 1991 issue)\n\"You are a thin-skinned reactionary jerk,\" begins the computer message sent\nfrom one highly educated professional to another. \"", "I will tell you this,\nbuster, If you were close enough and you called me that, you'd be picking up\nyour teeth in a heartbeat.\" ", "There follows an obscene three-word suggestion in\nscreaming capital letters.", "\nThe writer of the above message, sent over the Byte Information Exchange, was\napparently enraged after a sarcasm he'd sent earlier was misinterpreted as\nracist. ", "In the argot of computers, his response was a \"flame\" — a rabid,\nabusive, or otherwise overexuberant outburst sent via computer. ", "In\nnetworking's early days, its advocates promised a wonderful world of pure\nmind-to-mind, speed-of-light, electronic conversation. ", "What networks today\noften find instead are brusque putdowns, off-color puns and screenfuls of\nanonymous gripes. ", "The computer seems to be acting as a collective Rorshach\ntest. ", "In the privacy of their cubicles, office workers are firing off\nspontaneous salvos of overheated prose.", "\nSara Keisler, a social psychologist at Carnagie Mellon University and Lee\nSproull, a Boston University sociologist, have observed that networking can\nmake otherwise reasonable people act brash. ", "In studies originally designed to\njudge the efficiency of computerized decision-making, they gave small groups of\nstudents a deadline to solve a problem. ", "Groups either talked together in a\nroom or communicated via isolated computer terminals. ", "The face-to-face groups\nreported no undue friction. ", "The computerized sessions frequently broke down\ninto bickering and name-calling. ", "In one case, invective escalated into\nphysical threats. \"", "We had to stop the experiment and escort the students out\nof the building separately,\" Keisler recalls. ", "Kiesler and Sproul documented a\ntendency toward flaming on corporate electronic-mail systems as well. ", "At one\nlarge company, employees cited an average of 33 flames a month over the email\nsystem; comparable outbursts in face-to-face meetings occurred about four times\na month.", "\nKeisler and Sproull attribute the phenomenon largely to the absence of cues\nnormally guiding a conversation — a listeners's nod or raised eyebrows. \"", "With\na computer,\" Keisler says,\"there's nothing to remind you there are real humans\non the other end of the wire.\" ", "Messages become overemphatic — all caps to\nsignify a shout; \"(smile)\" or \":-)\", a sideways happy-face, to mean \"I'm\nkidding.\" ", "Anonymity makes flaming worse, she says, by creating the equivalent\nof \"a tribe of masked and robed individuals.\"", "\nIn real life, what we say is tempered by when and where we say it. ", "A remark\nwhere lights are low and colleagues tipsy might not be phrased the same under\nflourescent lights on Monday morning. ", "But computerized messages may be read\ndays later by hundreds or thousands of readers. ", "Flaming's ornery side is only\nhalf the picture, says Sproull, who co-authored _Connections: New Ways of\nWorking in the Networked Organization_ with Keisler. \"", "People on networks feel\nfreer to express more enthusiam and positive excitement as well as socially\nundesirable behavior,\" she says. ", "Sproull finds it ironic that computers are\nviewed as symbols of cool, impersonal efficiency. \"", "What is fascinating is the\nextent to which they elicit deeply emotional behaviors. ", "We're not talking\nabout zeroes and ones. ", "People reveal their innermost souls or type obscenities\nabout the the boss.\" ", "What, she asks, could be more human?", "\n\nMissing from the quotes about the problems WRL has experienced is the\nfollowing:\nEven more suprising to experts, they [the theives] had managed to\nlog 129,315 minutes of talking time over one line — a seemingly\nimpossible feat, because it equaled an average of roughly three\ncalls going out simultaneously every minute of the day\nLater in the article a spokesman for Bell Atlantic is quoted as saying, \"There\nsimply cannot be a single outgoing line that routes multiple calls at once\".", "\nPerhaps the problems were not caused by malicious persons at all, but problems\nin the billing system. ", "How much easier to blame \"low-income immigrants\" and\n\"drug dealers\"! (", "Anonymous \"authorities\" claim these are the culprits.) ", "What\never happened to the reports that hackers were responsible for the breakdowns\nof the AT&T switches? ", "That made headlines until the true causes were\ndiscovered.", "\nThe real story, I think, which was buried in the article:\nIn the past, long-distance carriers bore most of the cost [of phone\ntheft], since the thefts were attributed to weaknesses in their\nnetworks. ", "But now, the phone companies are arguing that the companies\nare arguing that the customers should be liable for the cost of the\ncalls, because they failed to take proper security precautions on\ntheir equipment.", "\nMichael Barnett ([email protected])\n\n> The New York City Human Resources Administration lost $529,000 in l987. ", "And\n> the Secret Service, which investigates such telephone crime, says it is now\n> receiving three to four formal complaints every week, and is adding more\n> telephone specialists.", "\nIronically enough, one of the PBX's that was breached was located in Langley,\nVirginia. ", "This went unnoticed for more than a year (!!). ", "Yes, your very own CIA\nwuz cracked. ", "I have no information about the amount of fraudulent calls that\nwere made, but I am led to believe that it was a substantial amount.", "\n\n+&*#$\n\n<[email protected]>31 Aug 1991 10:17 -0400\n\nNo, I'm not cursing. ", "Just showing a possible New Hampshire license plate.", "\nThe problem is even worse since other nonASCII graphics such as a bell have\nbeen spotted. ", "I'm curious about how various computer systems deal NH plates.", "\n\nBenefits of having a short name?", "\nA friend of mine who works at one of the larger Credit Card issuing Banks, once\ntold me that people whose last names were shorter than *three* letters would\nnever get pre-approved credit card letters from them. ", "It seems the program that\nwent through the purchased list of names, addresses and consumer info\nconsidered names of less than three letters to be corrupt data.", "\nBefore you think that this is a good thing since you'll be getting less junk\nmail, pre-approved credit mailings often offer you a better interest rate or a\ndeal on the annual fee that you would not get if you applied on a generic\napplication.", "\nBill Biesty <[email protected]>\n\nYASSNS (Yet Another Social Security Number Story)\n\n\"S. Peter Loshin\" <[email protected]>Fri, 30 Aug 1991 17:37:00 EDT\n\nHaving recently purchased a used Plymouth, I decided to take over the remainder\nof the 7 year/70k mile power train warranty. ", "One of the items of information\nrequested was my Social Security number. ", "When asked why that was necessary,\nthe credit manager said \"Because it's on the form. ", "If you don't give it to us,\nwe can't transfer the warranty.\"", "\nI did not give them my SSN. ", "The business manager said that while he had NEVER\nprocessed a form without SSN, he didn't know if it _really_ was required. ", "He\ndid say a form was once rejected because it was an out-of-state applicant who\ndid not provide the full 9-digit ZIP code!", "\nHe also said he'd call if there were any problems...\nPeter Loshin [email protected] (617) 258-2480\n\nRe: Programs Pester Public Policy People\n\nThe Strings and Springs puzzle brought to you in hi-res laughics:\n___________________________________________\n| Z | Z\n| Z Spring k=1 | Z k=1\n| Z__ | Z\n| | \\ | |\n| | | Z | L=1\n\\__| | Z |\nZ | Z |\nZ | Spring k=1 -----\nZ / | | w=1/2\n----- -----\n| | Weight w=1/2\n-----\nBefore After\nTwo springs with k=1 are tied together with a piece of string L=3/8 and the\nbottom spring is hook to a weight of mass 1/2. ", "Now, two long strings with L=1\nare tied from the roof to the bottom spring and from the bottom of the top\nspring to the weight. ", "These are hangling loose and look like \"safety\" strings.", "\nWhen the little string in the middle is cut, the weight actually goes up!!!!!!!", "\nMy calculations:\nF = 1/2 = kx = (1)*1/2 So the left weight is 1/2 + 1/2 + 3/8 from ceiling\nSecond case F= 1/2 = (kx + kx) = 2kx = 2(1)x So the weight is\n1 + 1/4 from the ceiling.", "\nA circuit can be designed using resistors for springs and Zener diodes for\nstrings according to _Science News_.", "\nThis diagram was adapted from the diagram _Science News_ adapted from _Nature_\nJeff Sorensen [email protected]\n\nPolice tickets & computers in the Netherlands\n\n<[email protected]>Thu, 29 Aug 91 12:42 MDT\n\n>From various newspaper articles in the past couple of weeks in the Netherlands:\nThe Dutch police is facing serious problems with the paperwork involved with\nthe enormous amounts of tickets for traffic violations. ", "Currently, 4 million\ntickets per year are being given. ", "However, the police can only handle 2.5\nmillion per year. ", "Last year, simplifications where made to the paperwork, and\ncomputers where installed to help the police officers, but it only led to an\nincrease of 500.000 tickets per year, still leaving a gap of an astonishing 1.5\nmillion tickets. ", "Chances are, if you get a speeding ticket or parking ticket,\nyou'll never hear anything from it.", "\nTo enable the police to catch up, three methods are being proposed: One, in\nwhich ALL unprocessed tickets will be deleted, giving the police the chance of\nstarting with a clean slate, another being: install more computers to do the\nwork, and the third and best: Disallow police officers to give more than a\ncertain amount of tickets per day.", "\n\"I am sorry sir, I can not give you a ticket for this violation. ", "I have\nreached my quota for today.\"", "\nAnd all this, because the installed computers didn't work easily enough\nto increase the amount of processed tickets with more than 500.000....\n--Ralph Moonen\n\nIn RISKS-12.18, Richard O'Keefe comments on the article in RISKS-12.13 about\nthe Australian indictment of Nashon Evan-Chaim.", "\nI believe Nashon is one of 3 people who had equipment and computer media\nsearched last year under warrant (April or May, as I remember). ", "Nashon\nallegedly was an active associate of \"Phoenix\" (or was himself Phoenix) — the\nAustralian who broke into Cliff Stoll's machine and mine, who then called John\nMarkoff at the NY Times to brag about breaking into our systems (February or\nearly March). ", "In both cases, damage was done to our systems; Cliff claimed his\nsystem was thoroughly trashed during the incident, as I remember.", "\nThe same gang of crackers are alleged to have broken into systems at a major\ntelecommunications firm (I won't use their name) and caused damage, and I know\nthey raised havoc with machines at LLNL and UT Austin, as well. ", "Breakins\noccurred many other places, too. ", "System files were altered to insert backdoors\nfor later access, and log files were altered and destroyed to hide the\nevidence. ", "We saw it happen, as did people at those other sites — it was not\njust simple exploration. ", "The breakins were purposeful, and continued over\nseveral months despite warnings and attempts to stop them. ", "I'm aware of some\nof the evidence collected in the case by the Australian Federal Police --\nincluding transcript of hacking sessions — and it shows that more than\n\"innocent exploration\" was involved.", "\nI'm not claiming that Nashon was the principal in this, or was involved in all\nthe activity; the Australian courts will decide the legal aspects of that\nquestion. ", "However, if he *was* involved with these activities, he was\ncertainly doing more than harmless exploration (if, indeed, any unauthorized\nexploration is \"harmless\"). ", "Some of the damage may have been accidental or\nincidental, but there was damage nonetheless, and it caused considerable work\nfor our staff here to clean up afterwards, as it did at the other sites\ninvolved.", "\nPeople (in general — I'm not singling out Mr. O'Keefe) should realize that\nindividuals committing computer crimes don't all look the part....assuming\nthere is any typical \"look\" to them. ", "Pick almost any kind of \"white-collar\"\ncrime you wish to name. ", "Then interview victims, friends, and teachers of the\naccused, and many of them will say \"I never would have expected it of him (or\nher)! ", "He was such a bright, friendly person from a good family.....\" (It\ndoesn't even have to be white-collar crime: Ted Bundy comes to mind as an\nexample).", "\nTo bring this back around more squarely into RISKS: Bright students are just as\ncapable of stepping outside the bounds of propriety as are dumb students --\nmaybe even more so, as they often know how to get around the barriers that have\nbeen placed to prevent accidental access. ", "Just as we shouldn't always believe\nwhat the computer tells us, we should likewise not always believe what our\nintuition tells us.", "\nFurthermore, those of us who are teachers and role models need to be\nsure we are teaching all our students (especially the bright ones)\nwhere the boundaries of proper usage lie; teaching how computers work\nis not a substitute for raising questions about how they are to be used.", "\nI wonder if this was a topic Mr. O'Keefe and his colleagues every\nraised in Nashon's classes?", "\nGene Spafford, NSF/Purdue/U of Florida Softw. ", "Eng. ", "Res. ", "Center, Dept. ", "of\nComputer Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette IN 47907-1398 (317) 494-7825\n\nSenseless Actions Invite Trouble\n\n<[email protected]>30 Aug 91 01:42:00 NZT (Fri)\n\nThe National Library of New Zealand runs an online database service\nknown as Kiwinet. ", "BRS-Search is used to look up a number of databases\nconcerning legal, political and regulatory matters. ", "There are several\nhundred users and a number of dialup modems.", "\nUsers dial into Kiwinet and are charged an average of around $200/hr\nfor database access. ", "Obviously security is of a major concern to users.", "\nImagine my surprise when the following appeared in with this month's\nKiwinet newsletter:\n-----begin text-----\nALERT! ", "For smooth transition to Kiwinet's new system on 2 September,\nplease ensure that all Kiwinet users in your organisation read this!!!", "\nThe first time you log on to Kiwinet after 2 September, you can NOT use\nyour usual Kiwinet password. ", "Log on with your Kiwinet UserID as usual,\nthen, when prompted to enter your password, type in the default password\nfor all users, which is:\nSPRING\nIt is vital that you change this default password as soon as you have\nlogged on, in order to help prevent unauthorised use of your UserID.", "\nAny Kiwinet usage made on your UserID will be charged to you.", "\n-----end text-----\nCan you say, \"Hackers Paradise\"? ", "Reading the above makes me wonder just\nhow some so-called professional system administrators actually get jobs.", "\nI know damn well that if Kiwinet tried to bill me for any logins I\nhadn't made, I would be investigating taking civil action against them\nfor negligence and for unauthorised tampering with my user account.", "\nCharlie Lear, [email protected]\n[Charlie's message was also sent to me by Tim Larson, [email protected]\nGlobal Information Systems Technology Inc. PGN]\n\nA Danger Associated with Intelligent Terminals\n\nDouglas Thomson <[email protected]>Fri, 30 Aug 91 13:39:25 EST\n\nOur UNIX system has a console that is left permanently logged in as root. ", "This\nis convenient for the operators, since they can do things like removing print\njobs from queues without having to keep logging in and out. ", "I have more than\nonce queried the advisability of leaving root logged in, but the response has\nalways been that as the console is in the same locked room as the computer\nitself, it poses no (increased) security risk.", "\nI was never quite satisfied with this answer, and just recently I decided to\nexplore the question a little further. ", "I found there was indeed a major\nsecurity hole, and one that did not involve any physical access to the computer\nroom.", "\nAs I have said, the console is always logged in as root. ", "In addition, the\nconsole is writable by everyone, so that anyone can send a message to the\noperator. ", "So far so good. ", "This works well, and is convenient for everyone.", "\nHowever, the console is an \"intelligent\" terminal (and perhaps, under the\ncircumstances, I had better not specify which type!). ", "There are several of\nthese terminals around here, and the terminal's user manual may be borrowed\nfrom the computer centre. ", "I borrowed one, and checked up on what I could do.", "\nFirstly, it turned out that I could remotely program certain function keys, so\nthat the next time someone pressed the key it would execute my command as root.", "\nHowever, the operator would at least see this happening, so this security hole\nwould be fixed pretty quickly.", "\nHowever, there was better to come. ", "Naturally it was possible to send cursor\naddressing escape sequences, and hence to display anything I wanted on any\nregion of the screen. ", "What really caught my attention was that it was possible\nto instruct the terminal to transmit the contents of a field on the screen back\nto the computer! ", "So I could define a field at some part of the screen, program\nthe field terminator to be a carriage return, write whatever command I wanted\nexecuted to the region of the screen containing the field, and then ask the\nterminal to transmit the field - thereby executing as superuser any command I\nchose!", "\nI also looked through the manual to see if there was any way to disable such\n\"intelligent\" behavior, but I could not find one.", "\nThe moral is obvious: don't allow write access to an intelligent terminal! ", "Any\nuser who can write to such a terminal can do anything they could do by typing\nat the keyboard!", "\nDoug. (", "[email protected]) ...!", "munnari!goanna!giaea!doug\n\nBrinton Cooper asks [relating to Andrew's four cases in RISKS-12.18]:\nSuppose the denial had been by computer:\n\"Incorrect password: Login aborted.\"", "\nWould he argue that this might have been the *genuine* user who\nhad forgot her password and that the \"system\" should have known\nbetter because the login was from site known to her office?", "\nNo, of course I wouldn't argue that way. ", "Although present-day assumptions have\nmany kinds of bad side effects that result from making incorrect decisions,\nthat doesn't mean they should be replaced willy-nilly with other assumptions\nthat have other, equally bad side effects!", "\nHowever, the purpose of an authentication system is not simply to keep\nunauthorized people out — that could be guaranteed by simply keeping everyone\nout! ", "For an authentication system to be of any use it must simultaneously let\nthe good guys in and keep the bad guys out.", "\nWhat I'm trying to point out is that people tend to treat such systems as\ninfallible, which sometimes causes anomalies. ", "The fact that such anomalies are\nsometimes considered evidence that the system is working as designed doesn't\nmake them any less anomalous.", "\n--Andrew Koenig [email protected]\n\nOld School Reports of the Famous\n\nFrom: [email protected] (Kernel Mustered)\nOld School Reports of the Famous, #1: Richard Stallman.", "\n\"He is an excellent pupil. ", "Our only complaint is that he encourages\nall the other pupils to copy his work.\"" ]

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[ "On February 13, JDU leader Dr Ajay Alok tweeted (archive link) that 40 out of 62 AAP MLAs are accused of rape.", "\n\nHis complete tweet reads: “62 में 40 रेप के आरोपी , उनके समर्थन से @ArvindKejriwal जी मुख्यमंत्री , वाक़ई नई राजनीति की शुरुआत हुई हैं , दिल्ली को रेप कैपिटल कहने वाले आप लोगों ने तो RJD को पीछे कर दिया, @laluprasadrjd ख़ुश होंगे आज की कोई तो आगे निकला , समझ आता हैं की निर्भया कांड क्यों होता हैं जनता ??”", "\n\nThe claim is viral on Twitter and Facebook.", "\n\nFACT-CHECK\n\nOn February 12, Economic Times published a reported which stated that 37 out of the 70 newly-elected MLAs of Delhi have declared serious criminal cases against themselves, including attempt to murder, and at least one related to rape. ", "The report credited a study by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) as the source.", "\n\nAccording to the ADR report, 33 out of 62 MLAs of Aam Aadmi Party have serious criminal cases against them. ", "The report includes a comparative study of criminal cases declared by candidates in 2015 and 2020. ", "As per the report, since 2015 there has been an increase in the number of candidates who declared criminal and serious criminal cases.", "\n\nThe subheading ‘party-wise candidates with criminal cases’ on page 5 states, “Among major parties, 42(60%) out of 70 candidates analysed from AAP, 26(39%) out of 67 candidates analysed from BJP, 18(27%) out of 66 candidates analysed from INC, 12 (18%) out of 66 candidates analysed from BSP and 3(60%) out of 5 candidates from NCP have declared criminal cases against themselves in their affidavits.”", "\n\nPage six states, “Among major parties, 36(51%) out of 70 candidates analysed from AAP, 17(25%) out of 67 candidates analysed from BJP, 13(20%) out of 66 candidates analysed from INC, 10 (15%) out of 66 candidates analysed from BSP and 2(40%) out of 5 candidates from NCP have declared serious criminal cases against themselves in their affidavits.”", "\n\nThe same page, under the sub-heading ‘candidates with declared cases related to crime against women’ states, “32 candidates have declared cases related to crime against women. ", "Out of 32 candidates, 1 candidate has declared cases related to rape (IPC Section-376).”", "\n\nThe details ‘Candidates with Declared Criminal Cases’ can be viewed onward page 78 in the report. ", "Page 122 mentions Mohinder Goyal from Rithala who has declared rape charges against himself. ", "Goyal also has charges related to ‘Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman.’ ", "As per the report, Goyal isn’t convicted of any of the charges against him.", "\n\nAlt News also searched Goyal’s credentials on My Neta and found that one serious case is pending against him.", "\n\nAccording to the ADR report, AAP MLA Amanatullah Khan from Okhla, Prakash from Deoli, Abhay Verma from Laxminagar, Jarnail Singh from Tilak Nagar and Dinesh Mohania from Sangam Vihar have been charged with IPC 354, assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty. ", "But only one case related to rape is stated in the ADR report which is against Goyal.", "\n\nTherefore, the claim made by Dr Ajay Alok is false. ", "40 out of 62 AAP MLAs are not accused of rape. ", "Even after the conclusion of Delhi assembly elections, rumours are being spread on social media about AAP. ", "Ahead of the polls, a fake list was circulated to claim that most of the candidates of AAP hail from the Muslim community.", "\n\nDonate to Alt News!", "\n\nIndependent journalism that speaks truth to power and is free of corporate and political control is possible only when people start contributing towards the same. ", "Please consider donating towards this endeavour to fight fake news and misinformation.", "\n\n\n\nDonate Now To make an instant donation, click on the \"Donate Now\" button above. ", "For information regarding donation via Bank Transfer/Cheque/DD, click here.", "\n\nYou could follow Alt News posts either via our Facebook page or by following us on Twitter or by subscribing to our E-mail updates." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIntelliJ debugger thinks that my Stack is actually one element smaller than it is?", "\n\nI am trying to calculate the sum of all the elements in a stack without modifying the original stack. ", "To do this, I am popping the items off the original and pushing them into a new stack so I can keep an unmodified copy. ", "As the items are popped/pushed, I add the sums by peeking at the top of the new stack.", "\nThis is working fine but I have a very confusing problem with the stack size when testing the method out.", "\nHere's my code:\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n Stack<Integer> myStack = new Stack<>();\n myStack.push(1);\n myStack.push(2);\n myStack.push(3);\n myStack.push(4);\n myStack.push(5);\n System.out.println(\"Stack size = \" + myStack.size());\n System.out.println(stackSum(myStack));\n}\n\nprivate static int stackSum(Stack<Integer> stack) {\n int sum = 0;\n Stack<Integer> newStack = new Stack<>();\n if (!", "stack.isEmpty()) {\n for (int i = 0; i <= stack.size(); i++) {\n newStack.push(stack.pop());\n sum += newStack.peek();\n }\n }\n return sum;\n}\n\nI am getting the answer 12 instead of 15 and this is because IntelliJ thinks that the length of the stack being passed to the stackSum() method is 4 and not 5. ", "Here is a pic:\n\nthe SOUT clearly says the size is 5 but the debugger thinks it's 4?!", "\nWould really appreciate a bit of help understanding what's going on here. ", "Thanks!", "\nEDIT:\nprivate static int stackSum(Stack<Integer> stack) {\n int sum = 0;\n int n = stack.size();\n Stack<Integer> newStack = new Stack<>();\n if (!", "stack.isEmpty()) {\n for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n newStack.push(stack.pop());\n sum += newStack.peek();\n }\n }\n return sum;\n}\n\nThat works how I expected. ", "I had to keep a copy of the stack as part of the spec. ", "This is fine now, thanks. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThe debugger states size = 4 because you already performed a stack.pop call removing one element from the stack, therefore its size is 4 by now.", "\nYou should drop if and for and replace it with a while(!stack.isEmpty()) instead and probably eliminate newStack as well:\nwhile (!", "stack.isEmpty()) {\n sum += stack.pop();\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "The Pleasure Deficit: Revisiting the ‘‘Sexuality Connection’’ in Reproductive Health\n\nBy Jenny A. Higgins and Jennifer S. Hirsch\n\nIn a seminal 1993 article, Ruth Dixon-Mueller questioned the reproductive health field’s conceptualization of sexuality, arguing that it had treated intercourse as a sanitized, emotionally neutral act.1 If one were to learn about human sexuality by reading family planning research and program manuals, she suggested, one would have no idea that sex leads to great enjoyment—as well as pain—for human beings. ", "She called for a more gendersensitive approach to sexuality in research and programming, including greater attention to the ways in which women want to maximize sexual enjoyment and minimize sexual harm, and to how these desires influence their reproductive health behaviors. ", "Such an approach— which Dixon-Mueller called establishing the \"sexuality connection\" in reproductive health—not only would garner a more accurate understanding of sexuality and sexual risk reduction, but also would acknowledge women as sexual agents rather than merely as sexual victims or as \"targets\" of contraceptive programs and HIV prevention efforts.", "\n\nDuring the nearly 15 years since Dixon-Mueller’s article was published, many important developments regarding sexuality have occurred within the family planning field. ", "Most symbolically, the phrase \"reproductive health\" has been superseded by \"sexual and reproductive health,\" and the terms \"sexual health\" and \"sexual rights\" increasingly appear in public health and human rights discourse.*2 The HIV/AIDS epidemic has highlighted the desperate need for better data on sexual behaviors and spurred collaborations between clinicians and social scientists who study sexuality.3 This very journal changed its name from Family Planning Perspectives to Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health in 2002, reflecting that its focus encompasses topics related not only to pregnancy prevention but also to HIV/AIDS, sexuality and men’s reproductive health, among others. ", "Thus, at least at first glance, the reproductive health field has opened its doors to deeper explorations of sexuality.", "\n\nThreats to women’s sexual and reproductive well-being have been especially well documented during the past 10–15 years. ", "An impressive body of work reveals the ways in which women’s sexual autonomy—and thus their pregnancy and disease prevention practices—are limited by gender inequalities at both individual and structural levels. ", "At the individual level, gender-based violence,4–9 nonvolitional sex10,11 and relationship power imbalances12,13 all have been associated with reduced sexual autonomy and thus greater vulnerability to unintended pregnancy, HIV and other STDs, and reproductive morbidity14 and mortality. ", "At the structural level, the combination of poverty and gender inequality leads many women to exchange sex for money, clothing, gifts and other goods—yet another risk factor for HIV infection and other adverse reproductive health outcomes.15–17 This literature has significantly deepened our understanding of how experiencing sexual harm influences women’s sexual and reproductive health and risk.", "\n\nHowever, the ways in which the positive aspects of sexual experience contribute to women’s sexual health and risk are little understood. ", "Despite a few notable exceptions,18,19 the public health research community has largely failed to explore the factors that contribute to optimal sexual functioning for women or the ways in which sexual pleasure-seeking (as opposed to love-seeking or money-seeking) influences women’s risk for unintended pregnancy and disease. ", "This \"pleasure deficit\" inspired a 2006 review in The Lancet,20 in which the authors called for the promotion of pleasure in HIV and other STD prevention programs, and warned that negative messages about sexuality can undermine, rather than promote, effective condom use.", "\n\nNotably, the authors of the Lancet review suggested that acknowledgment and discussion of pleasure has been absent from all areas of HIV and other STD programming, and not just those pertaining to women. ", "However, at least some research has focused on the ways in which the desire for pleasure motivates men to take sexual risks. ", "For example, several studies have examined the role of pleasure in men’s decisions to have anal intercourse with other men without using condoms (\"barebacking\"),21–23 and others have documented heterosexual men’s lack of interest in using male condoms during vaginal sex because they diminish sexual pleasure.24–27 These studies provide some insight into the ways in which men’s desires for sexual enjoyment shape their willingness to use male condoms. ", "They also explore how cultural norms about masculinity, such as the social benefits for men of sexual conquest and virility, can influence men’s pleasure-seeking.28–30 In stark contrast, relatively little research has examined women’s pleasure-seeking and how it influences their sexual and contraceptive behaviors.", "\n\nBelow, we discuss in greater detail some examples of the \"pleasure deficit\" for women in sexual and reproductive health research and programs, and highlight areas for future research.", "\n\nRESEARCH AND PROGRAMMING\n\nWomen and Male Condoms\n\nThe public health approach to women’s and their partners’ use of male condoms has evolved significantly since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. ", "Many public health programs seek to strengthen women’s skills to negotiate with male partners for condom use. ", "However, a substantial body of research suggests that gender inequality (particularly in the social and financial realms) makes it difficult—and sometimes impossible—for women to ensure condom use.13,31–34 Furthermore, even when women are able to negotiate for condom use, they may not want to do so, because some women view condoms as incompatible with sex that is intimate, loving and monogamous.35–39 Thus, women’s social, emotional and financial dependence on both men13 and romantic relationships40 can make it difficult for them to encourage male partners to use condoms.", "\n\nIn comparison, women’s sexual resistance to condoms has been relatively unexplored. ", "Theorists within the HIV field have developed behavioral models that directly41 or indirectly42 acknowledge the role of pleasure for both partners in shaping uptake and use of male condoms. ", "In particular, the AIDS Risk Reduction Model asserts that how condoms feel matters to both women and men.41\n\nCertainly, the empirical literature suggests that many men do not like using condoms because they curtail sexual sensation.24–26 A 14-country study by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS found that men’s most frequently reported reason for not using condoms was reduced sexual pleasure.27\n\nIn sharp contrast, researchers rarely consider the possibility (although there have been a few exceptions43,44 ) that condoms’ effects on pleasure may alter women’s preferences or use patterns. ", "Yet in our own qualitative research on sexual pleasure and contraceptive use in the southeastern United States, we found that a greater proportion of women than of men disliked the feeling of male condoms. ", "Some women reported that condoms \"cover up\" sensation and exacerbate vaginal dryness, which led them to discontinue use.45 Systematic research is critically needed to examine how the desire for sexual pleasure (or, more broadly, the full range of reasons why women have sex) shapes women’s willingness to use male condoms.", "\n\nResearch and Development\n\nMale condoms are not the only contraceptive method for which information on pleasure is lacking: Most contraceptive research and development has failed to collect information on how various methods influence women’s sexual functioning and enjoyment. ", "Information is particularly scarce for hormone-based methods. ", "Although the effects of hormonal contraceptives on ovulation have been extensively documented, these contraceptives’ potential effects on the increase in libido that women often experience during ovulation have received little attention.46,47 Nor have hormonal and other contraceptives’ effects on sexual pleasure, and thus on contraceptive preferences and practices, been extensively studied, even during new product development.48 This lack of attention to the sexual side effects of hormone-based methods for women is particularly striking when viewed against the concern with side effects evident in acceptability studies of hormonebased methods under development for men.49-51\n\nFortunately, the sexual dimensions of acceptability have received more attention in the development of microbicides52–57 and the female condom,58,59 both of which emerged from efforts to create female-controlled HIV prevention strategies (rather than from the family planning field).60 Ideally, all future contraceptive development and acceptability research will demonstrate the same concern for women’s sexual functioning as hormonal trials have for the sexual functioning of men.", "\n\nContraceptive Use Patterns\n\nA pleasure deficit also exists in most research exploring the ways in which women use—or fail to use—the contraceptive methods currently on the market. ", "Few systematic reviews exist of these methods’ effects on women’s libido, enjoyment, lubrication or ability to achieve orgasm, or of how such effects shape the uptake, continuation and consistency of use. ", "Similarly, current behavioral models of contraceptive decision making suggest that a woman’s choice and consistent use of a particular method are related primarily to access, effectiveness, ease of use and the woman’s desire to limit or space births; models rarely consider how methods either enhance or detract from the sexual experience.", "\n\nRelatively little research has examined women’s pleasure-seeking and how it influences their sexual and contraceptive behaviors.", "\n\nData do suggest that a woman’s sexual experiences can shape contraceptive practices, and vice versa. ", "Again, research on the female condom has been particularly innovative in this regard. ", "A woman’s sexual comfort with and enjoyment of this method (influenced by such factors as the polyurethane’s enhancement of heat transfer and the potential for increased clitoral stimulation from the condom’s outer ring) reportedly contribute to uptake and continuation.58,59,61–63\n\nOther methods also have been studied for sexual acceptability, albeit less comprehensively. ", "In a longitudinal study of new oral contraceptive users in the United States, researchers found that a decrease in users’ libido and sexual enjoyment was strongly associated with discontinuation.48 A South African study of an injectable progestin contraceptive found that many women disliked the increase in vaginal wetness that they experienced while using this method, a factor that hindered uptake.64 A study of tubal ligation revealed that a large majority of women experienced no consistent change in sexual interest following the procedure, and those who reported changes were more likely to experience an increase than a decrease in sexual interest and pleasure.65 In a study of the features most likely to shape contraceptive method choice, women ranked \"lack of interference with sexual pleasure\" as a \"very important\" contraceptive characteristic just as often as men did (30% of men, 28% of women).66 Similarly, our qualitative data suggest that the way contraceptives alter \"sexual aesthetics (sensation, libido, lubrication, spontaneity and other sexual attributes) matters to women and men equally, and shapes both the choice of method and the manner of use.45,67 However, only two participants out of 36 in our study reported that their practitioners had ever asked them about their preferred sexual aesthetics, their sexual functioning (e.g., orgasm, vaginal lubrication) or other issues pertaining to sexuality (besides sexual risk).", "\n\nAlthough these studies suggest that the uptake and continuation of contraception is influenced by how the methods make sex feel, few studies have examined multiple forms of contraception simultaneously, and even fewer have gone beyond individual experience to examine the cultural and social dimensions of what makes sex enjoyable. ", "Future research should develop a model of the ways in which contraception can eroticize or de-eroticize sex for women; doing this requires a better understanding of how women experience their bodies when using contraceptives, including both how pleasure is enhanced and how discomfort (as defined uniquely in each cultural setting) is diminished, as well as how these experiences influence contraceptive practice.45 Guided by findings from preliminary qualitative studies in this area, quantitative fertility and reproductive health surveys, such as the National Survey of Family Growth and the Demographic and Health Surveys, should systematically collect data on how various types of contraceptives affect participants’ sexual experience. ", "Only then will it be possible to determine statistically the degree to which pleasure-seeking predicts sexual risk behavior, experience of unintended pregnancy and transmission of HIV and other STDs.", "\n\nHowever, attention to women’s individual sexual experiences is not sufficient. ", "These experiences should be linked to relational factors, such as power differentials within couples, and to social factors, such as gender inequality. ", "For example, women may reject the use of male condoms because they diminish men’s pleasure, which may be a critical part of the women’s own sexual enjoyment; in contrast, men rarely express concern that methods for women detract from women’s enjoyment.45 Building upon innovative scholarship on adolescent sexuality,43,68–70 researchers in this area must continue to explore the ways in which women’s pleasure-seeking and contraceptive practices are shaped by their need for social affirmation and financial support from men.", "\n\nUnintended Pregnancy and Contraceptive Use\n\nUnintended pregnancy has long been of concern to policymakers and sexual and reproductive health practitioners. ", "More than half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended,71 and women and men at risk for unintended pregnancy are also vulnerable to HIV and other STDs. ", "Most unintended pregnancies are caused by lack of contraceptive use, not by contraceptive failure.72,73 Current explanations for nonuse generally pertain either to women’s knowledge of or access to contraceptive services (or lack thereof) or to gender-based power imbalances in sexual relationships, which can render women unwilling or unable to negotiate for contraceptive use with their male partners.74 Researchers have yet to suggest that unprotected sex may feel better to women or that the risk of pregnancy may heighten the sexual experience.", "\n\nIn contrast, the social science literature has explored some of the ways in which social constructions of pleasure motivate sexual behavior and HIV risk among men who have sex with men.75–77 Some scholars have demonstrated that barebacking has become eroticized in certain gay communities, even among men who understand the risk of HIV transmission.78 In some circumstances, social constructions of sexuality may mean that\"riskier\" sex is \"hotter\" sex.*23\n\nThe family planning field stands to gain from similar examinations of the eroticization of pregnancy risk. ", "One preliminary study found that an individual’s or couple’s temporary desire for a pregnancy during the heat of the sexual moment can lead to unprotected sex, even though a baby is not wholly desired (i.e., one or both partners are ambivalent about pregnancy).79 During the first author’s tenure as an abortion clinic counselor, many clients described a temporary surrender to the fantasy of a pregnancy.80 Further, both women and men in our qualitative study indicated that the forging of intimacy between two people was an essential allure of sexual intercourse.45 In some instances, conception could become the ultimate extension of that closeness, even barring the desire for a pregnancy.81 We suggest that women and men may occasionally eroticize the possibility of a pregnancy with a particular partner, and that this desire could help explain their lack of contraceptive use.", "\n\nThe literature on HIV risk and barebacking provides a strong foundation for this idea, although the bare-backing findings are not completely applicable to sex between women and men. ", "Not only are the power dynamics different in heterosexual and same-sex couples, but the consequences of \"risking\" an unintended pregnancy differ from those of risking an HIV infection. ", "Pregnancy, at least on some occasions, may be generative, life-affirming and relationship-strengthening. ", "The field requires theoretical and empirical research on how the eroticization of pregnancy risk and the \"heat of the moment\" shape sexual risk practices, particularly if unintended pregnancy prevention remains an ongoing policy priority.", "\n\nContraceptive Marketing and Programming\n\nTo promote the adoption of disease prevention practices, particularly among men who have sex with men, a number of condom promotion campaigns in the United States have eroticized condom use. ", "The condom advertisements, training materials, and clinic pamphlets and posters created for these campaigns stand in marked contrast to comparable contraceptive materials, which often portray women as medical consumers but not necessarily sexual agents. ", "Ads generally tout these methods’ noncontraceptive benefits or convenience, but not their potential contribution to enjoyable, exciting or spontaneous sex. ", "Similarly, advertisements for erectile dysfunction drugs broadcast sexy images of couples kissing, cuddling or dancing, whereas contraceptive advertisements often depict a highly sanitized, de-eroticized version of sexuality, if they allude to sex at all. ", "Most contraceptive ads show a woman by herself, exercising, dressing for work, shopping or taking part in other solitary activities—images that seem based on a vision of middle-class women as autonomous and responsible.", "\n\nIn our qualitative study, middle-class women spoke about the benefits and pleasures of buying and using contraceptives.45 Procuring contraceptives was an important part of how they—as young women just beginning their sexual lives—took care of themselves.† Many women spoke about methods’ noncontraceptive benefits, such as their effects on acne and on the extent and timing of menstruation. ", "Women literally buy into the corporate marketing of contraceptives: Several even used the phrase\"the pill that clears your skin,\" a direct quote from a 1990s marketing campaign for a particular oral contraceptive. ", "Although pharmaceutical companies have done little to explore the sexual side effects of contraceptive methods in their research and development processes, they could nonetheless play a role in addressing the pleasure deficit by highlighting sexual pleasure in the marketing of contraceptives. ", "Use of contraceptives might increase if the methods were marketed to women and men in the same way that condoms and erectile dysfunction drugs are (e.g., “the pill that increases sexual spontaneity!”). ", "Sexual and reproductive health clients could be well served by further explorations of the feasibility and benefits of eroticizing contraceptives.", "\n\nFUTURE DIRECTIONS\n\nDespite the outpouring of HIV-related research on sexual behaviors in the last 10–15 years, the family planning field remains largely remiss in terms of Dixon-Mueller’s\"sexuality connection,\"‡1 specifically regarding the positive aspects of sexuality. ", "However, there are certainly exceptions to this pleasure deficit.", "\n\nSeveral family planning programs have already incorporated sexuality into their frameworks or have suggested such incorporation.82 (We should note that some of these programs are more than a decade old; surprisingly few have followed suit, providing another illustration of the pleasure deficit.) ", "A Population Council program in Latin America and the Caribbean trained\n\nfamily planning counselors to discuss their clients’ sexual relationships and practices before recommending certain methods over others and to review these issues during follow-up visits.83 Similarly, our research has led us to advocate for \"pleasure profiling,\" in which a client’s relationship and preferences for wetter, drier, \"natural\" or more spontaneous sex are considered before contraceptive recommendations are made.45 For this approach to work optimally, culturally appropriate models of sexuality must be developed, implemented and evaluated, because women define and seek pleasure in different ways, both across and within cultural settings.", "\n\nAlong similar lines, offering sexuality training to health care providers more generally (and not just to family planning counselors) holds promise as a strategy to better meet women’s and men’s sexual health needs. ", "Few clients report that health care practitioners ever ask them about sex, despite the evidence suggesting that such discussions—not merely those about sexual risk, but also about positive sexual experiences and satisfaction—yield significant benefits.84,85 Although most clients would welcome such dialogues,85 few feel comfortable initiating them on their own. ", "In turn, providers often feel uncomfortable discussing sex with their clients or feel ill equipped to have such conversations.86 In response, one team of researchers has proposed a series of questions that clinicians may wish to ask clients as part of a proactive sexual health history,84 and others have produced alternative sexuality guidelines and training programs to support both providers and clients.87-90\n\nOther auspicious approaches focus on the client level, rather than on the provider level. ", "The Pleasure Project (<www.the-pleasure-project.org>), a United Kingdom– based nonprofit organization, aims to \"put the sexy back into safer sex\" by promoting the use of sex toys and sexual techniques that eroticize condom use (e.g., applying a condom to a partner’s penis with one’s mouth). ", "In addition to hosting a flashy, user-friendly Web site, the project generates support among public health practitioners at venues such as the International AIDS Conference and sponsors academic research in this area. ", "Time will tell if such initiatives will be fundable and feasible, especially in the current political climate.", "\n\nCHALLENGES, CAUTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS\n\nWe have highlighted a few initiatives that may serve as useful models for family planning practitioners. ", "Yet, as the Lancet review notes, the few programs that have attempted to \"promote protection and pleasure\" have been small, unevaluated or based on anecdotal evidence.20 Furthermore, even if proven effective through evaluation, micro-level behavioral interventions are limited in their ability to change culture or social structure.3 For example, the programs described above can do little to address the broad social and cultural forces that make pleasureseeking easier and more important for men than for women, or that limit women’s sexual enjoyment by fueling gender-based sexual and physical violence. ", "Similarly, systemic change will be required to alter the troubling assumptions about sexuality and reproduction that are alive and well within our field—for example, the belief that pregnancy prevention is primarily, if not entirely, women’s responsibility,91 or the notion that sexual pleasure is irrelevant to women, especially in developing countries.", "\n\nAnother challenge to future work in this area is that pleasure-based initiatives may inadvertently perpetuate gender inequality. ", "For example, some authors have cautioned against the promotion of a gender-neutral\"right to sexual pleasure\" as a basic human right, arguing that men’s demands for sexual pleasure can infringe on women’s human rights.29 Globally, men have more access to sexual enjoyment and autonomy than women do,13 and men’s pleasure is likely to take precedence over women’s pleasure,27 potentially leading to the abandonment of male condom use or to the eroticization of men’s sexual domination.", "\n\nWell-intentioned sexuality programs could also enforce existing unequal gender norms. ", "For example, we have heard about sex technique workshops for married women in countries in which men’s extramarital affairs fuel the spread of HIV. ", "The basic premise of these programs is that greater sexual knowledge and comfort could discourage men’s infidelity and thus reduce the risk of HIV transmission. ", "Undoubtedly, many women could benefit from workshops in which they gain familiarity and comfort with their sexual selves. ", "At the same time, however, such programs may fail to address issues such as men’s abuses of their male privilege and their greater access to opportunities for extramarital sex.", "\n\nResearchers and program developers…should work from the notion that the way sex feels matters to women.", "\n\nAnother example of a program that both reflects and perpetuates existing gender roles is one that promotes the use of male condoms by highlighting the advantages of delayed ejaculation. ", "In India, the Kohinoor Xtra Time brand of condom is coated with a lubricant containing local anesthetic, which its promoters say enables longer lasting, and thus more pleasurable, intercourse.20 Such an advertising campaign could unintentionally reinforce pressure on men to fulfill expectations (their own or others’) as sexual performers. ", "Performance anxiety contributes to men’s sexual dysfunction, including erectile difficulties,92 which in turn have been associated with condom misuse and nonuse.93–95 Both this example and that of the sex technique programs underscore the advantages and disadvantages of working within dominant constructions of masculinity to promote sexual and reproductive health.96,97 Furthermore, evidence on the average amount of time that women, either in India or in most other cultural settings, want to engage in vaginal intercourse is limited. ", "More research on both women’s and men’s sexual preferences and needs would be warranted before large-scale condom campaigns aimed at lengthening pleasure are initiated.", "\n\nWe hope that any future work in this area will explore pleasure in relation to gender and power. ", "A thorough understanding of pleasure-seeking behaviors requires consciousness both of social inequality and of crosscultural and intracultural differences in the ways in which women and men seek pleasure. ", "Future research should develop models to capture the various aspects of pleasure, and explore how masculinity and femininity shape these pleasures in each research setting.", "\n\nDespite these challenges, we have tried to suggest the importance of pleasure-seeking to sexual and reproductive health. ", "Researchers and program developers can no longer assume that the sexual aspects of family planning are irrelevant to women. ", "Rather, they should work from the notion that the way sex feels matters to women, and that recognizing and addressing this aspect of women’s lives will positively influence sexual risk behaviors—and more broadly, their sexual health and well-being.", "\n\n*Sandfort and Ehrhardt argue that the invention of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and the subsequent outpouring of clinical and psychological research on sexual function and dysfunction contributed to the rise of sexual health as a concept (source: Sandfort TGM and Ehrhardt A, Sexual health: a useful public health paradigm or a moral imperative? ", "Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2004, 33(3):181–187). ", "Ed. ", "note: A slightly different version of this article was first published inInternational Family Planning Perspectives, 2007, 33(3):133–139.", "\n\n†Of course, pleasure-seeking is not the only factor that contributes to barebacking, which has also been associated with use of drugs (especially crystal methamphetamine), depression, social isolation and other factors (sources: references 21, 22 and 80).", "\n\n‡Whereas middle-class women were more likely than poor women to see themselves as contraceptive consumers who shopped for the best method, respondents from all class backgrounds spoke about how particular kinds of condoms can be fun. ", "A number of women (and men) said that condoms with novel flavors, scents and packages can be sexier and more enjoyable than ordinary condoms.", "\n\n5. ", "Pallitto CC and O’Campo P, The relationship between intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy: analysis of a national sample from Colombia, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2004, 30(4):165–173.", "\n\n38. ", "Hirsch JS et al., ", "The social constructions of sexuality: marital infidelity and sexually transmitted disease–HIV risk in a Mexican migrant community, American Journal of Public Health, 2002,92(8):1227–1237.", "\n\n39. ", "Knodel J and Pramualratana A, Prospects for increased condom use within marriage in Thailand, International Family Planning Perspectives, 1996, 22(3):97–102.", "\n\n44. ", "Ehrhardt A A et al., ", "HIV/STD risk and sexual strategies among women family planning clients in New York: Project FIO, AIDS and Behavior, 2002, 6(1):1–13.", "\n\n45. ", "Higgins JA and Hirsch JS, Pleasure and power: incorporating sexuality, agency, and inequality into research on contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy, American Journal of Public Health, 2008 (forthcoming).", "\n\n51. ", "Robbins A, The effect of hormones on male sexuality: findings from clinical trials on male contraception, in: Zeidenstein S and Moore K, Learning About Sexuality: A Practical Beginning, New York: Population Council and International Women’s Health Coalition,1996, pp. ", "278–297.", "\n\n52. ", "Bentley ME et al., ", "Acceptability of a microbicide among women and their partners in a 4-country phase I trial, American Journal of Public Health, 2004, 94(7):1159–1164.", "\n\n79. ", "Peacock N et al., ", "Exploring the complexities of pregnancy intentions for African American women, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Atlanta, Oct. 21–25, 2001.", "\n\n82. ", "Gordon G, Sexual reality: the gap between family planning services and clients’ needs, in: Zeidenstein S and Moore K, Learning About Sexuality: A Practical Beginning, New York: Population Council and International Women’s Health Coalition, 1996, pp.363–379.", "\n\n83. ", "Becker J and Leitman E, Introducing sexuality within family planning: the experience of three HIV/STD prevention projects from Latin America and the Caribbean, Quality/Calidad/Qualite´, New York: Population Council, 1997, No. ", "8.", "\n\n90. ", "Wimberly Y and Moore S, Sexual history taking should be taught in medical school, letter to the editor, American Family Physician, 2003, 68(2):223.246 Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health\n\n91. ", "Watkins SC, If all we knew about women was what we read in Demography, what would we know? ", "Demography, 1993, 30(4):551–577.", "\n\n92. ", "Laumann EO et al., ", "The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.", "\n\n97. ", "Gupta GR, Gender, sexuality and HIV/AIDS: the what, the why and the how, HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Review, 2000,5(4):86–93.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nAt the time this article was written, Jenny Higgins was supported by a National Institute of Mental Health training grant (T32MH19139) and by a National Institute of Mental Health grant to the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavior Studies (P30MH43250). ", "The authors thank the following colleagues for their insights on earlier drafts of this article: Susie Hoffman, Shari Dworkin, Theresa Exner, Joanne Mantell, Theo Sandfort and Bobby Gillespie.", "\n\nAUTHOR AFFILIATIONS\n\nJenny A. Higgins is a postdoctoral research associate, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, New Jersey. ", "Jennifer S. Hirsch is associate professor, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health,\nColumbia University, New York." ]

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[ "Study of 222Rn permeation through polymer membranes: application to continuous measurement of 222Rn in water.", "\nMembranes that exclude water but are permeable to radon can extend the range of environments where many radon detection systems could operate. ", "We have studied the permeation of 222Rn through polypropylene membranes separating air and water phases. ", "The permeation coefficient and the activation energy were calculated for various conditions. ", "Potential applications, such as in situ detection of radon in water, are discussed." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nA pythonic and uFunc-y way to turn pandas column into \"increasing\" index?", "\n\nLet's say I have a pandas df like so:\nIndex A B\n0 foo 3\n1 foo 2\n2 foo 5\n3 bar 3\n4 bar 4\n5 baz 5\n\nWhat's a good fast way to add a column like so:\nIndex A B Aidx\n0 foo 3 0\n1 foo 2 0\n2 foo 5 0\n3 bar 3 1\n4 bar 4 1\n5 baz 5 2\n\nI.e. adding an increasing index for each unique value?", "\nI know I could use df.unique(), then use a dict and enumerate to create a lookup, and then apply that dictionary lookup to create the column. ", "But I feel like there should be faster way, possibly involving groupby with some special function?", "\n\nA:\n\nOne way is to use ngroup. ", "Just remember you have to make sure your groupby isn't resorting the groups to get your desired output, so set sort=False:\ndf['Aidx'] = df.groupby('A',sort=False).ngroup()\n>>> df\n Index A B Aidx\n0 0 foo 3 0\n1 1 foo 2 0\n2 2 foo 5 0\n3 3 bar 3 1\n4 4 bar 4 1\n5 5 baz 5 2\n\nA:\n\nNo need groupby using \n\nMethod 1factorize\npd.factorize(df.", "A)[0]\narray([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2], dtype=int64)\n#df['Aidx']=pd.factorize(df.", "A)[0]\n\nMethod 2 sklearn \nfrom sklearn import preprocessing\nle = preprocessing.", "LabelEncoder()\nle.fit(df.", "A)\nLabelEncoder()\nle.transform(df.", "A)\narray([2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1])\n\nMethod 3 cat.codes\ndf.", "A.astype('category').cat.codes\n\nMethod 4 map + unique\nl=df.", "A.unique()\ndf.", "A.map(dict(zip(l,range(len(l)))))\n0 0\n1 0\n2 0\n3 1\n4 1\n5 2\nName: A, dtype: int64\n\nMethod 5 np.unique\nx,y=np.unique(df.", "A.values,return_inverse=True)\ny\narray([2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1], dtype=int64)\n\nEDIT: Some timings with OP's dataframe\n'''\n%timeit pd.factorize(view.", "Company)[0]\n\nThe slowest run took 6.68 times longer than the fastest. ", "This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.", "\n10000 loops, best of 3: 155 µs per loop\n\n%timeit view.", "Company.astype('category').cat.codes\n\nThe slowest run took 4.48 times longer than the fastest. ", "This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.", "\n1000 loops, best of 3: 449 µs per loop\n\nfrom itertools import izip\n\n%timeit l = view.Company.unique(); view.", "Company.map(dict(izip(l,xrange(len(l)))))\n\n1000 loops, best of 3: 666 µs per loop\n\nimport numpy as np\n\n%timeit np.unique(view.", "Company.values, return_inverse=True)\n\nThe slowest run took 8.08 times longer than the fastest. ", "This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.", "\n10000 loops, best of 3: 32.7 µs per loop\n\nSeems like numpy wins.", "\n\nA:\n\nOne more method of doing so could be.", "\ndf['C'] = i.ne(df.", "A.shift()).cumsum()-1\ndf\n\nWhen we print df value it will be as follows.", "\n Index A B C\n0 0 foo 3 0\n1 1 foo 2 0 \n2 2 foo 5 0 \n3 3 bar 3 1 \n4 4 bar 4 1 \n5 5 baz 5 2\n\nExplanation of solution: Let's break above solution into parts for understanding purposes.", "\n1st step: Compare df's A column by shifting its value down to itself as follows.", "\ni.ne(df.", "A.shift())\n\nOutput we will get is:\n0 True\n1 False\n2 False\n3 True\n4 False\n5 True\n\n2nd step: Use of cumsum() function, so wherever TRUE value is coming(which will come when a match of A column and its shift is NOT found) it will call cumsum() function and its value will be increased.", "\ni.ne(df.", "A.shift()).cumsum()-1\n0 0\n1 0\n2 0\n3 1\n4 1\n5 2\nName: A, dtype: int32\n\n3rd step: Save command's value into df['C'] which will create a new column named C in df.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Danfung Dennis\n\nDanfung Dennis is a still photographer and documentary film maker. ", "He graduated from the Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management. ", "His images have been published in Newsweek, TIME, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, Rolling Stone, Le Figaro Magazine, Financial Times Magazine, Mother Jones, Der Spiegel, and The Wall Street Journal.", "\n\nHe won the Bayeux-Calvados Award For War Correspondents, in 2010 and was named one of the 25 New Faces of Independent Film by Filmmaker Magazine. ", "He was also chosen as one of the 30 New and Emerging Photographers by Photo District News Magazine.", "\n\nHe photographed and directed his first feature-length documentary on the war in Afghanistan, Hell and Back Again. ", "The film premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and won both the World Cinema Jury Award and the World Cinema Cinematography Award. ", "The film was nominated for a 2012 Academy Award for best feature documentary..\n\nDanfung Dennis is currently the CEO and Founder of Condition One, a video software company.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Missouri Route 95\n\nRoute 95 is a highway in southern Missouri. ", " Its northern terminus is at Route 32 at Lynchburg in Laclede County. ", "Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 160 at Lutie about 2.5 miles west of the Theodosia arm of Bull Shoals Lake in Ozark County. ", " \n\nA short section forms a wrong-way concurrency with Route 5; Route 95 is marked as \"North Route 95\" but goes south at this location.", "\n\nHistory\nThe section of Route 95 north of Wasola to Lutie was originally a section of Route 5A, a branch of Route 5.", "\n\nReferences\n\n095\nCategory:Transportation in Ozark County, Missouri\nCategory:Transportation in Douglas County, Missouri\nCategory:Transportation in Wright County, Missouri\nCategory:Transportation in Laclede County, Missouri" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to check if object is in Mobx observable array?", "\n\nI'm using indexOf in a React component to style a button based on whether an object is in an mobx observable array.", "\nThe button is for favoriting. ", "It pushes the object for that specific list item into an observable array in the store called 'favorites'. ", "favorites is an observable array of objects.", "\nHere's the ES6 template literal from my button:\nclassName={`btn-group ${((this.props.store.favorites.indexOf(this.props.data) > -1)) ? '", "success' : 'info'}`}\n\nBasically, it's a check for if the object is in the array, className will be success, if false info.", "\nThis works perfectly fine when the favorites array is in local state. ", "But I get that the objects within the favorites array look differently once they are in the observable array. ", "I get that the observable array favorites is different than a local array favorites.", "\nBut how do I do a test for whether an object is in an observable array of objects? ", "I tried slice() and peek() and using the findIndex but no dice.", "\n\nA:\n\nRegarding the doc: isObservableArray\n\nReturns true if the given object is an array that was made observable using mobx.observable(array).", "\n\nSo to know if data is in an observable favorites array:\n// If data is a primitive\nclassName={`btn-group ${mobx.isObservableArray(this.props.store.favorites) && this.props.store.favorites.indexOf(this.props.data) > -1 ? '", "success' : 'info'}`}\n\n// Id data is an object it is a little more verbose and coupled to your data\n// structure. ", "You have to use the `find` function to iterate and test if an \n// element in the array has the same id.\nclassName={`btn-group ${mobx.isObservableArray(this.props.store.favorites) && !!", "this.props.store.favorites.find(fav => fav.id === this.props.data.id) ? '", "success' : 'info'}`}\n\nHere is a POC with a function helper: https://jsbin.com/botijom/edit?js,console\n\nA:\n\nMichel (mobx creator) gave me the hint I needed via the Gitter channel.", "\nI actually needed a shallowly observable array, not a deeply observable one. ", "I don't need each and every property of the objects in the array to be observable (hence all the sets/gets on the object properties I was seeing before), just whether an object is added or removed.", "\nSo I changed it from \n@observable favorites = []\n\nto\n @observable favorites = observable.shallowArray();\n\nUltimately, though @dagatsoin 's answer is right if you need to use a deeply observable array.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Dr. Wee's long-term goal is to become an independent clinical and health services researcher in obesity, with a focus on improving the management of patients with obesity in primary care. ", "Many common diseases seen in primary care practice are consequences of obesity. ", "Yet obesity continues to be largely ignored by primary care physicians. ", "Reasons for this lack of physician effort include time constraints, lack of training, and skepticism about the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of obesity treatment. ", "Additionally, patients with obesity may receive lower quality of care. ", "For example, patients with obesity appear to be less likely to undergo screening for breast and cervical cancer. ", "This application proposes three studies that address important issues in obesity research. ", "First, Dr. Wee plans to test the reliability and validity of a questionnaire she developed that examines the value primary care patients place on weight loss. ", "The quantitative assessment of patient preferences or health values is a way to measure quality of life and is important for clinical decision-making, policy formulation, and formal cost-effectiveness analyses of weight control strategies and recommendations. ", "Dr. Wee then proposes a decision analysis that examines the cost-effectiveness of various weight control strategies and estimates the minimum effectiveness and maximum cost associated with cost-effective treatment. ", "Finally, Dr. Wee proposes to lead the development of a patient and physician directed web-based obesity assessment and education tool in preparation for a subsequent full scale randomized controlled trial. ", "She will examine the feasibility of the intervention, and in a pilot study, determine whether it shows promise by improving the rate and quality of physician counseling about weight control and physical activity. ", "She will also examine its effect on patients' diet and physical activity, patients' stage of change for weight control behaviors, and the rate of cancer screening. ", "This career development award will allow Dr. Wee to acquire additional research skills and experience under the mentorship of nationally and internationally known researchers in a supportive academic environment. ", "Completing these objectives will enhance her ability to conduct patient-centered research and to achieve her career goal of becoming an independent patient-oriented researcher in obesity." ]

