pico-lm/pretokenized-paloma-tinsy · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 1.93k 14.3k	source stringclasses 15 values	input_ids sequencelengths 2.05k 2.05k
_ping_timer); } switch (t->keepalive_state) { case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_WAITING: grpc_timer_cancel(&t->keepalive_ping_timer); break; case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_PINGING: grpc_timer_cancel(&t->keepalive_ping_timer); grpc_timer_cancel(&t->keepalive_watchdog_timer); break; case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_DYING: case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_DISABLED: // keepalive timers are not set in these two states break; } // flush writable stream list to avoid dangling references grpc_chttp2_stream* s; while (grpc_chttp2_list_pop_writable_stream(t, &s)) { GRPC_CHTTP2_STREAM_UNREF(s, "chttp2_writing:close"); } GPR_ASSERT(t->write_state == GRPC_CHTTP2_WRITE_STATE_IDLE); grpc_endpoint_shutdown(t->ep, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error)); } if (t->notify_on_receive_settings!= nullptr) { grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, t->notify_on_receive_settings, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error)); t->notify_on_receive_settings = nullptr; } GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error); } #ifndef NDEBUG void grpc_chttp2_stream_ref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s, const char* reason) { grpc_stream_ref(s->refcount, reason); } void grpc_chttp2_stream_unref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s, const char* reason) { grpc_stream_unref(s->refcount, reason); } #else void grpc_chttp2_stream_ref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s) { grpc_stream_ref(s->refcount); } void grpc_chttp2_stream_unref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s) { grpc_stream_unref(s->refcount); } #endif grpc_chttp2_stream::Reffer::Reffer(grpc_chttp2_stream* s) { // We reserve one 'active stream' that's dropped when the stream is // read-closed. The others are for Chttp2IncomingByteStreams that are // actively reading GRPC_CHTTP2_STREAM_REF(s, "chttp2"); GRPC_CHTTP2_REF_TRANSPORT(s->t, "stream"); } grpc_chttp2_stream::grpc_chttp2_stream(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_stream_refcount* refcount, const void* server_data, grpc_core::Arena* arena) : t(t), refcount(refcount), reffer(this), metadata_buffer{grpc_chttp2_incoming_metadata_buffer(arena), grpc_chttp2_incoming_metadata_buffer(arena)} { if (server_data) { id = static_cast<uint32_t>((uintptr_t)server_data); t->accepting_stream = this; grpc_chttp2_stream_map_add(&t->stream_map, id, this); post_destructive_reclaimer(t); } if (t->flow_control->flow_control_enabled()) { flow_control.Init<grpc_core::chttp2::StreamFlowControl>( static_cast<grpc_core::chttp2::TransportFlowControl>( t->flow_control.get()), this); } else { flow_control.Init<grpc_core::chttp2::StreamFlowControlDisabled>(); } grpc_slice_buffer_init(&frame_storage); grpc_slice_buffer_init(&unprocessed_incoming_frames_buffer); grpc_slice_buffer_init(&flow_controlled_buffer); GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&reset_byte_stream, ::reset_byte_stream, this, nullptr); } grpc_chttp2_stream::~grpc_chttp2_stream() { if (t->channelz_socket!= nullptr) { if ((t->is_client && eos_received) \|\| (!t->is_client && eos_sent)) { t->channelz_socket->RecordStreamSucceeded(); } else { t->channelz_socket->RecordStreamFailed(); } } GPR_ASSERT((write_closed && read_closed) \|\| id == 0); if (id!= 0) { GPR_ASSERT(grpc_chttp2_stream_map_find(&t->stream_map, id) == nullptr); } grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&unprocessed_incoming_frames_buffer); grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&frame_storage); if (stream_compression_method!= GRPC_STREAM_COMPRESSION_IDENTITY_COMPRESS) { grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&compressed_data_buffer); } if (stream_decompression_method!= GRPC_STREAM_COMPRESSION_IDENTITY_DECOMPRESS) { grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&decompressed_data_buffer); } grpc_chttp2_list_remove_stalled_by_transport(t, this); grpc_chttp2_list_remove_stalled_by_stream(t, this); for (int i = 0; i < STREAM_LIST_COUNT; i++) { if (GPR_UNLIKELY(included[i])) { gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s stream %d still included in list %d", t->is_client? "client" : "server", id, i); abort(); } } GPR_ASSERT(send_initial_metadata_finished == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(fetching_send_message == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(send_trailing_metadata_finished == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(recv_initial_metadata_ready == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(recv_message_ready == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(recv_trailing_metadata_finished == nullptr); grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&flow_controlled_buffer); GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(read_closed_error); GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(write_closed_error); GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(byte_stream_error); flow_control.Destroy(); if (t->resource_user!= nullptr) { grpc_resource_user_free(t->resource_user, GRPC_RESOURCE_QUOTA_CALL_SIZE); } GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "stream"); grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, destroy_stream_arg, GRPC_ERROR_NONE); } static int init_stream(grpc_transport* gt, grpc_stream* gs, grpc_stream_refcount* refcount, const void* server_data, grpc_core::Arena* arena) { GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("init_stream", 0); grpc_chttp2_transport* t = reinterpret_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport>(gt); new (gs) grpc_chttp2_stream(t, refcount, server_data, arena); return 0; } static void destroy_stream_locked(void sp, grpc_error* /error/) { GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("destroy_stream", 0); grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc	redpajama	[ 64, 14650, 64, 26320, 558, 187, 50274, 94, 187, 50274, 16065, 313, 85, 1168, 19773, 267, 422, 64, 3409, 10, 551, 187, 50272, 5045, 9942, 5077, 64, 2775, 12348, 19, 64, 44, 35447, 1556, 11477, 64, 19247, 64, 46176, 2637, 27, 187, 50270, 737, 5902, 64, 26320, 64, 35899, 6395, 85, 1168, 19773, 267, 422, 64, 14650, 64, 26320, 558, 187, 50270, 7054, 28, 187, 50272, 5045, 9942, 5077, 64, 2775, 12348, 19, 64, 44, 35447, 1556, 11477, 64, 19247, 64, 49439, 2637, 27, 187, 50270, 737, 5902, 64, 26320, 64, 35899, 6395, 85, 1168, 19773, 267, 422, 64, 14650, 64, 26320, 558, 187, 50270, 737, 5902, 64, 26320, 64, 35899, 6395, 85, 1168, 19773, 267, 422, 64, 13060, 21428, 64, 26320, 558, 187, 50270, 7054, 28, 187, 50272, 5045, 9942, 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, and come back right away. But after a month there's still no word from him. > > So God sends another angel to find out what happened to the first one. Later that day, the second angel returns with a sad look on his face. God asks him, "Did you find the first angel I sent?" > > "Yes, Lord, I did," he replies. "He'd been asking questions about Saddam, and now they've got him locked up at the General Security Service headquarters." Shortly after my return to Baghdad, I attended a conference at the former lawyers syndicate organized by forty of the new political parties. As soon as I walked in the door, I was besieged by new party leaders and their often pert female personal assistants who obliged me to promise to visit their headquarters, have tea and learn more about (read: promote) their activities. The hot topic at the conference was the formation of the twenty-five-member Iraqi governing council. Most of the parties at the conference complained that Bremer's administration had given too much authority to "foreign" parties like Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress. Although I was surprised at the prominent role given to Chalabi, considering the widespread accusations of corruption and graft against him in the Arab world, I was generally impressed with the United States' selection of the council members. The council was not the toothless group of US lackeys and sycophants I'd suspected the American administration would have preferred to have appointed. Instead, the Bremer administration hadn't shied away from appointing Iraqi Muslim leaders and other people who harbored deep suspicions about the United States and its policies in the Middle East. I have some doubts, however, about whether the US administration fully realizes what it created, giving huge authority to the Shiite merja and the Shiite Daawa (Islamic call) party, a previously militant movement Saddam had brutally and systematically crushed. I thought the United States' appointments to the council were very courageous. But no matter what the United States did, the Iraqis weren't happy. After a few months in Iraq, I was becoming frustrated by the constant complaining I heard. Iraqis—who'd been told what to do and what to think for decades—suddenly had opinions about everything. It became impossible to turn on a television camera on a busy street in Baghdad without a crowd of people forming, yelling: "Where's our electricity? Where's our security? Where is the aid the Americans promised us?" Sometimes I told people, "Yes, you're right. The Americans aren't doing anything right. They should re-appoint Saddam." I'd watch the life drain out of their faces. While more could be done to improve the infrastructure in Iraq, I believe there is a fundamental reason why the Iraqis are so dissatisfied and feel so insecure. It's because they can finally vent their frustrations, speak freely and know that someone is listening. They are scared not just because of the increase of crime and bombings, but also because they don't know what will happen to Iraq and who will run it. The Americans also opened themselves up to the avalanche of criticism by taking on the task of radically restructuring Iraqi society and fighting an often brutal guerilla war while giving the Iraqis the freedom to openly comment on what's going on around them. It's the correct, but also the most difficult approach. Iraqis had unrealistic expectations of what the Americans would and could do after the war. After watching the US military crush what they'd been told was the powerful Iraqi armed forces, most Iraqis simply couldn't accept that the same US military wasn't able to turn on the lights in Baghdad or arrest a few thieves. It was the same disbelief I'd seen at the al-Shaab market when it was bombed during the war when people assumed American missiles couldn't have been misdirected or malfunctioned and therefore suspected the United States of foul play. Many Iraqis now concluded that the United States _wanted_ Iraq to remain in chaos in order to keep it weak, thereby easing the US/Zionist plot to plunder the nation's oil, a belief fueled by the shameful fact that the Oil Ministry was one of a few buildings the US military secured after entering Baghdad. Although I was energized to see so much freedom in Iraq, I realized that Iraqis can't live on freedom alone. They need jobs and security too, because without them there's no way to enjoy liberty. This point was driven home when I looked up Ali. I found Ali even more shy than usual. He smiled demurely when he saw me in the coffee shop of the hotel where I was staying, but I could tell he was depressed. I excitedly asked him how he was, and if he was still working with reporters. He said he couldn't work anymore because he'd been carjacked at gunpoint. The white Toyota Super that he'd driven throughout the war hadn't survived the initial months of peace. Ali told me he had grown tired of working in dangerous situations and was considering taking a job at a neighbor's clothing shop for almost no money. He seemed utterly apathetic. The post-war chaos and crime wave had traumatized Ali more than the war itself. Since the fall of Baghdad on April 9, car theft, murder and rape have skyrocketed. The lawlessness was evident at the Al-Dora police station. At 8 A.M. on the day I spent as an observer at the station, Lieutenant Colonel Ala'a Hassan—a stocky twentyyear veteran cop in his late forties—started his shift by taking a report about a stolen 1997 Datsun. There were 380,000 people in his precinct and he had only a hundred officers, one telephone, two patrol cars and a pickup truck to provide them protection. There had been 60,000 police in Baghdad before the war. By mid-September, there was only a quarter of that number, although the US administration in Iraq has actively been recruiting more. At 10:55 A.M., a grandmother walked into Lt. Col. Hassan's Spartan white office crying. She told Hassan that she'd accepted a ride from a man after she'd gotten off a bus, finding it too crowded. When she offered the man some money, however, he stole $500 from her purse, the equivalent of almost half a year's wages for most Iraqis. "It's your fault," Hassan yelled. "You shouldn't get into a car with strangers! The situation here now isn't stable." He was frustrated. He felt powerless, and he was venting on the victim. An hour later, a policeman told Hassan that a patrol searching for unexploded ordnance had discovered a decomposed body hidden among reeds growing along a nearby road. The body stunk like sewage when we arrived in the station's pickup truck to collect it. It was broken in three pieces and had been partially eaten by animals and insects. The police, paid $120 a month, unenthusiastically put the body in a cardboard box and carted it away. They were disgusted by the stench, but not surprised to have found a corpse tossed along the side of the road. They assumed the crime was a revenge killing, which had become commonplace. Iraqi newspapers were full of articles of old grudges being settled. One told the story of a farmer who'd become enraged in the late 1990s in the southern city of Basra when a bureaucrat at the government Health Ministry ignored his plea for medicine for his sick cow. The farmer believed he was given the runaround because he wasn't a Baath party member or anyone important. After the war, the farmer tracked down the former bureaucrat and demanded that he pay for the cow; otherwise, the farmer threatened, he'd kill him. In Baghdad, there was a story of a bulldozer operator who'd demolished three homes of Shiite Muslims in the early 1990s on orders from the government. After the war he was approached by their relatives, who said that unless he paid for new houses, he'd pay with his life. There was no need to bluff in Baghdad, because it was easy to get away with murder. In fact, murders had become so pervasive—there were as many as seven hundred a month in Baghdad, fourteen times as many as in New York City—that one happened in front of my hotel. A man walked up to a car, talked to a man inside it for a few minutes and then shot him in the head before escaping in a waiting vehicle. People in the neighborhood came onto the street after the shots were fired, brandishing their own guns in front of their homes and stores and squeezing off a few rounds in the air to show that they were serious. After about twenty minutes, an Iraqi police patrol arrived on the scene, but kept on driving after seeing all the armed people in the streets. The body of the murdered man remained slumped over in the car for about twelve hours, until US troops came by and took it away. I have no idea what motivated the murderer, but I was struck by how easy it had been. It made me feel as if I were a potential victim, and I wasn't alone. Iraqi women, fearing kidnap and rape, were wearing Islamic veils more than before, hoping the head coverings would make them less tempting to assailants. Iraqi men were applying the same logic to their cars. I saw several pickup trucks in Baghdad had been taken apart—the flatbeds and doors removed—making them less valuable and therefore less likely to be stolen. It was all too much for Ali. Although he'd always been withdrawn, he'd become numb since the end of the war. 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help you determine why you sometimes perform at your highest level, and what stops you from performing at your best. You can look at performance as if it were two sides of the same coin. On one side, what can I do to increase my performance level? On the other side, what can I not do that decreases my performance level? From there, it should be relatively simple to develop a strategy to enable you to perform consistently at your highest level. Ultimately, we want to find the cause of good—even great—performance. If you can identify what causes great performance, then you can replicate that (i.e., what you can do that will induce "being in the zone"). And if you know what causes "bad" performance, you can make the necessary changes to avoid that. ## _How This Book is Organized_ Throughout this book we will suggest specific strategies (planned processes used to achieve a goal) that you can use to improve your performance behind the wheel of a race car. Without a strategy, you rarely make any constructive changes. This will include specific strategies for left/right brain integration, brain/body integration, visual integration, balance, mental preparation, building a belief system for the desired state of mind, at-track mental exercises, learning new techniques and tracks, and more. It will then be up to you to select the appropriate strategies and incorporate them into your own Personal Performance Plan. We wanted the topics presented in this book to be easy to implement. After all, you can have all the information in the world, but if you don't do anything with it, your performance will never improve. For that reason, Appendix A is a very important part of _Inner Speed Secrets_. Appendix A is a list of all the specific strategies presented throughout the book. It is designed for you to pick and choose your very own Personal Performance Program—an overall program consisting of all the strategies you decide to use. Of course, you will need to read the first 20 chapters to gain the full understanding, and therefore motivation, to implement these strategies. _The real key to winning races is not the race car, but you, the driver. And the key to your performance—whether you win or lose—is your mind._ We admit that you may feel a bit awkward or uncomfortable at first using some of the strategies we suggest here. Don't worry; you're not the only one. However, there are ways and places to do them where you won't feel that way. And, we're sure once you start performing at your very best on a consistent basis, everyone around you will want to know what your secret is. You can decide then if you want to show them your tools—your inner speed secrets. Some of the strategies we suggest will not seem or feel _right_ to you, while others will. Use the ones that feel right immediately, and try the others every now and then, and make note of the changes in your performance over time. Just because a strategy doesn't feel right or seem to be making a difference, doesn't mean you should dismiss it completely. The more strategies you use on a regular basis, the better a race driver you will be. Although we will be looking at a variety of concepts and performance strategies separately, they are all interrelated. We can separate them into chapters for discussion purposes, but it is impossible to separate them functionally. By the end of the book we hope to tie everything together, and that it will all make sense to you. We all know that one of the necessary ingredients for each of us to do anything is motivation. There are no quick, easy fixes. We do not have a pill that will quickly increase your performance level, nor a pill to give anyone motivation. Motivation is self-directed; it comes from your inner self making a decision to implement, to follow through, to work to change the way that you do things. This requires a commitment. Motivation and commitment can be developed more easily when you believe that what you are doing will actually be effective. This belief, however, is subject to your understanding of the process. Without the understanding, few people will accept the strategies. That is why we will explain the why and how in this book. The better you understand the concepts, the stronger your belief in their effectiveness will be, and the stronger your motivation will be to use them. Evidence of some success is also necessary to provide continued motivation. But without implementing these strategies, there can be no evidence. We have all heard people say "I tried that once, and it didn't work." And, "I knew it wouldn't work!" If you witnessed the success we've achieved with other race drivers—some of your competitors—you would have all the evidence and motivation you need. You may be able to argue about the theory of something, but when you see and experience the results, there is no argument. Once you begin to use these strategies, you will experience firsthand the results and gain all the motivation you need to continue. By the way, throughout this book we will refer to the race driver as "he." This is in no way meant to imply women cannot drive race cars. It is used only for simplicity's sake. In fact, we often prefer coaching women, because they are usually more open to the learning process. Many men think they already know everything, at least about driving and maybe one other subject. This book is meant to be a tool for successful race drivers. How would you feel if the mechanic preparing your race car learned all the most up-to-date technical performance-enhancing aspects of the car, bought all the latest tools and equipment, and then left them all back at the shop? It's exactly the same with this book—it is a tool. If you don't use it, it won't help you win more races. Simple as that. And trust us, many of your competitors are already using these tools. And no matter how much natural talent you have, it is what you do with it—how you develop it, and how often you access it all—that will determine how successful you are. Your inner speed secrets determine your performance level, and therefore, how often you win. _Somewhere, someone is practicing. And when you meet him in head to head competition, he will beat you!_ —Anonymous (found on a wall at a canoe racing club in Hilo, Hawaii) _Throughout this book we will be throwing a lot of interrelated information at you all at once, hoping to tie it all together by the end. It's a lot like trying to juggle 19 balls all at once while talking about each one individually, and then catching them all at the same time._ ## _Chapter 1_ _Performance_ Before we can get to what causes good and bad performance, we must first define and agree on exactly what performance is. Western culture, and particularly competitive people like race drivers, usually define or rate performance by the outcome—the result. In other words, our perspective of performance is usually viewed in the past tense. We look at the effect rather than the cause. If you win, you tend to think of that as a great performance. If you lose, that is bad performance. But is that really what performance is all about? Is that the right way of looking at it? It is certainly one way, but we'd like to ask you to look at it differently. Have you ever won a race after making a number of mistakes, knowing you could have done better? Was that a great performance? Have you ever finished 3rd, 5th, or even 10th, but felt you got everything possible out of your car on that day? Was that a bad performance? In other words, how many times have you performed at your own personal maximum or best, and yet not had a _great_ result, and vice versa? _Typically, your performance as a race driver lies somewhere on the spectrum between crummy and great. Wouldn't you prefer it to be great all the time?