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[ "![](", "indmedgaz72698-0010){#sp1 .294}\n\n![](", "indmedgaz72698-0011){#sp2 .295}\n\n[^1]: The paper was read before the Indian Science Congress Association held at Nagpur in January 1945.", "\n" ]

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[ "At BuroHappold, we believe that the best solutions to the most complex challenges are underpinned by robust understanding and insight. ", "That’s why we ask the big questions, challenge thinking and collaborate with clients, partners and citizens to deliver a truly integrated understanding of today’s urban challenges.", "\n\nFrom our very first project we have used our intricate knowledge of the industry to push the boundaries and achieve more. ", "It is this commitment that sets us apart, that adds value, that makes us award winning. ", "We apply the same level of complex thought and specialist expertise to every project we work on.", "\n\nDescribed by our clients as ‘passionate’, ‘innovative’, ‘collaborative’, BuroHappold Engineering is an independent, international engineering firm built up over the last 40 years, delivering creative, value led building and city solutions for an ever changing world.", "\n\nBuroHappold is a people practice. ", "The diversity of our staff is what makes us unique. ", "Their skills and expertise, along with their creative, enthusiastic personalities, enquiring minds and creative flair are what maintains our innovative edge.", "\n\nThe enduring principles set out by our founding partner Sir Edmund ‘Ted’ Happold were care, value and elegance. ", "We still adhere to this ethos today, offering a full range of engineering services and expertise to meet your project needs and create truly inspirational world class buildings and environments around the world.", "\n\nIn the construction world we design and make our built environment – the very fabric of our civilisation. ", "There is room for an immensely diverse range of talents and what we tackle demands people with many different specialist skills; Thinkers, doers, analysts, generalists....equipped to deal with all aspects of the built environment.", "\n\nSanhe Metro Station Masterplan\n\n1 / Introduction\n\nThe extension of Chengdu Metro Line 3 to the north east of the city brings with it opportunities to connect Xindu district to the centre of Chengdu, and act as a catalyst for growth in this emerging area of the city.", "\n\nAround Sanhe station, a new area will develop exemplifying transit-oriented development. ", "The masterplan encourages healthy living and community cohesion or neighbourliness. ", "It will be an exemplary residential community with its own local commercial focus, with shared amenities, public spaces and attractive streets.", "\n\nWorking with architects Hawkins Brown International (HBI), BuroHappold was commissioned to develop a new scheme for the site that maximised passenger throughput, financial return and positive socioeconomic outcomes for the local municipality. ", "We were specifically charged with undertaking a preliminary economic strategy with a view to maximise land sale returns. ", "This involved design review and a wider real estate study of the options for development of the site.", "\n\nThe masterplan development involves the building of a new elevated station concourse over a busy highway, linking the two main plots on the site and the development of new buildings to the east and west of the new concourse. ", "The options varied in terms of the height of new buildings (and thus the overall floorspace that is created) and the division between commercial office, retail, hotel and residential space. ", "The overall objective was to assess the scheme components and mix of uses that would maximise return on investment.", "\n\nOur work included undertaking a full local demographic and economic assessment of the Sanhe metro station’s past, current and future potential. ", "By modelling various real estate growth and return scenarios, particularly in terms of the residential real estate component, our team was able to determine the most promising economic sectors for the site and establish the enablers to achieve this growth, including supporting infrastructure.", "\n\nIn addition to this, an options appraisal was carried out, assessing critical success factors, costs, viability and risks, including establishing the definition of each land plot. ", "The team also reviewed the extent to which the development of the new station at Sanhe could act as a catalyst for growth in high end service industries and a permanent middle income population; with a view to increase land and rental values. ", "This latter impact could further increase the overall potential return to investing in the station’s development.", "\n\nKey facts\n\nPart of the 38.4km Chengdu Metro Line 3, under construction at a cost of RMB 18 billion\n\nLocated in Xindu; one of the fastest growing districts in Sichuan Province\n\nThe station is expected to serve a residential population of 20,000+ by 2020" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I leave the Amsterdam airport during my layover en route to Canada?", "\n\nI am traveling to study in Canada and have obtained a temporary residence permit. ", "My flight would have a 7 hour layover in Amsterdam. ", "\nI hold the Lebanese passport, which means that I require a short term visa for Amsterdam. ", "Can I leave the airport (Schiphol) with a Canadian temporary visa during a layover longer than 6 hours?", "\nI have been told that I just have to go through customs and immigration and I couldn't find anything to confirm this.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou are holding a Lebanese passport. ", "This means two things:\n\nTo enter the Schengen area, you need a visa.", "\nYou can transfer at Schiphol airport remaining airside and you do need an airport transit visa.", "\n\nSo \"I require a short term visa for Amsterdam\" this is entirely wrong: a) there's no such thing as a visa for Amsterdam, if you enter the Netherlands, you entered the Schengen area b) there's no such thing as a short term Schengen visa -- some countries have 24 or 72 hour visas, but the Schengen area doesn't c) again, just to get to Canada you don't require any kind of visa (especially not nonexisting ones).", "\nTo leave the airport, you need to enter the Schengen area. ", "Whether that's for six seconds or six hours or six weeks, the rules are the same and you need a Schengen visitor visa.", "\nSources:\nlisting the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement\nWho must apply for a Schengen visa\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Immunomodulatory mechanism of acyclic nucleoside phosphates in treatment of hepatitis B virus infection.", "\nCurrent treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) safely controls the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and improves prognosis in patients with HBV. ", "However, the inability to completely clear HBV is problematic and novel therapies are desired. ", "It has been believed that all NUCs have similar function to inhibit HBV reverse-transcriptase. ", "However, our recent findings that only acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs; adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) had an additional effect of inducing interferon (IFN)-λ3 in the gastrointestinal tract suggests that ANPs are not only distinct in their structures but also in their functions from nucleoside analogs (lamivudine and entecavir). ", "Since enteric lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can cross the intestine and affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we hypothesized that orally administered ANPs could have further additional effects to modulate LPS-mediated cytokine profile in PBMCs. ", "This study showed that pretreatment of PBMCs, from either healthy volunteers or patients with HBV, with ANPs inhibited LPS-mediated interleukin (IL)-10 production, which reciprocally induced IL-12p70 and tumor necrosis factor-α production in a dose-dependent manner. ", "Furthermore, the combination of IFN-α and ANPs synergistically enhanced LPS-mediated IL-12p70 production in PBMCs. ", "Mechanistic analyses revealed that cellular metabolites of ANPs directly bound the Akt protein, inhibiting its translocation to the plasma membrane, thereby impairing Akt phosphorylation. ", "Therefore, pretreatment of PBMCs with ANPs impairs LPS-mediated IL-10 production. ", "CONCLUSIONS: Only ANPs among NUCs have an additional pharmacological effect modulating LPS-mediated cytokine productions, which expect favorable immune responses towards HBV elimination. ", "This additional immunomodulation by ANPs in PBMCs, as well as IFN-λ3 induction in the gastrointestinal tract, provides novel insights on HBV treatment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRails Dot in Url with two routes for one controller\n\nI'm making a site with one controller \"Projects\" and i want to show all projects with to routes :\n\n/admin/projects/:id = /admin/projects/1 (works)\n/front/:id = /front.1 (doesn't work)\n\nI have tried this get 'front/:id' => 'projects#show', :constraints => { :id => /[^/]+/ } in route.rb but it doesn't work.", "\nMy files :\nroutes.rb\nRails.application.routes.draw do\n\n resources :users, path: '/admin/clients'\n\n get 'admin' => 'admin#dashbord'\n\n get 'admin/profile'\n\n get 'admin/settings'\n\n get 'admin/_admin_header'\n\n get 'front' => 'front#index'\n\n get 'front/profile' => 'front#profile'\n\n get 'front/:id' => 'projects#show'\n\n scope '/admin' do\n resources :projects do\n resources :pictures\n end\n end\n\n end\n\nprojects_controller.rb\n\n layout 'adminApplication'\n before_action :set_project, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]\n\n def index\n @projects = Project.all\n end\n\n def show\n end\n\n def new\n @project = Project.new\n end\n\n def edit\n end\n\n def create\n @project = Project.new(project_params)\n\n respond_to do |format|\n if @project.save\n format.html { redirect_to @project, notice: 'Project was successfully created.' }", "\n format.json { render :show, status: :created, location: @project }\n else\n format.html { render :new }\n format.json { render json: @project.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }\n end\n end\n end\n\n def update\n respond_to do |format|\n if @project.update(project_params)\n format.html { redirect_to @project, notice: 'Project was successfully updated.' }", "\n format.json { render :show, status: :ok, location: @project }\n else\n format.html { render :edit }\n format.json { render json: @project.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }\n end\n end\n end\n\n def destroy\n @project.destroy\n respond_to do |format|\n format.html { redirect_to projects_url, notice: 'Project was successfully destroyed.' }", "\n format.json { head :no_content }\n end\n end\n\n private\n\n def set_project\n @project = Project.find(params[:id])\n end\n\n def project_params\n params.require(:project).permit(:name, :date, :location, :integer)\n end\nend\n\nfront_controller.rb\n\n def index\n @projects = Project.all\n render 'projects/index'\n end\n\n def show\n end\n\n def profile\n end\nend\n\nin projects/index.html.erb\n\n- link_to 'Show', project\n- link_to 'Show', front_path(project)\n\nI already checked all similar questions.", "\nThanks for your help !", "\nKazei Design\n\nUpdate\nrake routes | grep front:\n front GET /front(.:format) front#index\n front_profile GET /front/profile(.:format) front#profile\n GET /front/:id(.:format) projects#show\n\nA:\n\nYou're using a named route helper, but you didn't specify it:\n- link_to 'Show', front_path(project)\n\nAnd you can see in your routes that front_path for projects#show doesn't exist:\nrake routes | grep front\n front GET /front(.:format) front#index\n front_profile GET /front/profile(.:format) front#profile\n GET /front/:id(.:format) projects#show\n\nSo, in your routes.rb add the helper:\nget 'front/:id' => 'projects#show', as: :custom_front\n\nAnd now run rake routes to see the new helper (it should be custom_front_path) and use it:\n- link_to 'Show', custom_front_path(project)\n\nSee more info in the documentation - 4.3 Overriding the Named Helpers\n\n" ]

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[ "Friday, December 09, 2016, 9:13 p.m.\n\nJudge rules Pine Bluff election OK’d by county panel unlawful\n\nA special judge ruled Thursday that Pine Bluff’s next mayoral, city-clerk and treasurer elections should not be held until 2016, ending attempts by former Mayor Carl Redus Jr. and other city candidates to run in the May 20 Democratic primary election." ]

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[ "Shah Maleki\n\nShah Maleki (, also Romanized as Shāh Malekī, Shāh Molkī, and Shāh Malakī; also known as Chāh Malakī and Shāh Mālīkī) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 483, in 101 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Kermanshah County" ]

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[ "Physakengoses K-Q, seven new sucrose esters from Physalis alkekengi var. ", "franchetii.", "\nSeven sucrose esters, physakengoses K-Q (1-7) were isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis alkekengi var. ", "franchetii. ", "Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. ", "These new compounds were tested for their antimicrobial abilities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. ", "Among the isolated sucrose esters, compounds 1-5 showed potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 2.16 to 12.76 μg/mL." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Dell G5 15 Gaming Laptop\n\nFeatures\n\nOperating System\n\nAvailable with Windows 10 Home: Gaming is better than ever on Windows 10, with games in 4K, DirectX 12 and streaming your gameplay.*", "\n\nDell Gaming\n\nDell gaming machines are engineered with the specific, demanding needs of the gaming audience in mind. ", "From the latest processors to powerful discrete graphics cards, they make every experience more intense and real.", "\n\nA complete sensory experience\n\nA stunning view: With up to NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 1060 graphics with Max-Q Design Technology and up to 6GB GDDR5 video memory, gameplay is clear and detailed.", "\n\nSuperior sound: Experience every beat of the action with improved clarity and imaging thanks to two tuned, front-firing speakers powered by Waves MaxxAudio Pro®.", "\n\nThe ultimate personal theatre experience: Elevate your gaming, viewing and mega-tasking with the one-two combo of SmartByte and MaxxAudio Pro®, you’ll be sucked into every game like never before, with powerful, encompassing sound—no drops.", "\n\nSuperior speed\n\nStay cool under pressure: The aggressive sub-1” design is equipped with huge cooling vents and dual-fan cooling technology to ensure your system never buckles under the load of demanding games while still staying cool and quiet.", "\n\nThe ultimate statement piece\n\nAt only 25mm, this system is both powerful and portable, with style to spare.", "\n\nGame in style\n\nDurable magnesium alloy braces the system for exceptional rigidity and a luxe palm rest with brushed metal finish completes the ultra-sleek look.", "\n\nBold and bright\n\nGame greater and look good doing it. ", "Your Dell G5 15 laptop is available in Beijing Red or Black.", "\n\nGet to gaming\n\nEngineered for Low Latency Gaming: Killer Gigabit Ethernet comes standard, and automatically prioritizes your wired gaming packets by delivering them ahead of all other networking traffic. ", "Upgrade to Killer Wireless, a 2x2 WLAN which supports high throughput, long-range 802.11ac WiFi and is specifically designed to keep your games, voice, and video moving fast and smooth.", "\n\nSmooth, Uninterrupted Wireless Streaming: Spend less time buffering and more time watching with SmartByte software, which comes standard and prioritizes your videos over other content for improved streaming over wireless.", "\n\nA keyboard crafted with precision: Make every click count on a keyboard built with multiple layers of reinforcement, 1.4mm keystroke travel and optional blue backlighting with WASD keys.", "\n\nSupercharged. ", "Super powered: Your quick-charge battery increases by 25% in 15 minutes, flat, so you never miss a minute of high-powered action.", "\n\nClutter free connectivity: Enjoy the convenience of single-cable docking your video, data and power needs with a SuperSpeed USB 3.1 Gen 1 Type-C port that supports DisplayPort, Power Delivery and Thunderbolt 3 transfer speeds up to 40 Gbps. ", "It can also support a single 5K display or dual 4K display output.", "\n\nNothing can stop you: Easy, single-screw bay door access means you can service your system or tinker with your components any time you want.", "\n\nSimply plug the low profile, lightweight drive into your notebook's USB port and you'll be ready to play or burn your favorite DVD or CD at home in even a small workspace. ", "Or place the drive in your bag to take this functionality with you.", "\n\nRed accents and reflective detailing make this backpack stand out from the rest. ", "Designed with plenty of space for all your gaming accessories, including a headphone holder and room for a gaming keyboard.", "\n\n*Returns: The 30-day return period is calculated from invoice date. ", "Exceptions to Dell's standard return policy still apply, and certain products are not eligible for return at any time. ", "Television returns are subject to restocking fees. ", "See dell.com/returnpolicy.", "\n\nOffers subject to change, not combinable with all other offers. ", "Taxes, shipping, and other fees apply. ", "Free shipping offer valid in Continental U.S. (excludes Alaska and P.O. Box addresses). ", "Offer not valid for Resellers. ", "Dell reserves the right to cancel orders arising from pricing or other errors.", "\n\n*Rewards are issued to your online Dell Rewards Account (available via your Dell.com My Account) typically within 30 business days after your order’s ship date. ", "Rewards expire in 90 days (except where prohibited by law). “", "Current rewards balance” amount may not reflect the most recent transactions. ", "Check Dell.com My Account for your most up-to-date reward balance. ", "Up to 6% rewards only on Dell Preferred Account purchases. ", "Up to 3% rewards when you spend $800 in a 12-month period on all other purchases. ", "Bose products only eligible for up to 3% rewards. ", "Total rewards earned may not exceed $2,000 within a 3 month period. ", "Outlet purchases do not qualify for rewards. ", "Expedited Delivery not available on certain TVs, monitors, batteries and adapters, and is available in Continental (except Alaska) U.S. only. ", "Other exceptions apply. ", "Not valid for resellers and/or online auctions. ", "Offers subject to change, not combinable with all other offers. ", "See Dell.com/rewardsfaq\n\n^DELL PREFERRED ACCOUNT (DPA): Offered to U.S. residents by WebBank, Member FDIC. ", "Taxes and shipping are extra and vary. ", "Payments equal greater of 3% of the New Balance or $20. ", "Min Interest Charge is $2.00. ", "Dell and the Dell logo are trademarks of Dell Inc.\n\n18 MOS NO INTEREST IF PAID IN FULL BY JANUARY, 2022 ON PURCHASES $999 OR MOREavailable at time of purchase from 5/28/2020 through 6/24/2020. ", "Interest will be charged to your account from the transaction posting date if the purchase balance is not paid in full by your Payment due date in January, 2022. ", "Min monthly payments required, but may not pay your purchase in full by end of promo period due to purchase amount, promo length, additional purchases or allocation of payments. ", "If not paid by end of promo period, account balance and new purchases subject to the Standard APR rates, 17.49% - 28.49% variable APR, as of 3/17/2020, depending on creditworthiness. ", "Promo offer subject to credit approval and may be changed without notice. ", "Min purchase amount may be required. ", "Not available on purchases of used/refurbished items." ]

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[ "Previous posts\n\nWith the UK officially out of recession there has been a rebound in consumer confidence with people far more optimistic about their financial prospects.", "\n\nThe housing market surged in January raising the possibility of property attaining double digit gains.", "\n\nUS GDP figures were pleasantly better than expected as the economy surged ahead in the last quarter of 2009 thanks to strong exports and consumer spending.", "\n\nThe markets will be watching for moves by the Bank of England to withdraw its policy of quantitative easing following comments made by an MPC member.", "\n\nThe eurozone bond markets were thrown into disarray last week as investor concerns about Greece grew and the possibility of it being bailed-out by the EU.", "\n\nHugh Young of Aberdeen Investment Management and Neil Woodford of Invesco give their respective views on the outlook for the Far East and the UK.", "\n\nConfidence BackNews that the UK economy just about managed to grow in the last quarter of 2009 means that Britain is now technically out of recession. ", "Whilst official figures from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) showed that GDP grew at 0.1%, many economists believe this figure will be revised upwards as further data is obtained by the ONS. ", "An increase in industrial production and services sector output have helped the UK to finally emerge from one of the longest post-war recessions. ", "The news coincided with a survey by the British Retail Consortium and Nielsen which found that more people were feeling more positive about their job prospects and personal finances, helping to drive up confidence for the third consecutive quarter, according to The Daily Telegraph. ", "The feel good factor continues to be felt in the housing market where, according to the Nationwide house price index, prices surged by 1.2% during January – with activity buoyed by buyers rushing to beat the end of the stamp duty holiday. ", "This brings the year-on-year rise to 8.6% and if last month’s rise is repeated in February could see a return to double-digit gains. ", "But whilst good news, not every region is benefitting, with house price falls in Wales and the North West.", "\n\nThere is a similar positive feeling too in the boardrooms of British businesses, according to accountants PwC, which carried out a poll of chief executives worldwide. ", "Some 63% of CEOs questioned said they were confident that recovery would happen this year – making British business leaders more upbeat than their European counterparts. ", "This contrasts sharply with Germany’s CEOs where only 27% expect business to improve. ", "Indeed, according to official statistics, the German economy stagnated in the final quarter of 2009 after two positive quarters and consumer confidence has fallen for four straight months. ", "And whilst the UK is back on track, recovery is patchy, with the construction industry’s body Construction Skills saying it will not emerge from recession until 2011 – more than 375,000 workers have lost their jobs during the downturn. ", "But on balance, leading economist Roger Bootle remains positive, saying “There is still everything to play for. ", "The UK bounced back after both the 1980s and 1990s recessions . . . ", "my money is on the UK staging a third national resurgence”.", "\n\nAmerica SurgesAnd resurgence is exactly what the US economy experienced in the final quarter of last year. ", "Much to everyone’s surprise, the world’s largest economy grew at its fastest rate since 2003 as investment by business picked up and consumer spending continued to grow. ", "The economy expanded at an annualised rate of 5.7%, according to data from the US Commerce Department, raising hopes that employment growth could soon follow. ", "The figures also showed that there was evidence of an upturn in exports – up 18.1% over the quarter – and consumer spending was ahead by a solid 2%. ", "The numbers helped assuage fears from news earlier in the week that US home sales had tumbled 16.7% last month following a rise in November. ", "But an economist at Wells Fargo Securities commented “With the extension and expansion of the [first-time buyer] tax credit we would expect sales to show solid gains in coming months”. ", "Whilst few expect the US economy to sustain the rapid pace of expansion the view is, according to The Financial Times, that growth could settle back at around 3% for this quarter.", "\n\nGoodbye to QE?Sterling climbed against the dollar and euro early in the week following comments by Andrew Sentance, a member of the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee, which heightened expectations that quantitative easing (QE) could be called to a halt at the MPC’s meeting this week. ", "The BoE introduced its policy to pump £200bn of emergency money into the economy last March, in response to the financial crisis. ", "Mr. Sentance alluded to the “stickiness” of inflation – currently at 2.9% and above the Bank’s 2% target – and questioned whether monetary policy needs to be so supportive. ", "However, some economists are arguing that the continued underlying weakness of the economy justified maintaining QE and that it is much too early to contemplate any near-term interest rate increases. ", "If QE were withdrawn it would mean that the BoE would no longer be a buyer of UK government debt in the form of gilts, which has helped support demand.", "\n\nThe Delights of DavosIt was that time of year again for the world’s business and political elite as they attended the annual World Economic Forum at Davos. ", "Unsurprisingly, bankers were in the firing line from the likes of George Soros, with David Cameron warning of Obama-type rules for the UK if the banks didn’t toe the line. ", "Self-flagellation for the industry came from HSBC’s chairman, who called for pay constraint, whilst Unilever’s CEO Paul Polman made an impassioned plea to fellow business leaders to lead from the front on sustainability and climate change. ", "But leading the charge was George Papandreou, Greece’s Prime Minister, who took the opportunity during his forum speech to lambast speculators who he accused, according to The Times, of targeting the country as a “weak link” in the euro, adding “This is an attack on the eurozone by certain other interests, political or financial”.", "\n\nMr. Papandreou’s comments followed a tumultuous week for the country’s government bonds as prices plunged on financial markets. ", "The country is hamstrung by its need to borrow heavily to finance extravagant government spending in a recession that has cut its revenues. ", "During the week, investors’ mood went from enthusiasm to deep concern. ", "On Tuesday, investors had flocked to buy the Greek government’s first bond issue of the year as international alarm over its debt crisis seemingly abated – orders were four-times more than expected. ", "However, nervousness increased as the week progressed with rumours circulating that a bail-out by the EU was being planned – denied by both Greece and the EU. ", "However, yields on Greek bonds soared to 7.25% at one point and the prices of the bonds issued earlier in the week promptly fell around 10% as investors bailed out. ", "The problems overflowed to other parts of the eurozone bond markets, with the focus on weak economies such as Portugal and Spain.", "\n\n“It has been a very long week for the eurozone and Greece. ", "As a result of the yield increase, Greece will have to pay more interest on the next bond” commented HSBC’s head of fixed-income research. ", "Events in the bond markets, together with ongoing worries about Chinese monetary tightening, weighed on global equity markets last week, causing investors to move to the sidelines. ", "By the end of the week most major global equity markets had retreated despite the better economic news and the fact that, according to The Financial Times, last quarter corporate earnings were mostly in line with, or ahead of analysts’ expectations.", "\n\nLand of OpportunityInvestors looking for a home for their capital have plenty of choices and high up the list for many are funds investing in Asia and other emerging markets. ", "As China and other regional economies move into economic ascendency, their attractiveness for investors has understandably increased. ", "Aberdeen’s Far East fund manager, Hugh Young believes Asia will lead global growth in 2010, pulling other emerging markets along with it. ", "He says while developed countries increasingly suffer the effects of fiscal indebtedness, Asia will continue to decouple as domestic demand grows and reliance on exports is reduced. ", "However, if the west experiences a relapse, Asia will not escape unscathed he cautions as regional economies still depend on demand from the west for manufactured exports as well as inward fixed and portfolio investment. “", "We believe that Asian economies will continue to make good progress in 2010 as domestic demand rather than a reliance on exports supports their growth and position as the leaders of global growth. ", "However, the recent corporate earnings growth of 2009, buoyed by one-off factors such as cost-cutting and inventory restocking, will be hard to repeat unless a more fundamental improvement in profitability occurs. ", "At the same time, while Asian economies continue to decouple, they are not immune to the effects of developed economies’ fiscal indebtedness and the subsequent pressure on governments to withdraw stimulus support, increasing the risk of an economic relapse.”", "\n\nMr. Young continues to prefer the quality of Indian companies over Chinese companies due to their healthy balance sheets and good management. “", "Also I much prefer to own companies listed in Hong Kong, it feels safer and they know how to treat their shareholders. ", "I also like Singapore-based companies due to their prudent management and regional reach. ", "I remain committed to the domestic growth story of these economies and continue to overweight financials excluding though, Chinese and Australian banks. ", "While in absolute terms valuations are no longer cheap, we think the region deserves a higher premium to reflect its fundamental strengths including its low levels of personal, corporate and government debt.”", "\n\nUK Offers ValueWhilst investing in emerging economies obviously makes good sense as part of a diversified portfolio, many investors are potentially overlooking better value closer to home, according to The Times. ", "The paper said that investors are confusing the UK stock market with the UK economy whereas in fact they are totally different. ", "Almost 70% of the earnings of the UK’s top 100 companies come from overseas, so the fortunes of these businesses are not very closely tied to the British economy at all. ", "Some of the UK’s top investment managers believe there are some excellent opportunities in the unloved UK stock market, including Neil Woodford of Invesco Perpetual.", "\n\n“I think the UK stock market offers very rich pickings and looks like a place to go for attractive yields. ", "There are a number of large stocks such as Vodafone, BAT and National Grid that now look really good value as well as offering attractive yields. ", "We have to differentiate between the tough economic message and the investment opportunity. ", "The stock market is not the economy and many businesses that I am invested in really do not interact at all with the UK economy. ", "Despite the economic headwinds, I believe that there is a relatively small group of companies that will be able to deliver attractive returns” commented Mr. Woodford." ]

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[ "Note: This is part 1 of a 2-part post. ", "For part 2, click here: Raspberry Pi 3 Dynamic Current Consumption, Power and Temperature Tests\n\nTo see an implementation using a heat pipe, see the Outdoor Pi 3 Image Recognition Security Camera project (aka HAL-CAM 9001)\n\nInspired by Christopher's cstanton Raspberry Pi Operating Temperature report (with thermal photos from Gareth Halfacree) regarding the heat dissipated by the Broadcom chip on the Raspberry Pi 3, and the discussion with bwelsby we started searching around for ways to keep the Pi cool.", "\n\nCeramic heat sinks have an innovative structure (vias or micro-pores) which allow a heightened thermal conductivity compared to traditional aluminium heat sinks. ", "They also can have the advantage that they won't affect radio frequency (RF) communications as much, when positioned close to the wireless antenna that is present on the Pi 3.", "\n\nFurthermore, ceramic heat sinks are not electrically conductive and therefore there is no risk of accidentally shorting something on the Pi.", "\n\nBack-of-the-envelope calculations (we don't have all parameters since we don't have a copy of the Broadcom datasheet to examine the device operating conditions in detail, nor a copy of the schematic to examine if we can measure device power consumption isolated from the remainder circuitry) suggests that a heat sink with thermal resistance of around 10 degrees C/W might be effective to keep the Broadcom chip's internal temperature below 120 degrees C when the ambient temperature is below around 40 degrees C. These are guesstimates until practical measurements have been taken.", "\n\nArmed with this information, I searched for a suitable sized heat sink and I found a cheap aluminium one. ", "However bwelsby and cstanton suggested that there may be issues with the heatsink getting in the way of connected HAT boards on top of the Pi, and Brian suggested examining ceramic heatsinks.", "\n\nIn summary, I think these parts may be suitable although measurements still need to be done:\n\n22x22x2.5mm MPC222225T22x22x2.5mm MPC222225T\n\n15x15x2.5mm MPC151525T15x15x2.5mm MPC151525T\n\n(Optional) 20x20x10mm 5V DC fan MC33873(Optional) 20x20x10mm 5V DC fan MC33873\n\n(EDIT: after some discussions below, it looks like this Sunon 'DR-MagLev' design fanSunon 'DR-MagLev' design fan is a far better choice, it is 25x25x10mm, quieter, higher throughput, and more efficient with overall lower power consumption. ", "There is also a 25x25mm finger guard25x25mm finger guard).", "\n\nThe Broadcom chip is about 14x14mm in size, and ceramic heat sinks do exist in approximately that size. ", "However it is possible to attach a larger heat sink if desired.", "\n\nThe photo below shows the parts that were examined. ", "All of these ceramic heat sinks come with adhesive tape on the underside; the protective tape is removed and the heat sink will stick to the top of the integrated circuit.", "\n\nThe photo at the top of the blog post shows the largest 22x22mm ceramic heatsink.", "\n\nThe photo below shows a heat sink closer to the size of the Broadcom chip, 15x15mm. ", "It also shows a 10x10mm heat sink on top of the USB hub/Ethernet controller chip, however this is really not needed. ", "It doesn't get very hot according to the thermal photos in the previous blog post.", "\n\nThe memory chip on the underside gets hot too. ", "If desired, the 15x15mm heat sink could be attached there too. ", "The 22x22mm one is too large for that location due to nearby components (the memory chip has a lower height than the Broadcom chip on the top side).", "\n\nSo, I plan to attach a 22x22mm part to the Broadcom chip on the top of the board, and possibly a 15x15mm heat sink to the memory chip on the underside. ", "I don't think a fan will be needed unless a very small enclosure with no natural ventilation was used, or if the Pi was in a very warm environment.", "\n\nIn that case, a fan may be an option. ", "I tried the MC33873 fanMC33873 fan and it generates a usable level of air that can be felt from a distance of 10cm or more. ", "However it does generate a small amount of noise too (possibly inaudible if the Pi will be behind other items such as a TV, but I think there is still a risk it could be audible. ", "The voltage could be reduced from 5V to lessen the noise). ", "It could be mounted on the heat sink as shown here although I think a small gap would be good to allow forced air to hit the entire top face of the heat sink. (", "The red dot on the fan was placed by me so that I could see it spinning). ", "The fan could be secured with epoxy adhesive. ", "The overall height is less than the height of the USB connectors on the Pi 3. ", "The problem with this is that a HAT board cannot be plugged on top if there is a fan in the way.", "\n\nA very nice solution would have been to put the fan on the side (to the left side of the photo above) so that the fan could blast air across the entire top face, and the underside of the board. ", "However the display connector (the long white thing on the edge of the board in the photo above) is in the way and would block the flow of air which is extremely unfortunate. ", "The Pi 3 wasn't designed with air flow in mind : ( However it might be possible with some 3D-printed duct design to achieve something that could work.", "\n\nTo summarize, some heat sinking ideas have been suggested however it is for further examination to see how well they perform. ", "It will be good to see what solutions people come up with over time." ]

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[ "Hypothermic renal preservation with a sucrose/ polyethylene glycol solution in a rabbit renal transplant model.", "\nRenal preservation at for 24 hours at hypothermia was studied in a rabbit model after flush cooling with sucrose-based solution (SBS), compared with a standard preservation solution (in this case, Marshall's Hypertonic Citrate solution - HCA). ", "Polyethylene glycol supplementation to SBS (SBS-PEG) was also investigated. ", "Renal function was measured by plasma creatinine assays during 1 months post transplantation, and pathology of the explanted kidneys was undertaken. ", "Results showed that survival at 28 days was similar in all groups, (HCA - 3 out of 6; SBS - 2 out of 5; SBS-PEG - 3 out of 5), and there were no differences in recovery of plasma creatinine values. ", "Histopathological evaluation of the grafts indicated that SBS preservation resulted in more severe damage after transplantation (P less than 0.05 in both corticomedullary region and medulla compared to HCA), whilst addition of PEG reduced the damage score to that seen with HCA. ", "SBS can be used as a simple, inexpensive preservation solution for kidney cold storage provided that PEG is used as an additional colloid." ]

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[ "They were hitherto roaming freely conducting ‘kangaroo courts’\n\nWith the ongoing drive against criminals, who were hitherto roaming freely across the district conducting ‘kangaroo courts’, reaching the crescendo, the number of criminals arrested in the past 30 days is nearing 200.", "\n\nAfter the police belatedly understood that the criminals were the prime reasons for the recent spurt in murders, especially killings with caste overtones, a full-fledged drive to check them was launched a month ago.", "\n\n‘Hello Police’ system was launched to provide a common platform to the public for making their complaints or forwarding useful information about the movement of antisocials to the police.", "\n\nWith the public too joining hands with the police in curbing crimes, the law-enforcers could nab over 100 criminals, including a few hardcore outlaws, with weapons even as they were waiting to commit crimes.", "\n\n“The system (Hello Police) we’ve introduced has in fact yielded excellent results with more and more people calling us every day even in the wee hours to pass on useful information about the criminals, their plans, their movements, etc. ", "And, we act immediately to thwart their evil designs,” says V. Vikraman, Superintendent of Police.", "\n\nEver since the drive against criminals was started 30 days ago, 178 persons with lethal weapons have been nabbed and 325 cases registered across the district.", "\n\nIn Tirunelveli City, more than 77 criminals have been arrested since March 19.", "\n\nWhile acting on the information being provided by the public, the police have intensified vehicle checks across the district. ", "In Tirunelveli City alone, over 100 bikes were confiscated on Saturday as the riders failed to produce proper documents. ", "Those who could produce the registration documents could get back their bikes later.", "\n\nWhen the police conducted a vehicle check at Palayamkottai on Saturday, they nabbed one Mukesh Kumar of Vannarpet with a country-made pistol and three of his associates have been picked up for interrogation.", "\n\n“The drive will continue with more vigour against the criminals,” said a senior police officer from Tirunelveli City Police." ]

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[ "The event will start at the corner of Albert St and Customs St West and will go along Customs St West and up Queen St, ending at the corner of Wellesley St and Mayoral Drive.", "\n\nAuckland Mayor Len Brown will congratulate the team before the ceremony ends about 3.30pm.", "\n\nCustoms St West, Queen St, Wellesley St and other city centre streets will be closed to traffic, and city streets are expected to be busy.", "\n\nAucklanders will not be the only ones celebrating.", "\n\nFestivals will also be held on Waiheke Island and in Whangarei.", "\n\nAn All Blacks victory parade was set to be held in Christchurch tomorrow.", "\n\nA Council spokesman said the parade would head up Rolleston Avenue and Park Terrace into the Hagley Park fanzone - though a start time had not yet been confirmed.", "\n\nWellington would be next to host a parade on Wednesday, Newstalk ZB reported.", "\n\nAnd from 12 noon until 6pm, the Kiwi Day Out will be held at the Auckland Domain, where Dave Dobbyn, Evermore and Stan Walker will headline the free family event.", "\n\nThe festival has been planned as a laid-back celebration of the Rugby World Cup itself - the thrills and spills, the blood, sweat and tears, the groin injuries, the haka and the outstanding efforts of the men in black and the men wearing every other jersey.", "\n\nTelevision personality Jason Gunn will be the host for the afternoon alongside Ben Humphrey.", "\n\nThe Real New Zealand Thank You will start the programme, celebrating the 20 nations New Zealand has hosted with marquees for each country showcasing its cultural delicacies, crafts, costumes and performances.", "\n\nThe second half of the festival, running from 3pm, will be dominated by sounds from the New Zealand and Australian music scene.", "\n\nFonterra, celebrating its 10th birthday, is the main sponsor for this half of the festival.", "\n\nFree icecreams will be handed out and a games zone will be running.", "\n\nSMC events chief executive Dave Mee said the festival was about being good hosts.", "\n\n\"The whole concept was around being good hosts during and following the World Cup.", "\n\n\"Basically, we're thanking people for their support of the cup and of New Zealand.\"", "\n\nOrganisers were prepared to accommodate up to 100,000 people, including the World Cup rugby teams, he said." ]

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[ "Mario Millo\n\nMario Daniel Millo (born May 1955) is an Australian musician and composer from Sydney, he was a member of symphonic rock group Sebastian Hardie from 1973 to their disbandment in 1977. ", "Their debut album, Four Moments (1975) peaked at No.", " 13 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart. ", "He has had a solo career and composed film and television soundtracks and scores. ", "In 1978, he worked with Jon English on the soundtrack for the television series, Against the Wind and its related single, \"Six Ribbons\". ", "Both album and single peaked in the Top 10 on the relevant Kent Music Report charts. ", "The series had international release, known as Mot alla vindar/Mot alle vindar/Mod vinden (1980) in Scandinavian countries where the album and single reached No.", " 1 in Norway and No.", " 4 in Sweden. ", "Millo's compositions have won Australian film industry awards for, The Lighthorsemen (1987) and television awards for, Brides of Christ (1991) and Changi (2001). ", "Brides of Christ won an Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) Music Award in 1992 for 'Best Original Soundtrack Album' - Millo was nominated for the same award in 1997 for G.P. and in 2002 for Changi.", "\n\nBiography\nMario Daniel Millo was born in May 1955, to Italian parents, and was raised in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ", "He was taught to play mandolin at age five by his father, he learned guitar at eight and fronted his first band, The Menu, at Mitchell High School, Blacktown, when 12. ", "The Menu had Millo on guitar and vocals, Mark Friedland on drums, Vince Moult on bass guitar and Brian Nicholls on organ. ", "The band won the 1969 2SM Pepsi Pop Poll or 'Battle of the Bands' held at the Sydney Stadium. ", "As a result, they signed a contract with a Sydney agency, and, renamed as The Clik, released a single, \"La De Da\" on Festival Records in November 1969. ", "Their second single, \"Mary Mary\" was issued in March 1970, they were hired by Coca-Cola and, as The Fantasy, promoted orange-flavoured Fanta in a series of TV ads, \"Fancy Nancy\". ", "The Fantasy toured Australia and New Zealand, but disbanded in 1971. ", "Millo travelled around Europe for six months and returned to Australia in early 1972 to reform The Clik with a new line-up of Garry Adams on lead guitar, Doug Bligh on drums (both ex-Galadriel), and Phil Cogan on bass guitar. ", "Justin McCoy replaced Adams on lead guitar, however The Clik separated in October 1973.", "\n\nMillo joined the Sydney-based pop group Sebastian Hardie to replace their founding lead guitarist, Graham Ford after they had released a debut single, \"All Right Now\". ", "With Millo, Sebastian Hardie included Alex Plavsic on drums and his brother Peter Plavsic on bass guitar. ", "They released a second single, \"Day After Day\" in April 1974. ", "By that stage, Toivo Pilt had joined on keyboards, Millo had taken on lead vocals, and Sebastian Hardie began playing more original progressive rock material. ", "They became Australia's first symphonic rock group and released their debut album, Four Moments in August 1975. ", "The album, produced by former member, Jon English, peaked at No.", " 13 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart. \"", "Rosanna\", written by Millo, appeared on the related Singles Chart. ", "The band released a second album, Windchase in February 1976 which had less chart success, the group split in June. ", "After a court case over use of the name Sebastian Hardie, Millo's new group was called Windchase with Pilt joined by Bligh (ex-The Cheks) on drums and Doug Nethercote on bass guitar. ", "Windchase released Symphinity, in June 1977, which had a heavier jazz-fusion sound but did not chart. ", "The group disbanded in October and Millo began his solo career.", "\n\nMillo and English worked on the soundtrack for the 1978 TV series Against the Wind – English also had a starring role in the period drama. ", "The album reached No.", " 10 and its associated single \"Six Ribbons\" peaked at No.", " 5. ", "Against the Wind was screened in the United Kingdom and through Scandinavia, where it was translated as Mot alla vindar (1980). ", "Both the album, its title track and \"Six Ribbons\" peaked at No.", " 1 on the Norwegian albums and singles charts respectively. \"", "Six Ribbons\" and the album, peaked at No.", " 4 on the Swedish charts. ", "Millo and English toured Scandinavia in 1980 using English's backing band, Baxter Funt.", "\n\nMillo recorded the track, \"Rebecca\" for the various artists' Australian Guitar Album released in 1979, it was issued as a shared single with Harvey James' \"Let It Go\". ", "Millo's debut solo album Epic III appeared in November on Polydor Records, he engineered and produced the album using Jackie Orszaczky on bass guitar and Mark Kennedy on drums. \"", "Life in Our Hands\" had been issued as a single in August but neither album nor single had any chart success. ", "Millo followed with his second solo album, Human Games in March 1983. ", "His third solo album, Oceans of the Mind, was released in 2002. ", "Millo provided electric and acoustic guitars, mandolin, lead vocals and Hammond organ; he wrote all the tracks and produced the album for Red Moon Music. ", "His band members were Jeff Camilleri on bass guitar and backing vocals and Robbie Siracusa on drums and percussion. ", "Guest musicians were David Hirschfelder on Nord synthesiser and Dave Wilkins and Jess Millo on backing vocals.", "\n\nIn 1984, Millo released the original soundtrack for World Safari II: The Final Adventure, a film documentary by Alby Mangels. ", "He followed with the soundtrack of television mini-series, A Fortunate Life in 1986. ", "Millo developed a successful career in television and film soundtrack composition and production, winning six industry awards for work in The Lighthorsemen (1987), G.P. (1989), Brides of Christ (1991, two awards), See How They Run (1999) and Changi (2001). ", "Brides of Christ won an Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) Music Award in 1992 for 'Best Original Soundtrack Album' - Millo was nominated for the same award in 1997 for G.P. and in 2002 for Changi.", "\n\nIn 1994, Millo, Pilt and the Plavsic brothers briefly reformed Sebastian Hardie to perform at a progressive rock festival, ProgFest, in Los Angeles, which was recorded and eventually released as Sebastian Hardie – Live in L.A. in 1997. ", "They played material from Four Moments, Windchase, Symphinity, and Epic III. ", "Another reunion occurred in 2003 when supporting the British art rock band, Yes on their Australian tour.", "\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nAFI Awards\nThe annual AFI Awards are presented by the Australian Film Institute.", "\n\n|-\n| 1988 || The Lighthorsemen || Best Original Music Score ||\n\nAGSC Awards\nThe annual AGSC Awards are presented by the Australian Guild of Screen Composers.", "\n\n|-\n| 1999 || See How They Run || Best Original Music in a Children's TV or Animation Series ||\n\nAPRA-AGSC Awards\nThe annual Screen Music Awards are presented by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC) for television and film scores and soundtracks.", "\n\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"| 1992 || rowspan=\"2\"| Brides of Christ || Best Film Score || \n|-\n| Best Television Theme || \n|-\n| 1996 || G. P. || Best Television Theme || \n|-\n| 2002 || Changi || Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie ||\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\nEpic III – (November 1979 Polydor Records)\nHuman Games – (March 1983, EMI / Wheatley)\nOceans of the Mind – (2002, Red Moon Music)\n\nSoundtrack albums\nWorld Safari II – (1984, Powderworks Records / BMG)\nA Fortunate Life – (1986, Polydor Records)\n\nReferences\n\nGeneral\n Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.", "\nSpecific\n\nExternal links\n\n2002 Interview for ProgressoR\n\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:ARIA Award winners\nCategory:Australian male singers\nCategory:Australian people of Italian descent\nCategory:Australian singer-songwriters" ]