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[ "Post navigation\n\nDecember 15, 2006\n\nIn This Issue\n\nSen. James Inhofe (R-OK) ended his tenure as Chairman of the Environment and Public Works (EPW) Committee with a final hearing aimed at castigating the press for its coverage of climate change. ", "Spotlighting both mainstream broadcast and print reporters, the three-term senator argued that man-made climate change is a media-driven phenomenon that does not have sufficient science to back it up. ", "Inhofe’s invited witnesses supported his view.", "\n\nSeveral Democrats on the EPW Committee, as well as a prominent scientist who testified at the hearing, contradicted Inhofe and his witnesses. ", "Incoming EPW Committee Chairwoman Barbara Boxer (D-CA) said she disagreed with the hearing’s premise and vowed to shift course when she takes the gavel in January. “", "We’re arguing over who believes what, rather than moving toward solving the problem,” she said. “", "Attacking the press doesn’t make the truth go away.”", "\n\nThe Department of Energy (DOE) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are among the federal agencies that — like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — will see some of their libraries shuttered this year as part of a larger effort to cut costs and shift resources online.", "\n\nAll together, six federal libraries are closed or closing, while several more are reducing hours and staff. ", "The DOE headquarters library that collected literature for government scientists and contractors closed this year as well as the General Services Administration headquarters library. ", "Patrons were able to conduct research on real estate, telecommunications and government finance at the library. ", "The NASA library in Greenbelt, MD, is also slated to close.", "\n\nA Bush Administration official defended plans for shuttering several U.S. EPA libraries but also said destruction of some reference materials has been halted pending an inquiry by congressional Democrats. ", "He added, “EPA has rescheduled the recycling of non-EPA duplicate or obsolete materials until questions by a few members of Congress have been addressed.”", "\n\nThe U.S. Forest Service (USFS) will no longer have to conduct a full-blown environmental impact statement when they write new forest plans, under a final rule the USFS will publish after a two-year delay. ", "The USFS announced it has completed a review that determined the writing of management plans and amendments has no effect on the environment, qualifying individual plans for categorical exclusions under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).", "\n\nUntil recently, categorical exclusions were used for small projects such as expanding a campground or administrative building, but the Bush Administration has expanded the use to small timber and salvage logging projects, and now, management plans for the first time.", "\n\nThe incoming Chairman of the House Resources Committee, Nick Rahall (D-WV), and environmental advocates objected to the rule, saying removing the NEPA study will limit the public’s ability to comment and influence USFS actions. ", "Rahall and Rep. Tom Udall (D-NM) incoming Ranking Member of the Forests Subcommittee, wrote a letter asking the Agriculture Department to withdraw the proposed rule.", "\n\nMike Leahy, an attorney at Defenders of Wildlife, said that forest plans make fundamental decisions because they allocate certain areas to be managed for logging or mining and allow for certain amounts of motorized recreation, drilling and logging. “", "Those decisions have an impact on the environment and the whole idea of studying that on a forest-wide level is you consider the forest-wide and cumulative impacts,” Leahy said.", "\n\nIncoming Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Tom Harkin (D-IA) said he plans to rewrite the Farm Bill in 2007 with a focus on payments for energy and conservation and new approaches to farm support programs. ", "Harkin indicated he may be willing to consider an overhaul of farm payments that would promote energy and conservation at the expense of some traditional commodity subsidies.", "\n\nHarkin and incoming House Agriculture Committee Chairman Collin Peterson (D-MN) have both identified the budget baseline as their first big hurdle in drafting the new bill. ", "The 2002 Farm Bill added a host of new conservation and energy programs, but it was also written in a time of budget increases.", "\n\nWith the assumption that the 2007 bill will not see huge budget gains, some environmental and sustainable agriculture groups have called for cuts to commodity payments to free more spending for conservation and bring the United States more in line with World Trade Organization recommendations.", "\n\nHarkin said “everything is on the table” as he drafts the new bill — including programs to help farmers transition to energy crops, as well as storage, transportation and new equipment for the crops. ", "He said he is also considering merging the Conservation Security Program with energy production.", "\n\nAn Army Corps of Engineers’ plan to speed up rebuilding in coastal Mississippi has sparked a battle between environmentalists and homebuilders over the proposal’s effect on wetlands that serve as critical buffers for flooding along the Gulf of Mexico. ", "At issue are proposed”general” permits for Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, Stone and George counties, which were hit hard by Hurricane Katrina. ", "The permits would allow builders to fill as many as five acres of wetlands per project.", "\n\nUnder Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, discharge of dredged or fill material into “navigable waters” requires a Corps permit — either a nationwide general permit that allows a landowner to fill up to a half acre or an individual permit that applies to wetlands larger than a half acre. ", "Under the proposed rule, if activities are expected to have minimal environmental impact, the Corps can issue a general permit, or a blanket authorization, without the usual opportunity for public input required for individual permits.", "\n\nOne safeguard built into the permits by the Corps to ensure that environmental degradation does not occur is that permits can only be used in a “low quality” wetland. ", "Army Corps spokesman Pat Robbins said general permits would not apply to tidal wetlands or non-tidal wetlands that are adjacent to tidal waters, which are considered higher quality wetlands.", "\n\nCongress approved wider offshore oil and gas drilling before it adjourned, opening 8.3 million acres in the Gulf of Mexico but stopping short of the major dismantling of leasing bans sought by several industries. ", "The Senate approved the drilling bill as part of a broad tax package that passed 79-9 after the House approved the measure. ", "The package, which now heads to President Bush’s desk, also extends several energy tax incentives, including tax credits for wind and solar projects.", "\n\nThe leasing provisions provide access to an area estimated to contain 1.26 billion barrels of oil and 5.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. ", "It steers 37.5 percent of gulf production royalties to four Gulf Coast states — Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. ", "The revenue will not be available, however, for at least a decade. ", "Despite the time lag, the money is a major victory for Louisiana lawmakers who say it will help restore coastal wetlands and boost hurricane protections. ", "The measure also includes a no-drill buffer for Florida needed to gain the support of that state’s lawmakers.", "\n\nThe bill also contains energy tax language, extending through 2008 several tax breaks that were set to expire at the end of next year, including the wind energy tax credit and credits for biomass and geothermal facilities. ", "The bill extends for one year the 30 percent tax credit for the purchase of residential solar water heating, solar electric equipment and fuel cell property, as well as the 30 percent business tax credit for the purchase of fuel cell power plants and solar equipment.", "\n\nCongress approved a major overhaul in U.S. fisheries law, as the House passed a rewrite of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, the nation’s largest fisheries law. ", "The House votes followed the Senate’s approval of the bill, which is an altered compromise that Sen. Ted Stevens (R-AK) brokered at the last minute to push the act through the 109th Congress. ", "President Bush released a statement praising passage of the act.", "\n\nThe bill, H.R. 5946, would require fishery managers to end overfishing within two and a half years once a stock is found to be depleted. ", "It keeps the current 10-year rebuilding deadline intact. ", "It also authorizes “cap-and-trade” programs for fishing permits for the first time but adds some new limitations to the programs. ", "The legislation also includes ecosystems-based management\n\nThe bill authorizes research for deep ocean corals and includes new protections for seabirds affected by fishing gear. ", "It also calls on U.S. officials to take greater leadership to end pirate fishing on the high seas.", "\n\nHowever, of particular concern to many groups is the bill’s language on the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). ", "Under current law, fishery managers must comply with environmental review and reporting requirements in both Magnuson and NEPA. ", "Many of the requirements are the same, but they are on different timelines. ", "Commercial fishers have called for streamlining the two to cut down on paperwork and confusion. ", "The bill directs the Commerce Department to develop one uniform review process for fishery management that conforms with NEPA but is on Magnuson timelines. ", "Environmental advocates have said even careful alterations may lose some of the case law that backs up NEPA and gives it more strong environmental protections.", "\n\nPresident Bush signed a two-month long continuing resolution (CR), officially punting the majority of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 spending bills to the 110th Congress. ", "The CR runs until Feb. 15, meaning the remaining spending bills will be among the first items the Democratic-controlled Congress will have to tackle next year. ", "It applies to all of the FY 2007 spending bills except Defense and Homeland Security, which have already passed.", "\n\nLooking ahead, Democrats have proposed a CR for the entire remainder of the fiscal year. ", "This would fund federal agencies at one of the following levels: the House-passed appropriations bill, the Senate-passed appropriations bill, or the fiscal 2006 level- whichever is lower. ", "These levels would continue until new appropriations bills are passed at the end of 2007. ", "For more information on the funding status by agency, visit http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/approp07.htm.", "\n\nA new Bush Administration policy that requires U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists to submit all reports and prepared talks to managers is angering some employees who say the review could prevent the public from receiving information. ", "The new standards, introduced in July 2006, call for managers to determine whether scientists’ reports meet USGS’s scientific standards. ", "They also mandate that employees inform the agency press office of any work involving “potential high visibility products or policy-sensitive issues.”", "\n\nAlthough no instances of censorship were alleged yet, employees say they are worried. ", "Previous Bush Administration impositions on the agency include a 2002 incident in which USGS warned that oil and natural gas drilling in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would harm the Porcupine caribou herd. ", "A week after its report, a new report came out saying the caribou would not be affected.", "\n\nHowever, USGS Associate Director for Geology P. Patrick Leahy said the new standards were ensuring the scientific excellence of USGS products. ", "USGS managers will be permitted to see the comments of outside peer reviewers, as well as exchanges between the reviewers and scientists who are trying to publish their findings." ]

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[ "about us\n\nUtah Health and Human Rights is a direct service and advocacy agency that promotes the health, dignity, and self-sufficiency of refugees, immigrants, asylum seekers, and asylees who have endured torture and severe war trauma." ]

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[ "Stay on Top of Enterprise Technology Trends Get updates impacting your industry from our GigaOm Research Community\n\nSo here’s a couple ways to create a successful game online: a), Find an investor who’s crazy enough to give you millions of dollars, or b), Put it on a distribution network and hope you get enough customers willing to buy it as a download.", "\n\nThen there’s c), Make a Flash mini-game, let people play it for free, and watch the ad revenue pour in when the site gets 20 million pageviews a month. ", "That’s the option Paul Preece took with his phenomenally popular Desktop Tower Defense, and though he has no professional experience with game development, the Visual Basic programmer is now making, by his estimate, high four figures monthly for his ferociously viral little game.", "\n\nAs such, it’s an ideal case study for an often-overlooked revenue model for online games, one that developers and investors would do well to learn from. ", "Working with a low budget on a game designed for maximum stickiness, a small team of developers can create a single title which earns thousands yearly— or in Preece’s case, close to six figures. [", "digg=http://digg.com/playable_web_games/Desktop_Tower_Defense_the_story_behind_the_hit_Flash_game]\n\nAfter the break, Preece explains some of the secrets to Tower’s success.", "\n\n\n\nTake a Well-Known Genre, Make It Better\n\nThere are numerous “Tower Defense”-style games with the same premise—stop a horde of monsters by building a variety of defense towers. “", "I have been mulling over doing a proper ‘mazing’ Tower Defense for a year or so,” Preece says, “but I felt that the learning curve for Flash was too great. ", "Then a good friend of mine created the successful Flash Element Tower Defense, and when I chatted to him about his experience… it suddenly seemed much less difficult than I had thought it was.” [", "His specific inspiration was a mini-game from one of Blizzard’s classic real-time strategy titles: “The basic map layout was based on Autumn Tower Defense, which was one of my favorite Warcraft III TDs.”] ", "Though most of these games are fantasy-oriented, Preece gave his version a quirkier, more cartoonish feel, and added a number of elements that made it more viral— particularly a group-based ranking system which encourages competition between friends and co-workers.", "\n\nPromote through Web Aggregation Sites\n\n“I didn’t do any promotion of the game beyond sticking it on StumbleUpon.com,” Preece tells me. “", "It gave the game a slow start for a week or so— which was good to weed out the bugs. ", "Then it got ‘picked up’ by a few large game sites, then Digg and then I-am-bored.com. ", "When DTD got Dugg the first time, the server overloaded and I realized that it was becoming popular game.”", "\n\nHow popular? “", "I am unsure as to the number of unique visitors,” he says. “", "My logs show 4 million visitors and 20 million page views for April. ", "The game itself has had 9 million plays during April (excluding older versions).”", "\n\nDebuting in March, his site, http://www.handdrawngames.com, is already among Alexa’s top ten thousand sites.", "\n\nProfit Through Ad Revenue and Keep the Budget Low\n\nDTD’s main revenue source is AdSense, but with its avalanche of popularity, advertisers have approached Preece directly, leading to “Affiliate deals, sponsorship, custom versions for other companies etc. ", "The last two are in the pipeline but I thought I’d add them in at a low level.”", "\n\nPreece’s main expense is running the server. “", "Hosting fees are negligible,” he says, “at $130 per month. ", "But I am getting very close to the 1200GB bandwidth allocation!” ", "That plus “the continuous supply of late night Red Bull” comprise the bulk of Desktop’s budget.", "\n\n“I do feel that with a little more market place knowledge I could make a good living from DTD until it stops being popular,” Preece e-mails me. “", "With less popular games I would probably need two-three on the go every month to make a good living. ", "That would equate to releasing a game every month which I think is doable.”", "\n\nBut what’s that odd voice you hear, when you win the game? “", "It comes from a children’s cartoon I grew up with in the UK called ‘Ivor The Engine’,” Preece explains. “", "It was about a Welsh train, which is where the accent comes from.” ", "But keeping the budget low is his main consideration. ", "So, he adds, “I have removed it in the next version for bandwidth reasons.”", "\n\n\n\nUpdate, 5/28: Added Preece’s acknowledgement of Warcraft III as an inspiration for DTD." ]

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[ "The 5-vol. ", "Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine fills a gap between introductory resources, such as single-volume family medical guides, and highly technical professional materials. ", "Consult this authoritative, comprehensive in-depth medical guide for information on medical topics in language accessible to laypersons." ]

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[ "In sections 2-6 of Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche\nintroduces four important themes that run\nthrough the rest of the work.", "\nIn section 2, the theme is his opposition\nto metaphysical/Platonic/Christian otherworldliness.", "\nThe mark of a metaphysical thinker is his\nfaith in opposed value pairs—it is this\nfaith, or prejudice, that Nietzsche intends\nto overcome in his philosophy.", "\nThe will to truth that characterizes these\nphilosophers may itself be a manifestation\nof deeper, instinctive human drives working\nthrough them, Nietzsche suggests.", "\nAnd the philosophical ‘truths’ they have\nattained may be provisional perspectives only,\nto be replaced by a fuller, deeper worldview\nlater on.", "\nIn this spirit, Nietzsche calls for “philosophers\nof the dangerous maybe,” who will ask and\nanswer the question of the deeper roots of\nthe will to truth.", "\nSuch philosophers are coming, he says.", "\nWe may see this as an echo of Socrates’\nprophecy of future philosophers at the end\nof Plato’s Apology.", "\nThe theme of section 3 is the deeper physiological\ndrives that shape philosophers’ works.", "\nPhilosophy, and even logic, Nietzsche says,\nare the result of these unconscious drives.", "\nThe conscious thoughts and writings of philosophers\nare channeled and guided by their root instincts.", "\nPhilosophical reasoning is not the ground\nfloor of the human self, so to speak.", "\nIt is more like the 3rd or 4th floor, and\nthe hidden drives and instincts lie below them.", "\nEach philosopher’s teachings reflect his\ninner psychology, rather than his rational\ngrasp of external realities.", "\nThe factor that drives all philosophies is\nthe demand for the preservation of a certain\ntype of life.", "\nThis, we will see shortly, is the will to\npower.", "\nIn section 4, Nietzsche moves beyond the will\nto truth, beyond true and false, we might say.", "\nHe notes that while life (which is will to\npower) might be served by finding and believing\nthe truth, it may be that life also demands\nfalsehood, in order to prosper and grow.", "\nBut even to ask whether this is the case is\nto stand beyond good and evil, true and false, already.", "\nNietzsche aims to resist philosophers’ accustomed\ntables of value, looking instead for something\ndeeper than the will to truth.", "\nHe is acting here a psychologist as much as\na philosopher.", "\nSection 5 serves as a lead-in to the last\nmajor theme in section 6.", "\nHere Nietzsche accuses past philosophers of\nbeing naïve, but also of failing to be sufficiently\nhonest, with themselves and with their readers.", "\nNietzsche’s dose of honesty comes in section\n6, where he introduces the theme that philosophy\nand morality are ultimately expressions of\ntheir author’s personality and deep psychology.", "\nSo philosophical doctrines and systems come\nnot from the truth of things, and a will to\ngrasp that truth, but rather from the personal\ncharacter of the one philosophizing.", "\nA man’s moral doctrines reflect who he is,\nrather than his character being shaped by\nhis moral code.", "\nPhilosophy, then, is ultimately a form of\npersonal testimony, and perhaps should be\nevaluated on personal rather than impersonal\nterms.", "\nThis suggests a new way of doing philosophy.", "\nWe might use it to critique, say, Kant’s\nphilosophy.", "\nAnd we might bend it around to understand\nNietzsche’s project in this book.", "\nHow does what he writes here reflect his own\ninner arrangement of instincts?", "\nAre we to evaluate this book, not on whether\nits contents are ‘true’ or ‘false,’\nbut on whether the personality they express\nis one we approve of?", "\nWe will address these and other questions\nas we work our way through the rest of the book.", "\nThat’s a look at sections 2-6, from Part\nOne of Beyond Good and Evil.", "\nThanks for watching today; goodbye.", "\n" ]

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[ "The effect of high pressure and residual oxygen on the color stability of minced cured restructured ham at different levels of drying, pH, and NaCl.", "\nColor stability of minced cured restructured ham was studied by considering the effects of high pressure (HP) (600 MPa, 13°C, 5 min), raw meat pH24 (low, normal, high), salt content (15, 30 g/kg), drying (20%, 50% weight loss), and residual oxygen level (0.02%-0.30%). ", "Raw hams were selected by pH24 in Semimembranosus, mixed with additives, frozen, sliced, and dried by the Quick-Dry-Slice® (QDS) process followed by HP treatment or not (control). ", "Packaging and storage simulated industrial packaging: modified atmosphere containing 80% N2, 20% CO2, and residual O2 in one of three intervals: <0.1%, 0.1%-0.2%, or 0.2%-0.3%, and retail storage conditions: chill storage, 12 h light, 12 h darkness. ", "HP improved the stability of the redness of 20% QDS hams, while the stabilizing effect on 50% QDS hams was smaller, concluding that water has the dominating role. ", "Raw meat pH24, salt content, and residual oxygen level had varying effects on the stability of the red color." ]