_ By the pure definition of the word, shouldn't performance be related to how you performed, rather than on the result you achieved? We think so. ### _INNER SPEED SECRET #1_ _Focus on your performance, not the result._ We need to have a much better understanding of what causes performance—especially the performance of the driver. The performance spectrum ranges from crummy to great. We usually operate somewhere in between. From day to day, our performance level can change, although we usually have no idea why. If it's not because our skill changes from one day to the next, it must be something else. There are many potential reasons, which is why it can be so challenging to perform at a high level on a consistent basis. #### The Performance Model Over the past several years, we have developed a model that we use with every program we teach. It allows us to look at performance differently, and attempt to understand what causes performance. We call it the Performance Model. Remember that we are using _performance_ in terms of _cause_. Your time and your finishing position are the effect, or the result. Your performance is what caused the result. This model gives us a way to see, experience, and understand the cause of performance. If we look at performance as a _cause_, then, and only then, can we define strategies. As an example, there are no cures for symptoms (effects), only remedies. We can give you two aspirin for a headache, and that may help with the symptom (pain). But it will not cure the cause of the headache. If we can identify the cause, then we might be	redpajama	[ 1361, 368, 3653, 2139, 368, 4536, 1347, 387, 634, 4585, 1268, 13, 285, 752, 14545, 368, 432, 9591, 387, 634, 1682, 15, 1422, 476, 1007, 387, 3045, 347, 604, 352, 497, 767, 7123, 273, 253, 1072, 18011, 15, 1623, 581, 1930, 13, 752, 476, 309, 513, 281, 2572, 619, 3045, 1268, 32, 1623, 253, 643, 1930, 13, 752, 476, 309, 417, 513, 326, 12075, 619, 3045, 1268, 32, 4325, 627, 13, 352, 943, 320, 4942, 2969, 281, 1287, 247, 5700, 281, 8046, 368, 281, 1347, 12724, 387, 634, 4585, 1268, 15, 187, 187, 33447, 7325, 13, 359, 971, 281, 1089, 253, 2847, 273, 1175, 1128, 9154, 1270, 1128, 24159, 15, 1310, 368, 476, 4271, 752, 5997, 1270, 3045, 13, 840, 368, 476, 25464, 326, 313, 74, 15, 70, 904, 752, 368, 476, 513, 326, 588, 10808, 346, 11952, 275, 253, 8232, 6788, 1244, 604, 368, 871, 752, 5997, 346, 14367, 3, 3045, 13, 368, 476, 1056, 253, 3309, 2544, 281, 3693, 326, 15, 187, 187, 817, 795, 2347, 831, 7225, 310, 10164, 1025, 64, 187, 187, 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.running = true; if (util.onVisualLineMode) { var originRow = editor.selection.visualLineStart; var cursorRow = editor.getCursorPosition().row; if(originRow <= cursorRow) { var endLine = editor.session.getLine(cursorRow); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.selection.moveCursorTo(originRow, 0); editor.selection.selectTo(cursorRow, endLine.length); } else { var endLine = editor.session.getLine(originRow); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.selection.moveCursorTo(originRow, endLine.length); editor.selection.selectTo(cursorRow, 0); } } handleCursorMove.running = false; return; } else { if (e && (util.onVisualLineMode \|\| util.onVisualMode)) { editor.selection.clearSelection(); util.normalMode(editor); } handleCursorMove.running = true; var pos = editor.getCursorPosition(); var lineLen = editor.session.getLine(pos.row).length; if (lineLen && pos.column === lineLen) editor.navigateLeft(); handleCursorMove.running = false; } }; }); define('ace/keyboard/vim/maps/util', ['require', 'exports','module', 'ace/keyboard/vim/registers', 'ace/lib/dom'], function(require, exports, module) { var registers = require("../registers"); var dom = require("../../../lib/dom"); dom.importCssString('.insert-mode.ace_cursor{\ border-left: 2px solid #333333;\ }\ .ace_dark.insert-mode.ace_cursor{\ border-left: 2px solid #eeeeee;\ }\ .normal-mode.ace_cursor{\ border: 0!important;\ background-color: red;\ opacity: 0.5;\ }', 'vimMode'); module.exports = { onVisualMode: false, onVisualLineMode: false, currentMode: 'normal', noMode: function(editor) { editor.unsetStyle('insert-mode'); editor.unsetStyle('normal-mode'); if (editor.commands.recording) editor.commands.toggleRecording(editor); editor.setOverwrite(false); }, insertMode: function(editor) { this.currentMode = 'insert'; editor.setStyle('insert-mode'); editor.unsetStyle('normal-mode'); editor.setOverwrite(false); editor.keyBinding.$data.buffer = ""; editor.keyBinding.$data.state = "insertMode"; this.onVisualMode = false; this.onVisualLineMode = false; if(this.onInsertReplaySequence) { editor.commands.macro = this.onInsertReplaySequence; editor.commands.replay(editor); this.onInsertReplaySequence = null; this.normalMode(editor); } else { editor._emit("changeStatus"); if(!editor.commands.recording) editor.commands.toggleRecording(editor); } }, normalMode: function(editor) { this.currentMode = 'normal'; editor.unsetStyle('insert-mode'); editor.setStyle('normal-mode'); editor.clearSelection(); var pos; if (!editor.getOverwrite()) { pos = editor.getCursorPosition(); if (pos.column > 0) editor.navigateLeft(); } editor.setOverwrite(true); editor.keyBinding.$data.buffer = ""; editor.keyBinding.$data.state = "start"; this.onVisualMode = false; this.onVisualLineMode = false; editor._emit("changeStatus"); if (editor.commands.recording) { editor.commands.toggleRecording(editor); return editor.commands.macro; } else { return []; } }, visualMode: function(editor, lineMode) { if ( (this.onVisualLineMode && lineMode) \|\| (this.onVisualMode &&!lineMode) ) { this.normalMode(editor); return; } editor.setStyle('insert-mode'); editor.unsetStyle('normal-mode'); editor._emit("changeStatus"); if (lineMode) { this.onVisualLineMode = true; } else { this.onVisualMode = true; this.onVisualLineMode = false; } }, getRightNthChar: function(editor, cursor, ch, n) { var line = editor.getSession().getLine(cursor.row); var matches = line.substr(cursor.column + 1).split(ch); return n < matches.length? matches.slice(0, n).join(ch).length : null; }, getLeftNthChar: function(editor, cursor, ch, n) { var line = editor.getSession().getLine(cursor.row); var matches = line.substr(0, cursor.column).split(ch); return n < matches.length? matches.slice(-1 * n).join(ch).length : null; }, toRealChar: function(ch) { if (ch.length === 1) return ch; if (/^shift-./.test(ch)) return ch[ch.length - 1].toUpperCase(); else return ""; }, copyLine: function(editor) { var pos = editor.getCursorPosition(); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.moveCursorTo(pos.row, pos.column); editor.selection.selectLine(); registers._default.isLine = true; registers._default.text = editor.getCopyText().replace(/\n$/, ""); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.moveCursorTo(pos.row, pos.column); } }; }); define('ace/keyboard/vim/registers', ['require', 'exports','module' ], function(require, exports, module) { "never use strict"; module.exports = { _default: { text: "", isLine: false } }; }); define('ace/keyboard/vim/maps/motions', ['require', 'exports','module', 'ace/keyboard/vim/maps/util', 'ace/search', 'ace/range'], function(require, exports, module) { var util = require("./util"); var keepScrollPosition = function(editor, fn) { var scrollTopRow = editor.renderer.getScrollTopRow(); var initialRow = editor.getCursorPosition().row; var diff = initialRow - scrollTopRow; fn && fn.call(editor); editor.renderer.scrollToRow(editor.getCursorPosition().row - diff); }; function Motion(m) { if (typeof m == "function") { var getPos = m; m = this; } else { var getPos = m.getPos; } m.nav = function(editor, range, count, param) { var a = getPos(editor, range, count, param, false); if (!a) return; editor.clearSelection(); editor.moveCursorTo(a.row, a.column); }; m.sel = function(editor, range, count, param) { var a = getPos(editor, range, count, param, true); if (!a) return; editor.selection.selectTo(a.row, a.column); }; return m; } var nonWordRe = /[\s.\/\\()\"'-:,.;<>~!@#$%^&\|+=\[\]{}`~?]/; var wordSeparatorRe = /[.\/\\()\"'-:,.;<>~!@#$%^&\|+=\[\]{}`~?]/; var whiteRe = /\s/; var StringStream = function(editor, cursor) { var sel = editor.selection;	redpajama	[ 15, 24220, 426, 2032, 28, 187, 50270, 338, 313, 8906, 15, 251, 25889, 7557, 10715, 10, 551, 187, 50266, 2044, 6510, 10990, 426, 8121, 15, 27423, 15, 34309, 7557, 8252, 28, 187, 50266, 2044, 20482, 10990, 426, 8121, 15, 788, 31620, 13883, 5023, 736, 28, 187, 50266, 338, 9, 27422, 10990, 11049, 20482, 10990, 10, 551, 187, 50262, 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: How can I get RUNPATH to be passed down to subsequent SOs during indirect linking? As explained in this answer, you can't. The best approach is to fix all libraries to be self-sufficient (have their own correct RUNPATH). If you can't do that, use RPATH instead of RUNPATH, by adding -Wl,--disable-new-dtags to the link line. <\|endoftext\|>Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer arising from immature retinal cells in one or both eyes. It can strike from the time the child is in the womb up to 5 years of age. This cancer is curable if caught early enough. Retinoblastoma is a relatively uncommon tumour of childhood that accounts for 3% of the cancers in children under the age of 15. The tumour originates in the retina, the light sensitive area of the eye, which enables the eye to see. It can involve one or both eyes, in 90% of cases there is no family history. A white ‘glow’ in the pupil of one or both eyes in dim light. Although it is very rare, retinoblastoma is a very serious eye condition and can usually be totally cured if diagnosed early enough. If you have any worries about your child, ask our optometrists.<\|endoftext\|>Former Potters Bar takeaway owner admits food hygiene breaches Anne Suslak Food hygiene standards breaches at Curry Garden in Potters Bar in February 2016. A former Potters Bar takeaway owner has been ordered to pay more than £8,000 for showing "wilful blindness" while failing to comply with hygiene regulations. Kawsar Miah, 27, who works at Curry Garden in High Street, Potters Bar, initially pleaded not guilty to six counts of failing to comply with EU provision concerning food safety and hygiene, and two counts of failing to comply with hygiene improvement notices. Miah appeared in St Albans Magistrates’ Court today. He was persuaded to change his plea to guilty after magistrates warned him he could face substantial costs if found guilty after a not guilty plea, and as he had no legal representation. William Winters, of Hertsmere Borough Council, prosecuting, said: “The premises is a takeaway establishment and was first inspected in December 2014. “There was no food safety management system and a lack of staff training in food safety procedures. In January 2015 only partial compliance was achieved.” According to Mr Winters, a further inspection on March 27, 2016 showed “an unacceptable practice of leaving frozen food deliveries in the yard alongside the rubbish”. He said: “He was advised to raise and maintain food hygiene standards. There were dirty conditions and not enough effort made to prevent E-coli. There were poor conditions of food preparation equipment and poor pest control.” Magistrate David McCall said: “It has had a long and protracted history and Mr Miah has not helped himself. He had numerous opportunities to rectify the situation and he has failed to do so.” Miah, who works at McDonald’s in London Colney, still works at Curry Garden, but his cousin has taken over the running of the restaurant. Defending himself, Miah told magistrates he hoped they would take his limited means into account when ordering him to pay costs. Mr McCall said: “The sequence of events here has been quite appalling. You failed to address official notices that were sent to you. “We believe that you showed wilful blindness to the offending and failed to make any significant changes in that period. You can’t run a restaurant from which people ingest food and not be up to European standards.” Miah, of Dellfield, St Albans, was ordered to pay a total of £8,445.75, paying in instalments of £150 per week. Curry Garden was given a food hygiene rating of ‘one’, meaning major improvement is necessary, in the most recent inspection in January this year. A spokeswoman for Hertsmere Council confirmed that the standards have since improved, but the restaurant will need to apply for a re-inspection to be given a new rating. Curry Garden. Hertsmere Borough Council Hertsmere<\|endoftext\|>Fullertown is an unincorporated community in Geauga County, in the U.S. state of Ohio. History A post office called Fullertown was established in 1879, and remained in operation until 1906. The community was named for Thomas Fuller, an early settler. References Unincorporated communities in Geauga County, Ohio Unincorporated communities in Ohio<\|endoftext\|>Q: Using MSID/MID with leaflet to display Google My Maps data I'm wondering if there is a way to display MSID/MID with leaflet. I found this forum below; Any way I can load KML data from Google maps (again) via JS API? KMZs work fantastically with the arcgis and google API (kmlLayer) but I can't seem to find any information on using a kmz with leaflet. I'd prefer not having to Unzip locally, and omnivore does not appear to work with KMZs. A: I haven't got any solutions for accessing KMZ files via a My Maps MSID/MID in Leaflet. However, in general, to load a KMZ file in Leaflet, you can use JSZip (along with the getBinaryContent method of JSZipUtils) to extract the KML, then Leaflet Omnivore to parse the result. JSZip will produce an object containing all the files in an archive, and you can select an individual file either by name or with the file(regex) method. You can use file(/.\.kml/)[0] to select the first file with a.kml extension. Then to read the file as text, you would use either the asText method (in version 2.x of JSZip) or the async("string") method (in version 3.x). Once you have the kml as text, you can use Leaflet Omnivore's.kml.parse method to read it into a Leaflet layer. For version 2.x (which I find more straightforward), the whole thing would look like this: var kmzUrl = your URL here; JSZipUtils.getBinaryContent(kmzUrl, function(e, d) { try { var z = new JSZip(d); var k = z.file(/.\.kml/)[0].asText(); var p = omnivore.kml.parse(k).addTo(map); p.eachLayer(function(layer){ layer.bindPopup(layer.feature.properties.description); //or whatever }) } catch (e) { alert(e); } }); Example fiddle here: http://jsfiddle.net/nathansnider/26vagt77/ For version 3.x, it would look like this: var kmzUrl = your URL here; JSZipUtils.getBinaryContent(kmzUrl, function(err, data) { if (err) { alert(err); return; } try { JSZip.loadAsync(data) .then(function(zip) { return zip.file(/.*\.kml/)[0].async("string"); }) .then(function success(text) { var p = omnivore.kml.parse(text).addTo(map); p.eachLayer(function(layer) { layer.bindPopup(layer.feature.properties.description); //or whatever }); }, function error(e) { alert(e); }); } catch (e) { alert(e); } }); Example fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/nathansnider/adxcapeo/ <\|endoftext\|>You are here: Home / News / BCCN Munich News / Call for new Transfer Projects at the BCCN Munich Call for new Transfer Projects at the BCCN Munich The Bernstein Center Munich invites applications for Transfer Projects to commence in spring 2015. Bernstein Transfer Projects are intended to foster collaborative research that addresses core questions within the Center’s scientific focus, i.e., “Neuronal Representation of Space and Time”. Bernstein Transfer Projects are to be carried out by research groups from the Munich area. Ideally, at least one of the collaboration partners is already a member of the Bernstein Center Munich but we are also open to proposals of research teams without previous links to the Center. Projects should not simply continue previous or ongoing work but aim at new high-risk/high-gain problems that would benefit from collaborative investigations involving the Center. Typically, a transfer project runs for two years and involves Bernstein funding for one postdoctoral researcher, including some support for consumables, equipment and travel. For some projects, however, a three-year funding for a PhD student might also be an option. Project proposals will undergo a two-stage selection process: All proposals will be screened for general suitability by representatives of the Bernstein Center Munich and the Center’s Advisory Board. At a second stage, applicants will be invited to present their proposal with a short talk. Within this competitive two-stage process, particular emphasis will be given to theory-oriented projects that strengthen experimental research, and/or transfer basic research in computational neuroscience into technological and biomedical applications, and/or apply	redpajama	[ 27, 209, 187, 2347, 476, 309, 755, 34540, 18999, 281, 320, 4817, 1066, 281, 6774, 8717, 84, 1309, 11686, 20057, 32, 2490, 187, 1909, 5544, 275, 436, 3662, 13, 368, 476, 626, 15, 187, 510, 1682, 2746, 310, 281, 4993, 512, 13747, 281, 320, 1881, 14, 31031, 313, 9802, 616, 1211, 3451, 34540, 18999, 481, 187, 2042, 368, 476, 626, 513, 326, 13, 897, 416, 18999, 3185, 273, 34540, 18999, 13, 407, 6240, 428, 56, 77, 19514, 25902, 14, 1826, 14, 7064, 3544, 281, 253, 3048, 1386, 15, 187, 50279, 9795, 249, 36867, 310, 247, 11948, 2923, 14475, 432, 34000, 22043, 1341, 275, 581, 390, 1097, 2927, 15, 733, 476, 9974, 432, 253, 673, 253, 1429, 310, 275, 253, 49009, 598, 281, 608, 1107, 273, 2363, 15, 187, 1552, 2923, 310, 1095, 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peaked function at the system edges. The above features originate from the impossibility to isolate a Majorana monopole. The site-dependent Majorana polarizations $p^M_n$ and the Majorana polarizations $P^M_j$ of the sub-gap modes are reported in panels (e) to (h) of Fig. \ref{DensityChargePolarization}. Systems with particle-hole symmetry and generalized boundary conditions, see panels (e)-(f), feature sub-gap modes with polarization values comparable to those of the Kitaev chain with OBCs. When the particle-hole symmetry is broken, see panels (g)-(h), the Majorana polarization is lowered and we observe a net loss: $\|P^{M}_{1,2}\|<1$. Moreover, the site-dependence of $p^M_n$ is not heavily perturbed by the generalized boundary conditions. At a close inspection of panels (e)-(g), we observe that the relation $P^M_1+P^M_2=0$ is invariably respected. When both reflection and particle-hole symmetries are broken, see panel (h) of Fig. \ref{DensityChargePolarization}, a residual topological charge $P^M_1+P^M_2 \sim 0.02$ is induced. Majorana polarization losses and residual topological charges are signatures of the hybridization of the Kitaev chain with the environmental degrees of freedom and cannot be observed in isolated systems such as a Kitaev chain with OBCs. \begin{figure} \includegraphics[scale=0.45]{FiguresEps/Figure4_a}\\ \vspace{0.5cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{FiguresEps/Figure4_b} \hspace{0.1cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.32]{FiguresEps/Figure4_c} \includegraphics[scale=0.3]{FiguresEps/Figure4_d} \caption{Panel (a): Sketch of the chain quadripartition exploited to compute the edge-to-edge quantum conditional mutual information $I_{(4)}$ and the quantized unit of topological squashed entanglement $E_{SQ}^0$ between the edges. The bulk is partitioned in two subsystems $C_1$ and $C_2$ with $L_{C_{1}}=1$, while the two remaining parts of the chain are the edges, denoted by $A$ and $B$. Panel (b): Behavior of the ratio $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the chemical potential $\mu$. The different curves correspond to the different choices of generalized boundary conditions reported in table (d) of Fig. \ref{Scheme}. The size $L$ of the chain and the size $L_e$ of the edges have been fixed, respectively, at $L=51$ and $L_e = L/3 = 17$. The inset magnifies the differences between the Kitaev chain ($KC$) with OBCs and the cases $n\degree=1$ and $n \degree=2$. Panel (c): Behavior of the ratio $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the boundary length $L_e$. Panel (d): Behavior of the ratio $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the chain length $L$ (color codes as in panel (b)). The red horizontal lines in panels (c) and (d) mark the maximum quantized value $\log{2}/2$ that is reached by $E^0_{SQ}$ at the exact ground-state topological degeneracy point, $\mu = 0$, for a Kitaev chain with OBCs hosting genuine Majorana modes. In all panels the Hamiltonian hopping and pairing amplitudes are fixed at $t=1$ and $\Delta=0.3$.} \label{Entanglement} \end{figure} So far we have discussed important features of topological sub-gap states. Some of the mentioned features however are not always necessarily associated with Majorana modes. For instance, zero-energy sub-gap excitations can emerge in the physics of Andreev bound states \cite{AguadoABS,PhysRevB.96.075161,PhysRevB.97.214502,PhysRevB.96.075161,PhysRevLett.104.067001}. Moreover, a trivial superconducting phase can host charge-neutral quasiparticles \cite{PhysRevLett.116.246403,Denisov_2021,Sato_2019}. These observations show the need to identify unequivocal signatures of topological order. For systems where the bulk-edge correspondence applies, an unambiguous signature of a topologically ordered phase is provided by topological invariants \cite{PhysRevB.55.1142} which count the number of inversions between valence and conduction bands \cite{PhysRevB.103.075139}. In the absence of translational invariance and whenever the bulk-edge correspondence does not hold, alternative approaches are needed to identify the topological nature of the edge modes. One such approach relies on the determination of the unique nonlocal quantum correlations that are established in a topologically ordered phase between the system edges. Indeed, such topological nonlocal edge-to-edge correlations are faithfully quantified by a specific measure of bipartite entanglement \cite{doi:10.1063/1.1643788,5075874}, the squashed entanglement (SE) $E_{SQ}^0$ between the edges, obtained by a suitable quadripartition of the system, and by its natural upper bound, the edge-to-edge quantum conditional mutual information (QCMI) $I_{(4)}$, as recently shown in Refs. \cite{MaieIllum1,MaieIllum2}. The edge-edge QCMI provides an upper bound on the long-distance, edge-edge squashed entanglement obtained by four-partitioning the system into the two edges and a bipartition of the bulk. The QCMI upper bound on the SE is then obtained by a suitable combination of reduced von Neumann entropies stemming from the quadripartition; this combination squashes out the classical contributions leaving only the genuinely quantum ones. Being the topological order encoded in the edges, the edge-edge SE $E^0_{SQ}$ identifies unequivocally the topologically ordered phases, also fulfilling all the criteria of a genuine nonlocal order parameter \cite{MaieIllum1,MaieIllum2}. In particular, the edge-edge SE assumes the quantized value $E^0_{SQ} = \log{2}/2$, i.e. half of the maximal Bell-pair entanglement, at the exact ground-state topological degeneracy point, $\mu = 0$, for a Kitaev chain with OBCs hosting genuine Majorana modes, and remains constant at this quantized value throughout the entire topologically ordered phase, up to $\mu = 2t$. The edge-edge QCMI $I_{(4)}$ realizing the natural upper bound on $E^0_{SQ}$ is expressed in terms of the reduced von Neumann entropies as follows: \begin{equation} I_{(4)} = S_{AC_1} + S_{BC_1} - S_{ABC_1} - S_{C_1} \,, \end{equation} where $S(XY)$ denotes the von Neumann entropy computed on the many-body ground state of the reduced system running on sites belonging to the parts $X$ and $Y$. The four different labels $A$, $B$, $C_1$, and $C_2$ identify the four parts in which the chain is quadripartite. $A$ and $B$ refer to the two edges, while the bulk is bipartite into two parts $C_1$ and $C_2$. The latter is the part of the bulk which is traced out in the beginning to leave the reduced ground state of the three remaining parts, so it does not appear in the definition of $I_{(4)}$, while the remaining part of the bulk $C_1$ separates the two edges. The true edge-edge SE is then obtained taking the infimum of $I_{(4)}$ over all possible states of $ABC_1$. Both the edge-edge SE and the edge-edge QCMI are insensitive to the relative lengths of the two parts of the bulk and thus, without loss of generality, we can set $L_{C_1}=1$, while also taking symmetric edges $L_A = L_B = L_e$. Details on the system partition are illustrated in panel (a) of Fig. \ref{Entanglement}. In panel (b) of Fig. \ref{Entanglement} we report the behavior of the ratio between the edge-edge QCMI $I_{(4)}$ and the maximum quantized value of the edge-edge SE $E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the chemical potential $\mu$, for boundary conditions belonging to the distinct symmetry classes listed in table (d) of Fig. \ref{Scheme}. The behavior of $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of $\mu$ for a Kitaev chain with OBCs is also reported for comparison. The plots show that the $I_{(4)}$ \textit{vs} $\mu$ curves closely match the curve corresponding to a Kitaev chain with OBCs as long as the particle-hole symmetry is preserved. 