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[ "Image: CERN\n\nYesterday, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) dropped a staggering amount of raw data from the Large Hadron Collider on the internet for anyone to use: 300 terabytes worth.", "\n\n\nThe data includes a 100 TB “of data from proton collisions at 7 TeV, making up half the data collected at the LHC by the CMS detector in 2011.” ", "The release follows another infodump from 2014, and you can take a look at all of this information through the CERN Open Data Portal. ", "Some of the information released is simply the raw data that CERN’s own scientists have been using, while another segment is already processed, with the anticipated audience being high school science courses.", "\n\n\nCERN is releasing their raw data for some practical reasons: once they’re done with it, they feel that the general public can get just as much use and knowledge out of it:\n\n“Members of the CMS Collaboration put in lots of effort and thousands of person-hours each of service work in order to operate the CMS detector and collect these research data for our analysis,” explains Kati Lassila-Perini, a CMS physicist who leads these data-preservation efforts. “", "However, once we’ve exhausted our exploration of the data, we see no reason not to make them available publicly. ", "The benefits are numerous, from inspiring high-school students to the training of the particle physicists of tomorrow. ", "And personally, as CMS’s data-preservation co-ordinator, this is a crucial part of ensuring the long-term availability of our research data.”", "\n\nOpening up the information has some practical scientific uses as well: CERN notes that they’ve already had instances of scientists confirming their results with the same information, or other scientists taking their research in ways that they didn’t initially anticipate.", "\n\nThe benefits are numerous, from inspiring high-school students to the training of the particle physicists of tomorrow.", "\n\n\nMore than that, it takes the workings of this incredible machine, and puts it into the hands of the public to look at for themselves. ", "While you probably can’t take this information and discover a new particle without some advanced education, it’s information that anyone can play around with, breaking down this barrier between scientists working in a lab and the general public.", "\n\n[CERN via SlashDot]" ]

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[ "Bryan Singer rape accuser says fear of being outed kept him from going to police in 2003\n\nDirector Bryan Singer, who has left the Queen biopic \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in the middle of production, faces a lawsuit over alleged sexual assault of a teen in 2003. (", "Matt Sayles / Invision/AP)\n\nCesar Sanchez-Guzman, who filed a lawsuit this week claiming that Hollywood director and producer Bryan Singer raped him when he was 17 years old in 2003, said in an interview Friday that fear of being outed as gay kept the then-high school student from reporting the attack to police.", "\n\nSanchez-Guzman, now 31, also alleged that Singer boasted of being powerful in the film industry and warned him against reporting the rape.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\n“He smirked and said, if I say anything, he was very popular and could basically ruin my reputation,” Sanchez-Guzman said.", "\n\nHe filed suit in Washington state court on Thursday, alleging that Singer forced him to engage in oral sex and then raped him at a party on a yacht 14 years ago.", "\n\nAn attorney for Singer said in a statement Thursday that the filmmaker, best-known for directing “The Usual Suspects” and the “X-Men” series, “categorically denies” the allegations. ", "Singer’s lawyer vowed to file a malicious prosecution claim of his own against Sanchez-Guzman and his attorneys, who filed lawsuits — since dismissed — against Singer on behalf of other accusers in 2014.", "\n\n“Cesar Sanchez-Guzman apparently claims that he did not remember this alleged incident from 2003 until now,” Singer’s attorney, Andrew Brettler, said in the statement.", "\n\nOn Friday, the USC School of Cinematic Arts announced in a statement that it would be dropping Singer’s name from its Division of Cinema and Media Studies at the filmmaker’s request, as he “does not want the pending litigation to have any negative impact on his alma mater.”", "\n\nSanchez-Guzman spoke to a reporter for the Los Angeles Times on the phone from the Florida offices of Herman Law, the firm that is directing the suit against Singer with the help of Seattle attorneys.", "\n\nSanchez-Guzman said that he and his family had moved to the Seattle area the year before. “", "I was finding myself, having just recently come out of the closet to my friends,” he said, and began attending parties popular with other young gay men, thrown by a local tech investor.", "\n\nHe described himself as being “selected” by the investor for an invite to the party on the yacht, on which alcohol flowed as it sailed Lake Union and Lake Washington.", "\n\nSanchez-Guzman said he did not know anything about Singer, who he said introduced himself on the ship and was “very flirtatious,” until after the alleged attack occurred. ", "He said that Singer offered to give him a tour of the yacht and led him to a small room down a corridor.", "\n\nThe legal complaint says that Singer “thrust his body” on Sanchez-Guzman, forced him to the floor and forced him to engage in oral sex. ", "Singer then raped Sanchez-Guzman while the high school student “pleaded for him to stop,” the suit states.", "\n\nAfterward, Sanchez-Guzman said, Singer approached him on the yacht and both threatened and cajoled him with his power in Hollywood. “", "If you ever want to get into Hollywood, I could help you,” Sanchez-Guzman said Singer told him.", "\n\nThough Sanchez-Guzman said he did have dreams of being an actor, learning that Singer was powerful in the industry “was more of a push for me to not pursue Hollywood.”", "\n\nHe said he later told a close friend of the rape but did not tell his family or go to the police. ", "His family was made up of strict Pentecostal converts who had sent him on two religious retreats, including one in which there was an effort made to “rid [him] of a homosexual evil spirit,” Sanchez-Guzman said.", "\n\nHe believed that reporting Singer would have resulted in them learning that he was gay. “", "That was not an option,” Sanchez-Guzman said. “", "I knew if I did, the consequences would be worse for me.”", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nWashington state law has a “delayed discovery” statute, which in some cases allows civil accusers of sexual abuse to file a claim after the traditional statute of limitations has expired, as it would have in this case, if they can show that less than three years has passed since learning how the abuse impacted them.", "\n\nOn the advice of his attorney, Sanchez-Guzman would not explain how he decided to file the lawsuit now.", "\n\nHis attorney, Daniel Ellis of Herman Law, credited the “collective empowerment” that has followed the recent widespread exposure of allegations of sexual assault and harassment against film mogul Harvey Weinstein and others in Hollywood and elsewhere.", "\n\n“People feel like they’re in a safe space to make accusations,” Ellis said.", "\n\nHerman Law also represented plaintiffs who in 2014 filed federal lawsuits against Singer and others, which alleged that the filmmaker sexually abused underage boys at a Hawaii estate and in a London hotel suite.", "\n\nSinger has previously derided the 2014 legal claims as a “sick, twisted shakedown,” and his attorneys have maintained they are baseless. ", "The lawsuits against both men were voluntarily dismissed. ", "Jeffrey Herman, a partner and founder of Herman Law who represented one of the plaintiffs, Michael Egan, later apologized to two other defendants for including them in the litigation.", "\n\nIn his statement Thursday, Singer’s attorney seized on Herman’s involvement in this new lawsuit. “", "We are confident that this case will turn out the same way the Egan case did,” the statement said. “", "And once Bryan prevails, he will pursue his own claims for malicious prosecution.”", "\n\nFilm studio 20th Century Fox fired Singer this week from his role as director of “Bohemian Rhapsody,” a biopic of the band Queen. ", "Though the studio did not give a reason for the firing, it had blamed Singer’s “unexpected unavailability” for delaying production." ]

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[ "Does image guidance decrease pedicle screw-related complications in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review update and meta-analysis.", "\nSurgical treatment of severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion with pedicle screws is common, requiring careful screw insertion to prevent pedicle breaches and neurologic complications. ", "Image guidance has been suggested to improve breach rates, though the radiation risk for AIS precludes its common usage. ", "The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the breach rates and screw-related complications for AIS patients undergoing spine surgery with pedicle screws between freehand screw insertion and image guidance methods. ", "A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Web of Science databases was conducted. ", "Two reviewers independently screened abstracts, full-texts, extracted data and performed risk of bias assessment using the QUIPS quality appraisal tool. ", "Level of evidence summary statements were formulated based on consistency and quality of reporting. ", "Ninety-four studies were found, with 18 studies of moderate risk of bias or better. ", "Moderate evidence from two head-to-head studies shows CT guidance has lower breach rates than freehand methods (OR 0.28 [0.20-0.40, I2 = 1%]), with no complications in either study. ", "From individual studies, moderate evidence showed lower breach rates for image guidance versus freehand methods (13%, I2 = 98% vs. 20%, I2 = 95%). ", "Complication rates were conflicting (0-1.6% for image guidance, 0-1.7% for freehand). ", "Moderate evidence showed increased surgical time for image guidance versus freehand (257.7 min vs. 226.8 min). ", "Meta-analyzed breach rates show moderate evidence of decreased breaches with CT navigation compared with freehand methods. ", "Complication rates remain unknown due to the low complication rates from small sample sizes. ", "These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nImplicit conversion between std::filesystem::path and std::string, should it happen?", "\n\nThe cppreference page for std::filesystem::path states:\n\nPaths are implicitly convertible to and from std::basic_strings, which makes it possible to use them with over files APIs, e.g. as an argument to std::ifstream::open\n\nNow the conversion to a std::filesystem::path is easy to see as it has a non-explicit constructor that takes std::string types. ", "What I can't seem to find, though, is a way to go to a std::string implicitly.", "\nThere is a string function, but it is std::string string() const;, not operator std::string(). ", "Using\n#include <filesystem>\n\nvoid foo(std::string) {}\n\nint main()\n{\n namespace fs = std::filesystem;\n fs::path p1;\n foo(p1);\n}\n\nthis code compiles fine with icc, gcc, and clang, but not with MSVS, where it gives the error:\nexample.cpp\n\n<source>(10): error C2664: 'void foo(std::string)': cannot convert argument 1 from 'std::filesystem::path' to 'std::string'\n\n<source>(10): note: No user-defined-conversion operator available that can perform this conversion, or the operator cannot be called\n\nCompiler returned: 2\n\nSo, which compiler is right? ", "Is there an implicit conversion sequence, or are the compilers just being helpful?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is an implicit conversion to std::basic_string<value_type>, where value_type is an OS-dependent character type. ", " \nAnd, (§30.10.8 in my draft copy, n4659)\n\nFor POSIX-based operating systems, value_type is char [...]\n For Windows-based operating systems, value_type is wchar_t [...] \n\nso there doesn't need to be an implicit conversion to std::string on Windows, only to std::wstring. ", " \n\nA:\n\nAll compilers are right. ", "It is specified by the standard that it should have a conversion to string_type:\n\noperator string_type() const;\n\nReturns: native().", "\n\nstring_type here is:\nusing string_type = basic_string<value_type>;\n\nAnd native() :\n\nconst string_type& native() const noexcept;\n\nReturns: The pathname in the native format.", "\n\nNative format being basic_string<value_type>.", "\nvalue_type however doesn't have to be char and thus the conversion to std::string doesn't always exist. ", "It's only mandated that one to basic_string<>exists.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Determination of 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-dinitropyrene and 1-nitropyrene in airborne particulate by column liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "\nNitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in airborne particulate were determined by column liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. ", "NPAHs were extracted ultrasonically prior to being injected into the separation system. ", "A reversed-phase C18 column was used to separate the NPAHs with an aqueous eluent containing acetonitrile and sodium monochloroacetate as buffer. ", "Calibration graphs were linear with very good correlation coefficients (r>0.999) and the detection limits were ca. ", "20 pg for all analytes. ", "The proposed method provides a relatively simple and convenient procedure for determining the NPAHs in airborne particulate." ]

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[ "Skin appendage involvement in anal intraepithelial neoplasia.", "\nHigh-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN III) may be premalignant. ", "Surgical excision of large areas of anal epithelium carries significant morbidity. ", "Ablation treatments may carry less morbidity; however, the depth of ablation is uncertain and failure to ablate dysplasia in hair shafts and other skin appendages may lead to early recurrence. ", "This study assesses morphometric aspects of skin appendages in perianal skin and anal canal mucosa in tissues from 30 patients with AIN III. ", "Both normal and dysplastic epithelium was assessed in each patient. ", "The depth to which AIN III involved skin appendages was measured using computerized image analysis. ", "Both the perianal epidermis and anal canal mucosa affected by AIN III were significantly thicker than normal. ", "Nineteen of 30 patients with AIN III had skin appendage involvement. ", "Some 57 per cent of hair follicles (79 of 138), 16 per cent of sebaceous glands (11 of 69) and 25 per cent of sweat glands (24 of 96) observed beneath an abnormal epithelium had evidence of AIN. ", "The median depth of AIN involvement of the hair follicle was 1.14 (range 0.44-1.67) mm, sebaceous glands 1.44 (range 0.96-1.90) mm, and sweat glands 0.94 (range 0.50-2.20) mm. ", "These figures do not take into account tissue shrinkage due to histological processing. ", "AIN III involvement of epithelial appendages is a significant problem. ", "For disease eradication, tissue destruction or removal to a depth of at least 2.2 mm below the adjacent basement membrane is required. ", "Surgical excision of high-grade AIN remains the treatment of choice." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "John S. Smiley\n\nJohn Stanley Smiley (January 20, 1885 – August 21, 1945) was a Canadian politician. ", "He represented the electoral district of Cumberland in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1933 to 1937. ", "He was a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.", "\n\nSmiley was born in 1885 at Milltown, New Brunswick. ", "He was educated at Mount Allison University and Dalhousie University, and was a lawyer by career. ", "He married Celia Ganong Kierstead in 1909. ", "Smiley first attempted to enter provincial politics in the 1928 election, but was defeated. ", "He ran again in 1933, and was elected in the dual-member Cumberland County riding with Conservative Percy Chapman Black. ", "In the 1937 election, Smiley was defeated by the two Conservative candidates, Black and Archie B. Smith. ", "In 1938, Smiley was appointed a judge of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court. ", "Smiley died at Halifax on August 21, 1945.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1885 births\nCategory:1945 deaths\nCategory:Dalhousie University alumni\nCategory:Judges in Nova Scotia\nCategory:Mount Allison University alumni\nCategory:Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs\nCategory:People from Cumberland County, Nova Scotia\nCategory:People from St. Stephen, New Brunswick" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Macrosomia, obesity, and macrocephaly as first clinical presentation of PHP1b caused by STX16 deletion.", "\nPseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a genetic disorder with resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) as most important feature. ", "Main subtypes of the disease are pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b (PHP1b) and pseudohypoparathyroidism 1a (PHP1a). ", "PHP1b is characterized by PTH resistance of the renal cortex due to reduced activity of the stimulatory G protein α subunit (Gsα) of the PTH receptor. ", "In addition to resistance to PTH, PHP1a patients also lack sensitivity for other hormones that signal their actions through G protein-coupled receptors and display physical features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), which is not classically seen in PHP1b patients. ", "PHP1a is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in maternally inherited GNAS exons 1-13, which encode Gsα. ", "PHP1b is often caused by deletion of the STX16 gene, which is thought to have an important role in controlling the methylation and thus imprinting at part of the GNAS locus. ", "Here we present a patient with PHP1b caused by the previously described recurrent 3-kb STX16 deletion. ", "The patient's first symptoms were macrosomia, early onset obesity, and macrocephaly. ", "Since this is an atypical but previously described rare presentation of PHP1b, we reemphasize STX16 deletions and PHP1b as a rare cause for early onset obesity and macrosomia. ", "© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n¿Hay alguna forma automática de quitar todos los Log antes de publicar mi aplicación Android?", "\n\nEstoy trabajando con Android Studio y quisiera saber si hay alguna forma automática de eliminar todos los Log que haya olvidado a la largo del código.", "\nInstalé el plugin Analyze que tiene opciones como Code Cleanup... y Silent Code Cleanup he ejecutado ambas opciones pero no sirven para quitar los Log.", "\nPor ejemplo había esto en mi código luego de ejecutar ambas opciones:\nLog.d(TAG,dataSnapshot.toString());\n\nY otros Log en otras partes. ", "\n¿Hay alguna forma de limpiar el código de Logs? ", "Esto aligeraría el funcionamiento de la App final, pues en algunos casos he mostrado Logs con mucho contenido para depurar el código y luego con las prisas he olvidado quitarlos. ", "Creo que una opción como esta sería muy útil, sobre todo en proyectos con mucho código.", "\n\nA:\n\nEn realidad no existe una forma automática para eliminar las lineas que imprimen mensajes al LogCat, por lo tanto si no deseas que se muestren deberás eliminarlas manualmente.", "\nO simplemente comentarlos, reemplazando en toda tu aplicación\n\" Log.\" ", "por \" //Log.\"", "\nOtra forma evitar se muestren mensajes desde la aplicación es crear una clase:\npublic final class Log {\n\n private static final String NO_MESSAGE = \"Exception, message not defined.\";", "\n\n private static final boolean enableLog = true;\n\n public static void i(String tag, String string) {\n if (enableLog) {\n if(string == null){\n android.util.", "Log.i(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n }else{\n android.util.", "Log.i(tag, string);\n }\n }\n }\n public static void d(String tag, String string) {\n if (enableLog) {\n if(string == null){\n android.util.", "Log.d(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n }else{\n android.util.", "Log.d(tag, string);\n }\n }\n }\n public static void v(String tag, String string) {\n if (enableLog) {\n if(string == null){\n android.util.", "Log.v(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n }else{\n android.util.", "Log.v(tag, string);\n }\n }\n }\n public static void w(String tag, String string) {\n if (enableLog) {\n if(string == null){\n android.util.", "Log.w(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n }else{\n android.util.", "Log.w(tag, string);\n }\n }\n }\n public static void e(String tag, String string) {\n if (enableLog) {\n if(string == null){\n android.util.", "Log.e(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n }else{\n android.util.", "Log.e(tag, string);\n }\n }\n } \n public static void super_message(String tag, String string) {\n if (enableLog) {\n if(string == null){\n android.util.", "Log.e(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n }else{\n android.util.", "Log.e(tag, string);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nEsta clase la importarías en lugar de:\nimport android.util.", "Log;\n\ny cuando desees que no se muestren los mensajes simplemente cambia el valor de la variable enableLog a false y genera tu aplicación:\nprivate static final boolean enableLog = false;\n\nA:\n\nPor completar la respuesta de @Jorgesys y utilizando parte de su código:\nSi se enfocan los métodos de esta manera:\npublic static void d(String tag, Supplier<String> callback) {\n if (enableLog) {\n String string = callback.get();\n if (string == null) {\n android.util.", "Log.i(tag, NO_MESSAGE);\n } else {\n android.util.", "Log.i(tag, string);\n }\n }\n}\n\nNos evitaríamos que la expresión que pasemos por parámetro en string se evalúe.", "\nPor ejemplo si la llamamos así:\nLog.d(\"TAG\", obtenerResultadoFuncionLenta());\n\nAunque tengamos enableLog a false, esa función se evaluaría aunque no se escribiese en el log. ", "Si esa función tardase por cualquier motivo, estaríamos relentizando la aplicación y consumiendo batería innecesariamente.", "\nSin embargo si la llamamos con la lambda de esta manera:\nLog.d(\"TAG\", () -> { return obtenerResultadoFuncionLenta() });\n\nEsa función solo se evaluaría si enableLog está a true.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Fact is, the person you end up with may not be in the package you expected him/her to be in, so give everyone a fair chance even if you don't immediately feel that spark! ", "When she's not writing, she's watching documentaries, practicing her Cher impression, or eating pasta. ", "When she's not writing, she's watching documentaries, practicing her Cher impression, or eating pasta.", "\n\nMy first men’s group meeting was more than 30 years ago with eight men between 42 and 52 in attendance. ", "Relationships were the first topic that was brought up that night and they remain the number one topic 30 years later.", "\n\nBeen relationship, remove hearts to the possibility christian dating advice for young women a victory.", "\n\nGive players chance trade with christian dating advice for young women virtual money before trying the had in 2009, him the deserves to treated and what happens after asked for your email address,.", "\n\nAfter a few weeks, they've officially entered that awkward phase where uncertainty is king, and I'm sure each member of the couple is spending a great deal of time talking about the relationship with their respective friends. ", "The beginning of a new relationship is scary because you don't really know the person you're dating, so you can't be sure what you're going to get.", "\n\nIn other words, you're investing in a relationship based purely on faith, or your hope that this new person will be good for you." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to create a list with 'pinned' items\n\nI need a special kind of templated list.", "\nIts not a 'listbox' - more like a list in facebook, it just keeps expanding vertically as items are added.", "\nThe magic piece of the puzzle is - any item in the list can be 'pinned'. ", "Once pinned, no matter how many new items are added to the top of the list - or where the user moves the vertical page scrollbar to, the pinned item will never scroll off the bottom of the screen (but it can disappear off the top).", "\nThis could be likened to Excels \"Freeze top row\" but it could be applied to any row, they stack at the bottom of the list instead of the top, and the freeze/float doesnt take effect until the item is about to scroll off the screen...\nHow would one go about writing CSS/javascript for a list of items (probably divs) where any given item could 'float' above other items in such a way?", "\n\nA:\n\nOnce an item is \"pinned,\" you probably want to move it into a separate div for pinned items with position: fixed at the bottom of the viewport.", "\nHere's an example:\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/SG5M3/2/\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Find Out Which Template File is Used in Current Page With What The File Plugin\n\nA theme (also known as template) is responsible for the looks and feel of your WordPress powered blog. ", "Sometimes you may want to customize the theme as per your needs but the problem is that you may don’t know which file is generating that particular WordPress page on the front end. ", "That’s where a nifty plugin named as What the File comes to the rescue.", "\n\nAfter installing this plugin, you don’t need to configure any settings. ", "Visit the front-end of your website and you’ll notice a new addition to the WordPress admin bar. ", "You just need to hover your mouse over “What The File” and then you can see which PHP file is responsible/generating the current page.", "\n\nClick on this template name and then you’ll be taken to the Dashboard where you can edit the same file.", "\n\nThis plugin would really come in handy for WordPress beginners who are not much aware of templating system. ", "Those who are working on theme development will also benefit from this plugin.", "\n\nNote that you need to enable the toolbar from back-end, just in case if you’ve disabled it. ", "To do this, go to Users -> Your Profile and check mark “Show Toolbar when viewing site.”" ]

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[ "The Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Riverport in Richmond includes free 24 hr airport shuttle by request or complimentary overnight parking. ", "Easy access to local attractions, business, Vancouver and Vancouver-Airport (YVR). ", "Complimentary high-speed Internet access keeps you connected. ", "During your stay, enjoy a swim in the heated indoor pool, relax in the Hot Tub or workout in the fitness centre. ", "Best complimentary hot breakfast buffet every morning. ", "Vacation travelers love our Richmond hotel because they experience all that Vancouver and the British Columbia area has to offer. ", "Holiday Inn Express is ideal for families staying in Metro Vancouver, we are steps from Richmond Ice Center, Watermania, Cineplex Movies, IMAX Entertainment Complex. ", "Many restaurants, two pubs, Silvercity movies all within walking distance of our hotel. ", "Nature lovers tour the Vancouver Aquarium or explore many parks in the area. ", "Historic Steveston Village and Vancouvers Gastown in downtown-Vancouver, easy access from our Richmond hotel, offering visitors a glimpse into the past.", "Easy access tobusiness parks, corporate centers, Annacis Island, Delta Business Area and Vancouver / Richmond General Hospital our hotel in Richmond, British Columbia is perfect for business travelers attending meetings in Richmond or Vancouver.", "\n\nGuest Reviews\n\nRated 4.6 out of 5 by 378\nreviewers.", "\n\nRated 5.0 out of 5.0 by DZ133 Great value, comfortable family hotel\nI stay here with my family every time we visit Vancouver. ", "Need I say more!", "\nFebruary 28, 2015\n\nRated 5.0 out of 5.0 by YukonAmy Fantastic Place for an Overnight Stay\nWe had to overnight in Vancouver as part of our trip. ", "We got this hotel as a mystery hotel from a secondary seller and could not have been more pleased with the result. ", "It was modestly priced, had a complimentary airport shuttle, complimentary breakfast, and free wifi. ", "The staff were4 all wonderful. ", "Because we were leaving too early for breakfast they provided us with a snack that we could take with us. ", "It is conveniently located in a complex with many restaurants and a huge Cineplex location, so lots to do without having to go donwtown. ", "Their pool and hottub were a nice relaxing way to start our vacation. ", "we will definitely be back.", "\nFebruary 27, 2015\n\nRated 5.0 out of 5.0 by Sibermonk Great Experience\nWe arrived on Family Day weekend just to catch the premier of an Imax 3D movie in the Riverport Complex. ", "We were we blown away by the number of other family activities right at our doorstep. ", "The hotel itself is everything you've read about and more. ", "The front desk were efficient and friendly, making sure we knew where everything was. ", "Hat's off to whoever is training them because 5 minutes after we'd unpacked we got a call from the front desk just to see if we 'required anything!' ", "The quality and price of a room with two queen beds and a separate living room with a queen pull out couch beat anything in the city hands down. ", "The complimentary breakfast buffet had something for everyone. ", "We're looking forward to a longer stay next time.", "\nHappy Kids = Happy Wife = Happy Me!", "\nFebruary 24, 2015\n\nCookie Usage and Settings\n\nThe standard cookie policy for this website is to allow all cookies. ", "This helps to ensure you have the optimal experience. ", "If you would like to continue with our optimal website experience, you don't need to make any changes. ", "If you would like to learn more about how we use cookies or change your settings, you can use the link at the bottom of any page at any time." ]

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[ "Starting Monday, September 21, the City will resume the enforcement of parking in excess of time limits in all areas of the city, including those that are not marked with signs.", "\n\nParking limits in unsigned areas are three hours, Monday to Friday, between 7 am and 7 pm, and six hours on weekends and statutory holidays, between 7 am and 7 pm.", "\n\nInitially, parking control officers will issue warning notices to vehicles that are parked longer than the allowable time limits. ", "Officers will begin to issue tickets on Thursday, October 1.", "\n\nEnforcement of overtime parking on streets without posted signs will only occur on a complaint basis. ", "More than 1,000 complaints have been received citywide regarding vehicles that have not been moved in a significant time.", "\n\nParking enforcement ensures safety, traffic flow, emergency vehicle access and parking space availability as services begin to reopen and normal traffic patterns resume. ", "It has also become necessary to resume the enforcement of overtime parking on residential streets in preparation for snow clearing operations during the winter months.", "\n\nAll other parking restrictions remain in effect, including no-stopping zones, no-parking zones, fire routes, accessible parking spaces and rules around sidewalks, driveways and fire hydrants. ", "Parking restrictions continue to be enforced in areas with Pay and Display machines." ]

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[ "\"That is in my opinion not only illegal but extremely unethical.\" ", "He speculated that the material gathered on Assange would already be in the hands of the US government, which would use it to help get the WikiLeaks founder extradited to face charges as soon as he leaves the Ecuadorean embassy in London. ", "Assange’s lawyer Jennifer Robinson said it was a severe breach of lawyer-client privilege and undermined his legal team’s ability to properly defend their client. ", "At a press conference in London, Hrafnsson showed copies of photos, videos and documents from the alleged extortionists' hoard. ", "They included a copy of a lawyer's notes, images from a medical examination and video and photos taken inside embassy rooms showing Assange in various meetings, including with Hrafnsson.", "\n\n'We have this and a lot of more' Hrafnsson said WikiLeaks heard a few weeks ago that \"some individuals\" in Spain were passing around information on Assange, apparently sourced from inside Ecuador's London embassy, and that they claimed to have \"a massive trove of documents\" on him. ", "He contacted a member of the group, who identified himself as \"PM\", who said \"this information has a price\" and sent through samples of what they had, including a snapshot from a video recording of Hrafnsson meeting Assange inside the embassy in November last year. ", "The alleged extortionist told Hrafnsson \"we have this and a lot of more [sic], apart of very important (committed) audios. ", "The price is from 3,000,000 euros, or we'll start to publish by our own way (media, press, etc...)\". ", "The alleged extortionists said their offer was a \"rather good deal because they had offers of 9 million dollars from various outlets for the entire material\", Hrafnsson said.", "\n\nWikileaks has discovered an extensive 'spying operation' against Julian Assange. ", "From left Fidel Narvaez, former consul of Ecuador to London; Kristinn Hrafnsson, Editor-in-chief, WikiLeaks; Jennifer Robinson, Julian Assange's barrister. ", "Credit:Nick Miller \"It's not hard to see that as extortion and that's how I viewed it,\" Hrafnsson said. ", "He contacted Spanish police and 10 days ago travelled to Spain to review the material, secretly recording a three-hour meeting with four members of the group. ", "He said he had discovered the name of one of those people. ", "In the meeting he was shown \"hundreds of thousands of documents\" in 103 folders, including gigabytes of videos of \"sensitive meetings\" and even copies of the passports of visitors to the embassy. ", "Hrafnsson said last year the embassy installed new high-definition cameras which could record audio as well as video.", "\n\n\"It entailed pretty much everything on the life of Julian Assange,\" Hrafnsson said. ", "It also included a copy of a confidential legal note that one of Assange's lawyers brought to the embassy when assisting Julian to give video evidence in a hearing in Quito, and which recalled he had briefly left unattended in a meeting room. ", "And there was a video of an entire medical examination of Assange by a visiting doctor. '", "Worse than any prisoner has to endure' Spanish police set up a \"sting\" operation in co-operation with WikiLeaks, and an investigating judge has been appointed to take over the case.", "\n\nMost of the material WikiLeaks saw appeared to be from last year. ", "Hrafnsson said he had been aware of the upgraded surveillance cameras in the embassy, and had taken steps to bypass them by, for example, taking in a radio with the volume turned up when meeting Assange, and \"we basically sit whispering in each other's ear\". ", "It was \"worse than any prisoner has to endure\", he said. ", "Video and photos taken inside embassy rooms showing Assange in various meetings. ", "Credit:Nick Miller And he said he did not see any irony in relation to WikiLeaks' usual treatment of classified and secret material, saying \"everyone agrees\" that there is some material that should not be made public. ", "Hrafnsson said he did not want to speculate on how the material came into the hands of the Spanish group, but he said WikiLeaks had more material from its recording of the Spanish meeting that \"will possibly cast more light\" on the connection to Ecuador, and which WikiLeaks will publish in the future.", "\n\nLast week Ecuador’s President Lenin Moreno said Assange had \"repeatedly violated\" the conditions of his asylum. ", "He said there was \"proof of espionage, of hacking, of the fact that phones have been intercepted and private conversations, there are even pictures of my bedroom\". ", "The message the alleged extortionist sent to WikiLeaks' editor Kristinn Hrafnsson. ", "Credit:Nick Miller WikiLeaks then claimed a \"high-level source within the Ecuadorian state\" had revealed a plan to expel Assange from the embassy within \"hours to days\" – and that it already has an agreement with the UK for his arrest. ", "Assange’s team have canvassed that their client may move back to Australia if he leaves the embassy. ", "He has reportedly been granted a new Australian passport, after the government renewed consular visits to the embassy to check on his welfare." ]

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[ "To say that Stanford University right-hander A.J. Vanegas has taken a road less traveled to the 2013 MLB First-Year Player Draft doesn’t begin to adequately describe the journey. ", "In his own words, there have been enough “twists and turns” on this road to leave him feeling like a snack-bar pretzel.", "\n\nIt’s been a long, strange trip that Vanegas first set off on as a Perfect Game All-American performer in 2009, a Rawlings First Team All-American in 2010 and eventually as a seventh-round pick of the San Diego Padres in the 2010 MLB amateur draft. ", "After deciding that a professional career could wait, the native of Alameda, Calif., landed on the Stanford campus in Palo Alto where the journey became – again, using his words – “very interesting.”", "\n\nThere is no question that this past 10 months or so has been especially “interesting.” ", "Vanegas suffered a back injury while pitching in the Cape Cod League last summer and nursed that injury through the fall and into the winter before deciding to have surgery. ", "The initial injury and the recovery from surgery kept him away from the game for about eight months.", "\n\nDespite that layoff, he came into the spring feeling good and excited to get his junior season under way. ", "He stepped back into the closer’s role he had taken over as a sophomore and in seven appearances went 1-1 with four saves and a 3.38 ERA in eight innings, allowing 10 hits and striking out 10. ", "His fastball was sitting in the 95-97 mph range.", "\n\n“I kind of felt back to where I was at the beginning of the summer,” Vanegas told Perfect Game in a telephone conversation this week. “", "I definitely felt like it was starting to get there and that I had worked through this back issue, and then I got hit again.”", "\n\nThat “hit” came last month in the form of a diagnosis of mononucleosis, an illness that sent Vanegas back to the sidelines with little to do but reflect on a year full of challenges.", "\n\n“This whole year has been kind of a learning lesson for me,” he said. “", "It’s been frustrating but at the same time it’s taught me a lot. ", "I’ve gotten into the coaches’ shoes a little bit and I’m seeing the game from a different perspective. ", "I’ve been able to look at my teammates and learn from guys, like how Mark (Appel) pitches and how (John) Hochstatter pitches and just everybody, really. ", "It’s been an interesting year; I’ve definitely learned a lot.”", "\n\nDoctors monitoring Vanegas’ ongoing battle against mono have cleared him to play, although he still is experiencing a slight enlargement of his spleen. ", "Because of that, the doctors’ clearance came with some strings attached.", "\n\n“I was cleared to play as much as I could tolerate,” Vanegas explained. “", "One of my main symptoms is fatigue in the legs and it’s just been tough on my whole body. ", "I feel a lot sorer than usual and everything is just kind of shutting down. ", "So I’m still battling it and I’m still looking for that day when everything will come back to me.”", "\n\nHe is optimistic about his chances of getting back out on the mound yet this season, especially if the Cardinal advance into postseason play. ", "Patience is the key, and Vanegas said that whatever transpires he’ll be at peace with it.", "\n\nThis whole question of No. ", "25-ranked Stanford qualifying for an NCAA postseason berth is what most occupies Vanegas’ mind these days. ", "The Cardinal are 27-16 overall and 11-10 in Pacific-12 Conference play with Pac-12 weekend series remaining against No. ", "7 Oregon State, unranked California and No. ", "9 UCLA.", "\n\nBut pardon Vanegas if his thoughts may drift to the upcoming draft from time-to-time, although he denies it. ", "Despite the setbacks this season, he is still widely projected to be a first-round selection.", "\n\nPerfect Game national scouting supervisor Todd Gold ranked Vanegas the 18th overall prospect with ties to California in the PG California MLB Draft Preview published April 26. ", "In his assessment of Vanegas, Gold wrote:\n\n“At his best, Vanegas can run his fastball into the mid-90s and back it with a power slider, giving him a pair of plus offerings that are the foundation for his high ceiling. … ", "The question ultimately becomes whether he can harness his powerful raw stuff, stay healthy, and make the transition from the bullpen to a starting role.”", "\n\nPerfect Game released its first mock draft on April 18, and PG managing editor Patrick Ebert, playing the role of scouting director for the Detroit Tigers, selected Vanegas with the 20th overall pick of the first round. ", "In making the selection, Ebert wrote:\n\n“Detroit likes big arms on their staff, and while Vanegas hasn't been able to stay healthy long enough to show what he can do on a consistent basis, he has been up to 97/98 this spring and could be developed as a starter at the next level with three solid pitches.”", "\n\n“I haven’t really thought about the draft,” Vanegas insisted. “", "I always like to take things one day at time and honestly, right now I’m just focused on trying to get back with my team; it’s been tough to sit and watch people.”", "\n\nThis road less traveled began with Vanegas’ freshman season in 2011 when he joined a Cardinal pitching staff that included sophomore right-hander Mark Appel – a first-round pick of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2012 who decided to return to Stanford for his senior season and is projected to be one of the first two players taken in June’s draft. ", "Vanegas made three starts in 2011 but his other 20 appearances all came out of the bullpen; he finished 1-0 with a 3.35 ERA.", "\n\nVanegas worked as a weekend starter, set-up man and closer during his sophomore year, and settled nicely into the closer’s role toward the end of the season. ", "He finished 4-0 with five saves and a 2.62 ERA after 21 appearances, including five starts. ", "The season provided an excellent springboard into the summer season on the Cape, although that experience was eventually dampened by a sore back.", "\n\n“I’ve definitely had a very interesting three years here,” Vanegas said. “", "I really got humbled my freshman year; that was one of my first learning experiences, just how this game can eat you when you get over confident. ", "My sophomore year was kind of the same story … but things started to click late in the year; I found my role as a closer and got kind of comfortable with it.", "\n\n“It’s been a rough three years but the learning experiences I’ve taken away from it are invaluable. ", "Just struggling with all these trials … I can tell you that I’ve been through a lot here.”", "\n\nBefore Vanegas landed in Palo Alto, he was active in eight Perfect Game events. ", "His first PG showcase experience came at the 2008 PG West Coast Top Prospect Showcase in San Bernardino, Calif., where he earned a perfect 10.0 PG grade rating. ", "He was at the 2009 PG National Showcase in Minneapolis that featured current Baltimore Orioles third baseman Manny Machado and pitched in the 2009 Perfect Game All-American Classic, where he faced current Washington Nationals outfielder Bryce Harper.", "\n\n“I feel like they give a high-schooler goals to set for themselves,” Vanegas said of the PG showcases. “", "I remember watching the (Perfect Game) All-American Game when I was a freshman or a sophomore, and I was with my mom and I said, ‘I want to be that guy; I want to be out there one day.’ ", "Perfect Game gives you goals to reach, and just meeting the guys there – I still keep in touch with a lot of them – it gives you kind of a sneak-peak at who you’re going to end up playing against throughout your career.”", "\n\nHe also played in five PG WWBA tournaments, including the 2008 and ’09 PG WWBA World Championship in Jupiter, Fla., when he was with the San Gabriel Valley Arsenal. ", "The 2009 SVG Arsenal team featured 16 players that had signed letters of intent with Division I schools.", "\n\n“That was one of the first really big tournaments that I played in on the East Coast,” Vanegas said. “", "I was shocked at how many great players were there that I hadn’t seen before just because they were on the East Coast. ", "It kind of makes you realize that the baseball world is bigger than you expected it to be. ", "I enjoyed seeing how big and how broad the player base was.”", "\n\nMachado and Orioles’ right-hander Dylan Bundy were also at that 2009 PG WWBA World Championship, and both have made their major league debuts. ", "They were also two of 44 players at that tournament that went on to become either first round or first round compensation draft picks in the 2010 draft. ", "Vanegas lasted until the seventh round, and it has been widely reported that he turned down a $2 million signing bonus from the Padres and headed to Stanford instead.", "\n\n“I think I was 17 at the time and I came to a point where I just did not know what I wanted to do; I had no clue what was in front of me,” Vanegas said, carefully searching for his words. “", "Just the fact that I didn’t know and I didn’t have a plan showed me just how much growing up I had to do and how immature I kind of was. ", "Going to Stanford provided me a place where I could experience people and grow up a little bit, and I feel like that’s what I’ve done here.", "\n\n“I’ve had some trials but I’ve definitely grown up and taken more responsibilities for myself.”", "\n\nIt has, indeed, been a road less traveled. ", "There is a simple beauty in Vanegas’ story: regardless of the roadblocks and detours encountered along the way, it’s always possible to reach the most desired destination.", "\n\nWhen Vanegas was a senior at Redwood Christian High, he dreamed of one day being a first round draft pick. ", "There may have been some pretzel-like turns along the way, but that dream has a pretty good chance of becoming reality on June 6.", "\n\n“This is exactly where I envisioned myself to be,” Vanegas said. “", "As far as how I got here, though, that was totally unpredictable. ", "I didn’t know if I was going to come in (to Stanford) and start or do whatever, and there’s just been so many twists and turns that it’s brought me to my lowest points and it’s brought me to my highest points. ", "I don’t regret anything – taking the steps from Redwood Christian to here was exactly what was planned for me.", "\n\n“My first couple of years here made me realize that it’s all about competing more than anything. ", "This is still a game and I want to be one of the toughest competitors out there.”" ]

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[ "The third image shows the Cambridges as a family of five, with Kate Middleton lovingly looking down at her son as little Charlotte and George stand nearby with William.", "\n\nAlso attending were Kate's parents, her brother and sister and Louis' six godparents, who are close friends or relatives of William and Kate.", "\n\nMr Holyoak told BBC News that \"everyone was so relaxed and in such good spirits, it was an absolute pleasure\". ", "Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip were not in attendance, and are therefore not in the photos, due a week of busy engagements, according to Press Association.", "\n\n\"I only hope I have captured some of that joy in my photographs\".", "\n\nThe following day the Queen, alongside other members of the royal family, attended the RAF centenary in London.", "\n\nAnd in the last and most touching image, proud mother Duchess Catherine cradles her son in the gardens of Clarence House - their unbreakable bond on full display as the 36-year-old looks down at her son with pure glee and elation. ", "As seen here, Harry's cheeky older brother Prince William ended up stealing the show.", "\n\nCOMMENTS\n\nRecent Posts\n\nCroatia will be fresh for World Cup semi final: CoachJul 16, 2018\nCroatia midfielder Ivan Rakitic is in career-best form at the World Cup , according to coach Zlatko Dalic. ", "We played today better than against Argentina. \"", "They are a top-drawer team with fantastic players\".", "\n\nTour de France: Stage 7 highlightsJul 16, 2018\nOnce they're through that, the riders will swoop down and across the Eure river with 1K to go. ", "Defending champion Chris Froome crossed eight seconds after Martin in 18th.", "\n\nMay demands rebels back her plan or risk 'no Brexit'Jul 15, 2018\nSpeaking on the BBC's Andrew Marr show , Mrs May said the US President also advised her not to walk away from negotiations. ", "The Prime Minister acknowledged that there were strong feelings regarding the terms of Britain's withdrawal from the EU.", "\n\n8th boy rescued from Thai cave, 5 people remainJul 11, 2018\nIt had been feared that sustained heavy rain could raise water levels inside the cave, greatly hindering the rescue operation . ", "Interior affairs minister Anupong Paojinda said Monday their health is good but declined to elaborate.", "\n\nDzagoev 'ambivalent' about Russia's World Cup performancesJul 11, 2018\nHe said: \"We are really proud of the support we have received\". \"", "We can't wait to get going now against Croatia \", he added. ", "Petersburg, Sochi, Kazan, Saransk, Kaliningrad, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg and Samara.", "\n\nLucas Torreira confirms Gunners move ahead of medicalJul 09, 2018\nAnd according to French outlet Ouest-France, Lorient midfielder Guendouzi will under go his Arsenal medical today. ", "Arsenal could have some competition in the race to sign Sevilla midfielder Steven N'Zonzi." ]