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[ "\"[Police radio chatter]\" \"[Engine turns over]\" \"[Horn honks]\" \"[Police radio chatter]\" \"[Siren chirps, brakes squeak]\" \"[Police radio chatter]\" \"Okay.\" \"", "Tao:\" \"The girl.\" \"", "Grab the girl!\" \"", "Voice:\" \"Get her out of here!\" \"", "Aah!\" \"", "Pause right there, please.\" \"", "Buzz!\" \"", "I wouldn't believe it if I hadn't filmed it.\" \"", "And we would have never have known it was there.\" \"", "Unless he meant it to be the last thing we saw before a burning house collapsed on us.\" \"", "Fritz:\" \"If Stroh is communicating with this lunatic...\" \"I mean, if this Burning Man knew we were coming, we may have walked into a trap.\" \"", "Sanchez:\" \"Talked to a neighbor who saw our cutlass... the Goldsmobile... in the driveway a few days ago but didn't get a look at the driver, ma'am.\" \"", "Where's the victim?\" \" ", "Cause of death?\" \" ", "Strangled.\" \"", "Definitely sexually assaulted.\" \"", "And we may have a collectable DNA sample.\" \"", "Might tell us who he is.\" \"", "If this Burning Man is our system.\" \"[", "Camera shutter clicking]\" \"There's a tattoo.\" \"", "A cat.\" \" ", "Oh, boy.\" \" ", "Captain, before the place burned, we found drag marks on the floor.\" \"", "And the scraped heels on our victim indicate she was placed in the house postmortem.\" \"", "Kendall:\" \"Liver temp says she died four or five hours before your detectives got here.\" \"", "Meaning he raped and murdered her some place else.\" \" ", "What is that?\" \" ", "A digital timer.\" \"", "The house was rigged to blow an hour after sundown no matter what.\" \"", "So, he's not trying to kill us.\" \"", "That's good to know.\" \"", "So, he came, dumped the victim's body, plugged in the timer, and left.\" \"", "Alarm goes off, house goes boom.\" \"", "Uh, Captain?\" \"", "Sorry to interrupt.\" \"", "Chief Taylor's here.\" \"", "Where?\" \"", "Oh, uh... not here here.\" \" ", "Down the street, giving a press conference.\" \" ", "What?\" \"!\" \"", "Taylor:\" \"Thank you, everyone.\" \"", "I'll keep this brief.\" \"", "The L.A.P.D. is tracking a suspect we believe is a serial killer...\" \" What does he think he's doing?\" \" ... ", "targeting sex workers...\" \" Making the problem bigger, ma'am.\" \"...\" \"", "On the streets of L.A.\" \"We are currently searching for and hoping to find a gold Oldsmobile Cutlass from the early 1990's.\" \"", "If anyone sees a vehicle matching this description, particularly near abandoned properties or where sex workers congregate, please call the tip line.\" \"", "Did you really have to say all that?\" \"", "The number is 1-800...\" \"I thought \"sex workers\" was the politically correct term.\" \"", "Now our suspect knows we've made his car.\" \"", "And if you had asked me, I would have withheld...\" \"I don't need your permission to alert the public\" \" to an imminent threat of rape,\" \" I would have withheld the information,\" \" arson and murder.\" \" ", "because now the killer can shift his pattern\" \" and change his vehicle.\" \" ", "His pattern has lasted over 10 years.\" \"", "We're not talking about a couple of dead prostitutes anymore.\" \"", "We're talking about 15 women murdered, that we know of.\" \"", "And he's after more.\" \"", "I have every available S.I.S. officer on the streets where these women hang out, but we can't reach them all.\" \"", "Now, if they hear about a gold Oldsmobile Cutlass, that might save someone's life.\" \"", "Commander?\" \"", "My airships are searching for this car, but,\" \"Burning Man has killed in other jurisdictions, so we have to search the whole county for this gold Olds... over 1,000 square miles in the dark.\" \"", "Well, you can stop all of that.\" \"", "Now that this lunatic knows that we're on to him, he'll dump the car and start hunting for hookers online.\" \"", "But isn't he rigging vacant houses to burn in advance of his murder?\" \"", "Doesn't that give us something to work with?\" \"", "Sure, but there's over 10,000 abandoned houses just here in the city and who knows how many vacant homes.\" \"", "Even if we do find Burning Man at his next arson site, the young woman that he's kidnapped will be dead.\" \"", "We need more resources.\" \"", "Which is why I just enlisted the 10-million citizens of L.A. county in the hunt.\" \"", "Maybe one of them will report something that will help us.\" \"", "In the meantime, major crimes works the evidence in these murders.\" \"", "S.O.B. works the streets.\" \"", "We need a systematic search of abandoned properties and an organized pursuit for this Goldsmobile.\" \"", "Is there anything else we should know, Captain?\" \"", "The S.W.A.T. bodyguards I have for my son should remain in effect until...\" \"But this Burning Man goes after women.\" \"", "Phillip Stroh demanded to question Rusty.\" \"", "He spent the entire time talking about how their destinies were intertwined, and Burning Man kills prostitutes.\" \"", "Excuse us.\" \"[", "Door opens]\" \"Provenza:\" \"Pardon us, folks.\" \"", "Uh, last couple of days, no one's had much sleep.\" \"", "You held back something.\" \" ", "They know everything I know.\" \" ", "Just hang on, please,\" \" one second, and what is that?\" \" ", "Lieutenant, you don't really believe that Phillip Stroh predicted three murders out of thin air.\" \"", "Well, of course not.\" \"", "He was in communication with someone or somehow.\" \"", "But he wasn't.\" \"", "All he had were the books he was reading.\" \"", "You don't think Phillip Stroh has found God?\" \"", "No, Lieutenant.\" \"", "I think he's found Mars.\" \"", "You're right, Captain.\" \"", "Of all the books we pulled from Stroh's cell, fingerprint analysis proves that this is astrology guide, the Ephemeris, was the most handled, especially these pages here dealing with the first two weeks of January.\" \"", "Stroh was all over these.\" \"", "If you look at the symbols of the planets...\" \"Flynn:\" \"Oh, my God.\" \"", "Mars is the same as the male sign.\" \" ", "Mars is the god of war, right?\" \" ", "And fire.\" \"", "Kind of literal, this guy.\" \"", "Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa.\" \"", "Are you saying that Stroh predicted these murders\" \" using astrology?\" \" ", "Well, yes and no.\" \"", "What does the Ephemeris say about this week, Lieutenant?\" \"", "Tao:\" \"Ah.\" \"", "Well, right now, seems to be a lot about Mars conjunct Neptune in Pisces.\" \"", "Whatever the hell that means.\" \"", "Well, what that means is...\" \"I have no idea.\" \"", "But Mars conjunct Neptune the day before we found our first victim, Shyla.\" \"", "And it goes on until three nights from now.\" \"", "That book is how Stroh knows when the next murder will occur.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Stroh is sitting in his cell, looking into a crystal ball, using astrology to predict when a killer's gonna strike next?\" \"", "He's not predicting the future, Andy.\" \"", "He's figuring out the past.\" \"", "This killer is obviously someone that Stroh is very familiar with.\" \"", "Who murders prostitutes with some wacky cycle of the planets and then signs his murders with a symbol of Mars?\" \"", "Sanchez:\" \"So, if this is about timing, we already know Burning Man is killing right now.\" \"", "But this pattern, detective, is very important.\" \"", "When was the last time... what is it?\" \"... ", "um, Mars conjunct Neptune?\" \"", "The Ephemeris doesn't say.\" \"", "This book only covers the second half of 2014 and 2015.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I never thought I'd say this, but if we are gonna cover all our bases, we need an astrologer.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "Trying not to wake you.\" \"", "Oh, it's okay.\" \"", "Uh, I've been up since 4:00.\" \"[", "Chuckles]\" \"Sleeping in one of these interview rooms\" \" isn't all that relaxing.\" \" [", "Chuckles]\" \"Uh, you know, I don't believe in past lives or ghosts or astrology, but this room... it, um, has a weird energy in it.\" \"", "Sitting in that chair, a person's whole future can change.\" \"", "Mine did, a long time ago.\" \"", "Maybe it's gonna change again.\" \"", "Oh, no, no, no, no, no.\" \"", "I...\" \"I heard about all that destiny crap that Stroh was spreading.\" \"", "You know, \"we're intertwined\" and \"the end\" business.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Stroh is the one who is finished, Rusty, not you.\" \"", "He signs that deal today, and then you go back to school to finish college... [knocks on door] Grab your breakfast, and we'll eat in the break room, okay?\" \"", "Yeah, that'll be great.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \" ", "All right.\" \" ", "Mmm.\" \"", "Is it okay if we take him downstairs to shower in the gym or does he need to stay up on this floor?\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "Go get him cleaned up.\" \"", "Morning, kid.\" \"", "Morning.\" \"", "So... you're all set.\" \"[", "Clears throat] Hey, uh, actually, I...\" \"I have one question.\" \"", "How do you get into S.W.A.T.?\" \"", "S.W.A.T.?\" \"", "Oh, uh, to get into S.W.A.T., you, um... you have to have a college degree.\" \"", "You have to go through the academy and graduate.\" \"", "Then you serve four years as a patrol officer.\" \"", "You have to achieve the rank of policeman 3, and you have to pass a lot of written and physical tests\" \" before...\" \" Okay.\" \"", "I...\" \"I...\" \"I got it.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "That something you'd be interested in?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Um...\" \"I just thought maybe that joining S.W.A.T. would make it...\" \"Harder for Stroh to get at me.\" \"", "Oh, no.\" \"", "Son.\" \"", "Son, listen.\" \"", "If you join S.W.A.T. because of Stroh, you are giving him a say in your destiny.\" \"", "Look, if you want to spend your days looking over your shoulder, afraid, wondering when the blow will fall, you can just wait till you get married.\" \"", "So, just live my life without ever giving Stroh another thought?\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "Which means that I could go and shower at home and head back to school?\" \"", "That's wrong.\" \"", "Un... until we have him locked away, just go down to the break room, have some breakfast, maybe a cup of coffee, and then, when that son of a bitch is locked up in federal prison forever, we'll all celebrate.\" \"[", "Knocks on door]\" \"The astrologer's here.\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "Well... thanks.\" \"", "At the moment, Mars is very volatile and dangerous.\" \"", "It's a very influential planet, you know.\" \"", "And right now, it's conjunct with Neptune\" \" in sneaky, sneaky Pisces.\" \" ", "Um...\" \"Conjunct meaning two planets are in the sky at the same time.\" \"[", "Chuckles]\" \"There is no mystery to that.\" \"", "I love Lieutenant Mike.\" \"", "I'm so glad you called me and that I was available.\" \"", "Oh, when Clarissa and I first worked together\" \" on \"Badge of Justice\"...\" \" Oh, geez.\" \" ... ", "she did a chart for Jon Worth.\" \" \"", "Badge of Justice.\"\" \"\"", "Badge of Justice.\" ", "Every damn day.\" \"", "And when everyone said we'd be cancelled,\" \"Clarissa said we'd be back.\" \"", "I didn't have anything to do with that.\" \"", "I mean, people say I predict things.\" \"", "I don't predict things.\" \"", "I just interpret actions of the stars.\" \"", "Now, um, this is very interesting here.\" \"", "Clarissa, can this alignment tell us what our killer is going to do next?\" \"", "Hmm... [sighs]\" \"Well, no, but I do have a very expensive piece of computer equipment that might.\" \"", "But of course, the battery is dead on my laptop, so I'm gonna have to plug this in.\" \"", "If you could give me a little help, here...\" \"Oh, Sharon.\" \"", "I...\" \"I think this is a complete waste of time.\" \"", "I mean, you're not gonna tell me that you believe this astrology lady, are you?\" \"", "It doesn't matter what we believe, Andy.\" \"", "It's what the killer believes that counts.\" \"", "Let's just move this along.\" \"", "Okeydokey, artichokey.\" \"", "Here we go. [", "Keyboard clacking]\" \"The current Mars conjunct Neptune started\" \"January 12th, 2015.\" \"", "The one before that, February 4th, 2013.\" \"", "February 20th, 2011.\" \"", "March 7th, 2009.\" \"", "March 25th, 2007.\" \"", "April 13th, 2005.\" \"", "How am I doing?\" \"", "Am I doing good?\" \" ", "Batting a thousand.\" \" ", "Wow.\" \"", "But wait a minute.\" \"", "Look at this.\" \"", "On the 19th.\" \"", "Wait, that's today, isn't it?\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "Saturn is in Sagittarius and squares Mars in Pisces.\" \"", "No!\" \"", "No?\" \"", "No?\" \"", "What does no mean?\" \"", "The killer has an outside authority, Saturn... you guys... who are challenging him, but today, that authority also has help from the asteroid Pallas.\" \"", "Wa... wait a minute.\" \"", "Asteroids have names?\" \"", "Well, the bigger ones, yes.\" \"", "Pallas.\" \"", "By any chance, is there someone in prison who the... the killer thinks of as an ally, who is actually working with the police to betray him?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "I wonder why the killer would attempt to go ahead with these murders when authority is so strong.\" \"", "Maybe because the killer thinks that he is the authority.\" \"", "That's good.\" \"", "That's very good.\" \"", "Maybe he relates to this as an aspect of himself or he might think that Pallas is on his side.\" \"", "Clarissa, is there any chance that you could use all this information to tell us where our next crime might occur?\" \"", "Well, it would be my honor to try.\" \"", "All that would be required is a pot of ginger tea and $185 an hour.\" \"", "Is that doable?\" \"", "Emma:\" \"Okay.\" \"", "It's all done.\" \"", "The D.A. has agreed to the terms...\" \" [Cellphone vibrates] -... and Stroh is on his way to Judge Schaeffer's chambers to sign the deal and give us the name of the killer.\" \"", "It's done.\" \" ", "Sharon:\" \"Okay.\" \" ", "Provenza:\" \"Hello?\" \"", "Amy, come with us.\" \"", "Stroh hates women, and if he tries stalling again, we can get a reaction from him.\" \"", "Lieutenant Tao and Buzz, if you'll continue with Clarissa...\" \"Stroh may give us a name, but we might not know where he is.\" \"", "Yeah, uh, Captain,\" \"Cooper has found an abandoned gold Oldsmobile Cutlass.\" \"", "If you can print the car fast enough, we might not need to...\" \"No, no, no, no.\" \"", "This deal is going forward.\" \"", "Lieutenant, if you could take Andy and Julio, but be very, very careful.\" \"", "Clearly our killer is in an explosive frame of mind.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"[", "Chains rattle]\" \"[Sighs]\" \"It's now or never.\" \"", "Well, you've left it kind of late.\" \"", "We've connected this monster to 15 murders.\" \"", "We know he's been killing prostitutes and burning them up for at least 12 years.\" \"", "And you're just now catching up with him?\" \"", "That's... not very impressive.\" \"", "Sykes:\" \"We also have his DNA.\" \"", "We might even find his next crime scene while you're standing here.\" \"", "Continue stalling while another woman dies, and your new deal will disappear.\" \"", "And when we find this lunatic, we'll file charges against you as his accomplice.\" \"", "His accomplice?\" \"", "Did you read that in my horoscope today, Rios?\" \"", "Because you certainly didn't find it in any law book.\" \"", "Failure to report a murder or even to stop one is not a crime.\" \"", "Otherwise, you'd be as guilty as the man you're looking for.\" \"", "And the longer we stand here, the greater risk you run of finding the last girl by firelight.\" \"", "Let me sign my deal, pour my heart out to the special master, and get it over with.\" \"", "That's what we all want, isn't it?\" \"[", "Chains rattle]\" \"Judge Schaeffer:\" \"The death penalty has been reduced to life without parole.\" \"", "You have a guaranteed cell at bell tower minimum security correctional in Monterey.\" \"", "You have a grant of immunity from past crimes, but this grant is only in force after you give us the name and information leading to the arrest of this maniac.\" \" ", "Are we clear?\" \" ", "We are.\" \"", "If you could just hand me the pen, please.\" \"", "And the file that I was asking for yesterday.\" \"", "You don't know the guy's name?\" \"!\" \"", "Of course I do, Stephen, but I don't carry his cellphone number and address in my head.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Oh. [", "Sighs]\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"", "Every damn time.\" \"", "It won't happen again.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"[", "Groaning]\" \"[Coughs, spits]\" \"Cooper?\" \"", "I sat on our Goldsmobile for 30 minutes, but I don't think the guy's coming back.\" \" ", "But if his prints are on the inside, game over.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "There's an envelope in the front seat, sir!\" \"", "Hey, can we just wait until the bomb guy gives the all clear?\" \"\"", "The police are welcome to this car.\" \"", "Hope you have as much fun with it as I did.\"\" \"", "He even signed it with his little Mars symbol.\" \"", "Freak.\" \"", "Anything?\" \"", "Looks carefully wiped down, Lieutenant.\" \"", "I need time to go over the whole vehicle.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "We'll wait.\" \"[", "Cellphone beeps]\" \"Yo, Captain.\" \"", "Yes, well, as I predicted, and without an astrologer, the killer has abandoned his gold olds.\" \"", "And... and listen to this.\" \"", "The license and registration came back to a person who died in 1984.\" \"", "I mean, that's even before the car was manufactured.\" \"", "I hope you guys are further along than we are.\" \"", "No, and I don't know what's taking so long, either.\" \"", "Why don't you go check?\" \"", "We've been waiting almost, uh, 40 minutes.\" \"[", "Knocks on door]\" \"Sykes:\" \"Judge Schaeffer?\" \"[", "Knocks on door]\" \"Hold on, Lieutenant.\" \"", "Judge Schaeffer.\" \" ", "Hold on.\" \" ", "What... ?\" \"", "Knock it down!\" \"", "Break the door down.\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Don't you have keys, damn it?\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "Deputy, shut down the courthouse now.\" \"", "Now!\" \"", "I'll call the paramedics.\" \" ", "I'm in pursuit.\" \" ", "He's still warm.\" \"", "This is captain Sharon Raydor, L.A.P.D.\" \"I need EMTs, criminal courts building, third floor, room... ?\" \"", "3... 306.\" \"", "306.\" \"", "Judge Schaeffer's private chambers.\" \"", "This is Assistant CShief Taylor.\" \"", "I want a 10-block perimeter set up around the courthouse.\" \"", "Stop all traffic.\" \"", "Search every single vehicle for Phillip Stroh.\" \"", "He's escaped.\" \"", "We've got to find this son of a bitch.\" \"", "He killed Judge Schaeffer.\" \"", "McGinnis: \"Find Jesus of Nazareth\"?\" \"", "Since when did Stroh get religion?\" \"", "We did find a lot of spiritual readings in his jail cell at County, but this seems...\" \"I don't know.\" \"", "Any idea what that arrow means?\" \"", "Tao:\" \"There's an arrow in the Mars symbol, and Stroh mentioned an arrow when he interviewed Rusty.\" \"", "Uh, do you mind if we throw up the sites where Burning Man dumped his bodies on the smart screen over there?\" \" ", "Go ahead.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "Do we think Burning Man helped Stroh escape?\" \"", "Sharon:\" \"He's helping him escape right now.\" \"", "We have every available unit on the streets, searching for the site of Burning Man's next fire or kidnapping.\" \"", "McGinnis:\" \"Stroh waited until we were stretched as thin as possible to make a run for it.\" \"", "That was his plan from the beginning.\" \"", "Emma:\" \"He was never interested in a deal.\" \"", "He's not coming after me, is he?\" \"", "Don't worry about it, kid.\" \"", "You're safe on this floor.\" \"", "Yeah, but I can't live here.\" \"", "Look, we have two objectives... this Burning Man freak and Stroh.\" \"", "Where do we concentrate our forces?\" \"", "Burning man may have already kidnapped his next victim.\" \"", "That's a valid consideration, Captain, but we still don't have an I.D. on the guy.\" \"", "My suggestion... we focus on locating Stroh, and if he is in league with Burning Man, maybe they'll end up together.\" \"", "Buzz:\" \"Well, we've got video of Stroh running away from the courthouse.\" \"", "Sykes:\" \"He leaves from the back entrance at 11:18 dressed in Schaeffer's track suit, sunglasses, and baseball cap, hood up.\" \"", "We discovered the judge's body at noon.\" \"", "Well, by that time,\" \"Stroh had to be over a mile away.\" \"", "Fritz:\" \"We have officers watching the subways, bus terminals, and Union Station.\" \"", "We've alerted every area airport, and I flagged the judge's I.D. and credit card.\" \"", "McGinnis:\" \"But look how well Stroh planned his escape.\" \"", "You really think we're gonna catch him getting on a plane or the subway?\" \"", "Stroh is a manhunt, Chief.\" \"", "Burning Man is a rescue.\" \"", "We still have a young woman's life to save.\" \"", "Gloria:\" \"Captain Raydor is right.\" \"", "McGinnis:\" \"You all remember my shadow,\" \"Deputy City Attorney Lim, here to sort out our response.\" \"", "Am I wrong, or did you just agree with the captain?\" \"", "I did.\" \"", "The L.A.P.D. is not responsible for the judge's murder or for Stroh's escape, which happened when he was in custody of the county.\" \"", "Stroh is a problem for the sheriff's office, not us.\" \"", "And every resource that we shift from Burning Man to Stroh increases the city's liability in the event...\" \"The next person that Stroh kills isn't gonna care about a liability.\" \"", "I'm just trying to help you prioritize your investigation.\" \"", "Taylor:\" \"But how do we pursue Burning Man?\" \"", "We don't even know who he is.\" \"", "But... we do have a clue.\" \"\"", "Find Jesus of Nazareth.\"\" \"", "You can't think that means anything.\" \"", "Sykes:\" \"It has to, Chief.\" \"", "While else stop in the middle of his escape to write something on the wall?\" \"", "And Stroh is really helping us because... ?\" \"", "The second we find out he's not, all our focus goes back to him.\" \"", "And that is the deal Stroh really wanted to make... his chance to escape in exchange for Burning Man.\" \"", "And that is the deal we have got to take here.\" \"", "Emma, if the D.A.'s office could check the criminal records of all Stroh's clients to see if anyone identified themselves to the arresting officer as Jesus of Nazareth.\" \" ", "If so...\" \" Oh, my God. [", "Gasps]\" \"Oh, my God.\" \"[", "Chuckling] Oh, my God.\" \" ", "Who are you?\" \" ", "Clarissa.\" \"", "Chief, she is a consultant that we have hired to help us figure out Burning Man's M.O.\" \"I...\" \"I...\" \"I...\" \"I think I've got it.\" \"", "I think I've got it.\" \"", "Lieutenant Mike, could...\" \"could you make the map go away and just leave the icons in place?\" \"", "Tao:\" \"Sure.\" \"", "And can we dim these lights just a little bit?\" \"", "Ah, you see, the bodies appear to have been left in a haphazard pattern, but... [chuckles]\" \"Once you connect the dots...\" \"It's the constellation Sagittarius.\" \"", "Clarissa:\" \"Yes, that's correct.\" \"", "And all the bodies line up just as we see Sagittarius in the nighttime sky.\" \"", "He's... he's missing a few bits here... three of them.\" \"", "One here, one here, and another star here at the tip of that arrow.\" \"", "A pattern has begun to emerge, wouldn't you say?\" \"", "And that pattern is...\" \"Destiny.\" \"", "Mike, if you can extrapolate from the missing stars where our next body might be found.\" \"", "Hmm.\" \"", "The scale overlay on the map is great, but it's approximate.\" \"", "I could probably give you the cross streets within a four-block target area?\" \"", "That's close enough for me.\" \"[", "Door creaks]\" \"This is the place, sir.\" \"", "He has the place hot wired to the grid.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Checking the address.\" \"", "The house was repo'd in 2009.\" \"", "Sold, resold, fell out of escrow.\" \"", "It's been empty the last three years.\" \"", "I really want to shoot this guy.\" \"", "Well, don't.\" \"", "He's probably already kidnapped another girl, and I'd like to find her.\" \"", "Cooper.\" \"", "Be careful with that door.\" \"", "It cannot look forced.\" \"[", "Door creaks]\" \"Clear.\" \"", "Clear.\" \"", "Clear.\" \" ", "Clear.\" \" ", "Clear.\" \"[", "Chuckles] Looks like he's ready to go.\" \"", "Well, he has another digital timer rigged under here.\" \"", "It's set for 3:00 A.M.\" \"Yeah, unplug the damn thing, and I smell accelerant.\" \"", "All over the place.\" \"", "And I don't want to be standing around again when a house goes up in flames.\" \"", "Coop?\" \"", "Undercover can set up outside so Burning Man doesn't see us.\" \"", "That's no problem, but...\" \"But by the time the guy gets here, the girl will be dead.\" \"", "That feels like a problem.\" \"", "Even when we get ahead of him, we're behind.\" \"[", "Indistinct conversations]\" \"So, now what?\" \"", "Well, the media's going full out on this Phillip Stroh escape.\" \"", "And every time there's a potential sighting reported to the L.A.P.D. tip line, you can see it here on the incident map.\" \"", "And then patrol follows up.\" \"[", "Monitor beeping]\" \"There are more sightings than there are police.\" \"", "We are overloaded, yes, but my hope is that finding Burning Man quickly will lead us to Stroh.\" \"", "Don't give up just yet.\" \"", "Captain. ", "18 years ago,\" \"Stroh represented a juvenile sex crime suspect, which is why he didn't show up on the Lexisnexis search.\" \"", "He was under 18, and his records were sealed.\" \"", "The kid refused to give the arresting officer his legal name and said his name was...\" \"Jesus of Nazareth.\" \"", "In keeping with L.A.P.D. policy, he's still listed under the same name he gave during his arrest.\" \"", "You may be interested to know there are 35 other Jesus of Nazareths in your records, as well as 130 Jesus Christs and 400 Elvis Presleys.\" \"", "Our Jesus of Nazareth is Markos Christakis,\" \"A.K.A. Burning Man.\" \"", "Gloria:\" \"Before we release anything to the public, we need to make absolutely sure this is your suspect.\" \"", "He studied electronics in juvie, so that fits.\" \"", "Printing up Markos Christakis' license and registration.\" \"", "There is no Goldsmobile, but he has a van and a street address.\" \"", "Well, we know Burning Man doesn't kill where he dumps the bodies, so maybe he works out of his house?\" \" ", "Mm-hmm.\" \" ", "Clarissa:\" \"Look at that date of birth.\" \"", "Sagittarius.\" \"", "I could have told you that.\" \"", "When he was 16,\" \"Markos Christakis was arrested for disfigurement and mayhem.\" \"", "He tied up his victim and sliced her back open with a knife.\" \"", "He didn't just slice her back.\" \"", "He used it to carve his signature.\" \"", "The symbol of Mars.\" \"", "Good enough for you, Gloria?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Buzz:\" \"Wait, wait.\" \"", "His address...\" \"the address on his DMV.\" \"", "I did a search for his home, and...\" \"Tao:\" \"Holy crap!\" \"", "Excuse me, Buzz.\" \"", "So, it was repossessed during the housing crisis and burnt to the ground six years later.\" \" [", "Cellphone rings]\" \" Wait, so, where is this dirtbag?\" \"", "Deputy chief Howard.\" \"", "Transfer me then.\" \"", "Destiny's like an arrow.\" \"", "We're pointed toward the end.\" \"", "The end of what?\" \"", "Heaven knows.\" \"", "Clarissa, the arrow inside the constellation of Sagittarius... is it aiming at anything specific?\" \"", "Oh, yes.\" \"", "To the heart of Scorpio, which is a red star called Antares, which is over there somewhere.\" \"", "Let me see if I can find out how Antares lays out over the city using Burning Man's Sagittarius constellation.\" \"", "Hold on one second.\" \"", "Just a second.\" \"", "Chief, we just got a hit on Judge Schaeffer's credit card.\" \"", "Someone's trying to get an approval on it to buy a rifle at a sporting goods store in the eastside mall.\" \"", "Stroh wouldn't give himself away like that, would he?\" \"", "The customer's wearing a hoodie and an orange baseball cap and sunglasses.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "It takes at least 30 minutes to process the paperwork for a rifle, and then he'll need ammunition.\" \"", "We have time to surround him in the mall.\" \"", "If it is Stroh and he is armed, we shoot to kill.\" \" ", "Agreed?\" \" ", "Yes, yes.\" \"", "Agree.\" \"", "Well, he can't get away with a rifle.\" \"", "Surround the mall.\" \"", "And do not let this asshole escape from us again.\" \" ", "Shooting only if necessary.\" \" ", "That's up to Stroh, not me.\" \"", "Rusty, I'm taking your security detail.\" \"", "Stuart, Perez.\" \"", "Don't worry, buddy.\" \"", "We'll take this guy down.\" \"", "Way down.\" \"", "Who knows?\" \"", "Maybe Stroh gets the death penalty after all.\" \"", "I'm placing Antares, using the scale of Sagittarius, somewhere between Vernon and Lincoln Heights.\" \"", "Captain, when Stroh represented him as a juvenile,\" \"Markos lived with his mom in Boyle Heights.\" \" ", "Boyle Heights works.\" \" [", "Cellphone dials]\" \"Sharon:\" \"Lieutenant Provenza, did you get the information we sent you on Markos Christakis?\" \"", "Because I think we have an address.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "God only knows what we're gonna find in there.\" \"", "So we use caution.\" \"", "Everybody comes out in the same condition they went in, and we want Burning Man alive and in one piece, Julio.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Sykes, Cooper, go back around.\" \"", "Take the front.\" \"", "Julio, check out the inside of the van, please.\" \"", "Flynn, let's go through the back.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"[", "Grunts]\" \"McGinnis:\" \"Target is sighted.\" \"", "He's on the first level carrying a gun case and a paper bag, but he's in the big, fat middle of shoppers.\" \"", "Lots of civilians around.\" \"", "Let me have the binos.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Cover left.\" \"", "And he's getting off the escalator at the south exit.\" \"", "We're moving to intercept.\" \"", "Looks like the gun is still in its case.\" \"", "If he pulls out that rifle in public, you have to permanently diffuse the situation.\" \"", "Roger that, chief.\" \"", "Roger that.\" \"[", "Children shouting]\" \"Clear.\" \"", "Clear.\" \"[", "Electricity fizzles]\" \"[Children laughing, shouting]\" \"He's out, he's out.\" \"", "Do you have him, Chief Howard?\" \"", "I see him, Commander.\" \"", "Stroh is not in the clear.\" \"", "I repeat, Stroh is not in the clear.\" \"", "Under no circumstances is he to be allowed to get on that bus with those children.\" \"[", "Distant door creaks]\" \"[Children laughing, shouting]\" \"L.A.P.D.!\" \"", "Drop you weapon!\" \"", "Don't shoot!\" \"", "Do it right now!\" \"", "Don't shoot me!\" \"", "Right now!\" \"[", "Children scream]\" \"All right.\" \"", "Don't shoot.\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "Where's Phillip Stroh?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "A guy gave me 40 bucks.\" \" ", "What guy?\" \"", "Where is he?\" \" ", "He gave me $40 and a credit card and told me to buy a rifle and meet him across the street.\" \"", "Changed clothes with me for $40.\" \"", "Look, I'm unemployed.\" \"[", "Sighs]\" \"L.A.P.D.!\" \"", "If you don't stop, I'm gonna kill you!\" \"", "I said alive!\" \"", "I want him alive!\" \"", "Hold up.\" \"", "Hold up!\" \"", "All right, you two, come with me.\" \"", "Cover the back.\" \"[", "Muffled yell]\" \"Okay.\" \"", "It's okay.\" \"", "It's okay.\" \"", "It's all right.\" \"", "It's all right.\" \"", "It's all right.\" \"[", "Wood creaks]\" \"[Wood slides]\" \"[Both grunting]\" \"Like shooting at cops, huh?\" \"", "Is that it, you like to shoot at cops?\" \"!\" \" ", "Stop!\" \" ", "And kill girls?\" \"!\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "Julio!\" \"", "Julio!\" \"[", "Grunting]\" \"Oh, geez, gods.\" \"", "Get him off of him.\" \"", "Get him off!\" \"", "Julio, Julio, damn it!\" \"[", "Gasping, grunting]\" \"[Handcuffs click]\" \"Markos Christakis, as much as it pains me to say it, you have the right to remain silent.\" \"", "Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.\" \"", "You have the right to an attorney.\" \"", "If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you by the state.\" \"", "Lieutenant, what happened to our suspect?\" \"", "Guy jumped off his roof into an angry Julio.\" \"", "I...\" \"I'll fill you in later.\" \"", "If this psycho is working with Stroh, he's gonna tell us.\" \"", "Hmm.\" \"", "Hang in there, okay?\" \"", "Okay, Markos.\" \"", "Uh, we have a lot of questions for you down the road, but right now, we are interested in one thing and one thing only.\" \"", "How many women I killed.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "How many women did you kill?\" \"", "Not enough.\" \"", "Well, that's helpful, but what we're really interested in is this...\" \"Where is Phillip Stroh?\" \"", "Phillip?\" \"", "He's not in jail?\" \"", "At the moment, no.\" \"", "I haven't seen Phillip since I was 20.\" \"", "Of course, he would call from time to time to congratulate me and encourage my great work... the work of gods.\" \"", "I am a god.\" \"", "You know that, right?\" \"", "I am Mars come to life.\" \"", "Yeah, obviously.\" \"", "But even gods can be betrayed.\" \"", "Stroh betrayed you.\" \"", "He helped us.\" \"", "Stroh is how we caught you.\" \"", "And if you could tell us where Stroh is right now, and if you have any idea what he's up to, we could make things easier for you.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "Phillip was nothing more than... an advisor, really.\" \"", "I can only assume... he did what he told me to do.\" \"", "And, uh, what was that?\" \"", "To prepare for my escape long before I needed one.\" \"", "To have plenty of cash hidden somewhere safe, another identity, weapons.\" \"", "Oh, and most important never leave a witness.\" \"", "Never, ever leave a witness.\" \"", "So, this is what he was talking about.\" \"", "Stroh said he would change my destiny again and that our fates were intertwined.\" \"", "Which is why I think your security detail needs to be...\" \"No. [", "Sighs]\" \"Just for a few weeks, Rusty.\" \"", "Not... not even for another day.\" \"", "He can't escape and then leave me locked up.\" \"", "Rusty, I know how frustrating this is, and I don't want to alarm you, but your life could be at stake here.\" \"", "Yes, you are right.\" \"", "It is at stake, because hiding out from Phillip Stroh and... and worried about him every day and living my life afraid... that's like... like dying before he's even killed me, and I...\" \"I won't do it.\" \"", "I won't.\" \"[", "Sighs] Look, tomorrow,\" \"I'm going back to school, and I'm going to live the rest of my life as if Phillip Stroh didn't matter, and that's my own arrow pointing to the end.\" \"", "Besides, if he's really escaped, why risk all that to come after me?\" \"[", "Car door opens, closes]\" \" Man:\" \"Dr. Tom?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "That's me.\" \"", "And you want to go to the Salton Sea?\" \"", "As a first stop, yes.\" \"", "But if you could wait around and take me to my next stop, that would be lovely.\" \"", "Good?\" \"[", "Car door opens]\" \"So, where else will you be going?\" \"", "Oh, not far.\" \"", "Maybe just Palm Springs.\" \"", "The desert is perfect for me this time of year.\" \"", "Well, I will get you there, Doctor.\" \"", "I will get you there.\" \"", "That's what I love about Uber.\" \"", "You guys are always so reliable.\" \"", "♪\" \"[Window sliding down]\"" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a time axis control method which is utilized during recording or playback of data such as video signals or audio signals on or from a medium such as a disk or magnetic tape.", "\nFIG. ", "1 shows an example of a method of time axis control for a video disk player. ", "Reference numeral 1 denotes a video disk, and reference numeral 2 a spindle motor which rotates the video disk 1. ", "A signal which is produced by a signal recording/playback unit including a pick-up (not shown in the drawings) is demodulated by a demodulator circuit 3, and the demodulated signal thus produced is transferred through a CCD (charge coupled device) 4 which serves as a fine time axis adjustment unit. ", "Part of the resultant output signal from the CCD 4 is supplied to a circuit 5 which performs sync separation and removal of equalizing pulses to thereby produce pulses which are synchronized with the playback horizontal sync signal. ", "These pulses are input to a phase comparator 6 and are compared in phase therein with an input signal from a reference frequency oscillator 7. ", "The output signal from this oscillator has the same frequency as the playback horizontal sync signal (i.e., 15.734 KHz in the case of the NTSC system and 15.625 KHz in the case of the PAL system). ", "The phase error output signal which is output from the phase comparator 6 is transferred through an amplifier 8, equalizer 9, amplifier 10, equalizer 11 and amplifier 12 to the motor 2. ", "In addition, the output signal from the equalizer 9 is applied to a VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) 13 to control the clock pulses which are appled to the CCD. ", "In this way, coarse time axis control is performed by a loop including the demodulator circuit 3, CCD 4, sync separator circuit 5, phase comparator 6, amplifier 8, equalizer 9, amplifier 10, equalizer 11, amplifier 12 and motor 2. ", "On the other hand, fine time axis control is performed by a loop comprising sync separator circuit 5, phase comparator 6, amplifier 8, equalizer 9, VCO 13 and CCD 4.", "\nDuring a skip-scanning operation, in which the pick-up is alternately and successively set in a track jumping mode of operation whereby one or more tracks are skipped over, and a tracking servo mode of operation, in which the pick-up is made to follow along a track while time axis control is continued, playback of the video signal will take place during each of the intervals in which tracking occurs. ", "Corresponding images will appear upon the monitor. ", "Thus, such a skip-scan operation is analogous to looking up pages in a book.", "\nIn the case of a type of CAV (constant angular velocity) disk in which the positions at which the horizontal and vertical sync signals are recorded are positioned along radial lines on the disk, no problems will arise with such scanning. ", "However, in the case of a CLV (constant linear velocity) or a type of CAV (constant angular velocity) disk in which the positions at which the horizontal and vertical sync signals are recorded do not lie along the disk radius, discontinuities will arise between the signal phase prior to a track jumping operation and the phase subsequent to that operation. ", "Thus, each time a track jump operation takes place, a large-amplitude error signal will be produced by the time axis servo system of the disk player, and hence a relatively long time will be required before stable operation is restored. ", "In addition, there is a danger that erroneous operation may result due to the maximum compensation range of the CCD being exceeded. ", "For this reason, when a comparatively large-amplitude time axis error is produced, the fine time axis adjustment unit constituted by the CCD loop is placed in the off state, and only the coarse time axis adjustment unit (i.e., the spindle motor servo loop) is set in operation. ", "As a result, color sync is lost from the displayed monitor picture, causing a black-and-white image to be displayed. ", "A further disadvantage of this method is that, when the scanning operation is terminated and normal playing is restarted, a relatively long time must elapse before time axis control can be stabilized, that is, to reduce the time axis error to a sufficiently low value. ", "During that time, an objectionable coloration state will appear on the monitor display.", "\nA proposed method of overcoming the problems described above is disclosed in Japanese Pat. ", "No. ", "58-98881. ", "With that method, during a track jump operation, a hold condition is established for a frequency divider used as a counter. ", "The hold state is implemented by a gate pulse which occurs during the interval in which a track jump operation takes place. ", "In this way, it is proposed to ensure smooth continuity for the time axis error without disturbances occurring in the value of the error.", "\nHowever, in fact, even when the technique described in the above-mentioned patent is employed, color disturbances still appear on the displayed monitor image due to disturbances of the time axis data while scanning operations are repetitively performed. ", "This is due to the fact that, during the scanning operation, when the limit of the range of movement of the tracking mirror (which forms part of the signal recording/playback unit) is approached, a \"tracking servo loop open\" pulse is generated, which causes the mirror to be restored to a position close to the center of its range of movement. ", "These \"tracking servo loop open\" pulses are generated in a manner which is unrelated to the period of the time axis error. ", "Thus, when scanning operations are repetitively performed, problems will arise.", "\nFirstly, although the time axis error is applied in a smoothly continuous fashion, the process of correction of the time axis error (commencing after each track jump operation when the CCD is reconnected) will begin from the condition existing immediately prior to that track jump, i.e., from a condition in which a certain amount of offset is contained in the error quantity.", "\nAnother problem is that the distance between the center position of a track jump and the positions at which the jump begins and ends (measured radially along the disk surface) will correspond to a substantial number of tracks. ", "Thus, in the case of a CLV disk, the speed of rotation of the spindle motor should change by an amount which corresponds to that radial position difference. ", "However due to the slow speed of response of the spindle motor, it is necessary for this compensation to be performed by the CCD, which has a high speed of response. ", "When such track jump operations are performed repetitively, the offset value (the operating point deviation) will tend to accumulate and gradually increase. ", "If this can be compensated by appropriate rotation of the spindle motor, then no problem will arise. ", "However, if a large amount of offset is generated within a short time interval, then the spindle motor will not be able to respond with sufficient rapidity, and eventually the limit of compensation by the CCD will be reached. ", "Loss of display color and time axis disturbances will then result." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the JSLint approved way of creating a long string?", "\n\nAs a preface, yes I'm aware that JSLint is more of a set of guidelines than rules.", "\nWhile using JSLint to clean up some code that I inherited, there are a number of places where some URLs are used in strings. ", "They're necessary for the script, but longer than the standard 50 character line-length.", "\nI've been simply passing by those particular lines, as they're not an issue; however, it made me curious as to the best way to handle long string literals in JS code.", "\nFor markup strings it makes sense to use string concatenation:\n'<div>' +\n '<h1>Foo</h1>' +\n '<p>Lorem ipsum</p>' +\n'</div>'\n\nHowever I don't think it makes sense for URLs:\n'http://example.com/foo/bar/baz/fizz/buzz/lorem/ipsum/etc/...'\n\nEDIT\nIt also doesn't make sense for certain hash values (such as used for an API key):\n//i.e. ", "this made up string of me bashing on my keyboard\n'0aidf9ejvr0e9vjkilkj34ioijs90eu8f9948joljse890f90jiljoi4'\n\nA:\n\nYou could use something like\n[\n \"http://example.com\",\n \"foo\",\n \"bar\",\n \"baz\",\n ...\n \"lastSegment\"\n].join(\"/\");\n\nbut this doesn't look too readable. ", "In general, certain coding guidelines explicitly remove the limit on the length of a string for URLs (it's the same with Java's import statements - those can be arbitrarily long.)", "\n\nA:\n\nI think that your question can't have only one correct answer. ", "There are many ways of writing long strings in JavaScript and it's mostly the matter of taste which one you choose. ", "I can just describe here my point of view on the subject.", "\nFirst of all you can use maxlen option of JSlint to change the default line length to any value which you like. ", "For example\n/*jslint maxlen: 130 */\n\nBut I think you know the setting already.", "\nI suppose that you can use some Minifiers of the JavaScript code for productive usage of your JavaScripts (like Closure Compiler, Microsoft Ajax Minifier or some other). ", "How you can easy verify on the page the code\n// ==ClosureCompiler==\n// @compilation_level SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS\n// @output_file_name default.js\n// ==/ClosureCompiler==\n\n// ADD YOUR CODE HERE\nfunction hello(name) {\n var test = '<div>' +\n '<h1>Foo</h1>' +\n '<p>Lorem ipsum</p>' +\n '</div>';\n return test + name;\n}\nhello('New user');\n\nwill be minified to\nfunction hello(a){return\"<div><h1>Foo</h1><p>Lorem ipsum</p></div>\"+a}hello(\"New user\");\n\nand all the string constants will be concatenated. ", "So you can format the code with the long string constants mostly so, that the code could be better read. ", "The minifier will do the rest of the work for you.", "\nIn the case of long URLs you can break long strings on any place which you find best from a logical point of view (I think it will always be on some '/' character). ", "In most practical cases you have some baseURL which will be appended. ", "So you can define the common project settings somewhere at the beginning of your file or in the separate JavaScript file\nvar baseLoremUrl = 'http://example.com/foo/bar/baz/fizz/buzz/lorem/';\n\nand use it later as\n'<a href=\"' + baseLoremUrl + 'ipsum/etc/' + '\">Click me!</a>'\n\nIf you have parameters which should be appended to URL like\n'http://example.com/foo/bar/baz/fizz/buzz/lorem?x=123&y=ABC'\n\nI use always\nbaseLoremUrl + '?' ", "+ $.params({x: 123, y: 'ABC'})\n\nto make the code more readable from one side and to be sure that all parameters will be correctly encoded with respect of encodeURIComponent if it's needed.", "\nAll above are the rules which I try to follow myself during writing my JavaScript code.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\n\n\nProduced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This\nfile was produced from images generously made available\nby The Internet Library of Early Journals.)", "\n\n\n\n\n\n[Transcriber's note: Original spelling varieties have not been\nstandardized. ", "In the Niniveh Inscriptions character frequency list the\nHebrew letters \"Resh\" and \"Gimel\" seem to be missing, while characters\nmarked with [?] ", "may have been used more than once. ", "Characters with\nmacrons have been marked in brackets with an equal sign, as [=e] for a\nletter e with a macron on top. ", "Underscores have been used to indicate\n_italic_ fonts. ", "A list of volumes and pages in \"Notes and Queries\" has\nbeen added at the end.]", "\n\n\n\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION\n\nFOR\n\nLITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.", "\n\n\"When found, make a note of.", "\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.", "\n\nVOL. ", "IV.--No. ", "100. ", "SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27. ", "1851.", "\n\nPrice Sixpence. ", "Stamped Edition 7_d._", "\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS.", "\n\n Page\n\n\n Our Hundredth Number 217\n\n NOTES:--\n\n Notes on the Calendar, by Professor de Morgan 218\n\n Inedited Letters of Swift 218\n\n Nineveh Inscriptions, by T. J. Buckton 220\n\n Inedited Letter of Alfieri 222\n\n Stanzas in Childe Harold 223\n\n Notes on Oxford Edition of Jewel 225\n\n Anagrams, by Henry H. Breen 226\n\n Folk Lore:--Cure for Hooping Cough--Cure for the\n Toothache--Medical Use of Pigeons--Obeism 227\n\n Notes on Julin, No. ", "II., ", "by K. R. H. Mackenzie 228\n\n Minor Notes:--Curious Epitaph in Dalkeith Churchyard--Device\n of SS.--Lord Edward Fitzgerald--The Michaelmas\n Goose--Gravesend Boats--Scullcups 230\n\n QUERIES:--\n\n Minor Queries:--Equestrian Figure of Elizabeth--Indian\n Ants--Passage in George Herbert--The King's-way,\n Wilts--Marriages within ruined Churches--Fees\n for Inoculation--\"Born in the Eighth Climate\"--Aubrey\n de Montdidier's Dog--Sanford's Descensus--Parish\n Registers--Briefs for Collections--Early Printing\n Presses--Bootikins--Printers' Privilege--Death of\n Pitt--\"A Little Bird told me\"--Baroner--William III.", "\n at Exeter--History of Hawick--Johannes Lychtenberger\n --Lestourgeon the Horologist--Physiological Query--De\n Grammont's Memoirs--\"Frightened out of his Seven\n Senses\"--Fides Carbonaria--Bourchier Family--Warnings\n to Scotland--Herschel anticipated--Duke of Wellington 231\n\n MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--An Early Printer--\"Nimble\n Ninepence\"--Prince Rupert's Balls--Knock\n under--Freemasons 234\n\n REPLIES:--\n\n Conquest of Scotland 234\n\n Borough-English 235\n\n Pendulum Demonstration 235\n\n Lord Mayor not a Privy Councillor 235\n\n Collars of SS. ", " 236\n\n Written Sermons 237\n\n Replies to Minor Queries:--Authoress of \"A Residence on\n the Shores of the Baltic\"--Winifreda--Querelle\n d'Alleman--Coins of Constantius II.--Proverb, what\n constitutes one?--Dr. ", "Matthew Sutcliffe--Pope's\n Translations of Horace--M. Lominus, Theologus--Corpse\n passing makes a Right of Way--Horology--Curfew--\"Going\n the whole Hog\"--John Bodley--Language of Ancient\n Egypt--William Hone--Bensley--John Lilburne--School\n of the Heart--Sir W. Raleigh in Virginia--Siege\n of Londonderry--Cowper Law--Decretorum Doctor--Nightingale\n and Thorn--Carli the Economist--Tale of a Tub--Wyle\n Cop--Visiting Cards--Absalom's Hair--MS. ", "Book of\n Sentences--The Winchester Execution--Locke's MSS.--Peal of\n Bells--Pope's \"honest Factor\"--Bells in Churches--Passage\n from Virgil--Duke of Berwick--Nullus and\n Nemo--Grimsdyke--Coke, how pronounced--Marcus AElius\n Antoninus 237\n\n MISCELLANEOUS:--\n\n Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 245\n\n Books and Odd Volumes wanted 245\n\n Notices to Correspondents 246\n\n Advertisements 246\n\n\n\n\nOUR HUNDREDTH NUMBER.", "\n\n It is the privilege of age to be garrulous; and as we have this\n week reached our Hundredth Number--an age to which comparatively\n few Periodicals ever attain--we may be pardoned if, on thus\n completing our first _Century of Inventions_, we borrow a few\n words from the noble author of that well-known work, and beg you,\n Gentle Reader, \"to cast your gracious eye over this summary\n collection and there to pick and choose:\" and when you have done\n so, to admit that, thanks to the kind assistance of our friends\n and correspondents, we have not only (like Master Lupton)\n presented you with _A Thousand Notable Things_, but fulfilled the\n objects which we proposed in the publication of \"NOTES AND\n QUERIES.\"", "\n\n During the hundred weeks our paper has existed we have received\n from Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and France--from\n the United States--from India--from Australia--from the West\n Indies--from almost every one of our Colonies--letters expressive\n of the pleasure which the writers (many of them obviously scholars\n \"ripe and good,\" though far removed from the busy world of\n letters), derive from the perusal of \"_Notes and Queries_;\" and it\n is surely a good work to put to students so situated,\n\n \"---- all the learning that our time\n Can make them the receivers of.\"", "\n\n And, on the other hand, our readers cannot but have noticed how\n many a pertinent Note, suggestive Query, and apt Reply have\n reached us from the same remote quarters.", "\n\n Our columns have, however, not only thus administered to the\n intellectual enjoyment of our brethren abroad, but they have\n rendered good service to men of letters here at home: and We could\n set forth a goodly list of works of learning and research--from\n Mr. Cunningham's _Handbook of London Past and Present_, published\n when we had been but a few months in existence, down to Wyclyffe's\n _Three Treatises on the Church_, recently edited by the Rev. Dr.\n Todd--in which the utility of \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" is publicly\n recognised in terms which are highly gratifying to us.", "\n\n We do not make these statements in any vainglorious spirit. ", "We\n believe our success is due to the manner in which, thanks to the\n ready assistance of zealous and learned Friends and\n Correspondents, we have been enabled to supply a want which all\n literary men have felt more or less: and believing that the more\n we are known, and the wider our circulation, the greater will be\n our usefulness, and the better shall we be enabled to serve the\n cause we seek to promote. ", "We feel we may fairly invite increased\n support for \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" on the grounds of what it has\n already accomplished.", "\n\n And so, wishing ourselves many happy returns of this\n Centenary--and that you, Gentle Reader, may be spared to enjoy\n them, We bid you heartily Farewell!", "\n\n\n\n\nNotes.", "\n\n\nNOTE ON THE CALENDAR.", "\n\nWhat every one learns from the almanac, over and above Easter and its\nconsequences for the current year, is that what happens this year is no\nindex at all to what will happen next year. ", "And even those who preserve\ntheir almanacs, and compare them in long series, never have been able,\nso far as I know, to lay hands upon any law connecting the Easters of\ndifferent years, without having had recourse to the very complicated law\non which the whole calendar is constructed.", "\n\nNevertheless there does exist a simple relation which reduces the\nuncertainty in the proportion of five to two; so that by means of one\npast almanac, we may name _two_ Sundays, one or the other of which must\nbe Easter Sunday. ", "I have never seen this relation noticed, though I have\nread much (for these days) on the calendar: has any one of your readers\never met with it?", "\n\nLet us make a _cycle_ of the days on which Easter day can fall, so that\nwhen we come to the last (April 25), we begin again at the first (March\n22). ", "Thus, six days in advance of April 23, comes March 25; seven days\nbehind March 24, comes April 21.", "\n\nThe following is the _rule_, after which come two cases of\n_exception_:--\n\nTake any year which is _not_ leap year, then, by passing over _eleven_\nyears, we either leave Easter day unaltered, or throw it back a week;\nand it is nearly three to one that we have to leave it unaltered. ", "Thus\n1941 is not leap year, and eleven years more give 1952; both have April\n13 for Easter day; but of 1943 and 1954, the first gives April 25, the\nsecond April 18.", "\n\nTake any year which _is_ leap year, then, by passing over _eleven_\nyears, we either throw Easter one day forward, or six days back; and it\nis about three to two that it will be thrown forward. ", "Thus 1852 (leap\nyear) gives April 11, but 1863 gives April 5.", "\n\nBut when, in passing over eleven years, we pass over 1700, 1800, or any\nGregorian omission of leap year, the common year takes the rule just\ndescribed for leap year; while, if we begin with leap year, the passage\nover eleven years throws Easter _two_ days forward, or _five_ days back.", "\nThere is another class of single exceptions, occurring at long\nintervals, which it is hardly worth while to examine. ", "The only case\nwhich occurs between 1582 and 2000, is when the first year is 1970.", "\n\nAny number of instances may be taken from my _Book of Almanacs_, and the\ngeneral rule may be easily seen to belong also to the old style. ", "Those\nwho understand the construction of the calendar will very easily find\nthe explanation of the whole.", "\n\n A. DE MORGAN.", "\n\n\nINEDITED LETTERS OF SWIFT.", "\n\n [By the great kindness of a correspondent who has placed at our\n disposal two hitherto inedited letters written by Swift, we are\n enabled to present the following literal copies of them to our\n readers.", "\n\n They are obviously addressed to Frances Lady Worsley, only\n daughter of Thomas Lord Viscount Weymouth, and wife of Sir Robert\n Worsley, Baronet, and the mother of Lady Carteret. ", "In Sir Walter\n Scott's edition of Swift's _Works_ (vol. ", "xvii. ", "p. 302.) ", "will be\n found one letter from the Dean of St. Patrick to Lady Worsely; and\n in vol. ", "xviii. ", "p. 26. ", "is the letter from that lady to the Dean\n which accompanied the escritoire alluded to in the second of the\n two letters which we now print. ", "This appears from Swift's\n endorsement of it--\"Lady Worsley, with a present of a writing-box\n japanned by herself.\"]", "\n\n\"Madam,--It is now three years and a half since I had the Honor to see\nYour Ladyship, and I take it very ill that You have not finished my Box\nabove a Month. ", "But this is allways the way that You Ladyes treat your\nadorers in their absence. ", "However upon Mrs. Barber's account I will\npardon You, because she tells me it is the handsomest piece of work she\never saw; and because you have accepted the honor to be one of her\nprotectors, and are determined to be one of her principall recommenders\nand encouragers. ", "I am in some doubt whether envy had not a great share\nin your work, for you were I suppose informed that my Lady Carteret had\nmade for me with her own hands the finest box in Ireland; upon which you\ngrew jealous, and resolved to outdo her by making for me the finest box\nin England; for so Mrs. Barber assures me. ", "In short, I am quite\noverloaden with favors from Your Ladyship and your Daughter; and what is\nworse, those loads will lye upon my Shoulders as long as I live. ", "But I\nconfess my self a little ungrateful, because I cannot deny Your Ladyship\nto have been the most constant of all my Goddesses, as I am the most\nconstant of all your Worshippers. ", "I hope the Carterets and the Worsleys\nare all happy and in health, and You are obliged to let Sir Robert\nWorsley know that I am his most humble Servant; but You need say nothing\nof my being so long his Rival. ", "I hear my friend Harry is returning from\nthe fiery Zone, I hope with more money than he knows what to do with;\nbut whether his vagabond Spirit will ever fix is a question. ", "I beg your\nLadyship will prevail on S'r Robert Worsley to give me a Vicarage in the\nIsle of Wight; for I am weary of living at such a distance from You. ", "It\nneed not be above forty pounds a year.", "\n\n\"As to Mrs. Barber, I can assure you she is but one of four Poetesses in\nthis town, and all Citizens' wives; but she has the vogue of being the\nbest: yet one of them is a Scholar, and hath published a new edition of\nTacitus, with a Latin dedication to My Lord Carteret.", "\n\n\"I require that Your Ladyship shall still preserve me some little corner\nin your memory; and do not think to put me off onely with a Box, which I\ncan assure you will not contribute in the least to[1] ... my esteem and\nregard for Your Ladyship.... I have been always, and shall ever remain,\n\n \"Madam,\n\n \"Your Lady ...\n\n \"Obedient and ...\n humble...\n JON'N....\n\n\"Dublin, May 1're, 1731.\"", "\n\n [Footnote 1: A small portion of the original letter has been lost.]", "\n\n [As Lady Worsley's letter serves to explain several allusions in\n Swift's letters, and is obviously the one to which the second\n letter we print is the reply, we here insert it.]", "\n\n\"August 6th, 1732.", "\n\n\"Sir,--I flatter myself, that if you had received my last letter, you\nwould have favoured me with an answer; therefore I take it for granted\nit is lost.", "\n\n\"I was so proud of your commands, and so fearful of being supplanted by\nmy daughter, that I went to work immediately, that her box might not\nkeep her in your remembrance, while there was nothing to put you in mind\nof an old friend and humble servant. ", "But Mrs. Barber's long stay here\n(who promised me to convey it to you) has made me appear very negligent.", "\nI doubt not but you think me unworthy of the share (you once told me) I\nhad in your heart. ", "I am yet vain enough to think I deserve it better\nthan all those flirting girls you coquet with. ", "I will not yield (even)\nto _dirty Patty_, whom I was the most jealous of when you were last\nhere. ", "What if I am a great-grandmother, I can still distinguish your\nmerit from all the rest of the world; but it is not consistent with your\ngood-breeding to put one in mind of it, therefore I am determined not to\nuse my interest with Sir Robert for a living in the Isle of Wight[2],\nthough nothing else could reconcile me to the place. ", "But if I could make\nyou Archbishop of Canterbury, I should forget my resentments, for the\nsake of the flock, who very much want a careful shepherd. ", "Are we to have\nthe honour of seeing you, or not? ", "I have fresh hopes given me; but I\ndare not please myself too much with them, lest I should be again\ndisappointed. ", "If I had it as much in my power as my inclination to serve\nMrs. Barber, she should not be kept thus long attending; but I hope her\nnext voyage may prove more successful. ", "She is just come in, and tells me\nyou have sprained your foot, which will prevent your journey till next\nsummer; but assure yourself the Bath is the only infallible cure for\nsuch an accident. ", "If you have any regard remaining for me, you will shew\nit by taking my advice; if not, I will endeavour to forget you, if I\ncan. ", "But, till that doubt is cleared, I am as much as ever, the Dean's\n\n \"Obedient humble Servant,\n\n \"F. WORSLEY.\"", "\n\n [Footnote 2: Where her husband, Sir Robert Worsley, possessed the\n estate of Appuldercombe.]", "\n\n\"Madam,--I will never tell, but I will always remember how many years\nhave run out since I had first the honor and happiness to be known to\nYour Ladyship, which however I have a thousand times wished to have\nnever happened, since it was followed by the misfortune of being\nbanished from You for ever. ", "I believe you are the onely Lady in England\nthat for a thousand years past hath so long remembered a useless friend\nin absence, which is too great a load of favor for me and all my\ngratitude to support.", "\n\n\"I can faithfully assure your Ladyship that I never received from You\nmore than one letter since I saw you last; and that I sent you a long\nanswer. ", "I often forget what I did yesterday, or what passed half an hour\nago; and yet I can well remember a hundred particulars in Your\nLadyship's company. ", "This is the memory of those who grow old. ", "I have no\nroom left for new Ideas. ", "I am offended with one passage in Your\nLadyship's letter; but I will forgive You, because I do not believe the\nfact, and all my acquaintance here joyn with me in my unbelief. ", "You make\nexcuses for not sooner sending me the most agreeable present that ever\nwas made, whereas it is agreed by all the curious and skilfull of both\nsexes among us, that such a piece of work could not be performed by the\nmost dextrous pair of hands and finest eyes in Christendom, in less than\na year and a half, at twelve hours a day. ", "Yet Mrs. Barber, corrupted by\nthe obligations she hath to you, would pretend that I over reckon six\nmonths, and six hours a day. ", "Be that as it will, our best virtuosi are\nunanimous that the Invention exceeds, if possible, the work itself. ", "But\nto all these praises I coldly answer, that although what they say be\nperfectly true, or indeed below the truth, yet if they had ever seen or\nconversed with Your Ladyship as I have done, they would have thought\nthis escritoire a very poor performance from such hands, such eyes, and\nsuch an imagination. ", "To speak my own thoughts, the work itself does not\ndelight me more than the little cares you were pleased to descend to in\ncontriving ways to have it conveyed so far without damage, whereof it\nreceived not the least from without; what there was came from within;\nfor one of the little rings that lifts a drawer for wax, hath touched a\npart of one of the Pictures, and made a mark as large as the head of a\nsmall pin; but it touches onely an end of a cloud; and yet I have been\ncarefull to twist a small thread of silk round that wicked ring, who\npromiseth to do so no more.", "\n\n\"Your Ladyship wrongs me in saying that I twitted you with being a\ngreat-grandmother. ", "I was too prudent and carefull of my own credit to\noffer the least hint upon that head, while I was conscious that I might\nhave been great-grandfather to you.", "\n\n\"I beg you, Madam, that there may be no quarrells of jealousy between\nYour Ladyship and My Lady Carteret: I set her at work by the authority I\nclaymed over her as your daughter. ", "The young woman showed her\nreadynesse, and performed very well for a new beginner, and deserves\nencouragement. ", "Besides, she filled the Chest with Tea, whereas you did\nnot send me a single pen, a stick of wax, or a drop of Ink; for all\nwhich I must bear the charge out of my own pocket. ", "And after all if Your\nLadyship were not by I would say that My Lady Carteret's Box (as you\ndisdainfully call it instead of a Tea-chest) is a most beautiful piece\nof work, and is oftener used than yours, because it is brought down for\ntea after dinner among Ladyes, whereas my escritoire never stirrs out of\nmy closet, but when it is brought for a sight. ", "Therefore I again desire\nthere may be no family quarrells upon my account.", "\n\n\"As to Patty Blount, you wrong her very much. ", "She was a neighbor's\nchild, a good Catholick, an honest Girl, and a tolerable Courtier at\nRichmond. ", "I deny she was dirty, but a little careless, and sometimes\nwore a ragged gown, when she and I took long walks. ", "She saved her money\nin summer onely to be able to keep a Chair at London in winter: this is\nthe worst you can say; and she might have a whole coat to her back if\nher good nature did not make her a fool to her mother and sanctifyed\nsister Teresa. ", "And she was the onely Girl I coquetted in the whole half\nyear that I lived with Mr. Pope in Twitenham, whatever evil tongues\nmight have informed your Ladyship, in hopes to set you against me. ", "And\nafter this usage, if I accept the Archbishoprick of Canterbury from your\nLadyship's hands, I think you ought to acknowledge it as a favor.", "\n\n\"Are you not weary, Madam? ", "Have you patience to read all this? ", "I am\nbringing back past times; I imagine myself talking with you as I used to\ndo; but on a sudden I recollect where I am sitting, banished to a\ncountry of slaves and beggars; my blood soured, my spirits sunk,\nfighting with Beasts like St. Paul, not at Ephesus, but in Ireland.", "\n\n\"I am not of your opinion, that the flocks (in either Kingdom) want\nbetter Shepherds; for, as the French say, 'a tels brebis tel pasteur:'\nand God be thanked that I have no flock at all, so that I neither can\ncorrupt nor be corrupted.", "\n\n\"I never saw any person so full of acknowledgment as Mrs. Barber is for\nYour Ladyship's continued favors to her, nor have I known any person of\na more humble and gratefull spirit than her, or who knows better how to\ndistinguish the Persons by whom she is favored. ", "But I will not honor\nmyself so far, or dishonor you so much, as to think I can add the least\nweight to your own naturall goodness and generosity.", "\n\n\"You must, as occasion serves, Present my humble respects to My Lord and\nLady Carteret, and my Lady Dysert, and to S'r Robert Worsley.", "\n\n\"I am, and shall be ever, with the truest respect, esteem, and\ngratitude,\n\n \"Madam,\n\n \"Your Ladyship's most obedient\n and most humble Servant,\n\n \"JONATH. ", "SWIFT.", "\n\n\"Dublin, Nov. 4're, 1732.", "\n\n\"I know not where my old friend Harry Worsley is, but I am his most\nhumble servant.\"", "\n\n [On the back of the Letter is the following Postscript.]", "\n\n\"Madam,--I writ this Letter two months ago, and was to send it by Mrs.\nBarber; but she falling ill of the gout, and I deferring from day to\nday, expecting her to mend, I was at last out of patience. ", "I have sent\nit among others by a private hand.", "\n\n\"I wish Your Ladyship and all your family many happy new years.", "\n\n\"Jan. 8'e, 1732.\"", "\n\n\nNINEVEH INSCRIPTIONS.", "\n\nThe accumulation of these treasures in London and Paris, leads to the\nbelief that they will soon be decyphered. ", "The following remarks are\noffered in promotion of so desirable an object. ", "It must be premised that\na printer, when requiring type from the type-founder for English books,\ndoes not order the same quantity for each letter; but, according to a\nscale adapted to the requirements of printing, he orders only so many of\neach letter as he is likely to use. ", "That scale may be nearly represented\nin the following way: the letter _z_ being the one least used in\nEnglish, he will require\n\n Twice the number of letter z for letter x\n Twice also -- -- j\n 2-1/2 times -- -- q\n 4 \" -- -- k\n 6 \" -- -- v\n 8 \" -- -- b\n 8-1/2 \" -- -- p\n 8-1/2 \" -- -- g\n 10 \" -- -- y\n 10 \" -- -- w\n 15 \" -- -- m\n 15 \" -- -- c\n 17 \" -- -- u\n 20-1/2 \" -- -- l\n 21 \" -- -- f\n 22 \" -- -- d\n 31 \" -- -- r\n 32 \" -- -- h\n 40 \" -- -- s\n 40 \" -- -- n\n 40 \" -- -- o\n 41-1/2 \" -- -- i\n 42-1/2 \" -- -- a\n 45 \" -- -- t\n 60 \" -- -- e\n\nSuppose now a person to write English in cypher, using unknown\ncharacters for the well-known letters; it would be easy to decypher his\nwriting, _if of sufficient length_ to make the general rule acted on in\nthe printing trade applicable. ", "The decypherer, by selecting each\ndistinct unknown character, and numbering them respectively, would find\nthat the character oftenest occurring was _e_, the next oftenest _t_,\nand so on to the character having the lowest number, being least used,\nwhich would of course be _z_. ", "Persons accustomed to decypher European\ncorrespondence for diplomatic purposes, will pronounce best on the\npracticability of this method for the decyphering of modern languages.", "\n\nIt is proposed then to apply the same method in the several languages\n_supposed_ nearest of kin to that of the Nineveh inscriptions. ", "Without\nentering into the reasons for that opinion, it may suffice, for the\npresent purpose of illustration, to assume that the language of these\ninscriptions is Chaldee. ", "To apply this method the numbers of each letter\noccurring in the Targum of Onkelos on Genesis, or the whole Pentateuch,\nshould be taken. ", "This enumeration has been made as regards the Hebrew\n(see Bagster's _Family Bible_, at the end of Deuteronomy). ", "The readiest\nmode of effecting such enumeration would be to employ twenty-two persons\nknowing the Chaldee letters, and to assign a letter to each, calling out\nto them each letter as it occurred in Onkelos, whilst each person kept\ncount of his own letter on a tally, and summing up the total gave in the\nresult to the reader _at the end of each chapter_. ", "This would be\nnecessary with a view to ascertain what _quantity_ of unknown\ninscription was required to evolve the rule, as the proposed method is\nclearly inapplicable when the quantity of matter to be decyphered is\ninconsiderable.", "\n\nHaving gone over sufficient ground to satisfy himself of the\n_certainty_ of the rule, the decypherer would next count the\nnumbers of each distinct character in all the cuneiform\ninscriptions accessible to him, making allowance for _final_\nletters, also for vowel points which may be attached to the\ncharacter, as in Ethiopic. ", "Assuming the rule in Chaldee to be the\nsame as in Hebrew (it is in fact very different), he would find\nthe character oftenest occurring in the Nineveh inscriptions to be\n[Hebrew: Vav], the next [Hebrew: Mem], the rest in the following\norder as to frequency of occurrence, [Hebrew: Yod], [Hebrew: Tav],\n[Hebrew: Kaf], [Hebrew: He], [Hebrew: Alef], [Hebrew: Nun],\n[Hebrew: Lamed]; [Hebrew: Bet ?], [", "Hebrew: Dalet ?], [", "Hebrew:\nShin], [Hebrew: Bet ?], [", "Hebrew: Het ?], [", "Hebrew: Qof], [Hebrew:\nZayin], [Hebrew: Pe], [Hebrew: Dalet ?], [", "Hebrew: Tsadi], [Hebrew:\nAyin], [Hebrew: Samekh], [Hebrew: Tet]; the first letter, [Hebrew:\nVav], _vau_, occurring nearly seven times as often as [Hebrew:\nTet], _teth_. ", "The order of the letters would, in fact, vary much\nfrom this in Chaldee; the servile letters being different would\nalone much disturb the assumed order, actually ascertained\nnevertheless, as respects the Hebrew letters, in the five books of\nMoses. ", "One word as to the order in which the several languages\nshould be experimented on. ", "The Chaldee would be the first, and\nnext in succession, (2) the Syriac, (3) the Ethiopic, (4) the\nArabic, (5) the Hebrew (_die jungste Schwester_[3]), and (6) the\nPehlvi. ", "The Indo-European languages would, in case of failure in\nthe above, claim next attention: of these first the _Zend_, next\n(2) the Sanscrit, then (3) the Armenian, &c. &c.\n\n [Footnote 3: Adelung in _Mithridates_.]", "\n\nThe resemblance of many of the characters on the Babylonian\nbricks, as well as on the stones of Nineveh, is very great to the\ncharacters known in our Bibles as Hebrew, but which are in fact\nnot Hebrew but Chaldee, and were introduced by the Jews subsequent\nto their Babylonish captivity: the original Hebrew character was\nthat still existing on coins, and nearly approximates in many\nrespects to the Samaritan character. ", "In some MSS. ", "collated by\nKennicott, he found the tetragrammaton \"Jehovah\" written in this\nancient character, whilst the rest was Chaldee. ", "The characteristic\nof the unknown letters is their resemblance to nails, to\narrow-heads, and to wedges, from which, indeed, they are commonly\ndesignated. ", "In the Chaldee (the Hebrew of our Bibles) this is also\nstrikingly visible, notwithstanding the effect of time in wearing\ndown the arridges: thus, in the oftenest recurring letter,\n[Hebrew: Vav], in the left leg of the [Hebrew: Tav], in [Hebrew:\nAyin], in [Hebrew: Tsadi], in [Hebrew: Tet], in [Hebrew: Nun], in\n[Hebrew: Mem], and especially in [Hebrew: Shin], the cuneiform\ntype is most clearly traceable. ", "One of the unknown characters,\n[Shin-like Symbol], seems almost identical with [Hebrew: Shin],\nallowance being made for the cursive form which written characters\nassume after centuries of use.", "\n\nThe horn is very conspicuous on the heads of men in the Nineveh (Asshur)\nsculptures, still, as a fashion, retained in Ethiopia (Cush,\nAbyssinia[4]), the origin of the Chaldeans, through Nimrod the Cushite\n(Gen. x. 8.), ", "who probably derived their chief sustenance from the river\nTigris (Hiddekel). ", "Subsistence from (1) fishing, (2) hunting (_e.g._\nNimrod), (3) grazing, and (4) agriculture, seems to have succeeded in\nthe order named. ", "The repeated appearance of _fish_ on the same\nsculptures, is in allusion, doubtless, to the name Nineveh (= fish +\nhabitation); and their worship of the half-man, half-fish (the fabulous\nmermaid or merman), to which many of the _Cetaceae_ bear a close\nresemblance (the sea-horse for example), common with them and the\nPhoenicians (in the latter tongue named Dagon), is probably allusive, in\ntheir symbolic style, to the abstract notion of _fecundity_, so general\nan element of veneration in all the known mythological religions of\nancient and modern times. ", "See Nahum _passim_.", "\n\n [Footnote 4: Alexander the Great adopted the horns as Jupiter\n Ammon. ", "See Vincent's _Periplus of the Erythrean Sea_, and\n frontispiece. ", "The women of Lebanon have, it appears, retained the\n fashion. ", "See _Pict. ", "Bible_ on Zech. ", "i. 18.]", "\n\nFrom an attentive examination of these monuments in the British Museum,\nit appears highly probable that the writing is from left to right, as in\nthe Ethiopic and Coptic, and in the Indo-European family generally, and\nis the reverse of all the other Shemitic tongues. ", "This inference is\nderived from the fact that each line (with few exceptions) ranges with\nthose above and below, as in a printed book, perpendicularly on the\n_left_, and breaks off on the _right_ hand, as at the termination of a\nsentence, whilst some of the characters seem to stretch beyond the usual\nline of limit to the right, as if the sculptor had made the common error\nof not having _quite_ space enough for a word not divisible.", "\n\nThe daguerreotype might be advantageously used in copying all the\ninscriptions yet discovered, of each of which three or four copies\nshould be taken, to obviate mistakes and accidents. ", "These being brought\nto England and carefully examined by the microscope, should be legibly\nengraved and stereotyped, and sent to all the linguists of Europe and\nelsewhere, and copies should also be deposited in all public libraries.", "\n\nA comparison of the twelve cursive letters in Mr. Layard's _Nineveh_,\nvol. ", "ii. ", "p. 166., ", "with Buettner's tables at the end of the first volume\nof Eichhorn's _Einleitung in das Alte Testament_ (Leipzic, 1803), has\nled to an unexpected result. ", "The particular table with which the\ncomparison was instituted, is No. ", "II. ", "Class i. Phoenician, col. ", "2.,", "\nheaded \"Palaestinae in nummis;\" any person therefore can verify it. ", "This\nresult is the following reading in the proper Chaldee character:--\n\n [Hebrew: RaBKaLBeNO--VeSheeSh--DiN]\n RaBKaLBeNO--VeSheeSh--DiN.\n\nThe meaning is \"_Rabbi_ (Mr.) _Kalbeno_\"--\"_And six_\"--\"_Judge_.