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where $h_1$ is the layer thickness corresponding to the undistorted interface. Then, the relation between the surface gradient $\nabla h$ and the displacement field $\Delta \vec{x}$ is linear, given as \begin{equation} \label{eq:ExpDetails_h_gradient} \nabla h = -\frac{a_\text{cal}}{h^} \Delta \vec{x}, \end{equation} where $a_\text{cal}$ is a calibration factor in units of \SI{}{\milli\meter\per px} obtained from a reference image of a flat interface, and $h^$ is an effective height obtained from the optical configuration as \begin{equation} \label{eq:ExpDetails_hstar} h^* = \left( \frac{1}{\alpha h_1}-\frac{1}{H_\text{cam} + h_1} \right)^{-1}. \end{equation} Here, $\alpha = 1-n_2/n_1$ denotes the difference of the refractive indices and $H_\text{cam}$ the distance between the objective and the interface. In our situation, the second term of equation \eqref{eq:ExpDetails_hstar} is negligible due to the large ratio $H_\text{cam}/h_1\ll1$. \begin{figure} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Experimental_Evaluation.eps} \caption{Post-processing steps of the image data. (a) Schematic of the refraction-based image evaluation. A reference grid at the top electrode (black) is imaged through the liquid-liquid interface. Due to different refractive indices of the liquids, the recorded image is distorted (red). (b) Example of a displacement pattern. The displacement field $\Delta \vec{x}$ can be used to determine the surface gradient $\nabla h$, which in turn can be used to reconstruct the interface deflection $\Delta h = h-h_1$. (c) Fourier power spectrum corresponding to (b). The power density is plotted as a function of the wavenumber magnitude $k$ and exhibits several peaks: Peaks (I) and (III) result from the numerical reconstruction algorithm (see text for details). The peak corresponding to the dominant pattern wavelength $\lambda$ (II) is found in an intermediate wavenumber range. Here, $\lambda = 3M\, a_\text{cal} /k = \SI{6.85}{\milli\meter}$.} \label{fig:experimentalEval} \end{figure} Eq. \eqref{eq:ExpDetails_h_gradient} demonstrates that the displacement field for a constant surface gradient $\nabla h$ will increase with increasing layer thickness $h_1$ and a larger difference between the refractive indices $n_1$, $n_2$. While the surface gradients are used to reconstruct the interface $h(x,y)$, it is important to note that we will not rely on the absolute values of the reconstructed interface deformation, but rather on the pattern wavelengths. While the absolute values of $h$ are sensitive to variations in $\nabla h$ as well as $h^*$, the obtained pattern wavelengths. The evaluation scheme includes three distinctive steps: First, the surface gradients $\nabla h(x,y)$ are generated from the displacement field recorded during the experiments. Second, the interface shape $h(x,y)$ is reconstructed, with one exemplary resulting data set shown in Figure~\ref{fig:experimentalEval}(b). In a third step, the dominant pattern wavelength is extracted using a Fourier transform and the corresponding power spectrum, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:experimentalEval}(c). The details of the evaluation are described in Appendix~\ref{sec:appC-eval}. \section{Results and discussions} \label{sec:results} In this section, we present the experimental results for the electrically induced Faraday instability. We focus on the critical voltage and report the dominant pattern wavelengths. Typically, for one fixed set of experimental parameters, the system shows different characteristic responses with increasing voltage amplitudes. The electric actuation leads to two competing effects: At the side-wall (i.e. the boundary of the container), the meniscus of the dielectric-electrolyte interface oscillates due to the applied Maxwell stress. As the applied Maxwell stress depends quadratically on the electric field strength at the interface, a harmonic driving with a frequency $\omega$ leads to an actuation of the meniscus with a frequency of $2 \omega$. Further, the Faraday instability occurs above a critical voltage, which leads to oscillations with a frequency of $\omega$ when forced with a single frequency. At low excitation amplitudes, the actuation of the meniscus leads to small interface deformation with twice the excitation frequency, which is barely noticeable initially. With increasing amplitude, the actuation of the meniscus becomes more prominent and waves penetrate from the boundary of the container into the domain. A circular pattern is created, with the waves moving into the center of the domain. This effect is similar to the edge-wave actuation in the case of mechanically excited Faraday waves. With further increasing excitation amplitude, Faraday waves start to appear, initially only with a small amplitude. Both edge-waves as well as Faraday waves are present simultaneously. A further increase of the amplitude leads to the formation of stronger Faraday waves, which begin to dominate the system. Then, a distinct range of driving amplitudes exists, where the pattern becomes stable for long times after an initial growth phase. A similar phenomenon was observed by \citet{Pillai2018} and attributed to nonlinear effects. When some specific excitation amplitude is exceeded, however, the Faraday waves continue to grow until they make contact with the upper electrode and lead to an electric connection between both electrodes. Then, the power supply shuts off automatically. In the following, all parameter combinations that lead to Faraday waves are denoted as critical, since the voltage exceeded the critical voltage. All other parameters combinations with edge-waves only are denoted as subcritical, since no Faraday patterns emerge during the experiment. \subsection{Effect of the salt concentration} \label{subsec:results_saltvariation} As we have discussed in section \ref{sec:theoretical_description}, the theoretical model used to predict the instability threshold is based on the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor assumption. As was shown by \citet{Ward2019}, the description using the leaky-dielectric model reduces to the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor model if the conductivity ratio between the liquids is sufficiently high. In order to assess the validity of the perfect-conductor assumption, we have varied the KCl concentration in the lower liquid (DI-water) from \SI{1e-4}{\mol\per\liter} to \SI{1e-1}{\mol\per\liter} at otherwise fixed parameters (silicone oil viscosity \SI{0.65}{\centi St}, driving frequency \SI{10}{\hertz}). In figure \ref{fig:Results_cSaltStudy}(a), the experimentally obtained stability map is shown. As is visible, the critical voltage is not strongly affected by the salt concentration. It is slightly increased at $c_\text{KCl}=\SI{1e-4}{\mol\per\liter}$ and slightly reduced at $c_\text{KCl}=\SI{1e-3}{\mol\per\liter}$. Since no clearly distinguishable trend is present, we attribute the differences to experimental uncertainties. One potential source of uncertainty are the edge-waves penetrating into the central region of the system, superposing and obscuring the Faraday waves. Also, since the detection relies on surface gradients, the accuracy at small surface gradients is limited. Nevertheless, the experimentally obtained critical voltages show fair agreement with the theoretically predicted value of $V_\text{crit}=\SI{2393}{\volt}$ (indicated as a dashed line). \begin{figure} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cSaltStudy.eps} \caption{Influence of the lower-phase salt concentration on the instability. (a) Experimentally obtained stability map together with the theoretical prediction for the critical voltage obtained from the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor model (critical voltage $V_\text{crit}=\SI{2393}{\volt}$). (b) Experimentally determined pattern wavelength together with the theoretical prediction for the dominant wavelength obtained from the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor model ($\lambda=\SI{11.35}{\milli\meter}$). Each data point corresponds to one critical voltage in subfigure (a). The error bars represent the standard deviation of the obtained wavelength determined within one experiment.} \label{fig:Results_cSaltStudy} \end{figure} In figure \ref{fig:Results_cSaltStudy}(b), the experimentally determined pattern wavelengths corresponding to the critical voltages of figure \ref{fig:Results_cSaltStudy}(a) are shown. As is visible, the change of wavelengths between different driving amplitudes is of the same order of magnitude as the differences over the salt concentration. The experimentally obtained values show good agreement with the theoretically predicted value of $\lambda =\SI{11.35}{\milli\meter}$. Since the experimental results scatter around the theoretically predicted value, the experiments indicate that the salt concentration does not significantly influence the resulting wavelength in the range of concentrations studied. 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In) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] Failed to receive incoming SCO data 2020-10-06 14:36:58.536471-0300 0x21d780 Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) Error during StartHardware call, calling StopHardware(): -536870186 2020-10-06 14:36:58.536697-0300 0x21d6c9 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_IOContext::StartIOThread: the IO thread failed to start, Error: -536870186 (<private>) 2020-10-06 14:37:00.271641-0300 0x21d7d2 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:00.271857-0300 0x21d7d2 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:00.303441-0300 0x21d7c4 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:00.303640-0300 0x21d7d0 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.564078-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.564365-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.583956-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.584163-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.989580-0300 0x21d7df Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (BluetoothAudioPlugIn) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] XPC Error remove all devices 2020-10-06 14:37:17.572464-0300 0x21d808 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (BluetoothAudioPlugIn) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] Failed to receive incoming SCO data 2020-10-06 14:37:17.572903-0300 0x21d808 Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) Error during StartHardware call, calling StopHardware(): -536870186 2020-10-06 14:37:17.573176-0300 0x21d7ba Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_IOContext::StartIOThread: the IO thread failed to start, Error: -536870186 (<private>) 2020-10-06 14:37:17.581020-0300 0x21da06 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.581400-0300 0x21da06 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.673358-0300 0x21da08 Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (BluetoothAudioPlugIn) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] XPC Error remove all devices 2020-10-06 14:37:17.701881-0300 0x21d9e8 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DCFString: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.703955-0300 0x21d9e8 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.704334-0300 0x21d9e8 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.825617-0300 0x21d7ba Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_IOContext::StartIOThread: no master engine info bluetootdhd: 2020-10-06 14:36:43.105800-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.121454-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.134401-0300 0x21d28b Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] Started to advertise for type 12 with error (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.134522-0300 0x21d28b Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] Started to advertise for type 10 with error (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.134634-0300 0x21d28b Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] Started to advertise for type 16 with error (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:45.074236-0300 0x21cb0a Error 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] CoreBluetooth isn't advertising for client type 9 2020-10-06 14:36:45.109313-0300 0x21d226 Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:45.130499-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:45.130701-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06	redpajama	[ 688, 10, 544, 681, 15, 19934, 15, 1559, 23548, 27, 1559, 23548, 5353, 1970, 62, 40267, 281, 4763, 19363, 322, 5915, 941, 187, 14952, 14, 740, 14, 3071, 1638, 27, 1812, 27, 3680, 15, 3357, 1540, 3677, 14, 2941, 361, 470, 89, 1797, 69, 43698, 50275, 9671, 50273, 17, 89, 17, 50260, 39855, 2693, 50276, 17, 50274, 6443, 5353, 1970, 27, 313, 13745, 23751, 10, 50276, 4756, 1309, 11075, 24953, 1935, 1067, 13, 6789, 21305, 24953, 1935, 14850, 428, 42082, 2597, 520, 2691, 187, 14952, 14, 740, 14, 3071, 1638, 27, 1812, 27, 3680, 15, 42082, 29790, 14, 2941, 361, 470, 89, 1797, 69, 23, 68, 26, 50275, 4756, 50271, 17, 89, 17, 50260, 39855, 2693, 50276, 17, 50274, 6443, 5353, 1970, 27, 313, 13745, 23751, 10, 50276, 41, 16755, 64, 6527, 5856, 1450, 8252, 6527, 11589, 27, 253, 19698, 6293, 4242, 281, 1265, 13, 11759, 27, 428, 42082, 2597, 520, 2691, 16616, 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transition probability can be calculated using Langer's theory \cite{Langer}. The exact production rate is important for the timing of the transition and the determination of the corresponding temperature. The baryon asymmetry of the universe may be generated through bubble expansion because the three Sakharov criteria -- C/CP violation, baryon number violation and nonequilibrium -- are fulfilled. In a proper treatment of the electroweak phase transition the coarse-grained action constructed consistently for the particular problem and the size scale involved should be used. If there are different mass scales one can integrate out first the more massive fields and keep the light fields in an effective action relevant for the phase transition. At high temperature non-static Matsubara modes may be considered as heavy fields. Integrating out these modes leads to a 3-dimensional effective theory with symmetry restoration at high temperature. The related phase transition is predicted to be second-order instead of first-order, however. It becomes first-order due to contributions from static modes. So some of the light modes have to be integrated out as well in calculating the effective action. It is well known that integrating out the non-static modes using the high temperature expansions and then integrating out the static gauge boson fields one has already an effective potential leading to a first-order phase transition. In this spirit it is very natural to integrate out the static Goldstone modes as well. This is most conveniently done in the 't~Hooft-Feynman covariant background gauge. With the pure real scalar background of the bubble configurations one ends up with a 3-dimensional effective Higgs action whose fluctuations still have to be considered. If a small coupling parameter - maybe after some redefinitions - can be identified, the one-loop perturbative expansion for the effective action will be a good approximation. A carefully introduced gauge coupling $g_3(T)^2$ in the broken phase is well behaved throughout the phase transition, and indeed it is not very large for $m_H\leq m_W$. The $Z_H(\varphi)$ factor of the Higgs kinetic term will be calculated explicitly in the 't~Hooft-Feynman covariant background gauge in one-loop order. It differs considerably from that in the Landau gauge. Due to the fact that $Z_H(\varphi)$ is negative in some $\varphi$ range, it is not sensible to include it in this form in the effective action. We will argue that the derivative expansion breaks down in this range. We also inspect the one-loop $Z_{\rm gauge}(\varphi)$ prefactor of the kinetic gauge term. It plays no direct role in the bubble action. However, $g_3(T)^2/Z_{\rm gauge}(\varphi)$ is the effective gauge coupling at the constant scale $\varphi$. It blows up for $Z_{\rm gauge}\to0$ and this happens already at rather large values of $\varphi \; (>0.4)$ for $m_H>\frac{1}{2}m_W$. Thus except for very small $m_H$ the $\varphi$-range relevant for the bubble configuration may be largely nonperturbative in the effective gauge coupling. Integration of the (enlarged) gauge degrees of freedom to some (one) loop order can in this range at best be suggestive for the form of the effective Higgs action. We will then consider a Higgs effective action with the known one-loop effective potential and a kinetic term with arbitrary constant $Z$ factor. This allows us to come to our main subject, the discussion of radiative corrections in the heat kernel method. Since there is no background gauge field for the bubble configuration, the heat kernel expansion already exists to very high order (and can easily be extended using new methods \cite{SchmSchu, FliSchmSchu}). Thus we can arrive at a very precise treatment of the fluctuations. It turns out that the static prefactor which is essentially the fluctuation determinant gives a strong suppression of the nucleation rate. Its logarithm may be interpreted as the one-loop correction to the effective action of the critical bubble. The comparison between the two values decides on the applicability of the nucleation theory. Section 2 contains a discussion of the 3-dimensional effective high temperature Higgs action obtained from one-loop integration of all the other fields in the 't~Hooft-Feynman background gauge and a critical inspection of derivative expansion and of perturbation theory. In section 3 we first shortly review the nucleation rate based on Langer's theory. We discuss the critical bubbles obtained with the modification mentioned above. In the following we consider the heat kernel method for calculating the fluctuation determinant and develop a particular method to treat zero/instable modes. We present our high accuracy results for the fluctuation prefactor in the transition rate. Section 4 gives our conclusion. Appendix A contains the calculation of $Z$ factors, Appendix B some generalization of the thin-wall bubble solution. Appendix C gives the first six operators in the heat kernel expansion. \section{The Effective Action} \setcounter{equation}{0} The critical bubble solutions describing the first-order phase transition of the electroweak theory are pure Higgs field configurations. They are not solutions of the original fundamental field equations of the electroweak theory, but correspond to an effective action where (part of) the other field degrees of freedom have already been integrated out. It is the aim of the `exact renormalization group approach' to derive such an action well adapted to the size of the bubbles. In the case of a gauge theory this demanding program is just being developed \cite{ReuWe, Ellwanger}. Still a simpler way to discuss critical bubbles is to generate new terms of the Higgs effective action by using low-order perturbation theory, starting from the fundamental Lagrangian. However in a rigorous treatment this requires the identification of appropriate expansion parameters (which may not be possible). \subsection{The high-temperature effective action} In the case of the electroweak phase transition it is appropriate to perform a high temperature expansion. The expansion parameter is $m(T)/T$. The guiding principle is to integrate out the heavy field degrees of freedom to get an effective theory of the light fields. In a first step it is possible to integrate out the non-static Matsubara-frequencies which gain masses proportional to the temperature $T$ ($2n \pi T$ with $n \neq 0$ for bosons and $(2n+1) \pi T$ for fermions). The remaining effective theory is purely bosonic and 3-dimensional. As argued in ref.~\cite{Landsman} the high-temperature dimensional reduction has shortcomings in higher orders of perturbation theory. In a second step the longitudinal component $A_0$ of the gauge field is integrated out. It develops a Debye-mass proportional to $gT$. In a third step we rescale the coordinates and fields \begin{equation} \label{rescale} \vec{x} \rightarrow \frac{\vec{x}}{gv}, \qquad \Phi \rightarrow v\Phi, \qquad A \rightarrow v A \end{equation} where the scale $v$ is left open for the moment. The remaining high-temperature effective action can be written, in the limit of vanishing electroweak mixing angle, as \begin{equation}\label{Sht} S_{\rm ht} = \frac{1}{g_3(T)^2} \int d^3x \left[ \frac{1}{4} F_{ij}^a F_{ij}^a + (D_i\Phi)^\dagger (D_i\Phi) + V_{\rm ht}(\Phi^\dagger\Phi) \right] \end{equation} with other contributions vanishing powerlike at high temperature, e.g.