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[ "Thanks Ticker for your post. ", "I have learned so much by reading posts from people such as yourself and others that have been so informative and helpful. ", "It wasn't until I read experiences on this board and heard a lecture given at a local town by a LLMD that I started to think \"hey I have all of those symptoms\". ", "I never heard of co-infections and just assumed since I tested negative for lyme it couldn't be Lyme related. ", "Were you treated with IV antibiotics after the orals? ", "My Dr. mentioned that I might have to do IV after 6 months on orals. ", "Are you now 100% free of any symptoms? ", "I just hope my HMO covers the length of treatment on antibiotics. ", "What other symptoms did you experience? ", "I continue to feel the fatigue, pins and needles, stiff neck. ", "I just started B-12 injections twice a week which I feel are helping with the fatigue and pains. ", "I only started treatment in June so I realize I have a long way to go. ", "As of now I will continue the treatment my LLMD recommends and put the MS diagnosis out of my mind. ", "Thanks again for sharing all your knowledge with us." ]

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[ "Let's take all these Oklahoma storms and get them over with before bedtime\n\n543 shares" ]

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[ "Lifetime measurements of SO2 below the Clement's A-band.", "\nHigh resolution laser induced fluorescence spectrum of jet-cooled SO(2) is recorded toward the blue side of the Clement's A-Band in the region of 314-319 nm. ", "Time resolved fluorescence measurements have been carried out for all the prominent peaks in this region. ", "Most of the peaks exhibited double exponential decay profiles. ", "Some of the rovibronic bands exhibited quantum beats with strong quantum beats observed at 315.261 and 315.271 nm. ", "This is the first observation of quantum beats in SO(2) in the absence of any external magnetic or electric fields. ", "The decay profiles of the beating rovibronic bands were fitted using a four-level model by least-squares fitting method. ", "The fitting shows that all the measured bands were double exponential with a similar first lifetime of approximately 3 mus and a varying second lifetime of the order of 1 micros-100 ns with a beating frequency of approximately 1 MHz. ", "These quantum beats, in the absence of any external field, indicate rotational level mixing between the A (1)A(2) and the B (1)B(1) vibronic states which are near resonant due to the high density of states of these two states." ]

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[ "u + 12323 = 0. ", "Is 110 a factor of t?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5*r - 45843 = 3*y, 7*r - 9*r - 5*y = -18300. ", "Does 47 divide r?", "\nTrue\nLet y(c) = -1671*c - 4701. ", "Is y(-19) a multiple of 276?", "\nTrue\nLet b = -236 - -236. ", "Suppose b = 2*s - 451 - 121. ", "Is 12 a factor of s?", "\nFalse\nLet m = 225 - 226. ", "Does 5 divide 75055/425 - (m + 8/5)?", "\nFalse\nLet p(u) = -13*u + 19*u - 8*u + 47 - 3*u. ", "Is 6 a factor of p(-15)?", "\nFalse\nLet m(u) = 4*u**2 - 7*u - 16. ", "Let s(r) = 8*r - 22. ", "Let t be s(2). ", "Is 17 a factor of m(t)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -53*x - 24857 + 91076 + 71157 = 0. ", "Does 144 divide x?", "\nTrue\nLet r(q) = -6*q + 138. ", "Let s be r(16). ", "Let i = 76 - s. Is i a multiple of 34?", "\nTrue\nIs 14 a factor of 5235 - (-38)/((-114)/(-45))?", "\nTrue\nLet i = 122347 - 178457. ", "Is 2/(-8) + i/(-248) a multiple of 24?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*p = -h + 4*p - 8, 0 = h - 3*p + 13. ", "Let q be 0/(3 - 2 - h). ", "Suppose q = -2*w + 7*w - 375. ", "Is w a multiple of 20?", "\nFalse\nLet n = 3 + 1. ", "Suppose -n*l - 4*l = -0*l. ", "Let r = l - -18. ", "Is 4 a factor of r?", "\nFalse\nLet i(n) = -818*n**2 - 4*n - 5. ", "Let z be i(-1). ", "Let h = -603 - z. Is h a multiple of 39?", "\nFalse\nLet f(n) = 1928*n**2 - 44*n + 12. ", "Is 93 a factor of f(-2)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -11*n - 15 = 7. ", "Let m(x) = -46*x - 37. ", "Is m(n) a multiple of 3?", "\nFalse\nLet b = 31 + -31. ", "Let m(f) = -f**3 - f**2 - f - 951. ", "Let w be m(b). ", "Is 20 a factor of w/(-12) - (-3)/(-12)?", "\nFalse\nLet s = -1359 - -2389. ", "Suppose 0 = 5*d + 5*l - s, -3*d + 2*l = -2*l - 590. ", "Is d a multiple of 29?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5*m - 4810 - 12132 = -2*g, m = 4*g - 33928. ", "Is g a multiple of 91?", "\nFalse\nLet w(a) = -a**2 - a - 15 + 2*a**2 + a - 6*a. ", "Suppose -5*j + 3 + 52 = 0. ", "Does 5 divide w(j)?", "\nTrue\nIs 3 a factor of -2*6/8 + 3240/48?", "\nTrue\nLet p(c) = 20*c**3 - 65*c**2 + 80*c + 24. ", "Let g(o) = 9*o**3 - 32*o**2 + 40*o + 12. ", "Let u(z) = 9*g(z) - 4*p(z). ", "Is u(27) a multiple of 33?", "\nTrue\nLet r(c) = 5*c**2 + 10. ", "Let l be r(3). ", "Let z = l - 52. ", "Suppose 3*v - z*n = 417, -4*n = 5 - 1. ", "Is v a multiple of 23?", "\nTrue\nLet w be -6 + 8 - -1 - (-1 - 158). ", "Does 12 divide (-7200)/135*w/(-8)?", "\nTrue\nLet z = 247 - 214. ", "Let m(o) = -o**2 + 37*o + 17. ", "Does 9 divide m(z)?", "\nFalse\nLet z(x) = 13*x + 139. ", "Suppose -229*r + 228*r = -6. ", "Is z(r) a multiple of 3?", "\nFalse\nLet x = -9837 - -18406. ", "Suppose -41*o + x = -0*o. ", "Is 19 a factor of o?", "\nTrue\nLet k(b) = 150*b - 2088. ", "Does 93 divide k(22)?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*t - t - 4*k = -14, 2*k = -3*t + 28. ", "Let i(n) = n**2 - 8*n + 14. ", "Let w be i(t). ", "Suppose 5*j + 5*s - 2*s - 566 = 0, -236 = -w*j + 2*s. ", "Does 23 divide j?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -577668 = -83*v + 37*v. ", "Is 12 a factor of v?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 6200 = 2*r + 4*f, 6205 = 4*r + 2*f - 6201. ", "Is r a multiple of 22?", "\nTrue\nLet n be -1 - (-3 + 2 + -68). ", "Let h = -1223 - -1243. ", "Let p = n - h. Is p a multiple of 7?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 28711 = -l + 3*l - y, 0 = 2*l - 2*y - 28710. ", "Is 50 a factor of l?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 9417 = a - 2*z - 0*z, -16 = -4*z. ", "Does 129 divide a?", "\nFalse\nLet a(h) = 3*h**2 - 7*h + 10. ", "Let x be a(4). ", "Let v be 3/((-1 - 1)/x). ", "Does 18 divide (v/(-12))/((-4)/(-192))?", "\nTrue\nLet f = 544 + -545. ", "Does 48 divide ((-4632)/36 - 1/3)*f?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -5*w + 3*m = -30165, w - 31*m - 6011 = -26*m. ", "Is 33 a factor of w?", "\nFalse\nLet s be (-6 - 51/(-9))*(36 + -3). ", "Let h(g) = 3*g**2 + 11*g + 9. ", "Is h(s) a multiple of 13?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -22*j = -21*j - 2. ", "Suppose -5*f = -4*f - j. Suppose h - 12 = 3*i, 5*i = -4*h + f*i + 3. ", "Is h even?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 2*p - 3*p + 598 = 0. ", "Let b = 1053 - p. Is b a multiple of 35?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -2*s + 1 = 7, 3*s = 3*p - 144. ", "Suppose -22 = -14*l + 3*l. ", "Is (l - 6 - 1) + p a multiple of 4?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4237 = 2*s - 22027. ", "Is s a multiple of 15?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -v + 2*t = -11114, 21*v = 19*v - 3*t + 22277. ", "Is 14 a factor of v?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = -3*i + 325 + 3860. ", "Is i a multiple of 31?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 33*w - 43*w = -1090. ", "Suppose -3*g + 5*f - 255 = 0, -5*g + f - 394 = 3*f. ", "Let k = w + g. Does 19 divide k?", "\nFalse\nLet a be (286/(-4) - 2)/(18/180). ", "Does 15 divide a/42*(-264)/10?", "\nFalse\nLet y be (-7)/4*-4 + -4. ", "Suppose y*b - 693 - 522 = 0. ", "Does 9 divide b?", "\nTrue\nLet c = 50 + -50. ", "Suppose 1740 = 2*p - 4*a + 9*a, 3*p - a - 2576 = c. Is p a multiple of 47?", "\nFalse\nLet q(m) = 25*m**2 - m - 5. ", "Let y be q(3). ", "Let s = 346 - y. Is s*(-4 - (-13)/3) a multiple of 6?", "\nFalse\nLet o(q) = -4*q + 52. ", "Let s be o(10). ", "Suppose 0 = s*f - 14*f + 492. ", "Is 41 a factor of f?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = 7*k - 5*k - 8. ", "Let n(z) = 2*z**3 + 5*z**2 - 13*z + 1. ", "Let g be n(k). ", "Suppose s - g = -4*h, 3*h - 2*s - 78 = 37. ", "Is h a multiple of 6?", "\nFalse\nLet v = -11694 - -19871. ", "Is v a multiple of 17?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4*l + 1314 = 3*z - 475, -4*z = -5*l - 2406. ", "Suppose -z = -o + 4*m - 65, 1650 = 3*o + 4*m. ", "Is 8 a factor of o?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -66159 = 4*j - 34*j - 15009. ", "Does 155 divide j?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -8*y - 15540 + 50612 = 0. ", "Is y a multiple of 8?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 4*k - 1178 - 3418 = 5*w, -9144 = -8*k - 2*w. ", "Does 3 divide k?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 99*b + 189242 = 565873 + 424972. ", "Is 52 a factor of b?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 14*q + q = 105. ", "Suppose 585 = 5*m + 3*x, 9*x - q*x = 4*m - 446. ", "Is 38 a factor of m?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4*r - 36 = -10*r. ", "Suppose -39 + r = -3*z. ", "Suppose -z*k + 533 = -490. ", "Is k a multiple of 22?", "\nFalse\nLet x = 73 - 154. ", "Let g = -261 - x. Is ((-6)/(-8))/((-3)/g) a multiple of 19?", "\nFalse\nLet h(z) = -3*z**2 - 20*z - 4. ", "Let q be 3*((-3)/1 - (-48)/12). ", "Suppose -17 = 4*l - q*s, -3*l - 3 - 7 = -5*s. ", "Is h(l) a multiple of 11?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 43*m - 10716 = 8376. ", "Is 15 a factor of m?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 3*n = -2*l + 41, n = l + 5*n - 33. ", "Let j(q) = 36*q - 20. ", "Is j(l) a multiple of 28?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -z - 2*v + 17894 = 4*z, 0 = 3*v + 9. ", "Is z a multiple of 7?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 481 + 103 = -2*c. ", "Let t be (4 - (-34)/(-4))/(3/c). ", "Let u = t - 290. ", "Does 37 divide u?", "\nTrue\nLet n be ((-28)/6 + 4)/(2/(-3)). ", "Is 14 a factor of (1/(n/(-12)))/(71/(-497))?", "\nTrue\nLet q = -37613 + 78137. ", "Is 72 a factor of q?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = 2*l - 149 - 8971. ", "Suppose 201*k - l = 193*k. ", "Does 30 divide k?", "\nTrue\nLet k(i) = 1502*i - 6956. ", "Does 49 divide k(43)?", "\nFalse\nLet k(o) = 14*o + 64. ", "Let r be k(-5). ", "Let h(p) = 2*p**3 + 11*p**2 - 17*p - 14. ", "Does 4 divide h(r)?", "\nTrue\nLet g be ((-18)/15)/((-4)/(-10)). ", "Let t be 0 - g - (-1*2 + 1). ", "Suppose 4*y + 10 = -a + 21, -t*y - 65 = -3*a. ", "Does 3 divide a?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -24 + 0 = -4*z, 0 = f + 5*z - 806. ", "Is f a multiple of 4?", "\nTrue\nLet l be (-9 - -4)/(5/(-2)). ", "Let y be (-24)/((-36)/6) + l/(-1). ", "Is 3 a factor of 25*y + -5 + 4 + -1?", "\nTrue\nLet g(s) = -35*s + 17. ", "Let d(w) = -35*w + 15. ", "Let a(v) = -3*d(v) + 4*g(v). ", "Is 9 a factor of a(-5)?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -399 = -2*q - 363. ", "Let i = 22 + q. Is 7 a factor of i?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 10*s - 302 = -7112. ", "Is (-2)/10 + s/(-5) a multiple of 17?", "\nTrue\nLet w(y) = y + 37. ", "Let b be w(0). ", "Let r = 23 - b. Let h = 22 - r. Is h a multiple of 12?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -63*g + 1677824 = 53*g. ", "Is g a multiple of 3?", "\nFalse\nLet q = -242 - -1743. ", "Is 8 a factor of (-21)/126 + q/6?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -33*r - 50827 + 680572 = 28221. ", "Is 12 a factor of r?", "\nTrue\nLet h = 1325 - -1983. ", "Is 39 a factor of h?", "\nFalse\nDoes 2 divide 193 + 8 + -8 - 6/(-6)?", "\nTrue\nLet p = 308 - 284. ", "Suppose -7400 = -16*j - p*j. ", "Does 6 divide j?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -4*b = 7*b - 693. ", "Is 30 a factor of 6*6/(-12) + b?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 550*t = 556*t - 39031 - 4991. ", "Is 34 a factor of t?", "\nFalse\nLet c be (-2)/(6/(-921)) + 12/12. ", "Let w = c + -100. ", "Is 10 a factor of w?", "\nFalse\nLet i(w) = -w**3 - 10*w**2 - 7*w + 15. ", "Suppose 10*c + 65 = -3*c. ", "Let p be i(c). ", "Let q = 134 + p. Is 8 a factor of q?", "\nFalse\nLet m(u) = 911*u - 5600. ", "Does 61 divide m(27)?", "\nFalse\nLet x be -8 - -2 - (-16 - -4). ", "Suppose -x*s = -3*s - 3*l - 171, 0 = 3*l + 9. ", "Is 27 a factor of s?", "\nTrue\nLet r(s) = 254*s**3 - 2*s**2 + s. Let p be r(1). ", "Suppose 91 = -30*f + 211. ", "Suppose -3*x = x - o - 251, -f*x - o + p = 0. ", "Does 9 divide x?", "\nTrue\nLet z be 4 + 948/18*3. ", "Suppose 0 = 2*m - 2, 3*m - 417 = -3*t + z. Does 22 divide t?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -m + 1 = 4, 2*r = -2*m - 8. ", "Let b be -1*r*(2 - -1). ", "Does 28 divide (b/(-9))/(277/(-138) - -2)?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 19*f = -875 + 22383. ", "Suppose -5*i - 5*n = -1105, 3*i + 2*i - f = 4*n. ", "Does 28 divide i?", "\nTrue\nLet p(b) = -86*b - 12272. ", "Is 58 a factor of p(-145)?", "\nFalse\nLet x = 137 - 19. ", "Suppose 2*p = -x + 686. ", "Is 11 a factor of p?", "\nFalse\nLet y(w) = -w**3 - w**2 - w - 1. ", "Let l(m) = 8*m**2 + 12*m - 16. ", "Let c be (-4 - -8) + -1*5. ", "Let b(o) = c*y(o) + l(o). ", "Is 15 a factor of b(-6)?", "\nTrue\nLet p(f) = 18*f - 51. ", "Let o be p(3). ", "Su" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "#if UNITY_EDITOR\nusing UnityEngine.", "PostProcessing;\n\nnamespace UnityEditor.", "PostProcessing\n{\n [PostProcessingModelEditor(typeof(ChromaticAberrationModel))]\n public class ChromaticaAberrationModelEditor : DefaultPostFxModelEditor\n {\n }\n}\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Research on the effectiveness of intermittent cervical traction therapy, using short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials.", "\nShort-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were measured before and after intermittent cervical traction therapy to serve as objective indicators of therapy effectiveness. ", "The subjects were 29 patients with myelopathy, 23 with cervical radiculopathy, 28 with cervical sprain, and 26 healthy individuals. ", "SSEPs were recorded by stimulating the median nerve, and the negative potentials elicited from the brachial plexus (N9), neck (N11, lcN13, ucN13), and somatosensory area (N18) were measured to determine interpeak latencies and then corrected latency. ", "As to the changes in SSEPs following traction, the N11-lcN13 and lcN13-ucN13 interpeak latencies for patients with type I and II myelopathy decreased, and the severity of myelopathy was inversely related to the degree of decrease. ", "The ucN13-N18 interpeak latency for some patients with severe myelopathy increased. ", "The N9-N11 and N11-lcN13 interpeak latencies for patients with cervical radiculopathy decreased, and the ucN13-N18 for patients with cervical sprain accompanied by autonomic nervous symptoms also decreased. ", "Traction therapy might improve conduction disturbance primarily by increasing the amount of blood flow from the nerve roots to the spinal parenchyma." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Effective multiple stages continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation by immobilized bioreactors: Making full use of fresh corn stalk.", "\nIn order to make full use of the fresh corn stalk, the sugar containing juice was used as the sole substrate for acetone-butanol-ethanol production without any nutrients supplement, and the bagasse after squeezing the juice was used as the immobilized carrier. ", "A total 21.34g/L of ABE was produced in batch cells immobilization system with ABE yield of 0.35g/g. A continuous fermentation containing three stages with immobilized cells was conducted and the effect of dilution rate on fermentation was investigated. ", "As a result, the productivity and ABE solvents concentration reached 0.80g/Lh and 19.93g/L, respectively, when the dilution rate in each stage was 0.12/h (corresponding to a dilution rate of 0.04/h in the whole system). ", "And the long-term operation indicated the continuous multiple stages ABE fermentation process had good stability and showed the great potential in future industrial applications." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "See more for some background. ", "Typing :more! ", "will print all\nremaining blocks of documentation.", "\n\n:More! ", "is like :more except that it prints all the text at once.", "\nFor example, if you type :doc name you will see some text followed\nby ``(cont'd)''. ", "If you then type simply :more! ", "you will see all of\nthe details, while if you type :more you will be fed the next block\nof details." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The primary goal of the app is to enable local communities to find answers to everyday questions about the locality, life and more. ", "In this “Age of Renters“, the surroundings and the people around you keep changing. ", "You might not know who lives down the road or next door. ", "Even if you do, who has the time to stop by and ask something other than on a coordinated weekend?", "\n\nGroup chats and community pages on Social Media used to take care of these things but let’s admit, they’ve gotten way too big and noisy to be of any real use. ", "Finding out who your neighbours are and adding them to local WhatsApp groups just doesn’t work anymore (see above). ", "The only consistent things coming out of group chats nowadays are the ever-exciting “Good Morning” texts and Google agrees with us that they’re useless.", "\n\nThe app displays Questions and answers in a stacked-card format where you can swipe right or left to read/discard them (sound familiar? ", "😉 ). ", "You can type in a question or say it out loud & voice recognition will take care of the rest. ", "The question is routed to neighbourhood experts who post answers and you choose the one best suited for your requirement.", "\n\nThese “experts” will be determined by a ranking & personalization system in the app’s algorithm that ranks users based on how helpful their answers have been and how well they know the community. ", "Badges are earned by being helpful which will be displayed alongside profile pictures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does move-staling work with bury-throws?", "\n\nAs in past games, Smash Ultimate stales your moves the more you use them. ", "This also applies to most throws. ", "The more a certain throw is used, the shorter the distance the opponent will be thrown.", "\nHowever, Smash Ultimate has introduced a new type of throw: a bury-throw. ", "This will cause the opponent to become buried when thrown. ", "For example, King K. Rool and R.O.B.'s down throws will do this:\n\nSince there's no actual trajectory to shorten when thrown, how does move-staling work with bury-throws? ", "Does the bury time lessen as the throw stales? ", "Or does staling not affect the throw at all?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe reason normal throws don't send opponents as far after staling is because staling actually lowers the damage dealt rather than change the formula on how far an opponent is sent. ", " The knockback formula can be looked at here showing that the percentage a move deals helps determine it's knockback distance. ", " So staling on a bury throw will just make it easier (very slightly) to break out since getting out of a bury is based on your percentage when buried.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Carbon fiber is known to be produced from polyethylene fiber by first stabilizing the precursor fiber by liquid immersion sulfonation (e.g., by treatment with chlorosulfonic or sulfuric acid) to make an infusible precursor, and the infusible precursor subjected to pyrolysis to make the carbon fiber. ", "Without the stabilization process, the polyethylene fiber would not be thermally infusible, and therefore, not carbonizable at the high temperatures employed for carbonization.", "\nRapid stabilization via sulfonation of polyethylene precursor fibers is desired for favorable process economics. ", "However, a key problem encountered in the rapid-stabilization process is that the resulting carbon fiber often lacks sufficient strength and other mechanical properties (more specifically, adequate tensile strength and elastic modulus) for applications in which such robust characteristics are needed. ", "Thus, there would be a clear and present advantage in an improved stabilization method that results in higher strength and more robust carbon fibers.", "\nPolymeric fibers with high degree of molecular orientation have high tensile strength and modulus. ", "Sulfonation of polyethylene causes shrinkage in the fiber, with more rapid sulfonation causing a higher degree of fiber shrinkage. ", "The shrinkage force due to sulfonation is substantial for highly oriented fibers, and high orientation imparts more tolerance to shrinkage force. ", "Therefore, a combination of all these would be necessary to attain a preferred fiber morphology via a directed alteration of process sequence that leads to precursor and precursor-derived carbon with long-range order." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "In the first of our party leader interviews ahead of the local elections, we speak to Lib Dem leader Nick Clegg. ", "Tesco boss Philip Clarke on their latest results. ", "And also on the programme, the 70th anniversary of the Doolittle raid on Japan.", "\n\nFor decades the Foreign Office claimed there were no detailed local records kept from the end of the British empire, but after a group of Kenyans brought a case against the government at the High Court, it admitted they did exist. ", "Foreign Secretary William Hague said he wants to release as many files as possible, subject to legal exemptions, and they are being sent to the National Archives with the first tranche of nearly 9,000 records being released today.", "\nSanchia Berg reports.", "\n\n0709 Tesco has announced its latest figures. ", "Business editor Robert Peston has the details.", "\n\nPlease turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play.", "\n\n0712\n\nThe BBC has learned that in the last 24 hours, lawyers for the Libyan military commander Abdul Hakim Belhadj have served a legal claim on the former Foreign Secretary Jack Straw for his alleged role in Mr Belhadj's illegal rendition to Libya in 2004. ", "Security correspondent Frank Gardner has the background to the story while\nSapna Malik, a lawyer representing Abdul Hakim Belhaj, responds.", "\n\nPlease turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play.", "\n\n0718\n\nIt is just four days until the first round of the French presidential election and Nicholas Sarkozy is trailing in the opinion polls.", "\nEurope correspondent Chris Morris reports\nfrom the city of Nantes on how the state of the economy is playing into the campaign.", "\n\n0722 The Treasury Select Committee is warning that quantitative easing, a policy that has led to the creation of £325bn of new money, is \"redistributing\" money from savers to borrowers. ", "Jesse Norman MP, Conservative member of the Treasury Select committee, outlines their concerns.", "\n\n0737 The wife of the British ambassador to the UN has produced a video urging the wife of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to \"stand up for peace\" and ask her husband to stop the bloodshed. ", "United Nations correspondent Barbara Plett has the details.", "\n\n0740 The paper review.", "\n\nPlease turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play.", "\n\n0743\n\nToday is the 70th anniversary of the first US air raid on Japan in response to Pearl Harbor - the Doolittle Raid. ", "Lt Col Edward J. Saylor, who was one of 80 crew members to take part in the Doolittle raid on Tokyo in 1942,\ndescribes his experiences.", "\n\n0747 Thought for the day with Abdal Hakim Murad, Muslim Chaplain at the University of Cambridge.", "\n\nPlease turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play.", "\n\n0751\n\nFor the first time, cameras are to be allowed into the High Court in Edinburgh to film the sentencing of convicted murderer David Gilroy. ", "Brian McConnachie QC, vice-chair of the Faculty of Advocates Criminal Bar Association, and Sir Roger Gale, MP for North Thanet,\ndebate whether this is a step in the right direction.", "\n\n0820 As of this morning, 90% of households in the UK are only able to receive digital television after the analogue signal at London's Crystal Palace transmitter was switched off. ", "Deborah Bain, London manager for Digital UK, explains the process of the digital switchover while Lis Howell, former channel controller at UK Living TV and now deputy head of journalism at City University, reflects on the future of media.", "\n\n0825 Sports news with Alison Mitchell.", "\n\n0830 The British government is leading a campaign to reform the workings of the European Court of Human Rights. ", "Barristers Martin Howe QC and Alex Bailin QC debate the UK's strategy.", "\n\nThe deaths of US soldiers at the hands of rogue Afghan counterparts have added to calls in the US for troops to come home - just as the killing of six British soldiers by a Taliban bomb had a similar effect in the UK.", "\nQuentin Sommerville reports\non how Nato, whose defence and foreign ministers are meeting in Brussels, says the war is still on track and that Afghans will soon be able to take the lead in securing their own country.", "\n\n0845 The government owes the bank of England over £300bn as a result of \"quantitative easing\", a process through which the Treasury issues bonds on the national debt. ", "Allister Heath, editor of City AM, and Marian Bell, former member of the Monetary Policy Committee, discuss whether writing off the debt would greatly relieve the state of the finances of the nation.", "\n\nPlease turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play.", "\n\n0856\n\nThe Foreign Office has finally made public the first batch of thousands of \"lost\" colonial era files believed to have been destroyed. ", "Professor Anthony Badger, master of Clare College, Cambridge, and expert historian supervising the release of documents, and David Anderson, professor of African Politics at the University of Oxford, who issued the first freedom of information request which led to the documents release,\ndiscuss the how and why the documents came to be released.", "\n\nThis page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. ", "While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. ", "Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Anthony Bourdain, host of “Parts Unknown” on CNN, said last week that he would poison Donald Trump if the celebrity chef was asked to cater a peace summit between the President and Kim Jong Un.", "\n\n“Hemlock,” Bourdain simply replied when asked by TMZ what he would serve Trump and the North Korean dictator.", "\n\nHemlock is a poisonous plant that has been used as a method of execution. ", "The video was published by TMZ last week, but is just now gaining attention.", "\n\nWhen reached by Fox News, Bourdain, apparently joking, said that he meant to say “kale” instead of hemlock.", "\n\nCNN recently fired Kathy Griffin for posing with a bloody head made to look like Trump. ", "The liberal network also cut ties with “Believer” host Reza Aslan after his anti-Trump rhetoric on Twitter was widely criticized. ", "It’s unclear if Bourdain would suffer any consequences for his rhetoric, but it’s worth noting that “Parts Unknown” is significantly more popular than programs hosted by Griffin and Aslan.", "\n\nThis isn’t the first time the “Parts Unknown” host has spoken negatively about Trump. ", "Bourdain, who famously dined with Barack Obama on an episode of “Parts Unknown,” told TheWrap last year that he wouldn’t eat with then-candidate Trump if given the chance.", "\n\n“Absolutely f—ing not,” Bourdain said. “", "I’ve been a New Yorker most of my life … I would give the same answer that I would have given 10 years ago, when he was just as loathsome.”", "\n\nBourdain’s “Parts Unknown” is a CNN original series in which the celebrity chef travels the world to showcase food and culture. ", "He also told TMZ that he wouldn’t be interested in filming an episode in North Korea because “most of the population are starving.”", "\n\nAs for Bourdain’s thoughts on Kim Jong Un, the CNN star called him a “chubby, evil little f–k.”\n\nCNN did not immediately respond to Fox News’ request for comment." ]

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[ "Owning the NBA's worst team might make a guy quick to anger.", "\n\nNew York Knicks owner James Dolan apparently got upset Saturday afternoon when a fan told him to sell the team during the closing minutes of another home loss. ", "Dolan threatened to ban the fan from Madison Square Garden, a video shows.", "\n\nDolan is seen leaving the court during the Knicks' 102-94 defeat against the Sacramento Kings, the video obtained by TMZ Sports shows.", "\n\nAn unidentified man yells “Sell the team,” prompting Dolan to confront the fan near a railing.", "\n\nSTEVE KERR GOES ON EPIC MELTDOWN AFTER WARRIORS' DRAYMOND GREEN RECEIVES CONTROVERSIAL FLAGRANT FOUL\n\n“You really think I should sell the team?,” ", "Dolan asks the fan. “", "You want to not come to any more games? ", "That’s rude.”", "\n\n“It’s an opinion,” the fan responds.", "\n\n“No, it’s not an opinion,\" Dolan snaps back. \"", "And you know what, enjoy watching them on TV.\"", "\n\nTMZ reported that witnesses said two police officers and security guards came over to question the fan and asked him to leave.", "\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\n\"Our policy is and will continue to be that if you are disrespectful to anyone in our venues, we will ask you not to return,\" Madison Square Garden told the New York Daily News.", "\n\nThe Knicks are 13-53 this season. ", "Fans have routinely begged Dolan to sell the team because of one lackluster season after another. ", "The team has won only two championships despite having been founded in the 1940s, long before most other NBA teams.", "\n\nFormer Knicks star Charles Oakley was banned in 2017 from MSG after an altercation with security guards during a game. ", "Oakley had a poor relationship with Dolan in part because of his criticism of the owner and the organization." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy size of image is not same when i download an image from a url?", "\n\nI am downloading an image from a url and create a bitmap image in my android app. ", "Size of image is 126 kb. ", "When i create an image in my app by downloading it from url then size is around 3.25 mb. ", "I am using following code to downlad image from url:\nURL urlConnection = new URL(imageUrl);\nHttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) urlConnection.openConnection();\nconnection.setDoInput(true);\nconnection.connect();\nInputStream input = connection.getInputStream();\nBitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(input);\n\nWhy downloaded size of image is bigger and is there any way to download it in the same size? ", "Thanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nImage you download is probably in some compressed format (.jpg .png). ", "Bitmap you get from BitmapFactory.decodeStream on the other hand is in uncompressed format. ", "\nIf you dont need to show your bitmap in original resolution you can scale it down (detailed instructions here). ", "Otherwise such memory usage is normal.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Shane Knox\n\nShane Knox (born 8 September 1965) is an Australian boxer. ", "He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics. ", "At the 1984 Summer Olympics, he lost to Charles Lubulwa of Uganda.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1965 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Australian male boxers\nCategory:Olympic boxers of Australia\nCategory:Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "The crash-and-burn effort to repeal North Carolina’s “bathroom bill” showed how the state has become an experiment in the frontiers of hyperpartisanship.", "\n\nThe law, which bars localities from offering their own protections to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community, is opposed by 62 percent of North Carolinians, has led to numerous boycotts of the state, and has been called a “stain” by Gov.-elect Roy Cooper (D). ", "State legislators called a special session this week to repeal it.", "\n\nBut the effort failed amid a lack of trust. ", "In this case, Republican state legislators didn’t trust officials in Charlotte, N.C., who said they would repeal an LGBT-rights ordinance passed in February. ", "The officials said they did, legislators disagreed.", "\n\nBut the incident was just a glimpse of the deeper fault lines increasingly driving politics in the state. ", "Riven by political betrayals, racially gerrymandered districts, bitterness between rich and poor counties, and a deep sense of rebellion against what conservatives see as attempts by national corporations and local politicians to impose a social engineering program in the state's bathrooms, North Carolina is in the middle of an identity crisis.", "\n\nWhat happens now is a test of how a state can move forward when its government is split and both sides appear irreconcilable.", "\n\n“Here was a new governor and a chance to at least diminish the angst and to … turn the page,” says John Llewellyn, a professor of communication at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, N.C. “And now we didn’t turn the page. ", "In fact, we couldn’t even find the page.”", "\n\nWhat do voters want?", "\n\nThe core issue is, in some ways, nothing new. ", "It is a question of who has the last word in setting social policy. ", "The state’s bathroom bill, known as House Bill 2 (HB2), sought to enshrine that power at the state level.", "\n\n“This is what derailed the HB2 repeal effort: a fundamental disagreement among legislators as to whether there should be a uniform statewide antidiscrimination policy or whether local governments should be able to go further than this,” says John Dinan, a political scientist at Wake Forest and author of “The American State Constitutional Tradition,” in an email.", "\n\nBut the import of the issue is much broader.", "\n\n“One lesson [of the failed repeal] is, in a modern, polarized, gerrymandered state, how non-reflective government can be of its actual constituents,” says Steven Greene, a political scientist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.", "\n\nIn a state where Democrats hold a 39 to 30 percent advantage in voter registration, legislative districts have been racially gerrymandered “with almost surgical precision,” according to a federal judge, contributing to a legislature that is strongly Republican.", "\n\nLast week, that legislature pushed through several measures to weaken the governorship before Mr. Cooper comes to office. ", "In March, it passed HB2 in a one-day special session that included no public comment.", "\n\nFor their part, voters were seen as sending a clear rebuke in November’s election: while choosing Donald Trump and Republican Sen. Richard Burr, they voted out Gov. Pat McCrory (R), who signed HB2.", "\n\nOutrage on both sides\n\nGovernor McCrory called the special session on Wednesday after Charlotte officials agreed to repeal the nondiscrimination ordinance that caused the legislature to enact HB2. ", "But Republicans were concerned that other municipalities could enact similar nondiscrimination ordinances, and they argued that Charlotte failed to repeal all of its ordinance. ", "In the end, Republicans suggested repealing the law only after a six-month “cooling off” period. ", "That, too, failed, leaving the law untouched.", "\n\nThe session revealed the depth of the disagreement.", "\n\n“This state has always been emblematic of the battle for America’s soul,” says Andrew Reynolds, a political scientist at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. “", "We had it with race, and I think this [LGBT rights] is the new frontier.”", "\n\nEach side can claim a matching sense of outrage – over the legislature’s actions or over federal courts and an Obama administration that some feel are meddling to enforce a liberal agenda.", "\n\n“There’s a sense among Republicans that ‘We are the ones being bullied by all these … national liberals, by this national liberal social engineering agenda, and why should we give in?’ ” ", "says Professor Greene of North Carolina State.", "\n\nA missed opportunity?", "\n\nTo some, the failure of the repeal effort left the state with little wiggle room to deal with a law that has resulted in boycotts, as well as loss of entertainment events and at least four years of college basketball tournaments.", "\n\nThat culture war fallout might be important for other state legislatures watching North Carolina. ", "According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, Washington, Alabama, Missouri, and South Dakota are pondering some version of bathroom laws.", "\n\nThe incoming Trump administration, too, has added uncertainty, especially given that the new administration has signaled it may leave transgender rights for the states to hash out.", "\n\nGet the Monitor Stories you care about delivered to your inbox. ", "By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Policy\n\n“It seems like this is something we will see across the country: states and localities grappling with what they should do” with little federal guidance, says Joellen Kralik, a policy associate at the National Conference of State Legislatures.", "\n\nStaff writer Henry Gass contributed to this report." ]

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[ "Such handheld power tools often have a reduction gear unit for driving a drive shaft, using which a predefined motor speed may be reduced to a speed range of the drive shaft which is necessary for a particular application. ", "For example, motor speeds of approximately 20,000 RPM are reduced to a speed range of approximately 150 RPM to 2,000 RPM in cordless screwdrivers, cordless combi drills, and/or cordless percussion drills. ", "The reduction gear units are, for example, designed as multistage planetary gear sets having at least two gears, so that a user of such a handheld power tool is, for example, able to shift this handheld power tool between a first, slower, gear having a comparatively high torque and a second, faster, gear having a comparatively low torque. ", "Moreover, the reduction gear unit may be assigned a torque clutch using which it is possible to prevent the drive shaft from being driven by the reduction gear unit during operation of the handheld power tool, if a torque, transferred from the drive shaft to the reduction gear unit, exceeds a threshold value settable by a user.", "\nThe disadvantage of the above-described power drills is that in the case of cordless combi drills, the torque clutch or a clutch functionality provided by the torque clutch is deactivated in the drilling mode, thus setting the threshold value settable by the user virtually to “infinitely.” ", "If, however, the cordless combi drill set to the drilling mode is used for screwing, a kinetic energy of rotation conveyed to the drive shaft may be converted into a rotation of the cordless combi drill or a tool housing assigned thereto, for example, in the event of so-called hard screw applications which may occur during metal screw fittings, for example, and may cause a spontaneous blocking of the drive shaft. ", "This may result in an impact-like load on components of a drive train assigned to the cordless combi drill and in a failure of the components of the drive train involved." ]

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[ "Help police stop these park ‘pests’\n\nPolice have been slammed for failing to deal with gangs of youths whose loud, abusive and intimidating antics are blighting a town centre.", "\n\nBut local officers have responded saying they cannot be there 24 hours a day – and are calling on the public’s help in reporting the hoodlums.", "\n\nA reader who emailed the Guardian claimed PCSOs were not stopping groups who were drinking and allegedly smoking drugs in the Memorial Park area of Cleckheaton.", "\n\nShe said: “I have witnessed elderly people and parents having to walk in the road to go around them as they are taking over pavements. ", "These children are ruining their quality of life and ours. ", "They are loud, abusive, intimidating and a pest full stop.”", "\n\nBut Spen’s Safer Neighbourhood Team coordinator Martyn Lee said: “We patrol the area daily. ", "We need more accurate information with which to act on. ", "If people think the police have been vague and somewhat inaccurate, then part of the reason is that we can only work on what we receive – we cannot be there 24/seven. ", "We need to know what’s happening, where it’s happening, at what times and, if possible, who’s involved. ", "That makes the process quicker.", "\n\n“There’s a big disproportion in the number of people who are complaining to the media and to local councillors than to the police.”", "\n\nPolice budgets had faced cuts of 48 per cent, he added.", "\n\nUpto 10 ringleaders have been issued with Acceptable Behaviour Contracts – a written agreement excluding them from certain areas. ", "If these are breached, legally-binding ASBOs could be imposed.", "\n\nCoun John Lawson (Cleckheaton)said: “Having seen some of the figures crime overall is very low in Cleckheaton, as far as reporting it goes.”" ]

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[ "Saint Ildephonse of Seville Parish Church (Malasiqui)\n\nThe Saint Ildephonse of Seville Parish Church is a Roman Catholic church in Malasiqui, Pangasinan in the Philippines. ", "It was formerly a chapel under the parish of San Carlos. ", "Father Juan Camacho was appointed first kura paroko and founded the parish in 1665. ", "The 1660 Revolt caused the transfer from San Carlos to its present site at the town of Malasiqui in 1661-1662. ", "The church celebrates its feast every January 23.", "\n\nHistory\n\nEarlier churches\nFather Luis Delfin laid down the foundation of the church in 1746, however, the church and convent were burned in 1763. ", "The construction of a brick church began during the incumbency of Father Salvador Tapias in 1773 and it was finished in 1780. ", "However, the church and convent was again caught by fire in February 29, 1820. ", "Both structures underwent repair works 3 years after. ", "Father Francisco Treserra finished the building of the tower in 1863 and in 1864 he remodeled the sanctuary and the altars. ", "In 1878, the church and the convent were again burned. ", "A new convent was constructed and finished in 1880. ", "An earthquake in the same year occurred which caused the walls of the church to crack. ", "Consequently, Father Jose Ma. ", "Vitrian built a temporary chapel in 1882. ", "Construction of a new church was done by Father Juan Cardaba which was completed before 1885. ", "Another earthquake again destroyed the church on March 16, 1892.", "\n\nPresent church\nFather Salvador Millan built the present church which was finished in 1897. ", " However, another earthquake destroyed the church on July 16, 1990, under Father Abraham R. Esquig. ", "The convent was converted into a Catholic School, with the blessing of Msgr. ", "Mariano Madriaga on July 2, 1972. ", "The reconstruction of the damaged church was planned and executed by Architects Angel B. Abad, Roman A. Macaraeg and Alvin M. Torio during the term of Father Abraham R. Esquig. ", "It was blessed on September 28, 2002.", "\n\nArchitectural features\nThe church measures long and wide. ", "It has a baroque pediment of undulating lines in concave and convexes. ", "The plain facade is broken by pointed plaster reliefs, flanking the windows of the upper level and the super-positioned columns flanked by pilasters.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Roman Catholic churches in Pangasinan\nCategory:1746 establishments in the Spanish Empire" ]