\"", "\nPerhaps Kalbeno should be Albeno, the initial letter being obscure. ", "The\nabove is put forth as a curious coincidence, not by any means with the\ncertainty which a much more extended examination than a dozen letters\ncan afford.", "\n\n T. J. BUCKTON.", "\n\n Lichfield.", "\n\n\nINEDITED LETTER OF ALFIERI.", "\n\n [The circumstances which led to Alfieri's hasty retreat from\n England in 1771, and to Lord Ligonier's successful application for\n a divorce, are doubtless familiar to all who have read the very\n amusing Autobiography of the Italian poet. ", "At all events we must\n presume so, as they are scarcely of a nature to be reproduced in\n \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\" ", "Twenty years after that event, when about to\n embark for the Continent with the Countess of Albany, Alfieri, as\n he was stepping on board the packet, saw again for the first time\n since 1771 Lady Ligonier, who was on the quay. ", "They recognised\n each other, but that was all.", "\n\n Alfieri, after describing this event in the 21st chapter of his\n Autobiography, proceeds:--\"Si arrivo a Calais; di dove io molto\n colpito di quella vista cosi inespettata le volli scrivere per\n isfogo del cuore, e mandai la mia lettera al Banchiere de Douvres,\n che glie la rimettesse in proprie mani, e me ne trasmettesse poi\n la risposta a Bruxelles, dove sarei stato fra pochi giorni. _", "La\n mia lettera, di cui mi spiace di non aver serbato copia_ era\n certamente piena d' affetti, non gia d' amore, ma di una vera e\n profonda commozione di vederla ancora menare una vita errante e si\n poco decorosa al suo stato e nascita, e di dolore che io ne\n sentiva tanto piu pensando di esserne io stato ancorche\n innocentement o li cagione o li pretesto.\"", "\n\n The original letter of Alfieri (which we presume he would have\n inserted in his Autobiography, had he kept a copy of it, seeing\n that he has there printed Lady Ligonier's reply) is in the\n possession of a nobleman, a relative of the unfortunate lady; and\n we are enabled by the kindness of a correspondent to lay before\n our readers the following copy of it.", "\n\n How far it bears out the writer's description of it we do not stop\n to ask; but certainly if the reader will take the trouble to turn\n to the conclusion of the chapter to which we have referred, we\n think he cannot fail to be struck with the difference between the\n terms in which the quondam lover writes _of_ the lady, and those\n which he addresses _to_ her in the following Epistle.[5]]\n\n [Footnote 5: In the only edition of the _Vita_ (12mo. ", "1809) to\n which we have an opportunity of referring, this event is\n represented as occurring in 1791: it will be seen that it really\n took place in 1792. ", "The lady's reply is there dated (tom. ", "ii. ", "p.\n 193.) \"", "Dover, 25th _April_,\" instead of 24th _August_.]", "\n\n\"Calais, Mercredi, 24 Aout, 1792.", "\n\n\"Madam,--Mon silence en vous revoyant apres vingt annees d'absence, a\nete le fruit de l'etonnement, et non pas de l'indifference. ", "C'est un\nsentiment qui m'est inconnu pour les personnes qui m'ont interesse une\nfois, et pour vous surtout, dont j'ai a me reprocher toute ma vie\nd'avoir ete la principale cause de toutes vos vicissitudes. ", "Si j'avois\neu le courage de m'approcher de vous, ma langue n'auroit certainement\njamais retrouve d'expression pour vous rendre tous les mouvemens\ntumultueux de mon ame et de mon coeur a cette apparition si subite et si\nmomentanee. ", "Je n'aurois trouve que des larmes pour vous dire tout ce que\nje sentais; et en vous le tracant confusement sur ce papier, elles\nviennent encore m'interrompre. ", "Ce n'est pourtant pas de l'amour qui me\nparle pour vous, mais c'est un melange de sentimens si tendres, de\nsouvenirs, de regrets, et d'inquietude pour votre sort present et\nfuture, que vous pouvez seule comprendre ou diviner. ", "Je n'ai dans le\ncours de ces vingt ans jamais scu au juste de vos nouvelles. ", "Un mariage\nd'inclination que j'appris que vous aviez fait, devoit faire votre\nbonheur. ", "J'apprends a present que cela n'a pas rempli vos esperances: je\nm'en afflige pour vous. ", "Au nom de Dieu, faites-moi seulement scavoir si\nvous etes heureuse au moins; c'est la l'objet de mes voeux les plus\nardents. ", "Je ne vous parle point de moi; je ne scais pas si mon sort peut\nvous interesser de meme; je vous dirai seulement que l'age ne me corrige\npoint du defaut de trop sentir; que, malgre cela, je suis aussi heureux\nque je puis l'etre, et que rien ne manqueroit a ma felicite, si je vous\nscavois contente et heureuse. ", "Mais au cas que cela ne soit pas,\nadoucissez-moi du moins l'amertume de cette nouvelle en me disant\nexpressement que ce n'est point moi qui en ai ete la cause, et que vous\nne desesperez pas d'etre encore heureuse et d'accord avec vous-meme.", "\n\n\"Je finis, parce que j'aurois trop de choses a vous dire, et que ma\nlettre deviendroit plustot celle d'un pere, que celle d'un ancien amant.", "\nMais la cause de mes paroles etant dans le sensibilite de mon coeur, je\nne doute point que la sensibilite du votre, dont j'ai ete convaincu, ne\nles recoive avec indulgence, et avec un reste d'affection que je n'ai\npas merite de perdre de votre part. ", "Si vous voulez donc me dire quelque\nchose de vous, et que ma lettre ne vous a point deplu, vous pouvez\naddresser votre reponse a Bruxelles, poste restante. ", "Si vous ne jugez\npoint a-propos de me repondre, faites seulement scavoir a la personne\nqui vous fera remettre celle-ci, que vous l'avez recue. ", "Cela me\nconsolera un peu de la douleur que m'a cause le retracement subit de vos\ninfortunes, que votre vue a toute reveillees dans mon ame. ", "Adieu, donc,\nadieu.", "\n\n \"VITTORIO ALFIERI.\"", "\n\n\nSTANZAS IN \"CHILDE HAROLD.\"", "\n\nThere is a famous passage in one of Lord Byron's most famous poems,\nwhich I am ashamed to confess that, though I am English born, and a\nconstant reader of poetry, I cannot clearly understand. ", "It seems to\npresent no difficulties to anybody else, for it has been quoted a\nthousand times over and over, without any intimation that it is not as\nclear as light. ", "It is in the sublime Address to the Ocean at the end of\nCanto IV. ", "of _Childe Harold_, stanza 182.:", "\n\n \"Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee--\n Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, what are they?", "\n Thy waters wasted them while they were free,\n And many a tyrant since; their shores obey\n The stranger, slave, or savage; their decay\n Has dried up realms to deserts:--not so thou,\n Unchangeable save to thy wild waves' play--\n Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow--\n Such as creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now.\"", "\n\nI have copied out to the end of the stanza; for in fact it is not easy\nto stop the pen when copying such stanzas as these: but my business is\nwith the fourth and fifth lines only. ", "In the fourth line, as you will\nobserve, a semicolon is inserted after the word \"since.\" ", "I find it there\nin the first edition of the fourth canto of _Childe Harold_, published\nin 1818; it is there in the standard edition of Lord Byron's _Works_,\nissued by Murray about 1832; it is there in the splendid illustrated\nedition of _Childe Harold_ published by Murray in 1841,--one of the\nfinest books of the kind, if not the finest, that has yet done honour to\nthe English press. ", "This punctuation is found, therefore, in the earliest\nedition that was issued, and in those on which the most care has been\nbestowed. ", "Yet what is the sense which the lines thus punctuated present?", "\n\n \"Thy waters wasted them [_i.e._ the empires] while\n they were free,\n And many a tyrant since.\"", "\n\nThey waters wasted many a tyrant? ", "How, in the name of wonder? ", "What sort\nof an occupation is this to assign to the majestic ocean? ", "Does the poet\nmean to assert that anciently it wasted empires, and now it only wastes\nindividuals. ", "Absurd! ", "Yet such is the only meaning, as far as I see,\nthat can be assigned to the lines as they stand.", "\n\nIf the punctuation be altered, that is, if the semicolon after \"since\"\nbe removed, and a comma placed at the end of the line, the whole becomes\nluminous:\n\n \"Thy waters wasted them while they were free,\n And many a tyrant since their shores obey.\"", "\n\nThat is (I beg pardon if I am unnecessarily explanatory), \"The waters\nwasted these empires while they were free, and since they have been\nenslaved,\"--an apt illustration of that indifference to human affairs\nwhich the poet is attributing to the ocean. ", "The words, \"the stranger,\nslave, or savage,\" which follow in the next line, are to be taken in\nconnexion with the phrase \"many a tyrant,\" and as an enumeration of the\ndifferent sorts of tyrants to which these unhappy empires have been\nsubjected.", "\n\nThis is my view of the sense of this famous passage: if any of your\ncorrespondents can point out a better, I can only say \"candidus\nimperti,\" &c.\n\nThere was a very elaborate article on Lord Byron's Address to the Ocean\nin _Blackwood's Magazine_ for October, 1848; but the writer, who\ndissects it almost line by line, has somehow, as is the wont of\ncommentators, happened to pass over the difficulty which stands right in\nhis way. ", "To make up for this, however, he contrives to find new\ndifficulties of his own. ", "The following is a specimen:\n\n \"Recite,\" he says, \"the stanza beginning,\n\n 'Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee;'\n\n and when the sonorous roll has subsided, try to understand it. ", "You\n will find some difficulty, if we mistake not, in knowing who or\n what is the apostrophized subject. ", "Unquestionably the world's\n ocean, and not the Mediterranean. ", "The very last verse we were far\n in the Atlantic:\n\n 'Thy shores are empires.'", "\n\n \"The shores of the world's ocean are empires. ", "There are, or have\n been, the British empire, the German empire, the Russian empire,\n and the empire of the Great Mogul, the Chinese empire, the empire\n of Morocco, the four great empires of antiquity, the French\n empire, and some others. ", "The poet does not intend names and things\n in this very strict way, however,\" &c.\n\nWhat empires the poet _did_ mean there is surely no difficulty in\ndiscovering, for those who wish to understand rather than to cavil. ", "The\nvery next line to that quoted is--\n\n \"_Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage,_ what are they?\"", "\n\nand it would require some hardihood to assert that these empires were\nnot on the shores of the Mediterranean.", "\n\nAfter all, the best commentators are translators: they are obliged to\ntake the difficulties by the horns. ", "I find, in a translation of Byron's\n_Works_ published at Pforzheim in 1842, the lines thus rendered by Dr.\nDuttenhofer:\n\n \"Du bleibst, ob Reiche schwinden an den Kuesten,--\n Assyrien, Hellas, Rom, Carthago--schwand,\n Die _freien_ koennte Wasserfluth verwuesten\n Wie die Tyrannen; es gehorcht der Strand\n Dem Fremdling, Sclaven, Wilden,\" &c.\n\nDuttenhofer has here taken the text as he found it, and has given it as\nmuch meaning as he could; but alas for those who are compelled to take\ntheir notion of the poetry of _Childe Harold_ from his German, instead\nof the original English! ", "There is one passage in which the reader finds\nthis reflection driven hard upon him. ", "Who is there that does not know\nByron's stanza on the Dying Gladiator, when, speaking of\n\n \"The inhuman shout which hail'd the wretch who won,\"\n\nhe adds, in lines which will be read _till_ Homer and Virgil are\nforgotten:\n\n \"He heard it, but he heeded not--his eyes\n Were with his heart, and that was far away;\n He reck'd not of the life he lost nor prize,\n But where his rude hut by the Danube lay,\n _There_ were his young barbarians all at play,\n _There_ was their Dacian mother--he, their sire,\n Butcher'd to make a Roman holiday--\n All this gush'd with his blood--shall he expire\n And unavenged? ", "Arise, ye Goths! ", "and glut your ire!\"", "\n\nThere are two phrases in this stanza which seem to me to have never been\nsurpassed: \"young barbarians,\" and \"all this _gushed with his blood_.\"", "\nHow inimitable is \"young barbarians!\" ", "The \"curiosa felicitas\" of Horace\nnever carried him farther,--or perhaps so far. ", "Herr Duttenhofer contents\nhimself by saying--\n\n \"fern am Donaustrand\n Sind seine Kinder, freuend sich am Spiel.\"", "\n\n\"Afar on the shore of the Danube are _his children_, diverting\nthemselves at play.\" ", "Good heavens! ", "is this translation, and German\ntranslation too, of which we have heard so much? ", "Again:\n\n \"wie sein Blut\n Hinfliesst, denkt er an dies.\"", "\n\n\"As his blood flows away, he thinks of this!\" ", "What could Herr\nDuttenhofer be thinking of?", "\n\nTo my surprise, on turning to the passage this moment in Byron's poems,\nI find it stands--\n\n \"All this _rush'd_ with his blood,\"\n\ninstead of \"_gush'd_.\" ", "It is so in the original edition, in the _Works_,\nand in the splendid edition of 1841, all three. ", "Can there be any doubt\nof the superiority of \"gush'd?\" ", "To me there seems none; and, singularly\nenough, it so happens that twice in conversation with two of the most\ndistinguished writers of this age--one a prosaist and the other a poet,\nwhose names I wish I were at liberty to mention--I have had occasion to\nquote this passage, and they both agreed with me in ascribing the\nhighest degree of poetical excellence to the use of this very word. ", "I\nwish I could believe myself the author of such an improvement; but I\nhave certainly somewhere seen the line printed as I have given it; very\npossibly in Ebenezer Elliott the Corn-law Rhymer's _Lectures on Poetry_,\nin which I distinctly remember that he quoted the stanza.", "\n\n T. W.\n\n\n\"NOTES\" ON THE OXFORD EDITION OF BISHOP JEWEL'S WORKS.", "\n\nI send, with some explanation, a few Notes, taken from among others that\nI had marked in my copy of the edition of Bishop Jewel's Works, issued\nby the Oxford university press, 8 vols. ", "8vo. ", "1848.", "\n\nVol. ", "ii. ", "p. 352., ", "l. 6., ", "has, in Jewel's _Reply to Harding's Answer_,\nArticle v., \"Of Real Presence,\" seventh division, the following: \"And\ntherefore St. Paul saith, 'That I live now, I live in the flesh of the\nSon of God.'\" ", "To this the following is appended by the Oxford editor:\n\n \"[Galatians ii. ", "20 '... And the life which I now live in the flesh\n I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave\n himself for me?' ", "It cannot be denied that Jewel is here guilty, to\n say the least, of very unjustifiable carelessness.]\"", "\n\nThe true state of the case is, that Bishop Jewel, in the original _Reply\nto Harding_, published in his lifetime, 1565, had given the text with\nentire correctness--\"That I live now in the flesh, I live in the faith\nof the Son of God:\" but this, long after the Bishop's death, was\nmisprinted in the editions of 1609 and 1611. ", "The Oxford Jewel, moreover,\nof 1848 does not even profess to follow the editions of 1609 and 1611;\nand it is stated, vol. ", "i. p. 130., ", "that \"this edition of the Reply in\npassing through the press has been collated with the original one of\n1565.\" ", "Still in this vital case, where the very question was, what Jewel\nhimself had written, it is plain that the early edition of 1565 was\nnever consulted. ", "The roughness of the censure might surely in any case\nhave been spared. ", "It may be noted (vol. ", "viii. ", "p. 195. ", "Oxf. ", "edit.), ", "that\nJewel in 1568 wrote to Archbishop Parker: \"I beseech your grace to give\nstrait orders that the Latin Apology be not printed again in any case,\nbefore either your grace or some other have well perused it. _", "I am\nafraid of printers: their tyranny is intolerable._\"", "\n\nIn vol. ", "iv. ", "p. 92., ", "l. 1. _", "et seq._, ", "in the _Recapitulation of Jewel's\nApology_, the words of the original Latin, \"quid de Spiritu sancto,\"\nmarked in the following extract by Italics, are omitted in the Oxford\nedition \"Exposuimus tibi universam rationem religionis nostrae, quid de\nDeo Patre, quid de ejus unico Filio Jesu Christo, _quid de Spiritu\nsancto_, quid de ecclesia, quid de sacramentis ... sentiamus.\" ", "And in\nvol. ", "vi. ", "p. 523., ", "l. 6., ", "where Bishop Jewel gives that passage as\nrendered by Lady Bacon, namely: \"We have declared at large unto you the\nvery whole manner of our religion, what our opinion is of God the\nFather, and of his only Son Jesus Christ, _of the Holy Ghost_, of the\nchurch, of the sacrament,\" the following is appended:--\n\n \"[In the Latin Apology no words occur here relating to the Third\n Person of the Blessed Trinity.]\"", "\n\nA similar notice is also given in vol. ", "viii. ", "p. 385.--The fact is, that\nthe words \"quid de Spiritu sancto\" do occur in the Latin Apology, 1562,\nwhich was the first edition of that work, and, so far as I am aware, the\nonly edition printed in Jewel's life, from which too the Oxford reprint\nprofesses to be taken, and a copy of which any one can consult in the\nBritish Museum. ", "Those words will also be found, within six or eight\npages of the end, in the various later editions, as for example those of\nVautrollier, London, 1581; Forster, Amberg, 1606; Boler, London, 1637;\nand Dring, London, 1692 (which are in my own possession); as also in the\neditions of Bowier, 1584; Chard, 1591; and Hatfield, London, 1599. ", "The\neditions of Jewel's works printed in 1609 and 1611, edited by Fuller,\nunder the sanction of Archbishop Bancroft, did not contain the Latin\nApology. ", "There is not a shadow of authority for the omission. ", "All the\nmodern reprints too, with which I am acquainted, only excepting a small\nedition printed at Cambridge, 1818, p. 140., ", "give the words in question.", "\nIt would seem that the Oxford editor must have used the very inaccurate\nreprint of 1818, for supplying copy for the printer[6]; and reference\neither to that first edition of 1562, which the reprint of 1848\nprofesses to follow, or to any early edition, even in this case, where\nthe context clearly requires the omitted words, was neglected.", "\n\n [Footnote 6: I have observed another error in the Cambridge\n edition, 1818, p. 115., ", "last line but five, \"domum manere\" instead\n of the original and classical reading, \"domi manere.\" ", "That\n misprint of 1818 is followed by the Oxford edition of 1848, vol.", "\n iv. ", "p. 77. ", "l. 12., ", "Apol. ", "pars vi. ", "cap. ", "8. ", "<DW37>. ", "1.]", "\n\nI have said that the Oxford Jewel of 1848 professes to follow the Latin\nApology of 1562, as a copy of the Latin title, with the date 1562, is\nprefixed to the Oxford edition, vol. ", "iv. ", "p. 1.: ", "but the colophon\nappended to that reprint, p. 95., ", "is strangely dated 1567. ", "Was there any\nLatin edition of the Apology printed in that year? ", "And, if so, why are\ndifferent dates given for the title and colophon of the Oxford reprint?", "\nOne can only conclude that the date 1567 is itself an error.", "\n\nThe following is printed in vol. ", "viii. ", "p. 290., ", "l. 11., ", "from Lady\nBacon's translation of Jewel's Apology, 1564, part ii. ", "ch. ", "7. ", "<DW37>. ", "5.:", "\n\"As touching the Bishop of Rome, for all his parasites state and ringly\nsing those words in his ears, 'To thee will I give the keys of the\nkingdom of heaven,'\" &c. This case is different from those mentioned\nabove, in the respect that the words \"state and ringly\" do occur in the\nprinted edition of 1564; but it scarcely need be observed that the words\n\"state & ringly\" are a misprint for \"flatteringly,\" when it is added\nthat Jewel himself, in his revised edition of Lady Bacon's translation,\nin the _Defence of the Apology_, 1567 and 1570, reads: \"for all that his\nflattering parasites sing these words in his ears.\" ", "The original Latin\nis \"quamvis illi suaviter cantilentur illa verba a parasitis suis.\"", "\n\nThere are also various errors and several omissions in the Oxford Jewel,\nin the verification of the numerous references. ", "Among various notes (I\nwould however add) which are inaccurate, and several that appear to me\nsuperfluous, there are some which are most useful, as, for example, that\nin vol. ", "ii. ", "p. 195., ", "on the Gloss in the Canon Law, \"Our Lord God the\nPope.\"", "\n\n COLET.", "\n\n\nANAGRAMS.", "\n\nYou have now completed the third volume of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" and, to\nthe no small surprise of all lovers of \"jeux de mots,\" not a single\nspecimen of the genus Anagram has found its way into your columns. ", "To\nwhat are we to ascribe such a circumstance? ", "The ancients were not\nashamed to indulge in this intellectual pastime, and their anagrams,\nsays Samuel Maunder, occasionally contained some happy allusion. ", "The\nmoderns have given unequivocal proofs of their fecundity in the same\nline, and the anagrammatic labours of the French nation alone would form\nseveral volumes. ", "Indeed, to that nation belongs the honour of having\nintroduced the anagram; and such is the estimation in which \"the art\"\nwas held by them at one time, that their kings were provided with a\nsalaried Anagrammatist, as ours are with a pensioned Laureate. ", "How comes\nit then that a species of composition, once so popular, has found no\nrepresentative among the many learned correspondents of your popular\nperiodical? ", "Has the anagram become altogether extinct, or is it only\nawaiting the advent of some competent genius to restore it to its proper\nrank in the republic of letters?", "\n\nTo me it is clear that the real cause of the prevailing dearth of\nanagrams is the great difficulty of producing good ones. ", "Good anagrams\nare, to say the least of it, quite as scarce as good epic poems; for, if\nit be true that the utmost efforts of the human intellect have not given\nbirth to more than six good epic poems, it is no less true that the\nutmost exertion of human ingenuity has not brought forth more than half\na dozen good anagrams. ", "Some critics are of opinion that we do possess\nsix good epic poems. ", "Now, where shall we find six good anagrams? ", "If they\nexist, let them be _exhibited_ in the pages of \"NOTES AND QUERIES.\"", "\n\nIndeed, it may be said that the anagram and the epic poem are the alpha\nand omega of literature. ", "I am aware that by thus placing them in\njuxtaposition the contrast may have the effect of disparaging the\nanagram. ", "The epic poem will naturally enough suggest the idea of the\nsublime, and the anagram, as naturally, that of the ridiculous: and then\nit will be said that between the two there is but a step. ", "But let any\ngentleman make the experiment, and he will find that, instead of a step,\nthe intermediate space will present to his astonished legs a surface\nco-extensive with the wide field of modern mediocrity. ", "As for myself, I\nhave ransacked in search of anagrams every hole and corner in ancient\nand modern literature, and have found very few samples worthy of the\nname. ", "Reserving the ancients for future consideration, let us see what\nthe moderns have to boast of in this respect.", "\n\nAnd first, what says Isaac Disraeli? ", "Anagrams being literary\ncuriosities, one would naturally expect to meet with some respectable\nsamples of them in that writer's _Curiosities of Literature_. ", "Yet, what\ndo we find? ", "Among about a score which he quotes, there is not one that\ncan be reckoned a tolerable anagram, while by far the greater number are\nno anagrams at all. ", "An anagram is the change of a word or sentence into\nanother word or sentences by an _exact_ transposition of the letters.", "\nWhere a single letter is either omitted or added, the anagram is\nincomplete. ", "Of this description are the following, cited by Disraeli:--\n\n \"Thomas Overburie,\n \"O! ", "O! ", "base murther.\"", "\n\n \"Charles James Stewart,\n \"Claims Arthur's Seat.\"", "\n\n \"Martha Nicholson,\n \"Soon calm at heart.\"", "\n\nI next turned to Samuel Maunder and his _Scientific and Literary\nTreasury_, little suspecting that, in a repertory bearing so ambitious a\ntitle, I should fail to discover the object of my search. ", "True, he\nquotes the anagram made by Dr. Burney after the battle of the Nile:\n\n \"Horatio Nelson,\n \"Honor est a Nilo.\"", "\n\nAnd this, it must be confessed, is one of the best on record. ", "The\ntransposition is complete, and the allusion most apposite. ", "But with that\nexception, what does this pretended _Treasury_ disclose? ", "A silly attempt\nto anagrammatise the name of our beloved queen; thus:\n\n \"Her most gracious Majesty Alexandrina Victoria,\n \"Ah! ", "my extravagant joco-serious radical Minister!\"", "\n\ncoupled with the admission that nothing can be more ridiculous or\ninapplicable, and that one-half of the anagrams in existence are not a\nwhit less absurd. ", "And yet, for this piece of absurdity, as well as for\nanother of the same calibre, on--\n\n \"His Grace the Duke of Wellington,\n \"Well fought, K--! ", "no disgrace in thee,\"\n\nMr. Maunder claims the merit of originality. ", "In other words (which are\nno other than his own), he claims merit for being \"puerile,\"\n\"ridiculous,\" and \"absurd.\" ", "Alas! ", "for the credit of anagrams! ", "Alas! ", "for\nthe reputation of Galileo, Newton, and other philosophers, who could\nmake great discoveries, and resort to anagrams to announce them to the\nworld, but who were incapable of discovering that an anagram was an\nabsurdity!", "\n\nFinding matters at so low an ebb in our own literature, and that English\nanagrams are little better than Irish bulls, I directed my attention to\nthe literary records of the French, among whom the anagrammatic bump is\nvery prominent. ", "From its character, and the process of its formation,\nthe anagram is peculiarly adapted to the genius of that people. ", "It is\nlight and airy: so are they. ", "It is conceited and fantastical: so are\nthey. ", "It seems to be what it is not: so do they. ", "Its very essence is\ntransposition, involution; what one might call a sort of\nJump-Jim-Crow-ism: and so is theirs. ", "Hence the partiality which they\nhave always shown for the anagram: their Rebuses, Almanacs, Annuaires,\nand collections of trifles are full of them. ", "One-half of the disguises\nadopted by their anonymous writers are in the shape of anagrams, formed\nfrom their names; and one of them has gone the length of composing and\npublishing a poem of 1200 lines, every line of which contains an\nanagram. ", "The name assumed by the author (Gabriel Antoine Joseph Hecart)\nis L'Anagramme d'Archet; and the book bears the title of _Anagrammeana,\nPoeme en VIII Chants, XCVe Edition, a Anagrammatopolis, l'An XIV de\nl'Ere anagrammatique_. ", "But it so happens that out of the 1200 anagrams\nnot a single one is worth quoting. ", "Querard describes this poem, not\ninaptly, as a \"debauche d'esprit;\" and the author himself calls it \"une\nineptie;\" to which I may add the opinion of Richelet, that \"l'anagramme\nest une des plus grandes inepties de l'esprit humain: il faut etre sot\npour s'en amuser, et pis que sot pour en faire.\"", "\n\nWith such an appreciation of the value of anagrams, is it surprising\nthat the French should have produced so few good ones? ", "M. de Pixerecourt\nmentions two which he deems so unexceptionable, that they might induce\nus to overlook the general worthlessness of that kind of composition.", "\nThey are as follows:\n\n \"Belitre,\n\n \"Liberte.\"", "\n\n \"Benoist,\n\n \"Bien sot.\"", "\n\nNow, the first is only true in France, where true liberty was never\nunderstood: and the second is true nowhere. _", "Benoist_ is merely a vulgar\nname, and the adoption of it does not necessarily imply that the bearer\nis a \"sot.\" ", "M. De Pixerecourt might have quoted some better samples; the\nfamous one, for instance, on the assassin of Henri III.:--\n\n \"Frere Jacques Clement,\n \"C'es l'enfer qui m'a cree.\"", "\n\nOr the following Latin anagrams on the names of two of his most\ndistinguished countrymen:--\n\n \"De la Monnoi,\n \"A Delio nomen.\"", "\n\n \"Voltaire,\n \"O alte vir!\"", "\n\nI was on the point of relinquishing in despair my search for anagrams,\nwhen an accidental circumstance put me in possession of one of the best\nspecimens I have met with. ", "Some time ago, in an idle mood, I took up a\nnewspaper for the purpose of glancing at its contents, and as I was\nabout to read, I discovered that I held the paper by the wrong end.", "\nAmong the remarkable headings of news there was one which I was desirous\nof decyphering before I restored the paper to its proper position, and\nthis happened to be the word \"[inverted: DNALERI]\". ", "Instead, however, of\nmaking out the name from letters thus inverted, I found the anagram--\n\n \"Daniel R.\"\n\nMy first impression, on ascertaining this result, was one of horror at\nthe treasonable \"jeu de mots\" I had so unwittingly perpetrated.", "\nRemembering, however, that Daniel O'Connell is dead, and that Irish\nloyalty has nothing to fear from Daniel the Second, I resolved to give\nthe public the benefit of the discovery by sending it to you for \"NOTES\nAND QUERIES.\"", "\n\n HENRY H. BREEN.", "\n\n St. Lucia, August, 1851.", "\n\n\nFOLK LORE.", "\n\n_Cure for Hooping Cough._--It is said by the inhabitants of the forest\nof Bere, East Hants, that new milk drank out of a cup made of the wood\nof the variegated holly is a cure for the hooping cough.", "\n\n [Arrow symbol]\n\n_Cure for the Toothache._--In the village of Drumcondra, about a mile\nand half on the northern side of Dublin, there is an old churchyard,\nremarkable as the burying-place of Gandon the architect, Grose the\nantiquary, and Thomas Furlong the translator of Carolan's Remains. ", "On\nthe borders of this churchyard there is a well of beautiful water, which\nis resorted to by the folks of the village afflicted with toothache,\nwho, on their way across the graves pick up an old skull, which they\ncarry with them to drink from, the doing of which they assert to be an\ninfallible cure. ", "Others merely resort to the place for the purpose of\npulling a tooth from a skull, which they place on or over the hole or\nstump of the grown tooth, and they affirm that by keeping it there for a\ncertain time the pain ceases altogether. ", "There is a young woman at this\ninstant in the employment of my mother, who has practised these two\nremedies, and who tells me she knows several others who have done the\nsame.", "\n\n C. HOEY.", "\n\n Near Drumcondra, County Dublin.", "\n\n_Medical Use of Pigeons._--\n\n \"Spirante columba\n Suppositu pedibus, revocantur adima vapores.\"", "\n\n \"'They apply pigeons to draw the vapours from the head.", "'\"--Dr.", "\n Donne's \"Devotions upon Emergent Occasions,\" _Works_, vol. ", "iii. ", "p.\n 550. ", "Lond. ", "1839.", "\n\nMr. Alford appends to the above-cited passage the following note:\n\n \"After a careful search in Pliny, Burton's _Anatomy of\n Melancholy_, and Sir Thomas Browne's _Vulgar Errors_, I can find\n no mention of this strange remedy.\"", "\n\nI am inclined to suspect that the application of pigeons was by no means\nan uncommon remedy in cases particularly of fever and delirium. ", "To quote\none passage from Evelyn:\n\n \"Neither the cupping nor the _pidgeons_, those last of remedyes,\n wrought any effect.", "\"--_Life of Mr. Godolphin_, p. 148. ", "Lond. ", "1847.", "\n\nSome of your correspondents may possibly be able to furnish additional\ninformation respecting this custom; for I am confident of having seen it\nalluded to, though at the moment I cannot remember by whom.", "\n\n RT.", "\n\n Warmington.", "\n\n_Obeism._--In the _Medical Times_ of 30th Sept. there is a case of a\nwoman who fancied herself under its influence, in which the name (in a\nnote) is derived from Obi, the town, district, or province in Africa\nwhere it was first practised; and there is appended to it the following\ndescription of one of the superstitions as given by a witness on a\ntrial:\n\n \"Do you know the prisoner to be an Obeah man?--Ees, massa; shadow\n catcher true.", "\n\n \"What do you mean by shadow catcher?--Him hab coffin [a little\n coffin was here produced]; him set to catch dem shadow.", "\n\n \"What shadow do you mean?--When him set Obeah for somebody him\n catch dem shadow, and dem go dead.\"", "\n\nThe derivation of the name from a place is very different from the\nsupposition so cleverly argued in the Third Vol. ", "connecting it with Ob;\nbut I cannot find in any gazetteer to which I at present have had\naccess, any place in Africa of the name, or a similar name. ", "I do not\nremember in the various descriptions I have read of the charms\npractised, that one of catching the shadow mentioned.", "\n\n E. N. W.\n\n\nNOTES ON JULIN, NO. ", "II.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "ii., ", "pp. ", "230. ", "282. ", "379. ", "443.; ", "Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 171.)", "\n\nI resume the chain of evidence where I left off in my last\ncommunication.", "\n\nThe account given by Pomerania's best and most trusty historian, Thomas\nKanzow, Kantzow, Kamzow, Kansow, Kahnsow, Kantzouw, or Cantzow[7] (born\n1505; died 25th September, 1542), of Stralsund, in his _Pomerania_ (ed.", "\nMeden, p. 405., ", "1841, W. Dietze, Anclam.), ", "of Wollin, only previously\nalluded to by your correspondents, is as follows:\n\n \"_Of Wollin._--Wollin was before, as it appears from heretofore\n written histories, a powerful city; and one yet finds far about\n the town foundations and tokens that the city was once very great;\n but it has since been destroyed, and numbers now scarcely 300 to\n 400 citizens.[8] It has a parish church and nunnery\n (_jungfrauenkloster_), and a ducal government. ", "It lies on a piece\n of marshland, on the Dievenow, called the Werder. ", "The citizens are\n customed like the other Pomeranians, but they are considered\n somewhat awkwarder (_unhandlicher_ = unhandier). ", "It is a curious\n custom of this land and city that generally more inhuman things\n take place there than anywhere else; and that I may relate\n something, I will tell of a dreadful occurrence that lately\n happened there.[9] Of Wollyn there is nothing more to be written,\n except that the revered Master Doctor Joannes Buggenhagen was born\n in this city, who is no insignificant ornament both of the holy\n New Testament and of his fatherland.\"", "\n\n [Footnote 7: The publication of whose works in English I strongly\n recommend.]", "\n\n [Footnote 8: In later times, however, the population has become\n greater.]", "\n\n [Footnote 9: Not to be found.]", "\n\nOn Vineta he writes (_High German Chronicle_, ed. ", "Meden, lib. ", "ii. ", "pp.", "\n32-35.):--\n\n \"Not long after this Schwenotto threw off Christianity, and set\n himself against his father Harald, king in Denmark, and drove him\n from the kingdom. ", "So Harald fled to Wollyn, in Pomerania. ", "There\n the Wends, notwithstanding that he was a Christian, and they still\n of the ancient faith, received him kindly, and, together with the\n other Wends and Pomeranians, fitted out ships and an armament, and\n brought him with force back into his kingdom, and fought the whole\n day with Schweno, so that it was uncertain who had or had not won\n there. ", "Then the next day they arose and made a smiting[10], and in\n the fray Harald was shot by a Dane, and perhaps by his son's\n command. ", "Then brought the Wollyners him to their ships, and\n carried him away to their city that there they might doctor\n (_artzten_) him. ", "But he died of the wound, and was buried there,\n after he had reigned about fifty years, about the thousandth year\n after the birth of Christ. ", "So writeth Saxo. ", "But Helmold writes,\n that he came to Vineta: these holp him into his kingdom again,\n and when he was shot in the skirmish, they brought him back to\n their town, where he died[11] and was buried. ", "And that I myself\n believe; for though Wollyn was a mighty state at that time, still\n Vineta was much mightier; and it is therefore to be concluded that\n he fled to Vineta, rather than to Wollyn, and that Vineta was on\n that account afterwards destroyed: and as we are come to Vineta,\n we will say what Helmold writes thereof, which is this:--\n\n [Footnote 10: I have in the translation adopted the phrase of Holy\n Writ, \"made a smiting.\"]", "\n\n [Footnote 11: This shows that the MSS. ", "of Helmold were corrupted\n at a very early period. ", "I have seen one uncorrupted. ", "A list of\n them would be a thing desirable.]", "\n\n \"Vineta has been a powerful city, with a good harbour for the\n surrounding nations; and after so much has been told of the city\n which is totally (_schyr_ = sheerly) incredible, I will relate\n this much. ", "It is said to have been as great a city as any which\n Europe contained at that time, and it was promiscuously inhabited\n by Greeks, Slavonians, Wends, and other nations. ", "The Saxons, also,\n upon condition of not openly practising Christianity, were\n permitted to inhabit with them; for all the citizens were\n idolaters down to the final destruction and fall of the city. ", "Yet\n in customs, manners, and hospitality there is not a more worthy\n nation, or so worthy a one, to be found. ", "The city was full of all\n sorts of merchandise (_kaufwahr_) from all countries, and had\n everything which was curious, luxurious (_lustig_ = lustful), and\n necessary; and a king of Denmark destroyed them a great fleet of\n war. ", "The ruins and recollection of the town remain even to this\n day, and the island on which it lay is flowed round by three\n streams, of which one is of a green colour, the other greyish, and\n the third dashes and rushes by reason of storm and wind. ", "And so\n far Helmold, who wrote about 400 years ago.", "\n\n \"And it is true that the remains exist at the present day: for\n when one desires to go from Wolgast over the Pene, in the country\n of Usedom, and comes by a village called Damerow, which is by\n [about] two miles[12] from Wolgast, so sees one about a long\n quarter way into the sea (for the ocean has encroached upon the\n land so much since then), great stones and foundations. ", "So have I\n with others rowed thither, and have carefully looked at it. ", "But no\n brickwork is there now; for it is so many hundred years since the\n destruction of the city, that it is impossible that it can have\n remained so long in the stormy sea. ", "Yet the great\n foundation-stones are there still, and lie in a row, as they are\n usually disposed under a house, one by the other; and in some\n places others upon them. ", "Among these stones are some so great, in\n three or four places, that they reach ell high above the water; so\n that it is conjectured that their churches or assembly-houses\n stood there. ", "But the other stones, as they still lie in the order\n in which they lay under the buildings (_geben_), show also\n manifestly how the streets went through the length and breadth\n (_in die lenge und uebers quer_) of the city. ", "And the fishermen of\n the place told us that still whole paving-stones of the streets\n lay there, and were covered with moss[13] (_uebermoset_), so that\n they could not be seen; yet if one pricked therein with a\n sharp-pointed pole or lance, they were easily to be felt. ", "And the\n stones lay somehow after that manner: and as we rowed backward and\n forward over the foundations, and remarked the fashion of the\n streets, saw we that the town was built lengthways from east to\n west. ", "But the sea deepens the farther we go, so that we could not\n perceive the greatness of the city fully; but what we could see,\n made us think that it was very probably of about the size of\n Luebeck: for it was about a short quarter[14] long, and the breadth\n broader than the city Luebeck. ", "By this one may guess what was the\n size of the part we could not see. ", "And according to my way of\n thinking, when this town was destroyed, Wisbu in Gottland was\n restored.\"", "\n\n [Footnote 12: German, answering to about eight English.]", "\n\n [Footnote 13: I have translated _uebermoset_ as above, though\n nothing at the bottom could be covered with moss. ", "I suspect the\n true lection to be _uebermodert_, as _moder_ exists in the present\n German, answering to our word \"mother.\"]", "\n\n [Footnote 14: This expression, as well as a previous one, alludes\n to the distance. \"", "Of a mile\" is, in both cases, to be understood.]", "\n\nWisby, _en passant_, may be described as a merchant town of great\nimportance in the mediaeval period, and whence we have derived our\nnavigation laws. ", "It has now about 4000 inhabitants, and has many ruined\nbuildings and sculptured marble about it.", "\n\nSo far Kantzow in the _High German Chronicle_: in the _Low German\nChronicle_ (ed. ", "Boehmer, Greifswald, 1832), I find nothing bearing on the\nsubject.", "\n\nIndistinct and wavering is Kantzow in his account, but thus much is to\nbe gathered from it.", "\n\n1. ", "That the _soi-disant_ Vineta lay east and west; Julin or Wollin lies\nnorth and south.", "\n\n2. ", "That the destruction of Wollin ensued on its aiding an enemy against\nDenmark.", "\n\n3. ", "That in the mind of Kantzow the two towns were not confounded, and\nthat he had heard both legends, but had not sufficient critical sagacity\nto disentangle the mess.", "\n\nThe oldest MSS. ", "of Helmold have not this error. ", "I have myself, as\npreviously stated, seen one uncorrupted. ", "The closing words of Kantzow\nseem to make it necessary to search for the date of the rebuilding of\nWisby, which I have not at present the means of doing, though I will\ntake an early opportunity of settling this, oddly enough, contested\npoint.", "\n\nVon Raumer emphatically brands the legend of Vineta as a fable; as also\nmy friend M. de Kaiserling. ", "And I myself am forcibly reminded of an old\nIrish legend I read long ago somewhere or other, of the disappearance of\na city in the Lake of Killarney, of which, my authority stated, the\ntowers were occasionally to be perceived. ", "Another legend, of which the\nscene was laid in Mexico, I recollect, was to the same effect; and in\nthis I am confirmed by a friend, who has traveled much in that country.", "\nI must myself totally deny the existence of Vineta, except as the\ncapital city of the Veneti, when I would place it in Ruegen.", "\n\nI may as well add that M. de Kaiserling dug up his coins in the\nnorth-western corner of Wollin, near the Rathhaus.", "\n\nThe Salmarks are in the neighbourhood of the town, the Greater one to\nthe north, the Lesser to the south.", "\n\nI will now close the paper, already too long, and hope for elucidations\nand remarks from abler pens.", "\n\n KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.", "\n\n September 25, 1851.", "\n\n\nMinor Notes.", "\n\n_Curious Epitaph in Dalkeith Churchyard._--The following inscription is\non the tombstone of one Margaret Scott, who died in the town of\nDalkeith, February 9, 1738, aged 125 years:--\n\n \"Stop passenger, until my life you read:\n The living may get knowledge by the dead.", "\n Five times five years I lived a virgin's life:\n Ten times five years I was a virtuous wife:\n Ten times five years I lived a widow chaste;\n Now, weary'd of this mortal life, I rest.", "\n Between my cradle and my grave have been\n Eight mighty kings of Scotland and a queen.", "\n Four times five years the Commonwealth I saw;\n Ten times the subjects rose against the law.", "\n Twice did I see old Prelacy pull'd down;\n And twice the cloak was humbled by the gown.", "\n An end of Stuart's race I saw: nay, more!", "\n My native country sold for English ore.", "\n Such desolations in my life have been,\n I have an end of all perfection seen.\"", "\n\nI thought that the above instance of what might be termed \"historical\nlongevity\" was worthy of a place in your pages, along with others\nproving how \"traditions from remote periods may come through few hands.\"", "\n\n BLOWEN.", "\n\n_Device of SS._--However doubtful may be the derivation of our English\n\"Collar of Esses,\" there is a pretty explanation given of a similar\ndevice granted to a Spanish nobleman.", "\n\nIt is said that Gatierre de Cardenas was the first person who announced\nto the young Princess Isabella of Castile the approach of her future\nhusband, Ferdinand of Aragon (after his romantic journey to Valladolid\nin 1469), exclaiming, \"Esse es, esse es,\"--\"This is he!\" ", "He obtained\npermission to add to his escutcheon the letters SS. ", "to commemorate this\ncircumstance.", "\n\n O. P. Q.\n\n_Lord Edward Fitzgerald._--Having seen in \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" a remark\nabout Lord Edward Fitzgerald, I wish to add the following.", "\n\nThe body of Lord Edward Fitzgerald has never been removed by his\nrelatives, but has lain in an outside vault or passage, under the parish\nchurch of St. Werburgh, Dublin, until very lately, when (I believe\nwithin the last year) Lady Campbell, widow of General Sir Guy Campbell,\nBart., ", "and daughter of Pamela, caused it to be placed in an oak coffin,\nthe old one being greatly decayed. ", "It is now removed into what is called\nthe chancel vault.", "\n\n L. M. M.\n\n_The Michaelmas Goose._--Why it is that here in England--\n\n \"---- by custom (right divine)\n Geese are ordained to bleed at Michael's shrine,\"\n\nis a mystery still unsolved by English antiquaries. ", "For, even if the\nstory that Queen Elizabeth was eating a goose on Michaelmas Day when she\nreceived the news of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, rested on\nunquestionable authority, it would not explain the origin of the custom,\nsince Brand has shown, by a reference to Blount's _Jocular Tenures_,\nthat it existed as early as the tenth year of Edward IV. ", "If we seek an\nillustration from the practice of our continental neighbours, we shall\nfail; or only learn that we have transferred to the Feast of St. Michael\na practice which is observed abroad on that of St. Martin, the 11th\nNovember: indeed, St. Martin's Bird is a name by which the goose is\nknown among many of the continental nations. ", "In the Runic Calendar the\n11th November is marked by a goose. ", "In the old _Bauern Practica_ (ed.", "\n1567), _Wintermonat_ or November boasts, in one of the Rhymes of the\nMonth,--\n\n \"Fat geese unto the rich I sell.\"", "\n\nAnd in the curious old Story Book of Peter Leu, reprinted by von der\nHagen in his _Narrenbuch_, one of the adventures commences:\n\n \"It fell upon St. Martin's Day,\n When folks are wont goose-feasts to keep.\"", "\n\nA learned German, however, Nork (_Festkalender_, s. 567.), ", "sees in our\nMichaelmas Goose the last traces of the goose offered of old to\nProserpina, the infernal goddess of death (on which account it is that\nthe figure of this bird is so frequently seen on monumental remains);\nand also of the offerings (among which the goose figured) formerly made\nto Odin at this season, a pagan festival which on the introduction of\nChristianity was not abolished, but transferred to St. Michael.", "\n\n WILLIAM J. THOMS.", "\n\n_Gravesend Boats_ (Vol. ", "ii., ", "p. 209.).--In a letter from Sir Thomas\nHeneage to Sir Christopher Hatton, dated 2nd May, 1585, given in\nNicolas's _Memoir of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton_ (p.\n426.), ", "is this passage:\n\n \"Her Highness thinketh your house will shortly be like a Gravesend\n barge, never without a knave, a priest, or a thief,\" &c.\n\n\"Her Highness\" was Queen Elizabeth, and the purport of the letter was to\nconvey \"her Highness's pleasure\" touching one Isaac Higgins, then in\nthe custody of Sir Christopher Hatton.", "\n\n C. H. COOPER.", "\n\n Cambridge, Sept. 19. ", "1851.", "\n\n_Skull-cups._--There are so very few consecutive and methodical readers\nleft, that it is not surprising that Mr. Blackwell, the editor of Bohn's\n_Mallet_, should have adopted the groundless charge of one Magnusen\nagainst Olaus Wormius, who understood Ragnar's death-song much better\nthan certain ironical dilettanti of Cockneyland. ", "Charlemagne's\nsecretary, Paul Warnefrid, the Lombard deacon of Aquileia, swears that,\nabout 200 years after the event, King Ratchis had shown him _the cup\nmade out of Cunimund's skull_, in which Queen Rosamund, his daughter,\nrefused to drink, in the year 574.[15] (_Paul. ", "Diac._ ", "ii. ", "8.) ", "Open the\n_Acta Sanctorum_ for the 1st of May, and they will tell you that the\nmonks of Triers had enchased in silver the skull of St. Theodulf, out of\nwhich they administered fever-drink to the sick. ", "Moreover, when, in the\nyear 1465, Leo von Rozmital came to Neuss, he saw a costly tomb wherein\nlay the blessed Saint Quirinus, and he drank out of his skull-cup. ", "St.\nSebastian's skull at Ebersberg, and St. Ernhart's at Ratisbonne, had\nalso been converted into chalices.", "\n\n [Footnote 15: See Grotius's valuable Collection of Gothic and\n Lombard Historians.]", "\n\nI refer the reader to Jacob Grimm's _Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache_,\npp. ", "143. ", "146., ", "for further details: he shows that to drink ale out of\n_buigvidum hausa_, can only mean out of \"hollow skulls,\" literally\n\"_vacuitas_ curva.\"", "\n\nTo prove the antiquity of the custom, Grimm alleges likewise a passage\nof the Vilkinasaga, in which Voelundr, the smith, our Belenger[16], or\nWill o' the Wisp, enchases in silver the amputated skulls of Nidads' two\nboys.", "\n\n [Footnote 16: Foeu _Belenger_, in one of the dialects of the\n Low-Norman Isles.]", "\n\n GEORGE METIVIER.", "\n\n\n\n\nQueries.", "\n\n\nMinor Queries.", "\n\n168. _", "Elizabeth, Equestrian Figure of._--Doubtless many of your readers\nhave seen in the Exhibition a large equestrian figure of Elizabeth; it\nis in the N.W. gallery, in one of the large plate cases. ", "Now the horse\nis described as pacing, which the explanation states was a step taught\nthe horses belonging to the ladies of that period. ", "Query, where a\ndescription of pacing, or rules for teaching horses to pace, amble, &c.,\nmay be found? ", "for what appears so extraordinary in the figure is that\nthe fore and hind legs of the same side of the horse are extended\ntogether, or simultaneously. ", "I have in the _Graphic Illustrator_ a\npicture of Elizabeth hawking (the figure in the Exhibition may have been\ncopied from the original), where the horse is in the same attitude. ", "I\nfeel anxious to know if that unnatural gait is possible, or whether it\nis a part or the whole of the pacing step.", "\n\n THOS. ", "LAWRENCE.", "\n\n Ashby de la Zouch.", "\n\n169. _", "Indian Ants._--Is there any foundation for Pliny's account of the\nIndian ants, which were, according to Herodotus, \"not so large as a dog,\nbut bigger than a fox?\"", "\n\n A. C. W.\n\n170. _", "Passage in Geo. ", "Herbert._--What is the meaning of the following?", "\n(Herbert's _Poems_, \"Charms and Knots,\" ver. ", "8.):--\n\n \"Take one from ten, and what remains?", "\n Ten still: if sermons go for gains.\"", "\n\n H. T. G.\n\n171. _\"", "The King's-way,\" Wilts._--Mention of this road, in the\nneighbourhood of Malmsbury, occurs in two charters of the Saxon kings\nAthelstan and Eadwig, Nos. ", "355. & ", "460. ", "Cod. ", "Dipl. ", "Aevi. ", "Sax. ", "The road is\nsaid to be known in Wiltshire as King Athelstan's Way. ", "Can any of your\ncorrespondents oblige me by pointing out its course, and the immediate\npurpose for which it was constructed? ", "There is a King's-way Field\n(Cyngwey-ffeld) mentioned in the ancient terriers of Bampton, Oxon, and\nstill known there.", "\n\n B. W.\n\n172. _", "Marriages within ruined Churches._--I have heard of marriages\nsolemnized within _ruined_ churches in Ireland within the last twenty\nyears. ", "What is the origin of this custom; was it general, and is it\nstill observed?", "\n\n R. H.\n\n173. _", "Fees for Inoculation._--In an old Account Book of a Sussex county\ngentleman I find the following items:--\n\n \"1780. ", "I paid for the inoculation of William and Polly Parker, L5\n 15_s._ ", "6_d._\"", "\n\nand again in 1784:\n\n \"Paid towards R. Stephen's inoculation, L1 11_s._ ", "0_d._\"", "\n\nfrom which it would appear that the process was a very expensive one in\nthose days. ", "I should feel obliged to any of your correspondents to give\nme some information on this point.", "\n\n R. W. B.\n\n174. \"_", "Born in the Eighth Climate._\"--Can any of your readers explain\nthe allusion contained in the following extract from Sir Thomas Browne?", "\n\n \"_I was born in the eighth climate_, but seem for to be framed and\n constellated unto all.", "\"--_Religio Medici_, ii. ", "1.", "\n\nWill the notions of astrology throw any light upon it?", "\n\n N. H.\n\n175. _", "Aubry de Montdidier's Dog._--Who was the King of France that\nsubjected the Chevalier Macaire to the ordeal by combat with this famous\ndog? ", "In some of the authorities it is said to be Charles VI., ", "and in\nothers \"Le Roi Jean,\" meaning, I presume, John II.", "\n\n HENRY H. BREEN.", "\n\n St. Lucia.", "\n\n176. _", "Sanford's Descensus._--Can any of your correspondents say if\nSanford's _Descensus_ has ever been published separately? ", "It is spoken\nof in the 2nd vol. ", "of Gale's _Court of the Gentiles_, and was published\nin the works of a bishop who survived him. ", "A copy of that prelate's\nworks is in the Bodleian Library, and contains the _Descensus_. ", "What is\nthe bishop's name?", "\n\n AEGROTUS.", "\n\n177. _", "Parish Registers--Briefs for Collection._--What acts of parliament\nsince the reign of George I. affect parish registers?", "\n\nOn what authority were collections made in churches _by brief_; in what\nyear was that mode of collection decreed; and when did it cease?", "\n\n J. B. (A Subscriber.)", "\n\n178. _", "Early Printing Presses, Sticks, and Chases._--I am a compositor,\nand have read with great interest the \"Notes\" on Caxton and Printing in\nyour valuable publication. ", "May I venture to put a Query which has often\ncrossed my mind, especially when I went to see Mr. Maclise's great\npainting at the Royal Academy. ", "What kind of press did Caxton and his\nsuccessors use? ", "Also, is anything known of the shape of their \"sticks\"\nand \"chases?\" ", "Mr. Maclise seems to have taken a modern pattern for all\nof these, especially the two last.", "\n\n EM QUAD.", "\n\n179. _", "Bootikins._--Horace Walpole speaks in many of his letters of the\ngreat benefit he had experienced from the use of _bootikins_ in his\nattacks of gout. ", "In a letter to George Montagu, Esq., ", "dated July 31,\n1767, he says:\n\n \"Except one day's gout, which I cured with the _bootikins_, I have\n been quite well since I saw you.\"", "\n\nEight years afterwards his expectations of _cure_ from them were not so\nhigh. ", "In a letter to the Rev. Mr. Cole, dated June 5, 1775, he remarks:\n\n \"I am perfectly well, and expect to be so for a year and a half. ", "I\n desire no more of my _bootikins_ than to curtail my fits.\"", "\n\nDr. E. J. Seymour (_Thoughts on the Nature and Treatment of several\nsevere Diseases of the Human Body_, i. 107.: ", "London, 1847), says that--\n\n \"The _bootikins_ were simply a glove, with a partition for the\n thumb, but no separate ones for the fingers, like an infant's\n glove, made of oiled silk.\"", "\n\nCan any of your readers shed light on this matter?", "\n\n R. D.\n\n Philadelphia.", "\n\n180. _", "Printers' Privilege._--I have heard it confidently stated that\nprinters have the privilege, if they are disposed to use it, to wear on\nall occasions a sword dangling at their sides. ", "If it be so, whence does\nit arise? ", "I have heard two explanations, one, bearing _prima facie_\nevidence of incorrectness, a special grant as a mark of favour; the\nother, which is the only reasonable way of accounting for such a totally\nunsuitable privilege, that when the act passed forbidding arms to be\ncommonly worn, all kinds and manner of people were mentioned by the name\nof their trades, businesses, &c., except printers, who were accidently\nomitted. ", "How much of truth might there be in all this? ", "What is the act\nalluded to?", "\n\n TEE BEE.", "\n\n181. _", "Death of Pitt._--What authority is there for the accompanying\nstatement respecting the death of Mr. Pitt?", "\n\n \"Among the anecdotes of statesmen few are more interesting than\n that which records the death of Pitt. ", "The hand which had so long\n sustained the sceptre of this country found no hand to clasp it in\n death. ", "By friends and by servants he was alike deserted; and a\n stranger wandering on from room to room of a deserted house, came\n at last by chance to a chamber untended but not unquiet, in which\n the great minister lay, alone and dead.", "\"--See _Edinburgh Review_\n for July, 1851, p. 78., ", "on the _Poems and Memoir of Hartley\n Coleridge_.", "\n\n NATHANIEL ELLISON.", "\n\n182. \"_", "A little Bird told me._\"--C. W. wishes to know if any of the\nreaders of \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" can tell him the origin of the proverb,\n\"A little bird told me.\"", "\n\nC. W. has an idea that the origin is from the _Koran_, where is an\naccount of all the birds being summoned before Solomon. ", "The lapwing\nabsents himself. ", "Upon being questioned why he did not immediately obey,\nhe says he has been at the court of the Queen of Sheba, who has resolved\nupon visiting Solomon. ", "On the hint, Solomon prepares for the queen's\nreception. ", "The lapwing sets off to Ethiopia, and tells the Queen that\nSolomon wishes to see her. ", "The meeting, as we know, took place.", "\n\nNot having the _Koran_, C. W. cannot refer to it to see if it is right\nor wrong.", "\n\n183. _", "Baroner._--At page 105. ", "of the volume of _Bury Wills_ published by\nthe Camden Society, is the will of William Place, priest, Master of the\nHospital of St. John Evangelist without the south gate of Bury St.\nEdmunds, dated 21st July, 1504, whereby he willed that \"Damp\" William\nCarsey (elsewhere in the same will called Karsey), \"Baroner\" of the\nMonastery of Bury St. Edmunds, should assign two children to say _De\nprofundis_ at his grave for his soul every day from his burying day till\nhis thirtieth day be past, and they to have each day for their labour\none penny betwixt them. ", "Mr. Tymms's notes to the above publication are\ncopious and valuable, but he omits to explain the term \"Baroner;\" and\nthe object of this Query is to ascertain if he, or any of your numerous\ncorrespondents, can do so. ", "I conjecture that the Baroner was the master\nof the children (or song school), but I am not aware of any other\ninstance of the use of the word as denoting a monastic officer.", "\n\n C. H. COOPER.", "\n\n Cambridge, Sept 19. ", "1851.", "\n\n184. _", "William the Third at Exeter--History of Hawick._--1. ", "Mr. Macaulay,\nin describing the entrance of William of Orange into Exeter, mentions\nthat he was preceded, amongst others, by three hundred gentlemen of\nEnglish birth. ", "Can any of your correspondents inform me whether the\nnames of these gentlemen are known, and, if so, where the roll may be\nmet with?", "\n\n2. ", "I remember to have read an extract from a work called the _History of\nHawick_ in Teviotdale, but I have never met with any one acquainted with\nthe work. ", "Is the book now extant, and, if so, where can it be seen? ", "If\nany of your correspondents should have seen this volume, perhaps he can\ninform me whether it narrates an altercation between the abbot of\nMelrose and a neighbouring baron, which ended in the death of the\nformer?", "\n\n H. L.\n\n Maen-twrog, North Wales.", "\n\n185. _", "Johannes Lychtenberger._--The \"Pronosticatio,\" or \"prophecies,\"\nwhich bear this name, have been often reprinted since what I believe to\nbe the first edition was published in the year 1488. ", "In giving an\naccount of the copies of it in the Lambeth Library, I stated that I knew\nof no other copy of this edition, except one in the Douce collection in\nthe Bodleian. ", "Eight years have elapsed since that time, and I have not\nheard of any; and as circumstances have lately led to my being engaged\nabout the book, I shall be glad if you will allow me to ask whether any\nof your many learned correspondents know of a _prior_ edition, or of any\nother copies of _this_ one of 1488?", "\n\n S. R. MAITLAND.", "\n\n Gloucester.", "\n\n186. _", "Lestourgeon the Horologist._--I have in my possession an\napparently very old, though very elegant and very excellent, eight-day\nclock, with the maker's name on its face, _Thomas Lestourgeon, London_.", "\nSome years ago there was found among the apparatus of the Natural\nPhilosophy class, in the University of Edinburgh, what is called in the\ninventory \"an old watch, maker's name Lestourgeon, London.\" ", "Can any of\nyour readers tell me when that excellent horologist flourished? ", "I know\nthe history of the clock for about a century, but how much older it may\nbe I should like to know.", "\n\n JAMES LAURIE.", "\n\n187. _", "Physiological Query._--Can any of your correspondents mention the\nwork of any physiologist in which the _cause_ is given why all\nherbivorous animals suck in what they drink, and all carnivorous animals\nlap it up by the action of the tongue? ", "Also, what naturalists have\nspecified that broad distinction, and whether it has been mentioned in\nany other work?", "\n\n AEGROTUS.", "\n\n188. _", "De Grammont's Memoirs._--Is there an earlier edition of De\nGrammont's _Memoirs_ than that in 12mo. ", "printed at Cologne in 1713?", "\n\n PETER CUNNINGHAM.", "\n\n189. \"_", "Frightened out of his seven Senses._\"--Can this expression be met\nwith in any author; or what is its origin?", "\n\nIs it simply synonymous to the more usual phrase, \"To be frightened out\nof one's wits?\"", "\n\nIs there any other passage in the language where the possession of more\nthan _five_ senses is implied?", "\n\n G. T. H.\n\n Acton.", "\n\n190. _", "Fides Carbonaria._--What is the _origin_ of a phrase known to\nreaders of a certain Latinity, \"Fides Carbonaria?\" ", "The French have an\nexpression apparently equivalent, \"Foi de Charbonnier;\" but _what_\noriginated either?", "\n\n A QUERIST.", "\n\n191. _", "Bourchier Family._--I would be very much obliged to any\ncorrespondent who could tell me either the inscriptions on any monuments\nto the \"Bourchier\" family, or in what church they are to be found. ", "I\nbelieve there are some in Northamptonshire.", "\n\n L. M. M.\n\n Dublin.", "\n\n192. _", "Warnings to Scotland._--\n\n \"Warnings to Scotland, of the Eternal Spirit, to the City of\n Edinburgh, in Scotland, by the mouths of Thomas Dutton, Guy Nutt,\n John Glover, in their Mission by the Spirit to the said City, as\n they were delivered in the year 1709, and faithfully taken down in\n writing as they were spoken. ", "London printed in the year 1710.\"", "\n\nThe trio also gave \"warnings\" to the sinful city of Glasgow, &c.\n\nI would be glad if any of your correspondents could give me any\ninformation regarding this _agitation_, and if it produced any sensation\nat the time?", "\n\n ELGINENSIS.", "\n\n193. _", "Herschel anticipated._--Can one of your correspondents mention the\nname, and any other particulars, of the man who anticipated Herschel\nrelative to the sun's motion; and was declared to be mad for\nentertaining such opinions?", "\n\n AEGROTUS.", "\n\n194. _", "Duke of Wellington._--Where can a copy of the petition, presented\nby the Lord Mayor and Common Council, setting forth the insufficiency of\nthe Duke of Wellington as a general, and his obvious incapacity, and\nbegging his immediate recall, be obtained, and the date of it? ", "It is a\ndroll historical document, which should not sink into oblivion.", "\n\n AEGROTUS.", "\n\n\nMinor Queries Answered.", "\n\n_An early Printer._--I have seen an old black-letter book of homilies in\nLatin, with the following imprint:--\n\n \"Sermones Michaelis de Ungaria praedicabiles per tot[=u] annum\n licet breves. ", "Et sic est finis sit laus et gloria trinis\n Impress[=u] suburbiis s[=a]cti germani de praetis per Petr[=u]\n Leuet, anno d[=n]i millesimo quadring[=e]te sino nonagesimo\n septimo primo die vero. ", "xiij. ", "Novembris.\"", "\n\nI should be glad if any of your correspondents could furnish any\ninformation regarding the printer.", "\n\n ABERDONIENSIS.", "\n\n [Petrus Levet was one of the early Paris printers, and several of\n the works printed by him are noticed in Gresswell's _Annals of\n Parisian Typography_, pp. ", "96. ", "100. ", "104. ", "At p. 178. ", "will be found\n his device, copied from the _Destructorium Vitiorum_, anno 1497.]", "\n\n_Nimble Ninepence._--What is the origin of this expression?", "\n\n P. S. KG.", "\n\n [\"A nimble ninepence is better than a slow shilling.", "\"--_Old\n Proverb._]", "\n\n_Prince Rupert's Balls._--Why are the glass balls filled with floating\nbubbles called Rupert balls? ", "Was the prince a glass-blower?", "\n\n [Arrow symbol]\n\n [The earliest experiments upon glass tears were made in 1656, both\n in London and Paris; but it is not certain in what country they\n were invented. ", "They were first brought to England by Prince\n Rupert, and experiments were made upon them by the Right Hon. ", "Sir\n Robert Moray, in 1661, by the command of his Majesty. ", "An account\n of these experiments is to be found in the Registers of the Royal\n Society, of which he was one of the founders. ", "See _Edinburgh\n Encyclopaedia_, vol. ", "x. p. 319.]", "\n\n_Knock under._--To _knock under_, in the sense of succumb, yield: _unde\nderivatur_?", "\n\n NOCAB.", "\n\n [\"From the submission expressed among good fellows by knocking\n under the table.", "\"--_Johnson._]", "\n\n_Freemasons._--Where can be found a good account of the origin of\nfreemasons? ", "And is there any truth in the story that Lord Doneraile made\nhis daughter, the Honorable Miss E. St. Leger, a freemason?", "\n\n [Arrow symbol]\n\n [For a circumstantial account of the origin of Freemasons, see a\n curious pamphlet published in 1812, entitled _Jachin and Boaz; or\n an authentic Key to the Door of Freemasonry, both Ancient and\n Modern_, &c.; also, Oliver's _Antiquities of Freemasonry_. ", "A very\n interesting historico-critical inquiry into the origin of the\n Rosicrucians and Freemasons, from the pen of the English\n Opium-eater, who in it has abstracted, arranged, and in some\n respects re-arranged the German work of J. G. Buhle, _Ueber den\n Ursprung und die vornehmsten Schicksale der Orden der Rosenkreuzer\n und Freymaurer_, will be found in the _London Magazine_ for\n January and February, 1824.", "\n\n We believe it is perfectly true that the Hon. ", "Miss E. St. Leger\n was made a mason, and that she always accompanied her lodge in its\n processions.]", "\n\n\n\n\nReplies.", "\n\n\nCONQUEST OF SCOTLAND.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 165.)", "\n\nIn an article of A. C. in \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" for 30th August last,\nunder the head \"Plowden of Plowden\" from Burke's _Landed Gentry_, I find\nthis paragraph:\n\n \"The names of the followers of William the Conqueror are often\n alluded to; but the 'comers over' at the CONQUEST of Wales,\n SCOTLAND, and Ireland are but seldom thought of, though they lend\n to their descendants' pedigree a degree of historical interest.\"", "\n\nI do not read this paragraph without pain, mingled with indignation. ", "Who\never before heard of the conquest of Scotland? ", "It is true, that, on\nrepeated occasions, the English made successful inroads into that\nkingdom, sometimes of a larger, sometimes of a less extensive character;\nbut the Scottish nation never did \"lie at the proud foot of a\nconqueror.\"", "\n\nThough Edward I., by means of intrigues unworthy of his high character,\ndid for a short period, during the interregnum consequent on the death\nof the Maid of Norway, assume the government of the Scottish realm, and\nput to death some of the most distinguished of her defenders, yet his\nsuccessor paid the penalty of this unjust assumption in the battle of\nBannockburn; a battle having justice on the side of the victorious\nparty, and regarded by all Scotsmen as to be ranked in military prowess\nwith those of Cressy, Poictiers, and Agincourt.", "\n\nIt is not generally known, that upon the marriage of Mary to the Dauphin\nin 1558, Scotsmen were naturalised in France by an _ordonnance_ of Henry\nII.; ", "and that, in like manner, by an act of the parliament of Scotland,\nall Frenchmen were naturalised in that country. ", "The ordonnance granting\nthese privileges to Scotsmen within the realm of France, is printed in\nthe Scottish statute-book along with the Scottish act granting similar\nprivileges to Frenchmen within Scotland.", "\n\nOne of the most distinguished writers on the law of Scotland, when\ndedicating his work to King Charles II., ", "reminds him of the inscription\non the palace of Holyrood: \"Nobis haec invicta miserunt centum sex\nProuvi.\"", "\n\nWhen, in 1707, Scotland treated of an incorporating union with the realm\nof England, she treated as an independent and sovereign power, and the\nTreaty of Union was concluded with her in that character: a treaty which\nwas at least as beneficial to England as it was to Scotland, by\nprecluding in all time to come the intrigues of France with the Scottish\nsovereign and nation.", "\n\nThat Scotland was able for so many centuries to defend her liberties and\nindependence against the powerful kingdom of England, does her great\nhonour. ", "There is no problem of more difficult solution than this: What\nmight have happened, if some other great event had happened otherwise\nthan it did? ", "When England had overcome the kingdom of France, if\nScotland had not afforded the means of annoyance to England, the seat of\ngovernment might have been removed to France, and the great English\nnation have been absorbed in that country: but Providence ruled\notherwise; England lost her dominion in France, and Scotland remained\nindependent.", "\n\n SCOTUS OCTOGENARIUS.", "\n\n\nBOROUGH-ENGLISH.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 133.)", "\n\nW. FRAZER'S Query, which are the towns or districts in England in which\nBorough-English prevails, or has prevailed, and whether there are any\ninstances on record of its being carried into effect in modern times,\nwould require more knowledge than any individual can be expected to\npossess of local customs throughout the country to give a full answer\nto; but if all your legal correspondents would contribute their quotas\nof information on the subject, a very fair list might be made, which\nwould not be uninteresting as illustrative of this peculiar custom. ", "I do\nnot know any work in which the places where the custom prevails are\ncollected together. ", "But I send you a short list of such manors and\nplaces as I know of and have been able to collect, in which the custom\nof Borough-English is the rule of descent, hoping that other\ncorrespondents will add to the list which I have only made a\ncommencement of:--\n\n _Manors and Places where the Custom of Borough-English\n prevails._", "\n\n The Manor of Lambeth }\n \" Kennington } Surrey.", "\n \" Hoo (qy.) ", " Kent.", "\n\n Reve v. Maltster, Croke's _Reports, Trin.", "\n Term_, 11 Chas. ", "I.\n\n The Manor of Tottenham }\n \" Edmonton } Middlesex.", "\n\n _Termes de la Ley_, Kitchin, fo. ", "102.", "\n\n Turnham Green Middlesex.", "\n\n Forester's _Equity Reports_, 276.", "\n\n The Manor of Bray Berks.", "\n\n _Co. Litt._ ", "Sec. ", "211.", "\n\nI am informed that the custom also prevails in some of the Duchy manors\nin Cornwall, but I cannot at present give you the names.", "\n\nI may be able to add to this list in a future communication, and I hope\nto see in your pages some considerable additions to this list from other\ncorrespondents.", "\n\nAs to the continuance of the custom to modern times, nothing can alter\nit but an act of parliament; so that where the custom has prevailed, it\nis still the law of descent: and I have had under my notice a descent of\ncopyhold property, in the manors of Lambeth and Kennington, to the\nyoungest brother within the present century.", "\n\n G. R. C.\n\nThere is a farm of about a hundred acres in the parish of Sullescombe in\nSussex, which is held by this tenure; but whether the adjoining land is\nso, I am not aware. ", "In case of the owner dying intestate, the land would\ngo to the younger son; but I am not aware of an instance of this having\noccurred.", "\n\n E. H. Y.\n\n\nPENDULUM DEMONSTRATION OF THE EARTH'S ROTATION.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "iv., ", "pp. ", "129. ", "177.)", "\n\nYour correspondent A. E. B. appears, by his suggestion regarding\nFoucault's theory, to have rendered confusion worse confounded, mystery\nmore mysterious. ", "He says:\n\n \"If the propounders of this theory had from the first explained,\n that they do not claim for the plane of oscillation an exemption\n from the general rotation of the earth, but only the difference of\n rotation due to the excess of velocity with which one extremity of\n the line of oscillation may be affected more than the other, it\n would have saved a world of fruitless conjecture and\n misunderstanding.\"", "\n\nThis supposition makes an effect, which it is difficult to believe in,\ninto one utterly impossible to conceive. ", "It is hard enough to credit the\ntheory, that the plane of oscillation of a pendulum is partially\nindependent of the rotatory motion of the earth, but still not\nimpossible, considering that the effect of the presumed cause is not\ninconsistent with the results of _a priori_ calculation. ", "For instance,\nduring the swing of a two-seconds pendulum, the angular motion of the\nearth will have been 1', or thereabouts, which, supposing the\noscillation to be independent, would produce an appreciable angle on an\nindex circle placed concentric with the pendulum, and at right angles to\nits plane of oscillation.", "\n\nBut as to A. E. B.'s theory, which supposes the variation of the\npendulum's plane to be \"due to the excess of velocity with which one\nextremity of the line of oscillation may be affected more than the\nother,\" it appears to me quite untenable for a moment. ", "Let him reduce it\nto paper, and find what difference of velocity there is on the earth's\nsurface at the two ends of a line of ten feet, the assumed length of the\narc of a two-seconds pendulum,--a larger one, I presume, than that used\nby Foucault in his cellar,--and I believe he will find it to be\npractically nothing.", "\n\nI confess I have had no faith in this theory from the first; the effect,\nif any and constant, I believe to be magnetic. ", "The results of\nexperiments have been stated from the first very loosely, and the theory\nitself has been put forth very indistinctly, and not supported by any\nname of eminence, except that of Professor Powell.", "\n\nIn the meantime, and until some competent authority has pronounced on\nthe point, I propose that such of your readers as are interested in the\nquestion make experiments for themselves, dividing them into four\nclasses, viz., ", "with the plane of oscillation E. and W., N. and S., N.E.\nand S.W., N.W. and S.E.; take the mean of a great many, and communicate\nthem to the editor of \"NOTES AND QUERIES;\" and I venture to say that\nsuch a collection will do more towards confirming or disproving the\ntheory absolutely, than all the papers we have yet seen on the subject.", "\n\nI am myself about to make experiments with a twenty-five feet pendulum.", "\n\n H. C. K.\n\n ---- Rectory, Hereford, Sept. 8. ", "1851.", "\n\n\nLORD MAYOR NOT A PRIVY COUNCILLOR.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "iv., ", "pp. ", "9. ", "137. ", "180.)", "\n\nIn p. 180. ", "I find some observations respecting the rank of the Lord\nMayor of London, which seem to require further elucidation. ", "But I should\nnot trouble you except for one passage, which leads me to think that the\nwriter is under some little mistake. ", "He seems to think that upon the\noccasion of a new king's accession, only Privy Councillors are summoned.", "\nThis is not so. ", "I remember upon the accession of George IV., ", "that I\nreceived a summons, being then a member of the House of Commons and\nholding an official appointment; and some other private gentlemen were\nalso summoned. ", "I _think_ that the summonses were issued from the Home\nOffice, but of this I am not certain; nor do I know if the same practice\nhas been adopted upon the subsequent accessions. ", "I remember that we all\nmet at Carlton House; that we all signed some document, recognising the\nnew sovereign, which I apprehend to be the authority for the\nproclamation; but that the _Privy Councillors only_ went in to the\npresence.", "\n\nI understand that the theory for summoning me and others was that some\npersons of various ranks and grades of society should concur in placing\nthe new king upon the throne.", "\n\nAll this is, however, mere speculation of my own. ", "The _fact_ of my\nsummons is certain. ", "As to the Lord Mayor being Right Honorable, why need\nwe look for other authority than usage? ", "Usage only gives the title of\nRight Honorable to a Privy Councillor being a Commoner. ", "Usage only gives\nthat title to a Peer. ", "Excuse this gossip.", "\n\n DN.", "\n\n\nCOLLARS OF SS.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 147.)", "\n\nI have the pleasure to add to the early examples of the collar of SS.", "\ngiven by MR. ", "EDWARD FOSS, the names of some personages whose monuments\nare either represented or described in Blore's _Monumental Remains_,\nDugdale's _History of St. Paul's_, Gough's _Sepulchral Monuments_, and\nStothard's _Monumental Effigies_.", "\n\n1. ", "On the effigy of Sir Simon Burley, engraved by Hollar for Dugdale, is\na collar apparently marked, but very indistinctly, with SS. ", "Sir Simon\nwas a Knight of the Garter, Chamberlain to Richard II., ", "and was beheaded\nin 1388.", "\n\n2 and 3. ", "Sir Robert Waterton and his wife, in Methley church, Yorkshire.", "\nThe collar was issued to this knight, when he was an esquire, out of the\ngreat wardrobe of Henry Earl of Derby, in the 20th year of Richard II.", "\n\n4. ", "Sir William Ryther, in Harwood church, Yorkshire: he lived in the\ntime of Richard II.", "\n\n5. ", "John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, in the cathedral at Canterbury. ", "He\nwas Chamberlain of England, and Captain of Calais in the reign of Henry\nIV., ", "and died in 1410.", "\n\n6. ", "Thomas Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, in Arundel church, Sussex; Chief\nButler of England at the coronation of Henry IV., ", "who with his queen was\npresent at the earl's wedding in 1404; temporary Marshal of England in\n1405. ", "Died in 1416, the 4th of Henry V.