~a $(\Phi^\dagger \Phi)^3 /T^2$ term. They have been discussed to be unimportant \cite{JaKaPa}. The effective 3-dimensional gauge coupling is defined as \begin{equation} g_3(T)^2 = \frac{g T}{v} \quad. \end{equation} The gauge coupling $g$ has been scaled out of the covariant derivative and the field strength tensor. The high-temperature effective potential is \begin{equation} V_{\rm ht}(\Phi^\dagger\Phi) = \frac{\lambda_T}{g^2}\left( (\Phi^\dagger\Phi)^2 - \left(\frac{v_0(T)}{v}\right)^2\Phi^\dagger\Phi \right) \quad. \end{equation} $\frac{v_0(T)^2}{v^2}$ is the asymmetric minimum \begin{equation} v_0(T)^2 = \frac{2}{\lambda_T} \left(T_0^2 - T^2 \right) D \	redpajama	[ 5502, 5912, 476, 320, 209, 187, 1179, 32001, 970, 418, 3751, 434, 3762, 393, 41766, 92, 45, 3751, 7165, 380, 3242, 3275, 2281, 187, 261, 1774, 323, 253, 11795, 273, 253, 5502, 285, 253, 7441, 273, 253, 187, 47771, 3276, 15, 380, 46623, 27110, 273, 253, 10325, 187, 11159, 320, 4561, 949, 19251, 7466, 984, 253, 1264, 29869, 9432, 729, 6866, 187, 283, 330, 16, 5305, 8411, 13, 46623, 1180, 8411, 285, 5293, 48494, 1969, 403, 187, 1020, 14653, 15, 2490, 187, 688, 247, 1463, 1971, 273, 253, 4640, 20881, 3408, 5502, 187, 783, 25319, 14, 72, 11273, 2250, 8818, 187, 46540, 1574, 323, 253, 1798, 1895, 285, 253, 187, 3281, 4311, 3206, 943, 320, 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to investigate the topological properties of an isolated Kitaev chain under the associated bulk-edge correspondence. On the other hand, hard-wall confinement only seldom models correctly the actual experimental conditions; in most cases, either unavoidable or desired couplings with the environment have to be taken into account; as a result, one needs to impose generic boundary conditions. In fact, the Kitaev chain model supplemented with deformed boundary conditions precisely incorporates information on the external environment. This method, which shares similarities with a self-energy approach proposed in Ref. \cite{Aguadoself}, allows to investigate an open topological system when the non-equilibrium effects induced by a current flow are either negligible or absent. The latter condition is surely met when the electrodes-system hybridization dominates over other concurrent effects. \begin{figure} \includegraphics[scale=0.45]{FiguresEps/Figure1_a} \hspace{0.5cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.52]{FiguresEps/Figure1_b} \caption{Panel (a): Scheme of a Kitaev chain coupled to an environment modeled by a pair of superconducting leads. Panel (b): Tight-binding representation of the system. Panel (c): Effective chain model with generalized boundary conditions. Table (d): A paradigmatic set of generalized boundary conditions. Breaking or conservation of the particle-hole ($PH$) and reflection ($R$) symmetry is determined by the choice of the pertinent boundary parameters. The $a$ parameter is fixed at the reference value $a=4/5$.} \label{Scheme} \end{figure} The coupling of the Kitaev chain with the environment can be addressed by means of generalized boundary conditions, namely $\psi_0=M_l \psi_1$ and $\psi_{L+1}=M_r \psi_L$, which depend on environmental wave functions $\psi_0$ and $\psi_{L+1}$. The coupling between the sites belonging to the environment, labelled by $n=0$ and $n=L+1$, and the two ends of the chain is illustrated in panel (b) of Fig. \ref{Scheme}. The boundary properties are completely described by the auxiliary matrices $M_l$ and $M_r$. In general, the latter are unknown \textit{a priori}, even though their structure can be at least partially determined by imposing suitable physical constraints. In order to implement such constraints, let us introduce generic complex-valued matrices in particle-hole space: \begin{eqnarray} M_l=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_l&b_l\\ c_l&d_l\\ \end{array} \right),&&\ \ M_r=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_r&b_r\\ c_r&d_r\\ \end{array} \right). \label{MatricesBC} \end{eqnarray} By resorting to such generalized boundary conditions in Eq. (\ref{BdGKC}), we obtain a set of deformed tight-binding equations. They differ from those of the Kitaev chain with OBCs by a local renormalization of the edge potentials. These boundary effects are clearly evident by considering the deformed equations for the wave functions $\psi_1$ and $\psi_L$ of two chain ends: \begin{eqnarray} \label{tbB} i\hbar \partial_t \psi_{1}&=&-(\mu \sigma_{z}+N_{l})\psi_{1}-t\sigma_{z}\psi_{2}+i \Delta \sigma_{y}\psi_{2} \,, \\ i\hbar \partial_t \psi_{L}&=&-(\mu \sigma_{z}+N_{r})\psi_{L}-t\sigma_{z}\psi_{L-1}-i \Delta \sigma_{y}\psi_{L-1} \,. \nonumber \end{eqnarray} We see that the dynamics depends on the boundary potentials $-N_l=-(t \sigma_z+i \Delta \sigma_y)\ M_l$ and $-N_r=-(t \sigma_z-i \Delta \sigma_y)\ M_r$ which vanish when OBCs are considered (i.e. when $M_{l/r}=0$). The fermionic statistics dictates that $N_l$ and $N_r$ be diagonal matrices in particle-hole space and thus Eq. (\ref{MatricesBC}) takes the form: \begin{eqnarray} M_l=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_l&-\frac{\Delta}{t}d_l\\ -\frac{\Delta}{t}a_l&d_l\\ \end{array} \right),&&\ \ M_r=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_r&\frac{\Delta}{t}d_r\\ \frac{\Delta}{t}a_r&d_r\\ \end{array} \right). \label{Matrices2} \end{eqnarray}\\ A further constraint comes from conservation of probability, which is expressed by the continuity equation, $\partial_t \rho_n+J_{n+1}-J_{n}=0$, relating the probability density $\rho_n=\|u_n\|^2+\|v_n\|^2$ and the probability current density \begin{eqnarray} J_n=\frac{2t}{\hbar}\ Im\biggl[\psi^\dagger_{n-1} (\sigma_z-i\ \frac{\Delta}{t}\ \sigma_y)\psi_n\biggr]. \label{currentDensity} \end{eqnarray} In the stationary regime, $J_n$ is a conserved quantity. In particular, when non-equilibrium effects induced by a current flow are negligible or absent, $J_n=0$ for each site index $n$. This condition is fulfilled both by the model with generalized boundary conditions and by the Kitaev chain with OBCs; this allows an appropriate comparison between systems with OBCs and systems with generalized boundary conditions. Exploiting Eq. (\ref{currentDensity}) with $n=1$ and $n=L+1$, we get: \begin{eqnarray} \begin{split} &J_1 \propto \biggl(1-\frac{\Delta^2}{t^2}\biggr) \biggl[\|u_1\|^2 Im\bigl[a_l^\bigr]-\|v_1\|^2 Im\bigl[d_l^\bigr] \biggr]\\ &J_{L+1} \propto \biggl(1-\frac{\Delta^2}{t^2}\biggr) \biggl[\|u_L\|^2 Im\bigl[ a_r \bigr]-\|v_L\|^2 Im\bigl[ d_r \bigr] \biggr]. \end{split} \label{Current2} \end{eqnarray} Since $J_1$ and $J_{L+1}$ have to vanish for any choice of parameters and for any quantum state of the chain, it follows that $M_l$ and $M_r$ are real-valued matrices with general expression given in Eq. (\ref{Matrices2}). Accordingly, the boundary potentials, see Eq. (\ref{tbB}), are related to the real-valued matrices as follows: \begin{eqnarray} N_l=\epsilon \left( \begin{array}{cc} a_l&0\\ 0&-d_l\\ \end{array} \right),&&\ \ N_r=\epsilon \left( \begin{array}{cc} a_r&0\\ 0&-d_r\\ \end{array} \right), \label{MatricesN} \end{eqnarray} where $\epsilon=(t^2-\Delta^2)/t$. Crucially, by acting on the form of $N_l$ and $N_r$, it is possible to selectively preserve reflection and particle-hole symmetry. Reflection symmetry is lost when $N_l \neq N_r$, while, depending on the choice of parameters, particle-hole symmetry can be preserved or broken. In particular, particle-hole symmetry is preserved for traceless boundary potentials (i.e. $Tr[N_l]=Tr[N_r]=0$). \begin{figure*} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_a} \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_b} \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_c} \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_d}\\ \vspace{0.3cm} \includ	redpajama	[ 281, 7409, 253, 17597, 3607, 273, 271, 7011, 611, 5741, 1173, 5931, 762, 253, 2330, 10713, 14, 13057, 17668, 15, 1623, 253, 643, 1133, 13, 1892, 14, 12081, 25422, 760, 28277, 3210, 9113, 253, 4588, 5661, 2515, 28, 275, 954, 2219, 13, 2057, 46133, 390, 6799, 27654, 342, 253, 3126, 452, 281, 320, 2668, 715, 2395, 28, 347, 247, 906, 13, 581, 3198, 281, 16209, 12314, 7548, 2515, 15, 496, 958, 13, 253, 611, 5741, 1173, 5931, 1566, 19079, 342, 37196, 7548, 2515, 10534, 31167, 1491, 327, 253, 6024, 3126, 15, 831, 1332, 13, 534, 10764, 22620, 342, 247, 1881, 14, 14115, 2746, 4081, 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16 YRS Anhui Guoci Handbags Co., Ltd. 1 YRS Xiamen Greenlike Bag Co., Ltd. html Products Classificat //////////////////// PRODUCTS CLASSIFICATION //////////////////// Exprise-foundation by credit, Mutual benefit win-win More information please check productlist. With a wide range, good quality, reasonable prices and stylish designs, our products are extensively used in residential and commercial application and other industries. Our products are widely recognized and trusted by users and can meet continuously changing economic and social needs. Would you mind to cover it9 Freight collect is also for us operating if you have any carrier account. Production times vary based on the bag you choose, availability of inventory, the printing process you choose. Don’t have time to browse9 Tell us about your project and we can recommend bags to best suit your needs. Please kindly tell me which kind of bags you prefer to and provide me more information. OEM and ODM are You can tell us your idea or provide us the drawing. The sample fee is charged according to the material and size of the product. 5. For any requirement or confused question about them, just please contact us without hesitation. They will choose cotton bags instead of plastic bags to reduce the damage of nature. In our daily life, people can reuse cotton bag and wash them many times. Alibaba.com offers 1,368,078 bag shopper products. About 10% of these are shopping bags, 1% are promotional bags. A wide variety of bag shopper options are available to you, such as cotton, nylon, and polyester. You can also choose from handled, folding, and punch. As well as from free samples, paid samples. There are 1,368,078 bag shopper suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of bag shopper respectively. Bag shopper products are most popular in North America, Western Europe, and Northern Europe. You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 172,300 with ISO9001, 101,721 with Other, and 76,935 with BSCI certification.<\|endoftext\|>Q: How to display validation summary below the input controls? I have the following form: <form asp-controller="Manage" asp-action="RemoveDetails" method="post" class="form-horizontal"> @if (Model.RequirePassword) { <div id="password-container"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label asp-for="Password"></label> <input asp-for="Password" class="form-control" id="password" autocomplete="current-password" aria-required="true" /> <small> <span asp-validation-for="Password" class="text-danger"></span> </small> </div> </div> </div> } <div class="col-6"> <hr class="mt-2 mb-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-style-1 btn-danger">Confirm</button> </div> <div class="row"> <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly" class="text-danger"></div> </div> </form> If I leave the password empty, a validation message (the model uses DataAnnonations) is displayed right below the control. This is fine. If I enter the wrong password, the Post action validates it and adds an error to the ModelState. This error is displayed below the form. Is it possible to display such model errors below the relevant controls? A: Try this code in Controller: ModelState.AddModelError("Password", "validation summary error."); The error message won't display in <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly"></div>, but it can display error message in @Html.ValidationSummary(false, "", new { @class = "text-danger" }). <form asp-controller="Home" asp-action="RemoveDetails" method="post" class="form-horizontal"> <div id="password-container"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label asp-for="Password"></label> <input asp-for="Password" class="form-control" id="password" autocomplete="current-password" aria-required="true" /> <small> @<span asp-validation-for="Password" class="text-danger"></span>@ @Html.ValidationSummary(false, "", new { @class = "text-danger" }) </small> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label asp-for="Description"></label> <input asp-for="Description" class="form-control" id="description" autocomplete="current-password" aria-required="true" /> <small> <span asp-validation-for="Description" class="text-danger"></span> </small> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-6"> <hr class="mt-2 mb-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-style-1 btn-danger">Confirm</button> </div> <div class="row"> <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly"></div> </div> </form> [HttpPost] public IActionResult RemoveDetails(RemoveDetail rdl) { if(ModelState.IsValid) { var pwd = rdl.Password; //do something here and find the password is wrong //code below won't display error message in <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly" class="text-danger"> //but can display error message in @Html.ValidationSummary(false, "", new { @class = "text-danger" }) ModelState.AddModelError("Password", "validation summary error."); return View(rdl); } return View(rdl); } <\|endoftext\|>Time to lift sanctions against Venezuela, Iran and Cuba Swiftly moves the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), dashing across continents, skipping over oceans, terrifying populations in every country. The numbers of those infected rises, as do the numbers of those who have died. Hands are being washed, tests are being done, and social distance has become a new phrase. It is unclear how devastating this pandemic will be. In the midst of a pandemic, one would expect that all countries would collaborate in every way to mitigate the spread of the virus and its impact on human society. One would expect that a humanitarian crisis of this magnitude would provide the opportunity to suspend or end all inhumane economic sanctions and political blockades against certain countries. The main point here is this: Is this not the time for the imperialist bloc, led by the United States of America, to end the sanctions against Cuba, Iran, Venezuela, and a series of other countries? Medical Shortages Venezuela's Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza told us recently that the "illegal and unilateral coercive measures that the United States has imposed on Venezuela are a form of collective punishment." The use of the phrase "collective punishment" is significant; under the 1949 Geneva Conventions, any policy that inflicts damage on an entire population is a war crime. The U.S. policy, Arreaza told us, has "resulted in difficulties for the timely acquisition of medicines." On paper, the unilateral U.S. sanctions say that medical supplies are exempt. But this is an illusion. Neither Venezuela nor Iran can easily buy medical supplies, nor can they easily transport it into their countries, nor can they use them in their largely public sector health systems. The embargo against these countries-in this time of COVID-19-is not only a war crime by the standards of the Geneva Conventions (1949) but is a crime against humanity as defined by the United Nations International Law Commission (1947). In 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump enacted tight restrictions on Venezuela's ability to access financial markets; two years later, the U.S. government blacklisted Venezuela's Central Bank and put a general embargo against the Venezuelan state institutions. If any firm trades with Venezuela's public sector, it could face secondary sanctions. The U.S. Congress passed the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) in 2017, which tightened sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea. The next year, Trump imposed a raft of new sanctions against Iran which suffocated Iran's economy. Once more, access to the world banking system and threats to companies that traded with Iran made it almost impossible for Iran to do business with the world. In particular, the U.S. government made it clear that any business with the public sector of Iran and Venezuela was forbidden. The health infrastructure that provides for the mass of the populations in both Iran and Venezuela is run by the State, which means it faces disproportionate difficulty in accessing equipment and supplies, including testing kits and medicines. Breaking the Embargo Arreaza, the Venezuelan foreign minister, told us	redpajama	[ 1036, 714, 6453, 743, 37942, 3262, 1118, 10535, 46728, 2434, 904, 12098, 15, 187, 18, 714, 6453, 1594, 16726, 257, 6115, 3022, 19997, 2434, 904, 12098, 15, 187, 2974, 23910, 6550, 692, 255, 1380, 9032, 605, 4653, 14647, 33949, 28085, 3801, 24352, 1380, 9032, 605, 1889, 10344, 14, 14541, 318, 407, 6152, 13, 36797, 5649, 3330, 14, 6481, 3010, 1491, 4496, 2451, 1885, 3550, 15, 2726, 247, 4618, 2491, 13, 1175, 3290, 13, 5272, 7911, 285, 38194, 11809, 13, 776, 3580, 403, 18171, 908, 275, 16252, 285, 6264, 2898, 285, 643, 17057, 15, 3824, 3580, 403, 7561, 7478, 285, 18273, 407, 4212, 285, 476, 2525, 14949, 6890, 5054, 285, 2675, 3198, 15, 187, 17304, 368, 2564, 281, 3835, 352, 26, 8377, 429, 4822, 310, 671, 323, 441, 6498, 604, 368, 452, 667, 10289, 2395, 15, 28363, 2069, 6889, 1754, 327, 253, 7351, 368, 5206, 13, 11659, 273, 19543, 13, 253, 11993, 1232, 368, 5206, 15, 5037, 7, 38267, 28, 85, 452, 673, 281, 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['default'].createElement("span", null, PrimeReact.localeOption('weekHeader', this.props.locale))); return [weekHeader].concat(_toConsumableArray(dayNames)); } else { return dayNames; } } }, { key: "renderDateCellContent", value: function renderDateCellContent(date, className, groupIndex) { var _this20 = this; var content = this.props.dateTemplate? this.props.dateTemplate(date) : date.day; return /#__PURE__/React__default['default'].createElement("span", { className: className, onClick: function onClick(e) { return _this20.onDateSelect(e, date); }, onKeyDown: function onKeyDown(e) { return _this20.onDateCellKeydown(e, date, groupIndex); } }, content, /#__PURE__/React__default['default'].createElement(core.Ripple, null)); } }, { key: "renderWeek", value: function renderWeek(weekDates, weekNumber, groupIndex) { var _this21 = this; var week = weekDates.map(function (date) { var selected = _this21.isSelected(date); var cellClassName = core.classNames({ 'p-datepicker-other-month': 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Shodown Anthology SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1 World Heroes Anthology Sengoku Anthology NEOGEO Station Japan portal Video games portal Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue%27s_Journey&oldid=928816324" 1991 video games ACA Neo Geo games ADK (company) games Cooperative video games D4 Enterprise games Fantasy video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Neo Geo CD games Nintendo Switch eShop games PlayStation Network games Side-scrolling platform games Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from July 2019 Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode<\|endoftext\|>Q: wxwidgets wxtreectrl wxTR_HAS_BUTTONS does not enable plus minus buttons next to tree When I create a treectrl item with wxTR_HAS_BUTTONS enabled, no buttons seem to show. I am compiling using VC++ 2008. treectrlModelTree = new wxTreeCtrl( itemPanel3, ID_TREECTRL_MODEL_TREE, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, wxTR_EDIT_LABELS\|wxTR_HAS_BUTTONS \|wxTR_SINGLE\|wxSUNKEN_BORDER ); I am adding the root with: wxTreeItemId rootId = treectrlModelTree->AddRoot("Model Tree", -1, -1, new MyTreeItemData((void*)group)); and appending data to the tree with the AppendItem() command: wxTreeItemId tempItem = treectrlModelTree->AppendItem(groupId, tmpstr, -1, -1, new MyTreeItemData(tracker->model)); I tried searching around but it does not seem like there are too many posts online about treectrl problems. A: I figured it out, It has to do with a bug in wxwidgets 2.8.9 where dragging items within the treectrl will give an error when there is no images assigned to a treectrl (i.e. folder images). See: [http://trac.wxwidgets.org/ticket/4390][1] I was using a quick fix suggested, to add a dummy image list treectrlModelTree->AssignImageList(new wxImageList(1, 1)); which suppressed the plus/minus buttons for the treectrl. <\|endoftext\|>Клишино — деревня в Волоколамском городском округе Московской области России. Население — чел. (). География Деревня Клишино расположена на западе Московской области, в юго-западной части Волоколамского городского округа, примерно в 15 км юго-западу от города Волоколамска, на левом берегу впадающей в Щетинку небольшой речки Чернавки (бассейн Рузы). В деревне 7 улиц — Заречная, Лесная, Луговая, Новая, Полевая, Садовая и Центральная, 1 микрорайон, приписано 1 садоводческое товарищество. Связана прямым автобусным сообщением с районным центром (маршруты № 22, 26, 27, 29). В 3 км к востоку от Клишино находится село Спасс; в 2 км к западу — деревня Ивановское; в 1 км к юго-востоку — деревня Милованье; в 600 м к северу — деревня Скорякино. Население История В «Списке населённых мест» 1862 года — казённая деревня 1-го стана Рузского уезда Московской губернии по левую сторону дороги из города Можайска в город Волоколамск, в 36 верстах от уездного города, при колодце, с 46 дворами и 299 жителями (139 мужчин, 160 женщин). По данным на 1890 год — деревня Судниковской волости Рузского уезда с 242 душами населения и земским училищем. В 1913 году — 59 дворов и земское училище. В 1919 году включена в состав Осташёвской волости Волоколамского уезда. По материалам Всесоюзной переписи населения 1926 года — деревня Щекотовского сельсовета Осташёвской волости Волоколамского уезда в 9 км от Осташёвского шоссе и 12 км от станции Волоколамск Балтийской железной дороги. Проживало 239 жителей (101 мужчина, 138 женщин), насчитывалось 54 крестьянских хозяйства, имелась школа. С 1929 года — населённый пункт в составе Волоколамского района Московского округа Московской области. Постановлением ЦИК и СНК от 23 июля 1930 года округа как административно-территориальные единицы были ликвидированы. 1929—1939 гг. — центр Клишинского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1939—1954 гг. — центр Клишинского сельсовета Осташёвского района. 1954—1957 гг. — деревня Спасского сельсовета Осташёвского района. 1957—1963, 1965—1968 гг. — деревня Спасского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1963—1965 гг. — деревня Спасского сельсовета Волоколамского укрупнённого сельского района. 1968—1972 гг. — деревня Горбуновского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1972—1994 гг. — центр Кармановского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1994—2006 гг. — центр Кармановского сельского округа Волоколамского района. С 2006 по 2018 года— деревня сельского поселения Спасское Волоколамского муниципального района Московской области. С 2019 года деревня Волоколамского городского округа. Примечания Населённые пункты Волоколамского района Населённые пункты Рузского уезда Населённые пункты Волоколамского уезда<\|endoftext\|>Features, Review	redpajama	[ 1608, 351, 628, 13426, 1497, 187, 18243, 44, 26476, 796, 6550, 982, 6845, 15, 337, 187, 14947, 44925, 13426, 1497, 187, 52, 1205, 23909, 13426, 1497, 187, 6603, 48, 7538, 48, 14628, 187, 19291, 20280, 187, 17213, 3958, 20280, 187, 9795, 35571, 432, 346, 3614, 1358, 257, 15, 25842, 15, 2061, 16, 88, 16, 4663, 15, 5581, 32, 5564, 30, 22036, 6, 1630, 84, 64, 43, 454, 2191, 7, 744, 301, 30, 26, 21340, 1036, 21397, 3, 187, 14209, 3492, 3958, 187, 33550, 40989, 44826, 3958, 187, 2350, 44, 313, 25610, 10, 3958, 187, 6869, 7105, 3492, 3958, 187, 37, 21, 26470, 3958, 187, 39, 386, 7077, 3492, 3958, 187, 22495, 15381, 285, 2014, 14, 15381, 3492, 3958, 187, 6560, 80, 44826, 3437, 3958, 187, 47, 24150, 26457, 299, 48698, 3958, 187, 21020, 25972, 10701, 3958, 187, 28541, 14, 1026, 19891, 5147, 3958, 187, 17213, 3958, 3715, 275, 4047, 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Lance Armstrong, road racing cyclist, 7 time (and counting) Tour De France winner, is a Mac user. He has a Mac laptop and chills to music from an iPod when he is training or racing. Lance had an injury earlier this year that required surgery. This is the post operation video interview with him. Lance Armstrong discusses a little about the surgery, and using his Mac (Apple MacBook Pro), Lance shows his medical x-ray photo from the surgery. He only took a few days off. Then back to training for Tour De France. Gotta admire the dedication. Lance is currently racing in the 2009 Tour de France. Tour de France is an extremely challenging annual bicycle race that attracts top competition cyclists from around the world. The race lasts 23 days and covers over 2000 miles through France and bordering countries. Lance also enjoys some of his time relaxing to music from his Apple iPod. What’s on Lance’s Apple iPod? “Times like These” by the Foo Fighters. You can pretty much count on the Foo Fighters to get your heart rate up. He [Lance] has a little bit of Linkin Park on his (Tour) playlist, some of the new Coldplay, some U2 and some things I haven’t heard of, like POD. This entry was posted on Tuesday, July 14th, 2009 at 10:25 pm and is filed under Celebs with Macs. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.<\|endoftext\|>ANTHONY HAYBLE'S NEW BLOG SITE FOR MOST CURRENT NEWS & CELEBRITY NEWS, GOSIPS AND EVENTS Missing British schoolgirl found in Trinidad as police investigate disappearance Posted byanthonyhayble January 8, 2023 Posted inUncategorized Delika White Lezama A British teenager who went missing while on holiday with her family in Trinidad more than two weeks ago has been found safe and well by police in Trinidad and Tobago. Delika White Lezama,13, of Greenford, London, disappeared while on a trip with her mother and brother to Trinidad to visit their grandmother. The teenager was last seen on a back road after going to a corner shop near her grandmother’s house in Sangre Grande town at around 4 pm on December 17. Speaking from the southern Caribbean island, team captain Vallence Rambharat, who was leading the search with his group Hunters Search and Rescue to locate the teenager, said that she has been located and was being reunited with her family. “Delika White Lezama has been safely located at 5:15 pm this evening. After weeks of hard work by her family, the anti-kidnapping unit of the Trinidad police, the Sangre Grande police officers, and the Hunters Search and Rescue team, it has paid off. She has been found. The matter is still receiving the attention of the [police],” Mr Rambharat said. Delika White Lezama was last seen after visiting a corner shop last month She was last seen on a back road after visiting a corner shop near her grandmother’s house in the town of Sangre Grande at around 4 pm on December 17. Her family desperately began searching for her after realising she hadn’t come home 10 minutes later but were unable to find any trace of the teenager. Since her disappearance, the family has sent several messages to Delika’s phone which had been delivered but appear not to have been read. Her mum said: “The police told me they have some camera footage from the area that she walked, and they’re still waiting for footage of people around the area as well. “The police have searched people’s houses, but we haven’t found her. They’ve searched the rivers and the bushes to see if she’s in the area.” Mr Rambharat, whose organisation searches for missing persons in Trinidad and Tobago, said that they work closely with the local police to share and gather information. “We all worked together on this and we are happy that she was found safe this afternoon,” Mr Rambharat said.”The police investigations are continuing and ongoing.” Trinidad police say that there is not much that can be said right now as they impose a news blackout. A local official said that the matter still has to be fully investigated by the police. “The police need to know what really happened to her and where she was all this time that she was reported missing,” the official said. “They will be speaking to her to find out more.” Published by anthonyhayble I AM A PROFESSIONAL BLOGGER WHO BLOGS ON EVENTS, NEWS AND CELEBRITY ACTIVITIES. YOU WILL GET THE LATEST BLOGGING UPDATES WITH UP TO DATE NEWS AND EVENTS THAT MIGHT INTEREST YOU. COMMENTS AND LIKES ARE ALSO WELCOMED. I AM STILL IN THE PROCESS OF BUILDING AND UPDATING MY BLOGS AND IT WOULD BE UP AND RUNNING SHORTLY. THIS IS STILL A NEW SITE AND WILL GREATLY IMPROVE WITH TIME View more posts Brexit is just one of the three Tory errors that have brought Britain to its knees ‘No role’ for Prince Harry at King Charles’ coronation ANTHONY HAYBLE'S NEW BLOG SITE FOR MOST CURRENT NEWS & CELEBRITY NEWS, GOSIPS AND EVENTS, Blog at WordPress.com.<\|endoftext\|>Q: Angular 5 - data not binding after redirect I have problem with data binding while I am redirecting from one view to another. I am filling the form data in "http://localhost:4200/create" view and then redirecting to "http://localhost:4200/settle/9ed5509c-ecd6-4895-96eb-a2efa04bae6d" (url with token). Nothing is binded correctly after redirection (no binding made at all) but I click refresh (ctrl+r on chrome) then biding is made properly. create.component.ts onSubmit() { this.model.token = UUID.UUID(); this.settleService .addSettle(this.model) .subscribe(settle => this.settles.push(settle)); this.router .navigate([`settle`, this.model.token]) .then(() => console.log(`Redirection to settle details made!`)); this.submitted = true; } settle.component.ts - ngOnInit() method ngOnInit() { this.getSettle(); this.currentUrl = window.location.href; this.show = false; } settle.component.ts - getSettle() method getSettle(): void { const token = this.route.snapshot.paramMap.get('id'); this.settleService .getSettle(token) .subscribe(settle => this.settle = settle, null, () => this.BindEditUrl()); } A: Ok I figure it out. Mistake was simple - redirection was made before getting response from backend (HTTP POST create settle). I put redirect logic after backend response and everything works now. Working code: create.component.ts - onSubmit() method onSubmit() { this.model.token = UUID.UUID(); this.settleService .addSettle(this.model) .subscribe(settle => this.settles.push(settle), null, () => this.redirectToSettleDetails()); this.submitted = true; } create.component.ts - redirectToSettleDetails() method redirectToSettleDetails(): void { this.router .navigate([`settle`, this.model.token]) .then(() => console.log(`Redirection to settle details made!`)); } <\|endoftext\|>It searches the Tweets of Twitter around Dhartak Damdam, Lahaul And Spiti, Himachal Pradesh 30km. Riding Solo is for the travel enthusiasts to take away all of their travelling headaches and help them in meeting their true selves. A fascinating landscape view is waiting you..! Some fun on the road to Kaza in March 2019. Tabo. Himachal Pradesh. INDIA. The Spiti flowing along the road to Kaza from Tabo. March 2019. Himachal Pradesh. India.<\|endoftext\|>Want it by Wednesday 24th April? Order within 7 hours, 16 minutes and choose Special Delivery at checkout. A highly polished 10mm 14 carat rose gold plated stainless steel gem top which won't tarnish and is hard-wearing. It has a sparkling, faceted purple amethyst coloured Swarovski Crystal and can be added to any QUDO ring base to make a beautiful, statement ring.<\|endoftext\|>Q: can't connect to database by executable file i wrote a program that need to connect to database to insert some data, my executable file not connect to database but when i checked with code connection established! i don't know what is problem, do you know what is problem? i use Qt to connect to database and my database is on mySql and here is how	redpajama	[ 45, 593, 29915, 13, 3971, 16893, 6776, 382, 13, 818, 673, 313, 395, 15496, 10, 11997, 1605, 6181, 13688, 13, 310, 247, 5602, 2608, 15, 754, 556, 247, 5602, 16556, 285, 448, 3171, 281, 3440, 432, 271, 41020, 672, 344, 310, 3733, 390, 16893, 15, 187, 45, 593, 574, 271, 4975, 4321, 436, 807, 326, 2424, 5869, 15, 831, 310, 253, 1501, 4254, 3492, 4572, 342, 779, 15, 35463, 29915, 25339, 247, 1652, 670, 253, 5869, 13, 285, 970, 521, 5602, 313, 25989, 5602, 12323, 1294, 582, 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error rate, will be introduced in Section~\ref{sec:stability-selection}, where we also give an overview on common error rates and some guidance on the choice of the parameters in stability selection. Section~\ref{sec:empirical-evaluation} presents an empirical evaluation of boosting with stability selection. In our case study (Section~\ref{sec:data-analysis}) we will examine autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and compare them to healthy controls using the boosting approach in conjunction with stability selection. The aim is to detect differentially expressed phenotype measurements. More specifically, we try to assess which amino acid pathways differ between healthy subjects and ASD patients. \section{A Short Introduction to Boosting} \label{sec:boosting} Consider a generalized linear model \begin{equation}\label{eq:lm} \mathds{E}(y\|\mathbf{x}) = h(\eta(\mathbf{x})) \end{equation} with outcome $y$, appropriate response function $h$ and linear predictor $\eta(x)$. Let the latter be defined as \begin{equation} \label{eq:4} \eta(\mathbf{x}) = \beta_0 + \sum_{j = 1}^p \beta_j x_{j}, \end{equation} with covariates $\mathbf{x} = (x_1, \ldots, x_p)$, and corresponding effects $\beta_j,\ j = 0, \ldots, p$. Model fitting aims at minimizing the expected loss $\mathds{E}(\rho(y, \mathbf{x}))$ with an appropriate loss function $\rho(y, \mathbf{x})$. The loss function is defined by the fitting problem at hand. Thus, for example, Gaussian regression models, i.e.\ least squares regression models, aim to minimize the squared loss $\rho(y, \mathbf{x}) = (y - \eta(\mathbf{x}))^2$. Generalized linear models can be obtained by maximizing the log-likelihood or, analogously, by minimizing the negative log-likelihood function. Logistic regression models with binary outcome, for example, can be obtained by using the negative binomial log-likelihood \begin{equation} \rho(y, \mathbf{x}) = -y \log(P(y = 1 \| \mathbf{x})) + (1 - y) \log (1 - P(y = 1 \| \mathbf{x})) \end{equation} as loss function or a reparametrization thereof \citep{buehl:hoth:2007}. In practice, one cannot minimize the expected loss function. Instead, we optimize the empirical risk function \begin{equation} \label{eq:2} \mathcal{R}(\mathbf{y}, \mathbf{X}) = n^{-1} \sum_{i=1}^n \rho(y_i, \eta(\mathbf{x}_i)) \end{equation} with observations $\mathbf{y} = (y_1, \ldots, y_n)^\top$ and $\mathbf{X} = (\mathbf{x}^\top_1, \ldots, \mathbf{x}^\top_n)^\top$. This can be done for arbitrary loss functions by component-wise functional gradient descent boosting \citep{buehlmann03}. The algorithm is especially attractive owing to its intrinsic variable selection properties \citep{Kneib:Hothorn:Tutz:modelchoice:2009,Hofner:unbiased:2011}. One begins with a constant model $\hat{\eta}^{[0]}(\mathbf{x}_i) \equiv 0$ and computes the residuals $\u^{[1]} = (u_1^{[1]}, \ldots, u_n^{[1]})^\top$ defined by the negative gradient of the loss function \begin{equation}\label{eq:1} u_i^{[m]} := - \left. \frac{\partial \rho(y_i, \eta)}{\partial \eta} \right\|_{\eta = \hat{\eta}^{[m-1]}(\mathbf{x}_i)} \end{equation} evaluated at the fit of the previous iteration $\hat{\eta}^{[m-1]}(\mathbf{x}_i)$ \citep[see][]{buehlmann03,buehl:hoth:2007,Hothorn+Buehlmann+Kneib+Schmid+Hofner:mboost:2010}. Each variable $x_1, \ldots, x_p$ is fitted separately to the residuals $\u^{[m]}$ by least squares estimation (this is called the ``base-learner''), and only the variable $j^$ that describes these residuals best is updated by adding a small percentage $\nu$ of the fit $\hat{\beta}_{j^}$ (e.g., $\nu = 10\%$) to the current model fit, i.e., \begin{equation} \hat{\eta}^{[m]} = \hat{\eta}^{[m-1]} + \nu \cdot \hat{\beta}_{j^}. \end{equation*} New residuals $\u^{[m+1]}$ are computed, and the whole procedure is iterated until a fixed number of iterations $m = m_{\text{stop}}$ is reached. The final model $\hat{\eta}^{[m_{\text{stop}}]}(\mathbf{x}_i)$ is defined as the sum of all models fitted in this process. Instead of using linear base-learners (i.e., linear effects) to fit the negative gradient vector $\u^{[m]}$ in each boosting step, one can also specify smooth base-learners for the variables $x_j$ \cite[see e.g.][]{Schmid:Hothorn:boosting-p-Splines}, which are then fitted by penalized least squares estimation. As we update only one modeling component in each boosting iteration, variables are selected by stopping the boosting procedure after an appropriate number of iterations (``early stopping''). This number is usually determined using cross-validation techniques \cite[see e.g.,][]{Mayr:mstop:2012}. \section{Stability Selection} \label{sec:stability-selection} A problem of many statistical learning approaches including boosting with early stopping is that despite regularization one often ends up with relatively rich models \citep{Mayr:mstop:2012,Meinshausen:2010}. A lot of noise variables might be erroneously selected. To improve the selection process and to obtain an error control for the number of falsely selected noise variables \citet{Meinshausen:2010} proposed stability selection. This is a versatile approach, which can be combined with all high-dimensional variable selection approaches. Stability selection is based on sub-sampling and controls the \emph{per-family error rate} $\mathds{E}(V)$, where $V$ is the number of false positive variables (for more details on error rates see Section~\ref{sec:error_rates}). Consider a data set with $p$ predictor variables $x_j,\, j = 1, \ldots, p$ and an outcome variable $y$. Let $S \subseteq \{1, \ldots, p\}$ be the set of signal variables, and let $N \subseteq \{1, \ldots, p\} / S$ be the set of noise variables. The set of variables that are selected by the statistical learning procedure is denoted by $\hat{S}_n \subseteq \{1, \ldots, p\}$. This set $\hat{S}_n$ can be considered to be an estimator of $S$, based on a data set with $n$ observations. In short, for stability selection with boosting one proceeds as follows: \begin{enumerate}[\quad1.)]\itemsep0pt \item \label{item:subset} Select a random subset of size $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ of the data, where $\lfloor x \rfloor$ denotes the largest integer $\leq x$. \item \label{item:modelfit} Fit a boosting model and continue to increase the number of boosting iterations $m_{\text{stop}}$ until $q$ base-learners are selected. $\hat{S}_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor,\, b}$ denotes the set of selected variables. \item Repeat the steps \ref{item:subset}) and \ref{item:modelfit}) for $b = 1, \ldots, B$. \item Compute the relative selection frequencies \begin{equation}\label{eq:selprob} \hat{\pi}_j := \frac{1}{B} \sum_{b = 1}^B \mathds{I}_{\{j \in \hat{S}_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor,\, b}\}} \end{equation} per variable (or actually per base-learner). \item Select all base-learners that were selected with a frequency of at least $\pi_{\text{thr}}$, where $\pi_{\text{thr}}$ is	redpajama	[ 3775, 2281, 13, 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of places that brought back good memories. (Including an Amish buggy and horse along the road.) He didn’t even need his GPS unit today at all. Upon arriving at his destination this evening, he will have traveled about 1000 miles today and around 5800 total miles. He will have touched 38 states so far. He will be spending the night in Luverne, MN not far from where he lived for a short time as a child, and expects to arrive around 2:00 – 2:30 a.m. His favorite familiar face to see today was his son, Kyle in Chicago. He has not seen Kyle since he left to study for a semester in Ireland back in January. They met at what Mark believes must be the largest McDonalds in the world for about 45 minutes, and talked about life, love, and this awesome trip. Mark also wanted to give a shout out to the guy from Maine who helped him get back on track when he got lost and who owns a very unique bike. He cannot describe it online, but you can ask him about it when he gets back. Mark wanted to let everyone know that he has had many hours to pray for Flood and for the many needs they have while riding through this awesome country. If you haven’t taken time to donate yet, please do so. They really need our help, and that’s what this ride is all about. Thanks for all your prayers! Listen to KLOVE Monday morning between 8 and 9 for an “on the road” interview. Mark left Luverne, MN this morning around 9:15 local time. After driving for a couple of hours, he stopped and called in to Calvary Bible Church to say “hello” to the 1st service congregation on speakerphone. At his stop, he talked with a guy named Phil who was very excited to hear about the trip and said he would definitely be donating to Flood. Once he was about 30 – 40 minutes down the road, he realized his wallet was missing and had to turn around and go back. He found the wallet on the side of the road and nothing was missing. A few miles later he stopped and called in to the 2nd service congregation at Calvary. The cheers and encouragement from everyone gave his spirits a big boost. There were a few drops of rain while he was on the phone, but it quickly stopped. The weather was very hot and humid, so at one of his stops, he had taken off his gloves and laid them on top of his bag, only to forget about them. When he went to put them back on, one was missing. He noticed he was getting very low on gas and had not seen any stations. Finally seeing a place to stop, he ran out of gas 3 miles short of the station and coasted to a stop in someone’s driveway in South Dakota. A man named Shawn quickly came outside and asked if he needed help and drove him the 3 miles to a gas station to get gas. Shawn also filled up all of Mark’s water bottles and offered him dinner (which he politely declined for time’s sake). When he was getting ready to leave, Shawn said, “Hey, is that your glove?” His missing glove was hanging under his windshield and had stayed there for 400 miles. By the end of the day he will have traveled 1050 miles and touched 6 states. (IA, NE, SD, ND, WY, & MT) Only 3 more to go! He is planning to land in Billings, MT tonight around 2:00 a.m. Mark said he has not had trouble with getting sleepy today, but his body is exhausted. He is definitely looking forward to getting some sleep and much needed rest on Tuesday. Please keep praying for safety as fatigue is definitely a factor for this last stretch. Thanks to Phil and Shawn for being the men of Day 7. Just before Mark entered into Wyoming, a severe thunderstorm hit with very heavy rains and lots of thunder and lightening. He had to pull into a station to wait for the storm to pass as the lightning was all around him. This is the first time the weather has been an issue and cost him some time. Written by a gentleman that heard about the ride and has been following daily! Ode to the Goal: 48 in 8. Mark takes his bike to the high road. Mark looks ahead and not at the past. He rides for God; he rides his best. He’s moving fast; first East, then West. Pledges were made all for good cause. And with that in mind he takes no pause. His head is down as he slips through space. The motor is steady at a predictable pace. Through the nights and back roads not too fast. He saves his speed for “rest stops” and gas. Remembering still the goal: 48 in 8. And when all is done, he’ll give God the Glory. 48 in 8 is now a reality! At 10:00 PM Pacific time, July 7, 2008 I rode into Pendleton, Oregon safe and sound. 7 Days, 17 hours and 50 min. Murdered 87,535 bugs with my bike, helmet and face. What a trip! I can hardly put into words what just happened these past eight days. I can only say that it is by Gods grace and many people’s prayers that I was able to complete this journey. I saw that we have the most diverse and beautiful country in the world. Wow, we have an awesome Creator. I met some fantastic people along the way that really prove there is still that awesome American spirit. Through all the exhaustion, aches and pains, motorcycle fires, stolen money, near deer misses and even a near pig miss along the road, it has been a pleasure to ride for the cause of FLOOD. What they are doing each and every week to bring hope to the hopeless is a far greater feat than what I have done these past few days. 48 in 8 is over but Floods work is only beginning. Will you pray for them? Will you personally get involved if you are in the Bakersfield area? Will you consider supporting them financially? What I have done these past few days is in the past. What Flood is doing will last for an eternity. What will you do? God bless you and thank you for all your support, prayers, and encouragement. I couldn’t have done it without you.<\|endoftext\|> package io.cdap.plugin.bigquery.stepsdesign; import io.cdap.e2e.pages.actions.CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions; import io.cdap.e2e.pages.actions.CdfStudioActions; import io.cdap.e2e.pages.locators.CdfStudioLocators; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.BigQueryClient; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.ConstantsUtil; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.ElementHelper; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.PluginPropertyUtils; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.SeleniumHelper; import io.cdap.plugin.common.stepsdesign.TestSetupHooks; import io.cdap.plugin.utils.E2EHelper; import io.cdap.plugin.utils.E2ETestConstants; import io.cucumber.java.en.Then; import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils; import org.junit.Assert; import stepsdesign.BeforeActions; import java.io.IOException; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; import java.util.Optional; import java.util.UUID; /** * BigQuery related common stepDesigns. */ public class BigQueryBase implements E2EHelper { static { SeleniumHelper.getPropertiesLocators(CdfStudioLocators.class); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property reference name") public void enterBigQueryPropertyReferenceName() { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterBigQueryReferenceName("BQ_Ref_" + UUID.randomUUID()); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property projectId {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyProjectId(String projectId) throws IOException { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterProjectId(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(projectId)); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property datasetProjectId {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyDatasetProjectId(String datasetProjectId) throws IOException { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterDatasetProjectId(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(datasetProjectId)); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property dataset {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyDataset(String dataset) { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterBigQueryDataset(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(dataset)); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property table {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyTable(String table) { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterBigQueryTable(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(table)); } @Then("Enter BiqQuery property encryption key name {string} if cmek is enabled") public void enterBiqQueryPropertyEncryptionKeyNameIfCmekIsEnabled(String cmek) throws IOException	redpajama	[ 273, 5053, 326, 3982, 896, 1175, 12959, 15, 313, 688, 6547, 271, 3052, 763, 7505, 4233, 285, 8815, 2112, 253, 3971, 2698, 754, 1904, 457, 85, 1014, 878, 521, 21303, 3943, 3063, 387, 512, 15, 15797, 20948, 387, 521, 12095, 436, 7237, 13, 344, 588, 452, 19624, 670, 9098, 6574, 3063, 285, 1475, 9135, 361, 2264, 6574, 15, 754, 588, 452, 14435, 6480, 3054, 594, 2080, 15, 754, 588, 320, 9100, 253, 2360, 275, 7511, 332, 570, 13, 26583, 417, 2080, 432, 835, 344, 6940, 323, 247, 2159, 673, 347, 247, 1429, 13, 285, 21973, 281, 12666, 1475, 374, 27, 361, 1108, 374, 27, 1229, 247, 15, 78, 15, 187, 8389, 7583, 7615, 2454, 281, 923, 3063, 369, 521, 3347, 13, 25856, 275, 8068, 15, 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in with one part into the river, and the other part was on that steep slope, so I wrapped it around my waist to be able to raise my face above the water level. I held him by being behind him, and he was leaning on my legs until the firefighters arrived,” told the brave policeman Dimic. According to him, when the firefighters came, one of them went down the riverbed and they slung the ladder. After that, with the help of a rope, they pulled the man out of the riverbed. The Emergency Medical Service of Banja Luka was immediately informed about everything, which provided medical assistance to this man who had hypothermia and transported him to the University Clinical Center (UCC) of Republika Srpska (RS), where he was taken care of. The unfortunate man, while talking to the police, said that he was a resident of the mentioned settlement who was just walking that morning and accidentally slipped and fell into the Crkvena river, Nezavisne writes. Tags: #BiH, #man, #positive, #river<\|endoftext\|>Subject Access Requests can be completed by a number of different methods. They are however often a little difficult to complete in a quick and easy manner, regardless of which method you choose. You can use companies like iGPR who offer a service to create solicitor SAR requests directly from SystmOne. You can use the Ardens 'Subject Access Request' template to record when a SAR has been requested. There are also useful links on the template to forms and risk assessment protocols. To identify patients who have requested a SAR but have not been given a copy yet, go to Clinical Reporting > Ardens > Registers > Subject Access Request.