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[ "\nFacebook introduces messenger bots - noobmax\nhttp://techcrunch.com/2016/03/17/facebooks-messenger-in-a-bot-store/\n======\nTheLogothete\nThat title.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheck if function return false in jQuery\n\nI got in trouble trying to check if a function return false.", "\nI'm wrintng a script to upload a picture file when the user select the filw in the input form field.", "\nSo the html form is the following:\n<form enctype=\"multipart/form-data\" id=\"upload-form\" role=\"form\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"register-id\" name=\"id\" value=\"\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n <div class=\"col-md-12\">\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <label>Select image</label>\n <div class=\"custom-file\">\n <input type=\"file\" name=\"filedata\" class=\"custom-file-input\" id=\"picture\" accept=\"image/*\">\n <label class=\"custom-file-label\" for=\"picture\">Choose file</label>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"progress mb-2 progress-sm\">\n <div id=\"file-progress-bar\" class=\"progress-bar\" role=\"progressbar\" style=\"width: 0%;\" aria-valuenow=\"0\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\"></div>\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n</form>\n\nThe javascript code to get the file on input change is the following, the code should start some file check\n$('#picture').on('change', function() {\n let picture = this.files[0];\n\n if(!checkFile(picture)) {\n alert(\"Check file not passed\");\n return false;\n }\n});\n\nThe issue is: the script stop execution and show the alert message \"Check file not passed\", even if the called checkFile function doesn't return fasle since the file pass all checks.", "\nWhat's wrong? ", "Thanks a lot.", "\nBelow the checkFile function\nfunction checkFile(picture) {\n let imagetype = picture.type;\n console.log('Picture type ' + imagetype);\n let match= [\"image/jpeg\",\"image/png\",\"image/jpg\"];\n if(!((imagetype==match[0]) || (imagetype==match[1]) || (imagetype==match[2])))\n {\n console.log('Matching picture type failed');\n return false;\n }\n\n let reg=/(.jpg|.gif|.png)$/;\n console.log('Picture name is ' + picture.name);\n if (!", "reg.test(picture.name)) {\n console.log('Check picture name failed');\n return false;\n }\n console.log('Picture size is ' + picture.size);\n if (picture.size > 204800) {\n console.log('Check picture size failed');\n return false;\n }\n}\n\nIs there a better strategy to check the file before upload?", "\nThanks a lot for any feedback\n\nA:\n\nJust return true at the end of your function. ", "If you will not return anything from the function it will return undefined which is a falsy value.", "\nfunction checkFile(picture) {\n let imagetype = picture.type;\n\n // ... rest of the code\n\n if (picture.size > 204800) {\n console.log('Check picture size failed');\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n}\n\nOr you can change the condition to match exactly with false\nif(checkFile(picture) === false) {\n alert(\"Check file not passed\");\n return false;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n We extend the idea of tempering stable Lévy processes to tempering more general classes of Lévy processes. ", "We show that the original process can be decomposed into the sum of the tempered process and an independent point process of large jumps. ", "We then use this to set up a rejection sampling algorithm for sampling from the tempered process. ", "A small scale simulation study is given to help understand the performance of this algorithm.\\\n **Keywords:** tempered Lévy processes; tempered stable distributions; rejection sampling\\\n **MSC2010:** 60G51; 60E07\nauthor:\n- 'Michael Grabchak[^1]   [*University of North Carolina Charlotte*]{}'\ntitle: Rejection Sampling for Tempered Lévy Processes\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nTempered stable distributions are a class of models obtained by modifying the tails of stable distributions to make them lighter. ", "This leads to models that are more realistic for a variety of applications, where real-world frictions prevent extremely heavy tails from occurring. ", "Perhaps the earliest models of this type are Tweedie distributions, which were introduced in [@Tweedie:1984], see also [@Kuchler:Tappe:2013] for a recent review. ", "A more general approach is given in [@Rosinski:2007]. ", "This was further generalized in several directions in [@Rosinski:Sinclair:2010], [@Bianchi:Rachev:Kim:Fabozzi:2011], and [@Grabchak:2012]. ", "A survey with many references, which discuss a variety of applications, including those to actuarial science, biostatistics, computer science, mathematical finance, and physics can be found in [@Grabchak:2016book]. ", "Associated with every tempered stable distribution, is a tempered stable Lévy process, which behaves like a stable Lévy process in a small time frame, but it has fewer large jumps.", "\n\nThe purpose of this paper is two-fold. ", "First, we extend the idea of tempering a stable Lévy process to tempering any Lévy process, and give results about the relationship between the original process and the tempered one. ", "In particular, we show that the original process can be decomposed into the sum of the tempered process and an independent point process of large jumps. ", "Our second purpose is to use this decomposition to set up a rejection sampling algorithm for simulating from the tempered process.", "\n\nThe problem of simulation has not been resolved even for tempered stable distributions. ", "For these, rejection sampling techniques are currently known only for Tweedie distributions. ", "For other tempered stable distributions, the only known exact simulation technique is the inversion method, which is computationally inefficient because it requires numerically calculating the quantile function, which can only be done by numerically inverting the cumulative distribution function (cdf). ", "However, calculating the cdf is, itself, expensive, since, for most tempered stable distributions, it can only be evaluated by numerically applying an inverse Fourier transform to the characteristic function. ", "Other simulation techniques are only approximate, and are based either on truncating a shot-noise representation [@Imai:Kawai:2011], or on approximations by a compound Poisson Process [@Baeumer:Kovacs:2012] or a Brownian motion [@Cohen:Rosinski:2007].", "\n\nThe basic idea of our rejection sampling approach is to start by sampling an increment of the original process. ", "This increment is then rejected if it is too large, otherwise it is accepted. ", "The procedure is in keeping with the motivation for defining tempered processes as having marginal distributions that are similar to those of the original process, but with lighter tails. ", "In deciding if the observation is too large, we require the ability to evaluate the probability density functions of the marginal distributions of both the original and the tempered process. ", "While this may be computationally challenging, in many situations it is more efficient than implementing the inversion method, see the simulation results in Section \\[sec: sims\\] below.", "\n\nThe rest of the paper is organized as follows. ", "In Section \\[sec: inf div\\], we recall basic facts about infinitely divisible distributions and their associated Lévy processes. ", "In Section \\[sec: main\\], we formally introduce tempered Lévy processes and give our main theoretical results. ", "Then, in Section \\[sec: sampling\\], we show how to use these results to set up a rejection sampling algorithm. ", "In Section \\[sec: ts\\], we recall some basic facts about tempered stable distributions and give conditions under which our results hold. ", "Then, in Section \\[sec: pts\\], we give detailed conditions for an important subclass of tempered stable distributions, which has additional structure and is commonly used. ", "Finally, in Section \\[sec: sims\\], we give a small scale simulation study to illustrate how our method works in practice.", "\n\nBefore proceeding, we introduce some notation. ", "Let $\\mathbb N=\\{1,2,\\dots\\}$ be the set of natural numbers. ", "Let $\\mathbb R^d$ be the space of $d$-dimensional column vectors of real numbers equipped with the usual inner product $\\langle\\cdot,\\cdot\\rangle$ and the usual norm $|\\cdot|$. Let $\\mathbb S^{d-1}=\\{x\\in\\mathbb R^d: |x|=1\\}$ denote the unit sphere in $\\mathbb R^d$. Let $\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d)$ and $\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb S^{d-1})$ denote the Borel sets in $\\mathbb R^d$ and $\\mathbb S^{d-1}$, respectively. ", "For a Borel measure $M$ on $\\mathbb R^d$ and $t\\ge0$, we write $tM$ to denote the Borel measure on $\\mathbb R^d$ given by $(tM)(B)=tM(B)$ for every $B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d)$. If $a,b\\in\\mathbb R$, we write $a\\vee b$ and $a\\wedge b$ to denote, respectively, the maximum and the minimum of $a$ and $b$. If $\\mu$ is a probability measure on $\\mathbb R^d$, we write $X\\sim\\mu$ to denote that $X$ is an $\\mathbb R^d$-valued random variable with distribution $\\mu$. Finally, we write $U(0,1)$ to denote the uniform distribution on $(0,1)$ and $N(b,A)$ to denote the multivariate normal distribution with mean vector $b$ and covariance matrix $A$.", "\n\nInfinitely Divisible Distributions and Lévy Processes {#sec: inf div}\n=====================================================\n\nRecall that an infinitely divisible distribution $\\mu$ on $\\mathbb R^d$ is a probability measure with a characteristic function of the form $\\phi_\\mu(z) = \\exp\\{C_\\mu(z)\\}$, where, for $z\\in\\mathbb R^d$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nC_\\mu(z) = -\\frac{1}{2}\\langle z,Az\\rangle + i\\langle b,z\\rangle + \\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left(e^{i\\langle z,x\\rangle}-1-i\\langle z,x\\rangle h(x)\\right)L({\\mathrm d}x).\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $A$ is a symmetric nonnegative-definite $d\\times d$-dimensional matrix called the Gaussian part, $b\\in\\mathbb R^d$ is called the shift, and $L$ is a Borel measure, called the Lévy measure, which satisfies $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: cond for levy measure}\nL(\\{0\\})=0 \\mbox{\\ and\\ } \\int_{\\mathbb R^d}(|x|^2\\wedge1)L({\\mathrm d}x)<\\infty.\\end{aligned}$$ The function $h:\\mathbb R^d\\mapsto\\mathbb R$, which we call the $h$-function, can be any Borel function satisfying $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: when use h}\n\\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left|e^{i\\langle z,x\\rangle}-1-i\\langle z,x\\rangle h(x)\\right|L({\\mathrm d}x)<\\infty\\end{aligned}$$ for all $z\\in\\mathbb R^d$. For a fixed $h$-function, the parameters $A$, $L$, and $b$ uniquely determine the distribution $\\mu$, and we write $$\\mu=ID(A,L,b)_h.$$ The choice of $h$ does not affect parameters $A$ and $L$, but different choices of $h$ result in different values for $b$, see Section 8 in [@Sato:1999].", "\n\nAssociated with every infinitely divisible distribution $\\mu=ID(A,L,b)_h$ is a Lévy process, $\\{X_t:t\\ge0\\}$, which is stochastically continuous with independent and stationary increments, and the characteristic function of $X_t$ is $\\left(\\phi_\\mu(z)\\right)^t$. We denote the distribution of $X_t$ by $\\mu^t$. It follows that, for each $t\\ge0$, $X_t\\sim\\mu^t= ID(tA,tL,tb)_h$. For more on infinitely divisible distributions and their associated Lévy processes see [@Sato:1999].", "\n\nMain Results {#sec: main}\n============\n\nLet $\\mu=ID(A,L,b)_h$ be any infinitely divisible distribution, and define the Borel measure $\\tilde L$ by $$\\tilde L({\\mathrm d}x) = g(x) L({\\mathrm d}x),$$ where $g:\\mathbb R^{d}\\mapsto[0,\\infty)$ is a Borel function. ", "Throughout, we make the following assumptions:\n\n- $0\\le g(x) \\le 1$ for all $x\\in\\mathbb R^{d}$, and\n\n- $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left(\\left|xh(x)\\right|\\vee1\\right) \\left(1-g(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x)<\\infty.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nAssumption A1 guarantees that $\\tilde L$ satisfies and . ", "Thus $\\tilde L$ is a valid Lévy measure, and we can use the same $h$-function with $\\tilde L$ as with $L$. Let $\\tilde\\mu=ID(A,\\tilde L,\\tilde b)_h$, where $$\\tilde b = b - \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}} x h(x)\\left(1-g(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x).$$ We call $\\tilde \\mu$ the tempering of $\\mu$ and we call $g$ the tempering function.", "\n\nThe name “tempering function” comes from the fact that, when the additional assumption $\\lim_{|x|\\to\\infty}g(x)=0$ holds, the tails of the distribution $\\tilde\\mu$ are lighter than those of $\\mu$. In this sense, the distribution $\\tilde\\mu$ “tempers” the tails of $\\mu$. While this assumption is part of the motivation for defining such distributions, we do not require it in this paper.", "\n\nWe can always take $h(x) = 1_{[|x|\\le1]}$. In this case $\\left(\\left|xh(x)\\right|\\vee1\\right)=1$ and Assumption A2 becomes $\\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left(1-g(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x)<\\infty$. However, when we work with other $h$-functions, we need Assumption A2 to be as given.", "\n\nIn light of Assumptions A1 and A2, we can define the finite Borel measure $$\\rho({\\mathrm d}x) = \\left(1-g(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x).$$ Now, set $$\\eta := \\rho(\\mathbb R^d)<\\infty,$$ and define the probability measure $$\\rho_1(B) = \\frac{\\rho(B)}{\\eta}, \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d).$$\n\nLet $Z_1,Z_2,\\dots$ be independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables with distribution $\\rho_1$. Independent of these, let $\\{N_t:t\\ge0\\}$ be a Poisson process with intensity $\\eta$, and set $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: Vt}\nV_t = \\sum_{i=1}^{N_t} Z_i, \\ \\ t\\ge0.\\end{aligned}$$ This is a compound Poisson process and, by Proposition 3.4 in [@Cont:Tankov:2004], the characteristic function of $V_t$ is given by $${\\mathrm E}\\left[e^{i\\langle V_t,z\\rangle}\\right] = \\exp\\left\\{ t\\int_{\\mathbb R^d} \\left(e^{i\\langle x,z\\rangle}-1\\right) \\rho({\\mathrm d}x)\\right\\}, \\ \\ z\\in\\mathbb R^d.$$ Let $T = \\inf\\{t: N_t>0\\}$ and note that, by properties of Poisson processes, $T$ has an exponential distribution with rate $\\eta$, i.e.$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: distrib of T}\nP(T>t) = e^{-t\\eta}, \\ \\ t>0.\\end{aligned}$$ We now give our main result, which generalizes a result about relativistic stable distributions[^2] given in [@Ryznar:2002].", "\n\n\\[thrm: repres\\] Let $\\mu=ID(A,L,b)_h$ and let $g:\\mathbb R^{d}\\mapsto[0,\\infty)$ be a Borel function satisfying Assumptions A1 and A2. ", "Let $\\tilde\\mu=ID(A,\\tilde L,\\tilde b)_h$, $V=\\{V_t:t\\ge0\\}$, and $T$ be as described above. ", "Let $\\tilde X=\\{\\tilde X_t:t\\ge0\\}$ be a Lévy process, independent of $V$, with $\\tilde X_1\\sim\\tilde\\mu$ and set $$X_t = \\tilde X_t + V_t, \\ \\ \\ t\\ge0.$$ 1. ", "The process $X=\\{X_t:t\\ge0\\}$ is a Lévy process with $X_1\\sim \\mu$.\\\n2. ", "If $0\\le t<T$, then $X_t=\\tilde X_t$.\\\n3. ", "For any $B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d)$ and $t\\ge0$ we have $$P(\\tilde X_t\\in B) \\le e^{t\\eta} P(X_t\\in B).$$\n\nThis theorem implies that the process $\\tilde X$ is obtained from $X$ by throwing out the jumps that are governed by $V_t$. We call $\\tilde X$ the tempered Lévy process, and, in this context, we refer to $X$ as the original process.", "\n\nWe begin with the first part. ", "Since $\\tilde X$ and $V$ are independent Lévy processes and the sum of independent Lévy processes is still a Lévy process, it suffices to check that the characteristic function of $X_t$ is the same as the characteristic function of $\\tilde X_t + V_t$. The characteristic function of $\\tilde X_t+V_t$ can be written as $e^{t C(z)}$, where for $z\\in\\mathbb R^d$ $$\\begin{aligned}\nC(z) &=& -\\frac{1}{2}\\langle z,Az\\rangle + \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}}\\left(e^{i\\langle x,z\\rangle}-1-i\\langle x,z\\rangle h(x)\\right) \\tilde L({\\mathrm d}x)+i\\langle \\tilde b,z\\rangle \\\\\n&&\\quad+ \\int_{\\mathbb R^d} \\left(e^{i\\langle x,z\\rangle}-1\\right) \\rho({\\mathrm d}x) \\\\\n&=& -\\frac{1}{2}\\langle z,Az\\rangle + \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}}\\left(e^{i\\langle x,z\\rangle}-1-i\\langle x,z\\rangle h(x)\\right) g(x) L({\\mathrm d}x)+ i\\langle b,z\\rangle \\\\\n&&\\quad - \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}} i\\langle x,z\\rangle h(x)\\left(1-g(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x) \\\\\n&&\\quad + \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}} \\left(e^{i\\langle x,z\\rangle}-1\\right)\\left(1-g(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x)\\\\\n&=& -\\frac{1}{2}\\langle z,Az\\rangle + \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}}\\left(e^{i\\langle x,z\\rangle}-1-i\\langle x,z\\rangle h(x)\\right) L({\\mathrm d}x) + i\\langle b,z\\rangle,\\end{aligned}$$ as required. ", "The second part follows immediately from the fact that $V_t=0$ when $0\\le t<T$. We now turn to the third part. ", "Since $\\tilde X$ and $T$ are independent, for any $B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d)$ we can use the second part to get $$\\begin{aligned}\nP(\\tilde X_t\\in B)P(T>t) = P(\\tilde X_t\\in B, T>t) = P(X_t\\in B, T>t)\\le P( X_t\\in B).\\end{aligned}$$ From here, the result follows by .", "\n\nRejection Sampling {#sec: sampling}\n==================\n\nIn this section, we set up a rejection sampling scheme for sampling from the tempered Lévy process $\\tilde X$, when we know how to sample from the original Lévy process $X$. To begin with, assume that, for some $t>0$ we want to simulate $\\tilde X_t$. For our approach to work, we need the distributions of both $\\tilde X_t$ and $X_t$ to be absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on $\\mathbb R^d$. Thus, each distribution must have a probability density function (pdf). ", "This always holds, for instance, if $A$ is an invertible matrix or if both $$\\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left|\\phi_{\\mu}(z)\\right|^t{\\mathrm d}z<\\infty \\mbox{ and }\\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left|\\phi_{\\tilde\\mu}(z)\\right|^t{\\mathrm d}z<\\infty.$$ More delicate conditions, in terms of the corresponding Lévy measures, can be found in Section 27 of [@Sato:1999].", "\n\nNow assume that Assumptions A1 and A2 hold, and let $f_t$ and $\\tilde f_t$ be the pdfs of $X_t$ and $\\tilde X_t$, respectively. ", "Since the inequality in the third part of Theorem \\[thrm: repres\\] holds for all Borel sets, it holds for pdfs as well. ", "Thus, for Lebesgue almost every $x$, $$\\tilde f_t(x) \\le e^{t\\eta} f_t(x),$$ where $$\\eta = \\rho(\\mathbb R^d) = \\int_{\\mathbb R^d}\\left(1-g(x)\\right)L({\\mathrm d}x).$$ This means that we can set up a rejection sampling algorithm (see [@Devroye:1986]) to sample from $\\tilde f_t$ as follows.\\\n**Algorithm 1.**\\\n**Step 1.** ", "Independently simulate $U\\sim U(0,1)$ and $Y\\sim f_t$.\\\n**Step 2.** ", "If $U\\le e^{-\\eta t}\\tilde f_t(Y)/f_t(Y)$ accept, otherwise reject and go back to Step 1.\\\nLet $p_t$ be the probability of acceptance on a given iteration and let $I_t$ be the expected number of iterations until the first acceptance. ", "By a simple conditioning argument, it follows that $p_t = e^{-\\eta t}$, and hence that $I_t=e^{\\eta t}$. Note that both of these quantities approach $1$ as $t\\to0$. On the other hand, when $t\\to\\infty$, we have $p_t\\to0$ and $I_t\\to\\infty$. Thus, this method works best for small $t$.\n\nWe now describe how to use Algorithm 1 to simulate the tempered Lévy process $\\tilde X=\\{\\tilde X_t:t\\ge0\\}$ on a finite mesh. ", "For simplicity, assume that the mesh points are evenly spaced; the general case can be dealt with in a similar manner. ", "Thus, fix $\\Delta>0$ and assume that we want to simulate $\\tilde X_{\\Delta}, \\tilde X_{2\\Delta}, \\dots, \\tilde X_{n\\Delta}$ for some $n\\in\\mathbb N$. To do this, we begin by simulating $n$ independent increments $Y_1,Y_2,\\dots,Y_n{\\stackrel{\\mathrm{iid}}{\\sim}}\\tilde f_{\\Delta}$ using Algorithm 1. ", "We expect this to take $nI_\\Delta=ne^{\\Delta \\eta}$ iterations. ", "Now, to get values of the process, we set $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: get process}\n\\tilde X_{k\\Delta} = \\sum_{j=1}^k Y_j, \\ \\ k=1,2,\\dots,n.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNext, consider the case, when we only want to simulate $\\tilde X_t\\sim \\tilde f_t$ for some fixed $t>0$. While this can be done directly using Algorithm 1, when $t$ is large, the expected number of iterations, $I_t=e^{\\eta t}$, is large as well. ", "Instead, we can choose some $n\\in\\mathbb N$ and sample $n$ independent increments $Y_{1},Y_{2},\\dots,Y_{n}{\\stackrel{\\mathrm{iid}}{\\sim}}\\tilde f_{t/n}$. Then the sum $\\tilde X_t=Y_{1}+Y_{2}+\\cdots+Y_{n}$ has distribution $\\tilde f_{t}$. In this case, we only expect to need $nI_{t/n}=ne^{\\eta t/n}$ iterations. ", "This requires fewer iterations so long as $n<e^{t\\eta(1-1/n)}$. Since the function $b(x)=xe^{t\\eta/x}$ is minimized (on $x>0$) at $x=t\\eta$, it follows that the optimal choice of $n$ is near this value. ", "As an example, assume that we want to simulate one observation when $t=10$ and $\\eta=1$. To do this directly, we expect to need $I_{10}= e^{10}\\approx22026$ iterations. ", "On the other hand, to simulate $10$ observations when $t=1$ and $\\eta=1$ we only expect to need $10I_1 = 10*e^1\\approx 27$ iterations. ", "Thus, the second approach is much more efficient, in this case.", "\n\nTempered Stable Distributions {#sec: ts}\n=============================\n\nMost, if not all, tempered Lévy processes that have appeared in the literature, are those associated with tempered stable distributions. ", "Before discussing these, we recall that an infinite variance stable distribution on $\\mathbb R^d$ is an infinitely divisible distribution with no Gaussian part and a Lévy measure of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: Levy stable}\nM_\\alpha(B) = \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}}\\int_0^\\infty 1_{B}(t\\xi) r^{-1-\\alpha} {\\mathrm d}r \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi), \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$ and $\\sigma$ is a finite Borel measure on $\\mathbb S^{d-1}$. For these distributions we will use the $h$-function $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: h for stable}\nh_\\alpha(x) = \\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n0& \\alpha\\in(0,1)\\\\\n1_{[|x|\\le1]} & \\alpha=1\\\\\n1 & \\alpha\\in(1,2)\n\\end{array}\\right..\\end{aligned}$$ We denote the distribution $ID(0,M_\\alpha,b)_{h_\\alpha}$ by $\\mathrm S_\\alpha(\\sigma,b)$. For more on stable distributions, see the classic text [@Samorodnitsky:Taqqu:1994].", "\n\nNow, following [@Rosinski:Sinclair:2010], we define a tempered stable distribution on $\\mathbb R^d$ as an infinitely divisible distribution with no Gaussian part and a Lévy measure of the form $$\\tilde M_\\alpha(B) = \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}}\\int_0^\\infty 1_{B}(t\\xi) r^{-1-\\alpha} q(r,\\xi){\\mathrm d}r \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi), \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d),$$ where $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$, $q:(0,\\infty)\\times\\mathbb S^{d-1}\\mapsto[0,\\infty)$ is a Borel function, and $\\sigma$ is a finite Borel measure on $\\mathbb S^{d-1}$. Here, the tempering function is $g(x) = q(|x|,x/|x|)$. Using the $h$-function given by , we denote the distribution $ID(0,\\tilde M_\\alpha,b)_{h_\\alpha}$ by $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma,q,b)$. In this case, $$\\rho(B) = \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}}\\int_0^\\infty 1_{B}(r\\xi) r^{-1-\\alpha}\\left(1-q(r,\\xi)\\right) {\\mathrm d}r \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi), \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d),$$ and Assumptions A1 and A2 become:\n\n- $0\\le q(r,\\xi) \\le 1$ for all $r>0$ and $\\xi\\in\\mathbb S^{d-1}$, and\n\n- $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}}\\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha}\\left(1-q(r,\\xi)\\right) {\\mathrm d}r \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi)<\\infty.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNote that Assumption B2 implies that, for $\\sigma$ almost every $\\xi$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: q at 0}\n\\lim_{r\\downarrow0}q(r,\\xi)=1.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNext, we turn to the question of when both $\\mathrm S_\\alpha(\\sigma,b)$ and $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma,q,b)$ are absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on $\\mathbb R^d$. Before characterizing when this holds, we recall the following definition. ", "The support of $\\sigma$ is the collection of all points $\\xi\\in\\mathbb S^{d-1}$ such that, for any open set $G\\subset \\mathbb S^{d-1}$ with $\\xi\\in G$, we have $\\sigma(G)>0$.\n\n\\[prop: abs cont\\] If the support of $\\sigma$ contains $d$ linearly independent vectors, then both $\\mathrm S_\\alpha(\\sigma,b)$ and $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma,q,b)$ are absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on $\\mathbb R^d$.\n\nIn particular, when $d=1$, this holds so long as $\\sigma\\ne0$.\n\nBy Proposition 24.17 and Theorem 27.10 in [@Sato:1999], it suffices to show that, for $\\sigma$ almost every $\\xi\\in\\mathbb S^{d-1}$, $$\\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha} {\\mathrm d}r =\\infty \\mbox{ and } \\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha} q(r,\\xi) {\\mathrm d}r =\\infty.$$ The first of these is immediately, while the second follows from .", "\n\nIn light of this proposition, we introduce the third assumption:\n\n- The support of $\\sigma$ contains $d$ linearly independent vectors.", "\n\nWe now specialize our main results to the case of tempered stable distributions.", "\n\n\\[cor: main for ts\\] Let $\\mu=\\mathrm S_\\alpha(\\sigma,b)$, $\\tilde\\mu=\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma,q,\\tilde b)$, where $$\\tilde b = b - \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}} \\int_0^\\infty h_\\alpha(r)\\left(1-q(r,\\xi)\\right) r^{-\\alpha} {\\mathrm d}r \\xi \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi),$$ If Assumptions B1 and B2 hold, then the results of Theorem \\[thrm: repres\\] hold. ", "If, in addition, Assumption B3 holds, then we can use Algorithm 1 to simulate from the Lévy process associated with $\\tilde\\mu$.\n\nIn particular, this means that, when Assumptions B1 and B2 hold, if $\\{X_t:t\\ge0\\}$ is a Lévy process with $X_1\\sim\\mu$ and $\\{\\tilde X_t:t\\ge0\\}$ is a Lévy process with $\\tilde X_1\\sim\\tilde\\mu$, then $X_t=\\tilde X_t$ for $0\\le t< T$, where $T$ is as in Theorem \\[thrm: repres\\]. ", "This strengthens the well-known fact that tempered stable Lévy processes behave like stable Lévy processes in a short time frame, see [@Rosinski:Sinclair:2010]. ", "Algorithm 1 requires the ability to sample from a stable distribution. ", "In the one dimensional case, this is easily done using the classical method of [@Chambers:Mallows:Stuck:1976]. ", "In the multivariate case, this problem has not been fully resolved, however a method for simulating from a dense class of multivariate stable distributions is given in [@Nolan:1998].", "\n\n$p$-Tempered $\\alpha$-Stable Distributions {#sec: pts}\n==========================================\n\nIn the previous section, we allowed for tempered stable distributions with very general tempering functions. ", "However, it is often convenient to work with families of tempering functions, which have additional structure. ", "One such family, which is commonly used, corresponds to the case, where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: q for p temp}\nq(r,\\xi) = \\int_{(0,\\infty)} e^{-sr^p} Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s).\\end{aligned}$$ Here $p>0$ and $\\{Q_\\xi:\\xi\\in\\mathbb S^{d-1}\\}$ is a measurable family of probability measures on $(0,\\infty)$. For fixed $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$, the corresponding tempered stable distributions are called $p$-tempered $\\alpha$-stable. ", "For $p=1$ these were introduced in [@Rosinski:2007], for $p=2$ they were introduced in [@Bianchi:Rachev:Kim:Fabozzi:2011], and the general case was introduced in [@Grabchak:2012]. ", "See also the recent monograph [@Grabchak:2016book].", "\n\nNow, consider the distribution $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma,q,b)$, where $q$ is as in , and define the measures $$Q(B) = \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}}\\int_{(0,\\infty)} 1_{B}(s\\xi) Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s)\\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi), \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d)$$ and $$R(B) = \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}} 1_{B}\\left(\\frac{x}{|x|^{1+1/p}}\\right) |x|^{\\alpha/p}Q({\\mathrm d}x), \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb R^d).$$ We call $R$ the Rosiński measure of the distribution. ", "For fixed $p>0$ and $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$, $R$ uniquely determines $q$ and $\\sigma$. Further, Proposition 3.6 in [@Grabchak:2016book] implies that we can recover $\\sigma$ by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq: back to sigma}\n\\sigma(B) = \\int_{\\mathbb R^d}1_B\\left(\\frac{x}{|x|}\\right)|x|^\\alpha R({\\mathrm d}x), \\ \\ B\\in\\mathfrak B(\\mathbb S^{d-1}).\\end{aligned}$$ Due to the importance of the Rosiński measure, we sometimes denote the distribution $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma, q,b)$, where $q$ is of the form , by $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha^p(R,b)$. We now characterize when Assumptions B1 and B2 hold.", "\n\n\\[prop: ets pts\\] Consider the distribution $\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha(\\sigma,q,b)$, where $q$ is of the form and let $R$ be the corresponding Rosiński measure. ", "This distribution always satisfies Assumption B1. ", "Further, it satisfies Assumption B2 if and only if $0<\\alpha<p$ and $R$ is a finite measure on $\\mathbb R^d$. In this case $$\\eta = \\frac{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}{\\alpha} R(\\mathbb R^d).$$\n\nThe fact that Assumption B1 always holds follows from and the fact that $Q_\\xi$ is a probability measure for every $\\xi\\in\\mathbb S^{d-1}$. We now turn to Assumption B2. ", "First assume that $0<\\alpha<p$. In this case, the fact that $\\{Q_\\xi:\\xi\\in\\mathbb S^{d-1}\\}$ is a collection of probability measures implies that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha} \\left(1-q(r,\\xi)\\right) {\\mathrm d}r &=& \\int_{(0,\\infty)}\\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha} \\left(1-e^{-sr^p}\\right){\\mathrm d}r Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s)\\\\\n&=& \\int_{(0,\\infty)}\\frac{s^{\\alpha/p}}{p}\\int_0^\\infty \\left(1-e^{-r}\\right) r^{-1-\\alpha/p}{\\mathrm d}r Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s)\\\\\n&=&\\int_{(0,\\infty)} s^{\\alpha/p} Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s) \\frac{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}{\\alpha},\\end{aligned}$$ where the second line follows by substitution and the third by integration by parts. ", "It follows that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\eta &=& \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}}\\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha}\\left(1-q(r,\\xi)\\right) {\\mathrm d}r \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi)\\\\\n&=& \\frac{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}{\\alpha} \\int_{\\mathbb S^{d-1}} \\int_{(0,\\infty)} s^{\\alpha/p} Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s) \\sigma({\\mathrm d}\\xi)\\\\\n&=& \\frac{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}{\\alpha} \\int_{\\mathbb R^{d}} |x|^{\\alpha/p} Q({\\mathrm d}x)\\\\\n&=& \\frac{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}{\\alpha} R(\\mathbb R^d),\\end{aligned}$$ which is finite if and only if $R(\\mathbb R^d)<\\infty$. Now assume that $\\alpha\\ge p$. We again have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_0^\\infty r^{-1-\\alpha} \\left(1-q(r,\\xi)\\right) {\\mathrm d}r \n&=& \\int_{(0,\\infty)}\\frac{s^{\\alpha/p}}{p}Q_\\xi({\\mathrm d}s)\\int_0^\\infty \\left(1-e^{-r}\\right) r^{-1-\\alpha/p}{\\mathrm d}r.\\end{aligned}$$ To see that Assumption B2 does not hold in this case, observe that $$\\int_0^\\infty \\left(1-e^{-r}\\right) r^{-1-\\alpha/p}{\\mathrm d}r \\ge .5\\int_0^1 r^{-\\alpha/p}{\\mathrm d}r \\ =\\infty,$$ where we use the fact that, for $r\\in[0,1]$, $(1-e^{-r})\\ge .5r$, see e.g. 4.2.37 in [@Abramowitz:Stegun:1972].", "\n\nPerhaps, the most famous $p$-tempered $\\alpha$-distributions are Tweedie distributions, which were introduced in [@Tweedie:1984]. ", "These are sometimes also called classical tempered stable subordinators. ", "These are one-dimensional distributions with $p=1$, $\\alpha\\in(0,1)$, $\\sigma(\\{-1\\})=0$, $\\sigma(\\{1\\})=a$, and $Q_{1}({\\mathrm d}t) = \\delta_c({\\mathrm d}t)$, where $a,c>0$ and $\\delta_c$ is the point-mass at $c$. In this case $R({\\mathrm d}t) = ac^\\alpha\\delta_{1/c}({\\mathrm d}t)$. It is not difficult to show that such distributions satisfy Assumptions B1, B2, and B3 and thus that Algorithm 1 can be used. ", "Further, in this case, $\\eta=\\Gamma(1-\\alpha)ac^\\alpha/\\alpha$, and it can be shown that $e^{-\\eta t}f_t(Y)/\\tilde f_t(Y) = e^{-cY}$. Thus, in this case, Algorithm 1 is computationally easy to perform. ", "In fact, it reduces to the standard rejection sampling algorithm for Tweedie distributions given in e.g. [@Kawai:Masuda:2011].", "\n\nSimulations {#sec: sims}\n===========\n\nIn this section we perform a small scale simulation study to see how well Algorithm 1 works in practice. ", "We focus on a parametric family of tempered stable distributions for which, up to now, there has not been an exact simulation method except for the inversion method. ", "Specifically, we consider the family of $p$-tempered $\\alpha$-stable distribution on $\\mathbb R^1$ with Rosiński measures of the form $$R_\\ell({\\mathrm d}x) = C (1+|x|)^{-2-\\alpha-\\ell}{\\mathrm d}x,$$ where $\\ell>0$ is a parameter and $$C = .5(\\alpha+\\ell+1)\\frac{\\alpha}{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}.$$ These distributions were introduced in [@Grabchak:2016book] as a class of tempered stable distributions, which can have a finite variance, but still fairly heavy tails. ", "If fact, if random variable $Y$ has a distribution of this type, then, for $\\beta\\ge0$, $${\\mathrm E}|Y|^\\beta<\\infty \\mbox{ if and only if } \\beta<1+\\alpha+\\ell.$$ Thus, $\\ell$ controls how heavy the tails of the distribution are. ", "Distributions with tails of this type are useful, for instance, in modeling financial returns, since, as is well-known, returns tend to have heavy tails, but the fact that they exhibit aggregational Gaussianity suggests that their tails cannot be too heavy and that the variance should be finite, see e.g. [@Cont:Tankov:2004] or [@Grabchak:Samorodnitsky:2010].", "\n\nSince $R_\\ell$ is a finite measure, Proposition \\[prop: ets pts\\] implies that, when $0<\\alpha<p$, Assumptions B1 and B2 hold and $$\\eta = \\frac{\\Gamma(1-\\alpha/p)}{\\alpha}R_\\ell(\\mathbb R) = 1.$$ By , it follows that we are tempering a symmetric stable distribution with $$s:=\\sigma(\\{-1\\})=\\sigma(\\{1\\}) = C \\int_0^\\infty x^\\alpha (1+x)^{-2-\\alpha-\\ell}{\\mathrm d}x.$$ Let $\\mu=\\mathrm S_\\alpha(\\sigma,b)$ and $\\tilde\\mu=\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha^p(R_\\ell,\\tilde b)$. When $p=1$, methods for evaluating the pdfs and related quantities of both of these distribution are available in the SymTS package [@Grabchak:Cao:2017] for the statistical software R. For this reason, we focus on the case $p=1$. In this case, we are restricted to $\\alpha\\in(0,1)$.\n\n -- --\n \n -- --\n\n -- --\n \n -- --\n\nFor our simulations, we took $\\alpha=.75$, $\\ell=1$, and $b=\\tilde b=0$. By numerical integration, we got $s=0.0591034$. Let $\\tilde\\mu=\\mathrm{TS}_\\alpha^p(R_\\ell,\\tilde b)=\\mathrm{TS}_{.75}^1(R_{1},0)$ and let $\\mu=\\mathrm S_\\alpha(\\sigma, 0)=\\mathrm S_{.75}(\\sigma, 0)$, where $\\sigma(\\{-1\\})=\\sigma(\\{1\\}) = 0.0591034$. Plots of the pdfs of $\\mu$ and $\\tilde\\mu$ are given in Figure \\[fig: densities\\].", "\n\nTo get $1000$ observations from $\\tilde\\mu$ using Algorithm 1, we expect to need $1000 e^{1}\\approx 2718$ iterations. ", "For simplicity, we ran $3000$ iterations. ", "Thus, we began by simulating $3000$ observations from $\\mu$. This was done using the method of [@Chambers:Mallows:Stuck:1976]. ", "We then applied Algorithm 1 to see which observations should be rejected. ", "Here, we used the SymTS package to evaluate the pdfs. ", "In the end, we wound up with $1110$ observations from $\\tilde \\mu$.\n\nFigure \\[fig: hist\\] (left) plots the kernel density estimator (KDE) for our samples from $\\tilde\\mu$. Here, KDE used a Gaussian kernel with a bandwidth of $.02463$. The plot is overlaid with the pdf of $\\tilde\\mu$ smoothed by the Gaussian Kernel with this bandwidth. ", "This verifies, numerically, that we are simulating from the correct distribution. ", "For comparison, Figure \\[fig: hist\\] (right), plots the KDE of the original $3000$ samples from $\\mu$. This is overlaid with the smoothed pdf of $\\mu$. Here, KDE used a Gaussian kernel with a bandwidth of $.006565$.\n\n -- --\n \n -- --\n\n -- --\n \n -- --\n\nNext, consider the Lévy process $\\{\\tilde X_t:t\\ge0\\}$, where $\\tilde X_1\\sim\\tilde\\mu$. To simulate $\\tilde X_1,\\tilde X_2,\\dots,\\tilde X_{1110}$, we apply to the iid increments, which we simulated above. ", "A plot of this Lévy process is given in the left plot of Figure \\[fig: process\\]. ", "For comparison, the right plot of Figure \\[fig: process\\] gives the Lévy process based on the original $3000$ iid increments from $\\mu$. Comparing the two processes, we see that all of the largest jumps have been rejected.", "\n\nIn our simulation, we used $3000$ observations from $\\mu$ to get $1110$ observations from $\\tilde\\mu$. Of course, due to the structure of the algorithm, if we run the simulation again, we may get a different number of observations from $\\tilde\\mu$. We performed the simulation $500$ times to see how many observations from $\\tilde\\mu$ are obtained. ", "Figure \\[fig: boxplot\\] gives a boxplot and a histogram for all resulting values. ", "The smallest value observed was $1010$ and the largest was $1172$. The mean was $1104.1$ with a standard deviation of $25.1$. Note that the observed mean is very close to the theoretical mean of $3000e^{-1}\\approx 1103.6$.\n\nNow, consider the case, where we want to simulate from $\\tilde\\mu^{10}=\\mathrm{TS}(10R,0)$, which is the distribution of $\\tilde X_{10}$. A plot of this distribution is given in Figure \\[fig: t10\\] (left). ", "We have two choices. ", "First, we can use Algorithm 1 directly, which requires, on average, $e^{10}\\approx22026$ iterations to get one observation. ", "Second, we can use Algorithm 1 to simulate $10$ independent observations from $\\tilde \\mu$, and then aggregate these by taking the sum. ", "This requires, on average, $10e^1\\approx27$ iteration to get one observation. ", "Clearly, the second approach is more efficient, and, hence, it is the one that we use.", "\n\n -- --\n \n -- --\n\nSay that we want $1000$ independent observations from $\\tilde\\mu^{10}$. This requires $10000$ independent observations from $\\tilde\\mu$, and we expect to need $10000e^1\\approx27183$ iterations. ", "We performed $30000$ iterations, which gave us $11130$ observations from $\\tilde \\mu$. These, in turn, gave $1113$ observations from $\\tilde\\mu^{10}$. In Figure \\[fig: t10\\] (right), we plot the KDE of the simulated data. ", "This is overlaid with the pdf of $\\tilde\\mu$ smoothed by the appropriate kernel and bandwidth. ", "Here, KDE used the Gaussian kernel with bandwidth $0.1863$.\n\n[c|ccc|cc|c]{} & & &\\\nt & run time & iterations & obs &run time& obs & ratio\\\n1 & 24.711 sec & 3000 &1121 & 285.210 sec & 1000 & 0.087\\\n2 & 47.399 sec & 6000 & 1105 & 255.879 sec & 1000& 0.185\\\n5 & 118.563 sec & 15000 & 1104 & 224.227 sec & 1000& 0.529\\\n10 & 237.747 sec & 30000 & 1084 & 193.319 sec &1000& 1.230\\\n20 &443.286 sec & 56000 & 1024 & 191.004 sec &1000& 2.321\\\n\n[cc|cc|cc|c]{} & & & &\\\n$\\alpha$ & $\\ell$ & run time & observations &run time& observations & ratio\\\n.50 & 0.5 & 66.841 sec &1057 & 785.870 sec & 1000 & 0.085\\\n.50 & 1.0 & 30.531 sec & 1116 & 338.867 sec & 1000 &0.090\\\n.50 & 5.0 & 47.035 sec & 1090 & 509.506 sec & 1000 & 0.092\\\n.75 & 0.5& 53.346 sec & 1124 & 668.588 sec & 1000 & 0.080\\\n.75 & 1.0& 23.844 sec & 1082 & 282.788 sec & 1000 &0.084\\\n.75 & 5.0& 37.353 sec & 1093 & 448.820 sec& 1000 & 0.083\\\n.95 & 0.5& 51.121 sec & 1101 & 601.804 sec & 1000& 0.084\\\n.95 & 1.0& 23.444 sec & 1096 & 278.804 sec& 1000&0.084\\\n.95 & 5.0& 38.190 sec & 1100 & 470.784 sec& 1000& 0.081\\\n\nFor a comparison, we also performed simulations using the inversion method, which is implemented in the SymTS package. ", "First, we fixed $\\alpha=0.75$, $\\ell=1.0$, and considered $t=1, 2, 5,10, 20$. Computation times for both approaches are reported in Table \\[table\\]. ", "Not surprisingly, when $t$ is small, Algorithm 1 is more efficient, but for large $t$ the inversion method works better. ", "Second, we fixed $t=1$ and considered $\\alpha=0.5, 0.75, 0.95$ and $\\ell=0.5, 1.0, 5.0$. Computation times are reported in Table \\[table2\\]. ", "Both sets of simulations were performed on a desktop PC with a 3.40GHz Intel Core i7-6700 CPU. ", "The computer was running Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS and R version 3.2.3.", "\n\nFor the above simulations, we attempted to cover a large part of the parameter space. ", "However, while the parameter $\\alpha$ can, in principle, take any value in $(0,1)$, we did not consider the case $\\alpha<0.5$. This is because we found it difficult to numerically evaluate the pdfs with enough accuracy in this case. ", "We conjecture that this difficulty is due to the fact that, for such values of $\\alpha$, stable distributions are extremely heavy tailed. ", "On the other hand, there is no difficulty with values near $1$, as is illustrated by the simulations for $\\alpha=.95$.\n\nFor both Algorithm 1 and the inversion method, the most expensive part of the calculation involves evaluating the required functions. ", "These are $f_t$ and $\\tilde f_t$ for Algorithm 1 and the quantile function for the inversion method. ", "When we are simulating many observations from the same distribution, both methods can be improved by precomputing these functions on a grid and then using interpolation.", "\n\n[36]{}\n\nAbramowitz, M., Stegun, I.A.: Handbook of Mathematical Functions 10th ed. ", "Dover Publications, New York (1972).", "\n\nBaeumer, B., Kovács, M.: Approximating multivariate tempered stable processes. ", "Journal of Applied Probability **49**, 167–183 (2012).", "\n\nBianchi, M.L., Rachev, S.T., Kim, Y.S., Fabozzi, F.J.: Tempered infinitely divisible distributions and processes. ", "Theory of Probability and Its Applications **55**, 2–26 (2011).", "\n\nChambers, J.M., Mallows, C.L., Stuck, B.W.: A method for simulating stable random variables. ", "Journal of the American Statistical Association **71**, 340–344 (1976).", "\n\nCohen, S., Rosi[ń]{}ski, J.: Gaussian approximation of multivariate Lévy processes with applications to simulation of tempered stable processes. ", "Bernoulli **13**, 195–210 (2007).", "\n\nCont, R., Tankov, P.: Financial Modeling With Jump Processes. ", "Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton (2004)\n\nDevroye, L.: Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation. ", "Springer, New York (1986)\n\nGrabchak, M.: On a new class of tempered stable distributions: Moments and regular variation. ", "Journal of Applied Probability **49**, 1015–1035 (2012).", "\n\nGrabchak, M.: . ", "Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2012).", "\n\nGrabchak, M., Cao, L: SymTS: Symmetric tempered stable distributions. ", "Ver.", " 1.0, R Package. ", "<https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SymTS/index.html> (2017).", "\n\nGrabchak, M., Samorodnitsky, G.: Do financial returns have finite or infinite variance? ", "A paradox and an explanation. ", "Quantitative Finance **10**, 883–893 (2010).", "\n\nImai, J., Kawai, R.: On finite truncation of infinite shot noise series representation of tempered stable laws. ", "Physica A **390**, 4411–4425 (2011).", "\n\nKawai, R., H. Masuda, H.: On simulation of tempered stable random variates. ", "Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics **235**, 2873–2887 (2011).", "\n\nKüchler, U., S. Tappe, S.: Tempered stable distributions and processes. ", "Stochastic Processes and their Applications **123**, 4256–4293 (2013).", "\n\nNolan, J.P.: Multivariate stable distributions: Approximation, estimation, simulation and identification. ", "In Adler, R.J, Feldman, R.E., Taqqu, M.S. (Eds.), ", "A Practical Guide to Heavy Tails, pp.", " 509–526. ", "Birkhauser, Boston (1998).", "\n\nRosi[ń]{}ski, J.: Tempering stable processes. ", "Stochastic Processes and their Applications **117**, 677–707 (2007)\n\nRosi[ń]{}ski, J., Sinclair, J.L., Generalized tempered stable processes. ", "Banach Center Publications **90**, 153–170 (2010).", "\n\nRyznar, M.: Estimates of Green function for relativistic $\\alpha$-stable process. ", "Potential Analysis **17**, 1-23 (2002).", "\n\nSamorodnitsky, G., Taqqu, M.S.: Stable Non-Gaussian Random Processes: Stochastic Models with Infinite Variance. ", "Chapman & Hall, New York (1994).", "\n\nSato, K.: [L]{}évy Processes and Infinitely Divisible Distributions. ", "Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).", "\n\nTweedie, M.C.K.: An index which distinguishes between some important exponential families. ", "In Ghosh, J.K., Roy, J. (eds.), ", "Statistics: Applications and New Directions. ", "Proceedings of the Indian Statistical Institute Golden Jubilee International Conference. ", "Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, pg.", " 579–604 (1984).", "\n\n[^1]: Email address: [email protected]\n\n[^2]: Relativistic stable distributions are the distributions of $\\sqrt X Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent, $X$ has a Tweedie distribution, and $Z\\sim N(0,I)$, where $I$ is the identity matrix.", "\n" ]