\n\n7 and 8. ", "Sir Edmund de Thorpe and his wife, in Ashwell-Thorpe church,\nNorfolk. ", "Two persons of this name, Mon' Esmond Thorp and Mon' Esmon de\nThor[=p], were summoned to a great council held at Westminster in the\n2nd of Henry IV. ", "It is considered that this Sir Edmund is the person\ncalled Lord Thorpe, who was slain in Normandy in 1418; that his wife is\nJoan, daughter of Sir Robert Norwood, and widow of Roger Lord Scales;\nand that she is the Lady Thorpe who died in 1415.", "\n\n9. ", "Thomas Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV., ", "President of the\nCouncil, and Lieutenant General of the Forces. ", "He died in 1421. ", "Monument\nin Canterbury cathedral.", "\n\n10, 11, and 12. ", "Ralph Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, and his two wives, in\nStaindrop church, co. Durham. ", "He was created Earl of Westmorland by\nRichard II., ", "made Earl Marshal of England by Henry IV., ", "present at the\nbattle of Agincourt with Henry V., and died in the 4th of Henry VI.,", "\n1425.", "\n\nMargaret, his first wife, was the daughter of Hugh Earl of Stafford; and\nhis second wife was Joan de Beaufort, only daughter of John of Ghent,\nDuke of Lancaster, by Catherine Swinford.", "\n\n13. ", "John Fitz-Alan, Lord Maltravers and Earl of Arundel, in the church\nat Arundel, Sussex. ", "He distinguished himself by the capture of many\ntowns and fortresses in Normandy in the year of his death, 1434.", "\n\n14. ", "William Phelip Lord Bardolf, in Dennington church, Suffolk.", "\nTreasurer of the household of Henry V., Knight of the Garter, and\nChamberlain to Henry VI. ", "Died in the 19th year of this reign, 1440.", "\n\n15 and 16. ", "John Beaufort Duke of Somerset, and his wife, in Wimborne\nMinster, Dorset, Knight of the Garter, created Duke of Somerset and Earl\nof Kendal, and at the same time made Lieutenant and Captain-General of\nAquitaine, France and Normandy. ", "Died in 1444.", "\n\n17. ", "Robert Lord Hungerford, who served in the wars in France and\nGuienne, and died in 1453. ", "His effigy is drawn by Stothard (_Mon. ", "Eff._", "\np. 98.).", "\n\n18. ", "Sir John Nevill, in Harwood church, Yorkshire. ", "Died 22nd Edward IV.,", "\n1482.", "\n\nI presume that MR. ", "EDWARD FOSS would refer to the curious passage in the\nprinted _Rolls of Parliament_, vol. ", "iii. ", "p. 313., ", "wherein it appears\nthat Richard II., ", "in the 20th year of his reign, formally declared that\nhe _assumed_, bore, and used, and that by his leave and wish persons of\nhis retinue also bore and used, the livery of the collar of his uncle,\nthe Duke of Lancaster.", "\n\nMr. John Gough Nichols, in the _Gent. ", "Mag._ ", "for 1842, quotes the\nprincipal part of this passage, and produces some interesting evidence\nin favour of the view that the livery of the collar of the Duke of\nLancaster was the collar of SS.", "\n\n LLEWELLYN.", "\n\n\nWRITTEN SERMONS.", "\n\n(Vol. ", "iii., ", "pp. ", "478. ", "526.; ", "Vol. ", "iv., ", "pp. ", "8. ", "41.)", "\n\nThe statement that the reading of sermons did not prevail in the early\nages of Christianity not having been called in question, although\nirreconcileable with the practice of the Fathers, as ascertained from\ntheir own writings, I am induced to observe that in _Ferrarius de Ritu\nSac. ", "Concionum_, evidence is adduced that extemporaneous preaching was\noccasionally superseded by more elaborate and written discourses,\nsometimes committed to memory, sometimes recited, that is, read.", "\n\n \"Narrat Gregorius (Hom. ", "21. ", "ex Libro Quadraginta Homiliarum)\n solemne ibi fuisse dum Concionem haberet, per Dictatum loqui;\n additque, Ob languentem stomachum jam _legere_ se non posse quae\n dictaverat; ac proinde velle se Evangelicae Lectionis explanationem\n non amplius per Dictatum, sed per familiares collocutiones\n pronunciare. ", "Per Dictatum autem loqui nihil aliud fuit Gregorio\n quam de scripto dicere ex eo perspicuum fit, quod verbo Dictare\n pro Scribere passim usi sunt Veteres Auctores, Sidonius Epistola\n septima Libri primi, undecima quarti, ultima septimi, sexta\n octavi, tertia noni; Aldhelmus _de Laudibus Virginitatis_, cap.", "\n vii., ", "Gregorius Magnus, lib. ", "x. _Epistolarum_, Ep. ", "xxii. \"", "ad\n Joannem Ravennae Subdiaconum,\" et \"Epistola ad Leonardum;\" quae\n praemittitur Expositioni in Job, et alii: usu nimirum ex prisco\n more petito quo Auctores olim, ut est apud Plinium in Epistolis\n non uno loco, Notariis dictare consueverant. ", "Vox praeterea Legere\n qua usus est Gregorius hoc ipsum aperte confirmat; ea enim\n dumtaxat legere possumus quaae scripta sunt et ante oculos\n posita.", "\"--Ferrarius, _ut supra_, lib ii. ", "15.", "\n\nFabricius, in his _Bibliothecaria Antiquaria_ (cap. ", "xi., ", "De Concionibus\nChristianorum), thus refers to this passage:\n\n \"Conciones plerasque dictas ex memoria, quasdam etiam de scripto\n recitatas, observatum Ferrario, lib. ", "ii. ", "cap. ", "15.\"", "\n\nIt may therefore be inferred that he knew of no other testimony equally\npertinent, but surely we may surmise that other fathers, _e.g._ Gregory\nNazianzen (who, in the words of Bellarmine, \"sapientiam mirifice cum\neloquentia copulavit\") occasionally were unable to commit to memory the\nnumerous discussions which they had so diligently prepared.", "\n\nI have been requested by the Rev. Richard Bingham, Jun., to state that\nhe has in his possession autograph sermons by his illustrious ancestor,\nin some of which are notes only or heads of subjects, and which are\ntherefore unfavourable to the suspicion expressed (p. 42.), ", "that the\nauthor of the _Antiquities of the Christian Church_ was prejudiced\nagainst extempore preaching.", "\n\n BIBLIOTHECARIUS CHETHAMENSIS.", "\n\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.", "\n\n_The Authoress of \"A Residence on the Shores of the Baltic\"_ (Vol. ", "iv.,", "\np. 113.).--As in a publication such as \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" the most\nprecise correctness, even in matters of secondary importance, is, above\nall things, to be desiderated, I am sure J. R. will be glad to be\ncorrected in a statement made by him, in the concluding sentence of his\ninteresting communication, \"Traditions from remote Periods through few\nHands,\" concerning the above accomplished lady. ", "This elegant writer was\nnot \"one of _four_ congenital children,\" though it is quite true that\nsuch a birth occurred in her family. ", "The following account of so unusual\nan occurrence is taken from Matchett's _Norfolk and Norwich Remembrancer\nand Vade Mecum_, a work compiled principally from the columns of _The\nNorfolk Chronicle_, of which Mr. Matchett was for many year a\nco-proprietor and assistant editor:--\n\n \"August 15, 1817. ", "At Dr. R.'s house, at Framingham (a small\n village four miles from Norwich), Mrs. R., who in 1804 had first\n brought him twins, was safely delivered of four living children,\n three sons and a daughter, who were privately baptized by the\n names of Primus John, Secundus Charles Henry, Tertius Robert\n Palgrave, and Quarta Caroline. ", "They were weighed with their shirts\n on by Dr. Hamel, physician to the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia,\n who paid Dr. R. a visit a few days after the quadruple birth, and\n were found to be 21 lbs. ", "2 oz. ", "One lived eighteen days; the other\n three from eight to ten weeks. ", "Dr. R. being a grandfather at the\n time, the children were born great-uncles and a great-aunt.\"", "\n\nThey are buried in Framingham Earl churchyard, where is a table monument\nover their remains, setting forth the above particulars in full, with\nthe respective periods of their deaths.", "\n\nDr. R. was Mayor of Norwich in 1805, and, as J. R. states, an eminent\nphysician of that city. ", "He was the author of _An Essay on Animal Heat_,\n_On the Agriculture of Framingham and Holkham_, and of other works on\nMidwifery, Medicine, and Agriculture. ", "He died Oct. 27, 1821, aged\nseventy-three years.", "\n\n COWGILL.", "\n\n_Winifreda_ (Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 27.; ", "Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 196.).--Notwithstanding the\nMS. ", "note referred to by DR. ", "RIMBAULT in a recent number, I cannot think\nthat G. A. Stevens was the author of \"Winifreda,\" as he had barely\nattained his sixteenth year when that song was first printed in 1726.", "\nNeither is it easy to imagine that the commonplace lines quoted in\nReed's _Biographia Dramatica_, vol. ", "i. p. 687., ", "from Stevens's poem\ncalled \"Religion, or the Libertine Repentant,\" and \"Winifreda,\" could\nhave been the production of the same person. ", "We learn also from Reed,\nthat, owing to a pirated edition of Stevens's songs being published at\nWhitehaven, he in 1772 printed a genuine collection of them at Oxford.", "\nThis book I never met with. ", "Should it contain Winifreda, I shall be\nsatisfied: if not, we may still say of the mysterious author, \"Non est\ninventus.\"", "\n\n BRAYBROOKE.", "\n\n_Querelle d'Alleman_ (Vol. ", "iii, p. 495.), ", "not _d'Allemand_, as your\ncorrespondent MR. ", "BREEN has written it; this saying deriving its origin\nfrom the _Allemans_, a powerful family of the Dauphine, in the\nthirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and having no reference whatever to\nthe national character of the Germans, as will appear by the following\nextract from the _Revue Historique de la Noblesse, voce_ ALLEMAN:--\n\n \"Durant le 13e et le 14e siecle, la region montagneuse qui s'eleve\n entre le Drac et l'Isere etait presque en totalite le domaine\n d'une immense famille de seigneurs qui portaient tous le nom\n _d'Alleman_.... Jamais souche feodale ne produisit plus de\n rameaux, et nulle part les membres d'une meme famille ne se\n grouperent autour de leurs chefs avec un soin plus jaloux.... Ils\n se mariaient entre eux, jugeaient entre eux leurs differends, et\n en toute circonstance se pretaient les uns aux autres un\n infaillible appui. ", "Malheur a l'imprudent voisin qui eut trouble\n dans son heritage ou dans son honneur le plus humble des\n _Alleman_. ", "Sur la plainte de l'offense, un conseil de famille\n etait reuni, la guerre votee par acclamations, et l'on voyait\n bientot deboucher dans la plaine de Grenoble les bandes armees qui\n guidaient au chatiment de l'agresseur les bannieres d'Uriage et de\n Valbonnais.\"", "\n\nHence, from the ardour with which this family avenged the smallest\ninjury, came the saying, \"_Faire une querelle d'Alleman_;\" to which\nOudin, in his _Curiosites Francoises_, gives the following\ninterpretation:--\n\n \"_Querelle d'Alleman_, fondee sur peu de sujet et facile a\n appaiser.\"", "\n\nHaving reference to the same family was also the proverb, known in the\nDauphine, \"_Gare la queue des Alleman_,\" applied to those entering upon\nsome difficult enterprise; in other words, \"mind the consequences.\"", "\n\nIn Le Roux de Lincy's _Livres des Proverbes Francais_, vol. ", "ii. ", "p. 15.,", "\nI find the following:\n\n \"Arces, Varces, Granges et Comiers,\n Tel les regarde qui ni les ose ferier,\n Mais gare la queue d'Alleman et des Brangiers.\"", "\n\n PHILIP S. KING.", "\n\n_Coins of Constantius II._ (", "Vol. ", "ii., ", "pp. ", "42. ", "254.).--Not being exactly\nsatisfied with my former reply to MR. ", "WITTON on this subject, I have\nmade further search on the subject in numismatic works, and I would\nrefer him to the following note in Banduri, vol. ", "ii. ", "p. 418.:--\n\n \"Galli numismata Antiquarii olim cum nummis Constantii Augusti\n confundebant; sed Erud. ", "Harduinus numismata omnia Constantii\n Caesaris (Galli) in quibus FEL. ", "TEMP. ", "REPARATIO. ", "item ea in quibus\n CONSTANTIVS. ", "IVN. ", "appellatur, aut FL. ", "CL. ", "CONSTANTIVS, ad Gallum\n nostrum pertinere ostendit; in quibus omnibus cum eadem effigies\n expressa sit a Constantii Augusti effigie plurimum diversa, et\n caput nudum semper sit; omnia numismata in quibus et caput nudum,\n et idem qui in caeteris vultus conspicitur, ad eundem Gallum\n retulimus, tametsi eorum numismatum nonnulla FL. ", "IVL. ", "Constantium\n appellant. ", "Haud dissimulandum tamen descripta ab Occone fuisse\n numismata duo Constantii Augusti, in quibus FL. ", "CL. ", "Constantius\n nominatur, quae inter numismata illius Principis ex aere incerti\n moduli exhibuimus supra. ", "Caeterum hujus Principis nummi omnes ex\n argento rari sunt, et desiderantur in Mediobarbo, excepto hoc,\n quem perperam (licet ex Tristano) inter aereos recenset laudatus\n Mediobarbus, et duobus sequentibus.\"", "\n\nOn the whole, therefore, I conclude, that we may more safely assign to\nGallus the _bare_ head; the legends \"CONSTANTIVS IVN.\" ", "and \"FL. ", "CL.", "\nCONSTANTIVS,\" and the _diademed_ head, and the legends, \"FL. ", "IVL.", "\nCONSTANTIVS,\" and \"CONSTANTIVS AVG.,\" ", "to Constantius II. ", "Those with \"FL.", "\nVAL. ", "CONSTANTIVS\" would seem more properly to belong to Constantius\nChlorus. ", "I may add, that all those coins of Constantius which bear an A\nbehind the portrait, certainly belong to Gallus.", "\n\n E. S. TAYLOR.", "\n\n_Proverb; what constitutes one?_ (", "Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 191.).--There can be no\ndoubt that, according to modern usage, any short sentence which is\ncommonly used, whether by way of enunciating a principle, foretelling a\nconsequence, describing a situation, or recommending a course of action,\n&c., is a proverb. ", "Brevity is an essential: that is, we apply the term\n_proverb_ to nothing but apophthegms. ", "In truth, nothing but what is said\nin few words can be frequently said by all. ", "Accordingly a proverb, in\nthe nineteenth century, is a commonly known and frequently cited\napophthegm. ", "But it was not always so. ", "The _proverb_ was only _one_ of a\nclass which we may cite under the name of _adage_, because the various\nfolio collections of them generally have this word in the title, as\ndescriptive of all. ", "These works contain proverbs properly so called,\nsentences (_sententiae_, pieces of _sententiousness_), parables,\napologues, aphorisms, witticisms, apophthegms, &c. &c., many of the\ninstances having a right to two or more of these names. ", "According to\nErasmus, all the definitions which he had met with of the _paroemia_ or\n_proverb_ might be contained under one or other of the following:--\n\n \"Proverbium est sermo ad vitae rationem conducibilis, moderata\n quadam obscuritate multam in sese continens utilitatem.\"", "\n\n \"Proverbium est sermo, rem manifestam obscuritate tegens.\"", "\n\nThe old proverb then has a soul of utility, and a body of obscurity: the\nmodern one has a soul of brevity, and a body of notoriety. ", "This\ndistinction will be held obscure enough for an old proverb, but not\nbrief enough for a new one.", "\n\n M.\n\n_Dr. Matthew Sutcliffe_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 152.).--Your learned correspondent\nMR. ", "CROSSLEY is right in his conjecture that this celebrated\ncontroversialist was of a family settled at Mayroyd in the parish of\nHalifax in Yorkshire. ", "According to a pedigree certified in 1624 by Sir\nWilliam Segar, Garter, he was the second son of John Sutcliffe of\nMelroyd, in the county of York, gent., ", "by his wife Margaret, daughter of\n---- Owlsworth of Ashley in the same county. ", "The Doctor married Ann,\ndaughter of John Bradley of Louth, co. Lincoln, Esq., ", "and had issue an\nonly daughter Ann, the wife of Mr. Halls or Halse, of the county of\nDevon. ", "The Doctor had four brothers, viz. ", "Adam, Solomon, Luke, and John.", "\nAdam, the eldest, lived at Grimsby, co. Lincoln, and had an only\ndaughter, Judith. ", "Solomon was of Melroyd and of Grimsby; he married\nElizabeth, daughter of John Bradley of Louth, Esq., ", "by Frances his wife,\ndaughter of ---- Fairfax of Denton, co. York, and had issue four\ndaughters, and also one son, viz. ", "John Sutcliffe, one of the esquires of\nthe body to King James. ", "His wife was Alice, daughter of Luke Woodhouse\nof Kimberley, co. Norfolk, Esq., ", "and he had issue one daughter, Susan.", "\nSegar granted arms to this gentleman in 1624. ", "Of the other brothers of\nthe Dean, Luke died unmarried, and John married a daughter of Jo. ", "Kirton\nof Lincolnshire.", "\n\n F. R. R.\n\n Milnrow Parsonage.", "\n\n_Pope's Translations, or Imitations of Horace_ (Vol. ", "i., p. 230.; ", "Vol.", "\niv., ", "pp. ", "58. ", "122. ", "139.).--Having every wish to accede to the request of\nyour correspondent C., I have made a search, but am unable to lay my\nhand at present on the publication by Curll. ", "There can be no doubt that\nI shall ultimately meet with it; and when I do, it will be quite at his\nservice. ", "Having compared it not very long ago with the folio edition by\nBoreman of this Imitation, which I suppose was the first in its complete\nstate, I can be under no mistake as to the existence of the prior\npublication. ", "It occurs in a thin 8vo. ", "published by Curll in 1716,\ncontaining poetical miscellanies, which in my copy are bound up with\nother tracts. ", "It is headed \"By Mr. P----e,\" and contains only a portion\nof that subsequently printed. ", "Curll afterwards reprinted the Imitation,\nas published by Boreman, in one of the volumes, I think the third of the\ncollection, which he styles \"Letters of Mr. Pope.\"", "\n\nThat the Imitation is by Pope, though I am not aware of any express\nacknowledgment of it by him, there can be no doubt, and as little that\nit found its way to the press, as published by Boreman, with his\nprivity. ", "Curll even says, if any weight be due to the assertions of such\na miscreant, that Pope received a sum of money for it from Boreman. ", "But\nI do not consider that Pope can be deemed to have affiliated it by its\npublication in Dodsley's edition in 1738; which is, as far as I have\nalways understood, a mere bookseller's collection. ", "The only collection\nof his works which can be called his own, and for which he is fairly\nresponsible, is that in 2 vols., ", "folio and 4to., ", "1717-35, to each volume\nof which a preface or notice by him is prefixed; and in the latter of\nthese volumes, though previously published, he has not included this\nImitation, which seems to indicate that he did not feel disposed to\nacknowledge it publicly, and indeed he had good reason to be ashamed of\nit.", "\n\n JAS. ", "CROSSLEY.", "\n\n_M. Lominus, Theologus_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 193.).--The exact title of the\nwork inquired for is, _Blackloanae Haeresis, olim in Pelagio et Manichaeis\ndamnatae, nunc denuo renascentis, Historia et Confutatio_. ", "This 4to.", "\nvolume consists of 332 pages, exclusive of the dedicatory epistle and\nthe appendix; and a \"printed account\" of the author may be seen in Sir\nJames Ware's _Writers of Ireland_ (ed. ", "Harris, pp. ", "191-3), and in Dodd's\n_Church History of England_, vol. ", "iii. ", "pp. ", "284-5.: ", "Brussels, 1742. ", "It is\nto be hoped that in the Bodleian Catalogue something further has been\nstated respecting this curious and very rare book than that it was\nwritten by \"M. Lominus, Theologus,\" who was merely an imaginary divine.", "\nThe real author was the famous PETER TALBOT, brother of \"Lying Dick\nTalbot\" (the Duke of Tyrconnel and Viceroy of Ireland), almoner to\nCatharine, queen of Charles II., ", "and titular Archbishop of Dublin.", "\n\n R. G.\n\nThe work referred to, entitled _Blackloanae Haeresis, olim in Pelagio et\nManichaeis damnatae, nunc denuo renascentis, Historia et Confutatio_,\nGand. ", "1675, 4to., ", "I have a copy of. ", "It is written against the\nBlackloists, the leaders of whom were Thomas White, the follower of Sir\nKenelm Digby, and John Sargeant, the voluminous Roman Catholic writer.", "\nThe real author of the book was Peter Talbot, the brother of Richard\nTalbot, Duke of Tyrconnel. ", "He also published the _History of Manicheism\nand Pelagianism, in which it is shown that Thomas White and his\nAdherents have revived those Heresies_: Paris, 1674, 8vo.", "\n\n JAS. ", "CROSSLEY.", "\n\n_Corpse passing makes a Right of Way_ (Vol. ", "iii., ", "pp. ", "477. ", "507. ", "519.;", "\nVol. ", "iv., ", "p. 124.).--This belief is common in East Anglia, and such\npaths are called _Bierways_. ", "When the common lands at Alby in Norfolk\nwere enclosed, much difficulty was experienced in stopping one road, on\naccount of its being an ancient bierway. ", "In Norwich the passage through\na part of the city called the Bull Close, is accounted public for this\nreason; and a very few years since a gentleman at Whittlesey, in\nCambridgeshire, prevented a funeral from taking a shorter road through\nhis grounds, through fear of its being afterwards esteemed a public\nthoroughfare.", "\n\n E. S. TAYLOR.", "\n\n_Horology_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 175.).--H. C. K. will probably find all he\nrequires in the _Penny Cyclopaedia_ (Articles \"Horology\" and \"Pendulum\"),\nor in a two-shilling volume published by Weale last year, Denison _on\nClocks, Chimes, &c._, or in the other works enumerated below:--Ellicott\n_on regulating Clocks_, 4to., ", "1753; Vulliamy's _Considerations on Public\nClocks_, 4to., ", "1828; Derham's _Artificial Clock Maker_, 12mo., ", "1734;\nBerthoudi's _Essai sur l'Horlogerie_, 4to., ", "2 vols. ", "1763.", "\n\n H. T. E.\n\n Clyst St. George.", "\n\n_Curfew_ (Vol. ", "ii., ", "p. 103.).--In Charleston, the capital of the state\nof South Carolina, a bell is tolled twice every evening, at eight and\nten o'clock in summer, and at seven and nine in winter: this custom\ndates from early times. ", "At the ringing of the _second_ bell the watch\nfor the night is set, and our servants are prohibited from being abroad\nafter that hour without a permit from their masters; the first bell\nsubserves no purpose, and is merely rung in conformity to ancient usage.", "\nI am inclined to think that our ancestors had this bell rung in order to\nkeep up the old custom of the curfew bell of their cherished\nmother-country. ", "It is still a custom when \"the first bell rings\" for the\nyounger children of the family to say \"Good night,\" and retire to bed.", "\nThis is the only practical use to which this early ringing is put, and a\ncapital custom it is, though rather distasteful to the young folks when\nthey are anxious to sit up a little longer.", "\n\n H. H. B.\n\n Monte Cavallo, South Carolina.", "\n\n\"_Going the whole Hog_\" (Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 250.).--A querist asks\ninformation as to the origin of the American figure of speech \"to go the\nwhole hog.\" ", "I apprehend its parentage belongs less to America than to\nIreland, where a \"hog\" is still the synonym for a shilling, and a\n\"tester\" or \"taster\" for a sixpence. ", "Previously to the assimilation of\nthe currency of the two countries in 1825, a \"white hog\" meant the\nEnglish shilling or twelve pence, and a \"black hog\" the Irish shilling,\nof thirteen pence. ", "To \"go the whole hog\" is a convivial determination\n_to spend the whole shilling_, and the prevalence of the expression,\nwith an extension of its applications in America, can be readily traced\nto its importation by the multitudes of emigrants from Ireland.", "\n\n M. R***SON.", "\n\n Belfast.", "\n\n_John Bodley_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 59.).--\"---- Burleigh, M.A.\" who is\nmentioned by S. S. S. as one of the translators of the Bible in 1611,\nmust have been a different person to John Bodley, the father of the\ncelebrated Sir Thomas Bodley. ", "In the very interesting \"History of\nEnglish Translations and Translators\" prefixed to Bagster's _English\nHexapla_, \"Mr. Burgley of Stretford\" is mentioned as one, with this\nnote:--\n\n \"In the Lambeth MS. ", "it is 'Mr. Henry Burleigh.' ", "It is added, one\n of that name was B.D. in 1594, and D.D. in 1607.\"--P. 104.", "\n\nTownley, however, in his _Illustrations of Biblical Literature_, 1821,\nvol. ", "iii. ", "p. 293, supposes him to have been the Francis Burleigh, D.D.,\nwho, according to Newcourt, became vicar of Stortford, or Bishop\nStortford, in 1590. ", "See _Repertorium_, vol. ", "i. p. 896.", "\n\n JOHN I. DREDGE.", "\n\nAmong my matches in and about London (which I shall always be glad to\nsearch for your correspondents) is the following:\n\n \"23 July 1608, _John Bodleigh_, Aldgate, printer B. 34, free of\n the stationers and a freeman; and _Elizabeth Hemp_ of Paul's\n Wharf, Sp. ", "30. ", "St. Brides.\"", "\n\n J. S. B.\n\n_Ancient Egypt, Language of_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 152.).--In Adelung's\n_Mithridates_ the titles of the best works explanatory of this language\nwill be found. ", "To these must be added those of Dr. Thomas Young and\nChampollian Junior. ", "There are some recent German works on the subject;\nyour correspondent will, however, be very little benefited after\nmastering all the writers, for they have really but little to tell. ", "The\nmethod to be pursued with a feasible prospect of success is, to acquire\nthe Coptic-Egyptian language from the New Testament and De Woide, with\nthe special object of mastering the roots, about 200 in number, of that\nlanguage. ", "Next, some knowledge of the Chinese language should be\nobtained, so far at least as is necessary to comprehend the\n_hieroglyphic principle_, whereby 214 letter-keys are made to do duty in\nrepresenting 5000, or more, distinct ideas. ", "The next matter, which\nadmits of a very simple explanation, is to ascertain how the Chinese\n_dissevers_ the _idea_ of a character (hieroglyphic) from its _sound_,\nand makes his ideas (hieroglyphic characters) stand for syllables alone,\nby prefixing the character _more_ (mouth) to indicate that the\ncharacters next following are to be read as _sounds_ and not as _ideas_.", "\nIn the Egyptian hieroglyphic such characters (representing the names of\nplaces and persons) are inclosed in a sort of lozenge or parallelogram.", "\nHaving found out certain _sounds_ in the Egyptian hieroglyphic, _e.g._\n_Cle-o-pa-tra_, turn to the _Coptic Lexicon_ and ascertain what _idea_\n(thing) _cle_ represents in Coptic, and so on with _o_, with _pa_, &c.,\nand all other with syllable sounds. ", "Here Champollian Junior stuck fast,\nand little has been done since his day in the way of _translation_; and\nthe reason is evident--the separate characters representing sounds found\nin these lozenges are too few in number to give any hope that the\nEgyptian hieroglyphics will ever be rendered generally intelligible;\ntheir object, however, has been far more effectually secured by the\npaintings and representations of objects and actions, which supply an\ninfinitely better means of knowing what was interesting in Egypt than\nmere words, sounds, or ideas (hieroglyphics) could convey.", "\n\n J. BUCKTON.", "\n\n Lichfield.", "\n\n_The late William Hone_ (Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 477., ", "Vol. ", "iv., ", "pp. ", "105,\n106.).--If E. V. will take the trouble to apply to the Rev. Thomas\nBinney, of the Weigh House Chapel, London, he will be in the way of\nreceiving the most authentic information concerning the happy\nconversion, and triumphant death, of William Hone, who adorned the\ndoctrine of God his Saviour for some years previous to his decease in\ncommunion with a congregation of Protestant Dissenters.", "\n\n O. T. D.\n\nThe interesting letter of the late William Hone, published in Vol. ", "iv.,", "\npp. ", "105, 106., ", "scarcely throws any discredit upon an anecdote I often\nhave heard as to the means of his _first awakening_ to a better mind,\nsomewhat as follows:--that, asking a drink of milk of a little child,\nand observing a book in her hand, he inquired what it was? ", "She answered,\n\"A Bible:\" and, in reply to some depreciatory remarks of his, added, \"I\nthought everybody loved their Bible, Sir.\" ", "I hope that this may not be\ncontradicted, but confirmed.", "\n\n C. W. B.\n\n_Bensley_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 115.).--The \"Bensley tragedy\" was no doubt the\nsudden death, in April or May, 1765, by a fall from his horse, of _James\nBensley_, Esq., ", "of Lincoln's Inn; probably an early acquaintance of Hill\nand Cowper. ", "The melancholy death of another friend of theirs, poor Lloyd\n(which Southey also calls a _tragedy_), had happened three or four\nmonths earlier.", "\n\n C.\n\n_John Lilburne_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 134.).--The name of John Lilburne occurs\nin Cleveland's _Poems_ more than once, _e.g._ \"The General Eclipse:\"--\n\n \"Thus 'tis a general eclipse,\n And the whole world is _al-a-mort_;\n Only the House of Commons trips\n The stage in a Triumphant sort,\n Now e'en _John Lilburn_ take 'em for't.\"", "\n\n _Works_, p. 57. ", "Lond. ", "1687.", "\n\nAnd again, \"On the Inundation of the River Trent,\" p. 294.:", "\n\n \"One herd and flock in one kind hill found mercy,\n Like _Lilburn_ (and his wool) in the Isle of _Jersey_.\"", "\n\n RT.", "\n\n Warmington.", "\n\n_School of the Heart_ (Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 390. ", "Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 141.).--Is your\ncorrespondent aware of Benedict Haeften's _Schola Cordis_, from which\nHarvey's _School of the Heart_ was imitated? ", "It was published at Antwerp\nin 1635. ", "The copy I now have before me is dated 1699, but I will give\nits full title:\n\n \"Schola Cordis, sive aversi a Deo Cordis ad eumdem reductio, et\n instructio. ", "Auctore Benedicto Haefteno, Reformati Monast.", "\n Affligeminsis, Ordinis S. Benedicti, praeposito. ", "Antverpiae, apud\n Henricum et Cornelium Verdurrin, MDCXCIX.\"", "\n\nP. S. The _emblems_ are fifty-five in number.", "\n\n RT.", "\n\n Warmington.", "\n\n_Sir W. Raleigh in Virginia_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 190.).--That Mr. Hallam\nshould have forgotten to correct an incidental allusion is natural\nenough; and that Raleigh in person discovered Virginia _was_ commonly\nbelieved. ", "Sir Walter Scott, for instance, believed it, as appears by a\npassage at the end of _Kenilworth_. ", "But the very title-page of Hariot's\naccount of the discovery of Virginia (whether in the English of 1588, or\nthe Frankfort Latin of 1590), negatives the idea of Raleigh assisting in\nperson. ", "And the _Biographia Britannica_, or, I believe, any similar work\nof authority, will show that no biographer of note has affirmed it. ", "It\nwas an expedition _fitted out_ by Raleigh which discovered Virginia.", "\n\n M.\n\nIt appears by the _Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia_, by\nStrachey, so ably edited by Mr. Major for the Hakluyt Society, that Sir\nWalter Raleigh sent out his first expedition to Virginia in 1584, under\nCaptain Amadas; in 1585 a fleet under Sir R. Grenville, which he\nintended to have commanded in person, but jealousy at court prevented\nhim. ", "In 1587 a second fleet was sent to Roanoak under Captain White, in\n1590 supplies by Captain White, and in 1602 he sent Samuel Mace. ", "Neither\nOldys nor Cayley mention his having gone there; and as they carry on the\nevents of his life pretty clearly year by year, I think, in reply to the\nQuery of MR. ", "BREEN, that there is pretty good evidence to show that he\nnever was there.", "\n\n E. N. W.\n\n Southwark.", "\n\n_Siege of Londonderry_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 162.).--Can B. G. give any\ninformation respecting the list of persons who received grants of land\nin the county of Londonderry after the conclusion of the war in 1691?", "\nAlso, whether he knows of an old ballad (cotemporary I believe) called\n\"The Battle of the Boyne?\" ", "I have an old history of the siege of Derry,\nby Mr. George Walker, 1689. ", "I should be glad to know what the pamphlet\ncontains, and whether the family of Downing are mentioned in it.", "\n\n A. C. L.\n\n_Cowper Law_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 101.).--For the satisfaction of your\ncorrespondent C. DE D., I transcribe from Jamieson's _Dictionary_ the\nfollowing:\n\n \"COWPER JUSTICE, trying a man after execution: the same with\n _Jeddart_, or _Jedburgh justice_[17] [See JEDDART JUSTICE.]", "\n\n \"'Yet let the present swearing trustees\n Know they give conscience _Cowper Justice_,\n And by subscribing it in gross,\n Renounces every solid gloss.--\n And if my judgement be not scant,\n Some lybel will be relevant,\n And all the process firm and fast,\n To give the counsel _Jedburgh cast_.'", "\n \"Cleland's _Poems_, pp. ", "109, 110.", "\n\n \"This phrase is said to have had its rise from the conduct of a\n Baron-bailie in _Coupar_-Angus, before the abolition of heritable\n jurisdictions.\"", "\n\n [Footnote 17: Also \"_Jedwood_ Justice.\" ", "See Scott's _Fair Maid of\n Perth_, vol. ", "xliii. ", "p. 304.]", "\n\n CHARLES THIRIOLD.", "\n\n Cambridge, Sept. 8. ", "1851.", "\n\n_Decretorum Doctor_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 191.).--The precise meaning of this\nterm is Doctor of the Canon Law. ", "A doctor of laws was a doctor of _both\nthe laws_ (that is, the Civil Law _and_ the Canon Law). ", "The University\nof Cambridge was forbidden to grant degrees in Canon Law in 1535; and\nsoon afterwards these degrees were discontinued in Oxford, in\nconsequence of the repudiation of the Papal authority, although three or\nmore persons took the degree of Bachelor of Decrees there in the reign\nof Queen Mary. ", "Further details respecting the Canon Law, and the\ngraduates in that faculty, will be found in Fuller's _History of the\nUniversity of Cambridge_, ed. ", "Priskett and Wright, pp. ", "220. ", "225.; ", "Wood's\n_History and Antiq. ", "of the University of Oxford_, ed. ", "Gutch, vol. ", "i. pp.", "\n63. ", "359.; ", "vol. ", "ii. ", "pp. ", "67. ", "79. ", "768, 769, 770. ", "902.; ", "Hallam's _Middle\nAges_, 9th ed. ", "vol. ", "ii. ", "p. 2.; _", "Peacock on Statutes of the University of\nCambridge_, Appendix A. xlix. ", "n. 1.", "\n\n C. H. COOPER.", "\n\n Cambridge, Sept. 13. ", "1851.", "\n\n_Nightingale and Thorn_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 175.), ", "by A. W. H.:--\n\n \"Every thing did banish moan,\n Save the nightingale alone:\n She, poor bird, as all forlorn,\n Leaned her breast up-till a thorn,\n And there sung the dolefull'st ditty,\n That to hear it was great pity.\"", "\n Shakspeare: _Passionate Pilgrim_, xix.", "\n\n W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.", "\n\n Temple.", "\n\nThe earliest allusion to this fable, that I know of, occurs in the\n_Passionate Pilgrim_, Sect. ", "xix.", "\n\nOvid, in his version of the fable of Tereus, does not introduce the\nthorn; so probably the allusion is not classical.", "\n\nApollodorus also gives this myth, but I have him not to refer to.", "\n\n H. E. H.\n\n_Carli the Economist_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 175.).--ALPHA will find in a very\nexcellent work, entitled _Storia della Economia Pubblica in Italia, &c.,\ndi Giuseppe Pecchio_, Lugano, 1829, 8vo., ", "the information he requires\nregarding the first work on political economy, by an Italian writer, who\nseems to have been Gasparo Scaruffi; and also learn that Gian Rinaldo\nCarli died in 1795.", "\n\n F. R. A.\n\n_Tale of a Tub_ (Vol. ", "i., p. 326.; ", "Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 28.).--It is no wonder\nthat Henry VIII.", "'s chancellor Sir Thomas More should have heard of an\nextraordinary tale about a tub, since its earliest form--the model of so\nmany copies--is in Apuleius, at the beginning of the 9th book. ", "It forms\nlikewise the argument of the second novel of Boccacio's _Seventh Day,\nove_ \"Peronella mette un suo amante in un doglio.\" ", "Girolamo Morlino told\nthe same objectionable story in Latin; and Agnolo Firenzuola, the\nItalian translator of Apuleius, seems to have adopted the witty\nFlorentine's imagery, forgetting the original which he professed to\nfollow. ", "See Manni, _Istoria del Decamerone_, Firenze, 1742, pp. ", "466.", "\n472. \"", "Tale of a tub,\" like Conte de peau d'ane, Conte de la Cigogne,\nConte de la Mere Oie, denotes a marvellous or cock and bull story--Conte\ngras, Conte pour rire. ", "There is no doubt that Jean-Jaques' miniature\nFrench opera, _Le Tonnelier_, was founded, though through certain\nstrainers well refined, on the wicked Milesian fiction of the African\njester:\n\n \"Un tonnelier vieux et jaloux\n Aimait une jeune bergere:\n Il voulait etre son epoux,\n Mais il n'avait pas su lui plaire:\n Travaillez, travaillez, bon tonnelier!", "\n Raccommodez votre cuvier!\"", "\n\n GEORGE METIVIER.", "\n\n_Wyle Cop_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 116.).--May not Wyle Cop be derived from the\nAnglo-Saxon _wylle_, well or fountain, and _cop_, head or top? ", "SALOPIAN\ncan perhaps judge whether \"_Fountain Hill_\" or \"_Well Head_\" would be at\nall applicable to the Wyle Cop in Shrewsbury.", "\n\n THOS. ", "LAWRENCE.", "\n\n Ashby de la Zouch.", "\n\n_Visiting Cards_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "pp. ", "133. ", "195.).--\"Marriage a-la-Mode,\" Plate\nIV., ", "supplies an additional proof of playing cards having done duty as\nVisiting Cards and Cards of Invitation during the middle of the last\ncentury. ", "There are several lying on the floor, in the right-hand corner\nof the picture. ", "One is inscribed--\"Count Basset begs to no how Lade\nSquander sleapt last nite.\"", "\n\n C. FORBES.", "\n\n Temple.", "\n\n_Absalom's Hair_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 131.).--Your correspondent P. P. remarks\nin the number of \"NOTES AND QUERIES\" for August 23, that \"Absalom's long\nhair had nothing to do with his death; his head itself, and not the hair\nupon it, having been caught in the boughs of the tree.\" ", "Even allowing\nthe silence of Scripture upon the matter, the tradition has certainly\nthe basis of respectable antiquity to rest on. ", "Bishop J. Taylor thus\nwrites in his _Second Sermon upon St. Matthew_, xvi. ", "26. _", "ad finem_:--\n\n \"The Doctors of the Jews report that when _Absalom hanged among\n the oaks by the hair of the head_, he seemed to see under him Hell\n gaping wide ready to receive him; and he _durst not cut off the\n hair that intangled him_, for fear he should fall into the horrid\n Lake, whose portion is flames and torment, but chose to protract\n his miserable life a few minutes in that pain of posture, and to\n abide the stroke of his pursuing enemies. ", "His condition was sad\n when his arts of remedy were so vain.\"", "\n\n RT.", "\n\n Warmington, Sept. 3, 1851.", "\n\n_MS. ", "Book of Sentences_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 188.).--The name of the Durham\nmonk referred to by W. S. W. is more probably \"Swallwell\" than\n\"Wallwell,\" because the former is the name of a township or vill in\nDurham county.", "\n\n E. S.\n\n_The Winchester Execution_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 191.).--The narrative related\nfrom memory of M. W. B. bears on its face strong indications of fiction:\naccording to that statement a sheepstealer was \"some years ago\"\ncondemned to death; a \"warrant\" for his execution was made out, but\nmislaid, by whom does not appear. ", "After the lapse of years, during which\nthe prisoner had been employed in \"executing commissions in distant\nplaces\" for the gaoler, and in obtaining a high character for his\namiable and moral conduct, the fatal warrant arrives, and is \"forwarded\nto the high sheriff, and to the delinquent himself,\" who is forthwith\nhanged.", "\n\nAny one acquainted with the course of practice at assizes at the period\nto which this anecdote refers, must be aware that no \"warrant,\" in the\nsense in which the word is here used, was ever made out in such cases.", "\nThe prisoner is legally in the custody of the sheriff when sentence is\npassed in court, and he leaves the court in that same custody. ", "The\njudgment so pronounced is itself the warrant, though a short memorandum\nor note of it is officially made at the time; unless the judge reprieves\nor suspends the sentence, no sheriff waits for any further authority,\nand as for the unfortunate delinquent, no judge, sheriff, or gaoler ever\nsupposed that any copy of a warrant was to be handed to the prisoner\nhimself! ", "During the interval between sentence and execution, if there be\nno reprieve or release from imprisonment by the authority of the\nexecutive, the prisoner is, and always has been, kept by the sheriff _in\nsalva et arcta custodia_ in the county gaol. ", "The idea of an employment\nfor years in rambling about the country on the gaoler's errands, is a\npreposterous figment, composed by some novelist who was unacquainted\nwith the needful machinery for giving an air of verisimilitude to his\nstory. ", "The legend seems to be a version of the fate of Sir W. Raleigh\nadapted to low life; as in his case the scene is laid at Winchester, but\nthe machinery and decorations are not contrived with a due regard to\nprobability.", "\n\n \"Quodcunque essendis mihi sic, incredulus odi.\"", "\n\n E. S.\n\n_Locke's MSS._ (", "Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 337.).--A good account of Locke's MSS. ", "is\nto be found in Blakey's _History of Metaphysics_. ", "They were in the\npossession of the Forster family, whose representative, Dr. Forster,\nM.D., is now, or was very lately, residing at Bruges.", "\n\n AEGROTUS.", "\n\n_Peal of Bells_ (Vol. ", "i., p. 154.).--The definition of a _peal_, viz.,", "\n\"a performance of above 5,000 changes,\" was recently confirmed to me by\nthe two following inscriptions, which I read in the belfry of the curfew\ntower at Windsor:--\n\n \"Feb. 21, 1748, was rung in this steeple a complete 5,040 of union\n trebles, never performed here before.\"", "\n\n \"College Youths.--This society rung in this steeple, Tuesday,\n April 10, 1787, _a true and complete peal_ of 5,040 grandsire\n triples in three hours and fourteen minutes.\"", "\n\nA stone tablet in the bell chamber of Ecclesfield church records, that a\nfew months ago \"was rung in this tower _a peal_ of Kent treble bob\nmajor, consisting of 5,024 changes in three hours and five minutes.\"", "\n\n ALFRED GATTY.", "\n\n_Pope's \"honest Factor\"_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 6.).--If any one ever made a\nrational guess at who this _factor_ may have been, he must have been\nstill more likely to have known who was meant by _Sir Balaam_, at whose\nidentity I have never yet heard a guess. ", "I suppose that both _factor_\nand _knight_ were fancy characters.", "\n\n C.\n\n_Bells in Churches_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 165.).--The judgment stated to have\nbeen given by Lord Chief Justice _Campbell_, was given by Lord Chief\nJustice _Jervis_.", "\n\n C. H. COOPER.", "\n\n Cambridge.", "\n\n_Virgil, Passage from_ (Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 499.).--The line of Virgil\n(_Georg._, ", "lib. ", "iv. ", "87.) ", "quoted,\n\n \"Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt,\"\n\nand the preceding line,\n\n \"Hi motus animorum atque haec certamina tanta,\"\n\nhave been happily applied to the contrasted quiescence of\n_Ash_-Wednesday immediately succeeding the tumultuous carnival in Roman\nCatholic countries, when the cross marked by _ashes_ on the forehead\nlulls to quiet the turbulent spirits of the previous weeks.", "\n\n J. R.\n\n_Duke of Berwick_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 133.).--The Duke of Berwick, born in\n1671, and so created the 19th of March, 1687, by his father (natural)\nJames II., ", "was indeed a Spanish grandee, which he was made by Philip V.,\nafter his victory of Almanza, in 1707; but the title was Liria, not\nAlva, which belonged to the great house of Toledo, and was rendered\nfamous (or infamous) by its bearer under Philip II. ", "Berwick, however,\ntransferred this Spanish title of Liria to his son James, by his first\nwife Honera de Burgh, daughter of William, seventh Earl of Clanrickard,\nwith the annexed territory, or _majorat_. ", "She was the widow of Patrick\nSarsfield, Earl of Lucan, who conducted 14,000 Irish refugees to France\nin 1691, after the surrender of Limerick to Ginkle. ", "She died of\nconsumption, still young, at Montpelier, in 1698. ", "The Duke of St. Simon,\nin his _Memoires_, tome ii. ", "p. 92., ", "describes her as \"belle, faite a\npeindre, touchante--une nymphe enfin;\" but, though personally acquainted\nwith her, he names her the daughter, instead of the widow, of Lucan.", "\nBerwick afterwards married Miss Buckley, one of the Queen Mary d'Este's\nmaids of honour, by whom he had several children, who assumed the name\nof Fitz-James. ", "Their descendants were colonels or proprietaires of the\nIrish Brigade regiment, called, after their founder, Berwick. ", "The\nSpanish branch still maintains its rank and estates. ", "Berwick was killed\nat the siege of Philpsburg, in Baden, the 12th June, 1734. ", "His military\ntalents were of acknowledged superiority; so far more resembling his\nuncle Marlborough than his father, whose dastardly flight at the Boyne\nhe indignantly witnessed. ", "His _Memoires_, in two volumes 12mo., ", "were\npublished from his manuscript by his grandson, the Duke of Fitz-James,\nin 1778.", "\n\n J. R.\n\n Cork.", "\n\n_Nullus and Nemo_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 153.).--The interpretation of \"M.'s\"\nwoodcut will be found in Ulrich von Hutten's elegiac verses, which are\nexhibited in his [Greek: OUTIS], NEMO. ", "Your correspondent's amusing\nconjecture about \"nobody's child\" was quite correct, as these lines\nprove:\n\n \"Quaerendus puero pater est: Nemo obtigit. ", "At tu,\n Si me audis, alium stulta require patrem.\"", "\n\nI suspect that \"M.'s\" old 4to. ", "tracts bear a somewhat earlier date than\n1520-30; but probably, this matter might be determined by Burckhard's\n_Commentarius de Ulrici ab Hutten fatis et meritis_, or by his\n_Analecta_ (Cf. ", "Freytag, _Adpar. ", "Lit._ ", "iii. ", "519.), ", "or by means of\nMuenck's collection of De Hutten's works. ", "I happen to have copies of two\neditions of the _Nemo_, which, though they are undated, must appertain\nto the year 1518. ", "This was not, however, the period of the first\npublication of the poem; for the author, in a letter addressed to\nErasmus in October, 1516, mentions it as having then appeared (Niceron,\n_Memoires_, xv. ", "266.): ", "but the original impression of this satirical\nperformance is without the prefatory epistle to Crotus Rubianus [Johan\nJager], who is believed to have had no inconsiderable share in the\ncomposition of the celebrated _Epistolae obscurorum Virorum_.", "\n\n R. G.\n\n_Grimsdyke_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 192.).--I can mention at all events one other\nearthwork named Grimsdyke in England--the great earthwork, viz., ", "south\nof Salisbury, which is called Grimsdyke. ", "Mr. Guest has stated his belief\nthat it was not a Belgic work, but a boundary line made by the Welsh\nafter the treaty of the Mons Badonicus.", "\n\n W. S. G.\n\n Newcastle-upon-Tyne.", "\n\n_Coke, how pronounced_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "pp. ", "24. ", "93. ", "138.).--Respecting the\npronunciation of the name of Coke at page 138., ", "I recollect having some\ndiscussion on it in 1812 with the late Mr. Andrew Lynch, Master in\nChancery, then a student at the Temple, when he corrected me for calling\nit _Cooke_, which he maintained should be called _Coake_. ", "We happened to\ndine that day at Mr. Charles Butler's, his future father-in-law, and\nagreed to refer the matter to him who had been associated with Hargrave\nin publishing Sir Edward Coke's _Commentaries on Littleton_ (1809, 7\nvols. ", "8vo.). ", "Mr. Butler at once decided the question in my favour,\nadding that he had never heard the name otherwise pronounced, and that\n_Coake_ was quite a novelty, which he should never adopt--indeed, I am\nsure it is so, though now I find it generally prevalent.", "\n\n J. R.\n\n Cork.", "\n\n_Marcus AElius Antoninus_ (Vol. ", "iv., ", "p. 152.).--I think that your\ncorrespondent will not readily ascertain the owner of this pseudonyme;\nbut, in the presumed absence of any opposing evidence, I would suggest\nthat the mask may belong to Marc-Antonio Flaminio. ", "Melancthon's\nexcellent _Responsio ad scriptum quorundam delectorum a Clero secundario\nColoniae Agrippinae_, 4to., ", "Francfurdiae, 1543, is now before me, but it\ndoes not allude to the _Querela_ set forth in the same year. ", "It is said\nthat the framer of the Cologne _Judicium_ against Bucer was the\nCarmelite Eberhardus Billicus; and TYRO may be assured that he is\nfortunate if he be a possessor of the tract by the fictitious Antoninus;\nfor, in the words of Seckendorf,--\n\n \"Ex scriptis reliquis, occasione Reformationis Coloniensis tunc\n publicatis, plurima in oblivionem fere venerunt, nec facile hodie\n inveniuntur, typis licet olim excusa.", "\"--_Comm. ", "de Luther._ ", "lib.", "\n iii. ", "sect. ", "27. ", "Sec. ", "cvii. ", "p. 437. ", "Francof. ", "1692.", "\n\n R. G.\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous.", "\n\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.", "\n\nThe sculptures which have been preserved with comparatively little\ninjury for upwards of six centuries on the western front of the\nvenerable cathedral of Wells have long excited the wonder and curiosity,\nas well as admiration, of all who looked upon them. ", "All have been ready\nto recognise in them the expression of some grand design; but it has\nbeen reserved for Professor Cockerell to penetrate, through the\nquaintness of the style and the dilapidations of centuries, into their\nnoble aim and purpose, and to describe at length this \"extensive but\nhitherto unedited commentary in living sculpture of the thirteenth\ncentury, upon our earliest dynasties, our churchmen, and religious\ncreed.\" ", "This he has done in a handsome and richly illustrated volume,\nlately published by Mr. Parker under the title of _Iconography of the\nWest Front of Wells Cathedral, with an Appendix on the Sculptures of\nother Mediaeval Churches in England_: and the work will be found of the\nhighest interest, not only for its valuable illustration of this\n\"kalender for unlearned men,\" which we owe to the piety and love of art\nof Bishop Trotman, and which Flaxman speaks of as \"_the earliest\nspecimen_ of such magnificent and varied sculpture united in a series of\nsacred history that is to be found in western Europe,\" but also for the\nlight it throws upon the history of art in this country. ", "For not only\nhave we in these pages the results of Professor Cockerell's studies of\nthe extensive and important series of sculptures which form the\nimmediate subject of them; but also his criticisms and remarks upon the\ncognate objects to be found at Exeter, Norwich, Malmesbury, Canterbury,\nRochester, York, Beverley, Lichfield, Worcester, Lincoln, Gloucester,\nSalisbury, Peterborough, Croyland, and Bath. ", "And who can speak with\ngreater authority upon such points? ", "whose opinion would be received with\ngreater respect?", "\n\nSurely Rome must have been styled the _Eternal City_ because there is no\nend to the books which are published respecting it:\n\n \"For every year and month sends forth a new one;\"\n\nyet the subject never seems exhausted. ", "Now it is a high churchman who\ngives a picture of this \"Niobe of nations,\" tinted _couleur de rose_;\nnow a low churchman, who talks of nothing but abominations of a deeper\ndye; now some classical student tells how--\n\n \"The Goth, the Christian, time, war, flood, and fire\n Have dealt upon the seven hill'd city's pride;\"\n\nnow some worshipper of art, who unfolds the treasures garnered within\nits walls; now a politician loud in his praises of Young Italy, or his\ncondemnation of foreign interference. ", "The Chevalier de Chatelaine is\nnone of these, or rather, he is almost all of them by turns; and\nconsequently his _Rambles though Rome, descriptive of the Social,\nPolitical, and Ecclesiastical Condition of the City and its\nInhabitants_, is a volume of pleasant gossip, more amusing to the reader\nthan flattering to the character of the Roman people or those who govern\nthem.", "\n\nCATALOGUE RECEIVED.--J. G. Bell's (17. ", "Bedford Street, Covent Garden)\nCatalogue of Autograph Letters and other Documents, English and Foreign.", "\n\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES\n\n WANTED TO PURCHASE.", "\n\nFEARNE'S ESSAY ON HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS, 4to.", "\n\nBISHOP KIDDER'S LIFE OF ANTHONY HORNECK.", "\n\nTIGHE'S LIFE OF LAW.", "\n\nMACROPEDII, HECASTUS FABULA. ", "8vo. ", "Antwerp, 1539.", "\n\nOMNES GEORGII MACROPEDII FABULAE COMICAE. ", "Utrecht, 1552. ", "2 Vols. ", "8vo.", "\n\nOTHONIS LEXICON RABBINICUM.", "\n\nPLATO. ", "Vols. ", "VIII. ", "X. XI. ", "of the Bipont Edition.", "\n\nPARKINSON'S SERMONS. ", "Vol. ", "I.\n\nATHENAEUM. ", "Oct. and Nov. 1848. ", "Parts CCL., ", "CCLI.", "\n\nWILLIS' PRICE CURRENT. ", "Nos. ", "I. III. ", "V. XXIV. ", "XXVI. ", "XXVII.--XLV.", "\n\nRABBI SALOMON JARCHI (RASCHI) COMMENTAR UeBER DEN PENTATEUCH VON L.\nHAYMANN. ", "Bonn, 1833.", "\n\nRABBI SOLOMON JARCHI (RASCHI) UeBER DAS ERSTE BUCH MOSIS VON L. HAYMANN.", "\nBonn, 1833.", "\n\nNo. ", "3 of SUMMER PRODUCTIONS, or PROGRESSIVE MISCELLANIES, by Thomas\nJohnson. ", "London, 1790.", "\n\nHISTORY OF VIRGINIA. ", "Folio. ", "London, 1624.", "\n\nTHE APOLOGETICS OF ATHENAGORAS, Englished by D. Humphreys. ", "London, 1714.", "\n8vo.", "\n\nBOVILLUS DE ANIMAE IMMORTALITATE, ETC. ", "Lugduni, 1522. ", "4to.", "\n\nKUINOEL'S NOV. ", "TEST. ", "Tom. ", "I.\n\nTHE FRIEND, by Coleridge. ", "Vol. ", "III. ", "Pickering.", "\n\n [Star symbol] Letters, stating particulars and lowest price,\n _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. ", "BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND\n QUERIES,\" 186. ", "Fleet Street.", "\n\n\nNotices to Correspondents.", "\n\nMR. ", "J. F. HARKINS _will find the information he wishes respecting the\ndramatic works of Bishop Bale, &c., in Mr. Collier's_ History of\nDramatic Poetry. ", "The Arraignment of Paris _is printed in Peele's works;\nand the plays attributed to Shakspeare, in a supplement to Knight's_\nPictorial Shakspeare. _", "The other Queries shall appear very shortly._", "\n\nA. N. _The communication referred to shall be found_ if possible; _but\nthe number of papers we receive is not_ small, _as our correspondent\nsupposes._", "\n\nJ. B. C.'s _communication was certainly intended for insertion. ", "It shall\nbe looked out and printed, with as little delay as possible._", "\n\nREPLIES RECEIVED.--_Marriage of Bishops--Names of Vermin\nand Payments for destroying--Suicides buried in Cross\nRoads--Tobacco used by Elizabethan Ladies--Ball that\nkilled Nelson--Serpent with a Human Head--Bidding Weddings--White\nRose--Annals of the Inquisition--Pope and Flatman--Quotation\nfrom Bacon--Story referred to by Jeremy Taylor--Lord\nMayor not a Privy Councillor--Borough-English--The Sun\nFeminine--Sacre Cheveux--Blessing by the Hand--Nao a\nShip--Illumination in 1802--Miserrimus--Tennyson--St. Frances--Whig and\nTory--Simnels--Devenisch--Discovery of the Drowned--Forthfare--Royal\nLibrary, &c.--Antiquity of Kilts--Cagots--Burton Family--Fire\nunknown--Mad as a March Hare--Grimsdyke--Freedom from Serpents._", "\n\n_Copies of our_ Prospectus, _according to the suggestion of_ T. E. H.,\n_will be forwarded to any correspondent willing to assist us by\ncirculating them._", "\n\nVOLS. ", "I., II., _", "and_ III., _", "with very copious Indices, may still be had,\nprice 9s. ", "6d. ", "each, neatly bound in cloth._", "\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES _is published at noon on Friday, so that our country\nSubscribers may receive it on Saturday. ", "The subscription for the Stamped\nEdition is 10s. ", "2d. ", "for Six Months, which may be paid by Post-office\nOrder drawn in favour of our Publisher,_ MR. ", "GEORGE BELL, 186. ", "Fleet\nStreet; _to whose care all communications for the Editor should be\naddressed._", "\n\n_Erratum._--Vol. ", "iii., ", "p. 522., ", "after the last word in the article on\nMOSAIC, add \"by Alex. ", "de La Borde.\"", "\n\n\n\n\nBOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR OCTOBER.", "\n\n NEANDER'S HISTORY OF THE PLANTING OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, Vol.", "\n 2., ", "containing the Author's Recent Additions. ", "Also, ANTIGNOSTIKUS,\n or Spirit of Tertullian. ", "Translated from the German by J. E.\n RYLAND. ", "Post 8vo. ", "3_s._ ", "6_d._", "\n\n HENRY G. 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", "Gentlemen\n eminently conversant with the various branches of historical study\n are constant contributors, and every endeavour is made to render\n the Magazine a worthy organ and representative of Historical and\n Archaeological Literature. ", "In its Original Articles, historical\n questions are considered and discussed; in its Correspondence, the\n researches and inquiries of historical students are promoted; in\n its Reviews, prominent attention is given to all historical books;\n its Historical Chronicle and Notes of the Month contain a record\n of such recent events as are worthy of being kept in remembrance;\n its Obituary is a faithful memorial of all persons of eminence\n lately deceased; and these divisions of the Magazine are so\n treated and blended together as to render the whole attractive and\n interesting to all classes of readers.", "\n\n THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE,\n FOR JULY, 1851,\n THE FIRST OF A NEW VOLUME,\n\n Contains the following articles:--1. ", "The Present State of English\n Historical Literature: the Record Offices; 2. ", "Bill for King\n Charles's Pedestal at Charing Cross; 3. ", "Anecdotes from the\n Day-books of Dr. Henry Sampson; 4. ", "The Infinity of Geometric\n Design (with Engravings); 5. ", "Christian Iconography, by J. G.\n Waller: Principalities, Archangels, and Angels (with Engravings);\n 6. ", "Companions of my Solitude; 7. ", "Mr. P. Cunningham's Story of Nell\n Gwynn, Chapter VII. (", "with Portraits of her two Sons); 8. ", "Sussex\n Archaeology (with Engravings); 9. ", "Horace Walpole and Mason; 10.", "\n National Education; with Notes of the Month, Review of New\n Publications, Reports of Scientific and Antiquarian Society, and\n OBITUARY, including Memoirs of the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl\n of Cottenham, Right Hon. ", "R. L. Shiel, Rev. W. M. Kinsey, Mrs.\n Shelly, Mr. Dowton, &c.\n\n THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE,\n FOR AUGUST, 1851,\n\n Contains the following articles:--1. ", "Memoirs of William\n Wordsworth, Poet Laureate; 2. ", "Letter of Bossuet respecting the\n Death of Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans; 3. ", "Curiosities of the old\n Church Canons, No. ", "II.; ", "4. ", "Who were the Anglo-Saxon Kings crowned\n at Kingston? ", "5. ", "The Story of Nell Gwynn, related by Peter\n Cunningham, concluded; 6. ", "The Galleys of England and France; 7.", "\n Parliamentary Robes for a Prince of Wales; 8. ", "Christian\n Iconography, by J. G. Waller; 9. ", "Ruins of Vaudey Abbey,\n Lincolnshire; 10. ", "Seal with a Merchant's Mark; with Correspondence\n on Subjects of Popular Interest, Notes of the Month, Review of New\n Publications, Reports of Scientific and Antiquarian Societies. ", "The\n OBITUARY for August contains several Biographies of great\n interest, viz., ", "The Earl of Derby, K.G., President of the\n Zoological Society; Viscount Melville, formerly First Lord of the\n Admiralty; Right Hon. ", "William Lascelles, Comptroller of Her\n Majesty's Household; Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, G.C.B.; Sir J.\n Graham Dalyell, Bart., ", "the Scotish Antiquary and Naturalist; Lord\n Dundrennan, the Scotish Judge; Dr. Adams, the eminent Civilian;\n Colonel Michell, late Surveyor at the Cape; Mr. Dyce Sombre; Mr.\n Thorneycroft, of Wolverhampton; Mr. St. George Tucker, the East\n India Director; Sir George S. Gibbes, M.D., late of Bath; Dr.\n Kennedy, the Medical Bibliographer; Dr. Mackness, of Hastings;\n Mrs. Sheridan, Author of \"Carwell\"; Mrs. Atthill (Miss Halsted),\n Author of \"the Life of Richard III.;\" ", "Richard Phillips, F.R.S.,\n the Chemist; D. M. Moir, Esq., ", "the Delta of Blackwood; Mr. Thomas\n Moule, the Antiquary; The Rev. Jelinger Symons; Rev. N. J. Halpin;\n Tieck and Henning, the Sculptors, &c. &c. A Biographical List of\n Clergymen deceased, and Deaths of the Nobility, Gentry, and other\n Remarkable Persons.", "\n\n THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE,\n FOR SEPTEMBER, 1851,\n\n Contains the following articles: 1. ", "Who was Sir Miles Hobart? ", "2.", "\n Palgrave's Normandy and England; 3. ", "Petition against the return of\n George Gascoigne the Poet to Parliament; 4. ", "Municipal Franchises\n of the Middle Ages illustrated by Documents from the Archives of\n Leicester; 5. ", "Ulrich von Hutten; 6. ", "Original Papers about William\n Penn, contributed by Hepworth Dixon; 7. ", "Edward Bickersteth; 8.", "\n Christian Iconography and Legendary Art: the Four Evangelists, by\n J. G. Waller; 9. ", "Breydenbach's Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, with\n two Plates; 10. ", "Literary Admission to the Public Records; 11.", "\n Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban; 12. ", "Notes of the Month. ", "With a\n full Report of the Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute at\n Bristol and at Wells; Historical Chronicle; and OBITUARY,\n including Memoirs of Sir Edward Stracey, Dr. Lingard, Sir Francis\n Simpkinson, Q.C., Mr. Rogers, Q.C., Mrs. Harriet Lee, T. W. Hill,\n Esq., ", "and other eminent persons.", "\n\n THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE,\n FOR OCTOBER, 1851,\n\n Contains the following articles:--1. ", "Original Letters of Edmund\n Burke, relative to his office of Paymaster General; 2. ", "Ulrich Von\n Hutten, Part II. ", "The Wurtemburg Tragedy; 3. ", "Monk and the\n Restoration; 4. ", "Historical Illustrations of the reign of Henry\n VII., ", "his Visit to York in 1487; 5. ", "Recent Discoveries near Rome,\n communicated by Benjamin Gibson, Esq., ", "with Engravings; 6. ", "Memoir\n of Bishop Copleston; 7. ", "Memoir of Colonel Springett the Puritan,\n by his Daughter; 8. ", "Original Letters of King James II. ", "relating to\n the Siege of Derry; 9. ", "Bolton Church, Lincolnshire, with a Plate.", "\n With various Correspondence; Notes of the Month; Reports of the\n Archaeological Meetings at Derby, Bristol, Tenby, Ely, Swaffham,\n Leighton Buzzard, &c. &c.; Historical Chronicle; and OBITUARY,\n including Memoirs of the Earl of Clare, Rear-Admiral Lord John\n Hay, Hon. ", "Keppel Craven, Sir Henry Jardine, Charles Koenig, Esq.,", "\n F.R.S., Dr. O'Sullivan, Dr. Edward Johnstone, Edward Quillinan,\n Esq., ", "Mons. ", "Daguerre, &c. &c.\n\n THE GENTLEMEN'S MAGAZINE is published on the 1st of every month by\n NICHOLS & SON, 25. ", "Parliament Street, Westminster, price 2_s._", "\n 6_d._, ", "and may be ordered of any Bookseller.", "\n\n\nNEW WORKS NEARLY READY.", "\n\n I.\n\n SIR J. RICHARDSON'S JOURNAL OF A BOAT VOYAGE THROUGH RUPERT'S LAND\n and along the Central Arctic Coasts in Search of the Discovery\n Ships under SIR J. FRANKLIN. ", "With Plates, Maps, and\n Woodcuts. ", "2 vols. ", "8vo.", "\n\n II.", "\n\n A NATURALIST'S SOJOURN IN JAMAICA. ", "BY P. H. GOSSE, Esq., ", "Author of\n \"Popular British Ornithology,\" &c. With Plates. ", "Post 8vo.", "\n\n III.", "\n\n LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF FRANCE, delivered in the University of\n Cambridge. ", "By the Right Hon. ", "SIR JAMES STEPHEN, K.C.B., LL.D.,\n Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge. ", "2\n vols. ", "8vo.", "\n\n IV.", "\n\n THE REV. ", "C. MERIVALE'S HISTORY OF THE ROMANS UNDER THE EMPIRE.", "\n Vol. ", "III. ", "completing the History to the Establishment of the\n Monarchy of Augustus. ", "8vo.", "\n\n V.\n\n BISHOP THIRLWALL'S HISTORY OF GREECE. ", "An Improved Library Edition;\n with Maps. ", "Vol. ", "VI. ", "8vo. ", "In October.", "\n\n [Star symbol] The concluding Volumes (VII. ", "and VIII.) ", "will be ready\n shortly.", "\n\n VI.", "\n\n SHARON TURNER'S HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS, from the Earliest\n Period to the Norman Conquest. ", "Seventh Edition. ", "3 vols. ", "8vo.", "\n\n VII.", "\n\n WESLEY AND METHODISM. ", "By ISAAC TAYLOR, Author of \"Loyola and\n Jesuitism,\" &c. Post 8vo. ", "Portrait.", "\n\n VIII.", "\n\n HIPPOLYTUS AND HIS AGE; or, Doctrine and Practice of the Church of\n Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severus. ", "By C. C. J. BUNSEN,\n D.C.L. 2 vols. ", "post 8vo.", "\n\n IX.", "\n\n TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL INFLUENCE OF TAXATION AND\n THE FUNDING SYSTEM. ", "By J. R. M'CULLOCH, Esq. ", "New and Improved\n Edition. ", "8vo.", "\n\n X.\n\n TREATISE ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH DETERMINE THE RULE OF WAGES\n AND THE CONDITION OF THE LABOURING CLASSES. ", "By J. R. M'CULLOCH,\n Esq.", "\n\n XI.", "\n\n MR. ", "J. A. SHARP'S NEW AND COMPLETE GAZETTEER, or Topographical\n Dictionary of the British Islands and Narrow Seas; comprising\n above 60,000 Names of Places. ", "2 vols. ", "8vo. ", "uniform with Johnston's\n \"New General Gazetteer.\"", "\n\n XII.", "\n\n THE BOOK OF DIGNITIES; or, Rolls of the Official Personages of the\n British Empire. ", "Being a New Edition, improved and continued, of\n BEAT-ON'S POLITICAL INDEX. ", "By JOSEPH HAYDN. ", "In One Volume, 8vo.", "\n\n XIII.", "\n\n ENGLISH AGRICULTURE IN 1850 AND 1851, its Condition and Prospects.", "\n By JAMES CAIRD, Agricultural Commissioner of \"The Times,\" and\n Author of \"High Farming, under Liberal Covenants.\" ", "8vo.", "\n\n XIV.", "\n\n HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH RAILWAY: its Social Relations and\n Revelations. ", "By JOHN FRANCIS, Author of \"History of the Bank of\n England.\" ", "2 vols. ", "8vo.", "\n\n London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.", "\n\n\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. ", "8. ", "New Street Square, at No. ", "5. ", "New\nStreet Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and\npublished by GEORGE BELL of No. ", "186. ", "Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.\nDunstan in the West, in the city of London, Publisher, at No. ", "186. ", "Fleet\nStreet aforesaid.--Saturday, September 27, 1851.", "\n\n\n\n\n [List of volumes and pages in \"Notes and Queries\", Vol. ", "I-IV]\n\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Notes and Queries Vol. ", "I. |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol., ", "No. ", " | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 1 | November 3, 1849 | 1 - 17 | PG # 8603 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 2 | November 10, 1849 | 18 - 32 | PG # 11265 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 3 | November 17, 1849 | 33 - 46 | PG # 11577 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 4 | November 24, 1849 | 49 - 63 | PG # 13513 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 5 | December 1, 1849 | 65 - 80 | PG # 11636 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 6 | December 8, 1849 | 81 - 95 | PG # 13550 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 7 | December 15, 1849 | 97 - 112 | PG # 11651 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 8 | December 22, 1849 | 113 - 128 | PG # 11652 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", " 9 | December 29, 1849 | 130 - 144 | PG # 13521 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "10 | January 5, 1850 | 145 - 160 | PG # |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "11 | January 12, 1850 | 161 - 176 | PG # 11653 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "12 | January 19, 1850 | 177 - 192 | PG # 11575 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "13 | January 26, 1850 | 193 - 208 | PG # 11707 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "14 | February 2, 1850 | 209 - 224 | PG # 13558 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "15 | February 9, 1850 | 225 - 238 | PG # 11929 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "16 | February 16, 1850 | 241 - 256 | PG # 16193 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "17 | February 23, 1850 | 257 - 271 | PG # 12018 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "18 | March 2, 1850 | 273 - 288 | PG # 13544 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "19 | March 9, 1850 | 289 - 309 | PG # 13638 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "20 | March 16, 1850 | 313 - 328 | PG # 16409 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "21 | March 23, 1850 | 329 - 343 | PG # 11958 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "22 | March 30, 1850 | 345 - 359 | PG # 12198 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "23 | April 6, 1850 | 361 - 376 | PG # 12505 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "24 | April 13, 1850 | 377 - 392 | PG # 13925 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "25 | April 20, 1850 | 393 - 408 | PG # 13747 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "26 | April 27, 1850 | 409 - 423 | PG # 13822 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "27 | May 4, 1850 | 425 - 447 | PG # 13712 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "28 | May 11, 1850 | 449 - 463 | PG # 13684 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "29 | May 18, 1850 | 465 - 479 | PG # 15197 |\n | Vol. ", "I No. ", "30 | May 25, 1850 | 481 - 495 | PG # 13713 |\n +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+\n | Notes and Queries Vol. ", "II. ", " |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol., ", "No. ", " | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "31 | June 1, 1850 | 1- 15 | PG # 12589 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "32 | June 8, 1850 | 17- 32 | PG # 15996 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "33 | June 15, 1850 | 33- 48 | PG # 26121 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "34 | June 22, 1850 | 49- 64 | PG # 22127 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "35 | June 29, 1850 | 65- 79 | PG # 22126 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "36 | July 6, 1850 | 81- 96 | PG # 13361 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "37 | July 13, 1850 | 97-112 | PG # 13729 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "38 | July 20, 1850 | 113-128 | PG # 13362 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "39 | July 27, 1850 | 129-143 | PG # 13736 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "40 | August 3, 1850 | 145-159 | PG # 13389 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "41 | August 10, 1850 | 161-176 | PG # 13393 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "42 | August 17, 1850 | 177-191 | PG # 13411 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "43 | August 24, 1850 | 193-207 | PG # 13406 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "44 | August 31, 1850 | 209-223 | PG # 13426 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "45 | September 7, 1850 | 225-240 | PG # 13427 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "46 | September 14, 1850 | 241-256 | PG # 13462 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "47 | September 21, 1850 | 257-272 | PG # 13936 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "48 | September 28, 1850 | 273-288 | PG # 13463 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "49 | October 5, 1850 | 289-304 | PG # 13480 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "50 | October 12, 1850 | 305-320 | PG # 13551 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "51 | October 19, 1850 | 321-351 | PG # 15232 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "52 | October 26, 1850 | 353-367 | PG # 22624 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "53 | November 2, 1850 | 369-383 | PG # 13540 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "54 | November 9, 1850 | 385-399 | PG # 22138 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "55 | November 16, 1850 | 401-415 | PG # 15216 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "56 | November 23, 1850 | 417-431 | PG # 15354 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "57 | November 30, 1850 | 433-454 | PG # 15405 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "58 | December 7, 1850 | 457-470 | PG # 21503 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "59 | December 14, 1850 | 473-486 | PG # 15427 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "60 | December 21, 1850 | 489-502 | PG # 24803 |\n | Vol. ", "II No. ", "61 | December 28, 1850 | 505-524 | PG # 16404 |\n +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Notes and Queries Vol. ", "III. ", " |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol., ", "No. ", " | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "62 | January 4, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 15638 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "63 | January 11, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 15639 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "64 | January 18, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 15640 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "65 | January 25, 1851 | 49- 78 | PG # 15641 |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "66 | February 1, 1851 | 81- 95 | PG # 22339 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "67 | February 8, 1851 | 97-111 | PG # 22625 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "68 | February 15, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 22639 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "69 | February 22, 1851 | 129-159 | PG # 23027 |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "70 | March 1, 1851 | 161-174 | PG # 23204 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "71 | March 8, 1851 | 177-200 | PG # 23205 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "72 | March 15, 1851 | 201-215 | PG # 23212 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "73 | March 22, 1851 | 217-231 | PG # 23225 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "74 | March 29, 1851 | 233-255 | PG # 23282 |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "75 | April 5, 1851 | 257-271 | PG # 23402 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "76 | April 12, 1851 | 273-294 | PG # 26896 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "77 | April 19, 1851 | 297-311 | PG # 26897 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "78 | April 26, 1851 | 313-342 | PG # 26898 |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "79 | May 3, 1851 | 345-359 | PG # 26899 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "80 | May 10, 1851 | 361-382 | PG # 32495 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "81 | May 17, 1851 | 385-399 | PG # 29318 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "82 | May 24, 1851 | 401-415 | PG # 28311 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "83 | May 31, 1851 | 417-440 | PG # 36835 |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "84 | June 7, 1851 | 441-472 | PG # 37379 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "85 | June 14, 1851 | 473-488 | PG # 37403 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "86 | June 21, 1851 | 489-511 | PG # 37496 |\n | Vol. ", "III No. ", "87 | June 28, 1851 | 513-528 | PG # 37516 |\n +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+\n | Notes and Queries Vol. ", "IV. ", " |\n +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+\n | Vol., ", "No. ", " | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx |\n +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "88 | July 5, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 37548 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "89 | July 12, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 37568 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "90 | July 19, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 37593 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "91 | July 26, 1851 | 49- 79 | PG # 37778 |\n +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "92 | August 2, 1851 | 81- 94 | PG # 38324 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "93 | August 9, 1851 | 97-112 | PG # 38337 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "94 | August 16, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 38350 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "95 | August 23, 1851 | 129-144 | PG # 38386 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", "96 | August 30, 1851 | 145-167 | PG # 38405 |\n +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", " 97 | Sept. 6, 1851 | 169-183 | PG # 38433 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", " 98 | Sept. 13, 1851 | 185-200 | PG # 38491 |\n | Vol. ", "IV No. ", " 99 | Sept. 20, 1851 | 201-216 | PG # 38574 |\n +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+\n | Vol I. Index. [", "Nov. 1849-May 1850] | PG # 13536 |\n | INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME. ", "MAY-DEC., ", "1850 | PG # 13571 |\n | INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME. ", "JAN.-JUNE, 1851 | PG # 26770 |\n +------------------------------------------------+------------+\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. ", "IV, Number\n100, September 27, 1851, by Various\n\n*** " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Gutenberg (PG-19)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPython multidimensional array not returning inside if\n\nI have this code that is progressively generating a larger multidimensional array recursively.", "\ndef lex(stop,n = 2,array = [[0,0],[1,-1]]):\n if n == 2:\n if stop == 2:\n return array\n else:\n return lex(stop,n+1,array)\n\n else:\n newArray = []\n for x in range(n):\n for y in range(len(array)):\n newArray.append(array[y][:])\n\n for x in range(len(newArray)):\n pos = x // factorial(n-1)\n newArray[x].insert(pos,-pos)\n for y in range(pos):\n if y < x: newArray[x][y] += 1\n\n if n == stop:\n print(newArray)\n return newArray\n else:\n lex(stop,n+1,newArray)\n\nThe strange part is at the end in the if n == stop block. ", "print(newArray prints the correct array but the return statement doesn't seem to work. ", "Any attempt at printing the result just shows None.", "\nIs there something functionally wrong with how I'm returning the array?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe return newArray is working fine; you forgot a return statement for the recursive call in the else branch:\nif n == stop:\n print(newArray)\n return newArray\nelse:\n # don't ignore this recursive call\n return lex(stop,n+1,newArray)\n\nYou want to avoid using a mutable default argument to your function; use a sentinel like None instead:\ndef lex(stop, n=2, array=None):\n if array is None:\n array = [[0, 0], [1, -1]]\n\nCleaning up the code a little more:\ndef lex(stop, n=2, array=None):\n if array is None:\n array = [[0, 0], [1, -1]]\n\n if n == 2:\n return array if stop == 2 else lex(stop, n + 1, array)\n\n new = [nested[:] for _ in range(n) for nested in array]\n\n for x, nested in enumerate(new):\n pos = x // factorial(n - 1)\n nested.insert(pos, -pos)\n for y in range(pos):\n nested[y] += 1\n\n return new if n == stop else lex(stop, n + 1, new)\n\n" ]