<\|endoftext\|>Q: Can anyone give me any idea Nftable rules 1.Accept incoming TCP connections ssh (port 22), with a rate limit of 30 connections per minute, per host, and a burst of 5 connections 2.Log accepted ssh connections. A: The first rule in the input chain is usually: ct state established,related counter accept So it should be sufficient to add the rule: ct state new tcp dport 22 limit rate 30/minute burst 35 packets log prefix "[nft accept ssh] " counter accept Putting it all together: table inet filter { chain input { type filter hook input priority filter; policy drop; ct state established,related counter accept ct state new tcp dport 22 limit rate 30/minute burst 35 packets log prefix "[nft accept ssh] " counter accept } } <\|endoftext\|>Q: how to loop gif with Sprite function Sky() { tSky = new Sprite(scene, "./bg_sky.gif", 800, 700) tSky.setSpeed(0) tSky.setPosition(400, 300); return tSky } I create game but I can't animate this GIF in scene when I set speed it will slide the scene and the scene will be gray instead. <\|endoftext\|>Elaeodendron glaucum är en benvedsväxtart som först beskrevs av Christen Friis Rottbøll, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Elaeodendron glaucum ingår i släktet Elaeodendron och familjen Celastraceae. Underarter Arten delas in i följande underarter: E. g. cochinchinensis E. g. montanum Källor Externa länkar Kärlväxter glaucum<\|endoftext\|>You’ll notice that most of the Monday, Wednesday and Friday workouts have two part. The first one is called Max Effort, and it is designed to go as heavy as possible with one exercise for very low volume. These are designed to challenge everyone to push themselves to higher levels of strength and PRs without having to worry about super high volume or time. Unless otherwise noted, these are 3 total sets of descending weight (after warming up and working up to your max weight) Stability should be about 6-8 reps on the first set, with strength/power around 4-6. After that max effort first set, you drop down in weight, do another max effort set (about 1-2 more reps), and then drop down again for the 3rd set. Example: I work up to double 28kg in Military Press and do 6 reps. Then the 2nd set I’ll use 24s and try to do ~8 reps. Then 3rd set will be 20s for about ~10 reps. After the Max Effort part, there will be a second part of the workout usually with different exercises and movement. There are a few super short MEs with conditioning exercises that are meant to be full intensity such as 100 JRDs AFAP. We’ll repeat these once in a while so its a great time to encourage people to track their PRs on each one. This will be simply practicing for most people. Work on getting a smooth and stable motion. Second: 5 Rounds of descending rest, rotating through all exercises each round. First round is 60/50, second round is 60/40, third round is 60/30, fourth round is 60/20, and last round is just 60s max effort. With a partner, complete 4 rounds as fast as possible, alternating and resting while your partner goes. If you do not have a partner, then rest the same amount of time it takes you to complete a set. The workout has a 1:1 work to rest ratio, so you can go up to 80-90% intensity. Second: 3 Rounds as fast as possible. Complete 2 Rounds as fast as possible.<\|endoftext\|>Anna Karénine est une mini-série historique italo-franco-germano-espagnole en deux épisodes totalisant, réalisée par Christian Duguay et diffusée en Italie à partir du sur Rai 1. Synopsis Fiche technique Titre original : Anna Karenina Titre français : Anna Karénine Réalisation : Christian Duguay Scénario : Francesco Arlanch, d'après Léon Tolstoï. Décors : Asta Urbonaite Costumes : Enrica Biscossi, Angelo Poretti Musique : Antongiulio Frulio, Jan A.P. Kaczmarek Photographie : Fabrizio Lucci Montage : David Yardley Producteurs : Luca Bernabei, Milda Leipute, Sara Melodia, Vincenzo Mosca, Piergiuseppe Serra Sociétés de production : Lux Vide, Nordic Productions, Pampa Production, Rai Fiction, Telecinco Pays de production : - - - Langue de tournage : italien Format : Couleur - 16/9 - Son stéréo Genre : drame historique Durée : (3h20) Date de diffusion sur Rai 1 : Italie : et France : Distribution Vittoria Puccini : Anna Karénine Santiago Cabrera : le comte Alexis Kirillovitch Vronski Ángela Molina : la comtesse Vronska, la mère d'Alexis Benjamin Sadler : Alexis Alexandrovitch Karénine Lou de Laâge : Kitty Stcherbatskï Max von Thun : Constantin Dmitriévitch Lévine Carlotta Natoli : Daria Alexandrovna Oblonska, née Stcherbatski, dite « Dolly » Pietro Sermonti : Stépane Arkadiévitch Oblonski dit « Stiva » Léa Bosco : Betsy Tverskoïa María Castro : Varenka Patricia Vico : Lidia Ivanovna Sydne Rome : la princesse Stcherbatskï Références Liens externes Série télévisée créée en 2013 Série télévisée en italien Série télévisée française des années 2010 Série télévisée italienne des années 2010 Série télévisée allemande des années 2010 Série télévisée espagnole des années 2010 Série télévisée historique Mini-série italienne Mini-série allemande Mini-série française Mini-série espagnole Série télévisée biographique Série télévisée se déroulant au XIXe siècle Adaptation d'Anna Karénine<\|endoftext\|>La Coalition albanaise de la vallée de Preševo est un mouvement politique de la vallée de Preševo (en Serbie). Il défend la minorité albanaise de cette vallée. Elle a obtenu un député le ( voix, soit 0,42 %). Ce député est confirmé en mai 2008, avec voix et 0,5 %. 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Americans. Bin Laden said it was a Muslim duty to defend Iraq from the Americans and Zionists, even though he described Iraq as ruled by "socialists," who for bin Laden were tantamount to godless infidels. Bin Laden spoke before the war like a seasoned general, giving Iraqis tactical advice after having battled the Americans in Afghanistan and lived to fight another day. "We are with you and we will fight in the name of God," bin Laden said, addressing the Iraqi people. "Our brothers, the mujahideen in Iraq, don't be afraid of America's lies about their powers and their military might. We advise you to drag the forces into street fighting. Take them into farms, into cities, and fight them there." Although the speech proves Saddam and Osama were bound by a shared hatred of the United States, I don't believe it was evidence of a direct connection between the two men. Saddam Hussein simply didn't have anything to gain by forging an alliance with bin Laden; it wasn't worth the risk. Saddam was first and foremost a dictator, concerned primarily with maintaining his rule, not changing the world. Although Saddam peppered his speeches with verses from the Koran and was in the process of building several huge mosques in Baghdad when the war started, his desire for power superseded any moral or religious beliefs he had. Saddam crushed religious fundamentalists in Iraq and would never have shared power with bin Laden the way the Taliban had done in Afghanistan, nor would he have allowed such a dangerous, volatile and provocative loose cannon like al-Qaeda to operate in his country. It would have taken control out of Saddam's hands. I also highly doubt Saddam would have ever considered handing bin Laden weapons of mass destruction to attack the United States or Israel—a threat suggested by the Bush administration—because it would have been tantamount to signing over Iraq's fate to bin Laden. I think bin Laden's offer of support, however, became much more appealing to the Iraqi leadership during the final days of the war and during the period of post-war resistance. This is not to say that President Saddam Hussein had any aversion to making alliances with terrorists. Saddam, in fact, sheltered and employed the Palestinian terrorists Mohammed al-Abbas (Abu al-Abbas) and the notorious Sabri al-Banna, better known as Abu Nidal. Iraq's symbiotic, financial and mercenary relationships with the two Palestinian militants, however, were significantly different from any type of coalition he could have formed with al-Qaeda. I met Abu Abbas in Baghdad shortly before the war at the headquarters of his group, the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF). The office was a spacious villa guarded by three men with assault rifles and surrounded by a high cement wall. Parked in the villa's courtyard was a high-end BMW and a Land Rover, evidence that Abu Abbas—in Iraq since 1994—had grown rich in his new home, mainly from the oil smuggling business he was involved in with Saddam's son Uday. Abu Abbas, a strong man with broad shoulders, a thick mustache and a deep voice, greeted me in his office with a firm handshake. After a coffee and chitchat about the impending war—which he thought was unavoidable—Abu Abbas proudly told me that he was mainly responsible for channeling money from Iraq to the families of Palestinian suicide bombers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The money came from Saddam. It was his way of supporting the intifada. Relatives of suicide bombers were given checks for between $10,000 and $25,000, according to Abu Abbas's representative in the Palestinian territories, Rakad Salim, whom I'd interviewed in Ramallah shortly before he was arrested by Israeli forces in October 2002. In Baghdad, Abu Abbas seemed somewhat nervous about the approaching war despite his calm, sturdy demeanor. He asked me several times if I thought the war was really coming and how far I thought the United States was prepared to go. Abu Abbas had good reason to worry. He was wanted by Italian authorities for the 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship the _Achille Lauro_ and the murder of Leon Klinghoffer, a sixty-nine-year-old wheelchair-bound Jewish-American passenger. Abu Abbas told me his men had never intended to hijack the _Achille Lauro,_ but planned to use weapons they'd smuggled on board to carry out an attack at the Israeli port of Haifa. Abu Abbas said his men had only commandeered the cruise ship after they were discovered by the ship's security while at sea. Abu Abbas was ultimately arrested shortly after the fall of Baghdad. He'd tried to flee to Syria, but was turned away at the border and later picked up near Baghdad by US special forces. The fact that Abu Abbas had operated so openly in a society as controlled as Iraq's is evidence that Saddam Hussein didn't consider him a threat. Saddam's relationship with Abu Nidal, a man whom British Middle East expert and author Patrick Seale described as "a gun for hire," was significantly different. Abu Nidal had a long history with Iraq. He was based in Baghdad in the mid-1970s when Yasser Arafat's _Fatah_ movement expelled him for being too radical and for allegedly plotting to murder his Palestinian opponents. Saddam Hussein found the then stranded and enraged Abu Nidal (an Arabic _nom de guerre_ that means "father of resistance") to be a useful operative to settle scores with Iraq's longtime rival Syria. Saddam, however, expelled Abu Nidal from the country in 1983 to win US support for Iraq's war with Iran. Abu Nidal moved to Syria and then to Libya, offering his services as a world-class hit man. Before bin Laden, Abu Nidal had been the world's most wanted man, credited with carrying out more than ninety terrorist attacks that killed more than three hundred people. He specialized in highly organized assaults, which he carried out in twenty foreign nations, including attacks at the Rome and Vienna airports in 1985. Abu Nidal was known for his extensive planning, and he was known to have buried weapons in public parks in foreign capitals so they'd be available at a moment's notice. By the 1990s, however, Abu Nidal had dropped out of the international scene. He was suffering from leukemia and, after allegedly receiving treatment in Cairo in 1997, settled back in Baghdad. His interests are said to have shifted to the arms trade—a longtime source of income—and extorting protection money from Gulf nations. It's unclear why Saddam allowed Abu Nidal to return to Iraq. It's speculated that it was because of business ties with Saddam's son Uday, although I haven't seen convincing evidence. Saddam's loyalties to Abu Nidal, however, were obviously not too deep, because he had the Palestinian militant killed in August 2002. A Palestinian journalist first reported in Ramallah that Abu Nidal had been shot dead in a Baghdad apartment by Saddam's security forces. Iraqi officials initially said Abu Nidal had barricaded himself in the bathroom and shot himself rather than be arrested. Witnesses who saw Abu Nidal's body, however, said he'd been shot several times, ruling out suicide. Abu Abbas told me he believed Saddam had Abu Nidal killed because the Palestinian militant had formed an alliance with Iraq's enemy Kuwait. The exact reason may never be known. I believe Saddam had Abu Nidal eliminated because he'd become too much of a liability. During the buildup to the war, officials in Washington had pointed to Abu Nidal's presence in Iraq as evidence that Saddam was harboring terrorists. Just as Saddam expelled Abu Nidal in the 1980s to win the United States' favor, I think he hoped to score points this time by removing Abu Nidal once and for all; it was his way of avoiding the war, the opposite impulse of striking up a relationship with someone as provocative as America's number-one enemy, Osama bin Laden. The fact remains, however, that bin Laden did call for a jihad in defense of Saddam Hussein's Iraq. I believe it was bin Laden's way of maintaining relevance after the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. By associating his name with the conflict in Iraq, bin Laden was trying to latch on to the next hot thing. If Americans were going to be killed in large numbers in Iraq, bin Laden wanted to be part of it. Bin Laden would also try to get in on the act after the war. I met several Arab mujahideen at the Palestine Hotel during the final days of the war, and I found them to be like other respondents to calls for jihad I'd met in Yemen and Egypt. The men were young, idealistic, disgruntled religious zealots who'd answered the call to jihad, only to be disillusioned by what they found. In Yemen in 2002, I met about a dozen men who'd fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban. They were from the city of Ta'izz, a stronghold of the Islamic Islah (reform) party, and the remote Hadramout region, bin Laden's ancestral homeland along Yemen's largely unregulated border with Saudi Arabia. The Yemeni mujahideen were rugged, straight-talking, rural villagers with hard worker's hands, profound Islamic convictions and a firm belief that their religion was under attack by the United States and Jews and that it was their duty to put their terrestrial lives on hold to defend their Muslim brethren wherever they were in danger. These men thought of themselves as reservists in a world Muslim army, willing to be called up at a moment's notice. 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Al-Basri was only issued one pajama suit by the prison and was constantly covered in lice, which he said he would pick off his body and crush against the wall to write messages of hope and leave a record of his existence, knowing that any day he could be killed or die from disease. I saw the sad testimonies "We all die" and "God help me" written on the walls. When the toilet in the cell was full, Al-Basri said his cellmates would urinate in the one plastic bowl they were given to eat from collectively, and then throw the piss into the hall through a mailbox-slot-size ventilation slit in the cell's metal door. Al-Basri said the conditions in the cell were so unsanitary, stuffy and cramped that the flesh in his underarms and groin rotted away. He said the worst experience, however, was when prisoners were taken out of the cell for interrogation and beaten for hours before being thrown back into the cell. "What are we to do with him?" al-Basri had asked a guard after he'd tossed an unconscious prisoner back into the cell following an interrogation. "Fuck him," the guard yelled back. Al-Basri described how the guards would sexually humiliate the prisoners, forcing them to strip naked, tying two of them together face-to-face and making them dance. As we were leaving the prison, I was surprised that al-Basri ran into two former inmates lingering in the hallway. Ironically, they were now working at the jail, which had become a makeshift headquarters of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, an Iranian-backed Shiite Muslim party led by Ayatollah Mohammed Bakr al-Hakim, who was soon to be assassinated. The Shiite group—forbidden under Saddam and responsible for bomb attacks in Baghdad—had simply taken over the empty building. I remember thinking that it must not have been particularly healthy for the sanity of the former prisoners to be working in the dungeon where they'd been so abused. After the war, al-Basri founded a human rights group for victims of Saddam's regime. The man who had once cared for Saddam was now caring for those whose lives Saddam had destroyed. Others close to Saddam, including his cook, maid and fortuneteller, were also now free to talk. A maid who'd worked at Baghdad's main Republican Palace (which after the war became the seat of the US administration in Iraq) described her boss as a hypochondriac, obsessed with cleanliness. Like all of the palace's staff, she underwent a complete physical examination—including tests of her blood, urine and stool—every two months. She said anyone with the slightest malady was immediately fired, and that Saddam preferred to hire Iraqi Christians and older women, saying they were cleaner and more reliable. She described how she was required to step on a mat impregnated with a disinfectant before entering Saddam's bedroom, and to polish his fruit and dinner plates with single-use sterilized cloths before serving his food on them. One of Saddam's cooks said the former Iraqi dictator didn't like too much salt on his food and that he was concerned about his weight, forbidding the cook from using butter or ghee, preferring vegetable oil. The cook, a short jolly man with thick strong hands, said Saddam had simple tastes and enjoyed eating grilled meats and fish, stewed vegetables and rice, and dates for dessert. The cook said Saddam developed an incentive system to ensure quality meals, fining him roughly five to ten dollars if he was unsatisfied with the food, and rewarding him anywhere from five to a hundred dollars if the meal was to his liking. The cook said he was only scared once during six years of service at the Republican Palace, when Saddam became ill after one of his meals. Luckily, he was cleared of charges of trying to poison Saddam. People close to Saddam also said the former Iraqi dictator was deeply interested in the occult and regularly consulted fortune-tellers and clairvoyants, including a thirteen-year-old boy who Saddam believed could see through walls and read minds. His job was to make sure no one close to Saddam was plotting against him. Saddam was also said to have worn a stone around his left arm to make him bulletproof, according to the members of Iraq's Mandean community—a small religious group who believe that Adam was the first prophet—who sold him the rock. Iraq's _infitah_ was also a political awakening, and during the weeks I'd been out of the country, two hundred new political parties had sprung up. Before Saddam's fall, there had only been the Baath party, and Iraqis had obviously been thirsting for more. With no registration process, all any Iraqi needed to do to start a party was put up a sign and, evidently, open a newspaper. I saw hand-painted signs plastered on buildings across Baghdad, spray-painted hastily on walls (the names painted so haphazardly they sometimes looked like little more than graffiti) and written on bedsheets hanging outside the windows of apartment blocks, marking the headquarters of new parties, political unions, professional syndicates and human rights groups. Many of the parties seemed to be loyal to one of the main Shiite Muslim _merja_ —senior Shiite clerics—who exercise more control over their followers than most Sunni Muslim imams. The fear that the Shiite's merja, who have been tolerant of the US occupation, could turn has hung over the American administration since its arrival in Baghdad. Looking at the parties emerging in Iraq, it was clear that the strategic Shiite population was starting to spread its wings after decades of repression. Other new political parties were communist, nationalist, royalist (supporting the return of the Hashemite monarchy to Iraq) and independent. The new political dynamism was palpable, and ideas were hotly debated at Baghdad cafes and on college campuses by people like history professor Ali al-Nashmi. Al-Nashmi hadn't yet hung up his sign when I first met him at the empty building he was converting into his personal kingdom. A highly ambitious man, he gave me a tour of the new office space—stepping over a workman scraping droplets of paint off the stone floor—explaining the layout of the future headquarters of his new political party (the Union of Independent Intellectuals), socialist newspaper _(The Dawn of Baghdad),_ magazine for children (as yet unnamed) and, he hoped, local television station. Like al-Hamdani—who'd always dreamed of a life beyond his honey-covered "women's upper arms"—al-Nashmi was bursting with pent-up political desires. Twenty years earlier, al-Nashmi had been arrested and tortured by Saddam's regime for starting a movie club in his home, where about a dozen of his friends would gather in secret every week to watch and discuss foreign films. Al-Nashmi was first accused of founding an illegal communist cell and later of being an Islamic militant, a charge that seemed especially ill-suited, considering his secular views, Western dress and polished English. Al-Nashmi languished behind bars for three years, a relatively short sentence by Iraqi standards. Once, he said, he was beaten so severely during an interrogation—hit with fists and batons—that his entire body was black and blue, preventing him from sleeping, or even moving, without pain for days. Al-Nashmi was determined that such abuses shouldn't be repeated and had gathered about 150 similarly minded intellectuals and professors to start his party. The fact that al-Nashmi was building a headquarters was something of an anomaly in post-war Iraq. Other parties had simply taken over former government buildings the way al-Hakim's Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq had set up shop in the intelligence services' jail and at Tareq Aziz's palatial home along the Tigris, which Aziz no longer needed because he was in US custody at the airport, terrified that the Americans would turn him over to an Iraqi court. Ahmed Chalabi—the leader of the previously exiled Iraqi National Congress—moved into the house of Saddam's advisor Ezzat Ibrahim, a swank villa designed to look like a Japanese palace complete with a footbridge. Ibrahim didn't need it; the man who'd compared Saddam to the Prophet Mohammed was on the run. The Iraqi people considered him Saddam's most loyal cadre, a man who'd been so eager to please his boss as to be laughable. He'd long been the butt of Iraqi jokes, which people were now able to tell openly for the first time. > One day Saddam Hussein decides to go to a poor market disguised as a woman to find out what ordinary people really think about him. He goes up to an old woman selling cream and says, "Kind old woman, how much for your cream?" > > The old woman answers, "For you, my lord, it's free!" > > "What?" Saddam says, completely surprised. "Why do you call me'my lord'? Please just tell me how much for your cream?" > > But the old woman insists, "I could never take money from you, my lord!" > > Saddam gets annoyed and asks, "How do you know who I am?" > > Then the old woman pulls off her wig and says, "It's me—Ezzat! Don't you recognize me?" There were new jokes about Saddam too. > God sends an angel to earth to collect Saddam's soul. 