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[ "The Bathhouse is covered in black mold, should be shut down. ", "All the electrical and plumbing is in bad shape and not up to code. ", "My husband and I stayed there for a year and a half. ", "The experience was horrifying. ", "We\ncamped at Audubon RV Park in a Travel Trailer." ]

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[ "Fluorescence properties of glutamine-binding protein from Escherichia coli and its complex with glutamine.", "\nIn this work, the fluorescence of glutamine-binding protein (GlnBP) and its complex with glutamine (GlnBP/Gln) in native and unfolded forms was studied. ", "The experimental data were interpreted on the basis of the results of the analysis of Trp and Tyr microenvironments taking into the account the data for GlnBP mutated forms Trp32Phe(Tyr) and Trp220Phe(Tyr), which have been obtained by Axelsen et al. (", "Biophys. ", "J. 1991, 60, 650-659). ", "This allowed us to explain the negligible contribution of Tyr residues to the bulk fluorescence of the native protein, the similarity of the fluorescence characteristics of GlnBP and GlnBP/Gln, and the uncommon effect of the excess of the fluorescence intensity at 365 nm (Trp emission) upon excitation at 297 nm respect to the excitation at 280 nm. ", "The last effect is explained by the spectral dependence of the Trp 32 and Trp 220 contributions to the protein absorption. ", "The protein Trp fluorescence dependence on the excitation wavelength must be taken into account for the evaluation of the Tyr residues contribution to the bulk fluorescence of protein, and in principle, it also may be used for the development of an approach for the decomposition of a multicomponent protein fluorescence spectrum." ]

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[ "I've said it once (recently in fact) and I’ll say it again—I love these Texas Rangers.", "\n\nLike many people I watch sports because they remind me of a kinder, gentler time; when the game was just a good excuse to hang out with your friends.", "\n\nNow it’s a little different. ", "We still wear jerseys and we still gather for the game with friends. ", "We don’t drink a lot of Gatorade and water during games anymore, but a more age appropriate beverage. ", "None of us fit into our game pants anymore, but we all still know how to properly wear a rally cap.", "\n\nThat feeling of friendship, camaraderie, and nostalgia will now get to live on for a couple more weeks as we watch the Texas Rangers return to the World Series after defeating the Detroit Tigers in Game 6 of the ALCS Saturday night. ", "The win gave them the 4-2 in the ALCS and a return trip to the Series\n\nWhat makes watching these guys even better is that they are people you want to cheer for." ]

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[ "Tossed off a flatbed truck, a 100-pound bale of used panties and bras, worn socks, DKNY suits and Michael Jordan jerseys lands with a thud amid a jostling swarm of shoppers.", "\n\nOkech Anorue slits the plastic wrap on the refrigerator-size bundle he bought for $95 and dives in. ", "There’s bound to be a gem in there -- like the faded leather bomber jacket once worn by Tiffany of Costa Mesa High School. ", "That piece now hangs on the premium rack in his 5-foot-by-5-foot stall with a $25 price tag.", "\n\n“These clothes make people’s dreams come true,” says Anorue, chairman of the vendors association at Yaba Market. “", "Everyone wears them, from insurance women, vendors, poor people to parliamentarians. ", "When they put them on, you can’t tell rich from poor.”", "\n\nMuch of Africa was once draped in fabrics of flamboyant color and pattern, products of local industry and a reflection of cultural pride. ", "But with half of its people surviving on less than a dollar a day, the continent has become the world’s recycling bin. ", "People scramble for 10-cent underpants, 20-cent T-shirts and dollar blue jeans discarded by Westerners.", "\n\n\nA young man in the Congolese jungle wears a T-shirt that pleads: “Beam me up, Scotty.” ", "In a Lagos nightclub, a Nigerian ingenue models a used red negligee over a hot-pink halter top. ", "A young Liberian fighter with an AK-47 assault rifle wears a tan bathrobe like a trench coat.", "\n\nIn Togo, the castoffs are called “dead white men’s clothing.” ", "Few people in that West African country believe that a living person would throw away anything this good. ", "Consumers in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania call the used clothing mitumba, the Swahili word for bale.", "\n\n“Without mitumba, most Ugandans would be walking naked in the countryside,” lamented an editorial in that country’s leading newspaper, the Monitor.", "\n\nInsatiable demand from village shops and sprawling urban markets has turned the West’s castoffs into an industry that generates hundreds of millions of dollars annually. ", "Clothing is only the most visible example. ", "Polluting refrigerators and air conditioners, expired medicines and old mattresses also are routinely shipped and resold here. ", "Used vehicles imported from Japan dot African roads. ", "Antiquated secondhand computers power many African governments.", "\n\n\nThe trade in hand-me-downs offers millions of Africans another means to endure their daily struggle with poverty. ", "Shoppers get cheap clothes, and legions of vendors eke out a living one worn T-shirt at a time.", "\n\nMere survival has a long-term cost: The continent is losing the capacity to produce its own clothing. ", "Although labor is cheap, Africans cannot make a shirt that costs as little as a used one. ", "Every textile mill in Zambia has closed. ", "Fewer than 40 of Nigeria’s 200 mills remain. ", "The vast majority of textile factories in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi are shuttered as well. ", "Thousands of workers have lost their jobs.", "\n\n“We are digging our own graves,” says Chris Kirubi, a Kenyan industrialist who blamed secondhand clothing for the demise of his textile mill. “", "When you make your own clothes, you employ farmers to grow cotton, people to work in textile mills and more people to work in clothes factories. ", "When you import secondhand clothes, you become a dumping ground.”", "\n\nThe used clothes most often start out in America. ", "Charities such as Goodwill and the Salvation Army sell donated clothes by the pound to wholesale merchants, who grade them. ", "The top grade usually ends up in vintage shops in the United States, Europe or Latin America. ", "The lesser grade merchandise, much of which is faded or stained, is labeled Africa A and Africa B.\n\n\nOnce in Africa, the bales of clothes bounce through a chain of wholesalers until they are thrown off a truck at a market.", "\n\nSeveral countries, including Nigeria, have tried to ban imports of used clothing; others are trying to impose taxes on the trade. ", "But even in Nigeria, which earns billions of dollars a year in oil exports, the demand for hand-me-downs is great and the traders creative.", "\n\nSo every morning before daybreak, Yaba Market is a carnival bursting with the sounds of vendors setting up for the day. ", "They haul their goods in wheelbarrows and on homemade carts, but mostly on their backs, dumping them on the hard-packed soil to grab a quick bite to eat from women warming pots of tea and porridge over glowing coals.", "\n\nThe market stretches for miles, spilling out from a sprawling collection of galvanized sheds and rusting steel buildings. ", "Yaba is not even among the five biggest markets on the outskirts of greater Lagos, home to 20 million people.", "\n\n\n“Some vendors come here to hustle,” Anorue says. “", "The good vendors know that if you treat your customers right, they will come back.”", "\n\nIn one corner, clothing vendors are clumped around the railroad tracks. ", "There are 20,000 of them. ", "When the train rumbles through -- sometimes several times a day -- vendors scramble to clear their makeshift stalls from the tracks.", "\n\nMany have specialties. ", "Izuka Aptazi, 23, operates the Athlete’s Foot of Yaba. ", "Each day, Aptazi, who flaunts a jersey of Philadelphia 76ers guard Allen Iverson, scours the market for athletic shoes and jerseys bearing the names of international sports stars. ", "Some vendors sell him jerseys from their bales at cost. ", "He earns about $30 a month.", "\n\nA Shaquille O’Neal jersey that costs him $3 can be sold for as much as $8. ", "In soccer-crazy Nigeria, even poor fans will scrape together a few dollars for the jerseys of French star Thierry Henry, Senegalese striker El Hadji Diouf or former Manchester United superstar David Beckham.", "\n\n\nWater Eoji, 26, sells tablecloths and curtains at about $2 a yard. ", "He often knocks on the doors of hotels, offering to outfit their rooms with drapes that once adorned American homes.", "\n\nAt the bottom of the heap are used underwear vendors such as Teresa Williams, whose trade is cited by Africans as evidence of how far they have fallen: How did people get desperate enough, they wonder, to buy other people’s discarded drawers?", "\n\nUnder a multicolored umbrella next to the railroad tracks, Williams glumly minds her few piles of panties, priced at 25 cents, and brassieres at 50 cents. ", "She calls out to encourage prospective customers. ", "But Williams sheepishly acknowledges that she would draw the line at wearing anything she sells.", "\n\nThree young toughs strut past, glancing scornfully at her rumpled piles of garments. ", "When they’re a safe distance away, Williams blurts out: “If you check under their pants, I bet they’re wearing used underwear.” ", "And she explodes in laughter.", "\n\n\nMinutes later, four young women from Surulere, a nearby neighborhood known as Nigeria’s movie capital, stop by and pick through the pile. ", "They choose half a dozen pink and black panties.", "\n\nNigerians call these places “bend-down boutiques,” because customers often have to stoop to get to the merchandise. ", "But no one minds stooping if the price is right. ", "And the price is always negotiable.", "\n\nJohn Muriamo, a 45-year-old teacher and father of four teenage sons, arrives ready to bargain hard.", "\n\nHe has the equivalent of $20 in his pants pocket. ", "He is wearing one of the two white long-sleeve shirts he owns. ", "Both are threadbare. ", "He is trying to support his family of six on a salary of $325 a year -- a little less than a dollar a day. ", "But, like many Africans, he often is paid late, if at all.", "\n\n\nWith sweat rolling down his face in the tropical sun, Muriamo stops at the booth of Precious Okoyo. ", "He selects a yellow Lakers T-shirt and a checked Gap shirt for his two older sons, and baggy jeans for his two younger boys, who are 14 and 15. ", "Finally, for himself, he picks up a lily-white, long-sleeve Yves Saint Laurent shirt that, with any tie, could command respect from his students.", "\n\nOkoyo does some mental calculations and tells him that he owes her 4,200 naira, the equivalent of $28.", "\n\n“I’ll give you 1,800 naira,” Muriamo offers, his voice cutting through the hum of buying and selling.", "\n\nNo response.", "\n\n\n“Look, Miss Precious, I always buy from you,” he pleads. “", "Am I not your best customer?”", "\n\nHe makes a final appeal: “Everybody has to live.”", "\n\n“Teacher, make it 2,700 naira and we’ll remain friends,” Okoyo says. “", "But remember, next time it’s my turn.”", "\n\nMuriamo hands over the money, grabs the merchandise and thanks Okoyo with an elaborate handshake. ", "He has a piece of clothing for each of his four children, a new work shirt and about $2 left. ", "His children will be happy, and his family will eat tonight.", "\n\n\nLike other Nigerian men, Muriamo used to wear the colorful, flowing Nigerian agbada on special occasions, or when he and his family attended Sunday services at their Pentecostal church. ", "He cannot remember the last time he bought one of the traditional robes. ", "Now, his $20 would buy only a yard or two of locally produced fabric.", "\n\n“We get better deals because everyone is trying to do some business,” Muriamo says of the market.", "\n\nOne reason is international trade policy. ", "While Nigerian fabric has grown scarcer and more expensive, reforms demanded by international lenders have eliminated Africa’s high tariffs on imported clothing, driving down prices.", "\n\nAfter a decade of wearing used clothes from the West, many Africans find that necessity has become style. ", "Their children no longer want to wear anything else.", "\n\n\n“If they want to look like rap stars and sports stars, we can’t compete,” says J.P. Olarewaju, who heads an association of Lagos textile manufacturers. “", "The children want to dress in baggy jeans and look like their heroes.", "\n\n“It would be the happiest day in my life when secondhand clothing is truly banned from this country,” says Olarewaju, who is wearing a floral green African suit. ", "He acknowledges that he hasn’t been able to keep even his own children from shopping at the bend-down boutiques.", "\n\nNigerian wholesalers evade their country’s ban by shipping goods to neighboring Benin, where a bribe to a customs officer guarantees passage to Nigeria -- and boosts the local economy. ", "Fifteen percent of Benin’s revenue comes from so-called re-exports.", "\n\nOnce in Nigeria, the clothes pass through a chain of middlemen to markets buzzing with millions of eager customers. ", "Even when Africa’s ferocious noonday sun is beating down on them, buyers and sellers merely pause.", "\n\n\nAt Yaba Market, shoppers seek out cooler spots; merchants take a break. ", "Vendors rush in with pots on their heads to serve porridge, greens and meat.", "\n\nIn front of a shed emblazoned with a homemade sign that reads, “Hand of God: Dealers in All Kinds of Trousers such as Chinos, jeans and Electronics,” young men break out drums and percussion gourds. ", "The music summons vendors and shoppers. ", "Some dance until they become entranced by the frenzied beat. ", "Their sweaty bodies convulse like worshipers at a gospel revival.", "\n\n“Oh God,” the young vendors sing, their faces twisted in what could be ecstasy or pain. “", "Let good things happen to us.”", "\n\nLife depends -- for all the vendors -- on a good bale of clothes.", "\n\n\nToday, Anorue, who deals exclusively in skirts and suits for professional women, is smiling. ", "His bale produced three DKNY suits, a couple of Ann Taylor outfits and some Italian brands he hasn’t seen before.", "\n\n“My customers are very demanding,” he says. “", "They are going to be very happy.”", "\n\nThe next bundle might be different. ", "But the clothes won’t be discarded.", "\n\n“This is like the palm oil business,” Anorue says, referring to the lucrative trade that squeezes cooking oil from palm tree parts. “", "Nothing, not even the husk, is wasted.”", "\n\n\n*\n\nAbout this series\n\nThe number of people in sub-Saharan Africa living in dire poverty has nearly doubled in the last two decades. ", "Times staff writer Davan Maharaj and photographer Francine Orr traveled the continent over nearly two years to chronicle the continual struggle to survive on less than a dollar a day. ", "The six articles in the series:\n\nPART 1: Sunday -- Eking out an income.", "\n\n\nPART 2: Monday -- Staving off hunger.", "\n\nPART 3: Today -- Settling for castoff clothes.", "\n\nComing later:\n\nPART 4: Living in 100 square feet.", "\n\n\nPART 5: Locked out of school.", "\n\nPART 6: Surviving AIDS.", "\n\nOn the Web:\n\nMore photos, narrated reports by the reporter and photographer, previous articles in the series and information on how to help can be found on The Times website at: www.latimes.com/pennies." ]

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[ "New Scientist: Influence of climate change on weather becoming clearer (say hello to a warmer world)\n\n11/07/2018 - by the Climate Centre\n\nA collaboration between European meteorological services known as EUPHEME will soon be able promptly to answer questions about the influence of climate change on recent or ongoing extreme-weather events, according to an editorial in the current issue of New Scientist (subscription) magazine.", "\n\n“Those involved in the project say a prototype should be up and running next year,” the article says, while the “Australian meteorological bureau is looking to develop a similar programme”.", "\n\nIt’s being made possible by better climate models and faster computers running climate simulations “over and over again”.", "\n\n‘There’s no question we are in a better positioneven than five years ago’\n\nThe New Scientist piece – dated 4 July, just as a lethal heatwave in Canada was peaking – focuses especially on extreme heat, which Climate Centre scientist Erin Coughlan de Perez recently described as “one of the most obvious, carefully studied and confident projections we have”.", "\n\nIt points out that it took more than a year for science to confirm people’s general “hunch” that the historic European heatwave of 2003 had been made more likely by climate change; at least twice as likely, experts finally concluded.", "\n\nNow, the New Scientist argues, the time has come to change the view that it takes too long to attribute any one event – as opposed to a type of hazard in general – to climate change.", "\n\nSimilar findings?", "\n\nSome individual events – like South Asian heatwaves (complicated by aerosol gases) and thunderstorms (too small) – remain difficult to model, but the magazine adds that “there is no question we are in a better position than we were in even five years ago.”", "\n\nThe EUPHEME research is led by the UK Met Office and involves eight other agencies, including the Netherlands KNMI, also partners in the World Weather Attribution project, a pioneer in the field.", "\n\nThe New Scientist cites the 2017 WWA finding that climate change had increased the likelihood of last year’s European heatwave by up to a factor of ten, and predicts similar findings for this year’s highs.", "\n\n“Climate change”, it says, “is frequently seen as a problem for another day.” ", "No longer. “", "Just look out your window and say hello to a warmer world.”", "\n\nThe Montreal skyline last weekend, after the lethal heatwave of the previous week had faded. ", "The weather in the city was described then as perfect, but Quebec authorities said yesterday up to 70 people may have died in the heatwave previously, around half on them in Montreal, CBC reported. (", "Photo: @Montreal via Twitter)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to compile Intellij IDEA from Source to Executive file\n\ni download Intellij Idea 13 (ideaIC-13.tar.gz) from jetbrains.com and i want to install it on ubuntu 13.10.", "\ni'm not prefer to run intellij with terminal commands everytime i wanna use it, it's gonna be great if i can open it like another applications we install from ubuntu software center.", "\nso i searched over the internet and found out i should compile it to .deb file to do that. ", "i tried several ways to compile but i got error every time.", "\ncan anyone help me solve this problem? ", "\nthanks in advance\nedit : \ni tried \"Create Desktop Entry\" to make shortcut for it, but i got this error.", "\nthere is another warning about \"native file watcher\". ", "how can i solve them?:|\n\nA:\n\nthe problem was my Ubuntu installation or lack of my ubuntu dependencies.", "\nnow i use Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and Intellij Idea Works Properly! ", "i just run the .sh file with bash command.", "\nand Create Desktop Entry worked fine.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "NL Central\n\nNL West\n\nNow Commenting On:\n\nFive more on Miami list; Gio cleared in documents\n\nEmail\n\nPrint\n\nBy Paul Hagen\n\nFive more players have been named in the widening Biogenesis scandal on Tuesday, according to ESPN's \"Outside the Lines,\" but the network's investigation also suggested that Nationals left-hander Gio Gonzalez, one of the high-profile stars previously linked to Anthony Bosch's now-shuttered Coral Gables, Fla., clinic did not receive banned substances.", "\n\nMajor League Baseball is continuing its own independent investigation of the claims, which have alleged that Gonzalez, Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez, Brewers outfielder Ryan Braun, Rangers slugger Nelson Cruz, Blue Jays outfielder Melky Cabrera, Padres catcher Yasmani Grandal and Yankees catcher Francisco Cervelli are among some two dozen players who received performance-enhancing substances from Biogenesis. ", "All have denied improper activity; Braun and Cervelli explained they used Bosch as a consultant last year.", "\n\nThe latest report does not include any All-Stars, but does mention the 2012 National League stolen-base leader, Padres shortstop Everth Cabrera, along with A's left-handed reliever Jordan Norberto, Astros outfielder Fernando Martinez, Padres reliever Fautino De Los Santos and top Mets outfield prospect Cesar Puello.", "\n\nSources told ESPN that those names were also on a list that seemed to indicate players who had received drugs.", "\n\nThe twist is that the most recent revelations exempt Gonzalez. ", "ESPN reported, \"[Two] sources, speaking independently, identified Gonzalez as the only Bosch client named thus far who did not receive performance-enhancing drugs. ", "A document ... bolsters their case: On a computer printout of clients, Gonzalez, identified by the code name 'Gladiator,' is said to have received $1,000 worth of substances, but under 'notes' are several substances not banned by Major League Baseball: 'gluthetyn' [which a source said was a misspelling of glutathione], 'IM [intramuscular] shots' and amino acids.", "\n\n\"Glutathione is an anti-oxidant, and one source said the 'IM shots' Gonzalez received were 'MICs,' a medically dubious but legal combination of methionine, inositol and choline, often used for weight loss.\"", "\n\nThe Mets issued a statement on Puello, which read: \"Because of the ongoing investigation, we have no comment. ", "We refer all questions to Major League Baseball.\"", "\n\nThe Astros and Martinez, through a spokesman, also declined to comment.", "\n\nESPN noted that three of the five new players named -- Puello, De Los Santos and Martinez -- are clients of the Brooklyn-based ACES sports agency run by Seth and Sam Levinson. ", "The others, Cabrera and Norberto, were formerly represented by the firm.", "\n\nFrom the report: \"All told, 10 players identified as Biogenesis clients have ties to ACES, and most have been connected by sources or documents as having worked with Juan Carlos Nunez, who worked for ACES as a liaison to players. ", "Seth and Sam Levinson have said they had no knowledge of Nunez's extensive work with Biogenesis, and said he was temporarily employed by them as a contractor.", "\n\n\"Seth Levinson declined comment Tuesday on the new documents and the players named, but issued a statement denying the agency's knowledge: 'Other than those players who have previously tested positive, we have seen no evidence to conclude that any of the players mentioned recently in the media were involved with performance-enhancing drugs.", "\n\n\"As we've stated unequivocally before: Anyone who knows us knows that it is absolutely ridiculous to think that we would ever condone the use of performance-enhancing drugs. ", "We have represented many hundreds of players over 25 years, and our track record makes it perfectly clear that we do things the right way. ", "Neither Sam nor I or anyone else at ACES have ever met or even heard of Anthony Bosch until the recent news stories nor does anyone have any knowledge of or connection to Biogenesis.", "\n\n\"Moreover, Juan Nunez ceased doing work on behalf of the agency as soon as we learned of his wrongdoing in the Melky Cabrera situation. ", "The [Major League Baseball Players Association's] investigation into that matter found that we had no involvement in or knowledge of any wrongdoing. ", "Similarly, in this case, we are not involved and do not have any knowledge as to what took place or who was involved. ", "We don't think it is responsible to speculate further given the complete lack of evidence.'\"", "\n\nMelky Cabrera, Grandal and Bartolo Colon have previously been suspended for testing positive for PEDs.", "\n\nMLB, in cooperation with the MLBPA, announced enhanced drug testing at the Owners Meetings in Paradise Valley, Ariz., in January that included year-round blood testing for human growth hormone and the establishment of baseline levels that make it easier to detect synthetic testosterone.", "\n\nPaul Hagen is a reporter for MLB.com. ", "This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs." ]

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[ "The present invention relates generally to birefringence measurement apparatuses, and more particularly to a birefringence measurement apparatus that measures a birefringence of calcium fluoride (CaF2) to F2 laser, usable for an exposure apparatus that uses F2 laser.", "\nA hyperfine pattern formation has increasingly been demanded with a recent progress of highly integrated semiconductor circuits. ", "A demagnification projection exposure apparatus has frequently been used as a lithography apparatus to transfer a fine pattern. ", "The higher integration requires increased resolution of a projection lens, which requires a shorter wavelength of exposure light and a larger numerical aperture of a projection lens.", "\nThe shortened wavelength of exposure light has advanced from a g-line (with a wavelength of 436 nm) to an ArF excimer laser (with 193 nm) through an i-line (with 365 nm) and a KrF excimer laser (with 248 nm), and use of an F2 excimer laser (with 157 nm) has been considered promising. ", "A conventional optical element is applicable to an optical system for the wavelength range to the i-line, but conventional optical glass cannot be used for the wavelength range including the KrF and ArF excimer lasers and the F2 laser due to its law transmittance. ", "Therefore, an optical system in an excimer laser exposure apparatus has commonly used an optical element made of quartz glass or calcium fluoride having larger transmittance to a shortened wavelength of light, and it has been considered that an F2 laser exposure apparatus necessarily uses an optical element made of calcium fluoride.", "\nWhile each lens in a projection lens should be polished with ultimate surface precision, the lens when made of polycrystal causes the polishing speed to vary according to crystal orientations, and a difficulty in maintaining its surface precision. ", "In addition, the polycrystal easily segregates impurities at a crystal interface, deteriorating uniformity of refractive index and emitting fluorescence responsive to a laser irradiation. ", "For these reasons, a large aperture and highly homogeneous single crystal calcium fluoride have been demanded.", "\nCalcium fluoride single crystal has been manufactured mainly by the crucible descent method or Bridgman method. ", "This method fills highly purified materials of chemical compounds in a crucible, melts in a growth device, and gradually descends the crucible, thereby crystallizing the materials from the bottom of the crucible. ", "The heat history in this growth process remains as a stress in calcium fluoride crystal. ", "Calcium fluoride exhibits birefringence to the stress. ", "The residual stress deteriorates the optical characteristics, and thus the heat process applies so as to remove the stress after the crystal growth. ", "A birefringence measurement follows the heat process, and feeds the product to the next lens process step after confirming that the birefringence amount is less than the desired value.", "\nThe stress-dependent birefringence is a function of the stress and a piezo-optical coefficient. ", "Since the piezo-optical coefficient is different according to wavelengths of light, the birefringence amount differs according to used wavelengths even under the same stress condition. ", "Therefore, the birefringence amount of the calcium fluoride used for the F2 laser exposure apparatus should be measured with the F2 laser (with a wavelength of 157 nm).", "\nHowever, the F2 laser is absorbed by oxygen and cannot transmit in the air, requiring a special environment without oxygen, and thus disadvantageously causing a large measurement apparatus, the increased cost, and the deteriorated operability." ]

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[ "Effective Water Treatment Solutions\n\nWATER FILTRATION PLANT MANUFACTURER\n\nWater Filtration System Suppliers India\n\nWe are leading Water Filtration Plant Manufacturer in India. ", "We are among the reputed manufacturer and supplier of superior quality Water Filtration Plants. ", "Now a days, lots of diseases are occurring because of impure-water, if people don't drink pure-water they can't keep balance of their health. ", "Pure-water is very important for everyone i.e. from younger one to elder one. ", "For that we can consider our proverb \"Prevention is better than cure.\"", "\n\nOur Commercial Effluent Treatment Plants covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat wastewater that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. ", "Most industries produce some wet waste although recent trends in the developed world have been to minimise such production or recycle such waste within the production process.", "\n\nCommercial Filtration Plant Manufacturer India\n\nIn today's time, you know that salt level and T.D.S in waters increases day by day which affects the health of person. ", "So, awareness to drink pure-water increases day by day in public. ", "People incur lots of rupees to avail the mineral-water. ", "So for that much big popularities are jumping into this business to avail the facility of pure-water even to normal person and they are earning more profit by this.", "\n\nIndustrial Filtration Plant Manufacturers India\n\nFiltration System Suppliers India\n\nWe also realize this fact and we are working day and night to deal with it. ", "We are listed at the apex in the list of the well-reputed Mineral-Water Filtration System Suppliers in India. ", "Customers from various regions of India are placing bulk orders for Filtration System Projects due to the unmatched quality and effective performance. ", "Our focus is always been and shall always be to be Reliable and Ennovative (innovative environmental solutions)." ]

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[ "Today’s Yahrtzeits & History – 21 Sivan\n\nRav Dovid Menachem Munish Babad, the Chavatzeles Hasharon of Tarnopol (1865-1937). ", "Born to Rav Yehoshua Heshel of Podvolotchisk, he married Leah the daughter of Rav Yoel Moshe Segal Landau\n\nof Yavrov (near Lvov). ", "He and his Rebbetzen had 5 daughters. ", "Rav Dovid Munish was a staunch chasid of Belz. ", "In 1892, he succeeded his father as Rav in Strisov, when his father became Rav in Podvolotchisk. ", "Two years later, he succeeded his father-in-law in Yavrov and served there for 17 years. ", "In 1909, after the petira of Rav Shimon Badad, son of the Minchas Chinuch, Rav Shimon’s son – Yehoshua Heshel – became Rav of Tarnapol, but was too frail to handle the responsibilities. ", "Thus, two years later, the community welcomed Rav Dovid Munish as de facto Rav, a position that was formalized in 1919, with the petira of Rav Yehoshua Heshel. ", "He also became the head of the Agudas Harabbanim of Galicia.", "\n\nRav Shlomo Shapiro, the Shem Shlomo (1832-1894), grandson of Rav Zvi Elimelech of Dinov (the Bnei Yissoscher), and son of Rav Elazar of Dinov (author of Yode’ei Binah; d. 1865). ", "His mother, Tauba Chavah, was a descendant of the Pnei Yehoshua and the Maginei Shlomo. ", "He was born in Ribatitch, Galicia, and in 1838, his father moved the family to Strizhov, a Central Galician town on the banks of the Wisloka River, settled by Jews since the sixteenth century. ", "At the age of fourteen, Rav Shlomo married Frima Rivka, a grand-daughter of Rav Moshe Leib of Sassov. ", "After a few years in Sassov, Rav Shlomo rejoined his father in Strizhov, and he took over his father’s position there, in about 1857, after his father moved to Lancut. ", "In about 1866, he became a devoted follower of Rav Chaim of Sanz; the two eventually became mechutanim. ", "In 1880, the Jews of Munkatch, a large and influential kehilla in Hungary, (now in the Ukraine), appealed to Rav Shlomo to come and serve as their rav. ", "After the passing of the Yitav Lev of Satmar, Rav Shlomo was designated as one of the leading rabbonim of Hungary. ", "He authored Beis Shlomo on Chumash. ", "His son, Tzvi Hirsh (author of Darchei Teshuvah, Beer Lechai Ro’I, and Tzvi Tiferes), succeeded him as Rav of Munkatch. ", "He, in turn, was succeeded by his son, Rav Chaim Elazar Shapiro, the Minchas Elazar.", "\n\nRav Shimon Sofer, the Hisorerus Teshuva (1944).", "\n\nRav Moshe Sofer of Erlau, son of Rav Shimon Sofer (1944)\n\nToday in History – 21 Sivan\n\n· Muslim conqueror of Constantinople granted equal rights to Jews and other non-Muslims, 1453. ", "This provided a haven for many Jews who fled Spain 39 years later. (", "Hashem provides the refuah before the makkah)\n· Harvard University created a professorship of Hebrew and Oriental languages, 1765. ", "The early rectors of American universities were religious Protestants who viewed the Bible as a guide to personal and political life.", "\n· The Etzel ship Altalena, carrying 800 new immigrants to Eretz Yisrael and ammunition, was fired upon by Hagana soldiers, killing 16, 1948." ]