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[ "import Distribution.", "Simple\nimport Distribution.", "Simple.", "Program\nimport System.", "Process (system)\n\nmain :: IO ()\nmain = defaultMainWithHooks $ simpleUserHooks {\n hookedPrograms = [bnfc],\n preBuild = \\args buildFlags -> do\n _ <- system \"bnfc --haskell -d Exp.cf\"\n preBuild simpleUserHooks args buildFlags\n}\n\nbnfc :: Program\nbnfc = (simpleProgram \"bnfc\") {\n programFindVersion = findProgramVersion \"--version\" id\n }\n" ]

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[ "So I signed up for SS in december and received nothing from my santa and my rematch, then signed up for 4 more exchanges in february but so far only 1 santa proves to come through and she was the best person to ever ask for! ", "My whole family LOVED our vinyl gifts, including my husband! ", "she did an amazing job and I just want to see her and give her a GIANT hug." ]

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[ "/* Copyright (C) 2003 Aladdin Enterprises. ", " All rights reserved.", "\n \n This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or\n implied.", "\n \n This software is distributed under license and may not be copied,\n modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms\n of the license contained in the file LICENSE in this distribution.", "\n \n For more information about licensing, please refer to\n http://www.ghostscript.com/licensing/. For information on\n commercial licensing, go to http://www.artifex.com/licensing/ or\n contact Artifex Software, Inc., 101 Lucas Valley Road #110,\n San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861.", "\n*/\n\n/* $Id: ttfmemd.c,v 1.7 2004/06/24 10:10:17 igor Exp $ */\n\n/* Memory structure descriptors for the TrueType instruction interpreter. */", "\n\n#include \"ttmisc.h\"\n#include \"ttfoutl.h\"\n#include \"ttobjs.h\"\n#include \"ttfmemd.h\"\n#include \"gsstruct.h\"\n\ngs_public_st_ptrs5(st_TFace, TFace, \"TFace\", \n st_TFace_enum_ptrs, st_TFace_reloc_ptrs, \n r, font, fontProgram, cvtProgram, cvt);\n\ngs_public_st_composite(st_TInstance, TInstance,\n \"TInstance\", TInstance_enum_ptrs, TInstance_reloc_ptrs);\n\nprivate \nENUM_PTRS_BEGIN(TInstance_enum_ptrs) return 0;\n ENUM_PTR(0, TInstance, face);\n ENUM_PTR(1, TInstance, FDefs);\n ENUM_PTR(2, TInstance, IDefs);\n ENUM_PTR(3, TInstance, codeRangeTable[0].Base);\n ENUM_PTR(4, TInstance, codeRangeTable[1].Base);\n ENUM_PTR(5, TInstance, codeRangeTable[2].Base);\n ENUM_PTR(6, TInstance, cvt);\n ENUM_PTR(7, TInstance, storage);\nENUM_PTRS_END\n\nprivate RELOC_PTRS_WITH(TInstance_reloc_ptrs, TInstance *mptr)\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, face);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, FDefs);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, IDefs);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, codeRangeTable[0].Base);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, codeRangeTable[1].Base);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, codeRangeTable[2].Base);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, cvt);\n RELOC_PTR(TInstance, storage);\n DISCARD(mptr);\nRELOC_PTRS_END\n\ngs_public_st_composite(st_TExecution_Context, TExecution_Context,\n \"TExecution_Context\", TExecution_Context_enum_ptrs, TExecution_Context_reloc_ptrs);\n\nprivate \nENUM_PTRS_BEGIN(TExecution_Context_enum_ptrs) return 0;\n ENUM_PTR(0, TExecution_Context, current_face);\n /* ENUM_PTR(1, TExecution_Context, code); // local, no gc invocations */\n ENUM_PTR(1, TExecution_Context, FDefs);\n ENUM_PTR(2, TExecution_Context, IDefs);\n /* ENUM_PTR(4, TExecution_Context, glyphIns); // Never used. */", "\n ENUM_PTR(3, TExecution_Context, callStack);\n ENUM_PTR(4, TExecution_Context, codeRangeTable[0].Base);\n ENUM_PTR(5, TExecution_Context, codeRangeTable[1].Base);\n ENUM_PTR(6, TExecution_Context, codeRangeTable[2].Base);\n ENUM_PTR(7, TExecution_Context, storage);\n ENUM_PTR(8, TExecution_Context, stack);\n /* zp0, // local, no gc invocations */\n /* zp1, // local, no gc invocations */\n /* zp2, // local, no gc invocations */\n ENUM_PTR(9, TExecution_Context, pts.org_x);\n ENUM_PTR(10, TExecution_Context, pts.org_y);\n ENUM_PTR(11, TExecution_Context, pts.cur_x);\n ENUM_PTR(12, TExecution_Context, pts.cur_y);\n ENUM_PTR(13, TExecution_Context, pts.touch);\n ENUM_PTR(14, TExecution_Context, pts.contours);\n ENUM_PTR(15, TExecution_Context, twilight.org_x);\n ENUM_PTR(16, TExecution_Context, twilight.org_y);\n ENUM_PTR(17, TExecution_Context, twilight.cur_x);\n ENUM_PTR(18, TExecution_Context, twilight.cur_y);\n ENUM_PTR(19, TExecution_Context, twilight.touch);\n ENUM_PTR(20, TExecution_Context, twilight.contours);\n ENUM_PTR(21, TExecution_Context, cvt);\nENUM_PTRS_END\n\nprivate RELOC_PTRS_WITH(TExecution_Context_reloc_ptrs, TExecution_Context *mptr)\n{\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, current_face);\n /* RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, code); // local, no gc invocations */\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, FDefs);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, IDefs);\n /* RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, glyphIns); // Never used. */", "\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, callStack);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, codeRangeTable[0].Base);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, codeRangeTable[1].Base);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, codeRangeTable[2].Base);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, storage);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, stack);\n /* zp0, // local, no gc invocations */\n /* zp1, // local, no gc invocations */\n /* zp2, // local, no gc invocations */\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, pts.org_x);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, pts.org_y);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, pts.cur_x);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, pts.cur_y);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, pts.touch);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, pts.contours);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, twilight.org_x);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, twilight.org_y);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, twilight.cur_x);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, twilight.cur_y);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, twilight.touch);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, twilight.contours);\n RELOC_PTR(TExecution_Context, cvt);\n DISCARD(mptr);\n}\nRELOC_PTRS_END\n\ngs_public_st_composite(st_ttfFont, ttfFont,\n \"ttfFont\", ttfFont_enum_ptrs, ttfFont_reloc_ptrs);\n\nprivate \nENUM_PTRS_BEGIN(ttfFont_enum_ptrs) return 0;\n ENUM_PTR(0, ttfFont, face);\n ENUM_PTR(1, ttfFont, inst);\n ENUM_PTR(2, ttfFont, exec);\n ENUM_PTR(3, ttfFont, tti);\nENUM_PTRS_END\n\nprivate RELOC_PTRS_WITH(ttfFont_reloc_ptrs, ttfFont *mptr)\n RELOC_PTR(ttfFont, face);\n RELOC_PTR(ttfFont, inst);\n RELOC_PTR(ttfFont, exec);\n RELOC_PTR(ttfFont, tti);\n DISCARD(mptr);\nRELOC_PTRS_END\n\ngs_public_st_ptrs3(st_ttfInterpreter, ttfInterpreter, \"ttfInterpreter\", \n st_ttfInterpreter_enum_ptrs, st_ttfInterpreter_reloc_ptrs, \n exec, usage, ttf_memory);\n" ]

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[ "Most dc-to-dc converters employing H-Bridge topologies achieve the conversion of a primary dc voltage input to an output regulated dc voltage. ", "Typically, the dc input voltage is converted to an ac voltage (or pulses) by switching devices (transistor, mosfet, insulated gate bipolar transistor or thyristor). ", "The ac voltage is then converted to a regulated dc output voltage. ", "By controlling the duty cycle or the frequency of the ac voltage (or pulses), the desired output voltage or output current regulation can be achieved. ", "These methods of controlling the output are typical of all dc-to-dc converters employing H-Bridge topologies. ", "The introductions of H-Bridge resonant circuits (phase shifted, series, parallel, parallel loaded, etc.) ", "are used for high frequency dc-to-dc conversion. ", "This has been integral to higher power density and efficiency improvements.", "\nH-Bridge converters of present have reduced the losses associated with switching devices (transistor, mosfet, insulated gate bipolar transistor or thyristor) during turn-on and turn-off transitions. ", "These circuits have not shown to correct, in a “passive manner,” the limiting of peak currents in the switching devices. ", "In addition, they do not produce symmetrical currents. ", "These circuits are less than ideal when the converter output (pwm, phase shifted, frequency, and cycle start-stop) is modulated to partial output or near zero output conditions.", "\nHowever, controlling the current in the converters with an active current protection scheme does not always result in protecting the switching devices from failures. ", "The circuits attempt to limit the rise of current in the switching devices by shutting down the drive circuitry for the interval required. ", "All switching devices have a specified turn off time and current will continue to flow until the turn off time has been reached. ", "The maximum rated current of a switching device can be exceeded during the specified device turn off interval (defined as the storage time and fall time of the device). ", "In this active protection scheme, this interval is the function of the speed in which the control circuit reacts and the device turn off time. ", "These intervals also change with of the junction temperature of the switching devices. ", "This can exacerbate the failure of the active protection scheme.", "\nA number of patents address the advantage of H bridge resonant mode dc-dc converters, e.g. U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,864,479 (Steigerwald et al) issued Sep. 5, 1989, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,442,540 (Hula et al.) ", "issued Aug. 15, 1995, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,438,497 (Jain et al.) ", "issued Aug. 1, 1995. ", "The historical problems with these power conversion topologies are that the operation of H-Bridge resonant circuits can be compromised in open or short circuit conditions. ", "When the H-Bridge is operated without symmetrical switch currents and peak current limitations, the peak voltages and currents through the H-Bridge switches can be excessive. ", "This often results in switch failure. ", "H-Bridge resonant circuit improvements have contributed greatly to more efficient and cost effective solutions to dc-to dc converters. ", "The proposed invention addresses the condition specific shortcomings described above." ]

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[ "Maya of the Seven Veils\n\nMaya of the Seven Veils or The Veiled Lady () is a 1951 West German musical film directed by Géza von Cziffra and starring Maria Litto, Willy Fritsch and Rudolf Platte.", "\n\nIt was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg. ", "The film's sets were designed by the art director Herbert Kirchhoff.", "\n\nPartial cast\n Maria Litto as Maja Club's dancing star\n Willy Fritsch\n Rudolf Platte\n Grethe Weiser\n Käthe Haack\n Rudolf Vogel\n Oskar Sima\n Ernst Waldow\n Iska Geri as Singer\n Jockel Stahl as Dancer\n Anneliese Rothenberger as Singer\n Peter Schütte as Singer\n Evelyn Künneke as Singer\n Gerhard Wendland as Singer\n Joachim Wolff as Singer\n Margarete Slezak as Eine Dame mit Schmuck\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1951 films\nCategory:1950s musical films\nCategory:German musical films\nCategory:West German films\nCategory:German-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Géza von Cziffra\nCategory:Films shot at Wandsbek Studios" ]

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[ "Video Work\n\nFor years Linnell Jones-McKenney has dedicated her life to helping those in need. ", "Her work continues as she develops programs for Flint youth at a local community center on the city’s north side.", "\n\nFlintbeat.com: The Search for Fresh Produce\n\nArticle/Shooting/Edits/Music: Alexandria B.\n\n“Drive your car down North Saginaw Street through the heart of Flint, Mich., and you won’t see a grocery store for miles. ", "For some that don’t have cars, they may not see a grocery store for days. ", "Though this trend repeats itself in food desert cities across the country, the four-year anniversary of Flint’s water crisis adds a nuance. ", "A food desert combined with a city-wide water crisis has exposed an estimated 100,000 people to lead-tainted water. ", "This underscores the necessity of accessible fresh produce to counter the effects of lead poisoning…”\n\nThis video was shot and edited by Naomi Rutagarama and Alexandria Brown as a way of illustrating how the media (scape) has shaped our initial perceptions of one another as African and Black Americans. ", "These perceptions are well circulated through media, in turn they have global consequences.", "\n\n***\n\nEthnoscapes\n\nOne of the pillars writer Arjun Appadurai identifies in his article “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” ", "This video attempts to visualize his definition. ", "Collaboration between Haytham Mohammmed, Aaron Raymond, and Alexandria B.\n\nVideo Shot by: Aaron Raymond\n\nConcept and Narrative Contribution: Haytham Mohammed, Alexandria B.\n\nEdited by: Alexandria B.\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nLikeLoading...\n\nSearch\n\nSearch for:\n\nText Widget\n\nThis is a text widget, which allows you to add text or HTML to your sidebar. ", "You can use them to display text, links, images, HTML, or a combination of these. ", "Edit them in the Widget section of the Customizer." ]

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[ "The NBA Board of Governors today approved changes to the NBA Draft Lottery system that will reduce the odds so that the teams with the three worst records will share the same chance of receiving the No. ", "1 overall draft pick.", "\n\nThe second technical foul called tonight on Atlanta’s Dwight Howard for hanging on the rim (4:03 remaining in third quarter at Boston) should have been deemed non-unsportsmanlike and should not have resulted in his ejection.", "\n\nThe NBA announced today that a scoring error was made during the Indiana Pacers-Los Angeles Lakers game on Jan. 20 at Staples Center, which impacted the final score of the game but not the final outcome of the game.", "\n\nThe NBA released a statement from Byron Spruell, President, League Operations, regarding the clock malfunction at the end of the Sacramento Kings’ 102-99 victory over the Toronto Raptors last night at Golden 1 Center." ]

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[ "B. D. Devassy\n\nB. D. Devassy is a Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician from Thrissur and Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from Chalakudy Assembly Constituency.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala\nCategory:Malayali politicians\nCategory:Politicians from Thrissur\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Kerala MLAs 2016–\nCategory:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016\nCategory:People from Chalakudy\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nporting cascade model from Matlab to OpenCV\n\nI'm currently designing an algorithm for car detection using Matlab. ", "In order to do so, I'm using the cascade classifier tools provided by Matlab. ", "By the end of the process, I'll get an xml file which contains my classifier model. ", "I'd like to know if I can use this 'xml' model as is in OpenCV while porting my algorithm to C++?", "\nthanks for your help\n\nA:\n\nYes, you can. ", "If you look at the resulting xml file, you should see a comment at the top telling you which version of OpenCV it is compatible with.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "(CNN) -- A 19-year-old who is probably the world's most noted iPhone hacker said Thursday he's been hired by Apple, the very company whose products he's been hacking into.", "\n\n\"It's been really, really fun, but it's also been a while and I've been getting bored,\" Nicholas Allegra, who's better known by his pseudonym Comex, posted on Twitter. \"", "So, the week after next I will be starting an internship with Apple.\"", "\n\nApple did not immediately respond to a CNN request for comment on Comex's internship at the company.", "\n\nComex started the website jailbreakme, which lets iPhone users jailbreak their phones simply by visiting that site. ", "A jailbroken iPhone can run apps that are not approved by Apple for sale in its App Store.", "\n\nThe phones also can then be \"unlocked,\" which makes it possible to use them on wireless networks that Apple hasn't approved. ", "International travelers like that feature.", "\n\nOther Apple hackers have praised the site as being incredibly sophisticated. ", "Dino Dai Zovi told Forbes that Comex's work is as impressive as Stuxnet, a computer worm that apparently targeted Iran's nuclear facilities last year.", "\n\nIt's fairly common -- more so than you might expect, at least -- for big tech companies to hire once-nefarious hackers. ", "These coding gurus are sometimes better versed in the security vulnerabilities of a company's products than anyone else in the industry.", "\n\nAnd, these companies hope, the former hackers could use these skills to make their products safer.", "\n\n\"Hiring hackers isn't new in the tech world, but it's a fairly recent development for Apple, which has usually tried to squash hackers by more traditional means.\"", "\n\nGreenberg, at Forbes, says these hires don't always go well:\n\n\"George Hotz, one of the first iPhone hackers, was sued by Sony after reverse engineering the PlayStation 3, a move that set off a wave of user anger at the company, resulting in more than 20 retaliatory hacking attacks by the hacker collective Anonymous and others.\"", "\n\nBut he argues the Comex hire may be good for Apple:\n\n\"Apple, by taking the carrot instead of stick approach, has saved itself that massive PR headache. ", "And by hiring someone who actually understands its products' security weaknesses, it may just be making its users safer, too.\"" ]

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[ "Spatial layout, urban movement & human transaction\n\nDownload my presentation\n\n“Designing mobility for democracy: the role of cities”\n\n#demobility\n\nThursday, 14th April 2011 from 1pm to 5pm\n\nNYU, Kimmel Center, Eisner & Lubin Auditorium\n\n60 Washington Square South, New York\n\nSummary\n\nGiven the title of this event: “Designing mobility”, I want to turn to the subject of design and the role of architects. ", "The key message of this presentation is that cities need architects, not only to design the buildings that fit into them but also for the networks of space that connect them together. ", "Why? ", "Because architects have a special skill: to resolve complex problems into elegant solutions. ", "And the spatial network of the city is a complex design problem.", "\n\nHowever, before they can really help, architects need to “get” cities. ", "The problem for cities is that architects are not sufficiently familiar with the way cities work and therefore the design principles they need to work with to make cities more effective as places of human transaction.", "\n\nSo what is the role of a city?", "\n\nA city should act in three key ways:\n\n1. ", "as a spatial layout – of routes (streets and paths) and of land use assets\n\n2. ", "as a movement machine, organised by the configuration of the route network and the attraction of the land uses assets\n\n3. ", "as a transaction engine, generating and accommodating social, economic and cultural exchange.", "\n\nA city is therefore a place of production and reproduction.", "\n\nWhen cities don’t work a whole series of assumptions are typically loosed into the policy framework. ", "Perhaps the greatest and most damaging of these is that that they lack transport infrastructure. ", "Witness Sydney’s aerial people mover or the radical and crude plumbing of highway arteries into the capillary network of historic cities, especially here in the US.", "\n\nOften the last thing that troubled places need is more transport infrastructure, especially when it is about moving people large distances. ", "Engineering shows us that we can move human beings in pretty much any way we please, whether it’s to the moon or into the hearts of historic places, like here in Beijing.", "\n\nAs Sartre remarked, “Everything has been figured out, except how to live.”", "\n\nHeroically engineered mobility in the form of great road intersections such as that in Beijing is – with notable exceptions – the default response of the global transportation community and therefore of the political system. ", "Witness the federal response to the current economic recession and the bent towards building and fixing highways.", "\n\nIn this talk I want to argue that, if cities are to fulfill those three roles I set out they need to provide a new kind of mobility. ", "And this is not, as Enrique Peñalosa said, only a problem of government. ", "it is also a problem of design. ", "And a problem of design theory at that.", "\n\nFIRST PART\n\nSo let me start by setting out the problem. ", "Unlike their planning cousins, architects are largely un-analytic when it comes to the functional properties of the city. ", "The focus of designers has been, and largely remains, on the visual appearance of cities – the materiality of the surface of the building – at the expense of the functional performance of cities these buildings serve.", "\n\nWhy should this be? ", "The persistence of 19th Century taxonomies may have much to do with it, creating professional divisions of convenience with the restriction of knowledge and snobbery that follows.", "\n\nFor whatever reason, functional performance is not rated in architecture as worthy of high design. ", "It is therefore not the domain of the architect but of the engineer. ", "Which is why, when it comes to cities, this means the traffic engineer.", "\n\nThere are, I think, two possible consequences for this position.", "\n\nFirst, that architects design themselves out of importance. ", "I hope this is not the case because architects have something important to offer – the ability to creatively resolve complex problems into elegant solutions. ", "This skill is not held exclusively by architects but it is found in especially high levels among architects.", "\n\nSecond, that architects respond and learn that mobility is not only a design challenge but the design challenge.", "\n\nSECOND PART\n\nSo what are the design components that architects should be engaged in?", "\n\nLayout connectedness\n\nEffects of layout on movement.", "\n\nAsset distribution\n\nEffects of space on land use location – historic v planned cities.", "\n\nPublic realm design\n\nMaking it possible for people to transact – socially and economically.", "\n\nConverting movement into transaction.", "\n\nThis is where architects come in. ", "My colleagues and I at Space Syntax have spent many years developing a set of design rules based on careful analysis of how cities work and how their patterns of use are affected by the way they are designed.", "\n\nThe key thing is to avoid the perils of taxonomy by focusing on space on space. ", "Let me try and summarise 40 years of research in 10 slides…\n\nThis process of practice-based research has led us to five key design principles for cities:\n\n1. ", "buildings need to face the street – this is mostly understood although there is still a fear of the street as a loud and smelly thing.", "\n\nThis is a 19th Century attitude that pervades design thinking.", "\n\n2. ", "buildings need active bases – this is not fully understood. ", "There is still a belief that the roofline is everything. ", "Buildings need as engaging a “streetline” or “baseline” as they do a “skyline”.", "\n\n3. ", "routes need to be simple and continuous not convoluted – not understood yet the urban record speaks for itself. ", "Most notable when architects produce labyrinths in designing Middle Eastern layouts because they think Middle Eastern layouts are labyrinthine. ", "Movement is essentially linear since it is so often purposeful, destination-oriented.", "\n\nEven when it isn’t, when it is exploratory, light doesn’t bend around corners – not sufficiently anyway. ", "Linearity is a prerequisite of search.", "\n\n4. ", "urban areas need critical mass not isolation – neighbourhoods need to be contiguous and continuously connected, not isolated and fragmented. ", "This is hardly discussed but we should have learned this through the failure of the UK public housing programmes of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, where housing estates turned inwards, away from each other and away from the street. ", "In those days the streets were the barriers. ", "Today, if it isn’t the street it is likely to be a park – landscape urbanism, at least one common form of it, threatens the transactive capacity of cities by separating urbanism into small, isolated fragments.", "\n\nThe oft-spoken defence of “I want the route to unfold so that people get surprises at every turn of every corner” is frankly nonsense. ", "It’s a recipe for fearful urbanity and sterile shopping centres. ", "There is more sublime poetry in one block of lively linearity than in an acre of convoluted labyrinth.", "\n\nBecause the difference is people.", "\n\n5. ", "you should not only be able to see a destination but also the way to reach the destination – most notably when changing levels in urban space or in a building – I might be able to see the attractor, whatever it is, but can I see my route to it.", "\n\nWhen these five conditions are achieved, the result is a system of everywhere to everywhere relations, creating structured contact between local inhabitants and visitors/passers by. ", "These local-to-global relations, structured through patterns of centrality are the building blocks of the transactive city. ", "They need to be understood and designed in.", "\n\nThe city should, in this way, become an enhanced “transactive environment”.", "\n\nTHIRD PART\n\nCase studies: Trafalgar Square, Nottingham, Jeddah…\n\nFINAL PART\n\nThese design rules facilitate mobility because they enhance motility.", "\n\nWhile I have focused on the architects role at the scale of the building and the street the are, in closing, two other areas that are worth mentioning.", "\n\nFirst, at the scale of the entire urban system – whether village, town, city or urban region. ", "Design is fractal. ", "Movement is fractal and the principles are scalable. ", "This is relevant both to the retrofitting of existing cities (Jeddah, Berlin) and the creation of new urban areas.", "\n\nSecond, in the realms of “online”. ", "Having just devoted a good part of my time at Harvard to an investigation of the mores and trends of the digital environment, I’m struck at the similarity of thinking in terms of both the infrastructure of the “online” and “onland” environments: systems, networks, connectivity, capacity but also the deeper issues of search and human interaction.", "\n\nThe role of the city has long been to enable and stage events, often created through serendipitous face-to face contact. ", "The city of today and the digitally enabled city of the future will be to do more of the same. ", "Indeed, once we start to feel the city when we are online, the city will have achieved an evolutionary transformation. ", "The online aspect of “city” – the digitalopolis – is emerging as we make sense of living and transacting online.", "\n\nWhich is why the city, be it online or onland, needs careful design of its three key patterns: its spatial layout patterns, its urban movement patterns and, ultimately, its patterns of human transaction.", "\n\nThank you" ]

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[ "template matching.. display the data\n\nHello all,\nI have a question on the template matching.", "\nMy Xml file has some data of the form\n<Name type=\"text\" color=\"blue\">\nNilofer\n</Name>\nI am interested in matching the type field of the Name tag, and if it is\na text then displaying the data.", "\nHere is what I tried:\n<xsl:template match=\"Name[@Type='text']\">\n</xsl:template>\n1) Not too sure how to display the data\n2) Tried using the xsl:text and xsl:process-children, within the\ntempalte match and IE5 was not happy\ndoes any one know how to go about this task?", "\nThanks for answering my queries!", "\nNilofer Motiwala\nXSL-List info and archive: http://www.mulberrytech.com/xsl/xsl-list" ]

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[ "A Mexican national who has been previously deported at least three times was arrested in connection to a north Texas shooting and crime spree. ", "Two people were murdered during the September 26 rampage.", "\n\nSilvestre Franco Luviano, 40, allegedly began his crime spree on Monday at about 10:30 PM. ", "Police dispatchers in Dallas and neighboring Cedar Hill received calls about someone shooting a gun near Interstate 20 and Spur 408. ", "23-year-old Ruben Moreno was in a Hummer when he was shot and killed. ", "Welton Betts, 44, was also killed while others sustained non-life threatening injuries, Fox4 in Dallas reported. ", "Betts was pumping gas when he was killed.", "\n\nThe crime spree continued throughout the night where Luviano reportedly carjacked several cars and even broke into a house to steal another vehicle, the local Fox station reported. ", "He eventually worked his way south on Interstate 35 where he stole another car and kidnapped a man in Georgetown, north of Austin. ", "The man was eventually released.", "\n\nOfficers were led by a tip to a relative’s apartment in Georgetown. ", "As police were beginning negotiations with the man, he reportedly set a fire in the apartment as a diversion. ", "When he fled the building, he was captured by police. ", "A firearm was found in the apartment, according to another Fox4 report.", "\n\nOfficials later learned Luviano has a history of prior arrests and has been deported at least three times in the past.", "\n\n“I would say at this point in time he has no status to be in the United States,” Supervisory Deputy U.S. Marshal Hector Gomez, with the Lone Star Fugitive Task Force, told Fox.", "\n\nLuviano has previous convictions for multiple counts of burglary of a vehicle, driving without a license and possession of a controlled substance. ", "The jail records reveal at least two previous felony convictions in Williamson County. ", "Luviano was being held in the Williamson County jail on charges of possession of a controlled substance and murder, according to jail records obtained by Breitbart Texas. ", "Has now been turned over to Dallas County officials on their murder warrant.", "\n\nHe was booked into the Williamson County jail under the name Guillermo Luviano Franco. ", "The name Silvestre Franco Luviano is listed as one of many aliases. ", "His home address is listed as Weir, Texas. ", "It is not known why he was in the Dallas area.", "\n\nBob Price serves as associate editor and senior political news contributor for Breitbart Texas. ", "He is a founding member of the Breitbart Texas team. ", "Follow him on Twitter @BobPriceBBTX." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nClosing popup window after 10 seconds\n\nPopup is displayed after 6 seconds, yes then this works already.", "\nI need to close the popup windows after 10 seconds. ", " How to change javascript?", "\ndemo link http://helplogger-demo-blog2.blogspot.com/\n<script type='text/javascript'>\n//<![CDATA[\njQuery.cookie = function(key, value, options) {\n // key and at least value given, set cookie...\n if (arguments.length > 1 && String(value) !", "== \"[object Object]\") {\n options = jQuery.extend({}, options);\n if (value === null || value === undefined) {\n options.expires = -1;\n }\n if (typeof options.expires === 'number') {\n var days = options.expires,\n t = options.expires = new Date();\n t.setDate(t.getDate() + days);\n }\n value = String(value);\n return (document.cookie = [\n encodeURIComponent(key), '=',\n options.raw ? ", "value : encodeURIComponent(value),\n options.expires ? '; ", "expires=' + options.expires.toUTCString() : '', // use expires attribute, max-age is not supported by IE\n options.path ? '; ", "path=' + options.path : '',\n options.domain ? '; ", "domain=' + options.domain : '',\n options.secure ? '; ", "secure' : ''\n ].join(''));\n }\n // key and possibly options given, get cookie...\n options = value || {};\n var result, decode = options.raw ? ", "function(s) {\n return s;\n } : decodeURIComponent;\n return (result = new RegExp('(?:^|; )' + encodeURIComponent(key) + '=([^;]*)').exec(document.cookie)) ? ", "decode(result[1]) : null;\n};\n//]]>\n</script>\n <script type='text/javascript'>\njQuery(document).ready(function($) {\n if ($.cookie('popup_facebook_box') !", "= 'yes') {\n $('#fbox-background').delay(5000).fadeIn('medium');\n $('#fbox-button, #fbox-close').click(function() {\n $('#fbox-background').stop().fadeOut('medium');\n });\n }\n $.cookie('popup_facebook_box', 'yes', {\n path: '/',\n expires: 7\n });\n});\n</script>\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the setTimeout function to achieve that\nvar timeout = window.setTimeout(function(){ \n //close the popup here\n $('#fbox-background').stop().fadeOut('medium');\n}, 10000);\n\n" ]

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[ "Five years' follow-up of patients with elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alcoholic liver disease, with special reference to mortality rate and development of malignancy.", "\nPlasma-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was analyzed by a modified CEA-Roche radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 109 alcoholics with various degrees of liver disorders. ", "The total mortality rate during the 5-year observation period was 48%, compared with an expected mortality rate of 12% (p less than 0.001). ", "Sixty-one per cent of 46 alcoholics with CEA values greater than or equal to 5.0 micrograms/l died during the observation period of 5 years, compared with 38% of 63 cases with normal CEA values (p less than 0.05), indicating a possible prognostic value of CEA. ", "Ten patients developed malignancies during the observation period, which is more than three times the expected cancer frequency in this groups. ", "The frequency of malignant disease was not higher in alcoholics with initially elevated CEA than in those with normal values. ", "Thus, CEA seems to be of no value for predicting malignancy in alcoholics." ]