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(); } } else { this.navigateToMonth(false, groupIndex, event); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //enter case 13: { this.onDateSelect(event, date); event.preventDefault(); break; } //escape case 27: { this.hideOverlay(null, this.reFocusInputField); event.preventDefault(); break; } //tab case 9: { this.trapFocus(event); break; } } } }, { key: "navigateToMonth", value: function navigateToMonth(prev, groupIndex, event) { if (prev) { if (this.props.numberOfMonths === 1 \|\| groupIndex === 0) { this.navigation = { backward: true }; this.navBackward(event); } else { var prevMonthContainer = this.overlayRef.current.children[groupIndex - 1]; var cells = core.DomHandler.find(prevMonthContainer, '.p-datepicker-calendar td span:not(.p-disabled)'); var focusCell = cells[cells.length - 1]; focusCell.tabIndex = '0'; focusCell.focus(); } } else { if (this.props.numberOfMonths === 1 \|\| groupIndex === this.props.numberOfMonths - 1) { this.navigation = { backward: false }; this.navForward(event); } else { var nextMonthContainer = this.overlayRef.current.children[groupIndex + 1]; var _focusCell4 = core.DomHandler.findSingle(nextMonthContainer, '.p-datepicker-calendar td span:not(.p-disabled)'); _focusCell4.tabIndex = '0'; _focusCell4.focus(); } } } }, { key: "onMonthCellKeydown", value: function onMonthCellKeydown(event, index) { var cell = event.currentTarget; switch (event.which) { //arrows case 38: case 40: { cell.tabIndex = '-1'; var cells = cell.parentElement.children; var cellIndex = core.DomHandler.index(cell); var nextCell = cells[event.which === 40? cellIndex + 3 : cellIndex - 3]; if (nextCell) { nextCell.tabIndex = '0'; nextCell.focus(); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //left arrow case 37: { cell.tabIndex = '-1'; var prevCell = cell.previousElementSibling; if (prevCell) { prevCell.tabIndex = '0'; prevCell.focus(); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //right arrow case 39: { cell.tabIndex = '-1'; var _nextCell = cell.nextElementSibling; if (_nextCell) { _nextCell.tabIndex = '0'; _nextCell.focus(); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //enter case 13: { this.onMonthSelect(event, index); event.preventDefault(); break; } //escape case 27: { this.hideOverlay(null, this.reFocusInputField); event.preventDefault(); break; } //tab case 9: { this.trapFocus(event); break; } } } }, { key: "onDateSelect", value: function onDateSelect(event, dateMeta, timeMeta) { var _this9 = this; if (this.props.disabled \|\|!dateMeta.selectable) { event.preventDefault(); return; } core.DomHandler.find(this.overlayRef.current, '.p-datepicker-calendar td span:not(.p-disabled)').forEach(function (cell) { return cell.tabIndex = -1; }); event.currentTarget.focus(); if (this.isMultipleSelection()) { if (this.isSelected(dateMeta)) { var value = this.props.value.filter(function (date, i) { return!_this9.isDateEquals(date, dateMeta); }); this.updateModel(event, value); this.updateInputfield(value); } else if (!this.props.maxDateCount \|\|!this.props.value \|\| this.props.maxDateCount > this.props.value.length) { this.selectDate(event, dateMeta, timeMeta); } } else { this.selectDate(event, dateMeta, timeMeta); } if (!this.props.inline && this.isSingleSelection() && (!this.props.showTime \|\| this.props.hideOnDateTimeSelect)) { setTimeout(function () { _this9.hideOverlay('dateselect'); }, 100); if (this.touchUIMask) { this.disableModality(); } } event.preventDefault(); } }, { key: "selectTime", value: function selectTime(date, timeMeta) { if (this.props.showTime) { var hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds; if (timeMeta) { hours = timeMeta.hours; minutes = timeMeta.minutes; seconds = timeMeta.seconds; milliseconds = timeMeta.milliseconds; } else { var time = this.getCurrentDateTime(); var _ref = [time.getHours(), time.getMinutes(), time.getSeconds(), time.getMilliseconds()]; hours = _ref[0]; minutes = _ref[1]; seconds = _ref[2]; milliseconds = _ref[3]; } date.setHours(hours); date.setMinutes(minutes); date.setSeconds(seconds); date.setMilliseconds(milliseconds); } } }, { key: "selectDate", value: function selectDate(event, dateMeta, timeMeta) { var date = new Date(dateMeta.year, dateMeta.month, dateMeta.day); this.selectTime(date, timeMeta); if (this.props.minDate && this.props.minDate > date) { date = this.props.minDate; } if (this.props.maxDate && this.props.maxDate < date) { date = this.props.maxDate; } var selectedValues = date; if (this.isSingleSelection()) { this.updateModel(event, date); } else if (this.isMultipleSelection()) { selectedValues = this.props.value? [].concat(_toConsumableArray(this.props.value), [date]) : [date]; this.updateModel(event, selectedValues); } else if (this.isRangeSelection()) { if (this.props.value && this.props.value.length) { var startDate = this.props.value[0]; var endDate = this.props.value[1]; if (!endDate && date.getTime() >= startDate.getTime()) { endDate = date; } else { startDate = date; endDate = null; } selectedValues = [startDate, endDate]; this.updateModel(event, selectedValues); } else { selectedValues = [date, null]; this.updateModel(event, selectedValues); } } if (this.props.onSelect) { this.props.onSelect({ originalEvent: event, value: date }); } this.updateInputfield(selectedValues); } }, { key: "onMonthSelect", value: function onMonthSelect(event, month) { this.onDateSelect(event, { year: this.	redpajama	[ 1874, 187, 50262, 94, 187, 50264, 94, 2010, 551, 187, 50262, 2520, 15, 8002, 12894, 1992, 28907, 9, 7750, 13, 1387, 6060, 13, 2362, 558, 187, 50264, 94, 535, 50264, 8045, 15, 33898, 9671, 1874, 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reported, using solution-phase extraction of inner tubes from large-diameter multi-wall tubes.\cite{Choi_et_al_2013a} \par Actually, it is shown theoretically by first-principles energy minimization that both flattened and cylindrical nanotubes are stable or meta-stable and the energy of flattened tube is lower than cylindrical tubes with large diameter.\cite{Tang_et_al_2005a,Zhang_et_al_2006b,Hasegawa_and_Nishidate_2006a,Xiao_et_al_2007a,Lu_et_al_2011a} The cylindrical nanotubes collapse into flattened tubes with a barbell-like cross section under hydrostatic pressure or in the presence of injected charge shown by molecular dynamics simulations.\cite{Liu_and_Cho_2004a,Tangney_et_al_2005a} Electronic states were studied for collapsed armchair tubes in a tight-binding model\cite{Lammert_et_al_2000a} and for collapsed zigzag tubes by density-functional calculations,\cite{Kim_et_al_2001e,Nishidate_and_Hasegawa_2008a} which demonstrated drastic modification in the energy region close to the Fermi level due to inter-wall interaction. \par Transport of crossed nanotube junctions results from interacting individual tubes and has been studied both experimentally\cite{Postma_et_al_2000a,Fuhrer_et_al_2000b,Yoneya_et_al_2002a,Gao_et_al_2004a,Znidarsic_et_al_2013a} and theoretically.\cite{Nakanishi_and_Ando_2001a,Maarouf_and_Mele_2011a,Yoon_et_al_2001a,Komnik_and_Egger_2001a} The conductance is found to depend strongly on the crossing angle with large maxima at commensurate stacking of lattices of two nanotubes.\cite{Nakanishi_and_Ando_2001a,Maarouf_and_Mele_2011a} A deformation of crossed carbon nanotubes, which may significantly affect the tunneling conductance between nanotubes, has been calculated.\cite{Fuhrer_et_al_2000b,Hertel_et_al_1998a,Yoon_et_al_2001a} Furthermore, a pseudogap has been predicted to appear for an orientationally ordered crystal of nanotubes due to inter-tube transfer.\cite{Delaney_et_al_1998a,Kwon_et_al_1998a,Maarouf_et_al_2000a,Kwon_and_Tomanek_1998a} \par Effects of inter-wall interactions in multi-wall nanotubes were also studied. In general, the lattice structure of each nanotube is incommensurate with that of adjacent walls.\cite{Kociak_et_al_2002a,Zuo_et_al_2003a} This makes inter-wall electron hopping negligibly small as a result of the cancellation of inter-wall coupling in the absence of disorder.\cite{Yoon_et_al_2002a,Triozon_et_al_2004a,Uryu_and_Ando_2005c,Charlier_et_al_2007a,Uryu_and_Ando_2007e} In fact, inter-wall hopping integrals vary quasi-periodically from site to site and their average over the distance of the order of the circumference vanishes. This property was extensively used for theoretical calculations of excitons in double-wall nanotubes.\cite{Tomio_et_al_2012a,Tomio_et_al_2012c} Further, it is closely related to very weak interlayer interactions in twisted bi- and/or multi-layer graphenes. \par Experimentally, each layer of some of epitaxially fabricated graphenes having many layers is known to behave almost as a monolayer.\cite{de_Heer_et_al_2007a,Sadowski_et_al_2006a,Sadowski_et_al_2007a,Wu_et_al_2007b,Hass_et_al_2007a,Hass_et_al_2008a,Sprinkle_et_al_2009a,de_Heer_et_al_2010a,de_Heer_et_al_2011a,Orlita_et_al_2008n,Miller_et_al_2009a} Further, the electronic structure of twisted bilayer graphene with nearly incommensurate lattice structure, both theoretically calculated\cite{Lopes_dos_Santos_et_al_2007a,Latil_et_al_2007a,Hass_et_al_2008a,Shallcross_et_al_2008a,Bistritzer_and_MacDonald_2011a,Bistritzer_and_MacDonald_2011b,Lopes_dos_Santos_et_al_2012a,Moon_and_Koshino_2012a,Moon_and_Koshino_2013a,Lu_and_Fertig_2014a,Mele_2010a,Mele_2011a} and experimentally observed,\cite{Sprinkle_et_al_2009a,Ni_et_al_2008c,Schmidt_et_al_2010a,Luican_et_al_2011a,Brihuega_et_al_2012a,Li_et_al_2010a} shows a linear band dispersion near the charge neutrality point, suggesting weak interlayer interaction. On the contrary, the interlayer interaction drastically changes electronic states in displaced bilayer graphene having a commensurate lattice structure.\cite{Son_et_al_2011a} The end of bilayer graphene can be closed and was observed experimentally after thermal treatment.\cite{Liu_et_al_2009c} Geometry and electronic structure of bilayer graphene with a closed edge were studied by a density functional calculation.\cite{Feng_et_al_2009a} \par \begin{figure} \begin{center} \begin{minipage}[t]{7.50cm} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=7.50cm]{eps/fig1a_FlattenedCN2a.eps} (a) \end{center} \end{minipage} \begin{minipage}[t]{9.50cm} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=9.50cm]{eps/fig1b_FlattenedCN1.eps} (b) \end{center} \end{minipage} \caption \label{Fig:Flattened_CN} (a) A schematic illustration of a collapsed carbon nanotubes and (b) its development map on graphene sheet. In (b), the coordinates system $(x',y')$ and origin O' are fixed onto the graphene sheet and the coordinates system $(x,y)$ and origin O vary depending on the structure of a nanotube. The flattened region is denoted by the shaded area. } \end{center} \vspace{-0.250cm} \end{figure} This paper is organized as follows: In Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Collapsed_Carbon_Nanotubes}, an effective potential of inter-wall interaction is derived in an effective-mass scheme. In Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Weak_Inter-Wall_Coupling}, modification of band structure due to collapse is analyzed by perturbation of inter-wall interaction first for armchair and zigzag nanotube and its dependence on nanotube chirality and stacking in flattened region are discussed based on dominant terms. Numerical results are shown in Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Numerical_Results} and a short summary is given in Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Summary_and_Conclusion}. \par \section{Collapsed Carbon Nanotubes} \label{Sec:Collapsed_Carbon_Nanotubes} We consider a nanotube partially flattened as illustrated in Fig.\ \ref{Fig:Flattened_CN} (a). The width of the flattened region is denoted by $L_F/2$ and that of the curved region by $L_C/2$. We have \begin{equation} L_F + L_C = L, \end{equation} where $L$ is the circumference. Figure \ref{Fig:Flattened_CN} (b) shows the development map. The tube is usually specified by chiral vector ${\bf L}$, corresponding to the circumference, i.e., $L=\|{\bf L}\|$. The direction of ${\bf L}$ measured from the horizontal direction is called the chiral angle and denoted by $\eta$. \par In Fig.\ \ref{Fig:Flattened_CN} (b), the right hand side of the line passing through the point O at $(\zeta\	redpajama	[ 2361, 13, 970, 2900, 14, 14213, 11998, 273, 6703, 17080, 432, 1781, 14, 5168, 6245, 4471, 14, 12081, 17080, 4880, 41766, 92, 18697, 74, 64, 292, 64, 267, 64, 6622, 66, 94, 190, 187, 61, 1148, 190, 187, 25179, 13, 352, 310, 2011, 28055, 407, 806, 14, 26985, 7540, 2341, 41458, 326, 1097, 42394, 285, 23990, 38587, 31571, 403, 6474, 390, 11419, 14, 11351, 285, 253, 2341, 273, 42394, 9402, 310, 2406, 685, 23990, 17080, 342, 1781, 9080, 4880, 41766, 92, 53, 606, 64, 292, 64, 267, 64, 9204, 66, 13, 36378, 64, 292, 64, 267, 64, 8603, 67, 13, 41, 511, 72, 11415, 64, 395, 64, 47, 763, 301, 366, 64, 8603, 66, 13, 57, 22728, 64, 292, 64, 267, 64, 8602, 66, 13, 22653, 64, 292, 64, 267, 64, 7330, 66, 94, 190, 187, 510, 23990, 38587, 31571, 13551, 715, 42394, 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TOAST specialises in the creation of tailored content for social media in the different formats these platforms require. By continually updating our knowledge in the audiovisual sphere and using an evolving approach to communication strategies, we have acquired the tools to appreciate and master the changes that have radically overhauled the way we consume information. Today, as well as creating videos and photos, we also provide comprehensive project guidance to promote your content in line with your communication strategy, from ideas right through to publishing. The pioneering and creative vision, energy, motivation and passion that have driven us from the start are still our greatest strength today.<\|endoftext\|>The stormy, dark and mysterious sky in this image reminds me of El Greco's view of Toledo. This astonishing full arc rainbow was captured up in Dove Mountain. Regardless of how many times I see a rainbow, each one still thrills me!<\|endoftext\|>Q: reverse last and first name and remove comma Is there a way not to us the radio button but execute javascript automatically? I see i'm using.click function, which command need to be used for execute it automatically? Thank you for the advice. $(document).ready(function () { $("input[name='change_last_first']").click(function () { $(".name").each(function() { var revName = $(this).text().split(" ").reverse().join(" "); $(this).text(revName); }); }); }); function name(str) { return(str.replace(/,/g,'')); } <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <input name="change_last_first" value="first" type="radio" >First Last, <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Name</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="name">Willis, James</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="name">Handson Willis</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="name">Anderson, Sarah</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="name">Pandora, Jim</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> A: To make this work on load just remove the click() handler, and place your each() logic directly within the document.ready handler. That being said, you can improve the logic by providing a function to text() which iterates over all elements in the collection. This function accepts the current text value of the element as an argument which you can amend and use to return the new value. Finally you can split() the text by comma or whitespace in order to remove the trailing comma which is left in some cases by your current code. With all that said, try this jQuery(function($) { $(".name").text(function(i, t) { return t.split(/,\|\s/).reverse().join(" "); }); }); <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <table> <thead> <tr><th>Name</th></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td class="name">Willis, James</td></tr> <tr><td class="name">Handson Willis</td></tr> <tr><td class="name">Anderson, Sarah</td></tr> <tr><td class="name">Pandora, Jim</td></tr> </tbody> </table> <\|endoftext\|>T_T!! I just switched back to my civic and went for an inspection today.. I am with belairdirect so I had to do it.. Anyways I have a 97 dx and the guy checked the engine and saw a b16.. He saids my insurance wont go up but do yoiu guys think it will go up? if he said it wont go up.. maybe.. it wont?? but thats only the inspector telling me it wont go up.. Also he said I dont have to tell tell my insuranmce company about the swap.. but I guess I will see what happends.. But usually will a swap increase insurance since it increases the value of the car? Insurance doesn't cover the engine "breaking". If you decide not to disclose it to the insurance company and you get in an accident, they can either void your policy and give you nothing, or they can give you what the car is worth "stock". If you tell them, and the insurance goes up $5/mth you're fully covered and have no issues if you are in an accident. BUT, if you tell them, they might decide NOT to cover you in the first place. You can always call them and not tell them your name, then just ask if they would insure your type of car, and if so, what the raised price would be, if any. By the way, the insurance would go up, not because it makes the car worth more, but because it's now a higher risk for theft and because it's faster, accidents. If you're under 25, there's more risk of you being immature and street racing with it, etc. Get it? The car isn't worth more, but more risk is associated with insuring the car. No, I don't think they know yet. He just got the inspection (not too much rust, no broken windows or existing damage, etc). The mechanic that did the report might have disclosed it, but he might not have. I think he is doing you a favour and not disclosing the fact that you have swapped in a B16. Most likely you will be cancelled with Bel-Air judging by what has happened to other people that have ran into issues with them. If your lucky they might allow it as a B16 was available in your chassis. the engine wont effect your ins, i have belair, and i have a zc vtec in my 95 cx and the inspector said the same thing "that isn't stock." my insurance never went up. i'm 19, g2 and still only pay 200 a month.<\|endoftext\|>Paraphrasing of copyrighted material may, under certain circumstances, constitute copyright infringement. In most countries that have national copyright laws, copyright applies to the original expression in a work rather than to the meanings or ideas being expressed. Whether a paraphrase is an infringement of expression, or a permissible restatement of an idea, is not a binary question but a matter of degree. Copyright law in common law countries tries to avoid theoretical discussion of the nature of ideas and expression such as this, taking a more pragmatic view of what is called the idea/expression dichotomy. The acceptable degree of difference between a prior work and a paraphrase depends on a variety of factors and ultimately depends on the judgement of the court in each individual case. In Germany An early example of the concept of paraphrasing as a copyright issue arose with Johann Heinrich Zedler's application in 1730 for copyright protection in Saxony for his Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon, one of the first encyclopedias. The publisher of a rival General Historical Lexicon said that Zedler's Universal Lexicon would not differ in content from this and other existing lexicons apart from paraphrasing. On 16 October 1730, the Upper Consistory court in Dresden rejected Zedler's request, and warned that he would be subject to confiscation and a fine if he reproduced any material from the General Historical Lexicon in his Universal Lexicon. In the Soviet Union The Soviet Union's Copyright Act of 1925 in essence said that a work created by a minimal paraphrase of an existing text could be considered a new work eligible for copyright. By 1991, the Copyright law of the Soviet Union had evolved to give much more protection to the author. Free use, similar to the English common law concept of fair use, was only allowed if it did not infringe upon the normal exploitation of the work or the legitimate interests of the author. In the United States United States copyright law protects original expressions but not facts, methods, discoveries, or other ideas being expressed, a doctrine known as the idea–expression distinction. Despite making this distinction, verbatim copying is not always required for copyright infringement, as paraphrasing is also prohibited in certain circumstances. US copyright law originates in the Copyright Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 8) of the Constitution, and has been the subject of several federal statutes, most recently the Copyright Act of 1976. The basic two-part test for copyright infringement under the 1976 Act, described by the US Supreme Court in Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., is (1) whether there is a valid copyright, and (2) whether there has been improper copying of the copyrighted work. The second prong also has a two-part test, first articulated in the Second Circuit case Arnstein v. 