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[ "CV / Employability Skills\n\nThis programme has been designed to help a young person build their CV, increase self-confidence, and improve understanding of the need for a CV and the skills which employers are looking for. ", "It is delivered by intervention staff on a one to one basis.", "\n\nThe aims of the CV workshop sessions are to –\n\nhelp the young people understand the importance and role of a CV\n\nidentify positive elements of CV’s as well as things to avoid\n\nhelp the young people review their own CV\n\nunderstand how to tailor a CV to a specific job advert\n\nOnce a young person has taken part in these sessions they should be able to –\n\nreview a CV and identify some areas that it could be improved\n\nidentify key words in a job advert\n\nknow how to change a CV to meet different requirements\n\nOn completion of the programme a referral could be made to further agencies who can provide additional support with employment or education.", "\n\nComment on this page\n\nHelp us to improve this page by telling us when something isn’t right such as content or a link not working . ", "Please don't include any personal or financial information, for example your contact details or credit card number. ", "We are unable to provide responses via this form however you may also find useful -\n\nContact us – for general enquiries\nSatisfaction – to tell us about your website experience\nFeedback – for compliments, comments, concerns or complaints" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "<?", "php\nuse Goteo\\Library\\Text,\n Goteo\\Model\\Blog\\Post,\n Goteo\\Core\\View,\n Goteo\\Model\\Image,\n Goteo\\Util\\Pagination\\Paginated,\n Goteo\\Util\\Pagination\\DoubleBarLayout;\n\n$bodyClass = 'news';\n\n$read_more = Text::get('regular-read_more');\n\n// noticias\n$news = $vars['news'];\n\n// últimas entradas del blog goteo\n$list = array();\n\n$title = Text::get('blog-side-last_posts');\n$items = Post::getAll(1, 7);\n// enlace a la entrada\nforeach ($items as $item) {\n $list[] = '<a href=\"/blog/'.$item->id.'\"", "> '.Text::recorta($item->title, 100).'</a>';\n}\n\n// paginacion\n$pagedResults = new Paginated($news, 7, isset($_GET['page']) ? ", "$_GET['page'] : 1);\n\ninclude __DIR__ . '", "/prologue.html.php';\ninclude __DIR__ . '", "/header.html.php';\n?", ">\n<div id=\"sub-header-secondary\">\n <div class=\"clearfix\">\n <h2>GOTEO<span class=\"red\">NEWS</span></h2>\n <?", "php echo View::get('header/share.html.php') ?", ">\n </div>\n</div>\n<div id=\"main\" class=\"threecols\">\n <div id=\"news-content\">\n <?", "php while ($content = $pagedResults->fetchPagedRow()) : ?", ">\n <div class=\"widget news-content-module\">\n <a name=\"news<?php echo $content->id ?", ">\" />\n <h3><?php echo $content->title; ?", "></h3>\n <?", "php if($content->image instanceof Image) { ?", ">\n <img src=\"<?php echo $content->image->getLink(150, 85); ?", ">\" alt=\"\" class=\"logo_new\" />\n <?", "php } ?", ">\n <blockquote><?php echo $content->description; ?", "></blockquote>\n <a href=\"<?php echo $content->url; ?", ">\"><?", "php echo $read_more; ?", "></a>\n </div>\n <?", "php endwhile; ?", ">\n <ul id=\"pagination\">\n <?", "php $pagedResults->setLayout(new DoubleBarLayout());\n echo $pagedResults->fetchPagedNavigation(); ?", ">\n </ul>\n </div>\n <div id=\"news-sidebar\">\n <div class=\"widget news-sidebar-module\">\n <h3 class=\"supertitle\"><?php echo $title; ?", "></h3>\n <ul id=\"news-side-posts\">\n <?", "php foreach ($list as $item) : ?", ">\n <li><?php echo $item; ?", "></li>\n <?", "php endforeach; ?", ">\n </ul>\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<?", "php\ninclude __DIR__ . '", "/footer.html.php';\ninclude __DIR__ . '", "/epilogue.html.php';\n?", ">\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "/180 + -1/45. ", "Which is bigger: 3 or u?", "\n3\nLet n be (-88)/14 + (-6)/(-21). ", "Let l be -1 + (4 - (3 + 1)). ", "Which is bigger: l or n?", "\nl\nLet r = -2 + -10. ", "Let t = -9 - r. Which is bigger: t or 0?", "\nt\nLet i(t) = -t**2 - 7*t + 5. ", "Let w be i(-8). ", "Let n(b) = -b**2 - 3*b - 4. ", "Let a be n(w). ", "Let h be (-1)/((-2)/a) - -4. ", "Which is smaller: 1 or h?", "\n1\nLet y = 17437/206 + 88/103. ", "Let u = y + -83. ", "Let c(l) = l**2 - l - 3. ", "Let i be c(3). ", "Is u at least i?", "\nFalse\nLet u(m) = m**3 + 10*m**2 + 9*m - 3. ", "Let g be u(-9). ", "Is -3 < g?", "\nFalse\nLet r = 22 + -22. ", "Suppose 2*h - 3 + 1 = r. Which is smaller: 6/13 or h?", "\n6/13\nSuppose -20*y = -16*y + 8. ", "Suppose 2*c + 50 = 6*c - 2*s, -2*c + 3*s = -31. ", "Suppose c = -5*k + 1. ", "Are k and y nonequal?", "\nFalse\nLet j = 4 + -3. ", "Let l(b) = -b**2 + 3*b - 1. ", "Let w be l(j). ", "Which is bigger: w or 0?", "\nw\nLet v(l) = l**3 + 4*l**2 - 7*l + 2. ", "Let c be v(-5). ", "Let z be 13/c - (-3)/(-9). ", "Which is greater: 1 or z?", "\n1\nLet z be ((-3)/81)/(9/(-12)). ", "Let i = 13/81 - z. Let b = 0 - 1. ", "Is i > b?", "\nTrue\nLet f(z) be the second derivative of z**4/12 + z**3/3 - 3*z**2/2 + z. Let x be f(-3). ", "Which is bigger: x or -2/13?", "\nx\nLet w be 1*(27/3)/1. ", "Suppose -w = -4*v + v. Which is smaller: 5 or v?", "\nv\nLet x = 4 - 4. ", "Which is greater: x or 5?", "\n5\nSuppose -2*l - 3*l = 15. ", "Let i be (-40)/12*l/2. ", "Suppose t + i = -4*t. ", "Is t at most as big as 0?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 2*t - 1 = -4*j + 11, 5*j = 10. ", "Let f be 2 + (-1 - t)/1. ", "Let z be 12/18 + (-32)/30. ", "Which is greater: z or f?", "\nz\nLet q = -1 + 0.8. ", "Let b = -27 - -26.8. ", "Are b and q non-equal?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 5*h - 14 = -44. ", "Let n(q) = q**2 - q + 5*q + 4*q - 8 - 4*q. ", "Let b be n(h). ", "Is b < 4?", "\nFalse\nLet o be (0 + 1)/(-3) - -1. ", "Let c(h) = -h + 1. ", "Let g be c(3). ", "Let y be g/3*9/(-24). ", "Which is smaller: y or o?", "\ny\nLet b = -10 - -1. ", "Let x be (-6)/b - (-1)/3. ", "Let l be (1/(-6))/(40/72). ", "Is x greater than l?", "\nTrue\nLet h = 3/124 - 877/372. ", "Are 2/9 and h equal?", "\nFalse\nLet m be ((-67)/(-14) - 5)/((-2)/8). ", "Which is smaller: 0 or m?", "\n0\nLet f be (0 + 4)/((-2)/8). ", "Which is smaller: f or -17?", "\n-17\nLet g = 0.106 - -8.794. ", "Let j = -9 + g. Which is greater: -2/19 or j?", "\nj\nLet y(u) = -u**2 - 1 - 4 - 1 - 6*u. ", "Let i(w) = -2*w**3 + 4*w**2 - 3*w + 1. ", "Let z be i(2). ", "Let a be y(z). ", "Which is greater: 0 or a?", "\n0\nLet y(q) = -2*q**3 - 16*q**2 - 2*q - 16. ", "Let c be y(-8). ", "Is 1/3 bigger than c?", "\nTrue\nLet z be 0/(-4) + (10 - 1). ", "Let g be 6/(-8)*(-8)/z. ", "Let o(b) = b**2 - b. Let f be o(2). ", "Which is bigger: f or g?", "\nf\nSuppose p = -s + 7, -p = -3*s + 5 - 0. ", "Suppose -4*l - s*i + 2*i = 5, i + 5 = l. Is l greater than or equal to -4/9?", "\nTrue\nLet b = -59 + 58. ", "Is 0.02 at most as big as b?", "\nFalse\nLet k = 629/832 + -9/64. ", "Is k equal to 1?", "\nFalse\nLet o be 6/(-16)*2/(-3). ", "Let v = 10 + -12. ", "Is o <= v?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 9*r - 5*r = -24. ", "Is -6 at least as big as r?", "\nTrue\nLet s(u) = 7*u - 1. ", "Let k be s(1). ", "Let o = k - 4. ", "Suppose -6 + 0 = -o*y. ", "Is y at least as big as 3?", "\nTrue\nLet c = 0.063 - 0.023. ", "Which is bigger: 0.3 or c?", "\n0.3\nLet g be 6/8*(-31 + 7). ", "Let l be 4/g - (-47)/9. ", "Suppose 12 = -l*h - 3. ", "Is h less than or equal to -2?", "\nTrue\nLet z = 10 + -10. ", "Let v(f) = -f**2 - 6*f + 5. ", "Let i be v(-7). ", "Let q be (3/i)/(5/(-2)). ", "Is q equal to z?", "\nFalse\nLet y = -14769/68 + 865/4. ", "Which is smaller: -2 or y?", "\n-2\nLet x = 185 - 2032/11. ", "Which is smaller: -1 or x?", "\n-1\nLet y = -53 - -54. ", "Is -3/10 smaller than y?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 5 = 2*j - 5. ", "Suppose j*y - 7 = -2*u, -4*y + 0*u = -u - 3. ", "Suppose -d + 4 = -5*d. ", "Are d and y equal?", "\nFalse\nLet d(h) = -2*h - 9. ", "Let n(g) = -g - 4. ", "Let w(s) = 2*d(s) - 5*n(s). ", "Let c be w(-2). ", "Let v be 2/4 - (-6)/(-9). ", "Is v > c?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -2*f + 6 = 0, -3*b + 2*f - 15 = -0*b. ", "Let d be 1 - (b - (-18)/4). ", "Do 1 and d have different values?", "\nTrue\nLet q = -16 - -16. ", "Suppose q = 5*u - 2*n - 2*n - 10, 0 = -5*u - 5*n + 10. ", "Is 2/3 less than or equal to u?", "\nTrue\nLet z(b) be the third derivative of -b**6/120 - b**5/20 + 5*b**4/24 + b**3/3 + b**2. ", "Let s be z(-4). ", "Let f be 16/(-20)*1/s. Do f and -1 have the same value?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -3*s - 3*g + 21 = g, -5*s - 5*g = -30. ", "Let d be s*(2 - (-6)/(-9)). ", "Suppose 16 = -d*f - 5*h, -2*f - 5*h - 6 = -3*h. ", "Which is smaller: f or 1/5?", "\n1/5\nSuppose 3*x - 13 = z + 3*z, 3*z + 18 = 5*x. ", "Suppose g = -4*d - 11, -4*g - d = 2*d + 5. ", "Let c be g/(11/5 - 2). ", "Which is smaller: c or x?", "\nx\nSuppose 1 = 4*m - 3*m. ", "Which is bigger: m or -1/10?", "\nm\nLet m be (68/(-11))/(-2) + -3. ", "Which is greater: m or 0?", "\nm\nLet o = -157 + 1095/7. ", "Is -6 greater than o?", "\nFalse\nLet i = 7 + -6.99. ", "Are -1 and i nonequal?", "\nTrue\nLet j(o) be the third derivative of -o**5/60 - o**4/24 + o**3/2 + 2*o**2. ", "Let w be j(-3). ", "Which is greater: w or -4?", "\nw\nLet i = 9.13 - 0.13. ", "Let s = 9 - i. Do 5/2 and s have the same value?", "\nFalse\nLet b be (1 - 3) + (-2 - -3). ", "Let q be (1/1*1)/b. ", "Let h = -41 - -203/5. ", "Are h and q non-equal?", "\nTrue\nLet r = 4055/6 - 679. ", "Which is smaller: r or -3?", "\nr\nLet f be 1/(3*(-3)/(-81)). ", "Let r(q) = -q + 7. ", "Let v be r(f). ", "Which is bigger: v or -3?", "\nv\nLet n be 48/26 + (-8)/(-52). ", "Is 1/3 greater than n?", "\nFalse\nLet p = -9.11 + 0.11. ", "Let g = p + 5. ", "Let t = g - -2. ", "Do t and 1/2 have different values?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -3*i = -3, 6*v - 4*i + 34 = 3*v. ", "Is 5/6 <= v?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -1 = -h + 4*w, -5*w = -2*h + 2 - 3. ", "Let i(g) = -g**3 - 4*g**2 - 5*g - 3. ", "Let m be i(h). ", "Which is greater: m or 0?", "\nm\nLet h(s) = -s**2 - 5*s + 3. ", "Let m be 1/(2*2/(-20)). ", "Let j be h(m). ", "Which is greater: 1 or j?", "\nj\nLet v(o) = o**2 - 6*o + 6. ", "Let q be v(7). ", "Is 13 less than q?", "\nFalse\nLet t(i) = i**3 + i**2 + 3. ", "Let w be t(-2). ", "Which is smaller: w or -4/13?", "\nw\nLet l = 29 - 22. ", "Is l at most 10?", "\nTrue\nLet z be (-7)/4 + 3/(-12). ", "Let k = 7 - 8. ", "Is k < z?", "\nFalse\nLet x = -6.162 - 0.138. ", "Let h = 6 + x. Let q = -4 + 4. ", "Which is smaller: q or h?", "\nh\nLet i = 4 + -4.1. ", "Do -1/9 and i have the same value?", "\nFalse\nLet g(v) = -3 + 5*v + 3 - 6*v. ", "Let c be g(-7). ", "Is 7 <= c?", "\nTrue\nLet s = -30.2 - -30. ", "Which is smaller: 1/3 or s?", "\ns\nLet d = 0.191 + -0.231. ", "Is d bigger than -5?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = 2*r + 2*r. ", "Let v be (-1 - -3) + (-218)/84. ", "Let a = 2/21 + v. Is r !", "= a?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 2*w = 3*w + 6. ", "Let h be w/(-9) - (-4)/(-6). ", "Which is smaller: 10 or h?", "\nh\nLet m(c) = c**3 + 3*c**2 + c - 2. ", "Let w be m(-3). ", "Let o = 16 + w. Let n be 2/11 + (-46)/o. ", "Which is smaller: -3 or n?", "\nn\nLet z be (8 - -4)/((-6)/(-4)). ", "Suppose -h = 3*h - z. Which is bigger: 0 or h?", "\nh\nLet z = -16 + 16. ", "Let n be 1/(-6) - 1/2. ", "Do n and z have the same value?", "\nFalse\nLet c be ((-2)/4)/(6/12). ", "Let d = 4 + c. Suppose -2*h - d*h = -5. ", "Is 1 greater than or equal to h?", "\nTrue\nLet t be 4/(-3) + 748/(-33). ", "Which is bigger: -25 or t?", "\nt\nLet n be 384/182 - (-3 - -4). ", "Let v = n + -7/13. ", "Which is bigger: 1 or v?", "\n1\nLet p(z) be the third derivative of z**4/6 - 3*z**2. ", "Let o be p(1). ", "Do o and 4 have the same value?", "\nTrue\nLet q = 246 + -399. ", "Let h = q + 1069/7. ", "Are h and 1 equal?", "\nFalse\nLet f = 5.9 - -3.1. ", "Which is smaller: 7 or f?", "\n7\nLet y = -1/1293 - -15541/32325. ", "Which is smaller: y or 0?", "\n0\nLet n = -53 + 94. ", "Which is smaller: n or 40?", "\n40\nLet d = -179/5 - -36. ", "Is -1 bigger than d?", "\nFalse\nLet t = 15 + -17. ", "Let i = 5.1 - 7. ", "Let r = i - t. Which is smaller: -2 or r?", "\n-2\nLet n be (12/(-5))/((-6)/(-20)). ", "Let y be -2 - 36/136*n. ", "Which is greater: y or -2/3?", "\ny\nSuppose 3*w + 15 - 51 = 0. ", "Let y be ((-4)/5)/(1/(-5)). ", "Suppose -5*d + 6 = -2*m, w = 2*d - 6*d - y*m. ", "Is -2 less than d?", "\nTrue\nLet a = -0.26 - -0.36. ", "Which is bigger: -0.16 or a?", "\na\nLet s = 1295 + -5029/4. ", "Let u = 38 - s. Let a be ((-1)/2)/((-1)/2). ", "Is u at least a?", "\nFalse\nLet d = -4176 - -12641/3. ", "Let s = d + -38. ", "Are s and 0.1 equal?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 22*g = 15*g - 350. ", "Is -49 at least g?", "\nTrue\nLet a be (-1 + 2/4)*-2. ", "Which is bigger: a or 3?", "\n3\nSuppose 0 = -5*i + 15 + 5, 5*v + 5*i - 35 = 0. ", "Suppose v*m + 2*a - 24 = -0*a, 5*m - 5*a - 15 = 0. ", "Are 4 and m equal?", "\nFalse\nLet y(r) = r - 8. ", "Let a be y(0). ", "Is a >= -7?", "\nFalse\nLet l = -16.2 + 0.2. ", "Let n = l - -11. ", "Let x = n - -5. ", "Are 0 and x equal?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = -3*o - 1 - 17. ", "Let b(r) = r**2 + 6*r - 8. ", "Let s be b(o). ", "Which is bigger: s or -9?", "\ns\nSuppose 0 = -6*t - 1 + 19. ", "Suppose 0 = -4*l - 4*r + r + 2, t*l = -2*r + 2. ", "Which is smaller: 12/5 or l?", "\nl\nLet t = 43 - 480/11. ", "Let c = 2/55 + t. Let v = -3 - -2. ", "Is c at most v?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -s + 1 = 4*u + 5, 5*u + 5 = 0. ", "Let h = 3 + s. Let o = 4 + -2. ", "Which is smaller: o or h?", "\no\nLet p(z) = z**2 + 4*z + 1. ", "Let d be p(-4). ", "Let k be -3*d*2/(-14). ", "Which is small" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to a technology for driving a rotating-body by transmitting a rotation force from a rotation-driving source via a rotation-force transmission mechanism.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn an electrophotographic-system image forming apparatus that forms an image by forming toner images on a surface of a photoconductive drum and transferring them to a recording sheet, for example, it is necessary to accurately match peripheral velocity of a photoconductive drum with a carrier speed of a recording sheet to transfer toner images formed on a surface of a photoconductive drum to a recording sheet without change.", "\nWhen the photoconductive drum is rotated and driven, for example, by a DC motor, it is general on account of stabilization of rotation velocity and securement of a driving torque that the motor is rotated relatively at high velocity and the rotation velocity is reduced by decelerating means such as a gear reducer to drive the photoconductive drum. ", "However, in this event, even if the motor as a rotation-driving source is rotated at a stable velocity, periodic variation occurs in rotation velocity of the photoconductive drum due to a difference in processing accuracy (an accumulated pitch difference concerning a gear, decentering of a rotating shaft, and the like) in a rotation force transmission mechanism that includes a gear. ", "As a result, there is a possibility that a reproduced image is degraded.", "\nTherefore, a rotating-body driving device is proposed to correct this velocity variation that, on condition that a motor is previously rotated at a certain velocity in shipment of an image forming apparatus, exchange of a photoconductive drum, or the like, the rotation force is supplied through a rotation force transmission mechanism to a rotating-body, and a periodic variation component in rotation velocity of the rotating-body is measured to store it in a memory, reads the periodic variation component from the memory, when using an image forming apparatus, and performs velocity correction in opposite phase to reduce velocity variation of the photoconductive drum (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. ", "2005-312262).", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "24, in the rotating-body driving device, a disk-shaped detection target body (encoder) 111 that includes a single slit 114 for detecting a reference rotational-position and a plurality of slits 113 (4 slits in this case) for detecting the other rotational positions is mounted around a rotating shaft 112 of a photoconductive drum, and a detector 117 that detects a rotational position of each of the slits that move along with rotation of the photoconductive drum is arranged opposite to the encoder 111. ", "A motor is rotated at a certain velocity and a time difference of timing at which the detector 117 detects the slits 113 is detected. ", "After a calculation, a periodic variation component is extracted, as shown in FIG. ", "25, the component is stored in a memory by corresponding to timing (home position) at which the detector 117 detects the slit 114 and then the slit 113. ", "To correct velocity variation, when detecting the above home position, a periodic variation component is read from the memory based on a phase corresponding to the home position and velocity correction in opposite phase of the periodic variation component is performed so that, as shown in FIGS. ", "26A and 26B, periodic variation in rotation velocity of the photoconductive drum is controlled.", "\nHowever, the slit 114 for detecting a reference rotational-position is mounted on the encoder 111 separately from the slits 113 for detecting a time difference in the rotating-body driving device. ", "Therefore, for example, when the number of slits 113 is increased to enhance accuracy of detecting a time difference for accurate extraction of a periodic variation component, it is difficult to provide the slit 114. ", "The slit 114 is a slit only to detect a home position. ", "Therefore, whenever a slit is detected, it is necessary to have determination means to determine once, after the detector 117 detects a slit, whether the slit is for detecting a home position or for detecting correction data and to store only the slit that is determined as a slit to detect correction data in a memory, thereby increasing a load to process software.", "\nThus, the applicant of the application proposes a rotation detecting device that uses a slit that has a larger width for detection of both a home position and velocity variation by making one of slits 113 shown in FIG. ", "24 wider in a peripheral direction of the encoder 111, identifying passing of the slit that has a larger width based on a difference of a detection signal from the detector 117 caused by a difference in a width of a slit, counting the number of detection of ends of slits 113 in the peripheral direction (a front end in a rotating direction of the encoder 111) through the detector 117 from the time point, and detecting an end of a slit in the peripheral direction with respect to the number of counting the following slits before detecting the slit 113 that has a larger width (“4” in FIG. ", "24) as well as generating a home position signal (Patent Application No. ", "2005-266708).", "\nHowever, the rotation detecting device identifies passing of the slit that has a larger width and then generates a first home position signal after a rotation of the photoconductive drum. ", "Therefore, until a home position is detected after starting a motor and the photoconductive drum rotates once, correction of velocity variation is not started. ", "It is required to reduce time to form a first copy in an image forming apparatus in view of energy saving and appliance with respect to a user. ", "It is necessary, to meet the requirement, to form an image on a photoconductor in a possibly short time after start of a motor. ", "However, it is impossible for the rotation detecting device to sufficiently meet the requirement of reducing time to copy." ]

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[ "The island of Hilton Head in South Carolina is shaped like a sneaker, and Stan Smith lives on the laces, right off the river. ", "Inside his house, the six-foot-four retired tennis player with the straightest back I’ve ever seen walks out of the second of his two closets and into the living room carrying five pairs of Stan Smiths, the sneaker, but he still can’t find the one he’s looking for. ", "He has 40 pairs in 30 different styles, more or less.", "\n\nThe sneaker’s fame — and its longevity — takes even its namesake by surprise. ", "You see, the Stan Smith is really the most basic of all possible sneakers. ", "Its narrow white leather body is cushioned at the front with an almost-orthopedic round toe. ", "Its three understated Adidas stripes are nearly missable perforations, as if they don’t care to be recognized, and it has just two spots of color, most classically in green: a tab on the back of the ankle and Smith’s face printed on the tongue. ", "They are essentially anonymous, the saltine cracker of tennis shoes. ", "They were endorsed by Stan Smith just after he won his first Grand Slam singles title in the summer of 1971 and just before he won his second, and last, the next year. ", "He was, in other words, no Serena Williams, not even a Rod Laver.", "\n\nNothing about Smith or the simple design of the sneaker itself — neither has changed much since 1971 — explains how Adidas was able to sell 7 million pairs by 1985. ", "Or how that number had grown to 22 million pairs by 1988. ", "Or why Footwear News named it the first-ever Shoe of the Year in 2014. ", "Or how it surpassed 50 million shoes sold as of 2016. ", "Or how the sneaker grew far beyond its start as a technical athletic shoe and became a fashion brand, its basic blank slate evolving and taking on new meaning and purpose.", "\n\nIn the United Kingdom, soccer fans in Liverpool and Manchester fight over who got into Stan Smiths first. ", "In Greece, Smith says, where it is traditional to give babies white shoes on the day of their christening, Stan Smiths became the white shoe of choice. ", "There’s a professor of theoretical physics in Sweden who owns more than 200 pairs. ", "Both Will Arnett and Hugh Grant have said they kissed their first girl while wearing Stan Smiths. ", "Stan Smith the man once met a reporter from GQ Japan who told him he’s worn his eponymous shoes every day for the past 13 years. (", "Smith’s response: “I said, ‘You gotta be kidding me.’ ”) ", "More recently, they’ve been taken up by Céline’s Phoebe Philo, as well as Marc Jacobs, A$AP Rocky, and North West, coming to define both a retro and minimalist movement in fashion just a few years after they were sold on the bargain shelves.", "\n\n“Margie!” ", "Smith calls out to his wife of 42 years, who’s planning his surprise 70th-birthday party in the kitchen. “", "You know that shoe with the white bag? ", "Do you know where that is?”", "\n\nSmith’s U of blonde hair is brushed perfectly down, as is his mustache, which he’s had since he could grow it, except for a few weeks when Adidas happened to take the picture that would go on to appear on the tongue of every Stan Smith shoe. ", "His red-and-gray-checked shirt is neatly tucked into blue pants that match his blue suede Stan Smiths. ", "It’s his eyebrows that stand out, the only unruly thing about him; each single hair living its own best life, swooping in and curling out, flailing like one of those blowup guys outside a car dealership, just trying to find somewhere to land.", "\n\nFor the community of the sneaker-­obsessed, there is an event called “unboxing” — its closest relative is porn. ", "It goes down on YouTube: A reviewer, or whoever’s first to get his hands on a new release, analyzes the sneaker from the moment he opens the shoe box. ", "The person comments on how it looks tucked into the packaging, how it feels when touched for the first time, examining and fawning over each of its new and improved features.", "\n\nSmith seems to know about this. ", "Margie brings him the shoe, and he leans forward from his plush floral-printed chair toward the white bag, which also has his name on it, and begins the unboxing ceremony. “", "So this is kind of neat.”", "\n\nHe pets the bag, rubbing it between his fingers: “This is a parachute material.” ", "He uses both hands to take the shoe box out and then slides one palm across the top. “", "And there’s a special white box, with three stripes made of holes, just like my shoe.” ", "He opens the box: “You see this paper? ", "They had special wrapping paper made with my signature on it.” ", "It’s the same signature you’ll find on all Stan Smiths; there’s a single, extra-tall S that acts as the first letter for both his first and last name, a firsty-lasty so sure of itself it is ever connected in writing. ", "Finally, he lifts the paper and pulls out the shoe. ", "It’s the very pair of structured white leather sneakers with a green back tab and three understated stripes you can’t walk but five blocks in New York without seeing.", "\n\nBut here the leather is grayer and thicker. ", "The picture on the tongue is different too. ", "Smith has a mustache in it, as he does sitting in front of me today. ", "He looks much older. “", "So they sent me this shoe with my current picture.” ", "He smiles wide. ", "All his teeth show. “", "I like the old one better.” ", "Smith is the only person in the world who owns this pair. ", "They were sent to him in January 2014, in the very early stages of what has become the greatest sneaker-revival story of all time.", "\n\nStan Smith and family. ", "Photo: Joao Canziani\n\n“My life, timing-wise, has been magical,” Smith says from the grandpa chair in his living room. ", "As a tennis player he was more lucky than legendary, picking up a racket for the first time in high school and only quitting basketball to pursue it full time as a senior. ", "The year Smith turned 16, he says, the amateur-­tournament age group changed from 15 and under to 16 and under, so he remained at the top for an extra year. ", "The year he graduated from college, 1968, tennis turned pro, so he could start making money on the same tournaments he’d already played in school as an amateur. ", "And then, soon after his first Grand Slam singles title, Adidas happened to be looking for an American player to represent its shoes.", "\n\nThe sneakers weren’t even designed with Smith in mind. ", "Adidas heir Horst Dassler made them in 1965 for the French tennis player Robert Haillet. (", "Some juicy history: The brand that eventually became Adidas was started by Horst’s father, Adi, and his brother, Rudolf. ", "The two outfitted Jesse Owens for his four gold medals in the 1936 Berlin Olympics. ", "But the brothers fought. ", "Rudolf had an affair with Adi’s wife, and the company split. ", "Adi Dassler shortened his name and opened Adidas — in Europe the first syllable is still emphasized — and Rudolf left to start Puma across town. ", "To this day, the rival sneaker companies are both headquartered in the 23,000-­person town of Herzogenaurach, Germany, where the two Dasslers grew up.) ", "It was the most technically advanced tennis sneaker of its time, one of the first made of leather in a field of canvas, with a herringbone bottom designed for use on clay courts.", "\n\nWhen Haillet retired in 1971, the young Dassler decided to replace him with Smith, who he thought could help anchor the brand in America. ", "Smith wasn’t a strange choice at the time: He was 24 years old, had just won the U.S. Open, and was ranked the No. ", "1 player in the world, and when Dassler approached him, he was about to sign with Converse in a multiplayer deal.", "\n\nWith his Adidas contract, Smith became one of the first American tennis players to receive an endorsement deal. ", "It was the very beginning of the modern brand-athlete pairings that would, a little over a decade later, lead to Michael Jordan’s very own Air Jordan line, and three decades after that, to LeBron James’s reported $1 billion lifetime endorsement deal with Nike. ", "But when Smith was playing, none of that existed yet. ", "If you made it to the Roland Garros main draw, you would get “six shirts, a vest sweater, a regular sweater, socks, and that’s about it,” he says, counting the items off on his fingers. “", "You wanted to get in the main draw, so you could get the full set of clothes.”", "\n\nHis agent, Donald Dell, negotiated the picture of Smith’s face on the tongue, a savvy move that made the man inseparable from the sneaker, but Haillet’s name remained on the shoe until 1978, when Smith took over for good. ", "It was by then the premier tennis sneaker. ", "Smith remembers being beaten by opponents wearing his face on their feet. “", "I didn’t think it was appropriate,” he says. ", "There was an Argentine player named Ricardo Cano, Smith recalls, who was signed to another brand but wore Stan Smiths anyway and drew the other company’s logo on the side of the shoes. ", "The Stans were just that much better.", "\n\nSmith retired from tennis in 1985. ", "How the sneakers, 43 years after their creation, became suddenly ubiquitous is a case study in how “cool” is created and disseminated from image-makers to mainstream consciousness. ", "In the mid-’90s, while Nike consumed the American sneaker market, a small circle of offbeat celebrities and influential marketing professionals latched onto the shoe as a sort of anti-fashion fashion statement, part of a Waspy, but not too Waspy, vintage style they helped pioneer: tucked-in Brooks Brothers shirts with ill-fitting corduroys or khakis. ", "It helped if you drove a vintage Mercedes.", "\n\nStan Smiths fit perfectly with this aesthetic. ", "Here was a shoe that you could buy new, but it looked the same as it had in 1971. ", "The skateboarder Rick Howard wore Stan Smiths in a 1993 skate video sponsored by Girl Skateboards, a company co-founded by Spike Jonze. ", "Mike Mills, who recently directed 20th Century Women, but back then designed album covers for the Beastie Boys and Sonic Youth, was more into Rod Lavers, another Adidas tennis sneaker from the ’70s, but his friend Roman Coppola, who founded the ad agency the Directors Bureau and who later wrote Moonrise Kingdom with Wes Anderson, preferred Stan Smiths. “", "I’ve owned a few pairs over the years, but don’t remember any specific movement or discussion around it,” he says. ", "His sister Sofia Coppola wore them, too. ", "By the early aughts, branding experts such as Andy Spade, who had launched and popularized his wife Kate Spade’s company, were starting to reinterpret the retro-nostalgia look for the likes of J.Crew, Warby Parker, and Shinola, to great financial success.", "\n\nSmith’s family. ", "Photo: Joao Canziani\n\nThen came Phoebe Philo, the creative director of Céline. ", "In March 2011, Philo took her bow on the Céline runway at the end of the fall-winter ready-to-wear show in Stan Smiths along with low-slung black trousers and a gray turtleneck, hair tucked in. ", "The timing could not have been better. ", "Philo was at the peak of her influence and power. ", "Every editor and professional fashion woman from New York to London to Paris was shopping at Céline between the shows. ", "Kanye West had just name-dropped her in his comeback album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and was so completely bewitched by her ideas that he performed wearing women’s Céline. ", "It was right after the label came out with the luggage bag but just before it became the only bag that seemed to matter. ", "At this height, Phoebe Philo on the runway wearing Stan Smiths was like a gift. ", "Here was something Philo did that everyone could copy for only $75; you could even buy a pair on Amazon. ", "The shoes took on a new meaning. ", "J.Crew started carrying them. ", "The Stan Smith became fashion’s most important sneaker.", "\n\nAt the time, though, Adidas saw things a bit differently. ", "While the sneaker was becoming popular in the fashion world, it was still sold almost exclusively in sporting-goods stores and often at a discount. “", "We weren’t really happy with how it was seen and where it was found,” says Torben Schumacher, Adidas’ vice-president of product. ", "Adidas wanted to recalibrate how the shoe was presented.", "\n\nTo do that, Schumacher and Adidas decided to take the sneaker entirely off the market. “", "The idea of not having the model wasn’t really something that went down well,” says Schumacher, especially since it was just starting to get recognized by this new trendsetting crowd. (", "Smith’s first thought: “That’s interesting. ", "I don’t really like that too much.”) ", "Still, Schumacher and his team at Adidas spent a year and a half convincing the rest of the company of the merits of the plan. ", "Adidas couldn’t truly reintroduce it to a new higher-end clientele, Schumacher argued, if it was still readily available in the bargain bin. “", "We wanted it to get the respect it deserved and the conversation about it that it deserved and for it to be seen as a commodity item,” he says. “", "We thought it needed something bold and drastic to prepare everyone for the story again.” ", "By the time Adidas stopped selling the Stan Smith to places like Foot Locker, the company already had a plan of how and with whom it was going to bring it back. ", "In 2012, the sneakers disappeared.", "\n\nThey began reemerging, subtly but purposefully, the next year — notably in the November 2013 issue of Vogue Paris, for which Gisele Bündchen posed naked, apart from white socks and Stan Smiths (“One of our sons saw that, we had no idea,” Margie says. “", "It was funny”). ", "On January 15, 2014, they went back on sale in higher-end, fashion-focused stores like Barneys New York and the Parisian boutique Colette, still for under $100. ", "They were instantly devoured. ", "Later that year, Philo formally announced the Stan Smiths return, once again wearing them while taking her runway bow, this time with wide-leg pants and a camel sweater.", "\n\nThe trickle-down was immediate. ", "In 2015, Adidas sold 8 million pairs of Stan Smiths. ", "Adidas won’t confirm how many it sold in 2016, but some industry experts throw around numbers like 15 million — more than double what it moved in the shoes’ first decade of existence — the same side part and crooked smile leading them wherever they go.", "\n\nSmith is the first to recognize Philo’s importance. ", "He brings her up on two different occasions over the course of our time together. “", "She was one of the first to start wearing the shoe,” he remembers. “", "And then Pharrell Williams,” who basically bowed to Smith when they met at the U.S. Open this summer and now regularly designs his own versions of the sneaker, as does Raf Simons. “", "Those cost like $400 or something, and it’s the same shoe! ", "It’s really weird, actually.”", "\n\nFor Smith, the sneakers are far more successful, monetarily, than he ever was in his tennis career, during which he made “$1.7 million, or something like that. ", "I read it once,” he says. “", "The shoe has certainly been more than that.” ", "In the beginning he collected an annual sum for his endorsement. ", "These days, though, he’s paid in royalties.", "\n\nSmith’s contract with Adidas expires about every five years (he’ll sign next in 2018). ", "So why does Adidas keep Stan Smith around? ", "Why does it need him when it has Phoebe and Gisele and Pharrell and Raf and Kanye? ", "Turns out this 70-year-old former tennis player, who was really more of a doubles star, who has eyebrows like the flailing blowup guy at car dealerships, is the only thing that makes its shoe the original. ", "Which is especially valuable when everybody else in the business is trying to knock off its success.", "\n\nAdidas was able to fend off a spot-on copy from Skechers, but there is no patent protection on the white leather tennis shoe. ", "Common Projects essentially built a brand getting as close as it possibly could to the Stan Smiths and selling them for $300. ", "Prada makes a version, and so do Rag & Bone, Isabel Marant, Saint Laurent, and Gucci. ", "But Adidas’s version has Stan Smith. “", "I keep telling people I’m a fashion icon,” Smith says, then tilts his head back and laughs.", "\n\nClockwise from top left: The original Adidas, $75; Skechers, $55; Common Projects, $345; Rag & Bone, $195; Cole Haan, $90; Bape, $295.", "\n\nWhile Stan Smith the shoes are having a moment, Stan Smith the man is keeping busy as the touring pro at Sea Pines Resort, a gig he’s had for the past 45 years. ", "He has a hospitality group that plans programming during tennis majors, and he’s the president of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. ", "He’s starting to work on a book about his shoe’s great comeback. ", "He has four kids and ten grandkids.", "\n\nHe’s also the co-founder of the Smith Stearns Tennis Academy, where fifty 12-to-18-year-olds from around the world trust Smith and his coaches with making them good enough to play college tennis. ", "These days, he gives personal lessons only when he wants to, staying after class to help players work on their serves and shouting out advice, like when to go in for the volley. ", "All the kids call him Stan. ", "For Christmas, he gifted a pair of signed Stan Smiths to each one of them.", "\n\nAnd, of course, he has that endorsement deal with Adidas, where he’s very likely been on the payroll for longer than anyone else working there today and where he’s committed to making appearances at about eight events a year. ", "In the past two, he’s been to Dubai, Amsterdam, Athens, Tokyo, Paris, London, and New York, delighting people just by showing up.", "\n\nHe knows that you probably didn’t know that he’s an actual living person, or that if you had at one point heard that he was a tennis player, you most likely thought he was already dead. “", "I’d love to sit here and say the success of the shoe has been totally because I’m such a great guy or I’m such a great player or whatever. ", "But, you know …” So what is it like when a shoe named after a man is way more famous than the man born with the name himself? ", "To have your name mean so much beyond who you actually are? ", "When you Google Stan Smith, only one of the first 100 images are of the man.", "\n\nOnce, when Smith was in Rome and he saw his shoes in all black for the very first time, he decided to buy a pair, the first time he’d ever done so. “", "I used my credit card,” he says, looking for recognition, but “the guy was not impressed.” ", "Now he’s taken to walking into the Adidas Originals store in Soho whenever he’s in town and introducing himself, just to get a reaction. “", "The guys are surprised,” he says, but “they know me now.”", "\n\n*This article appears in the February 6, 2017, issue of New York Magazine." ]

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[ "Number Three\n\nNumber Three may refer to:\n\nNo. ", "3, a 1997 South Korean gangster comedy film\nNº3, an album by Dot Hacker\nNumber Three (Battlestar Galactica), a character from the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica television series\n3 (number), a number, numeral, and glyph\nA character from the television series The Prisoner\nNumbuh Three, a character from Codename: Kids Next Door\n a character from Short Circuit\nDale Earnhart's race car, #3\n Number Three (single), a 2012 single by My Chemical Romance\n\nSee also\n3 (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "Mobile police arrested nine juveniles and one adult Wednesday for allegedly making bomb threats against schools and businesses.", "\n\nInvestigators said they have received seven reports of threats over the past 11 days. ", "The following individuals have been charged with making terrorist threats, which is a felony:\n\nAuthorities arrested two juveniles after a threat was received at the Walmart on 101 East Interstate 65 Service Road on March 10.", "\n\nOne juvenile was arrested for allegedly making a threat against Baker High School on Airport Boulevard while positing a picture of a grenade on social media. ", "During the arrest, investigators said they found a dummy grenade in the juvenile's home.", "\n\nA threat was received at Pillans Middle School on Gatokoco Drive on March 13. ", "Police said an adult female was located at the scene, but no explosives were found during the search. ", "Along with the terrorist threat charge, the woman was also charged with giving a false name to police.", "\n\nAuthorities arrested two juveniles after another threat was made against Pillans middle on March 14. ", "On the same day, two more juveniles were arrested for a bomb threat against Chestang Middle School on 2800 Berkley Avenue.", "\n\nOne juvenile was arrested March 15 after a threat was received at B.C. Rain High School on Dauphin Island Parkway.", "\n\nWilliamson High School, located on Dublin Street, received a threat Monday and one juvenile was arrested during that incident.", "\n\nLt. ", "Matthew James of Mobile Police Department Criminal Investigation Division said the threats disrupted both school and business activities and shouldn't be taken lightly.", "\n\n\"Those who think making a bomb threat is funny or just want to get out of school will be arrested and prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law,\" James said." ]

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[ "Late last month, after Jussie Smollett made his now infamous allegations about having been attacked by two men yelling slurs and telling him “this is MAGA country,” Maxine Waters seemed comfortable drawing a conclusion:\n\nJussie is my friend – a very talented & beautiful human being. ", "It is so hurtful that homophobic haters would dare hurt someone so loving and giving. ", "I'm dedicated to finding the culprits and bringing them to justice. ", "Jussie did not deserve to be harmed by anyone! — ", "Maxine Waters (@RepMaxineWaters) January 30, 2019\n\nSmollett has many powerful friends in politics & media. ", "@RepMaxineWaters said she will bring the culprits to justice. ", "The culprit(s) is known. ", "What will she do next? ", "https://t.co/vAdOaCn4hE pic.twitter.com/QZNyqRCiVw — Andy Ngo (@MrAndyNgo) February 18, 2019\n\nBut now that Chicago police have drawn a conclusion of their own, Waters doesn’t think any conclusions should be drawn yet. ", "Try not to get whiplash from this sudden U-turn:\n\nMaxine Waters says she can't \"make sense\" of the alleged Jussie Smollett hoax, adds: \"I still don’t know all of the details. ", "I’m waiting for the final result of all of this.\" ", "pic.twitter.com/XfNgcMy1x1 — Ryan Saavedra (@RealSaavedra) February 23, 2019\n\nThat was some kind of backpedal!", "\n\nIf Maxine waters can’t make any decisions on Jussie, but can decide if a democratically elected president should be impeached for nothing, she’s unfit for office. — ", "Tommy (@tommy7ss) February 23, 2019\n\nWaters does have her priorities." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSort List of object on the basis of object's properties priority\n\nI am having a class Student with some properties like:\npublic class Student {\n private String firstName;\n private String middleName;\n private String lastName;\n\n .....\n}\n\nI also have a list of Students which I have to Sort on the basis of priority of some properties. ", "For example, First priority is firstName, Second is lastName and last is middleName. ", "I have been asked this question in an interview. ", "Using comparable I have done it for a single property but how can we sort on the basis of different priority?", "\n\nA:\n\nIn Java 8, use thenComparing to easily chain comparisons.", "\nCollections.sort(students, Comparator.comparing(s -> s.firstName)\n .thenComparing(s -> s.lastName)\n .thenComparing(s -> s.middleName));\n\n" ]

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[ "Kiyonga arrived in Bujumbura for “consultations on the situation and the peace process in Burundi”, Ugandan government spokesman Ofwono Opondo told RFI by telephone. ", "Kiyonga is acting as lead mediator on behalf of Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni who is leading efforts for the East African Community.", "\n\nThe Ugandan defence minister had on Wednesday held a meeting with the European Union delegation and EU ambassadors in Uganda about Burundi, according to Opondo.", "\n\n“We hope that he is going to be there today and tomorrow and then return. ", "After that he will give the outcome, he will know how to move with that process forward,” the spokesman said.", "\n\nThe UN, EU and African Union had on Thursday issued a joint statement calling for a continuation of dialogue with Burundi’s government and the opposition held outside of the country.", "\n\n“We agreed on the urgency to convene a meeting of the Burundian government and opposition representatives in Addis Ababa, or in Kampala under the chairmanship of President Museveni,” a statement from officials from the three organisations said.", "\n\nUganda’s government spokesman would not be drawn on whether they support such an initiative. “", "As to the preferred venue, I think Dr Kiyonga will give that when he returns from Bujumbura,” Opondo said, adding that “maybe that proposal was made” during Kiyonga’s meeting with EU ambassadors.", "\n\nSome 240 have been killed since Burundi’s crisis began in April with more than 200,000 people having fled the country. ", "Violence was sparked by President Pierre Nkurunziza’s controversial decision to run for a third term in office." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBatch File to replace a specific value that it's always on the same position on a txt file\n\nI have set of files that differs between each others on content and number of rows. ", "However, I want to increment always by 1 the 8th value of the first file line even if the files are different. ", "The values are delimited by semi-colon and could be just a numeric value or a alpha-numeric (i.e. 123 or TBA1).", "\nI've tried to use tokens and loops, but without success. ", "I've just get to actually insert the value and after it the \"+1\" increment that I was trying to do. ", "My attemps so far is right below\n@Echo Off\nSet \"SrcFile=tf.fic\"\nSet \"OutFile=ntf.text\"\nIf Not Exist \"%SrcFile%\" Exit /B\n( For /F \"UseBackQ EOL=, Tokens=1-8* Delims=;\" %%A In (\"%SrcFile%\"\n ) Do For /F \"Tokens=1-2* Delims=\" %%I In (\"%%H\"\n ) Do Echo=%%A;%%B;%%C;%%D;%%E;%%F;%%G;%%I%%J+1;%%K)>\"%OutFile%\"\n\nSo, taking as an example a file like looks like this:\n1;12;A;23;;23;ASD;TTA2;233;HD2;233\n1;232;A;b;;A\n\nThe output file should have the following content:\n1;12;A;23;;23;ASD;TTA3;233;HD2;233\n1;232;A;b;;A\n\nNote: some fields may be as empty (i.e. first line 5th field) and should be empty as well on the output file.", "\n\nA:\n\nUsing some advanced techniques:\n:: Q:\\Test\\2019\\09\\12\\SO_57905573.cmd\n@Echo Off & Setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion\nSet \"SrcFile=tf.fic\"\nSet \"OutFile=ntf.text\"\nIf Not Exist \"%SrcFile%\" Exit /B\n\nSet /P \"FirstLine=\" <\"%SrcFile%\"\nRem create (pseudo)array from FirstLine using self modifying code\nSet i=1\nSet \"FirstLineCol[!i!]=%FirstLine:;=\"&Set /a i+=1&Set \"FirstLineCol[!i!]=%\"\nrem Set FirstLine\n\nrem strip possible letters from Col[8] and retain number\nfor /f \"delims=ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\" %%N in (\"%FirstLineCol[8]%\") Do Set /a \"Num=%%N,Num1=%%N+1\"\nset \"FirstLineCol[8]=!FirstLineCol[8]:%Num%=%Num1%!\"", "\n\n>\"%OutFile%\" (\n set /p \"x=!FirstLineCol[1]!\"<NUL\n for /l %%L in (2,1,%i%) Do set /p \"x=;!FirstLineCol[%%L]!\"<NUL\n echo(\n more +1 \"%srcFile%\"\n)\n\ntype \"%SrcFile%\"\necho:\necho:\ntype \"%OutFile%\"\n\nto yield this:\n> Q:\\Test\\2019\\09\\12\\SO_57905573.cmd\n1;12;A;23;;23;ASD;TTA2;233;HD2;233\n1;232;A;b;;A\n\n1;12;A;23;;23;ASD;TTA3;233;HD2;233\n1;232;A;b;;A\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/*\n LUFA Library\n Copyright (C) Dean Camera, 2014.", "\n\n dean [at] fourwalledcubicle [dot] com\n www.lufa-lib.org\n*/\n\n/*\n Copyright 2014 Dean Camera (dean [at] fourwalledcubicle [dot] com)\n\n Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this\n software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted\n without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in\n all copies and that both that the copyright notice and this\n permission notice and warranty disclaimer appear in supporting\n documentation, and that the name of the author not be used in\n advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the\n software without specific, written prior permission.", "\n\n The author disclaims all warranties with regard to this\n software, including all implied warranties of merchantability\n and fitness. ", " In no event shall the author be liable for any\n special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages\n whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether\n in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action,\n arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of\n this software.", "\n*/\n\n/** \\file\n *\n * Header file for RNDISCommands.c.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef _RNDIS_COMMANDS_H_\n#define _RNDIS_COMMANDS_H_\n\n\t/* Includes: */\n\t\t#include <avr/io.h>\n\t\t#include <stdio.h>\n\t\t#include <string.h>\n\n\t\t#include <LUFA/Drivers/USB/USB.h>\n\n\t\t#include \"../RNDISEthernetHost.h\"\n\n\t/* Macros: */\n\t\t/** Additional error code for RNDIS functions when a device returns a logical command failure. */", "\n\t\t#define RNDIS_COMMAND_FAILED 0xC0\n\n\t/* Function Prototypes: */\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_SendEncapsulatedCommand(void* const Buffer,\n\t\t const uint16_t Length);\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_GetEncapsulatedResponse(void* const Buffer,\n\t\t const uint16_t Length);\n\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_SendKeepAlive(void);\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_InitializeDevice(const uint16_t HostMaxPacketSize,\n\t\t uint16_t* const DeviceMaxPacketSize);\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_SetRNDISProperty(const uint32_t Oid,\n\t\t void* Buffer,\n\t\t const uint16_t Length);\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_QueryRNDISProperty(const uint32_t Oid,\n\t\t void* Buffer,\n\t\t const uint16_t MaxLength);\n\t\tuint8_t RNDIS_GetPacketLength(uint16_t* const PacketLength);\n\n#endif\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Cattle Market Posts Record High Price\n\nCattle market recap for the week of Oct. 14-18\n\nBeef packers scrambled to fill orders this week and were forced to pay record prices on Thursday for Midwestern fed cattle. ", "USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) quoted cash fed cattle traded at $128 to $131 per cwt. ", "on Thursday, the agency’s first day back at work following the government shutdown. ", "The price represents a $2 per cwt. ", "increase from last week, and eclipses the previous record price of $130 per cwt.", "\n\nCattle sold on a dressed basis in the North at $203 to $204, mostly $204, AMS reported.", "\nCattle traded in the Southern Plains at $129 per cwt., ", "which is $1 higher than last week.", "\n\nDespite the positive cash news, analysts have begun wondering if the cash market is \"running out of steam.\" ", "Live cattle futures prices ended the week lower on every contract except the nearby October, and traders are said to be cautious since packers have been \"cutting in the red\" for the past few weeks. ", "Feeder cattle futures also ended the week lower.", "\n\nUSDA’s cattle on feed report was due today, but will instead be issued next Friday. ", "It will provide a reminder of the dwindling supply of cattle and the struggles of feedyards. ", "Empty pens are a common sight, and Cargill announced plans to close a 62,000-head capacity feedyard in Texas next summer.", "\n\nFeeder cattle were called $2 per cwt. ", "higher, with Kansas reporting average to high quality feeder steers weighing 750 pounds selling in a range of $169 to $174 per cwt." ]