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[ "\" you walk to the window while it's raining and you see the cause of your guilt that you created\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCat is not eating, Fluid build up in abdomen, Ultrasound reveals mass in small intestine\n\nI have a domestic long hair that is about 11 years old and used to be almost 24lbs. ", "\nAbout 6-7 weeks ago, he stopped eating and losing weight (currently around 12lbs). ", "At first, when I put food, he licks it a little bit but doesn't eat/chew. ", "It's like he wants to eat but doesn't. ", "Gradually, he stopped eating altogether. ", "\nI thought it might be a tooth problem and took him to the dentist. ", "The dentist found a resorption tooth and removed it (did not have to do a root canal). ", "A couple of days after the surgery, he still didn't eat and was losing weight. ", "At this point, I also noticed fluid build up in his abdomen.", "\nThe first vet I took him to did an ultrasound, gave him antibiotics, and said that the ultrasound revealed some kind of inflammation in the intestine.", "\nThe second vet also did an ultrasound and found a mass in the small intestine. ", "They withdrew some of the mass using a needle for analysis. ", "They told me that the analysis will reveal if he had lymphoma or not. ", "Unfortunetly, yesterday the test results came back as \"non diagnostic\" (I think it means the test was not conclusive). ", "They also added a feeding tube.", "\nBoth vets did extensive blood tests, nothing was found except low levels of albumin.", "\nYesterday, he became so weak and agitated, I took him to the ER. ", "The doctor there said based on all of the previous history that the other 2 VETs faxed over, there is a 95% chance he has terminal cancer and that it has spreadout throughout the intestine.", "\nThey said they know it has spreadout because they can tell by the fluid and the because the rest of the intestine was not absorbing vitamins/food properly.", "\nThey said that from the ultrasound the other 2 vets did, they can see that the \"mass\" has covered all around the small intestine.", "\nThey scheduled him for surgery today where they will go in and remove the mass from the small intestine and will do exploratory surgery. ", "They will then do analysis on the mast to see what kind of cancer it is.", "\nThey said that even with the surgery, he will not eat and will waste away.", "\nIs there any chance that it could just be a non-benign tumor....or even just a foreign object blockage?", "\nHow can they be so sure that it has spread throughout the intestine?", "\nFrom my research, it looks like cats can also have fluid build up if they don't eat. ", "I mentioned this to the VET but they said that in this particular case, it is related to cancer.", "\nWhat is the likely prognosis?", "\n\nA:\n\nI'm sorry, the best way to know what is wrong with your cat is to wait for the vets to do the surgery. ", "I'm sure waiting is heartbreaking and you're upset and anxious for the results, but anything anyone replies at this point is even less of an educated guess than what your vets have advised.", "\nI did have a cat whose stomach and esophagus stopped working (it was nerve damage). ", "The vet offered to insert a feeding tube into the cat's intestines (called a duodenal feeding tube), but because of the severity of the surgery the cat would have been restricted to a cage for the rest of his life.", "\nIf your cat's intestines aren't working, and exploratory surgery doesn't reveal a reversible reason for that to be happening, then you'll have to consider what you want your cat's remaining days to be like.", "\nIn this situation, the questions I ask my vet are\n\nIs my pet in any pain/discomfort?", "\nIs my pet mentally aware that he is ill? ", "\nWhat are the physical side effects of this condition (will he loose control of his bodily functions? ", "which ones?)", "\nWhat should I look for to determine that my pet's condition is significantly worse?", "\n\nI'm deeply sorry that you are experiencing this terrible situation.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "#include <assert.h>\n\n#include \"two_points.h\"\n\n//using namespace bgslibrary::algorithms::twopoints;\nnamespace bgslibrary\n{\n namespace algorithms\n {\n namespace twopoints\n {\n static unsigned int abs_uint(const int i)\n {\n return (i >= 0) ? ", "i : -i;\n }\n\n struct twopointsModel\n {\n /* Parameters. */", "\n uint32_t width;\n uint32_t height;\n uint32_t numberOfSamples;\n uint32_t matchingThreshold;\n uint32_t matchingNumber;\n uint32_t updateFactor;\n\n /* Storage for the history. */", "\n uint8_t *historyImage1;\n uint8_t *historyImage2;\n\n /* Buffers with random values. */", "\n uint32_t *jump;\n int *neighbor;\n };\n\n // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Creates the data structure\n // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n twopointsModel_t *libtwopointsModel_New()\n {\n /* Model structure alloc. */", "\n twopointsModel_t *model = NULL;\n model = (twopointsModel_t*)calloc(1, sizeof(*model));\n assert(model !", "= NULL);\n\n /* Default parameters values. */", "\n model->matchingThreshold = 20;\n model->updateFactor = 16;\n\n /* Storage for the history. */", "\n model->historyImage1 = NULL;\n model->historyImage2 = NULL;\n\n /* Buffers with random values. */", "\n model->jump = NULL;\n model->neighbor = NULL;\n\n return(model);\n }\n\n // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Frees the structure\n // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n int32_t libtwopointsModel_Free(twopointsModel_t *model)\n {\n if (model == NULL)\n return(-1);\n\n if (model->historyImage1 !", "= NULL) {\n free(model->historyImage1);\n model->historyImage1 = NULL;\n }\n if (model->historyImage2 !", "= NULL) {\n free(model->historyImage2);\n model->historyImage2 = NULL;\n }\n if (model->jump !", "= NULL) {\n free(model->jump);\n model->jump = NULL;\n }\n if (model->neighbor !", "= NULL) {\n free(model->neighbor);\n model->neighbor = NULL;\n }\n free(model);\n\n return(0);\n }\n\n // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Allocates and initializes a C1R model structure\n // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n int32_t libtwopointsModel_AllocInit_8u_C1R(\n twopointsModel_t *model,\n const uint8_t *image_data,\n const uint32_t width,\n const uint32_t height\n )\n {\n // Some basic checks. */", "\n assert((image_data !", "= NULL) && (model !", "= NULL));\n assert((width > 0) && (height > 0));\n\n /* Finish model alloc - parameters values cannot be changed anymore. */", "\n model->width = width;\n model->height = height;\n\n /* Creates the historyImage structure. */", "\n model->historyImage1 = NULL;\n model->historyImage1 = (uint8_t*)malloc(width * height * sizeof(uint8_t));\n model->historyImage2 = NULL;\n model->historyImage2 = (uint8_t*)malloc(width * height * sizeof(uint8_t));\n\n assert(model->historyImage1 !", "= NULL);\n assert(model->historyImage2 !", "= NULL);\n\n for (int index = width * height - 1; index >= 0; --index) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[index];\n\n int value_plus_noise = value - 10;\n if (value_plus_noise < 0) { value_plus_noise = 0; }\n if (value_plus_noise > 255) { value_plus_noise = 255; }\n model->historyImage1[index] = value_plus_noise;\n\n value_plus_noise = value + 10;\n if (value_plus_noise < 0) { value_plus_noise = 0; }\n if (value_plus_noise > 255) { value_plus_noise = 255; }\n model->historyImage2[index] = value_plus_noise;\n\n // Swaps the two values if needed\n if (model->historyImage1[index] > model->historyImage2[index]) {\n uint8_t val = model->historyImage1[index];\n model->historyImage1[index] = model->historyImage2[index];\n model->historyImage2[index] = val;\n }\n }\n\n /* Fills the buffers with random values. */", "\n int size = (width > height) ? ", "2 * width + 1 : 2 * height + 1;\n\n model->jump = (uint32_t*)malloc(size * sizeof(*(model->jump)));\n assert(model->jump !", "= NULL);\n\n model->neighbor = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(*(model->neighbor)));\n assert(model->neighbor !", "= NULL);\n\n\n for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {\n model->jump[i] = (rand() % (2 * model->updateFactor)) + 1; // Values between 1 and 2 * updateFactor.", "\n model->neighbor[i] = ((rand() % 3) - 1) + ((rand() % 3) - 1) * width; // Values between { -width - 1, ... , width + 1 }.", "\n }\n\n return(0);\n }\n\n // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Segmentation of a C1R model\n // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n int32_t libtwopointsModel_Segmentation_8u_C1R(\n twopointsModel_t *model,\n const uint8_t *image_data,\n uint8_t *segmentation_map\n )\n {\n assert((image_data !", "= NULL) && (model !", "= NULL) && (segmentation_map !", "= NULL));\n assert((model->width > 0) && (model->height > 0));\n assert((model->jump !", "= NULL) && (model->neighbor !", "= NULL));\n\n /* Some variables. */", "\n uint32_t width = model->width;\n uint32_t height = model->height;\n uint32_t matchingThreshold = model->matchingThreshold;\n\n uint8_t *historyImage1 = model->historyImage1;\n uint8_t *historyImage2 = model->historyImage2;\n\n /* Segmentation. */", "\n memset(segmentation_map, 0, width * height);\n\n uint8_t *first = historyImage1;\n for (int index = width * height - 1; index >= 0; --index) {\n // We adapt the threshold\n matchingThreshold = model->matchingThreshold;\n if (matchingThreshold < abs_uint(historyImage2[index] - historyImage1[index])) {\n matchingThreshold = abs_uint(historyImage2[index] - historyImage1[index]);\n }\n if (abs_uint(image_data[index] - first[index]) <= matchingThreshold)\n segmentation_map[index]++;\n }\n\n first = historyImage2;\n for (int index = width * height - 1; index >= 0; --index) {\n // We adapt the threshold\n matchingThreshold = model->matchingThreshold;\n if (matchingThreshold < abs_uint(historyImage2[index] - historyImage1[index])) {\n matchingThreshold = abs_uint(historyImage2[index] - historyImage1[index]);\n }\n if (abs_uint(image_data[index] - first[index]) <= matchingThreshold)\n segmentation_map[index]++;\n }\n\n return(0);\n }\n\n // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Update a C1R model\n // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n int doUpdate(const uint8_t value)\n {\n if (value == 0) return 0;\n else return 1;\n }\n\n\n int32_t libtwopointsModel_Update_8u_C1R(\n twopointsModel_t *model,\n const uint8_t *image_data,\n uint8_t *updating_mask\n )\n {\n assert((image_data !", "= NULL) && (model !", "= NULL) && (updating_mask !", "= NULL));\n assert((model->width > 0) && (model->height > 0));\n assert((model->jump !", "= NULL) && (model->neighbor !", "= NULL));\n\n // Some variables.", "\n uint32_t width = model->width;\n uint32_t height = model->height;\n\n uint8_t *historyImage1 = model->historyImage1;\n uint8_t *historyImage2 = model->historyImage2;\n\n // Updating.", "\n uint32_t *jump = model->jump;\n int *neighbor = model->neighbor;\n\n // All the frame, except the border.", "\n uint32_t shift, indX, indY;\n unsigned int x, y;\n\n for (y = 1; y < height - 1; ++y) {\n shift = rand() % width;\n indX = jump[shift]; // index_jump should never be zero (> 1).", "\n\n while (indX < width - 1) {\n int index = indX + y * width;\n\n if (doUpdate(updating_mask[index])) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[index];\n // In-place substitution.", "\n // if (2*value < (historyImage1[index]+historyImage2[index]) ) {\n if (rand() % 2 == 0) {\n historyImage1[index] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[index] = value;\n }\n\n // Propagation\n int index_neighbor = index + neighbor[shift];\n if (2 * value < (historyImage1[index_neighbor] + historyImage2[index_neighbor])) {\n // if (rand()%2 == 0 ) {\n historyImage1[index_neighbor] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[index_neighbor] = value;\n }\n }\n\n ++shift;\n indX += jump[shift];\n }\n }\n\n // First row.", "\n y = 0;\n shift = rand() % width;\n indX = jump[shift]; // index_jump should never be zero (> 1).", "\n\n while (indX <= width - 1) {\n int index = indX + y * width;\n\n if (doUpdate(updating_mask[index])) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[index];\n // In-place substitution.", "\n // if (2*value < (historyImage1[index]+historyImage2[index]) ) {\n if (rand() % 2 == 0) {\n historyImage1[index] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[index] = value;\n }\n }\n\n ++shift;\n indX += jump[shift];\n }\n\n // Last row.", "\n y = height - 1;\n shift = rand() % width;\n indX = jump[shift]; // index_jump should never be zero (> 1).", "\n\n while (indX <= width - 1) {\n int index = indX + y * width;\n\n if (doUpdate(updating_mask[index])) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[index];\n // In-place substitution.", "\n // if (2*value < (historyImage1[index]+historyImage2[index]) ) {\n if (rand() % 2 == 0) {\n historyImage1[index] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[index] = value;\n }\n }\n\n ++shift;\n indX += jump[shift];\n }\n\n // First column.", "\n x = 0;\n shift = rand() % height;\n indY = jump[shift]; // index_jump should never be zero (> 1).", "\n\n while (indY <= height - 1) {\n int index = x + indY * width;\n\n if (doUpdate(updating_mask[index])) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[index];\n // In-place substitution.", "\n // if (2*value < (historyImage1[index]+historyImage2[index]) ) {\n if (rand() % 2 == 0) {\n historyImage1[index] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[index] = value;\n }\n }\n\n ++shift;\n indY += jump[shift];\n }\n\n // Last column.", "\n x = width - 1;\n shift = rand() % height;\n indY = jump[shift]; // index_jump should never be zero (> 1).", "\n\n while (indY <= height - 1) {\n int index = x + indY * width;\n\n if (doUpdate(updating_mask[index])) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[index];\n // In-place substitution.", "\n // if (2*value < (historyImage1[index]+historyImage2[index]) ) {\n if (rand() % 2 == 0) {\n historyImage1[index] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[index] = value;\n }\n }\n\n ++shift;\n indY += jump[shift];\n }\n\n // The first pixel!", "\n if (rand() % model->updateFactor == 0) {\n if (doUpdate(updating_mask[0])) {\n uint8_t value = image_data[0];\n // In-place substitution.", "\n if (rand() % 2 == 0) {\n historyImage1[0] = value;\n }\n else {\n historyImage2[0] = value;\n }\n }\n }\n\n return(0);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nDisadvantages for virtual product?", "\n\nI understood that for Magento2 configurable products the associated products are created as virtual products instead of simple products, when weight is not given.", "\nBut is there any disadvantages for this? ", "What would be different if I give weight for those virtual products and make them simple products?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no major disadvantage of that. ", "\nBut main concept is if product has a weight then you need to deliver it physically.", "\nIf product has no weight that means its virtual product (Something which we don't need to deliver it but we can download it or get the details of it from the website only)\nSuppose you have T-Shirt (Configurable Product) - Now all colors and sizes of t-shirt must have weight. ", "If you select no weight option here\nthen what would you be delivered ?, ", "as its physical product. ", "\nBut when delivery/shipping is depended on weight then it makes you in trouble/disadvantage. ", "That time even though its configurable product\nstill you need to mention product has weight.", "\nRefer this link for more details (things to remember) - http://docs.magento.com/m1/ce/user_guide/catalog/product-virtual.html\nHope it makes sense.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Affordable Austin Roofing\n\nTop Quality Roofing at Affordable Prices by\nJa-Mar Roofing\n\nFinding the right roofing contractor in Austin can be a chore, but you can rest easy knowing that the professionals with Affordable Austin Roofing Solution are just a phone call away. ", "Your roof is the first line of defense against the elements. ", "Be sure you protect your largest investment by choosing a roofing company that does the job right.", "\n\nJa-Mar Roofing Offers:\n\nDon’t Wait…\n‘Til it’s Too Late.", "\n\nRoof Leaks Can Lead to Expensive Problems!", "\n\nPrevent Mold & Mildew Growth\n\nAvoid Wood Rot & Structural Damage\n\nProtect Your Home Furnishings & Electronics\n\nPrevent Dangerous Electrical Shorts\n\nThe first signs of a roof leak can be subtle: a drip here, a drop there – nothing that can’t be taken care of with a towel. ", "But those first small warning signs can grow quickly into a full blown nightmare. ", "The first signs of a roof problem are stains on the ceiling. ", "If you suspect you have a roof leak or even if your roof is old, call the professional at Affordable Austin Roofing Solutions for a free estimate.", "\n\nHow Easy is the Whole Process?", "\n\nCall Us to Get a Free Estimate\n\nWe will send out a Roofing Expert to determine whether or not you need just a repair, or a whole new roof.", "\n\nShortly after you’ve accepted our proposal, work will begin and you will have a fixed roof in no time!", "\n\nTalk to a Roofing Expert Today: 512-843-8013\n\nGot a Leaky Roof?", "\n\nGet it Repaired Before It’s Too Late\n\nIt is easy to ignore the first telltale signs of roof damage, but if you turn a blind eye to those spots on your ceiling for too long the problem may get worse in only a matter of months! ", "Save the hassle and cost of extreme roof damage and call a trusted roofing contractor at the very first signs of damage.", "\n\nYou may think those missing shingles, algae, or dark spots on your ceiling are minor, but they might be signs of more serious damage. ", "In fact, if you leave it unfixed for too long, you may need to replace your entire roof! ", "With every second that you ignore the signs of roof damage, you are making the problem even worse. ", "The moment you notice problems with your roof, pick up your phone and call Affordable Austin Roofing for a free consultation.", "\n\nFind a Professional Roofer to Fix Your Roof Problems\n\nCall today to get a free roof assessment from your local Austin Texas roofing company. ", "Affordable Austin Roofing is made up of a team of trained professionals who handle roof repair and patching and can even build completely new metal or barrel tile roofs. ", "Affordable Austin Roofing is also available for commercial roofing. ", "Whatever your roofing problem, we can handle it!", "\n\nAll you need to do to have a professional roofing contractor at Affordable Austin Roofing begin work on your home is to call and arrange a free estimate, receive and accept your bid, and watch as a member of our team begins working quickly and efficiently to protect the roof over your head.", "\n\nAffordable Austin Roofing Is the Best in Austin Texas!", "\n\nAt Affordable Austin Roofing, you will get a completely free roofing consultation so you know how much money you will be spending before any of the work begins. ", "Once you receive your estimate, a professional roofer from Affordable Austin Roofing can start work quickly to fix the damage before you know it.", "\n\nAffordable Austin Roofing offers amazing quality and speed at a price that will fit your budget. ", "Say goodbye to roof damage once and for all by calling Affordable Austin Roofing today for your free estimate." ]

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[ "Amritvarshini (raga)\n\nAmritvarshini is a Hindustani classical raga. ", "It is performed between 7 and 10 p.m.\n\nTheory\nThe raga contains five notes each in Arohana and Avarohana; Sa Shuddha Ga and Shuddha Ni; TeevraMadhyama and Pa. It is classified as an Audava/Audava pentatonic raga.", "\n\nArohana and Avarohana\nAroha (Ascent): \n\nAvaroha (Descent):\n\nVadi and Samavadi\nVadi: P\n\nSamvadi: S\n\nPakad or Chalan\nPakad: SGmPNmPmG, mG->S\n\nChalan: SGmG, mGS, GmPN, NPmG, GmPNPmG, mG->S;\n\nGmPNS, PNSGmGS, NS NP, NmPmG, mG->S\n\nOrganisation and relationships\nThaat: Kalyan\n\nThe Raga is based on Carnatic Raga Amritavarshini which is considered a janya rāga of the 66th Melakartha Chitrambari, though it can be derived from other Melakarthas Kalyani, Gamanashrama or Vishwambari by dropping both Rishabh and Dhaivat.", "\n\nSamay (Time) \nNomenclature:\nNomenclature for Notation- ‘D ‘n ‘N ; S r R g G M m P d D n N; S’ r’ R’ /\n\nP, RS – Halt between P and RS/Meenda (Glissando)- P->m /Kana swara (Grace note) RG\n\nReferences\n“RagaNidhi”- Prof. S Subbarao, Vol.", "I – Published by The Music Academy, Chennai\n“Raga Darshana”- Pt. ", "ManikbuwaThakurdas, Vol.", "II- Pt.", "\n\nManikbuwaThakurdasJanmashabdiSamiti, Mumbai\n\nFilm Songs \nThoongatha vizhigal rendu(Agninakshatram)(Tamil),Composer:Illayaraja,Singers:KJ Yesudas,Janaki\nVanin Devi Varuga(Oruvar vazhum Alayam)(Tamil),Composer:Illayaraja,Singers:Spb,Janaki\nMalaikoru Devane(Sri Raghavendra)(Tamil),Composer:Illayaraja,Singers:KJ Yesudas\nUnathu Kalai(Sasanam)(Tamil),Composer:Balabharathi,Singers:KS Chitra\nKathiruntha malli(Mallu veeti minor)(Tamil),Composer:Illayaraja,Singers:P Susheela\n\nExternal links\nMore details about raga Amritvarshini\n\nCategory:Hindustani ragas" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "\"Think someone followed us here?\" \"", "No way,man.\" \"", "Check it out.\" \"", "You see something?\" \"", "Eddie!\" \"", "Get outta here!\" \"", "Detective tripp off patrol.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "My rotation ended yesterday.\" \"", "I'm officially back in homicide.\" \"", "Who we have?\" \"", "Dockworkers reported gunfire in this building,frank.\" \"", "Saw a couple uniforms back there.\" \"", "They look pretty shaken up.\" \"", "Come on inside.\" \"", "What the hell happened here?\" \"", "Where are the victims?\" \"", "They were vaporized,frank.\" \"", "Vaporized how?\" \"", "I don't know,but it was big.\" \"", "Horatio.\" \"", "Who coulda done this?\" \"", "Not who... what.\" \"", "CSI:\" \"Miami Season 06 Episode 11 Guerillas in the Mist\" \"This has all the earmarks of a gun-Smuggling operation,\" \"But why'd they leave all those guns behind?\" \"", "Because this was not a robbery,frank.\" \"", "What,you mean,A... turf war?\" \"", "Runners trying to take out their competition?\" \"", "Someone is sending a message.\" \"", "What's the move?\" \"", "We call the atf right now.\" \"", "I got friends over there.\" \"", "I'll take care of it.\" \"", "You okay?\" \"", "I've never seen anything like this.\" \"", "I don't know if we're ever gonna be able to tell how many people died here today.\" \"", "There were three.\" \"", "How can you tell?\" \"", "Because I found the remains of three pairs of shoes.\" \"", "Well,we're gonna get these guys.\" \"", "We'd better.\" \"", "Hoping that this can tell us who our shooters are.\" \"", "You mean shooter.\" \"", "You gotta be kidding me.\" \"", "All of these rounds?\" \"", "You think they were all fired from one gun?\" \"", "One person?\" \"", "Do you see this round?\" \"", "It requires no casing,\" \"And every other one I've picked up is exactly the same.\" \"", "There is only one weapon I know that can fire something like this.\" \"", "It's the dx-4.\" \"", "Its nickname is \"the vaporizer. \"\" \"", "Never heard of it.\" \"", "That's because it's illegal.\" \"", "It's an electronic gun.\" \"", "It has over 200 individually fired barrels.\" \"", "When the trigger is pulled, an electronic current hits a primer on the back of each round.\" \"", "Because there are no moving parts,there's nothing to slow it down.\" \"", "It's capable of firing a hundred thousand rounds per minute.\" \"", "I'd seen something like this on paper,but I didn't know it existed yet.\" \"", "Well,it does.\" \"", "Someone in miami has one.\" \"", "If we don't find it,we're gonna see a lot more crime scenes like this one.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I'll get this to the lab.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "So,have you,uh... have you seen the crime scene photos?\" \"", "It wit... as a was a bloodbath.\" \"", "I heard.\" \"", "I'm waiting for the results from the cigarette delko found on the scene.\" \"", "Hopefully that'll help.\" \"", "Be able to get any I.D. On the vics?\" \"", "I'm running them,too,but...\" \"I only have the blood from their shoes.\" \"", "Hopefully,they're in codis.\" \"", "Well,if they're in codis,chances are they weren'T... innocent bystanders,\" \"If you know what I mean.\" \"", "And you'd be right.\" \"", "Take a look.\" \"", "Eddie padura,hector malcas, pedro rupan.\" \"", "And check out their criminal history.\" \"", "Trafficking and smuggling firearms.\" \"", "Makes it official.\" \"", "Gunrunners.\" \"", "Looks like somebody wanted to end their career.\" \"", "And I think I can tell you who.\" \"", "Dna on the cigarette belongs to gabriel soto?\" \"", "And look what gabriel has in common with our victims.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Gunrunning.\" \"", "Triple murder,Mr. Soto.\" \"", "I didn't kill nobody.\" \"", "Those guys,they work for me.\" \"", "Then those were your guns at the warehouse,weren't they?\" \"", "I'm not saying that.\" \"", "So what are you saying?\" \"", "Look,I got nothing to tell you.\" \"", "I wasn't even there.\" \"", "We have evidence that says otherwise.\" \"", "What evidence?\" \"", "Your dna on a cigarette butt.\" \"", "I do business there.\" \"", "I coulda dropped it days ago.\" \"", "I'm an antiques dealer.\" \" ", "You deal illegal weapons.\" \" ", "Give me a break.\" \"", "Your guys were unloading a shipment of guns\" \"And maybe your buyer didn't feel like paying for them.\" \"", "Look,make it easy on yourself,all right?\" \"", "Why don't you give us the name of your buyer?\" \"", "And why would i cooperate with you?\" \"", "Because it might get us to a killer.\" \"", "Don't you want to know who did this to your men?\" \"", "I got my own way of dealing with that.\" \"", "So do I.\" \"You're under arrest.\" \"", "Take him.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "I'll make bail.\" \" ", "I'll be out in two hours.\" \" ", "Just get outta here.\" \"", "You sergeant tripp?\" \"", "Yes,I am.\" \"", "This is csi wolfe.\" \"", "How you doing?\" \"", "Sergeant tripp,agent thorpe.\" \" ", "Special task force,us customs.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "We were,uh,expecting atf.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "Well,they called me.\" \"", "This is about the smuggling operation at the docks,right?\" \"", "Okay,so,uh... this is a customs operation.\" \"", "Yes,it was.\" \"", "Those weapons were headed to the middle east,\" \"Where they'd end up being used on our own troops.\" \"", "Well,you forgot to collect the guns.\" \"", "Well,this mission was just to shut 'em down.\" \"", "We planned to send in a cleanup crew,but you beat us to it.\" \"", "Well,don't you think you guys went a little bit overboard with the,uh,with the firepower?\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "What I'm talking about is your operation gunned down three men in cold blood,\" \"And they didn't even get a single shot off.\" \"", "Actually,I shouldn't be discussing an ongoing operation.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Fair enough.\" \"", "What about the DX-4?\" \"", "The vaporizer?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "That gun's illegal in this country.\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "So why were your guys using it?\" \"", "This wasn't our operation,strictly speaking.\" \"", "Customs just had oversight.\" \"", "We,uh... contracted this one out.\" \"", "Contract...\" \"Wha-What is that supposed to mean?\" \"", "You used a private security firm.\" \"", "It's an army for hire.\" \"", "We've been leaning on them for tactical support.\" \"", "They did the port operation themselves.\" \"", "Did they have a name?\" \"", "Mr. Lancaster.\" \"", "Lieutenant.\" \"", "So you're peregrine security.\" \"", "Guns for hire.\" \"", "I'm afraid there's just not at lot I can tell you.\" \"", "And I don't agree.\" \"", "You have no jurisdiction in this case.\" \"", "I'm gonna have to ask you gentlemen to leave.\" \"", "Oh,we can be right back with a warrant.\" \"", "Won't do you any good.\" \"", "You have zero authority in this building.\" \"", "Sergeant.\" \"", "Stand down.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Look,I'll try and save you some time.\" \"", "Yes,that was our operation this morning,sanctioned by U.S. Customs.\" \"", "So you gunned down those men?\" \"", "There was collateral damage,yes.\" \"", "And you're admitting to murder.\" \"", "It isn't murder under the patriot act.\" \"", "What does the patriot act have to do with this?\" \"", "As federal contractors,peregrine is protected from all prosecution in official operations.\" \"", "Gentlemen,forgive me, but from where\" \"I'm standing,you're just common killers.\" \"", "We're patriots.\" \"", "Does a patriot use a weapon that's illegal in this country?\" \"", "I have no idea what you're talking about.\" \"", "We know about the vaporizer.\" \"", "Look,gentlemen,I understand that it's difficult for you to see the big picture,\" \"But the world is much larger than just miami.\" \"", "What we do over here saves american lives overseas.\" \"", "I will not apologize for our mission.\" \"", "That magic gun of yours,why don't you just hand it over?\" \"", "I think we're done here.\" \"", "Not hardly,Mr. Lancaster.\" \"", "Dispatch,this is air-12.\" \"", "We're responding to sandcrest park.\" \"", "Air-12 be advised,victim is steve lancaster,head of peregrine security.\" \"", "Possible doa.\" \"****\" \"", "His name is steve lancaster.\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "There's no obvious cause of death here.\" \"", "There's no blood,there's no gunshot wound,there's no stab mark.\" \"", "Not a mark on him.\" \"", "It's like he laid down and died.\" \"", "I'm sure he had help.\" \"", "Now wait a second.\" \"", "Hey,guys...\" \"Get your handoff me.\" \"", "Excuse me.\" \"", "You cannot be here.\" \"", "This is a secured crime scene,all right?\" \"", "Hey...\" \"That suv is peregrine property.\" \"", "I need to collect what's inside.\" \"", "National security issues.\" \"", "That's all well and good,pal,\" \"But murder investigation trumps whatever it is you're doing,\" \"So you're gonna have to get lost,okay?\" \"", "Get behind the yellow tape or I'll take you into custody myself.\" \"", "This isn't over.\" \"", "Not by a long shot.\" \"", "Beat it.\" \"", "Mr. Wolfe,let's get alexx out here.\" \"", "What have you got?\" \"", "I found an unspent round on the seat,and\" \"I think I've got lancaster's laptop.\" \"", "Wonder if that's what peregrine was so hot to get their hands on.\" \"", "Check out this tattoo.\" \"", "Looks like our mercenary used to be a navy seal.\" \"", "I didn't see any signs of a struggle in there.\" \"", "You think he would have fought back.\" \"", "I think I know why he didn'T.\" \"Burn marks.\" \"", "My guess,someone hit him with a stun gun.\" \"", "Yeah,but that wouldn't be powerful enough to kill him.\" \"", "No,but it could knock you out for a good ten minutes.\" \"", "That's long enough to finish up the job.\" \"", "So they hit him with a stun gun and then strangle him?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "His lips aren't blue,no signs of petechia.\" \"", "So what are you thinking?\" \"", "These kind of people,they want a murder to be invisible.\" \"", "Like an assassination.\" \"", "Exactly.\" \"", "And I have a hunch how they did it.\" \"", "Natalia told me that you had a crackerjack autopsy going on,\" \"But that you wouldn't tell her what you were doing.\" \"", "Calleigh,you know I don't like to jinx my theories before I've had a chance to test 'em out.\" \"", "But you came at the right time.\" \"", "So what killed him?\" \"", "A bubble.\" \"", "Come again?\" \"", "If I'm right,it was an air embolism that took our soldier down.\" \"", "So you mean like when a person gets an air bubble in their vein?\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "Travels to the heart,gets stuck in the valves and stops the heart from beating.\" \"", "Only way to know for sure is to submerge the heart in water.\" \"", "If there's air inside,it'll float to the surface.\" \"", "I am now going to cut the right ventricle.\" \"", "And there's your killer bubble.\" \"", "So this was no accident.\" \"", "No way.\" \"", "Circulatory system is airtight.\" \"", "The only way to get air in your veins is to have it forced in.\" \"", "Like with a syringe.\" \"", "So somebody killed him.\" \"", "Problem is you are looking at the perfect murder.\" \"", "It is almost impossible to trace this back to the killer.\" \"", "What about the injection site?\" \"", "Could you find something there?\" \"", "Maybe.\" \"", "Oh,this killer was so smart.\" \"", "Lieutenant caine,darren butler,current ceo of peregrine security.\" \"", "Current ceo?\" \"", "Well,that didn't take long,did it?\" \"", "Steve was a good leader,lieutenant,but we move on.\" \"", "Can't distract from the mission.\" \"", "Was killing steve a part of the mission?\" \"", "I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "Steve was murdered.\" \"", "And how does that relate to peregrine?\" \"", "We found a dx4 round in lancaster's suv.\" \"", "Is that where he was storing the vaporizer?\" \"", "I don't know anything about that.\" \"", "But if steve was involved with the use of that weapon,then he crossed the line.\" \"", "Of course,we'll never know now.\" \"", "He's dead.\" \"", "Yes,how convenient for you.\" \"", "Lieutenant,off the record,you're looking at us when you should be looking outside.\" \"", "So you're saying steve had enemies.\" \"", "Plenty.\" \"", "I'm gonna need those names.\" \"", "I'm sorry,but those files are confidential.\" \"", "You'll just have to find them on your own.\" \"", "Yes,and I will.\" \"", "And a word to the wise,Mr. Butler,your name better not be amongst them.\" \"", "Oh,yeah.\" \"", "Got a nice juicy partial right here on the clasp.\" \"", "Nice.\" \"", "Hopefully,that will give us our killer and not our victim.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "James reilley.\" \"", "Any priors?\" \"", "No,his record's pristine.\" \"", "Why is he in afis then?\" \"", "Says he was in the navy.\" \"", "All military personnel get fingerprinted when they enlist.\" \"", "Steve lancaster was a navy seal.\" \"", "I wonder if they knew each other.\" \"", "There's only one way to find out.\" \"", "Look,I'm really sorry that steve is dead,\" \"But I don't see what that has to do with me.\" \"", "We found your fingerprint on his watchband.\" \"", "Oh,come on.\" \"", "Are you kidding?\" \"", "Is that why I'm here?\" \"", "I ran into steve today.\" \"", "It must have happened when I,when we shook hands.\" \"", "I was on my way to see a client,and we just bumped into each other.\" \"", "Steve lancaster.\" \"", "Reilly?\" \"", "Hey,you got a minute?\" \"", "You want to grab something to eat?\" \"", "Actually,I can't,man.\" \"", "I got to run.\" \"", "He seemed like he was in a rush.\" \"", "I haven't seen steve since I left peregrine.\" \"", "So you worked at peregrine security?\" \"", "For a while.\" \"", "Steve brought me in to set up the computer systems.\" \"", "Why'd you leave?\" \"", "Well,I guess I just didn't want the life anymore.\" \"", "After all the years in the navy and then peregrine,\" \"I just got tired of playing war.\" \"", "I run a computer repair firm now.\" \"", "Where did you go after you saw steve?\" \"", "I went back to the office.\" \"", "You can ask my secretary.\" \"", "I will.\" \"", "Is that lancaster's laptop?\" \"", "I thought it came up empty for any evidence of the killer.\" \"", "Yeah,well,that's why I wanted to crack it open,\" \"See if we got any information that will point us in the right direction.\" \"", "Um,well,I'll take any direction at this point.\" \"", "I heard you talked to reilly's secretary.\" \"", "Yeah,she confirmed his story,but she may be covering for him.\" \"", "Wait.\" \"", "Will you pop open that report?\" \"", "Sure.\" \"\"", "Operation black market status. \"\" \"", "That sounds like plans for a military action.\" \"", "What does \"asset out of the bag,\" mean?\" \"", "Asset\" \" In military jargon,that means a target.\" \"\"", "Three bogies in play\" means three enemies involved.\" \"", "Three is the number of victims at the warehouse shooting this morning.\" \"", "I think these are the plans.\" \"", "All right,take a look at this.\" \"\"", "Mission status:\" \"Stage one incomplete. \"\" \"", "Well,if this morning was stage one,I wonder what else they have planned.\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "I'm not doing anything.\" \"", "The laptop's doing this on its own.\" \"", "Someone's purging the hard drive.\" \"", "They're doing it remotely.\" \"", "They were just waiting for us to turn the computer on.\" \"", "Turn it off.\" \"", "I can'T.\" \"They're overriding it.\" \"", "Well,can you figure out who's doing it?\" \"", "I'm transmitting an output signal,but...\" \"Once the computer's wiped out,all trace of whoever is doing this will be gone.\" \"", "I'm synched in to their satellite transmission.\" \"", "It's looking for a source.\" \"", "We have to hurry.\" \"", "It's wiped out 75% of the hard drive.\" \"", "It's narrowed it down to south florida.\" \"", "85%.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "We're running out of time.\" \"", "We're almost there.\" \"", "It's gone.\" \"", "Wait a minute.\" \"", "An address.\" \"", "That's the address to peregrine's headquarters.\" \"", "They wiped out their own computer.\" \"", "They're covering up something really big.\" \"", "You've been tampering with the evidence,Mr. Butler.\" \"", "It's not tampering when you're sanitizing your own computer files.\" \"", "It is if you're interfering in a murder investigation.\" \"", "We have to insure our information doesn't fall into the wrong hands.\" \"", "You mean like mine?\" \"", "There was nothing in there that would have pertained to steve's death.\" \"", "Mr. Lancaster was killed because the operation black market wasn't completed this morning.\" \"", "You don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "Educate me.\" \"", "Okay,lieutenant.\" \"", "You were right about lancaster.\" \"", "He exceeded our protocols,and used the dx-4 in the dock operation.\" \"", "The vaporizer.\" \"", "We were going to turn over that gun to the feds,but it was never returned to base.\" \"", "So the mission is incomplete until we reacquire the vaporizer.\" \"", "So it was in his suv.\" \"", "Where it was stolen when he was murdered.\" \"", "You're telling me that the most dangerous weapon on the planet is loose on the streets of miami.\" \"", "I'm sorry,do I... do I smell pork?\" \"", "You do.\" \"", "I'm using pig flesh because it's the closest thing to human flesh that I could find.\" \"", "I'm trying to tie peregrine to the lancaster murder.\" \"", "I didn't know that stun guns were traceable.\" \"", "Well,it isn't like a regular gun,but if the mark is unique enough...\" \"I mean,for example,this is the lancaster stun bite.\" \"", "You can see how the prongs are close together.\" \"", "If I can match this model to one of these,\" \"I think we might be able to find our killer.\" \"", "It's what I suspected.\" \"", "Meet the sentry\" \" The world's smallest stun gun.\" \"", "You're telling me that that tiny thing took down a 200-Pound guy?\" \"", "Well,it kicks out a million volts.\" \"", "You know,it's funny\" \" I would think those peregrine guys were such a boy's club,\" \"They wouldn't use such a girly little weapon.\" \"", "Well,I only ended up testing it against government issue stun guns,\" \"And I figured that's what peregrine would be using.\" \"", "What kind of government agencies?\" \"", "State department,customs agents.\" \"", "Customs agents?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Where you going?\" \"", "What's this all about,wolfe?\" \" ", "It's about your stun gun.\" \" ", "Excuse me?\" \"", "You carry a sentry,is that right?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "They're issued to us.\" \"", "So steve lancaster's murder¡ª\" \"Was that a state-Sponsored assassination\" \"Or did you do that on your own?\" \"", "What the hell are you talking about?\" \"", "Lancaster was murdered with a sentry.\" \"", "The very same model stun gun you carry.\" \"", "And why would i have a reason to kill lancaster?\" \"", "Well,the vaporizer.\" \"", "I'm trying to stop that weapon just like you.\" \"", "Now you are.\" \"", "See,you're the liaison for peregrine,\" \"But you didn't know they were using that weapon until I told you,is that right?\" \"", "Uh-Uh,I can't be held responsible for what they do.\" \"", "Well,your supervisors can.\" \"", "When it gets out in the public that you hired a company to do your dirty work that's using illegal weapons,\" \"You're gonna take the fall.\" \"", "I think you killed lancaster to get the gun.\" \"", "I think if there was no gun...\" \"No problem.\" \"", "You got nothing to base that on.\" \"", "Is that right?\" \"", "Every time you use that stun gun,the date and time is recorded.\" \"", "Why don't you hand it over.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "But don't let my supervisors hear.\" \"", "My job is already on the line for how this was handled.\" \"", "If they hear that I'm now a suspect...\" \"If this tests positive...\" \"Your job is going to be the least of your worries.\" \"", "Okay,okay,what's wrong?\" \"", "I was just...\" \"I was convinced that our customs agent killed lancaster,\" \"But she didn't fire her stun gun.\" \"", "She didn't even fire it once.\" \"", "So,uh... we don't have a suspect.\" \"", "Well,baby... maybe this will help you out.\" \"", "What is this?\" \"", "You tell me.\" \"", "They look like black specks.\" \"", "Where did you find these?\" \"", "In our victim's eye.\" \"", "I found the injection site\" \" In his retinal vein.\" \"", "A syringe was the last thing our soldier saw.\" \"", "Alexx... this is huge.\" \"", "If trace can tell us what these black specks are,we may have our man.\" \"", "Steve lancaster,Mr. Reilly.\" \"", "What about him?\" \"", "You killed him.\" \"", "We found out about an interesting tool you use to service computer equipment.\" \"", "The next time you kill somebody with a syringe,\" \"You should try cleaning the toner out first.\" \"", "You know what,this is harassment.\" \"", "I am not the only computer salesman in miami.\" \"", "But you had a motive.\" \"", "And what is that motive?\" \"", "Revenge.\" \"", "I'm out of here.\" \"", "Sit down,Mr. Reilly.\" \"", "Now,we ran into a security firewall with your employment records.\" \"", "So we called in a few favors at the state department.\" \"", "And it turns out that you didn't quit at peregrine,you were fired.\" \"", "I was not fired.\" \"", "You cannot fire the founder of a company.\" \"", "Lancaster founded peregrine.\" \"", "That's what it says on the revised brochures.\" \"", "Peregrine was my idea.\" \"", "I came up with it back in the seals.\" \"", "That's when I met steve.\" \"", "I brought him on as a partner.\" \"", "So how did he force you out?\" \"", "I was spending so much time engineering coups in other countries,\" \"I didn't see the one he was pulling on me.\" \"", "So you assassinated him.\" \"", "Lancaster betrayed peregrine.\" \"", "It was a noble idea and he turned it into a killing machine.\" \"", "Should have held true to your own ideals.\" \"", "The world is better off.\" \"", "What the hell do you want?\" \"", "At least I completed my mission.\" \"", "Was part of that mission to steal the dx-4?\" \"", "I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "The gun\" \" You took it from lancaster's suv.\" \"", "No,I didn'T.\" \"I swear.\" \"", "Someone must have stolen it after I left.\" \"", "I hope so for your sake.\" \"", "Take him.\" \"", "Eric,let's take another look at that suv.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "I got a human hair... with a bulb.\" \"", "Beautiful.\" \"", "I'll have natalia and put a name to it.\" \"", "Gabriel soto.\" \"", "No,man.\" \"", "You got the wrong guy.\" \"", "I'm here to see soto about a job.\" \"", "Well,where is he?\" \"", "He's right there.\" \"", "You made bail,soto,but you might be going right back in.\" \"", "You hiring new staff?\" \"", "I need to replace the men I lost after peregrine wiped them out.\" \"", "You need more manpower now that you have the vaporizer to sell.\" \"", "That'll be a little difficult since I don't have it.\" \"", "Yeah,well,I can put you in lancaster's suv,exactly where the gun was stolen from.\" \"", "And how can you do that?\" \"", "Because I found your hair in the front seat.\" \"", "You deliver that dx-4,I bring the buyer.\" \"", "We'll split it 50-50.\" \"", "And why does he want the vaporizer?\" \"", "He wants to mass produce it.\" \"", "He's willing to pay big for it.\" \"", "Well,if that's the case,then I'll just contact him myself.\" \"", "You can't do that.\" \"", "He only deals with me.\" \"", "Not if you're dead.\" \"", "Oh,man.\" \"", "I didn't steal anything.\" \"", "Look...\" \"I met with lancaster,you know,to talk.\" \"", "You were just chatting it up with the guy who killed your men?\" \"", "No,I don't think so.\" \"", "It was before that.\" \"", "I was looking to buy the vaporizer gun from him,okay?\" \"", "I could retire off the profit from that.\" \"", "Yeah,by selling it to our enemies.\" \"", "Nothing personal.\" \"", "It's just business.\" \"", "Get down!\" \"", "Is it personal now,soto?\" \"", "This guy's dead.\" \"", "That bullet was meant for you.\" \"", "The shots were fired from over there.\" \"", "I've got a. 308 casing.\" \"", "This didn't come from the vaporizer.\" \"", "You know what's weird?\" \"", "I don't see any of your bullet strikes here.\" \"", "Yeah,I tried to get a bead on the shooters,but...\" \"By the time I did,they took off.\" \"", "You know whatever is said between us stays between us,right?\" \"", "Did you freeze?\" \"", "No,I didn'T.\" \"It's just when the,uh...\" \"when he started shooting,\" \"It took me back to that day.\" \"", "I,uh...\" \"I felt like I was getting shot all over again.\" \"", "Well,why don't we just focus on the here and now?\" \"", "We've got a shooter to catch.\" \"", "You know,it looks like there are more casings up there.\" \"", "Concealment.\" \"", "Higher position.\" \"", "It's where I'd want to be.\" \"", "I'll check it out.\" \"", "You find the casings?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Three.\" \"", "The shooter found himself a nice perch up here,\" \"But he wasn't too careful getting down.\" \"", "Really!\" \"", "Did you get a print?\" \"", "Sure did.\" \"", "Just one,but...\" \"One's enough,right?\" \"", "How do you know I took the shot?\" \"", "We recovered your fingerprints from the sniper perch,patrick.\" \"", "Soto was a sanctioned target.\" \"", "As you know,I'm shielded from prosecution under the patriot act.\" \"", "I'd hate to rain on your parade,my friend,\" \"But soto,as it turns out,was not the victim.\" \"", "You killed an innocent man.\" \"", "So,currently,you're not shielded by anything.\" \"", "Intel said soto was there.\" \"", "He was.\" \"", "You killed an innocent man.\" \"", "Why did they want him dead?\" \"", "So soto's buyer would deal directly with us.\" \"", "We mobilized in the warehouse.\" \"", "Okay,let me rephrase it.\" \"", "Where is the gun?\" \"", "Where is it right now?\" \"", "We removed the asset from the suv the moment we knew lancaster was down.\" \"", "Where is the location of the sale?\" \"", "I don't question my superiors.\" \"", "I get my orders,I act on them.\" \"", "Patrick.\" \"", "I believe in the cause,lieutenant,\" \"That we're defenders of liberty,overseas and at home\" \"Wherever good soldiers are needed,that's where we are.\" \"", "So be a good soldier,patrick\" \"Be a good soldier and get me the location of the sale.\" \"", "Where is it?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Patrick...\" \"If you don't give me the location,innocent people are gonna die.\" \" ", "Look at me.\" \"", "Look at me.\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "Innocent people are gonna die.\" \" ", "And I know that you don't want that to happen,do you?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "Only butler knows.\" \"", "That's not who you are.\" \"", "Only butler knows.\" \"", "Then give me butler.\" \"", "All I can give you is his computer.\" \"", "Do that.\" \"", "Butler!\" \"", "Have you seen this weapon used in the field?\" \"", "On several targets...\" \"completely vaporize a human.\" \"", "Most beautiful thing to behold.\" \"", "You said we'd be left alone.\" \"", "This'll just give me a chance to demonstrate what the vaporizer can do.\" \"", "All right,let's go.\" \"", "I'll finish it off.\" \"", "Get the ammo on the plane.\" \"", "And that's with only half the barrels engaged.\" \"", "You're on the losing side of this one,lieutenant.\" \"", "I could fire a thousand rounds before you get a shot off...\" \"Well,apparently...\" \"... it only takes the one.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProve that function $f(x)=\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}ne^{-nx}$ is continuous.", "\n\nI have to prove that the following function is continuous.", "\n $$\nf(x)=\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}u_n(x),\\ \\ u_n(x)=ne^{-nx},\\ \\ x\\in E=(0,+\\infty)\n$$\n\nIn order to do that, I tried to show that $u_n(x)$ is continuous on $E$ for any $n\\in\\mathbb{N}$ and also that the series $\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}u_n(x)$ is uniformly convergent on $E$. The former is, of course, true. ", "However, the latter condition is not met:\n$$\n0<x<1: |u(x)-u_n(x)|=\\sum_{k=n+1}^{\\infty}ke^{-kx}=\\left[x=\\frac{1}{k}\\in E\\right]=\\sum_{k=n+1}^{\\infty}\\frac{k}{e}\\\\\n\\lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}\\sup_{x\\in E}\\sum_{k=n+1}^{\\infty}\\frac{k}{e}=+\\infty\\ne 0\\Rightarrow\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}u_n(x)\\ \\ \\text{is not uniformly convergent on}\\ \\ E \\Rightarrow\\\\\n\\Rightarrow f(x)\\ \\ \\text{is not continuous on}\\ \\ (0,1).", "\n$$\nThus, I thought that the problem statement is not correct. ", "But I am not sure.", "\nI would be very grateful if someone clarified my confusion!", "\nP.S. I need to prove continuity of $f(x)$ in order to find $\\int_{\\ln2}^{\\ln5}f(x)dx$.\n\nA:\n\nFor each $a>0$, the convergence is uniform on $(a,\\infty)$. So, $f|_{(a,\\infty)}$ is continuous and, since this takes place for each $a>0$, $f$ is continuous.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat grammatical structure is used here and what does the sentence mean?", "\n\nThis is an excerpt from The Invisible Man by H.G. Wells. ", "I can’t understand the italicized part. ", "The excerpt follows:\n\nHis irritability, though it might have been comprehensible to an urban brain-worker, was an amazing thing to these quiet Sussex villagers. ", "The frantic gesticulations they surprised now and then, the headlong pace after nightfall that swept him upon them round quiet corners, the inhuman bludgeoning of all tentative advances of curiosity, the taste for twilight that led to the closing of doors, the pulling down of blinds, the extinction of candles and lamps—\n who could agree with such goings on?", "\n\nA:\n\nFor the grammatical resolution read it from the back:\nwho could agree with\n\nfrantic gesticulations..\npace after nightfall ..\nbludgeoning of .. advances ..\ntaste for twilight..\n..\n\nFor the semantics: the headlong pace after nightfall that swept him upon them round quiet corners means that he paced in the dark and came around quiet corners, head first.", "\nTo me the slightly weirder part is the use of surprise, which is used not on a person but on 'gesticulations'.. \n\n" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n\nnamespace Gettext\\Utils;\n\n/**\n * Function parsed by PhpFunctionsScanner.", "\n */\nclass ParsedFunction\n{\n /**\n * The function name.", "\n *\n * @var string\n */\n protected $name;\n\n /**\n * The line where the function starts.", "\n * \n * @var int\n */\n protected $line;\n\n /**\n * The strings extracted from the function arguments.", "\n *\n * @var string[]\n */\n protected $arguments;\n\n /**\n * The current index of the function (-1 if no arguments).", "\n *\n * @var int|null\n */\n protected $argumentIndex;\n\n /**\n * Shall we stop adding string chunks to the current argument?", "\n *\n * @var bool\n */\n protected $argumentStopped;\n\n /**\n * Extracted comments.", "\n *\n * @var string[]|null\n */\n protected $comments;\n\n /**\n * Initializes the instance.", "\n *\n * @param string $name The function name.", "\n * @param int $line The line where the function starts.", "\n */\n public function __construct($name, $line)\n {\n $this->name = $name;\n $this->line = $line;\n $this->arguments = array();\n $this->argumentIndex = -1;\n $this->argumentStopped = false;\n $this->comments = null;\n }\n\n /**\n * Stop extracting strings from the current argument (because we found something that's not a string).", "\n */\n public function stopArgument()\n {\n if ($this->argumentIndex === -1) {\n $this->argumentIndex = 0;\n }\n $this->argumentStopped = true;\n }\n\n /**\n * Go to the next argument because we a comma was found.", "\n */\n public function nextArgument()\n {\n if ($this->argumentIndex === -1) {\n // This should neve occur, but let's stay safe - During test/development an Exception should be thrown.", "\n $this->argumentIndex = 1;\n } else {\n ++$this->argumentIndex;\n }\n $this->argumentStopped = false;\n }\n\n /**\n * Add a string to the current argument.", "\n *\n * @param string $chunk\n */\n public function addArgumentChunk($chunk)\n {\n if ($this->argumentStopped === false) {\n if ($this->argumentIndex === -1) {\n $this->argumentIndex = 0;\n }\n if (isset($this->arguments[$this->argumentIndex])) {\n $this->arguments[$this->argumentIndex] .= $chunk;\n } else {\n $this->arguments[$this->argumentIndex] = $chunk;\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Add a comment associated to this function.", "\n *\n * @param string $comment\n */\n public function addComment($comment)\n {\n if ($this->comments === null) {\n $this->comments = array();\n }\n $this->comments[] = $comment;\n }\n /**\n * A closing parenthesis was found: return the final data.", "\n *\n * @return array{\n *\n * @var string The function name.", "\n * @var int The line where the function starts.", "\n * @var string[] the strings extracted from the function arguments.", "\n * @var string[] the comments associated to the function.", "\n * }\n */\n public function close()\n {\n $arguments = array();\n for ($i = 0; $i <= $this->argumentIndex; ++$i) {\n $arguments[$i] = isset($this->arguments[$i]) ? ", "$this->arguments[$i] : '';\n }\n\n return array(\n $this->name,\n $this->line,\n $arguments,\n $this->comments,\n );\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "“Bomb Girls” to air in U.S. on ReelzChannel\n\nWell here’s some news that will surely have you madly surfing your TV channels. ", "U.S. cable network ReelzChannel will begin airing the Canadian World War II drama Bomb Girls this fall. ", "The series tells the stories of a group of women who work in a munitions factory during the war and features a lesbian character named Betty (played by Ali Liebert).", "\n\nThe show debuted in Canada in January and ran for a six episodes its first season. ", "It has already been picked up for a 12-episode second season. ", "The series also stars Oscar-nominated Agnes of God star Meg Tilly (and sister of Bound actress Jennifer Tilly).", "\n\nLiebert’s lesbian character Betty is known for her tough-girl swagger, but has a definite soft spot for fellow bomb girl Kate (played by Charlotte Hegele). ", "The first season delved into their relationship.", "\n\nNo word on when the series will debut on ReelzChannel, but it should begin with the first season. ", "Hopefully the pick-up by a U.S. station will help expand the show’s fanbase and get more lesbian viewers enthralled by the lives of these ladies. ", "Reelz has released a trailer for its fall slate of new shows, including a very short clip from Bomb Girls.", "\n\nSo, excited about Bomb Girls finding a wider audience? ", "Have any idea if you get the ReelzChannel? ", "Already watched the first season and just anxiously waiting for the second season? ", "Discuss." ]

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[ "Glebar’s GT-610 CNC\n\nAble to hold extreme tolerances and fitted with a 6-axis robot, cleaning, drying and gauging stations, Glebar’s GT-610 CNC is built on a rigid composite base and now offered with a 12\" work wheel and super-precision twin-grip spindle. ", "The GT-610's two independent slides (upper and lower), which control the regulating wheel and the work rest blade position, holding the part being ground in place, provide significantly easier and quicker set up than traditional methods. ", "The multi-axis controller can position both grinding wheel slides to a resolution of 0.1 micron (0.000004\")." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSplitting 1 string with ':' seperator\n\nI am trying to make program that changes twitter account's password automaticly with selenium\nit works perfectly but my question is lets say I have 10 twitter accounts in .txt file which format is\n\nid:password\nid:password\nid:password\n\nfirst of all. ", "I want to read this txt file with c# and then separate them id(0),password(1) \nhow can I do this? ", "\n\nA:\n\nHere is a quick example of how you could split it up. ", " Go ahead and rework it to fit your specific requirements.", "\nusing (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(\"file.txt\"))\n{\n while (true)\n {\n string line = reader.", "ReadLine(); \n\n if (line == null)\n {\n break;\n }\n else\n {\n string[] idPasswords = line.split(\" \");\n for(int i = 0; i < idPasswords.length; i++)\n {\n string[] idPassword = idPasswords[i].split(\":\");\n string id = idPassword[0];\n string password = idPassword[1];\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Combination of radiotherapy with the immunocytokine L19-IL2: Additive effect in a NK cell dependent tumour model.", "\nRecently, we have shown that radiotherapy (RT) combined with the immunocytokine L19-IL2 can induce long-lasting antitumour effects, dependent on ED-B expression and infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. ", "On the other hand, in certain tumours, IL2 treatment can trigger a natural killer cell (NK) immune response. ", "The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of our combination therapy in the ED-B positive F9 teratocarcinoma model, lacking MHCI expression and known to be dependent on NK immune responses. ", "In syngeneic F9 tumour bearing 129/FvHsd mice tumour growth delay was evaluated after local tumour irradiation (10Gy) combined with systemic administration of L19-IL2. ", "Immunological responses were investigated using flow cytometry. ", "Tumour growth delay of L19-IL2 can be further improved by a single dose of RT administered before immunotherapy, but not during immunotherapy. ", "Furthermore, treatment of L19-IL2 favours a NK response and lacks cytotoxic T cell tumour infiltrating immune cells, which may be explained by the absence of MHCI expression. ", "An additive effect can be detected when the NK dependent F9 tumour model is treated with radiotherapy and L19-IL2 and therefore this combination could be useful in the absence of tumoural MHCI expression." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAzure Function cost - are operations triggered by function also counted as function execution time?", "\n\nI'm trying to estimate costs of Azure Functions. ", "One thing that stays unclear for me is how exactly time execution of a function is being measured. ", "\nI mean here an Azure Function that uses some binding such as Azure Cosmos DB Binding or File Storage binding.", "\nFor instance, I have a node.js azure function with outputBinding:\nmodule.exports = function (context) {\n\n context.bindings.employeeDocument = JSON.stringify({ \n id: context.bindings.myQueueItem.name + \"-\" + context.bindings.myQueueItem.employeeId,\n name: context.bindings.myQueueItem.name,\n employeeId: context.bindings.myQueueItem.employeeId,\n address: context.bindings.myQueueItem.address\n });\n\n context.done();\n};\n\nWe set output binding to property \"employeeDocument\" and the data is being saved into DB after function returns. ", "\nThe question is: what happens after above block of code (saving to DB, maybe within some transaction, maybe other operations required for DB save) is it also counted as a time of execution of azure function?", "\nIn other words, do we pay also for that what happens after we leave function block but was triggered by function?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou pay from the time the \"Function Started\" message to the \"Function Completed\" message you see in your logs. ", "This includes time to process input and output bindings. ", "For estimating how much you'll pay, you can use the Azure Monitoring meter for duration (this is aggregated over time, across functions, so not very granular). ", "If you want more granular insight, turn on App Insights for your Function App and use the duration property on the requests table.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\nAsk HN: Best current model routers for OpenWRT, DD-WRT, Tomato, etc.? - ", "zhan_eg\nI&#x27;m in the process of choosing new device(s) for a small wireless network in multi-story building and prefer having devices supporting some open source router software&#x2F;firmware (OpenWRT, DD-WRT, Tomato). ", "The amount of models available is enormous, but as the last Ask HN[0] (from 3 years ago) on this topic was a good starting point I think some good up-to-date advice can come up now. ", "malandrew the original poster told it well so:<p>&gt; If one were to decide to buy a brand new model router to install open source router software on, where would you go to find out the best current models and be able to compare their features?", "\n&gt; While it would be nice to know the best models as of today, I think it&#x27;s more interesting to be taught how to fish instead of being given a fish. ", "This also makes it easier for me (and anyone else) to pass this advice onto the next person.<p>[0] - https:&#x2F;&#x2F;news.ycombinator.com&#x2F;item?id=6828699\n======\nTwoNineFive\nThe first thing you need to know is that the OpenWRT project is basically dead\nand that 95+% of the developers went over to the LEDE Project. ", "However, LEDE\nhas not yet published a stable release yet. ", "You can get nightly builds that\nare in pretty good shape though.", "\n\nI would highly recommend an ipq806x-based system, if you can afford it. ", "Almost\nalways matched with qca9880 radios. ", "These are modern 802.11ac wave2 systems.", "\n\nipq806x is a Qualcomm-Atheros SoC. Go to wikidevi for specifications on the\nchips and all of the devices I mention below.", "\n\nCheck camelcamelcamel for recent pricing info if buying in the USA.", "\n\nThe list would be:\n\nLinksys EA8500\n\nTP-Link Archer C2600 (Not recommended due to TP-Link going anti-OSS. ", "Modern\nversions require signed firmware and other DRM junk)\n\nTrendnet TEW827DRU (Not yet accepted into LEDE, but could be any day now)\n\nNetgear R7800 (Has a slightly faster CPU, but more expensive)\n\nNetgear R7500v2 (Avoid the V1)\n\nZyXEL NBG6817 (Has the same slightly faster CPU as the R7800, but it's storage\nflash is goofy and I'm not 100% sure it's fully working. ", "Ask the lede-dev\nmailing list first.)", "\n\nThe top issue that all of these devices have is that the 802.11 radio LEDs\ndon't work yet because the driver is missing support for it. ", "However, if you\ncan live without blinking lights, these models are the way to go. ", "This feature\nwill almost certainly get fixed in the future.", "\n\nI would tell you to go with the Linksys EA8500 if price/value is your concern.", "\nOtherwise the Netgear R7800 has a very active dev and probably has the best\nsupport. ", "The ZyXEL NBG6817 looks really interesting to me, but I don't have\none yet.", "\n\nIf $140-$200 USD is too much for you, look to some older 802.11ac devices.", "\nLike I said above, avoid TP-Link as they have started locking down their\ndevices by removing serial ports and requiring signed firmware/DRM etc.", "\n\nYour list here in comments is pretty good, though I'd avoid the TP-Link unless\nyou can get one that is older (before TP-Link became anti-OSS.)", "\n\nGood luck\n\n~~~\nalimbada\nAs an OpenWRT user it's a little worrying to find that many of the developers\nhave left the project. ", "Do you have any more info on why this happened?", "\n\n~~~\nzhan_eg\nThere was a pretty detailed discussion on HN on the split [0] I personally\nhope that the situation won't become as [1].", "\n\n[0] -\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11624374](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11624374)\n[1] - [https://xkcd.com/927/](https://xkcd.com/927/)\n\n~~~\nalimbada\nSure, having competing standards isn't always a good thing but we're not\ntalking about a standard here. ", "It's a new router firmware distribution and I\nthink having more of them is a good thing as it gives people more choice.", "\n\nThe major problem that I do see here is that LEDE has been forked from\nOpenWRT, but has nowhere near the level of device support that OpenWRT has. ", "I\nhave a TP-Link WDR4300 which I bought specifically because it was one of the\nrouters which are highly compatible with OpenWRT. ", "However, LEDE doesn't list\nthis router amongst its supported devices (though there are newer WDRXXXX\ndevices listed).", "\n\n~~~\nwtallis\n> However, LEDE doesn't list this router amongst its supported devices (though\n> there are newer WDRXXXX devices listed).", "\n\nWhat list are you looking at?", "\n\nLEDE does builds for the WDR4300, and given that it's an ath9k router, it is\nand will continue to be very well supported. ", "The only caveat is that I don't\nknow whether they've added the necessary signature to allow the firmware to be\naccepted as a valid upgrade by recent TP-Link stock firmware, but once any\nthird-party firmware is installed, there's definitely no barrier to upgrading\nto LEDE.", "\n\n~~~\nalimbada\nI was looking at this page: [https://lede-\nproject.org/toh/views/toh_available_864](https://lede-\nproject.org/toh/views/toh_available_864)\n\nBut I see now that my device is listed under the \"non-ideal\" table of hardware\npage.", "\n\n------\nmdasen\nI have the Asus RT-AC68U/TM-AC1900. ", "I bought it from T-Mobile for $60 and\nflashed it to stock and then put Asuswrt-Merlin on it (but you can use Tomato\nor DD-WRT). ", "It does take a little work to flash it to stock (like Telnet'ing\ninto the router), but it wasn't bad and for $60 I ended up with a wonderful\nrouter. ", "There are guides online for flashing it back to stock.", "\n\nIf you're looking for information, I suggest SmallNetBuilder. ", "They have very\nthorough reviews:\n[http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/tools/rankers/router/view](http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/tools/rankers/router/view).", "\nIt looks like the RT-AC68U is their #1 pick for AC1900 router now. ", "It used to\nbe their #2 pick under their previous testing methodology (after the R7000\nNighthawk from Netgear). ", "That's slipped to #3 under the new testing and the\nAsus has taken the top slot.", "\n\nAsuswrt-Merlin isn't such a radical departure from stock, but it has some nice\nfeatures and allows me to do things like edit the etc/hosts to block certain\nthings.", "\n\nThe Asus RT-AC68U is probably one of the top 2 AC1900 routers out there and\nT-Mobile is selling it for a song (even if you're not a T-Mobile customer).", "\nIt's a little work to re-flash it so read a guide and see if you're\ncomfortable with that. ", "Or you could buy a stock RT-AC68U and get\nSmallNetBuilders #1 AC1900 router overall, for 2.4GHz avg throughput, 2.4GHz\nmax throughput, 2.4GHz range, 5GHz avg throughput, and 5GHz range.", "\n\n~~~\njtolj\nI'll third the Asus RT series.", "\n\nI just replace my FIOS router with an ASUS RT-AC66U running AsusWRT-Merlin (I\nunderstand the stock firmware is based on Tomato). ", "It is very fast, stable,\nhas great coverage and is extremely configurable/hackable. ", "I think I paid $75\nfor it from Amazon Warehouse Deals.", "\n\n~~~\nwtallis\n> extremely configurable/hackable.", "\n\nExcept for the closed-source WiFi drivers, which also limit the choice of\nkernel versions.", "\n\n------\nmavrc\nI know others have recommended this already, but I would also say that your\nbest bet is to buy some Ubiquiti hardware. ", "An EdgeRouter X + UniFI Pro dual-\nband AP is on the order of $200 from Amazon and has way, way better\nfunctionality than SOHO hardware of same price point, with the principal issue\nthat it is enterprise hardware, and is very much not point-and-click to set\nup. ", "I think the tradeoff in functionality and build quality is worth it,\nthough.", "\n\nI recently replaced my PC router running pfSense with an EdgeRouter X - at\n~$50 the power savings alone will probably pay for it in less than a year, and\nthe only thing I can't do with it that I could do with pfSense is create a\nstandalone OpenVPN endpoint - so I'm moving that functionality to a server\nthat was running anyway.", "\n\n~~~\nrbritton\nI can second this. ", "I recently upgraded my home network to an EdgeRouter PoE +\nNetgear R7000 (flashed to DD-WRT) and wish I would've gone with Ubiquiti\nacross the board. ", "That side of things was much, much easier to get configured\nhow I wanted it than DD-WRT on the Netgear. ", "The VLAN tagging in DD-WRT for\nthat hardware only partially worked via the GUI configuration, and I ended up\nhaving to go in via the CLI to finish it off.", "\n\n~~~\ntlow\nPretty far out of my depth here, but I did the same w/ 3 Long Range Dual Band\nPro APs and I'm quite pleased... so thirded.", "\n\n------\nsashk\nI use two devices to handle usual definition of the router:\n\n \n \n 1. ", "Mini PC[1] running as a router (pfSense);\n 2. ", "eero to handle the wifi.", "\n \n\nWhy? ", "I've tried many times to use dd-wrt, openwrt and tomato firmwares on my\nrouters, but every time I failed miserably: it's either something stops\nworking, or I need to schedule routers reboots and so. ", "So I gave up. ", "Since\nthat time, mini pc [1] is the third system which routes my traffic, acts as\nVPN gateway, proxy server and so on on my home network and I've never been\nhappier. ", "With eero I've got even better coverage comparing to the previous\nAirport Express.", "\n\n[1]: [https://www.aliexpress.com/item/Latest-windows-8-mini-pc-\nmin...](https://www.aliexpress.com/item/Latest-windows-8-mini-pc-mini-fanless-\ndesktop-pc-with-Dual-Intel-82574L-Gigabit-Nics-Walk/32255088559.html)\n\n~~~\nchx\nI found [https://www.amazon.com/Qotom-Q190G4-Celeron-Processor-\nBarebo...](https://www.amazon.com/Qotom-Q190G4-Celeron-Processor-\nBarebone/dp/B019Z8T9J0) a fantastic device for the price. ", "There's a non-Atom\nCeleron, a Broadwell chip and four Intel LAN ports in a <$150 package without\nmoving parts. ", "My home is small so this also handles the wifi for me.", "\n\n~~~\nriobard\nHow do you make it do WiFi? ", "USB WiFi adapter?", "\n\n~~~\nchx\nIt has two mini PCIe slots, one for mSATA, one for wifi. ", "It has the usual\nantenna holes as well. ", "You need an mPCIe card (Intel 7260HMW is popular) and\ntwo U.FL to RP-SMA connectors and be done. ", "But yes, you could use USB as well.", "\nThey sell kits as well but they use inferior cards IMO.", "\n\n~~~\nriobard\nThanks! ", "I have an ASRock Beebox which has mSATA WiFi card installed by\ndefault, but I've never trusted the signal due to its lack of external\nantennas. ", "I was wondering how well it performs in your setup :)\n\n------\nzhan_eg\nFor now, by my research the best candidates are\n\n\\- TP-Link Archer C7 (supported by both DD-WRT and OpenWRT, and recommended by\nthe latter)\n\n\\- Linksys WRT1200AC/1900AC (supported by both DD-WRT and OpenWRT)\n\n\\- Ubiquiti UAP-AC-LITE/LR/PRO (OpenWRT, diffrent models depending how much\nspeed/range do you need. ", "No routing here, just access points.)", "\n\nFor any models discussed, please keep in mind that depending on the hardware\nversion, the firmware support is different.", "\n\n~~~\nljoshua\nI have a TP-Link Archer C7, and while it has generally been pretty good, the\nlast six months or so it will simply drop all connectivity and require a\nreboot. ", "Pretty frustrating (happens 2-3x/week) and has me looking for another\nreplacement. ", "This is with stock firmware though, so I would hope, but haven't\ntried, that alternative firmwares would fare better.", "\n\n~~~\nmstade\nI've had the same issue happen, running Archer C7 running OpenWRT. ", "But I'm not\n100% sure it's actually the router or whether it's really a problem with my\nISP. ", "I haven't seen the issue in a couple of months now, yet I've made no\nchanges to my setup.", "\n\nI did have considerable issues getting both wifi interfaces to work well at\nthe same time, but that's probably more due to my own incompetence more than\nanything. ", "I did finally manage to make it work, much like how you'd wiggle\nantennae on an old tv back in the day and suddenly you got a signal.", "\n\n------\ndjsumdog\nI highly recommend just building a Thin-ITX router. ", "I have a post of how I\nbuilt mine here:\n\n[http://penguindreams.org/blog/building-a-thin-itx-\nrouter/](http://penguindreams.org/blog/building-a-thin-itx-router/)\n\nI paid too much for parts. ", "You can easily construct one of these for under\n$200. ", "I'm sick of ARM and needing a different image per device.", "\n\nAVOID the ClearFog and BPI-R1:\n\n[http://penguindreams.org/blog/review-clearfog-\npro/](http://penguindreams.org/blog/review-clearfog-pro/)\n\n[http://penguindreams.org/blog/banana-pi-bpi-r1-fails-into-\nan...](http://penguindreams.org/blog/banana-pi-bpi-r1-fails-into-an-insecure-\nstate/)\n\nI cannot recommend either of them (although if I had to, the BPI-R1 is better\nthan the ClearFog. ", "Just don't expect it to be stable)\n\n------\nFussyZeus\nI bought the Buffalo N300 not long ago:\n\n[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00IB8IVDQ/ref=oh_aui_deta...](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00IB8IVDQ/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o05_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1)\n\nI've been extremely happy with this purchase, admittedly I'm a bit of a high-\ndemand user (I host a number of minor services for myself and friends\nincluding TeamSpeak, minecraft, as well as operating two Xbox Ones) so I\nneeded something with good port forwarding support and UPNP. ", "Rock solid,\nstraight DD-WRT interface with minor branding, shell access, and monitoring\nsupport. ", "This router's been an absolute champ and I'd recommend it to anyone.", "\n\n~~~\nemilecantin\nI'll second Buffalo. ", "I have the N600 [0], and I'm pretty happy with it. ", "I\nstarted with the built-in DD-WRT firmware, installed OpenWRT soon after, and\nrecently moved to LEDE, without any issues. ", "I don't really use many advanced\nfeatures, but I find it's really stable. ", "One really nice thing I appreciate is\ndnsmasq. ", "It puts your DHCP entries on the local DNS, so you can access your\nmachines by their hostnames via straight DNS, no WINS or Bonjour needed.", "\n\n[0]: [https://www.amazon.com/Buffalo-AirStation-HighPower-\nWireless...](https://www.amazon.com/Buffalo-AirStation-HighPower-Wireless-\nWZR-600DHP/dp/B0096239G0/ref=pd_bxgy_147_2?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=5YSR8EG4NVKKF090D4KS)\n\n------\nfeistypharit\nI used to run a modified advanced tomato (advancedtomato.com) on a few Asus\nrouters. ", "But the build process is terrible and I got sick of maintaining it.", "\nLooked at openwrt and lede, but still a pain to maintain.", "\n\nI recently decided on the ubiquiti edge router x ($49), ac-lr access\npoint($90), and pihole($50) on a raspberry pi for DNS. ", "The pi also runs DNS\ncrypt. ", "But now everything gets regular updates and the firewall config and\nstats on the edge router are great.", "\n\n~~~\nDiederich\nDNS crypt? ", "The google came up with several possibilities.", "\n\n~~~\ncvwright\nProbably this one: [https://dnscrypt.org/](https://dnscrypt.org/)\n\n------\nwarcode\nIf all you need is a wireless network the UniFi AP-AC series is great. ", "I don't\nhave any reason to put OpenWRT on it.", "\n\n------\nthom_nic\nIn the past two years, I've bought...\n\n\\- TP-Link Archer C7. ", "This supports our office of ~30 ppl and has been bullet-\nproof since day 1.", "\n\n\\- TP-Link N600. ", "Cheaper but still 5GHz. ", "Also super stable, I use it as a wifi\nbridge daily.", "\n\n\\- I just bought a Netgear R6300v2 which will go in my home. ", "Have not used it\nmuch yet but for the price it's an ARM core with a lot of Flash & RAM so I'm\nexcited.", "\n\nCaveats: I don't know if in practical terms new-ish TP-Links (later than Q2\n'16) are harder to flash due to them supposedly cracking down on third-party\nfirmware. ", "At the time they were super easy, I just downloaded the latest from\nftp://ftp.dd-wrt.com/betas/ and followed standard instructions.", "\n\nCaveat #2: For Broadcom/ARM builds you probably _don 't_ want to use builds\nfrom ftp.dd-wrt. ", "Intead you want KONG's build, see:\n[http://www.desipro.de/ddwrt-ren/K3-AC-\nArm/Readme](http://www.desipro.de/ddwrt-ren/K3-AC-Arm/Readme) and search the\nforums for latest KONG builds.", "\n\nFinally, reading Amazon reviews for any supported model helps as well, you'll\nfind a few ppl who relate their experience putting ddwrt on it.", "\n\nEDIT: if your budget is $100+ I've also read good things about the Netgear\nR6400 and ASUS AC66 and AC68 but don't have any direct experience there.", "\n\n~~~\nthom_nic\nHeads up! ", "If you're quick, the TMo-branded ASUS AC68 is on sale for $60 after\ncoupon WIFI40. [", "http://www.t-mobile.com/accessories/t-mobile-wi-fi-\ncellspot-...](http://www.t-mobile.com/accessories/t-mobile-wi-fi-cellspot-\nrouter.html)\n\n------\nrandombit\nThis is not quite what you ask for and a little more expensive that some\noptions, but I use a PC Engines APU2 running Alpine as my router+wifi access.", "\nGreat little machine that is much more functional than typical home router\nhardware, and it boots using coreboot. ", "A good option if you like setting up\neverything by hand.", "\n\nMore about APU2 at\n[http://www.pcengines.ch/apu2b4.htm](http://www.pcengines.ch/apu2b4.htm)\n\n~~~\nzhan_eg\nThanks for the option - are you using an Wi-Fi card on PCI, or you have access\npoint connected by the LAN ports?", "\n\nIf it is the first option - there are two recommended Wi-Fi cards - which one\nyou are using and how many client devices does it manage?", "\n\n~~~\nrandombit\nIt has WLE200NX a/b/g/n PCIe with antennas (all from PC Engines), plus an Alfa\ng/n 2000mW adaptor at the end of a long USB cable, positioned for better\nreception in another building ~150 feet away (n devices are mostly fine\nwithout it but especially old b/g devices had a hard time). ", "Before that, wifi\nhad been managed by an RT-N66U, and a repeater had been required to reach the\nother building. ", "For my setup the APU2 actually replaced 3 devices which had\npreviously been required: Erlite-3 router, RT-N66U, plus repeater. ", "And more to\nthe point, replaced 3 key network infrastructure devices, all running\ndifferent commercial/closed software, with a single device running a security\nfocused Linux distro and open source boot firmware.", "\n\nAs to load, it manages just a household's worth of machines, maybe ~10\nwireless clients and ~10 more devices on the LAN side. ", "The load on the machine\nis effectively zero. ", "I would personally be confident building such a setup for\neven 100 clients. ", "The 2 PCI + 2 USB3 offers many expansion options and the SoC\nitself is tens of times faster than most home routers.", "\n\n------\nfnj\nA router has nothing to do with providing WiFi. ", "You should have a separate\nrouter and WAP.", "\n\nFor the router, any fanless mini-PC with two ethernet ports. ", "Run OpenBSD or\npfSense.", "\n\n~~~\nroseltraut\nI wonder, are there simple powerful just AP's comparable to the already\nmentioned routers? ", "Just with less features...\n\n~~~\nhedora\nI had the Asus AC68U, which was the best rated consumer router on\nsmallnetbuilders, in terms of wifi range and speed. ", "I just replaced it with a\nUbiquiti AC-PRO access point which is much cheaper than the Asus. ", "The Ubiquiti\nis maginally better in my informal testing with the two in the same location.", "\nAfter ceiling-mounting the Ubiquti in a more central location, it blows the\nasus out of the water. ", "It went from ~100 MBit -> 500+ on the old \"dead spot\"\ndesktop, the raspberry pi on that desk went from 22MBit to 72MBit. ", "The rest of\nthe house has better coverage than before.", "\n\nFor a router, I use openbsd and this guide:\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13052673](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13052673)\n\nThe router is an AMD that runs almost any unix, so it is more or less immune\nto obsolescence due to lack of software updates (Linux and *BSD all have to\nabandon headless x86-64...)\n\nTotal cost was ~$300. ", "The router was $200 of that and should last until my\nhome internet connection is ~1GBit (OpenBSD probably can't NAT quite that\nquickly on that hardware--haven't measured it).", "\n\n[edit: fixed asus model number]\n\n------\njabl\nAs long as you can do without 802.11ac, make sure you get something supported\nby the ath9k driver, which IIRC is the only driver that doesn't need a\nfirmware blob. ", "So all the people working on bufferbloat etc. ", "are using that\ndriver for their tests, so you'll get the improvements first.", "\n\nI have a TP-Link TL-WDR3600 v1 running OpenWRT. ", "It was cheap, and works fine.", "\n\n------\nSmushman\nDirect from real world experience, a few points of architectural guidance.", "\n\n1\\. Use WiFi routers for WiFi.", "\n\nAvoid firewalling, NAT, authentication protocols, the strongest levels of\nencryption, or other packet changes/control on the WiFi Router.", "\n\nResources are always constrained. ", "Mentioned processes consume resources and\nthe load only appears under real world conditions that you did not anticipate\nor could not replicate in test.", "\n\n2\\. Distribute (as much as possible). ", "A little work/cost up front will save\nyou down the line.", "\n\nA lot of WiFi routers support multiple radios (IE 2 radios). ", "That gives you\nthree points of failure for every router - one for each radio, and one for the\nrouter. ", "Take one dual band router down and everyone in the coverage area loses\nconnectivity in both bands.", "\n\nSeparating these will provide improved redundancy, throughput, offloading, and\netc.", "\n\n------\nJonnieCache\nWhat fanless mini PC should I use to run a VPN gateway at line speed? ", "I see a\nlot of random boxes reccommended on aliexpress, but which one should I buy?", "\nShould I just get whatever one, as long as it has the right AES instructions?", "\nOr are some of them awful?", "\n\n------\nWheaties466\nmikrotik routerboard with a ubiquiti wap. ", "I've never been happier.", "\n\n~~~\nmbrock\nHave you tried the Mikrotik WAPs?", "\n\nI'm just about to order a Mikrotik hAP AC Lite.", "\n\n[https://routerboard.com/RB952Ui-5ac2nD](https://routerboard.com/RB952Ui-5ac2nD)\n\nIt's for a one-floor collective house in Latvia, so it's kind of nice to get\nan AP from a Latvian company. :)", "\n\n~~~\nwincy\nI just ordered the hAP AC non lite. ", "I have a gigabit internet connection so I\ncouldn't deal with the 100mbit ports. ", "I'll get that and an RB3011uias-rm\ntomorrow! ", "Got that because of some of the traffic shaping I'm planning on\ndoing will need routerOS 5 and more processing power. ", "I'm in the US and a huge\nfan of Mikrotik stuff, they don't get the exposure they deserve on threads\nlike this.", "\n\nThey also have a new cheaper wAP ac which has a single gigabit port and work\noutdoors!", "\n\n~~~\nmbrock\nWe just got some 100 Mbit fiber to the house and we don't do a ton of heavy\nfile sharing so it'll be fine for us.", "\n\nA stone's throw from the house is a field where we plan to have some activity\nin the spring and summer, so I'm thinking we could then get an additional\noutdoor wAP.", "\n\nYeah, finding out about Mikrotik at all took a fair bit of googling and\nresearching but they seem cool!", "\n\nLatvia has a bit of an electronical engineering tradition, especially in\nradio, as I understand...\n\n------\ntbronchain\nVery interesting question I've asked myself a year ago. ", "I ended up buying an\nold Netgear WNDR3800 for $15, and put OpenWRT on it. ", "And it works great! ", "It\nhas enough ROM to install most of the services you would probably need need\n(ssh, iptables, smb, shadowsocks, dnsmasq, time machine, dyndns, are running\naltogether perfectly well) and enough RAM as well. ", "OpenWRT itself isn't\nperfect, and I had to setup an package building environment on my machine to\ninstall some packages (typically shadowsocks) on the latest stable build\n(currently 15.05.1). ", "But it works. ", "And it works great. ", "Speed is good, and I\ndon't see anything I would have to complain about that disturb my needs/usage.", "\nI like the modularity and I love having a real Linux I can ssh to as router.", "\n\nI've been quite interested to read about the fact developers from OpenWRT are\nmoving to LEDE. ", "Maybe it could be worth it to wait - as I said, OpenWRT isn't\nperfect and I'm sure a lot of improvements can be done. ", "I haven't tried LEDE\nthough. ", "But I think, for a small office/home network, just getting an\n(reasonably)old/cheap yet powerful, compatible hardware and put OpenWRT on it\nis quite a good solution at the moment.", "\n\n------\njonstokes\nI've used OpenWRT in different incarnations over the years, and at this point\nmy suggestion is to forget about OpenWRT and buy some Unifi hardware from\nUbiquiti. ", "You get almost the same amount of control from Ubiquiti's pro line,\nplus the hardware is really solid and it all Just Works.", "\n\nNow that the enterprise-level Ubiquiti stuff is so insanely cheap, there's\nbasically no reason IMO to fool around with open-source router projects.", "\n\n------\ncrisscrosscrash\nAmong the open source router options, what's the best for multi-WAN and\nflexible QoS?", "\n\nI was looking at switching from ASUS on Merlin to Tomato for better QoS and to\ntry out multi-WAN that was added in shibby about a year ago. ", "I really want the\ninternet to be reliable and fail over to a 2nd connection and then back fairly\nseamlessly.", "\n\nAm I better off using pfSense (or something else) vs trying one of these\nintegrated router/wireless firmwares?", "\n\nYears ago I started looking for multi-WAN and got the very disappointing\nLinksys / Cisco RV042. ", "It worked, but the interface was crap and it lacked a\nlot of the features that even consumer routers had. ", "For an office of up to 50\npeople (and 2x devices) we've been using an ASUS RT-AC66R on Merlin and it's\nworked pretty well in that it's rock solid stable for many months at a time,\nhas a bit of features - now including nice graphs for per-host bandwidth\nmonitoring, and basic QoS and multi-WAN. ", "The biggest issue is that QoS options\nare limited and it's hard to know if it's even working properly. ", "The multi-WAN\nauto failover seems buggy and that seems like an area that Merlin hasn't\ntouched.", "\n\n------\nMrVitaliy\nI recommend buying a simple Access Point (AP) but with enterprisy components,\nlike xclaim xi-3, and treat it as a stupid radio device while running layer 3\nservices with DHCP, firewall, etc on a separate device (or a vm) with pfSense.", "\nThis way if you have problems with radio signal, you can just replace or buy a\ndifferent brand AP without changing anything on your network stack.", "\n\n------\ngwu78\nPipe dream: take over production of AirPort Extreme from Apple, release the\nhardware specifications to the public, and make it easy for users to install\ntheir own kernels, e.g., NetBSD.", "\n\nReality: as someone else said already, PC Engines or Soekris are the best you\ncan do. ", "They make the hardware and let users make the software. ", "These\ncompanies appear to have some longevity. ", "Easy to run user-compiled kernels of\nchoice.", "\n\nUbiquiti is not an option if you want to compile your own kernels. ", "The drivers\nare proprietary. ", "They make the hardware _and the software_. ", "Users assumed to\nbe incapable? ", "Apparently they cannot survive selling hardware alone. ", "Longevity\nof this company is uncertain. ", "Humble opinion only.", "\n\n------\nmrbill\nI'm currently using a Ubiquiti Edgerouter X (previously an ERLite) for\nrouting/NAT and a UAP-AC-LR for WiFi (along with an OnHub in bridge mode, for\nAB testing).", "\n\nPreviously, I used a UAP-LR reflashed with \"normal\" OpenWRT as I hated their\ncontroller/config software, but now there's Android and iOS apps for basic AP\nconfiguration.", "\n\nEdgeOS (a Vyatta fork) isn't as user friendly as other \"consumer\" routers, but\nevery tech friend who owns one has fallen in love with the price/performance\nand feature set.", "\n\n------\nNetStrikeForce\nI'm using Nexx WT3020\n[https://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/nexx/wt3020](https://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/nexx/wt3020)\nfor my easy VPN project, but I've got the GL-iNet in mind also.", "\n\nThe idea of these is to connect them to your main router and have a \"protected\nWi-Fi network\" that routes all traffic through VPN, while you can always go\nback to your normal Wi-Fi network to not use VPN.", "\n\nIf anyone's interested in talking about it, hit me up at [email protected]\n\n------\nce4\nIt's not exactly what OP asked for but some readers may find it worthwile:\n\nThe Raspberry Pi is well supported. ", "If you happen to have one that's\ncollecting dust and want to have a look at OpenWRT. ", "Or to try things without\nfear of bricking the main router. ", "I use a spare v1 for \"traveling\". ", "Add a\ncheap Wifi dongle, an LTE dongle and one of those portable USB batteries and\nyou have something to play with.", "\n\n~~~\ndublinben\nThis isn't a good recommendation as anything other than a toy. ", "The RPi doesn't\nhave enough processing power to handle adequate speeds.", "\n\n~~~\nfloatboth\nThe Pi 2 should have enough power, the Pi 3 has more than enough.", "\n\nWhat they don't have is good I/O. USB 2.0 only. ", "And the 100mbps Ethernet is\nattached through it.", "\n\n~~~\nTharkun\nYMMV, but 100mbps is not enough speed for me. ", "That rules out the Pi.", "\n\n------\nianopolous\nI bought a netgear NightHawk R7000 (dual core 1GHz) this year and it is great.", "\nDespite it being connected by a wire through my ISP provided router, the wifi\nbandwidth is about 40% better. ", "DD-WRT installation was easy and is solid.", "\n\n------\natmosx\nCarambola 1 and 2 from 8devices[1] worked for me.", "\n\n[1]\n[http://www.8devices.com/products/carambola](http://www.8devices.com/products/carambola)\n\n------\nawinter-py\nAre there any efforts to test the long-term stability of the open router\ndistros on specific hardware? ", "I'd give money to a legit 'OSS router lab'.", "\n\n------\nino\nDoes anyone want to share their experience / recommendation for a router with\n4G / LTE SIM card slot?", "\n\nI think I'm going to be needing one soon.", "\n\n~~~\nnulagrithom\nNot an open source one, but we use Cradlepoint routers for our remote offices\nthat need to fail over to 4G / LTE. ", "I quite like them.", "\n\n------\nRockyMcNuts\nIt's an answer to a different question but Wirecutter did a nice roundup of\nall the new (proprietary) mesh WiFi systems\n\n[http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-wi-fi-mesh-\nnetworking-...](http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-wi-fi-mesh-networking-\nkits/)\n\nHN discussion\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13102698](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13102698)\n\nIf LEDE has a stable release that supports mesh networks it will be nice.", "\n\n------\nsandGorgon\ntplink c7. ", "period. ", "you can go and read the detailed reviews on\nwhirlpoolforums. ", "the amount of ram available is 512mb which is huge.", "\n\nif i were you, i would take an el cheapo j1900 intel box (from aliexpress)\nwith quad lan ports and run pfsense on it. ", "perhaps the best bang for buck\nconfiguration known to man!", "\n\n------\nZelmor\nTaking into consideration the do-it-all directions the linux kernel is\nheading, I am more in favour of security conscious solutions, such as an APU\nboard with BSD on it. ", "For myself, this is still a concept. ", "I've decided to\nlearn more about bsd, security and networking before jumping into\nimplementation and purchase of hardware.", "\n\nNext year though! ", "Next year!", "\n\n------\ngoalieca\nWhat do you guys think about raspberry Pi configured as a wap? ", "Are we there\nyet??", "\n\n~~~\nbrians\nMaxes out at 50-100 Mbps, depending on packet size. ", "Wifi-USB-CPU-USB-Ethernet\nfor every packet.", "\n\n------\nyegortimoshenko\nPC Engines APU2 (or Soekris net6501) + OpenBSD is the best router you can get.", "\n\n------\ndarkblackcorner\nI think the Turris Omnia\n([https://omnia.turris.cz/en/](https://omnia.turris.cz/en/)) looks fantastic,\nand plan on getting one when my budget allows.", "\n\nOn further (re)inspection though it seems you'd still be tied to your ISP's\nrouter/modem :(\n\nPerhaps there's a good standalone/mPCI modem out there somewhere?", "\n\n~~~\nvetinari\nTurris Omnia has a SFP port, so if your ISP has that option, you can get rid\nof your modem.", "\n\n~~~\ndarkblackcorner\nGood call, but my line in is RJ25 so probably not gonna happen.", "\n\n------\nbitJericho\nI recommend a custom built PC and pfsense.", "\n\n~~~\nzhan_eg\npfSense for the routing part (and many other features not found in consumer\nWi-fi routers) is very good, but is using it for Wi-Fi such a good idea ? ", "The\nmantra in the pfSense forums is not to hassle with Wi-Fi, as it is a big pita.", "\n\nMoreover, are there any AC cards supported? ", "Based on the list provided by\nthem[0] and info on the forums there aren't?", "\n\n[0] -\n[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11cF4UoNL68Me5ZC6qhjF...](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11cF4UoNL68Me5ZC6qhjFPmzdW7mib56dBIAKz30Qpug/edit?hl=en#gid=0)\n\n~~~\ndjsumdog\npfSense is FreeBSD based right? ", "If so, then no, there is no AC support at all\nin most of the BSD operating systems out there. ", "AC is a pretty big fundamental\ndifference from bgn. ", "There are devs working to support it, but anything out\nthere is likely to be alpha/beta state right now.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Credit: Dave Mandel, Sherdog.com\n\nMichael Chandler, Bellator’s Lightweight champion, is considered among fans and media alike to be among the very best Lightweights in the world. ", "With an impressive record of 12-0 with 10 finishes, Chandler is an absolute fire brand athlete. ", "In 2011, after running through Bellator’s Lightweight tournament, Chandler had a date with the champion, Eddie Alvarez. ", "After an incredible battle, their fight was granted fight of the year honors, and left many fans clamoring for a rematch.", "\n\nFinally, after two years, the fans will get the rematch they want. ", "The fight was supposed to be the co-main event of Bellator’s first PPV event, but an injury to Tito Ortiz scrapped the main event, and the PPV as a whole. ", "Now, fans will be treated to this incredible rematch for free on Spike TV this Saturday night as the main event of the evening. ", "In this first of two segments of my interview with Michael Chandler we discuss all things Eddie Alvarez, the PPV, and Bellator.", "\n\nHis thoughts on the Bellator PPV falling through\n\nI never look at the negatives of things. ", "I try to focus on the positive in everything. ", "It is definitely unfortunate that Tito got hurt, first and foremost. ", "It’s also unfortunate that the PPV fell through, but I am sure I will be on Bellator’s next PPV whenever that is. ", "I am not really worried about it. ", "More importantly, the fans should be pumped for a live and free night of fights on Spike TV with a great lineup. ", "I feel honored and blessed to be the main event.", "\n\nDid your contract change at all moving off of PPV?", "\n\nNo, not really. ", "The PPV buy points changed a little, but I am not worried about that. ", "It is one of those things where I am not worried about the money. ", "I am not even sure how much I am making for this fight necessarily. ", "It would take a little while to add it all up and figure it out. ", "I don’t focus on that, instead I focus on the task at hand which is winning this next fight against Eddie Alvarez.", "\n\nThe excitement of fighting top-flight competition\n\nI am absolutely excited about fighting Eddie. ", "There is no doubt that Eddie is one of the Top 10 Lightweights in the world. ", "It is always exciting for me any time I get to step into the cage. ", "My job is to fight and I love it. ", "I love that I was put in this sport. ", "If you are going to fight, you might as well fight great competition and Eddie is that guy. ", "I am excited to show the improvements I have made in the last two years since the first fight. ", "I am excited to compete and I am sure it will be a war.", "\n\nSimilarities to the first fight\n\nI definitely want to get the finish, but I don’t want to take that big of a beating and I don’t want to fight as long as the first fight. ", "My goal is to always get in and out of the cage as quick as possible. ", "The fans of course want to see a war where two guys go out there and slug it out. ", "When you are fighting such a great competitor like Eddie Alvarez, and me being such a fierce competitor as well, we will both be hard to finish as we showed in the first fight. ", "It has all the potential to be just as good if not better than the first fight. ", "My goal, however, is to not let it go that far, but we will see.", "\n\nThe possibility of engaging in a war with Eddie Alvarez\n\nIt definitely excites me. ", "If I would have lost the first fight against Eddie, I think I wouldn’t be as excited. ", "Basically, when you lose a war like that it is because the other guy got the better of you. ", "He gave you an opportunity to get out of that fight, and you gave it to him. ", "I think Eddie might have to deal with that aspect because I took everything he could throw at me in the third round and did not go down. ", "I then went out and finished him in the fourth. ", "I know he is a great competitor and has got a ton better in the last two years, so there is definitely a possibility for it to be a war. ", "I am ready to fight 25 hard minutes if I have to. ", "I put all the hard work in so I could, but I am hoping it does not have to go that way.", "\n\nEddie’s long layoff\n\nHe is a veteran and has fought in a cage around 20 times, so he knows how to compete and knows his way around a cage. ", "I don’t think ring rust or his inactivity will affect him too much, but we will see. ", "I will come in and push the pace right away, so there we will see how he reacts. ", "We are not going to know until Saturday night, and until then it is all speculation.", "\n\nThe amount of fights he is getting\n\n2011 was great, I fought in the tournament and had a really good run before winning the title. ", "2012, it obviously slowed down, but I have been very vocal about it. ", "Myself and my manager were both very vocal to Bjorn Rebney and Bellator that I want to fight. ", "I want to be active, I am young, hungry, and I want to put on dominant performances for Bellator. ", "As you see, they have delivered. ", "This will be my third fight in 2013, and I look forward to fighting at least 3 times next year. ", "It was all just a process of turning out tournament champions. ", "That is what they are doing now. ", "Unfortunately, Dave Jansen got injured, but as soon as he is ready I will be able to fight him. ", "We also have Tiger Sarnavskiy and Will Brooks who are fighting in the tournament finals. ", "Essentially, after fighting Eddie, there are already two guys waiting to fight me. ", "By the time I fight the first guy, there will be another Lightweight tournament. ", "I could not be happier.", "\n\nWho wins: Sarnavskiy or Brooks?", "\n\nI honestly do not know. ", "I think Sarnavskiy was a lot more impressive in his last fight than Brooks. ", "I thought Will Brooks looked gassed, slow, and lethargic. ", "I thought him and Saad Awad were a little bit more explosive than that. ", "We will see what happens when they fight, and I look forward to beating whomever they put in front of me.", "\n\nCheck back Thursday for second segment of my interview with Michael Chandler. ", "We talk about Alliance MMA, the UFC, the Pearson/Guillard decision, comparisons to Gilbert Melendez, his flying kick against Pitbull, Chael Sonnen, and much more." ]

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[ "Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: a review.", "\nBronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is classified as a subset of lung adenocarcinoma but has a distinct clinical presentation, tumor biology, response to therapy, and prognosis compared with other subtypes of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). ", "Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma disproportionately affects women, never-smokers, and Asians and is characterized by growth along alveolar septae without evidence of stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion. ", "Although pure BAC accounts for approximately 4% of lung cancers, tumors with histologically mixed BAC and adenocarcinoma account for > 20% of all NSCLCs, and the incidence of BAC might be increasing. ", "Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma histology is most commonly found in small lesions identified incidentally on chest radiographs or computed tomography scans and might represent a precursor lesion to invasive adenocarcinoma. ", "As with other subsets of NSCLC, surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment. ", "Patients with unresectable BAC are more likely to respond to the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib than patients with other subtypes of NSCLC. ", "Stage for stage, patients with BAC have a higher rate of long-term survival but might have an increased rate of intrathoracic recurrence than patients with other subtypes of NSCLC." ]

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[ "A Virginia judge on Wednesday denied bond to a Florida man whose alleged plot to murder his wife went awry earlier this month when he was shot and paralyzed.", "\n\nHenry Frank Herbig, 65, appeared in court via video conference from his jail hospital bed. ", "He is charged with aggravated malicious wounding and breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony.", "\n\nProsecutors said Herbig, 65, broke into the Virginia Beach home of his estranged wife on Sept. 8 and assaulted her and her daughter with a wrench, WGNT-TV in Norfolk reported.", "\n\nHe was shot in the spine by his stepdaughter during the attack and left paralyzed. ", "Authorities determined she acted in self-defense and did not press charges.", "\n\nInvestigators said they found a journal in Herbig's car that noted his plans to commit the murder. ", "It said he used several cars to drive from Florida to Virginia and bought gas cans so he wouldn't have to stop.", "\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\nHe also carried multiple cell phones, disguises, garbage bags, zip ties, duct tape and weapons, including a wooden baton, the wrench and a firearm.", "\n\nProsecutors said Herbig is wealthy and is a flight risk because of his connections to several pilots and homes, one of which is near the Canadian border. ", "Although he can't walk, they said he still poses a danger.", "\n\nHis defense attorney argued Herbig needs to be released so he can receive adequate health care at another facility." ]

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[ "High pressure-high temperature phase diagram of ammonia.", "\nThe high pressure (P)-high temperature (T) phase diagram of solid ammonia has been investigated using diamond anvil cell and resistive heating techniques. ", "The III-IV transition line has been determined up to 20 GPa and 500 K both on compression and decompression paths. ", "No discontinuity is observed at the expected location for the III-IV-V triple point. ", "The melting line has been determined by visual observations of the fluid-solid equilibrium up to 9 GPa and 900 K. The experimental data are well fitted by a Simon-Glatzel equation in the covered P-T range. ", "These transition lines and their extrapolations are compared to the reported ab initio calculations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "<?", "php\n\n/*\n * This file is part of the Symfony package.", "\n *\n * (c) Fabien Potencier <[email protected]>\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file that was distributed with this source code.", "\n */\n\nnamespace Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Tests\\Session\\Storage;\n\nuse Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Session\\Storage\\PhpBridgeSessionStorage;\nuse Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Session\\Attribute\\AttributeBag;\n\n/**\n * Test class for PhpSessionStorage.", "\n *\n * @author Drak <[email protected]>\n *\n * These tests require separate processes.", "\n *\n * @runTestsInSeparateProcesses\n * @preserveGlobalState disabled\n */\nclass PhpBridgeSessionStorageTest extends \\PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase\n{\n private $savePath;\n\n protected function setUp()\n {\n $this->iniSet('session.save_handler', 'files');\n $this->iniSet('session.save_path', $this->savePath = sys_get_temp_dir().'/sf2test');\n if (!", "is_dir($this->savePath)) {\n mkdir($this->savePath);\n }\n }\n\n protected function tearDown()\n {\n session_write_close();\n array_map('unlink', glob($this->savePath.'/*'));", "\n if (is_dir($this->savePath)) {\n rmdir($this->savePath);\n }\n\n $this->savePath = null;\n }\n\n /**\n * @return PhpBridgeSessionStorage\n */\n protected function getStorage()\n {\n $storage = new PhpBridgeSessionStorage();\n $storage->registerBag(new AttributeBag());\n\n return $storage;\n }\n\n public function testPhpSession53()\n {\n if (PHP_VERSION_ID >= 50400) {\n $this->markTestSkipped('Test skipped, for PHP 5.3 only.');", "\n }\n\n $storage = $this->getStorage();\n\n $this->assertFalse(isset($_SESSION));\n $this->assertFalse($storage->getSaveHandler()->isActive());\n\n session_start();\n $this->assertTrue(isset($_SESSION));\n // in PHP 5.3 we cannot reliably tell if a session has started\n $this->assertFalse($storage->getSaveHandler()->isActive());\n // PHP session might have started, but the storage driver has not, so false is correct here\n $this->assertFalse($storage->isStarted());\n\n $key = $storage->getMetadataBag()->getStorageKey();\n $this->assertFalse(isset($_SESSION[$key]));\n $storage->start();\n $this->assertTrue(isset($_SESSION[$key]));\n }\n\n /**\n * @requires PHP 5.4\n */\n public function testPhpSession54()\n {\n $storage = $this->getStorage();\n\n $this->assertFalse($storage->getSaveHandler()->isActive());\n $this->assertFalse($storage->isStarted());\n\n session_start();\n $this->assertTrue(isset($_SESSION));\n // in PHP 5.4 we can reliably detect a session started\n $this->assertTrue($storage->getSaveHandler()->isActive());\n // PHP session might have started, but the storage driver has not, so false is correct here\n $this->assertFalse($storage->isStarted());\n\n $key = $storage->getMetadataBag()->getStorageKey();\n $this->assertFalse(isset($_SESSION[$key]));\n $storage->start();\n $this->assertTrue(isset($_SESSION[$key]));\n }\n\n public function testClear()\n {\n $storage = $this->getStorage();\n session_start();\n $_SESSION['drak'] = 'loves symfony';\n $storage->getBag('attributes')->set('symfony', 'greatness');\n $key = $storage->getBag('attributes')->getStorageKey();\n $this->assertEquals($_SESSION[$key], array('symfony' => 'greatness'));\n $this->assertEquals($_SESSION['drak'], 'loves symfony');\n $storage->clear();\n $this->assertEquals($_SESSION[$key], array());\n $this->assertEquals($_SESSION['drak'], 'loves symfony');\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Ezra Ichilov\n\nEzra Ichilov (, 10 June 1907 – 25 June 1961) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the General Zionists and the Liberal Party between 1951 and 1961.", "\n\nBiography\nIchilov was born in Petah Tikva during the Ottoman era. ", "He was a member of Maccabi, and represented it at the nineteenth Zionist Congress. ", "He was also a leader of Bnai Binyamin, an agricultural association, and in 1932 was elected to the central committee of Hitahdut HaIkarim. ", "In 1928 he was amongst the founders of the Eretz Israel/Palestine Football Association.", "\n\nBetween 1931 and 1955 he was a member of Petah Tikva city council. ", "In 1948 he joined the General Zionists, and was elected to the Knesset on the party's list in 1951. ", "He was re-elected in 1955 and 1959, also representing the Liberal Party formed by the merger of the General Zionists and the Progressive Party. ", "He died shortly before the 1961 elections at the age of 54.", "\n\nIchilov Hospital in Tel Aviv was named after his brother, Moshe.", "\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1907 births\nCategory:1961 deaths\nCategory:Jews in Mandatory Palestine\nCategory:People from Petah Tikva\nCategory:General Zionists politicians\nCategory:Liberal Party (Israel) politicians\nCategory:Members of the 2nd Knesset (1951–1955)\nCategory:Members of the 3rd Knesset (1955–1959)\nCategory:Members of the 4th Knesset (1959–1961)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Stephen Hawking thinks computers may surpass human intelligence and take over the world. ", "This view is based on the ideology that all aspects of human mentality will eventually be realised by a program running on a suitable compu...\n\nAll individual members of The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour have a personal subscription to the Taylor Francis journal Connection Science as part of their membership.", "\nHow to Acce...\n\nAISB Committee member and Research Fellow at Goldsmiths, University of London, Dr Mohammad Majid al-Rifaie was interviewed by the BBC (in Farsi) along with his colleague Mohammad Ali Javaheri Javid on the 6 November 2014. ", "He was a...\n\nAfter 2 hours of judging at Bletchley Park, 'Rose' by Bruce Wilcox was declared the winner of the Loebner Prize 2014, held in conjunction with the AISB. ", "The event was well attended, film live by Sky News and the special guest jud...\n\nThe AISB Convention is an annual conference covering the range of AI and Cognitive Science, organised by the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour. ", "The 2015 Convention will be held at the Uni...\n\nAISB Committee member, and Philosophy Programme Director and Lecturer, Dr Yasemin J. Erden interviewed for the BBC on 29 October 2013. ", "Speaking on the Today programme for BBC Radio 4, as well as the Business Report for BBC world N...\n\nMark Bishop, Chair of the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour, appeared on Newsnight to discuss the ethics of ‘killer robots’. ", "He was approached to give his view on a report raising questions on the et...\n\nThe AISB has launched a YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/AISBTube (http://www.youtube.com/user/AISBTube).", "\nThe channel currently holds a number of videos from the AISB 2010 Convention. ", "Videos include the AISB round t...\n\nNotice\n\nAISB event Bulletin Item\n\nCFP:NeSy'11: Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning\n\nPRELIMINARY CALL FOR PAPERS\n7th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning\n(NeSy'11) - http://www.neural-symbolic.org/NeSy11/\nIn conjunction with IJCAI-11, Barcelona, July 2011\nArtificial Intelligence (AI) researchers continue to face huge challenges in their quest to develop truly intelligent systems. ", "The recent developments in the area of neural-symbolic integration offer an\nopportunity to combine symbolic AI and robust neural computation to help\ntackle some of these challenges.", "\nThe Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning attracts\nresearchers and practitioners from different areas like Neural\nComputation, Artificial Intelligence, Logic, Complex Networks, Cognitive\nScience, Computer Vision, Fraud Prevention, Semantic Web, Verification and Validation. ", "It is intended to create an atmosphere of exchange of ideas, providing a forum for the presentation and discussion of the key\nmultidisciplinary topics related to neural-symbolic integration. ", "Topics of interest include:\n1. ", "Representation and computation of symbolic knowledge by neural\nnetworks;\n2. ", "Machine learning for neural-symbolic networks;\n3. ", "Knowledge extraction from complex networks;\n4. ", "Logical reasoning in neural-symbolic networks;\n5. ", "New neuro-symbolic cognitive models;\n6. ", "Uncertainty in neural-symbolic networks;\n7. ", "Biologically-inspired neuro-symbolic integration;\n8. ", "Applications in robotics, simulation, fraud prevention, semantic web,\nfault diagnosis, bioinformatics, etc.", "\nSubmission\nYou are invited to submit papers through easychair at\nhttp://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=nesy11. ", "Submitted papers must\nnot have been published elsewhere, must be written in English and should\nnot exceed 6 pages in the case of research and experience papers or 3\npages in the case of position papers (including figures, bibliography and appendices). ", "All submitted papers will be refereed based on their quality, relevance, originality, significance and soundness.", "\nPresentation\nAccepted papers must be presented during the workshop. ", "The workshop will\nalso include extra time for discussion, allowing the audience to get a\nbetter understanding of the issues, challenges and ideas being presented.", "\nPublication\nAccepted papers will be published by CEUR and will be included in the\nofficial workshop proceedings, which will be distributed during the\nworkshop. ", "Authors of the best papers will be invited to submit a revised\nand extended version of their papers to the Journal of Logic and\nComputation, reasoning and learning corner, OUP.", "\nImportant Dates\nDeadline for submission: April 2011\nNotification of acceptance: May 2011\nCamera-ready paper due: May 2011\nWorkshop day: 16 or 17 July 2011\nIJCAI-11 dates: 16 to 22 July 2011\nWorkshop Organisers\nArtur d.Avila Garcez (City University London, UK)\nPascal Hitzler (Wright State University, USA)\nLuis C. Lamb (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)\nWorkshop Website: http://www.neural-symbolic.org/NeSy11/" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to an extended remote copy operation for data on direct access storage devices, and more particularly, to a system that insures data consistency in an extended remote copy operation without updates.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nData processing systems typically are required to store large amounts of data. ", "Having a back-up data copy is mandatory for many businesses as data loss could be catastrophic to the business. ", "Moreover, disaster recovery requires that the secondary copy of data be stored at a location remote from the primary data.", "\nA known method of providing disaster protection is to back-up data to tape, on a daily or weekly basis, etc. ", "The tape is then taken to a secure storage area that is usually located remote from the primary data location. ", "A problem is presented in this back-up plan in that it could take days to retrieve the back-up data, and meanwhile several hours or even days of data could be lost, or worst, the storage location could be destroyed by the same disaster.", "\nA somewhat improved back-up method would be to transmit data to a back-up location each night. ", "This allows the data to be stored at a more remote location. ", "Again, some data may be lost between back-ups since back-up does not occur continuously, as in the dual copy solution. ", "Hence, a substantial data amount could be lost which may be unacceptable to some users.", "\nMore recently introduced data disaster recovery solutions include extended remote copy operations, wherein data is backed-up not only remotely, but also continuously. ", "In order to communicate duplexed data from one host processor to another host processor, or from one storage controller to another storage controller, or some combination thereof, a substantial amount of control data is required for realizing the process. ", "A high overhead, however, can interfere with a secondary site's ability to keep up with a primary site's processing, thus threatening the ability of the secondary site to be able to recover the primary in the event a disaster occurs.", "\nAccordingly, there is a need in the art for a method managing data consistency in such environments. ", "More specifically, the challenge is how to insure consistency in an environment where heavy updates occur at one point in time and the system can be completely idle at another point in time, and then report the consistency time accurately." ]

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[ "The present invention relates generally to a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) read sensor for use in a magnetic read head. ", "In particular, the present invention relates to a current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) read sensor having an enhanced giant magnetoresistive response.", "\nGMR read sensors are used in magnetic data storage systems to detect magnetically-encoded information stored on a magnetic data storage medium such as a magnetic disc. ", "A time-dependent magnetic field from a magnetic medium directly modulates the resistivity of the GMR read sensor. ", "A change in resistance of the GMR read sensor can be detected by passing a sense current through the GMR read sensor and measuring the voltage across the GMR read sensor. ", "The resulting signal can be used to recover the encoded information from the magnetic medium.", "\nA typical GMR read sensor configuration is the GMR spin valve, in which the GMR read sensor is a multi-layered structure formed of a nonmagnetic spacer layer positioned between a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) and a ferromagnetic free layer. ", "The magnetization of the SAF is fixed, typically normal to an air bearing surface of the GMR read sensor, while the magnetization of the free layer rotates freelyin response to an external magnetic field. ", "The SAF includes a reference layer and a pinned layer which are magnetically coupled by a coupling layer such that the magnetization direction of the reference layer is opposite to the magnetization of the pinned layer. ", "The resistance of the GMR read sensor varies as a function of an angle formed between the magnetization direction of the free layer and the magnetization direction of the reference layer. ", "This multi-layered spin valve configuration allows for a more pronounced magnetoresistive effect, i.e. greater sensitivity and higher total change in resistance, than is possible with anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) read sensors, which generally consist of a single ferromagnetic layer.", "\nA pinning layer is typically exchange coupled to the pinned layer of the SAF to fix the magnetization of the pinned layer in a predetermined direction. ", "The pinning layer is typically formed of an antiferromagnetic material. ", "In antiferromagnetic materials, the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms point in opposite directions and, thus, there is no net magnetic moment in the material.", "\nAn underlayer is typically used to promote the texture of the layers (including the pinning layer) consequently grown on top of it. ", "The underlayer is chosen such that its atomic structure, or arrangement, corresponds with a desired crystallographic direction.", "\nA seed layer is typically used to enhance the grain growth of the layers (including the underlayer) consequently grown on top of it. ", "In particular, the seed layer provides a desired grain structure and size.", "\nOne principal concern in the performance of GMR read sensors is the xcex94R (the maximum absolute change in resistance of the GMR read sensor), which directly affects the GMR ratio. ", "The GMR ratio (the maximum absolute change in resistance of the GMR read sensor divided by the resistance of the GMR read sensor multiplied by 100%) determines the magnetoresistive effect of the GMR read sensor. ", "Ultimately, a higher GMR ratio yields a GMR read sensor with a greater magnetoresistive effect which is capable of detecting information from a magnetic medium with a higher linear density of data.", "\nA key determinant of the GMR ratio is the material used for the coupling layer in the SAF. ", "The sense current that is passed through the GMR read sensor consists of majority spin electrons (spin is in the same direction of the magnetization) and minority spin electrons (spin is in the opposite direction of the magnetization). ", "Majority spin electrons exhibit very little resistance and enhance the signal produced by the sense current, while minority spin electrons exhibit very high resistance and diminish the signal produced by the sense current. ", "In current-in-plane (CIP) read sensors, the sense current is passed through in a direction parallel to the layers of the read sensor. ", "In order to maximize the mean free path of the majority spin electrons and the signal produced by the sense current, the majority spin electrons should be confined to the reference layer, free layer, and the spacer layer. ", "It is therefore desirable for the coupling layer in the SAF to reflect majority spin electrons back into the reference layer in order to prevent the majority spin electrons from passing through into the pinned layer and scattering as minority spin electrons. ", "In CPP read sensors, however, the sense current is passed through in a direction perpendicular to the layers of the read sensor. ", "The reflection of majority spin electrons at the reference layer/coupling layer interface acts to increase the resistance of the majority spin electrons, which has the effect of diminishing the signal produced by the sense current. ", "It is therefore desirable for the coupling layer to allow majority spin electrons to pass through without any appreciable scattering in order to enhance the signal produced by the sense current, and ultimately increase the GMR ratio of the read sensor. ", "It is important, however, to ensure that the magnetic coupling between the reference layer and the pinned layer is maintained in order for the read sensor to function properly.", "\nThe present invention addresses these and other needs, and offers other advantages over current devices.", "\nThe present invention is a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) stack configured to operate in a current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) mode. ", "The GMR stack includes a ferromagnetic free layer, at least one synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF), at least one nonmagnetic spacer layer, and at least one antiferromagnetic pinning layer. ", "The ferromagnetic free layer has a rotatable magnetic moment. ", "The SAF includes a ferromagnetic reference layer having a fixed magnetic moment, a ferromagnetic pinned layer having a fixed magnetic moment, and a coupling layer positioned between the reference layer and the pinned layer, wherein the coupling layer is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and CuAg. ", "The nonmagnetic spacer layer is positioned between the free layer and the SAF. ", "The antiferromagnetic pinning layer is positioned adjacent to the SAF." ]

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