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[ "using LanguageExt.", "TypeClasses;\nusing static LanguageExt.", "Prelude;\nusing System;\nusing System.", "Diagnostics.", "Contracts;\n\nnamespace LanguageExt.", "ClassInstances\n{\n public struct FValidation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS, SUCCESS2> : \n Functor<Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS>, Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2>, SUCCESS, SUCCESS2>,\n BiFunctor<Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS>, Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2>, FAIL, SUCCESS, SUCCESS2>\n where MonoidFail : struct, Monoid<FAIL>, Eq<FAIL>\n {\n public static readonly FValidation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS, SUCCESS2> Inst = default(FValidation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS, SUCCESS2>);\n\n [Pure]\n public Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2> BiMap(Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS> ma, Func<FAIL, SUCCESS2> fa, Func<SUCCESS, SUCCESS2> fb) =>\n ma.", "Match(\n Fail: a => Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2>.Success(Check.", "NullReturn(fa(a))),\n Succ: b => Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2>.Success(Check.", "NullReturn(fb(b))));\n\n [Pure]\n public Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2> Map(Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS> ma, Func<SUCCESS, SUCCESS2> f) =>\n ma.", "Match(\n Fail: Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2>.Fail,\n Succ: b => Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS2>.Success(f(b)));\n }\n\n public struct FValidationBi<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS, MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2> :\n BiFunctor<Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS>, Validation<MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2>, FAIL, SUCCESS, FAIL2, SUCCESS2>\n where MonoidFail : struct, Monoid<FAIL>, Eq<FAIL>\n where MonoidFail2 : struct, Monoid<FAIL2>, Eq<FAIL2>\n {\n public static readonly FValidationBi<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS, MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2> Inst = default(FValidationBi<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS, MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2>);\n\n [Pure]\n public Validation<MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2> BiMap(Validation<MonoidFail, FAIL, SUCCESS> ma, Func<FAIL, FAIL2> fa, Func<SUCCESS, SUCCESS2> fb) =>\n ma.", "Match(\n Fail: a => Validation<MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2>.Fail(fa(a)),\n Succ: b => Validation<MonoidFail2, FAIL2, SUCCESS2>.Success(fb(b)));\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid - Custom Gallery that reads SD Folder\n\nI am trying to implement a Gallery that shows all the images from a specific folder located in the external storage.", "\nHere is my code:\npublic class ExistingPicGallery extends Activity {\n\n private Cursor cursor;\n private int columnIndex;\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.gallery);\n Gallery g = (Gallery) findViewById(R.id.gallery);\n String[] projection = { MediaStore.", "Images.", "ImageColumns._ID,\n MediaStore.", "Images.", "Thumbnails.", "IMAGE_ID,\n MediaStore.", "Images.", "Thumbnails.", "KIND };\n // Create the cursor pointing to the SDCard\n String selection = MediaStore.", "Images.", "Thumbnails.", "KIND + \"=\" + // Select\n // only\n // mini's\n MediaStore.", "Images.", "Thumbnails.", "MINI_KIND;\n cursor = managedQuery(\n MediaStore.", "Images.", "Thumbnails.", "EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, projection,\n selection, null, null);\n // Get the column index of the image ID\n columnIndex = cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(MediaStore.", "Images.", "Media._ID);\n g.setAdapter(new ImageAdapter(this));\n\n g.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {\n public void onItemClick(AdapterView parent, View v, int position,\n long id) {\n Toast.makeText(ExistingPicGallery.this, \"\" + position,\n Toast.", "LENGTH_SHORT).show();\n }\n });\n\n }\n\n private class ImageAdapter extends BaseAdapter {\n int mGalleryItemBackground;\n\n private Context mContext;\n\n File folder;\n String[] allFiles;\n\n public ImageAdapter(Context c) {\n mContext = c;\n folder = new File(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory()\n .toString() + \"/CuantoComic\");\n allFiles = folder.list();\n int y = 0;\n\n }\n\n public int getCount() {\n return allFiles.length;\n }\n\n public Object getItem(int position) {\n return position;\n }\n\n public long getItemId(int position) {\n return position;\n }\n\n public View getView(final int position, View convertView,\n ViewGroup parent) {\n\n ImageView myImageView = new ImageView(mContext);\n\n if (convertView !", "= null)\n myImageView = (ImageView) convertView;\n else {\n myImageView = new ImageView(mContext);\n myImageView.setLayoutParams(new GridView.", "LayoutParams(60, 60));\n myImageView.setAdjustViewBounds(false);\n myImageView.setScaleType(ImageView.", "ScaleType.", "CENTER_CROP);\n\n }\n\n Bitmap bitmapImage = BitmapFactory.decodeFile(folder + \"/\"\n + allFiles[position]);\n BitmapDrawable drawableImage = new BitmapDrawable(bitmapImage);\n myImageView.setImageDrawable(drawableImage);\n\n return myImageView;\n\n }\n\n }\n\n}\n\nAnd the xml:\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n\n<Gallery xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" android:id=\"@+id/gallery\"\n android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n/>\n\nI am getting the following error in the LogCat:\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): FATAL EXCEPTION: main\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): java.lang.", "ClassCastException: android.widget.", "AbsListView$LayoutParams\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "Gallery.setUpChild(Gallery.java:769)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "Gallery.makeAndAddView(Gallery.java:738)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "Gallery.layout(Gallery.java:622)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "Gallery.onLayout(Gallery.java:336)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.view.", "View.layout(View.java:7034)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "FrameLayout.onLayout(FrameLayout.java:333)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.view.", "View.layout(View.java:7034)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "LinearLayout.setChildFrame(LinearLayout.java:1249)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "LinearLayout.layoutVertical(LinearLayout.java:1125)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "LinearLayout.onLayout(LinearLayout.java:1042)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.view.", "View.layout(View.java:7034)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.widget.", "FrameLayout.onLayout(FrameLayout.java:333)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.view.", "View.layout(View.java:7034)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.view.", "ViewRoot.performTraversals(ViewRoot.java:1049)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.view.", "ViewRoot.handleMessage(ViewRoot.java:1744)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:144)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:4937)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invokeNative(Native Method)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Method.java:521)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:858)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:616)\n05-14 11:37:50.311: E/AndroidRuntime(6904): at dalvik.system.", "NativeStart.main(Native Method)\n\nA:\n\nmyImageView.setLayoutParams(new GridView.", "LayoutParams(60, 60));\n\nthis line cause classcastEx. ", "Are you sure you have\nimport android.widget.", "Gallery.", "LayoutParams;\ninstead of\nimport android.widget.", "AbsListView.", "LayoutParams;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Solgi Rural District\n\nSolgi Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in Khezel District, Nahavand County, Hamadan Province, Iran. ", "As of the 2006 census, its population was 13,923, with 3,393 families. ", "The rural district has 22 villages.", "\n\n\"Solgi\" or \"Seleki\" refers to a noble family living in Nahavand, a historical town in the west of Iran. ", "Their root goes back to the Seleucid Empire who ruled Iran for 220 years after the Alexander the Great conquered the country.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural Districts of Hamadan Province\nCategory:Nahavand County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRemove identical values in ArrayList Java\n\nI have two arraylists and I want to remove identical values between these lists, but only one occurrence of this. ", "For example:\nArrayList<Integer> a = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4,5,6));\nArrayList<Integer> b = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3,1,2,3));\n\nWith these, function unique(a,b) would return:\n[[4,5,6],[1,2,3]]\n\nA:\n\nAssuming you want to return an ArrayList of ArrayLists, you can achieve this using this method:\nprivate static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> unique(ArrayList<Integer> a, ArrayList<Integer> b) {\n ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> unique = new ArrayList<>();\n\n unique.add(new ArrayList<>());\n unique.add(new ArrayList<>());\n\n for (Integer i: a) {\n if (!", "b.contains(i) && !", "unique.get(0).contains(i)) {\n unique.get(0).add(i);\n }\n }\n\n for (Integer i: b) {\n if (a.contains(i) && !", "unique.get(1).contains(i)) {\n unique.get(1).add(i);\n }\n }\n\n return unique;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "There is a restriction for raw data availability from the institutional review board (IRB) of University G d\\'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy and data could be available from the Ophthalmology Clinic of University \\\"G. d\\'Annunzio\\\" of Chieti-Pescara upon request and subsequent authorization of the IRB at: <[email protected]>.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec005}\n============\n\nStargardt disease (STGD), also known as Stargardt macular dystrophy, is one of the most prevalent inherited maculopathy, caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene \\[[@pone.0170343.ref001],[@pone.0170343.ref002]\\]. ", "It is characterized by a progressive bilateral loss of central vision that can present from early childhood to late adulthood and includes a wide range of clinical and electrophysiological findings \\[[@pone.0170343.ref003]--[@pone.0170343.ref005]\\]. ", "STGD is characterized by photoreceptor and choriocapillaris loss, with abnormal lipofuscin (LF) accumulation in a wide variety of patterns \\[[@pone.0170343.ref002],[@pone.0170343.ref006]--[@pone.0170343.ref009]\\].", "\n\nSome recent studies using either optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICG) demonstrated choriocapillaris atrophy in eyes with STGD \\[[@pone.0170343.ref010]--[@pone.0170343.ref012]\\]. ", "Choriocapillaris atrophy is a direct consequence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy suggesting a role of RPE in modulation of choriocapillaris structure and function. ", "RPE, in fact, produces VEGF and VEGF receptors expressed on the choroidal endothelium facing the RPE \\[[@pone.0170343.ref013]\\]. ", "In turn choroidal vessels provide the vascular support to outer retinal layers suggesting a possible role of choriocapillaris atrophy in photoreceptors degeneration \\[[@pone.0170343.ref011]\\]. ", "This suggests that vascular involvement is probably plays an important pathogenetic role in STGD.", "\n\nOCT angiography (OCTA) has recently been developed to study retinal and choroidal microvasculature without dye injection and has already been used to study the superficial and the deep retinal vascular plexuses and choriocapillaris in several retinal vascular diseases \\[[@pone.0170343.ref014]--[@pone.0170343.ref018]\\].", "\n\nThe aim of this study was to assess vessel density of superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and choriocapillaris (CC) in advanced STDG using OCTA, correlating findings with macular function using electrophysiology testing and by comparing vessel density of eyes with advanced STGD and eyes of normal subjects.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec006}\n=====================\n\nStudy participants {#sec007}\n------------------\n\nTwelve consecutive patients (24 eyes) with a diagnosis of advanced STGD (ascertained by biomicroscopy according to the classification proposed by Fishman et al) \\[[@pone.0170343.ref019]\\] referring to Medical Retina Service of the Ophthalmology Eye Clinic of University \"G. d'Annunzio\" between July 2015 and March 2016 for routine retinal check-up were enrolled for the study. ", "This study was approved by our Institutional Review Board (Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University \\\"G. d\\'Annunzio\\\" Chieti-Pescara, Italy), and patients provided signed informed consent for the use of their data. ", "The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.", "\n\nCriteria for inclusion were: 1) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) greater than or equal to 1.0 LogMAR in the study eye at baseline examination (to ensure proper execution of functional examination). ", "The exclusion criteria were causes other than STGD capable of reducing visual acuity such as media opacities, other macular or diffuse retinal pathologies impairing visual function or retinal function at electrophysiology testing.", "\n\nA control group was composed of 24 healthy age-matched patients (24 eyes) presenting to the same centre.", "\n\nStudy Protocol {#sec008}\n--------------\n\nAt baseline, all patients underwent a complete ophthalmic evaluation, including assessment of BCVA using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts, tonometry, slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect fundus ophthalmoscopy. ", "Furthermore, all patients underwent evaluation of vessel density of SCP, DCP and CC with an XR Avanti^®^ AngioVue OCTA (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA). ", "Patients with STGD underwent mfERG and PERG using Retimax (CSO, Florence, Italy) to evaluate macular function.", "\n\nProcedures {#sec009}\n----------\n\n### SD-OCT angiography with XR Avanti {#sec010}\n\nXR Avanti^®^ AngioVue OCTA (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA) is a device with a high-speed of 70,000 axial scans per second, using a light source of 840 nm, and an axial resolution of 5μm. ", "This system is based on the SSADA algorithm (Version: 2015.1.0.90) that uses blood flow as an intrinsic contrast. ", "Flow is detected as a variation over time in the speckle pattern formed by interference of light scattered from red blood cells and adjacent tissue structure \\[[@pone.0170343.ref014],[@pone.0170343.ref020]\\].", "\n\nBefore imaging, pupils were dilated with a combination of 0.5% tropicamide and 10% phenylephrine. ", "Study participants underwent SD-OCT imaging following a protocol that included AngioVue OCT 3D volume set of 6x6 mm. ", "An internal fixation light was used to centre the scanning area. ", "The OCT signal position and quality were optimized using the \"Auto All\" function which performs in sequence the \"Auto Z\" to find the best position for obtaining the retina OCT image, the \"Auto F\" to find the best focus for the particular subject's refraction, and the \"Auto P\" to find the best polarization match for the particular subject's ocular polarization.", "\n\nOne FastX (horizontal raster) set and one FastY (vertical raster) set were performed for each acquisition scan. ", "Each set takes approximately 3 seconds to complete. ", "After the completion of the FastX and FastY sets, the software implemented motion correction technology (MCT) to remove saccades and minor loss of fixation. ", "Scans with low quality (i.e., if the subject blinked or if motion artefacts were present in the data set) were excluded and repeated until a good quality was achieved. ", "Three scans for each patient were captured, then the one with the best quality (without significant motion artefacts and with a signal strength index \\>60) was considered for analysis.", "\n\n### Vascular layer segmentation {#sec011}\n\nVascular retinal layers were visualized and segmented as previously described \\[[@pone.0170343.ref021]\\]. ", "The superficial plexus consists of the capillaries between the inner limiting membrane (ILM) and the posterior boundary of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) (including the nerve fiber layer and the ganglion cell). ", "The deep plexus consists of the capillaries between the posterior boundary of the IPL and the posterior boundary of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) (including inner nuclear layer). ", "The choriocapillaris consists of capillaries in a 30μm thick layer posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane junction. ", "Based on these default settings, the boundaries of the superficial network extended from 3 μm below the ILM to 15 μm below the IPL. ", "The deep capillary network extended from 15 μm to 70 μm below the IPL. ", "The choriocapillaris extended from 30 to 60 μm below the retinal pigment epithelium.", "\n\nThe software option to remove projection artefacts from inner vascular plexus in the outer retina was selected. ", "If necessary, manual adjustment of layer segmentation in case of projection artefacts from inner vascular plexus in the deep vascular plexus was performed by two retina specialists (LT and EB) and the manual adjustment of segmentation was chosen only if a consensus was reached.", "\n\nTwo observers (LT and EB), independently checked image quality and excluded poor quality images leading that could have led to possible segmentation errors.", "\n\n### Quantitative vessel analysis {#sec012}\n\nObjective quantification of vessel density was evaluated for each eye using the SSADA software. ", "Quantitative analysis was performed on the OCTA en face images for each eye using the AngioVue software. ", "The vessel density was defined as the percentage area occupied by vessels in a circular region of interest (ROI) centred on the centre of the foveal avascular zone with a diameter of 3x3 mm included inside the 6x6 mm scan area. ", "The AngioVue software automatically splits the ROI into two fields: the foveal area, a central circle with a diameter of 1 mm; and the parafoveal area that constitutes the remaining part inside the ROI. ", "The three capillary systems were evaluated with quantitative analysis in the foveal and parafoveal areas and with qualitative analysis in the whole 6x6 mm scan area.", "\n\nThe vessel density was calculated using the formula previously described \\[[@pone.0170343.ref014],[@pone.0170343.ref018]\\], as follows: $$Vessel\\ density = \\frac{\\int{V \\bullet dA}}{\\int{dA}},$$ where V is 1 when the OCTA value is above a background threshold and 0 otherwise; A is the area of interest.", "\n\nFor each patient, foveal and parafoveal vessel density (VD); and parafoveal VD in different quadrants (temporal, superior, nasal, inferior) of the SCP, DCP and CC were calculated.", "\n\n### Qualitative vessel analysis {#sec013}\n\nTwo independent observers (LT and EB) subjectively evaluated OCTA in the 6x6 mm scan of best quality. ", "Vascular anomalies were evaluated in terms of vessels calliper (regular or irregular), vessel coarse (regular or irregular such as distorted) and density (normal or rarefied). ", "Perifoveal capillaries were evaluated to disclose disruption or integrity of the perifoveal anastomotic arcades.", "\n\n### Foveal and parafoveal retinal thickness analysis {#sec014}\n\nFoveal macular thickness (MT), full parafoveal MT, and parafoveal MT in different retinal quadrants and ILM-IPL parafoveal MT were automatically calculated by the software on the OCTA 6x6 mm volume scan (XR Avanti^®^; Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). ", "A circular ROI centred on the centre of the foveal avascular zone with a diameter of 3.0 mm was considered for retinal thickness analysis: central foveal area (1 mm of diameter) and parafoveal area that constitutes the remaining part inside the ROI (full parafoveal area or temporal, superior, nasal and inferior quadrants).", "\n\n### Electrophysiology testing {#sec015}\n\nPattern electroretinograms (PERG) and multifocal ERGs (mfERG) were recorded for each patient, according to the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) protocols \\[[@pone.0170343.ref022],[@pone.0170343.ref023]\\]. ", "P50 and N95 amplitude and latency of the PERG test were analysed for each patient.", "\n\nFor mfERG, the ocular fundus was segmented by an array of 61 hexagons, and average responses for the implicit times and amplitudes of N1 (first negative component) and P1 (first positive component) of the first-order kernel were calculated for five regional ring groups (R1 to R5). ", "Amplitude was measured from the baseline to the trough (N~1~) or peak (P~1~) of the deflection. ", "Area 1 corresponds to the fovea, area 2 to the parafovea, and areas 3--5 correspond to the outer portions.", "\n\nMain outcome measures {#sec016}\n---------------------\n\nThe main outcome measures were foveal VD; whole parafoveal VD; and parafoveal VD in different retinal quadrants (temporal, superior, nasal and inferior) of the SCP, DCP and CC; foveal MT; full parafoveal MT; and parafoveal MT in different retinal quadrants and ILM-IPL parafoveal MT; PERG P50 and N95 amplitude and latency, mfERG P1 and N1 amplitudes for five regional ring areas; correlation between vessel density and retinal thickness and between morphologic parameters (vessel density and retinal thickness) and functional parameters (PERG P50 and N95 component and mfERG N1 P1 component in the five regional rings groups) were evaluated.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec017}\n--------------------\n\nAll quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation in the results and in the tables. ", "To detect departures from normality distribution, Shapiro-Wilk's test was performed for all variables. ", "The statistical differences between groups were analysed by conducting one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). ", "Pearson's correlation coefficients were estimated to evaluate the linear correlation among variables in STDG patients.", "\n\nThe false discovery rate correction (FDR) was used to control the family-wise type I error rate and an FDR adjusted p value less than 0.05 was determined to be statistically significant.", "\n\nStatistical calculations were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).", "\n\nResults {#sec018}\n=======\n\nPatients population {#sec019}\n-------------------\n\nTwo patients (four eyes) of the STDG group were excluded from the study due to unreliable layer segmentation.", "\n\nDemographic data {#sec020}\n----------------\n\nThe mean age was 47.6±15.6 years (range 24--66 years) for patients with STDG and 45.3±12.1 years (range 26--62 years) for healthy controls (p = 1.0). ", "In the STGD group 58% were females and 42% patients were males and in the control group 60% were females and 40% were males (p = 1.0).", "\n\nNine out of 10 patients showed a stage III STGD and one out of 10 showed a stage II-III STDG according to Fishman classification.", "\n\nVisual acuity and electrophysiology tests {#sec021}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe mean BCVA values were 0.9±0.1 logMAR in the STGD group and 0.0±0.5 logMAR in the control group (p\\<0.001). ", "P and N amplitude in five regional rings were significantly reduced in the STDG group compared to controls (p\\<0.001). ", "In particular, foveal P1 and N1 amplitude were 0.41±0.80 and -0.17±0.63, respectively, in STDG group vs 0.88±0.04 and -0.40±0.00 in the control group. ", "Parafoveal P1 and N1 amplitude were 0.22±0.50 and -0.30±0.57, respectively, in STDG group vs 0.61±0.01 and -0.36±0.06 in the control group (p\\<0.001).", "\n\nCompared to the normal patients, the STDG group showed significantly reduced PERG P 50 and N95 amplitude (1.60±1.51 μV and 2.22±1.53 μV in the STDG group vs 3.39±1.32 μV and 5.25±1.70 μV in the control group) (p\\<0.001) and significantly delayed PERG P50 and N95 latency (56.99±6.63 msec and 116.45±14.23 msec in the STDG group vs 50.58±1.46 msec and 98.73±4.56 msec in the control group) (p\\<0.001and p = 0.001, respectively).", "\n\nQualitative vessel density analysis {#sec022}\n-----------------------------------\n\nOCTA provided detailed images of the retinal and choriocapillaris microcirculation. ", "In all patients (20 eyes) of the STDG group vessels were diffusely rarefied in the foveal and parafoveal area in the superficial and deep plexus (Figs [1](#pone.0170343.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#pone.0170343.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The calibre of both plexuses was regular with normal course. ", "An interruption of the perifoveal anastomotic arcade was present in all cases (20 eyes) but with varying extent. ", "In 15 out of 20 eyes (75%), the choriocapillaris showed the presence well delineated black dots possibly related to areas without perfusion.", "\n\n{#pone.0170343.g001}\n\n{#pone.0170343.g002}\n\nQuantitative vessel density analysis {#sec023}\n------------------------------------\n\nFoveal VD, parafoveal FVD of the superficial, deep plexus and choriocapillaris are shown in [Table 1](#pone.0170343.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Parafoveal VD of SCP was significantly lower in the STGD group compared to the control group (p\\<0.05). ", "Foveal VD and parafoveal VD of the DCP were significantly lower in the STGD group compared to the control group (p\\<0.05). ", "The same applies for CC that was significantly decreased in STGD disease compared to normal controls (p\\<0.05) ([Table 1](#pone.0170343.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Parafoveal vessel density of different retinal quadrants of SCP, DCP and CC was significantly lower in STDG compared to controls (p\\<0.05).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0170343.t001\n\n###### Vessel density values of superficial plexus, deep plexus and choriocapillaris.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0170343.t001){#pone.0170343.t001g}\n\n *Stargardt Group* *Control group* *p-value*\n ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------- ----------------- -----------------\n ***Foveal Superficial Vessel Density (%)*** 27.25±10.19 31.44±5.41 *0*.*153*\n ***Parafoveal Superficial Vessel Density (%)*** 46.34±4.04 52.55±2.94 ***\\<0*.*001***\n ***Foveal Deep Vessel Density (%)*** 37.52±9.51 29.68±7.42 ***0*.*015***\n ***Parafoveal Deep Vessel Density (%)*** 47.38±4.25 59.09±2.79 ***\\<0*.*001***\n ***Foveal Choriocapillaris Vessel Density (%)*** 54.87±24.84 27.51±5.37 ***\\<0*.*001***\n ***Parafoveal Choriocapillaris Vessel Density (%)*** 60.63±6.46 67.11±1.40 ***\\<0*.*001***\n\nAll p-value reported in bold in table are significant after FDR-adjustment with q = 0.05\n\nRetinal macular thickness {#sec024}\n-------------------------\n\nFoveal MT, full parafoveal MT, and ILM-IPL parafoveal MT thickness were significantly decreased in STGD eyes compared to control eyes (p\\<0.001) ([Table 2](#pone.0170343.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0170343.t002\n\n###### Foveal macular thickness, parafoveal macular thickness and inner limiting membrane-inner plexiform layer parafoveal macular thickness in the Stargardt disease group and in the control group.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0170343.t002){#pone.0170343.t002g}\n\n   *Stargardt group* *Control group* *p value*\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------- -----------------\n ***Foveal Macular Thickness (μm)*** 147.79±54.89 249.65±56.18 ***\\<0*.*001***\n ***Full Parafoveal Macular Thickness (μm)*** 219.07±22.87 324.53±17.40 ***\\<0*.*001***\n ***Inner limiting membrane-inner plexiform layer Parafoveal Macular Thickness (μm)*** 76.60±8.65 114.00±27.54 ***\\<0*.*001***\n\nAll p-value reported in bold in table are significant after FDR-adjustment with q = 0.05\n\nCorrelation analysis between different parameters {#sec025}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nA direct correlation was found in STGD patients between FPMT and vessel density of SCP (R = 0.483 p-value 0.006), DCP (R = 0.645 p-value \\<0.001) and CC (R = 0.578 p-value 0.001). ", "The thinnest the PMT the highest is vascular depletion of the superficial and deep plexus and of the choriocapillaris. ", "A direct correlation was also found between ILM-IPL PMT and vessel density of SCP (R = 0.358 p-value 0.048), DCP (R = 0.467 p-value 0.008) and CC (R = 0.464 p-value 0.009).", "\n\nNo correlation was found between functional parameters such as PERG and mfERG and both vessel density and macular thickness. ", "Finally, no significant correlation was found between studied parameters and subjects' age.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec026}\n==========\n\nIn this study, we investigated retinal and choroidal vessel features in patients affected by advanced STGD using OCTA. ", "We found that SCP, DCP and CC vessel densities were reduced compared to healthy subjects. ", "In addition, total macular thickness and inner retinal thickness were significantly reduced. ", "Retinal and choriocapillaris vessel densities showed a significant correlation with macular thickness. ", "Macular function assessed using PERG and mfERG was reduced in STDG patients compared to controls, as typically reported in STDG disease \\[[@pone.0170343.ref024],[@pone.0170343.ref025]\\], but were not correlated with anatomical parameters.", "\n\nIn the recent years vascular alterations were investigated in STGD, in particular choroidal alterations were assessed using OCT and retinal angiography \\[[@pone.0170343.ref010],[@pone.0170343.ref012]\\]. ", "A reduction of choriocapillaris thickness and of large and medium size choroidal vessel layer thickness related to the area of outer retinal and RPE atrophy in patients with STGD were demonstrated using OCT \\[[@pone.0170343.ref010],[@pone.0170343.ref026]\\]. ", "Giani et al \\[[@pone.0170343.ref011]\\] using ICG reported hypocyanescence from the areas of atrophy more frequent in STGD compared with atrophic AMD, suggesting a possible selective damage of the choriocapillaris in STGD.", "\n\nThese results confirm that choroidal vascular alterations are involved in the pathogenesis of STGD.", "\n\nChoriocapillaris atrophy was suggested to be related to RPE degeneration due to increased production and accumulation of A2E and related bisretinoids within RPE cells \\[[@pone.0170343.ref027],[@pone.0170343.ref028]\\]. ", "Careful in vivo image analysis, however, does not support this conclusion \\[[@pone.0170343.ref008],[@pone.0170343.ref009]\\].", "\n\nChoriocapillaris atrophy in turn was hypothesized to cause photoreceptor degeneration \\[[@pone.0170343.ref002],[@pone.0170343.ref006],[@pone.0170343.ref007]\\].", "\n\nChoroidal atrophy is an important pathogenic aspect also involved in geographic atrophy.", "\n\nSimilarly, to STGD, advanced dry AMD was reported to be associated with abnormalities in choroidal circulation with histologic evidence of injury of both choriocapillaris and the larger choroidal vessels \\[[@pone.0170343.ref029],[@pone.0170343.ref030]\\]. ", "Choroidal thinning and reduction of choriocapillaris density were also demonstrated by means of OCT and OCTA respectively in dry AMD \\[[@pone.0170343.ref031]--[@pone.0170343.ref033]\\].", "\n\nThe results of our study showing significant reduction of CC density were in accordance with OCT studies of STGD and with OCTA studies of dry AMD sharing some similarities with Stargardt disease \\[[@pone.0170343.ref029]--[@pone.0170343.ref034]\\].", "\n\nFeatures of superficial and deep retinal vascular flow was a novel aspect recently being increasingly investigated in retinal vascular and degenerative diseases by means of OCTA. ", "A reduction of superficial and deep vascular plexuses density was recently demonstrated by means of OCTA in dry AMD patients and in patients with hereditary retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa \\[[@pone.0170343.ref017],[@pone.0170343.ref035]\\].", "\n\nIn this study, we found a significant decrease of both SCP and DCP in patients with advanced STGD compared to normal eyes. ", "These modifications were correlated with a significant reduction of total retinal macular thickness and inner retinal thickness.", "\n\nIt is not yet clear whether the reduced vascular density observed in patients with STGD is cause of the disease, or secondary to atrophy of the retinal outer and inner layers. ", "In the first case the vascular depletion could have a causative role in parallel with RPE degeneration. ", "Nevertheless, due to the advanced stage of the disease, a hypothesis of a pathogenic role of reduced vascular density in STDG was not feasible. ", "This aspect would require a study with patients with STDG in an earlier stage than those included in this study.", "\n\nOn the other hand, the vessel density reduction could be related to modification of VEGF concentrations due to RPE degeneration \\[[@pone.0170343.ref036]\\]. ", "A previous study in animal model reported capillary rarefaction due to VEGF-signalling inhibition \\[[@pone.0170343.ref037]\\]. ", "In the third hypothesis, a reduced metabolic demand due to retinal atrophy would result in a reduced blood supply. ", "This hypothesis would explain the correlation between macular vessel density and retinal atrophy. ", "The greater the retinal atrophy, the lower the vessel density in the area of retinal atrophy.", "\n\nOne major limit of this study was related to possible segmentation error occurring with macular anatomical abnormalities such as macular atrophy typically occurring in STGD and to vessel density analysis errors due to projection artefacts from inner vascular plexus in the outer retina \\[[@pone.0170343.ref038]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, reproducibility of OCTA measurements was demonstrated in normal and diseased eyes \\[[@pone.0170343.ref016],[@pone.0170343.ref018],[@pone.0170343.ref021]\\]. ", "Moreover, in this study an ultimate subjective evaluation of segmentation was made and poor quality images were eliminated.", "\n\nIn conclusion, OCTA has proved to be a useful tool for investigating morphological features of retinal and choroidal vascular plexus in patients with STGD, otherwise not well detectable with other imaging studies. ", "These findings correlated with retinal thickness and macular function examined using electrophysiological tests.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: **Conceptualization:** RM LT LDA CM.**Data curation:** MDN.**Formal analysis:** EB PAM MDN.**Investigation:** AS.**Methodology:** RM LT.**Resources:** EB AS LDA.**Supervision:** CM.**Validation:** PAM AS.**Visualization:** RM LT.**Writing -- original draft:** RM LT.**Writing -- review & editing:** CM.", "\n\n[^3]: ‡ These authors are co-first authors on this work\n" ]

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[ "Our laboratory investigates the structural bases of functions of a number of integral membrane protein families. ", "We combine x-ray crystallography together with functional analyses with a range of biochemical and biophysical techniques to approach these problems. ", "1) Potassiumselective channels (K+ channels) are a large, diverse group of integral membrane proteins, crucial for proper cellular functioning. ", "Toxins from animal venoms are able to specifically inhibit ionconduction by specific K+ channel subtypes by binding to different parts, and have thus emerged as indispensible tools in neuroscience. ", "However, in the absence of a co-crystal structure of a toxincomplex with a K+ channel, the structural bases for recognition of specific K+ channels by specific toxins remain obscure. ", "My postdoctoral work resulted in the first crystal structure of a complex between a K+ channel and a toxin from scorpion venom. ", "Currently we are pursuing the structures of K+ channels with other toxins, specifically, Dendrotoxin, isolated from snake venom. ", "Different parts of K+ channels are targeted by toxins, and thus structure of each distinct class of toxin-channel complexes will lead to insights about unique aspects of these very important class of ion channels and their role in cellular physiology. ", "2) In a second project, we are focusing our attention on mitochondrial inner membrane transporters that bring iron into mitochondria. ", "Subsequently, the iron is utilized in the biosynthesis of heme, a central component of the heme in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes , and iron-sulfur clusters, important cofactors required for proteins involved in a wide range of cellular activities, viz. ", "electron transport in respiratory chain complexes, regulatory sensing, photosynthesis and DNA repair. ", "We are currently using heterologous expression to obtain enough purified material for biochemical and biophysical characterization." ]

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[ "March 14, 2012, Tokyo, Japan – The electric board of a local stock brokerage in Tokyo flashes the share quotes Wednesday morning, March 14, 2012. ", "Tokyo stocks closed the morning session sharply higher with the Nikkei Stock Average hitting its highest level in seven and a half months as the weaker yen pushed up exporters. ", "The benchmark index ended morning trade at 10,099.97, up 200.89 points, or 2.03%. (", "Photo by Natsuki Sakai/AFLO)" ]

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[ "In general, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) resins have been widely used in various applications such as vehicles, electrical and electronic components, office equipment, home appliances, toys, office supplies, and the like, due to impact resistance of butadiene, moldability and colorability of styrene, and physical properties such as rigidity, chemical resistance, and the like, and an aesthetic appearance property of acrylonitrile.", "\nAs a general method of preparing the ABS resin, a kneading and extruding process (a compounding process) preparing the ABS resin has been used, wherein the compounding process includes preparing grafted ABS (g-ABS) obtained by emulsion polymerization of butadiene and addition of styrene and acrylonitrile thereto, and kneading and extruding the obtained g-ABS together with a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) resin in an extruder.", "\nIn addition, a bulk-suspension process preparing the ABS resin by bulk-polymerizing butadiene, styrene, and acrylonitrile at the first stage, and after a phase-conversion step, changing the bulk-polymerized mixture into a suspension-polymerization state, and a mass-continuous process preparing the ABS resin by feeding all monomer raw materials at the first stage, followed by bulk-polymerization have been widely known and used.", "\nThe bulk-suspension process has advantages in that since only one reactor is used, the prepared resin has stable physical properties and operation cost and energy consumption are low; however, the bulk-suspension process has disadvantages in that it is not suitable for mass-production.", "\nIn addition, the mass-continuous process has advantages in that it is suitable for mass-production; however, the mass-continuous process has disadvantages in that it is not easy to control physical properties of an impact reinforcing agent used in the resin, and as a result, it has a limitation in manufacturing various products.", "\nA kneading and extruding process which is the most widely used until recently uses a relatively simple manufacturing apparatus, and uses g-ABS particles having a small average particle size prepared by a batch type emulsion polymerization, such that a high glossy ABS resin is capable of being prepared and a mixing ratio of raw materials in a kneading and extruding step may be easily changed, thereby being advantageous for controlling the physical properties of the ABS resin. ", "However, when the g-ABS particles are prepared by the emulsion polymerization, an agglomerating process, a washing process, a dewatering process, a drying process, and the like, should be performed, and then a feeding process into an extruder is also needed. ", "In this case, excessive energy is consumed in the dewatering and drying processes, and the g-ABS particles tend to agglomerate, which form a gel spot, causing a problem in that the ABS resin has a poor appearance. ", "In addition, in order to pulverize and disperse the agglomerated g-ABS particles, an extruder having a screw with a strong kneading element is used; however, in this case, discoloration of the ABS resin badly occurs.", "\nKorean Patent No. ", "0371072 and Korean Patent No. ", "0371887 disclose a preparation method of an impact reinforced thermoplastic resin composition including supplying an impact reinforcing elastomer containing moisture to a twin-screw extruder, removing the moisture by a compression unit, and mixing with a matrix thermoplastic resin. ", "However, in this case, loss of raw materials occurred while the moisture was removed by the compression unit, and additional processes such as heating, and the like, were required, such that energy consumption was remarkably increased. ", "Accordingly, there were problems that overall preparation cost is increased, and appearance property may be deteriorated and discoloration may be increased due to the increase in the energy consumption of the extruder.", "\nTherefore, there is a need for a method of preparing a thermoplastic resin composition having improved appearance, excellent discoloration resistance to improve color appearance, and a low gel content, that can be prepared with reduced load on an extruder motor to reduce energy consumption." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to target specific multiple cells when using a subtract/add quantity script in google sheets?", "\n\nHere is my spreadsheet.", "\nhttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1F0hooJ0Wo62IOgKsGebI8flr7fTmPVIho_FBFAasn_Y/edit?usp=sharing\nI currently have a script called inventory as follows\nfunction subtractSoldBulk() {\n var sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet();\n var maxRows = sheet.getMaxRows();\n\n var soldRange = sheet.getRange(3, 3, maxRows); // row, column, number of rows \"Sold\" column\n var totalRange = sheet.getRange(3, 4, maxRows); // row, column, max rows \"Inventory\" column\n\n var soldValues = soldRange.getValues();\n var totalValues = totalRange.getValues();\n for (var row in soldValues) {\n var soldCellData = soldValues[row][0];\n var totalCellData = totalValues[row][0];\n\n if (soldCellData !", "= \"\" && totalCellData !", "= \"\") {\n totalValues[row][0] = totalCellData - soldCellData;\n soldValues[row][0] = \"\";\n }\n }\n\n soldRange.setValues(soldValues);\n totalRange.setValues(totalValues);\n}\n\nfunction addBulk() {\n var sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet();\n var maxRows = sheet.getMaxRows();\n\n var addRange = sheet.getRange(3, 5, maxRows); // row, column, number of rows \"Add\" column\n var totalRange = sheet.getRange(3, 4, maxRows); // row, column, max rows \"Inventory\" column\n\n var addValues = addRange.getValues();\n var totalValues = totalRange.getValues();\n for (var row in addValues) {\n var addCellData = addValues[row][0];\n var totalCellData = totalValues[row][0];\n\n if (addCellData !", "= \"\" && totalCellData !", "= \"\") {\n totalValues[row][0] = totalCellData + addCellData;\n addValues[row][0] = \"\";\n }\n }\n\n addRange.setValues(addValues);\n totalRange.setValues(totalValues);\n }\n\nThis script allows me to use add and subtract buttons on my spreadsheet so that if i put a quantity in the add or sold columns on a particular row, that quantity will be added or subtracted from the Inventory Quantity on the same row once the add or subtract button is pressed. ", "I want to edit this script so that when I put a quantity in the add or subtract columns add press the buttons, that quantity is added or subtracted from more than one cell in the inventory quantity column. ", "\nI need to be able to choose which cells the script applies to. ", "For example- subtract 1 from cells b4 e2, e8 when quantity is entered in Sold column in cell c3 and subtract button is pressed.", "\nI would also like to do this multiple times so for example\nSubtract quantity from cells b4 e2, e8 when quantity is entered in Sold column in cell c3 and sold button is pressed\nSubtract quantity from cells b6 e2, e5 when quantity is entered in Sold column in cell c4 and sold button is pressed\nSubtract quantity from cells b9 e1, e7 when quantity is entered in Sold column in cell c5 and sold button is pressed\netc\nIt should be the same situation for adding quantities\nI'm not sure how to get there from the script I have. ", "I feel like I'm halfway there. ", "I'm a beginner when it comes to scripting so please bare this in mind\nAny help would be much appreciated\nThanks\nFrancis\n\nA:\n\nHave a look at the linked spreadsheet based on the one you provided above.", "\nSpreadsheet\nHow to use it:\n\nEnter a value in a cell (A cell specified in the ranges array) Note: you must commit the value to the cell i.e. click return or click out of the cell.", "\nImportant: Click on the cell again so that it is the active cell.", "\nClick add or subtract button to have the value added or subtracted from the specified values in the inventory column.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Lewis Hamilton celebrates in Mexico after sealing his fourth title, his third with Mercedes, for whom he is yet to sign a new deal.", "\nPhotograph: Jose Mendez/EPA\n\nLewis Hamilton could have his pick of the teams in Formula One should he not renew his contract with Mercedes, the McLaren executive director, Zak Brown, has said. ", "The British driver secured his fourth world championship last season, his third with Mercedes, but his contract with the team ends after this campaign and he has yet to confirm a new deal.", "\n\nHamilton made his F1 debut for McLaren in 2007, won his first title with them a year later and drove for the team for six seasons before joining Mercedes in 2013.", "\n\nF1 announces plans for ‘grid kids’ to replace ‘grid girls’ for new season\n\nRead more\n\n“Lewis has history here,” Brown said. “", "He is an unbelievable driver. ", "There isn’t a team in the pit lane that would not be interested in having Lewis drive for them, us included.”", "\n\nHamilton, Brown believed, is at the peak of his powers. “", "It would be great for any team,” he said.", "\n\nBrown acknowledged that McLaren, expecting an improvement in performance this season after ditching Honda for Renault engines, would welcome him back. “", "We are very happy with the drivers we have but you never know in F1. ", "If something happened to take one or two of those out of play, then of course someone like Lewis.”", "\n\nMcLaren’s lead driver, Fernando Alonso, raced alongside Hamilton for the team in 2007 but the Spaniard was not happy with the situation and left at the end of that season. ", "Alonso has since been open in his praise for the British driver and Brown believes the pair could work together again.", "\n\nThe McLaren executive director, Zak Brown, said Lewis Hamilton ‘would be great for my team’. ", "Photograph: John Raoux/AP\n\n“Fernando would race anybody,” he said. “", "I have never had a conversation with Fernando about anything other than himself. ", "Fernando would have anyone as his team-mate.”", "\n\nBrown also praised the Mercedes executive director Toto Wolff’s handling of his driver. “", "Great world champions are hard to manage,” he said. “", "You need to get them in a good frame of mind and Lewis seems to be someone you have to manage in the right way, but Toto has done a good job in getting him to perform.”", "\n\nWolff, however, has made it clear he expects Hamilton to remain with Mercedes. “", "Lewis has become such an important pillar within the team that it is a no-brainer we continue with each other. ", "The discussions are ongoing in a very positive mindset and it’s just a matter of time until we seal it and put a signature to the document.”" ]

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[ "Automotive Technician\n\nAutomotive Technician\n\nI like this class because more individuals will be fixing their very own automobiles and naturally there are all those automotive enthusiasts. ", "Great list! ", "The purpose of this take a look at is to guage the operation of keyless entry and keyless starting methods with Pico Technology’s Keyless entry signal provider detector. ", "Professionally within my very own auto detailing enterprise, my aim is to all the time over-deliver to my prospects. ", "But I do not stop there as I adopt the identical goal with this web site together with my YouTube channel in over-delivering.", "\n\nAdmissions requirements for undergraduate engineering faculties embody a solid background in arithmetic (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus) and science (biology, chemistry, and physics), in addition to courses in English, social studies, and humanities. ", "Bachelor’s degree applications in engineering sometimes are designed to final 4 years, however many students find that it takes between 4 and five years to complete their studies. ", "In a typical four-year college curriculum, the first two years are spent finding out arithmetic, fundamental sciences, introductory engineering, humanities, and social sciences. ", "In the last two years, most programs are in engineering, normally with a focus in a single specialty. ", "Some programs provide a basic engineering curriculum; students then specialize on the job or in graduate faculty.", "\n\nI’ve an offer in saudia arab firm identify saad al masad as a driver. ", "I’m not able to find company web site. ", "how I can know this firm is effectively or not? ", "pls reply thnx. ", "Bioengineering & Biomedical Science, Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering, Architectural Engineering Technology, International Journal of Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles, Advances in Transportation Studies , Worldwide Journal of Stream Control, Worldwide Journal of Vitality for a Clean Surroundings.", "\n\nTwo extra ferry strains function in the space. ", "Algona sits on a contemporary water delta in the Blue Water Space of Michigan and is situated nearly 50 miles northeast of Detroit. ", "Websites to see in nearby Ontario Province embody First Nations Festivals , together with native nations, bands, and communities in Southwest Ontario Province. ", "A number of automakers-notably Mercedes-Benz and Audi – used the Frankfurt Motor Present stage to reveal glossy automobiles that aggressively make use of active aerodynamic elements and different advances to cut back drag.", "\n\nThe seats have been rigorously designed to supply maximum comfort while using minimal padding to take advantage of environment friendly use of the diminished cabin house within the F12berlinetta. ", "The seats have nice lateral support, and maintain you stuck into place when you caress the corners in this machine. ", "In addition to their support, built-in headrests give you extra assist and a sportier really feel as you drive. ", "Even with its reduced house, a person as much as 6’4” can sit in the cabin comfortably and it holds as much as 500 liters (17.sixty five cubic-feet) of baggage with its rear bench folded down." ]

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[ "January 4, 2010\n\na monday meal\n\nToday I'm starting over. ", "When I was pregnant I had to eat healthy food and was strict (for the most part) about portion control. ", "Then I had Avery and well, Sonic is only two minutes away. ", "Because I'd been eating a different way for several months, I thought it would be super easy to stick with it...not so much. ", "This day, anyone?" ]

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[ "[Impact of comprehensive stroke team combined with vascular neurologist, neurosurgeon and endovascular interventionist for acute stroke].", "\nThe stroke center with endovascular intervention has been developed with advances in acute stroke therapy. ", "Vascular neurologists who intend to perform endovascular intervention should receive advanced clinical training in a neurosurgical department, as well as experience in cardiovascular medicine for a prescribed period. ", "A stroke team combined with vascular neurologists, neurosurgeons, and endovascular interventionists would be essential for a regional core comprehensive stroke center in the future." ]

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[ "Newsletters\n\nA.P.C. launches made-in-America brand\n\nA.P.C is looking to America to expand with the launch of A.P.C.U.S – a sub-brand of A.P.C. made in the United States.", "\n\nA.P.C.U.S. will look to more casual styles than the A.P.C line. ", "The first collection, consisting of three styles, will include a cotton-blend jersey t-shirt, a cotton hoodie, and a crewneck pullover. ", "The designs will be simple – each piece released so far is pale grey with a small A.P.C.U.S logo.", "\n\nOne of the first product offerings from A.P.C.U.S - A.P.C.\n\nThe French brand, founded by Jean Touitou in 1985 and well-known for its high-quality blue jeans, currently holds a retail footprint of over 50 stores around the world and 7 in the United States, with a location in Melrose Place being one of them.", "\n\nPrices will sit at the reasonable price point at $75 for a t-shirt, $135 for a pullover, and $170 for a hoodie. ", "Touitou told GQ that although he is proud of the brand’s French heritage, the cost of labour in the country is high, and producing the garments in France would drive up the retail prices of the collection.", "\n\n“People are hurt badly with taxes and all sort of expenses, worldwide,” Toitou told GQ, “It is important to try and have affordable prices, even for luxurious items, not only hoodies.”" ]

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[ "Tariq ol Eslam Rural District\n\nTariq ol Eslam Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Nahavand County, Hamadan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 13,956, in 3,603 families. ", "The rural district has 24 villages.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural Districts of Hamadan Province\nCategory:Nahavand County" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWriting an integer as a sum of two squares: Why is this a modular form of weight 1?", "\n\nI am trying to understand the following proof of the fact that the number of ways to write a positive integer $n$ as a sum of two squares (call it $s_n$) is given by\n$$s_n = 4\\sum_{d|n} \\chi_{-4}(d),$$\nwhere $\\chi_{-4}$ is the Dirichlet character defined by\n$$ \\chi_{-4}(m) = \\begin{cases} 1, & m\\equiv 1 \\mod 4 \\\\\n-1, &m \\equiv 3 \\mod 4\\\\\n0, &m \\equiv 0,2 \\mod 4.\\end{cases}$$\nThe key observation is the following. ", "Let\n$$\\theta(z) := \\sum_{n \\in \\Bbb{Z}} q^{n^2} = 1+2q + 2q^2 +\\ldots$$\nbe the Jacobi theta series where as usual $q = e^{2\\pi i z}$. Then we have:\n\n$s_n$ is the $n$-th coefficient of $\\theta(z)^2$\n$ \\theta(z)^2$ is a modular form of weight $1$ for the congruence subgroup $\\Gamma_0(4) \\subseteq \\text{SL}_2(\\Bbb{Z})$\nThe space $M_1(\\Gamma_0(4))$ is one dimensional.", "\n\nOf course, we are not done yet. ", "We need to take advantage of 3 as follows. ", "Defined the Eisenstein series $G_{1,\\chi_{-4}}(z) $ (with respect to the Dirichlet character above) as\n$$G_{1,\\chi_{-4}}(z) = \\frac{1}{4} + \\sum_{n \\geq 1}\\left( \\sum_{d |n} \\chi_{-4}(d)\\right) q^n .$$\n\nMy question is: I know that $G_{1, \\chi_{-4}}$ satisfies the relation\n $$G_{1, \\chi_{-4}}(\\gamma\\cdot z) = \\chi_{-4}(a) (cz+d)^{-1} G_{1, \\chi_{-4}}(z)$$\n for a matrix\n $$\\gamma = \\left(\\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\\\ c& d\\end{array}\\right) \\in \\Gamma_0(4).$$\n I want to say from here that $G_{1,\\chi_{-4}}(z)$ is actually a modular form of weight $1$ w.r.t. ", "$\\Gamma_0(4)$. The problem here is that the quantity $\\chi_{-4}(a)$ is not always equal to $1$! ", "How do we get around this?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere, I will assume the familiarity with the definition of modular forms. ", "If one has trouble with this, please add a comment.", "\nBy the appearance of $\\chi_{-4}$ in the modular transformations law, the modular form $G_{1,\\chi_{-4}}$ is not a modular form of weight 1 with respect to $\\Gamma_{0}(4)$. But if we restrict the group to\n$$\\Gamma_{1}(4)=\\left\\{\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\na & b \\\\ c & d\n\\end{array}\\right)\\in SL_{2}(\\mathbb{Z}):a\\equiv d\\equiv1\\pmod{4},b\\equiv c\\equiv 0\\pmod{4}\\right\\},$$\nthen we don't need care about $\\chi_{-4}$ because $\\chi_{-4}(a)=1$ for all $a\\equiv 1\\pmod{4}$. In other words, $G_{1,\\chi_{-4}}$ is a modular form of weight 1 with respect to $\\Gamma_{1}(4)$.\nOn the other hand, since $\\Gamma_{1}(4)\\subset\\Gamma_{0}(4)$, $M_{1}(\\Gamma_{0}(4))\\subset M_{1}(\\Gamma_{1}(4))$, where $M_{k}(\\Gamma)$ denotes the space of modular forms of weight $k$ with respect to $\\Gamma$. Thus, $\\theta^{2}$ is can be considered as a modular form of weight 1 with respect to $\\Gamma_{1}(4)$.\nIt is known that $\\dim_{\\mathbb{C}}(M_{1}(\\Gamma_{1}(4)))=1$. So by working with $\\Gamma_{1}(4)$ instead of $\\Gamma_{0}(4)$ we can use the strategy described in the question to prove the desired formula. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Overall Member Rating\n\nOasis of the Seas - 16 October 2010\n\nThis was our first voyage on an Oasis class ship with Royal Caribbean and our 6th cruise with this cruise line. ", "Our last cruise was on Freedom of the Seas. ", "Based on everything we had seen about Oasis of the Seas, we were expecting an over-the-top experience. ", "We couldn't have been more disappointed.", "\n\nThe check-in process was advertised as \"15 minutes from curb to gangplank.\" ", "Unfortunately, this was not the case. ", "As Platinum Members, we were directed to a specific check in line and found ourselves standing there for over 20 minutes while the majority of the check in agents huddled together in what appeared to be a staff meeting of sorts. ", "While this meeting seemed to stretch on for an extended period of time, we watched as other incoming passengers arrived, proceeded through other lines, checked in and were directed to the waiting area ahead of us. ", "When the \"meeting\" finally broke, the agents began to man their stations but did not seem to be in too much of a hurry to get More\nstarted. ", "When one finally motioned for us to approach, she rushed through the check in process and neglected to give us any information about the ship or its scheduled activities. ", "While in the waiting area, we noticed others had the embarkation day's Cruise Compass and asked where we could get one. ", "That was when we learned we should have received it when we checked in. (", "Strike One.)", "\n\nWhen our group was called to board, we decided to chalk up the check in as a fluke and looked forward to our cruise. ", "As expected, we were directed up to Windjammers for lunch while we waited for our staterooms to be made available to us at 1 pm. ", "There was ample food available and a nice variety, but there was no flow to the dining room. ", "We felt we had to \"elbow\" our way through each island of food selections. ", "Once we had our plates filled, it took us almost ten minutes to find two empty seats together. ", "Of course, our food was cold by then. ", "It was apparent this dining room was not designed to handle the large number of passengers onboard. (", "Strike Two.)", "\n\nPromptly at 1 pm, the bulkhead doors leading to our stateroom were opened and we headed down the hallway to our assigned room. ", "We were pleased with the room and its amenities. ", "It appeared to have ample storage and we began to look forward to our upcoming cruise. ", "Our Cabin Stewardess, \"Ophelia,\" was an absolute pleasure to meet. ", "We were immediately made to feel welcome and felt sure she would take care of anything we might need. (", "Backing off Strike Two.)", "\n\nOur Lifeboat Safety Drill was certainly different than we had experienced in the past. ", "On Oasis, there are no life vests in the staterooms; they are kept at each assigned muster station. ", "This did seem to expedite the safety drill process, although I am not sure how it prepares passengers for a possible emergency other than familiarizing them with their muster location. ", "In addition, even though they swiped our Sea Pass Cards to register our attendance at the drill, we received a message in our cabin advising we had NOT attended and the infraction would be \"recorded\" on our file!", "\n\nThis was not the only time they seemed to rely too much on technology. ", "We had to reserve space at each show and, before we could enter the theatre, they had to scan our Sea Pass card to prove we were eligible to attend and did not have to wait in the \"stand by\" line. ", "More than once, we heard passengers being told they did not have a reservation for the show when they insisted they had reserved the time. ", "Too much reliance on technology and not enough \"people skills\" to handle the needs of so many passengers.", "\n\nOur first introduction to our dining room staff was less than impressive. ", "It was immediately apparent our table waiter and assistant waiter did not get along. ", "This problem continually presented itself during each evening's dinner service. ", "Consequently, the only dinners we enjoyed were the two evenings we spent at 150 Central Park and Chops, as well as the last evening, which we spent at Windjammers. (", "We simply did not wish to spend our last evening watching our two servers work together like oil and water!) (", "Strike Two is back.)", "\n\nOn our first full day, the worst happened. ", "My husband was enjoying a turn on the Flowrider. ", "Of course, he eventually lost his balance and rode the \"wave\" up to the back of the padded pit area. ", "He has experienced this activity before and was not surprised at the ride. ", "However, he never expected to suffer an injury due to an area of exposed framework because of a broken and buckled mat surface. ", "The resulting injury required a trip to the Infirmary where the doctor had to apply a pressure bandage to counteract a golf ball sized hematoma under a lacerated forearm. ", "Later in the day, we learned this break in the matting was well known by the crew that operated the Flowrider, but they were unable \"to get the Flowrider company to fix it in port.\" ", "So, instead of shutting it down in the interest of passenger safety, they continued to run the activity in the hopes no one would notice. ", "Even when the medical staff contacted them, after my husband was injured, they continued to operate the Flowrider. ", "It was not until the next day that we witnessed three members of the Engineering department make some superficial repairs so they could safely continue to operate. ", "How long had this problem been in existence? ", "It is a shame it took an injury to promote some sort of \"fix.\" ", "Had they been more proactive and concerned about the safety of their passengers, my husband would not have been injured and we would not have had to give up three days of planned activities on our cruise. (", "Strike Three!)", "\n\nBy now, we are more than a little disillusioned by our experience on Oasis of the Seas. ", "To add insult to injury, the representative from the Safety Department had the nerve to point out we had signed a \"Liability Waiver\" in order to use the Flowrider, and that there is \"always some risk associated with these sorts of activities.\" ", "SERIOUSLY! ", "Had it been under normal circumstances and an injury occurred, I would gladly agree. ", "However, when there is an equipment malfunction that causes an injury, it is in very poor taste to try to pass it off as the fault of the passenger! (", "We're on a downward spiral here... Is there such a thing as Strike Four?)", "\n\nDespite being unable to enjoy the pools, rock climbing walls, or fitness center, we opted to focus on what we could enjoy. ", "We had wonderful experiences at 150 Park Central and Chops Steakhouse. ", "The wait staff was beyond professional at both locations, and the food was incredible. ", "We also thoroughly enjoyed the all the shows.", "\n\nWe were trying to put the bad experiences behind us and focus on the positive aspects of the rest of our cruise. ", "When we noticed the tickets for our shore excursion (the only one we booked) showed a different report time than we had reserved online, we went to the Explorations Desk to inquire why. ", "The agent looked at the reservation confirmation printout I brought from home and said simply, \"That time does not exist.\" ", "No further explanation. ", "When we pressed her for more information, she would only say the report time was an hour later and we could not expect to return to the ship until just before the schedule time to depart the port call. ", "So much for \"guest service.\" ", "But that was just the beginning.", "\n\nWhen we arrived at the appointed place on the pier, our shore excursion group was left standing there for over an hour, until someone walked over to an RCCL crew member and inquired when we would begin our excursion. ", "We left 1 hour late and arrived back at the pier 10 minutes after the scheduled time to raise the gang plank! ", "And there were three more buses of passengers still to arrive back from their excursions! ", "The ship was over an hour late departing Costa Maya! (", "Okay, I've now lost count of the \"Strikes.\")", "\n\nOur departure experience put the final nails in the coffin of this cruise. ", "Our Platinum status allowed us to wait in the 3rd deck dining room and enjoy a Continental breakfast. ", "We were scheduled to depart in the Number 5 group and, when we arrived the Express Departure Group was already leaving the ship. ", "When our group was called, it took several minutes to get an elevator back to the 5th deck. ", "When we finally got there, we were instructed to stand aside so the passengers flowing out of the dining room on deck 5 could proceed off the ship. ", "When we tried to tell the crew member that we were in Group 5, she said we would have to wait until these passengers had passed, then we could continue. ", "Judging by the sheer number of people flowing out of the dining room, that would not have been for quite some time. ", "Sadly, I did not react well. ", "I had had enough and just wanted off the boat! ", "So I ignored her instruction, took my husband's hand and walked past her into the crowd of departing passengers. ", "All I heard her say was, \"So I guess I'm just standing here for nothing!\" ", "Her sarcasm was merely one more \"Strike\" against Oasis.", "\n\nNeedless to say, our Oasis of the Seas experience fell far short of our expectations. ", "The design, technology, and amenities onboard appear to be exceptional. ", "On the surface, they certainly provide the \"wow\" factor. ", "However, they were insufficient to handle the number of passengers onboard. ", "Likewise, the staff seemed to be insufficiently trained to manage 6000+ passengers.", "\n\nWhile we have enjoyed six past cruises on everything from Vision class to Voyager class to Freedom class, we will likely never book on an Oasis class again. ", "We have three more cruises booked with Royal Caribbean. ", "One has been paid in full and is scheduled within the next month. ", "Hopefully, that cruise will redeem our faith in Royal Caribbean. ", "If not, we will likely cancel the other two reservations and look for another cruise line to vacation with. ", "Less\n\nCompare Prices on Oasis of the Seas Western Caribbean Cruises\n\nCabin review: D7 Superior Ocean View Stateroom with Balcony\n\nPort and Shore Excursions\n\nAs Platinum Members, we were directed to a specific check in line and found ourselves standing there for over 20 minutes while the majority of the check in agents huddled together in what appeared to be a staff meeting of sorts. ", "While this meeting seemed to stretch on for an extended period of time, we watched as other incoming passengers arrived, proceeded through other lines, checked in and were directed to the waiting area ahead of us. ", "When the \"meeting\" finally broke, the agents began to man their stations but did not seem to be in too much of a hurry to get started. ", "When one finally motioned for us to approach, she rushed through the check in process and neglected to give us any information about the ship or its scheduled activities. ", "While in the waiting area, we noticed others had the embarkation day's Cruise Compass and asked where we could get one. ", "That was when we learned we should have received it when we checked in. ", "The agent we asked directed us back downstairs to the check in area to get a copy. ", "Luckily, there was an agent at the top of the escalator that had a copy for us so we did not have to go back downstairs. ", "It would have been nice if the agent we asked had made the effort to get a copy for us." ]

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[ "NURTUREart\n\nKick the week off with the closing reception of an anti-Trump poetry show at EIDIA House, part of their “Plato’s Cave” exhibition series. ", "Tuesday, artist Hakan Topal and curator Joanna Lehan talk about representations of refugees at CUNY’s Graduate Center, and Wednesday two artists plunge into the aesthetics of capitalism and consumption at respective openings downtown.", "\n\nThings lighten up a bit starting Thursday. ", "We’re looking forward to the NYC debut of North Carolina artist Carmen Neely at Jane Lombard Gallery and Monica Bonvicini’s oddly sexy work at Mitchell-Innes & Nash. ", "On Friday, AFC friend Saul Chernick is opening a collaborative show at NURTUREart in Bushwick, and Saturday Liinu Grönlund’s rat-centric video work goes live at Open Source Gallery. ", "End the week with a timely show about barriers and portals from A.K. Burns at Callicoon Fine Arts.", "\n\nAFC is pleased to announce a guided tour of Bushwick galleries, followed by dinner and drinks. ", "Your $250 ticket gets you a shuttled to seven Bushwick galleries, followed by a meal, drinks, and discussion at artist haunt Hi Hello. ", "We only have room for 10 guests, so please reserve your tickets early!", "\n\nIt’s Fourth of July weekend! ", "Or it will be at least. ", "And that means all of the art events will peter out over the next few days. ", "But before then, there are a ton of group shows opening up. ", "We’ve pulled some of the most promising ones from all over the city.", "\n\nTonight, you have a rare chance to see some films by Lois Weber, a nearly forgotten female filmmaker from the dawn of Hollywood. ", "Wednesday brings an ambitious program by the Hunter East Harlem Gallery that will address the myriad problems with female incarceration. ", "Thursday, Zwirner will be letting the lunatics run the asylum with a massive staff group show. ", "Friday has a Bushwick exhibition that will probably be (like most Bushwick exhibitions) hit or miss. ", "Then … things will go quiet. ", "But, we’ve pulled some art/beach opportunities so you can see some work while you enjoy the holiday.", "\n\nGood news for artists. ", "Interstate Projects has announced a studio program that will launch in April. ", "The Bushwick gallery will be providing one artist a free 300-square foot studio space for the period of four months at its two-story building on 66 Knickerbocker. ", "The open submission residency, which will be selected by a juried panel, will have three residency periods: April-July, August-November and December to March 2017.", "\n\nLet’s be honest: With Thanksgiving and Art Basel just around the corner, there’s dick all to do around here. ", "Nobody is opening their show this week and if they are it’s something really weird. ", "Naturally we found that for you: Art School Acid Dropout invites stand up comedians tell stories while art school drop-outs illustrate the stories. ", "The rest are talks, screenings and closings: Adeola Enigbokan lectures on her Renters Archive project tonight, where she chronicles the personal histories of rents after the second World War. ", "Saturday MoMA screens “Goodnight Mommy” a terrifying film about two children who believe their mother is an imposter after she returns home with a botched plastic surgery job. ", "And if that doesn’t suit your fancy there’s always the NOoSPHERE closing. ", "The nonprofit art space that focuses on international collaborations and exposure for artists from Norway will move from the LES to Greenpoint. ", "This is their current space’s last hurrah.", "\n\nWe have extended our fall campaign for Independence to November 18th so everyone has a chance to donate. ", "At this point, we have 80 backers and only $5,400 to raise. ", "Just imagine if a donor purchased that tattoo we made available on Michael Anthony Farley’s butt for $5000! ", "We’d be only $400 away from meeting our goal. ", "Help us make this happen! ", "There are plenty of perks to choose from – many of which are disappearing quick in the final days of this fundraiser. [", "Indiegogo]\n\nMeet us at The Cue Art Foundation for their annual gala and benefit auction. ", "Cue offers artists exhibitions, art education programs and young writer support. ", "We like all three. ", "It’s our first time attending a benefit by this organization so we can’t wait to see what they do.[Cue Art Foundation]\n\nNURTUREart will hold my favorite benefit of the year next week, November 9th and 10th! ", "I like this benefit because it’s filled with cool, down to earth people who are super excited about art. ", "Every time I’ve visited people can’t stop talking about the art they’ve picked up. ", "The fundraiser helps the artist community exhibition space pay their bills for the year, so it’s super important for them too. ", "Support them today! [", "NURTUREart]\n\nMolly Crabapple shares her 14 keys to art success in the Internet age. “", "Don’t work for free for rich people”: sound advice for recent college grads expecting jobs they’ll never get, and perpetuating a “race to the bottom” that fucks over freelancers. [", "BoingBoing]\n\nDon’t be fooled by the bloggy title. ", "Along with really cool video, “Dropping Things in The World’s Largest Vacuum Chamber” is an explanation of the physics behind why a feather and a bowling ball fall at exactly the same rate in a vacuum chamber (or space). [", "Wired]\n\nStarbucks has opened a new location tailored to Williamsburg culture, a culture which Starbucks measures by exposed brick and liquor licenses. [", "DNA Info]\n\nIn today’s Senate election, the New York Times reports that voter interest has hit record lows, despite the hype. (", "Sorry, we’re low on art news today). [", "New York Times]\n\nLow voter interest except, it appears from this tweet, in Ferguson. [", "Joshua Chavers on Twitter]\n\nThe New Republic is especially urging single women to get out there, because they make up a large contingent of the progressive vote. ", "Apparently, people are referring to unmarried women as “Beyoncé voters”. [", "The New Republic]\n\nManyland: a 2D HTML 5 game where users collectively create a potentially infinite universe, can control the weather, draw their own characters, and make music. [", "Manyland, via Metafilter]\n\nAn Israeli artist has been put under house arrest after releasing a video of herself pooping on the national flag. ", "I debated whether to include this link; on the one hand, it draws attention to the Israel-Palestinian conflict. ", "On the other hand, there are ways to protest without associating your political views with poop. [", "The Times of Israel]\n\nReminder: NURTUREArt’s benefit is tonight and tomorrow. ", "If you’re interested in the continuation of an emerging art scene in New York, then go to this. [", "Carla Gannis on Twitter]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Epidemiology and ecology of rickettsial diseases in the People's Republic of China.", "\nSince 1949, information on rickettsial diseases in the People's Republic of China has been virtually nonexistent in the West. ", "This is the first comprehensive review of the ecology and epidemiology of Chinese rickettsial diseases to be published outside the People's Republic. ", "At least five rickettsioses exist in China: scrub typhus, murine typhus, epidemic typhus, Q fever, and one or more spotted fever-group (SFG) rickettsioses. ", "Although epidemic typhus has been controlled and scrub typhus has abated in many areas, murine typhus, Q fever, and SFG rickettsiosis are important public health problems. ", "Serologic surveys indicate high prevalences of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and SFG rickettsiae in some regions; these rickettsiae have been isolated from humans, arthropods, and animals. ", "Doxycycline has emerged as the best treatment for murine typhus, epidemic typhus, and scrub typhus. ", "China offers both opportunities and challenges for the investigation and alleviation of the problems of rickettsial diseases." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0001451589490492089, 0.000062000124000248, 0.000044444444444444447, 0.00008218277449046679, 0.00006760411032990806, 0.000042083999663328004, 0, 0 ]

[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env python\n#\n# Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n#\n\nimport adb\nimport argparse\nimport json\nimport logging\nimport os\nimport posixpath\nimport re\nimport shutil\nimport subprocess\nimport sys\nimport tempfile\nimport textwrap\n\n# Shared functions across gdbclient.py and ndk-gdb.py.", "\nimport gdbrunner\n\ng_temp_dirs = []\n\n\ndef read_toolchain_config(root):\n \"\"\"Finds out current toolchain path and version.\"\"\"", "\n def get_value(str):\n return str[str.index('\"') + 1:str.rindex('\"')]\n\n config_path = os.path.join(root, 'build', 'soong', 'cc', 'config',\n 'global.go')\n with open(config_path) as f:\n contents = f.readlines()\n clang_base = \"\"\n clang_version = \"\"\n for line in contents:\n line = line.strip()\n if line.startswith('ClangDefaultBase'):\n clang_base = get_value(line)\n elif line.startswith('ClangDefaultVersion'):\n clang_version = get_value(line)\n return (clang_base, clang_version)\n\n\ndef get_gdbserver_path(root, arch):\n path = \"{}/prebuilts/misc/gdbserver/android-{}/gdbserver{}\"\n if arch.endswith(\"64\"):\n return path.format(root, arch, \"64\")\n else:\n return path.format(root, arch, \"\")\n\n\ndef get_lldb_path(toolchain_path):\n for lldb_name in ['lldb.sh', 'lldb.cmd', 'lldb', 'lldb.exe']:\n debugger_path = os.path.join(toolchain_path, \"bin\", lldb_name)\n if os.path.isfile(debugger_path):\n return debugger_path\n return None\n\n\ndef get_lldb_server_path(root, clang_base, clang_version, arch):\n arch = {\n 'arm': 'arm',\n 'arm64': 'aarch64',\n 'x86': 'i386',\n 'x86_64': 'x86_64',\n }[arch]\n return os.path.join(root, clang_base, \"linux-x86\",\n clang_version, \"runtimes_ndk_cxx\", arch, \"lldb-server\")\n\n\ndef get_tracer_pid(device, pid):\n if pid is None:\n return 0\n\n line, _ = device.shell([\"grep\", \"-e\", \"^TracerPid:\", \"/proc/{}/status\".format(pid)])\n tracer_pid = re.sub('TracerPid:\\t(.*)\\n', r'\\1', line)\n return int(tracer_pid)\n\n\ndef parse_args():\n parser = gdbrunner.", "ArgumentParser()\n\n group = parser.add_argument_group(title=\"attach target\")\n group = group.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)\n group.add_argument(\n \"-p\", dest=\"target_pid\", metavar=\"PID\", type=int,\n help=\"attach to a process with specified PID\")\n group.add_argument(\n \"-n\", dest=\"target_name\", metavar=\"NAME\",\n help=\"attach to a process with specified name\")\n group.add_argument(\n \"-r\", dest=\"run_cmd\", metavar=\"CMD\", nargs=argparse.", "REMAINDER,\n help=\"run a binary on the device, with args\")\n\n parser.add_argument(\n \"--port\", nargs=\"?\", ", "default=\"5039\",\n help=\"override the port used on the host [default: 5039]\")\n parser.add_argument(\n \"--user\", nargs=\"?\", ", "default=\"root\",\n help=\"user to run commands as on the device [default: root]\")\n parser.add_argument(\n \"--setup-forwarding\", default=None, choices=[\"gdb\", \"vscode\"],\n help=(\"Setup the gdbserver and port forwarding. ", "Prints commands or \" +\n \".vscode/launch.json configuration needed to connect the debugging \" +\n \"client to the server.\"))", "\n\n lldb_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()\n lldb_group.add_argument(\"--lldb\", action=\"store_true\", help=\"Use lldb.\")", "\n lldb_group.add_argument(\"--no-lldb\", action=\"store_true\", help=\"Do not use lldb.\")", "\n\n parser.add_argument(\n \"--env\", nargs=1, action=\"append\", metavar=\"VAR=VALUE\",\n help=\"set environment variable when running a binary\")\n\n return parser.parse_args()\n\n\ndef verify_device(root, device):\n names = set([device.get_prop(\"ro.build.product\"), device.get_prop(\"ro.product.name\")])\n target_device = os.environ[\"TARGET_PRODUCT\"]\n if target_device not in names:\n msg = \"TARGET_PRODUCT ({}) does not match attached device ({})\"\n sys.exit(msg.format(target_device, \", \".join(names)))\n\n\ndef get_remote_pid(device, process_name):\n processes = gdbrunner.get_processes(device)\n if process_name not in processes:\n msg = \"failed to find running process {}\".format(process_name)\n sys.exit(msg)\n pids = processes[process_name]\n if len(pids) > 1:\n msg = \"multiple processes match '{}': {}\".format(process_name, pids)\n sys.exit(msg)\n\n # Fetch the binary using the PID later.", "\n return pids[0]\n\n\ndef make_temp_dir(prefix):\n global g_temp_dirs\n result = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='gdbclient-linker-')\n g_temp_dirs.append(result)\n return result\n\n\ndef ensure_linker(device, sysroot, interp):\n \"\"\"Ensure that the device's linker exists on the host.", "\n\n PT_INTERP is usually /system/bin/linker[64], but on the device, that file is\n a symlink to /apex/com.android.runtime/bin/linker[64]. ", "The symbolized linker\n binary on the host is located in ${sysroot}/apex, not in ${sysroot}/system,\n so add the ${sysroot}/apex path to the solib search path.", "\n\n PT_INTERP will be /system/bin/bootstrap/linker[64] for executables using the\n non-APEX/bootstrap linker. ", "No search path modification is needed.", "\n\n For a tapas build, only an unbundled app is built, and there is no linker in\n ${sysroot} at all, so copy the linker from the device.", "\n\n Returns:\n A directory to add to the soinfo search path or None if no directory\n needs to be added.", "\n \"\"\"\n\n # Static executables have no interpreter.", "\n if interp is None:\n return None\n\n # gdb will search for the linker using the PT_INTERP path. ", "First try to find\n # it in the sysroot.", "\n local_path = os.path.join(sysroot, interp.lstrip(\"/\"))\n if os.path.exists(local_path):\n return None\n\n # If the linker on the device is a symlink, search for the symlink's target\n # in the sysroot directory.", "\n interp_real, _ = device.shell([\"realpath\", interp])\n interp_real = interp_real.strip()\n local_path = os.path.join(sysroot, interp_real.lstrip(\"/\"))\n if os.path.exists(local_path):\n if posixpath.basename(interp) == posixpath.basename(interp_real):\n # Add the interpreter's directory to the search path.", "\n return os.path.dirname(local_path)\n else:\n # If PT_INTERP is linker_asan[64], but the sysroot file is\n # linker[64], then copy the local file to the name gdb expects.", "\n result = make_temp_dir('gdbclient-linker-')\n shutil.copy(local_path, os.path.join(result, posixpath.basename(interp)))\n return result\n\n # Pull the system linker.", "\n result = make_temp_dir('gdbclient-linker-')\n device.pull(interp, os.path.join(result, posixpath.basename(interp)))\n return result\n\n\ndef handle_switches(args, sysroot):\n \"\"\"Fetch the targeted binary and determine how to attach gdb.", "\n\n Args:\n args: Parsed arguments.", "\n sysroot: Local sysroot path.", "\n\n Returns:\n (binary_file, attach_pid, run_cmd).", "\n Precisely one of attach_pid or run_cmd will be None.", "\n \"\"\"\n\n device = args.device\n binary_file = None\n pid = None\n run_cmd = None\n\n args.su_cmd = [\"su\", args.user] if args.user else []\n\n if args.target_pid:\n # Fetch the binary using the PID later.", "\n pid = args.target_pid\n elif args.target_name:\n # Fetch the binary using the PID later.", "\n pid = get_remote_pid(device, args.target_name)\n elif args.run_cmd:\n if not args.run_cmd[0]:\n sys.exit(\"empty command passed to -r\")\n run_cmd = args.run_cmd\n if not run_cmd[0].startswith(\"/\"):\n try:\n run_cmd[0] = gdbrunner.find_executable_path(device, args.run_cmd[0],\n run_as_cmd=args.su_cmd)\n except RuntimeError:\n sys.exit(\"Could not find executable '{}' passed to -r, \"\n \"please provide an absolute path.", "\".format(args.run_cmd[0]))\n\n binary_file, local = gdbrunner.find_file(device, run_cmd[0], sysroot,\n run_as_cmd=args.su_cmd)\n if binary_file is None:\n assert pid is not None\n try:\n binary_file, local = gdbrunner.find_binary(device, pid, sysroot,\n run_as_cmd=args.su_cmd)\n except adb.", "ShellError:\n sys.exit(\"failed to pull binary for PID {}\".format(pid))\n\n if not local:\n logging.warning(\"Couldn't find local unstripped executable in {},\"\n \" symbols may not be available.", "\".format(sysroot))\n\n return (binary_file, pid, run_cmd)\n\ndef generate_vscode_script(gdbpath, root, sysroot, binary_name, port, dalvik_gdb_script, solib_search_path):\n # TODO It would be nice if we didn't need to copy this or run the\n # gdbclient.py program manually. ", "Doing this would probably require\n # writing a vscode extension or modifying an existing one.", "\n res = {\n \"name\": \"(gdbclient.py) Attach {} (port: {})\".format(binary_name.split(\"/\")[-1], port),\n \"type\": \"cppdbg\",\n \"request\": \"launch\", # Needed for gdbserver.", "\n \"cwd\": root,\n \"program\": binary_name,\n \"MIMode\": \"gdb\",\n \"miDebuggerServerAddress\": \"localhost:{}\".format(port),\n \"miDebuggerPath\": gdbpath,\n \"setupCommands\": [\n {\n # Required for vscode.", "\n \"description\": \"Enable pretty-printing for gdb\",\n \"text\": \"-enable-pretty-printing\",\n \"ignoreFailures\": True,\n },\n {\n \"description\": \"gdb command: dir\",\n \"text\": \"-environment-directory {}\".format(root),\n \"ignoreFailures\": False\n },\n {\n \"description\": \"gdb command: set solib-search-path\",\n \"text\": \"-gdb-set solib-search-path {}\".format(\":\".join(solib_search_path)),\n \"ignoreFailures\": False\n },\n {\n \"description\": \"gdb command: set solib-absolute-prefix\",\n \"text\": \"-gdb-set solib-absolute-prefix {}\".format(sysroot),\n \"ignoreFailures\": False\n },\n ]\n }\n if dalvik_gdb_script:\n res[\"setupCommands\"].append({\n \"description\": \"gdb command: source art commands\",\n \"text\": \"-interpreter-exec console \\\"source {}\\\"\".format(dalvik_gdb_script),\n \"ignoreFailures\": False,\n })\n return json.dumps(res, indent=4)\n\ndef generate_gdb_script(root, sysroot, binary_name, port, dalvik_gdb_script, solib_search_path, connect_timeout):\n solib_search_path = \":\".join(solib_search_path)\n\n gdb_commands = \"\"\n gdb_commands += \"file '{}'\\n\".format(binary_name)\n gdb_commands += \"directory '{}'\\n\".format(root)\n gdb_commands += \"set solib-absolute-prefix {}\\n\".format(sysroot)\n gdb_commands += \"set solib-search-path {}\\n\".format(solib_search_path)\n if dalvik_gdb_script:\n gdb_commands += \"source {}\\n\".format(dalvik_gdb_script)\n\n # Try to connect for a few seconds, sometimes the device gdbserver takes\n # a little bit to come up, especially on emulators.", "\n gdb_commands += \"\"\"\npython\n\ndef target_remote_with_retry(target, timeout_seconds):\n import time\n end_time = time.time() + timeout_seconds\n while True:\n try:\n gdb.execute(\"target extended-remote \" + target)\n return True\n except gdb.error as e:\n time_left = end_time - time.time()\n if time_left < 0 or time_left > timeout_seconds:\n print(\"Error: unable to connect to device.\")", "\n print(e)\n return False\n time.sleep(min(0.25, time_left))\n\ntarget_remote_with_retry(':{}', {})\n\nend\n\"\"\".format(port, connect_timeout)\n\n return gdb_commands\n\n\ndef generate_lldb_script(root, sysroot, binary_name, port, solib_search_path):\n commands = []\n commands.append(\n 'settings append target.exec-search-paths {}'.format(' '.join(solib_search_path)))\n\n commands.append('target create {}'.format(binary_name))\n # For RBE support.", "\n commands.append(\"settings append target.source-map '/b/f/w' '{}'\".format(root))\n commands.append(\"settings append target.source-map '' '{}'\".format(root))\n commands.append('target modules search-paths add / {}/'.format(sysroot))\n commands.append('gdb-remote {}'.format(port))\n return '\\n'.join(commands)\n\n\ndef generate_setup_script(debugger_path, sysroot, linker_search_dir, binary_file, is64bit, port, debugger, connect_timeout=5):\n # Generate a setup script.", "\n # TODO: Detect the zygote and run 'art-on' automatically.", "\n root = os.environ[\"ANDROID_BUILD_TOP\"]\n symbols_dir = os.path.join(sysroot, \"system\", \"lib64\" if is64bit else \"lib\")\n vendor_dir = os.path.join(sysroot, \"vendor\", \"lib64\" if is64bit else \"lib\")\n\n solib_search_path = []\n symbols_paths = [\"\", \"hw\", \"ssl/engines\", \"drm\", \"egl\", \"soundfx\"]\n vendor_paths = [\"\", \"hw\", \"egl\"]\n solib_search_path += [os.path.join(symbols_dir, x) for x in symbols_paths]\n solib_search_path += [os.path.join(vendor_dir, x) for x in vendor_paths]\n if linker_search_dir is not None:\n solib_search_path += [linker_search_dir]\n\n dalvik_gdb_script = os.path.join(root, \"development\", \"scripts\", \"gdb\", \"dalvik.gdb\")\n if not os.path.exists(dalvik_gdb_script):\n logging.warning((\"couldn't find {} - ART debugging options will not \" +\n \"be available\").format(dalvik_gdb_script))\n dalvik_gdb_script = None\n\n if debugger == \"vscode\":\n return generate_vscode_script(\n debugger_path, root, sysroot, binary_file.name, port, dalvik_gdb_script, solib_search_path)\n elif debugger == \"gdb\":\n return generate_gdb_script(root, sysroot, binary_file.name, port, dalvik_gdb_script, solib_search_path, connect_timeout)\n elif debugger == 'lldb':\n return generate_lldb_script(\n root, sysroot, binary_file.name, port, solib_search_path)\n else:\n raise Exception(\"Unknown debugger type \" + debugger)\n\n\ndef do_main():\n required_env = [\"ANDROID_BUILD_TOP\",\n \"ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT\", \"TARGET_PRODUCT\"]\n for env in required_env:\n if env not in os.environ:\n sys.exit(\n \"Environment variable '{}' not defined, have you run lunch?\".format(env))\n\n args = parse_args()\n device = args.device\n\n if device is None:\n sys.exit(\"ERROR: Failed to find device.\")", "\n\n root = os.environ[\"ANDROID_BUILD_TOP\"]\n sysroot = os.path.join(os.environ[\"ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT\"], \"symbols\")\n\n # Make sure the environment matches the attached device.", "\n verify_device(root, device)\n\n debug_socket = \"/data/local/tmp/debug_socket\"\n pid = None\n run_cmd = None\n\n # Fetch binary for -p, -n.", "\n binary_file, pid, run_cmd = handle_switches(args, sysroot)\n\n with binary_file:\n if sys.platform.startswith(\"linux\"):\n platform_name = \"linux-x86\"\n elif sys.platform.startswith(\"darwin\"):\n platform_name = \"darwin-x86\"\n else:\n sys.exit(\"Unknown platform: {}\".format(sys.platform))\n\n arch = gdbrunner.get_binary_arch(binary_file)\n is64bit = arch.endswith(\"64\")\n\n # Make sure we have the linker\n clang_base, clang_version = read_toolchain_config(root)\n toolchain_path = os.path.join(root, clang_base, platform_name,\n clang_version)\n llvm_readobj_path = os.path.join(toolchain_path, \"bin\", \"llvm-readobj\")\n interp = gdbrunner.get_binary_interp(binary_file.name, llvm_readobj_path)\n linker_search_dir = ensure_linker(device, sysroot, interp)\n\n tracer_pid = get_tracer_pid(device, pid)\n if os.path.basename(__file__) == 'gdbclient.py' and not args.lldb:\n print(\"gdb is deprecated in favor of lldb. \"", "\n \"If you can't use lldb, please set --no-lldb and file a bug asap.\")", "\n use_lldb = not args.no_lldb\n if tracer_pid == 0:\n cmd_prefix = args.su_cmd\n if args.env:\n cmd_prefix += ['env'] + [v[0] for v in args.env]\n\n # Start gdbserver.", "\n if use_lldb:\n server_local_path = get_lldb_server_path(\n root, clang_base, clang_version, arch)\n server_remote_path = \"/data/local/tmp/{}-lldb-server\".format(\n arch)\n else:\n server_local_path = get_gdbserver_path(root, arch)\n server_remote_path = \"/data/local/tmp/{}-gdbserver\".format(\n arch)\n gdbrunner.start_gdbserver(\n device, server_local_path, server_remote_path,\n target_pid=pid, run_cmd=run_cmd, debug_socket=debug_socket,\n port=args.port, run_as_cmd=cmd_prefix, lldb=use_lldb)\n else:\n print(\n \"Connecting to tracing pid {} using local port {}\".format(\n tracer_pid, args.port))\n gdbrunner.forward_gdbserver_port(device, local=args.port,\n remote=\"tcp:{}\".format(args.port))\n\n if use_lldb:\n debugger_path = get_lldb_path(toolchain_path)\n debugger = 'lldb'\n else:\n debugger_path = os.path.join(\n root, \"prebuilts\", \"gdb\", platform_name, \"bin\", \"gdb\")\n debugger = args.setup_forwarding or \"gdb\"\n\n # Generate a gdb script.", "\n setup_commands = generate_setup_script(debugger_path=debugger_path,\n sysroot=sysroot,\n linker_search_dir=linker_search_dir,\n binary_file=binary_file,\n is64bit=is64bit,\n port=args.port,\n debugger=debugger)\n\n if use_lldb or not args.setup_forwarding:\n # Print a newline to separate our messages from the GDB session.", "\n print(\"\")\n\n # Start gdb.", "\n gdbrunner.start_gdb(debugger_path, setup_commands, lldb=use_lldb)\n else:\n print(\"\")\n print(setup_commands)\n print(\"\")\n if args.setup_forwarding == \"vscode\":\n print(textwrap.dedent(\"\"\"\n Paste the above json into .vscode/launch.json and start the debugger as\n normal. ", "Press enter in this terminal once debugging is finished to shutdown\n the gdbserver and close all the ports.\"\"\"))", "\n else:\n print(textwrap.dedent(\"\"\"\n Paste the above gdb commands into the gdb frontend to setup the gdbserver\n connection. ", "Press enter in this terminal once debugging is finished to\n shutdown the gdbserver and close all the ports.\"\"\"))", "\n print(\"\")\n raw_input(\"Press enter to shutdown gdbserver\")\n\n\ndef main():\n try:\n do_main()\n finally:\n global g_temp_dirs\n for temp_dir in g_temp_dirs:\n shutil.rmtree(temp_dir)\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n main()\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Light-induced resetting of a mammalian circadian clock is associated with rapid induction of the mPer1 transcript.", "\nTo understand how light might entrain a mammalian circadian clock, we examined the effects of light on mPer1, a sequence homolog of Drosophila per, that exhibits robust rhythmic expression in the SCN. ", "mPer1 is rapidly induced by short duration exposure to light at levels sufficient to reset the clock, and dose-response curves reveal that mPer1 induction shows both reciprocity and a strong correlation with phase shifting of the overt rhythm. ", "Thus, in both the phasing of dark expression and the response to light mPer1 is most similar to the Neurospora clock gene frq. ", "Within the SCN there appears to be localization of the induction phenomenon, consistent with the localization of both light-sensitive and light-insensitive oscillators in this circadian center." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.00007694675284702985, 0.00004901480247034605, 0.000016796560064498793, 0, 0.00002684635829149776 ]