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An Insider's Look at Proposing a Session for DrupalCon Posted on January 24, 2017 by Amber Matz DrupalCon is a conference and global community gathering that takes place usually twice a year in North America and Europe. Past DrupalCons have spanned the globe and also taken place in India, Colombia, and Australia. DrupalCons are organized by the Drupal Association, a non-profit organization that supports the Drupal community through funding, infrastructure, education, promotion, distribution, and online collaboration on Drupal.org. DrupalCon North America attracts thousands of users, frontend and backend developers, software engineers, system administrators, designers, UX specialists, content strategists, site owners, site builders, content managers, community leaders, site administrators, business owners, project managers, documentation specialists, trainers, and others that interact with Drupal as a website, as code, as a community, or as an integral part of their organization. This year in 2017, DrupalCon North America is taking place in Baltimore, Maryland, USA from April 24-28. DrupalCon Baltimore will feature presentations in 13 session tracks, informal Birds of a Feather gatherings (BoFs), code sprints, social events, pre-conference training workshops, topical summits, and events for first-time attendees and code contributors alike. Session tracks The DrupalCon Baltimore session program will include presentations in 13 tracks: Coding and Development Core Conversations User Experience (UX) and Content Strategy Each track has a track committee consisting of a local chairperson and two global chairpersons. These three people craft the track description and decide which session submissions will be chosen for their track. Drupalize.Me happens to have two team members serving as local track chairs at DrupalCon Baltimore. Joe Shindelar is the local track chair for the Being Human track and Amber Matz is the local track chair for the Horizons track. On being a track chair Here are some thoughts from Joe and Amber on being a track chair: Joe: Local track chairs define the theme for their track with input from their global chairs and the other track chairs. As the chair for the Being Human track, the definition of the track as a category for "content about the humans that create the software" was already set. My job was to take that very broad definition and refine it for this specific DrupalCon. What are issues that are important in our community right now? What about the larger tech industry as a whole? What am I personally passionate about? So, we tried to take that broad definition and provide people with a bit more guidance about what we are looking for in session proposals. Amber: The Horizons track has a personal place in my heart because I got to speak in that track last year. This year I sent out a survey to the general public and also polled our sister company Lullabot for some ideas about what they considered "emerging technology" in the Internet world. So our topic suggestions and track description were heavily influenced by the responses to those surveys. Joe: Our process so far has been mostly weekly meetings in which we've worked to define the tracks, proof each others' descriptions, discuss ideas for increasing the diversity of people submitting sessions, and make decisions regarding the various questions on the session submission form, scholarship funds, and other things related to: 1) getting people to submit sessions so that we can have a diverse pools of speakers and topics to choose from, and 2) putting things in place to make decisions about which of the submitted sessions will be accepted. Amber: We've also written some blog posts: Built by Humans for Humans and Wanted: Explorers of Tech Horizons Joe: Regarding communicating with people interested in submitting a session -- I've had a few people reach out to me asking me to review their submission and provide feedback, and a couple others who wanted to chat about either picking a topic, or narrowing the focus of an idea. Pro tip: The number of session submissions increases exponentially during the last week, so submit your session and/or contact the track chairs early if you want feedback. After a certain point there's too little time and too many new submissions for us to provide feedback to everyone. Joe: Another thing we've done is reach out to people in and out of the community in an attempt to solicit session proposals. I've done this mostly via Twitter, email, and a few from the local community in person. Amber: Same here. While it's easy to Tweet messages out, it's challenging to know what the impact is. Nevertheless, I have made some interesting new connections with folks in my attempt to reach out. Joe: I've been working to read and consider sessions as they are submitted. Knowing that there will be a surge of them coming in at the end, I feel that it's important to stay on top of things so that I'm not overwhelmed trying to read everything in just a few days. I'm a little nervous about reading too many submissions in rapid succession and having them start to blur together. So I would rather tackle a few at a time. That's another good reason to get your session in early -- there's less chance of it getting lost in the torrent of new submissions in the last 24 hours. Amber: I'm excited about the sessions we've received so far in the Horizons track. It's definitely advantageous to get your session in as early as possible because many track chairs, like myself and Joe, are reading them as they come in and inevitably the later ones will get compared to what we've already read. So get yours in early and set the bar high! Anyone with previous speaking experience (not necessarily at DrupalCon) is invited to submit a session proposal by February 1, 2017. Be sure to read each of the session track descriptions and topic suggestion lists to find the right track for your session proposal. Tips for submitting a presentation proposal Here are some suggestions for submitting a proposal: Pick a topic you're passionate about. That passion (or lack thereof) will show in your submission, your slides, and your presentation. If accepted, you're going to put a lot of time into this, so you'd better pick something that's interesting to you. Even if you're not "The Expert™", on a particular topic doesn't mean you don't have good things to say. Everyone is at a different place along the spectrum of Drupal expertise, and I promise you've got good information that others will benefit from. Browse session submissions from previous DrupalCon speakers and compare yours. Is the writing and explanation on the same level? Pick a pain point, something you have personal experience with, and have some ideas about how to resolve it. Explain that this is what you're going to cover. Proofread your submission -- better yet, have someone else proofread it for you. Resources for people submitting session proposals Here's good article from Gus Childs at Chromatic about his experience getting a session selected at DrupalCon New Orleans: The Road to Speaking at DrupalCon. You can get feedback from veteran speakers before you submit from the group of volunteers at HelpMeAbstract.com Contact the DrupalCon Program Manager who will put you in touch with a Session Submission Mentor. Contact a Session Track team chair. Track teams are listed here and you can contact track team chairs via their Drupal.org contact form. Find out more about resources and support for speakers here. Don't neglect proofreading. Have someone else read it through. Do you identify with an underrepresented group? The people behind the DrupalCon program are dedicated to increasing the diversity of of speakers at DrupalCon. One of the ways they are doing this is through the Inclusion Fund. You can request up to $350 for travel and lodging expense assistance. Find out more on this page. We hope to see lots of great session proposals in all the tracks. Your contributions as a speaker will help make DrupalCon awesome. DrupalCon<\|endoftext\|>Brave Policemen pulled and saved the Old Man out of Crkvena River March 30, 2021 12:00 PM by Y.Z The old man tried to climb the shore with the stems, but he could not make it. His lower body was in the water, he was tired and shaking a lot, so he could barely pronounce his name. This was said by Dusko Dimic, a police officer from Banja Luka who saved the life of 83-year-old V.K. with his heroic act together with his colleague Ognjen Marjanovic. An unfortunate man accidentally fell into the Crkvena River in the Banja Luka settlement of Laus while walking. It all occurred on Saturday around 10.45 a.m., when passers-by reported to the police that an elderly man found himself in the riverbed. According to the report, the old man fell into the water, which was not so deep, but due to the steep and slippery concrete riverbed, the man could not get out and had to call for help. When the police officers went out on the field, they noticed that the exhausted, frozen, and scared older man was holding on to a stem so that he would not drown. Police officer Dimic then decided not to wait for the firefighters, who were already contacted, but to react immediately. Fearing that the old man, who was already running out of strength, would drown by the time the firefighters arrived, the brave policeman came down into the riverbed and embraced him with his arms. “My work colleague Ognjen Marjanovic, who was on the shore, found a wooden pallet, which he lowered into the riverbed so I could reach it. 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-tuning appropriate system configurations. The contributions of this research are as follows: \begin{itemize} \item We propose a user-centered and extensible monitoring framework, which includes tooling for analyzing any JVM-based system. \item We present an analysis that highlights the capabilities of Apache Kafka regarding the maximum achievable rate of incoming records per time unit. \item We enable reproducibility of the presented results by making all needed artifacts available online\footnote{\url{https://github.com/guenter-hesse/KafkaAnalysisTools}}. \end{itemize} The rest of the paper is structured as follows: In Section~\ref{sec:kafka} we give a brief introduction of Apache Kafka. Section~\ref{sec:monarch} presents the benchmark setup and the developed data sender tool. Subsequently, we describe the results of the ingestion rate analyses. Section~\ref{chap:rw} introduces related work and Section~\ref{sec:lessonslearned} elaborates on the lessons learned. The last chapter concludes the study and outlines areas of future work. \section{Apache Kafka} \label{sec:kafka} Apache Kafka is a distributed open-source message broker or messaging system originally developed at \emph{LinkedIn} in 2010~\cite{kafkaLinkedin}. The core of this publish-subscribe system is a distributed commit log, although it has extended its scope through extensions. An example is Kafka Streams~\cite{kafkaStreams}, a client library for developing stream processing applications. The high-level architecture of an exemplary Apache Kafka cluster is visualized in Figure~\ref{fig:kafkaarch}. A cluster consists of multiple brokers, which are numbered and store data assigned to topics. Data producers send data to a certain topic stored in the cluster. Consumers subscribe to a topic and are forwarded new values sent to this topic as soon as they arrive. \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{img/kafkaarch} \caption{Apache Kafka cluster architecture (based on~\cite{kreps2011kafka})} \label{fig:kafkaarch} \end{figure} Topics are divided into partitions. The number of topic partitions can be configured at the time of topic creation. Partitions of a single topic can be distributed across different brokers of a cluster. However, a message order across partitions is not guaranteed by Apache Kafka~\cite{kafka,kreps2011kafka}. Next to the number of partitions, it is possible to define a replication factor for each topic, one being the minimum. This allows preventing data loss in the case of a single broker failure. In the context of replication, Apache Kafka defines \emph{leaders} and \emph{followers} for each partition. The leader handles all reads and writes for the corresponding topic partition, whereas followers copy or replicate the inserted data. In Figure~\ref{fig:kafkaarch}, the leader partitions are shown in bold type. The first topic, \textit{topic1} has two partitions and a replication factor of one, while \textit{topic2} has only one partition and a replication factor of two~\cite{kafka}. Figure~\ref{fig:kafkapartitions} shows the structure of an Apache Kafka topic, specifically of a topic with two partitions. Each of these partitions is an ordered and immutable record sequence where new values are appended. A sequential number is assigned to each topic record within a partition, referred to as an \textit{offset}. Apache Kafka itself provides the topic \textit{\_\_consumer\_offsets} for storing the offsets. However, consumers must manage their \textit{offset}. They can commit their current \textit{offset} either automatically in certain intervals or manually. The latter can be done either synchronously or asynchronously. When polling data, a consumer needs to pass the \textit{offset} to the cluster. Apache Kafka returns all messages with a greater \textit{offset}, i.e., all new messages that have not already been sent to this consumer. As the consumer has control over its \textit{offset}, it can also decide to start from the beginning and to reread messages~\cite{kafka}. \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{img/kafkapartitions} \caption{Apache Kafka topic structure (based on~\cite{kafkaProducerConfig})} \label{fig:kafkapartitions} \end{figure} Furthermore, Apache Kafka can be configured to use the \textit{LogAppendTime} feature, which induces Apache Kafka to assign a timestamp to each message once it is appended to the log. The existing alternative, which represents the default value, is \textit{CreateTime}. In this setting, the timestamp created by the Apache Kafka producer when creating the message, i.e., before sending it, is stored along with the message. For transmitting messages, a producer can require multiple retries, which would increase the difference between the timestamp assigned with a message and the time when it is appended to the log and thus, made available for consuming applications~\cite{kafka}. \section{Benchmark Setup} This section introduces the monitoring architecture employed in the ingestion rate study as well as the developed data sender tool. \subsection{Monitoring Architecture} \label{sec:monarch} \begin{sloppypar} The architecture of the monitoring system is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:arch}. We use \textit{Grafana}~\cite{grafana}, an open-source tool for creating and managing dashboards and exporting data, as the interface to the user. The presented benchmarks employ version 5.4.5 of its \textit{docker} image. OS-level virtualization through docker is used for ease of installation and replicability of results. The OS base image used in this image allows a simple time zone configuration via an environment variable, which is important for time synchronization among all systems. Later versions of the image contain a different OS, specifically \textit{Alpine Linux}~\cite{alpinelinux}, which no longer supports this feature. \end{sloppypar} \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\columnwidth]{img/arch} \caption{Monitoring architecture in Fundamental Modeling Concepts (FMC)~\cite{knopfel2005fundamental}} \label{fig:arch} \end{figure} \textit{Grafana} fetches the data to display from \textit{Graphite}~\cite{graphite}, an open-source monitoring tool. It consists of three components: \textit{Carbon}, \textit{Whisper}, and \textit{Graphite-web}. \textit{Carbon} is a service that retrieves time-series data, which is stored in \textit{Whisper}, a persistence library. \textit{Graphite-web} includes an interface for designing dashboards. However, these dashboards are not as appealing and functionally comprehensive as the corresponding components of \textit{Grafana}, which is why \textit{Grafana} is employed. For the installation of \textit{Graphite}, the official \textit{docker} image in version 1.1.4 is used, again for time zone configuration reasons. \textit{Graphite} receives its input from two sources: \textit{collectd}~\cite{collectd} and \textit{jmxtrans}~\cite{jmxtrans}. The former is a daemon collecting system and application performance metrics, that runs on the broker's machines in the described setup. It offers plugins for gathering OS-level measurements, such as memory usage, system load, and received or transmitted packages over the network. \textit{Jmxtrans}, the other data source for \textit{Graphite}, is a tool for collecting JVM runtime metrics. These metrics are provided via Java Management Extensions (JMX)~\cite{jmx}. Using \textit{jmxtrans} we tracked internal metrics, such as JVM memory usage, the number of incoming bytes, and the number of messages entering Apache Kafka per time unit. Apache Kafka is the system under test (SUT) in the evaluation of this paper. It can be exchanged for any other system running in a JVM, i.e., the proposed architecture is not limited to Apache Kafka or message brokers in general. The information gathered in \textit{Graphite} is summarized in a \textit{Grafana} dashboard. Exports of the collected \textit{Grafana} data enable further, more detailed analysis. \begin{table}[!htb] \caption{Characteristics of the Apache Kafka broker nodes} \begin{center} \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{@{}lX@{}} \toprule Characteristic & Value \\ \midrule Operating system & Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS \\	redpajama	[ 14, 85, 25004, 4569, 985, 16012, 15, 4888, 187, 510, 9021, 273, 436, 2561, 403, 347, 3637, 27, 190, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 4835, 907, 94, 190, 187, 61, 4835, 190, 187, 1231, 12661, 247, 2608, 14, 34872, 285, 1021, 35418, 8667, 7792, 13, 534, 3797, 4968, 272, 323, 18918, 667, 500, 11804, 14, 3169, 985, 15, 190, 187, 61, 4835, 190, 187, 1231, 1246, 271, 1783, 326, 16681, 253, 13789, 273, 14325, 611, 31393, 5001, 253, 4869, 39941, 2281, 273, 19363, 5861, 591, 673, 3943, 15, 190, 187, 61, 4835, 190, 187, 1231, 8046, 38041, 273, 253, 3559, 1543, 407, 2403, 512, 3058, 24165, 2130, 3909, 61, 8938, 9939, 464, 6434, 92, 3614, 1358, 7280, 15, 681, 16, 4297, 9553, 14, 1041, 339, 16, 44, 31393, 22997, 32953, 47254, 190, 187, 61, 423, 92, 4835, 907, 94, 4888, 187, 510, 1551, 273, 253, 2929, 310, 18872, 347, 3637, 27, 496, 5238, 18078, 709, 92, 1704, 27, 76, 31393, 94, 359, 1918, 247, 4864, 10199, 273, 14325, 611, 31393, 15, 190, 187, 12612, 18078, 709, 92, 1704, 27, 2163, 1116, 94, 10262, 253, 22791, 9978, 285, 253, 3715, 941, 22647, 4968, 15, 190, 187, 5623, 9642, 13, 359, 6266, 253, 1543, 273, 253, 41433, 2281, 6260, 15, 190, 187, 12612, 18078, 709, 92, 34529, 27, 30217, 94, 23970, 2905, 789, 285, 5238, 18078, 709, 92, 1704, 27, 1417, 790, 29343, 264, 94, 14883, 684, 327, 253, 15880, 6311, 15, 190, 187, 510, 1390, 8857, 20097, 253, 1263, 285, 36264, 3672, 273, 2852, 789, 15, 187, 187, 61, 4674, 92, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 94, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 1704, 27, 76, 31393, 94, 187, 187, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 310, 247, 5939, 1527, 14, 6756, 3935, 23497, 390, 29908, 985, 8927, 3715, 387, 393, 37236, 92, 49967, 688, 94, 275, 4267, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 10516, 36777, 7165, 187, 510, 5161, 273, 436, 15452, 14, 31473, 985, 310, 247, 5939, 4514, 2412, 13, 3738, 352, 556, 6508, 697, 7990, 949, 18149, 15, 187, 1145, 1650, 310, 611, 31393, 659, 9779, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 998, 9779, 2023, 247, 5268, 6335, 323, 6684, 5542, 5162, 4893, 15, 187, 187, 510, 1029, 14, 5251, 10336, 273, 271, 34093, 14325, 611, 31393, 7368, 310, 27130, 275, 5317, 18078, 709, 92, 926, 27, 76, 31393, 1116, 7165, 187, 34, 7368, 8414, 273, 2709, 45064, 13, 534, 403, 31050, 285, 4657, 941, 7922, 281, 12989, 15, 187, 3233, 18014, 5007, 941, 281, 247, 2176, 9400, 7141, 275, 253, 7368, 15, 187, 9323, 49250, 26302, 281, 247, 9400, 285, 403, 39010, 747, 2193, 2197, 281, 436, 9400, 347, 3517, 347, 597, 12666, 15, 187, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 13206, 11326, 2, 384, 67, 62, 187, 61, 1154, 2158, 187, 61, 249, 741, 909, 1354, 982, 60, 3429, 2029, 33237, 1019, 8428, 16, 76, 31393, 1116, 94, 187, 61, 34480, 92, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 7368, 10336, 313, 3169, 327, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 250, 793, 7330, 76, 31393, 22613, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 926, 27, 76, 31393, 1116, 94, 187, 61, 423, 92, 13206, 94, 187, 187, 11387, 982, 403, 4272, 715, 27959, 15, 187, 510, 1180, 273, 9400, 27959, 476, 320, 15378, 387, 253, 673, 273, 9400, 8869, 15, 187, 7834, 4431, 273, 247, 2014, 9400, 476, 320, 5939, 2439, 1027, 45064, 273, 247, 7368, 15, 187, 6436, 13, 247, 3935, 1340, 2439, 27959, 310, 417, 16293, 407, 14325, 611, 31393, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 13, 76, 250, 793, 7330, 76, 31393, 7165, 187, 187, 9301, 281, 253, 1180, 273, 27959, 13, 352, 310, 1896, 281, 4853, 247, 14970, 2803, 323, 1016, 9400, 13, 581, 1146, 253, 5927, 15, 187, 1552, 4483, 13538, 941, 2957, 275, 253, 1083, 273, 247, 2014, 23497, 4433, 15, 187, 688, 253, 3634, 273, 14970, 13, 14325, 611, 31393, 13067, 393, 37236, 92, 282, 16208, 94, 285, 393, 37236, 92, 25739, 398, 94, 323, 1016, 10883, 15, 187, 510, 6657, 22139, 512, 9563, 285, 12013, 323, 253, 3969, 9400, 10883, 13, 5727, 18409, 3491, 390, 25464, 253, 13400, 941, 15, 187, 688, 5317, 18078, 709, 92, 926, 27, 76, 31393, 1116, 2023, 253, 6657, 27959, 403, 2011, 275, 13433, 1511, 15, 187, 510, 806, 9400, 13, 393, 33063, 92, 24841, 18, 94, 556, 767, 27959, 285, 247, 14970, 2803, 273, 581, 13, 1223, 393, 33063, 92, 24841, 19, 94, 556, 760, 581, 10883, 285, 247, 14970, 2803, 273, 767, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 7165, 2756, 187, 2841, 18078, 709, 92, 926, 27, 76, 2320, 47130, 435, 4431, 94, 2722, 253, 2605, 273, 271, 14325, 611, 31393, 9400, 13, 5742, 273, 247, 9400, 342, 767, 27959, 15, 187, 11837, 273, 841, 27959, 310, 271, 6960, 285, 4293, 13508, 1924, 3425, 835, 747, 2193, 403, 42873, 15, 187, 34, 22453, 1180, 310, 7922, 281, 1016, 9400, 1924, 1561, 247, 10883, 13, 6289, 281, 347, 271, 393, 33063, 92, 10946, 7165, 187, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 3139, 3400, 253, 9400, 393, 33063, 464, 2253, 64, 45908, 2582, 10946, 84, 94, 323, 20073, 253, 41669, 15, 187, 6436, 13, 11349, 1364, 8722, 616, 393, 33063, 92, 10946, 7165, 187, 3726, 476, 4514, 616, 1655, 393, 33063, 92, 10946, 94, 2057, 8356, 275, 2176, 11508, 390, 13542, 15, 187, 510, 6158, 476, 320, 2218, 2057, 11842, 4087, 390, 29307, 4087, 15, 187, 3039, 30587, 941, 13, 247, 10630, 3198, 281, 1509, 253, 393, 33063, 92, 10946, 94, 281, 253, 7368, 15, 187, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 6548, 512, 8169, 342, 247, 3687, 393, 33063, 92, 10946, 2023, 891, 15, 70, 904, 512, 747, 8169, 326, 452, 417, 2168, 644, 2197, 281, 436, 10630, 15, 187, 1909, 253, 10630, 556, 1453, 689, 697, 393, 33063, 92, 10946, 2023, 352, 476, 671, 7617, 281, 1265, 432, 253, 5068, 285, 281, 294, 1088, 8169, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 7165, 187, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 13206, 11326, 2, 384, 67, 62, 187, 61, 1154, 2158, 187, 61, 249, 741, 909, 1354, 982, 60, 3429, 30, 17, 15, 26, 61, 33237, 1019, 8428, 16, 76, 2320, 47130, 435, 4431, 94, 187, 61, 34480, 92, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 9400, 2605, 313, 3169, 327, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 1845, 21639, 6155, 22613, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 926, 27, 76, 2320, 47130, 435, 4431, 94, 187, 61, 423, 92, 13206, 94, 187, 187, 20964, 13, 14325, 611, 31393, 476, 320, 15378, 281, 897, 253, 393, 33063, 92, 6800, 33253, 4769, 94, 4735, 13, 534, 14757, 14325, 611, 31393, 281, 9212, 247, 28921, 281, 1016, 3935, 2378, 352, 310, 42873, 281, 253, 2412, 15, 187, 510, 5368, 5795, 13, 534, 6125, 253, 4284, 1318, 13, 310, 393, 33063, 92, 9395, 4769, 7165, 187, 688, 436, 4758, 13, 253, 28921, 3562, 407, 253, 14325, 611, 31393, 14281, 672, 6153, 253, 3935, 13, 891, 15, 70, 904, 1078, 10430, 352, 13, 310, 7141, 2112, 342, 253, 3935, 15, 187, 2214, 25104, 8169, 13, 247, 14281, 476, 2430, 2709, 851, 2246, 13, 534, 651, 2572, 253, 3064, 875, 253, 28921, 7922, 342, 247, 3935, 285, 253, 673, 672, 352, 310, 42873, 281, 253, 2412, 285, 3021, 13, 1160, 2130, 323, 21337, 4893, 18078, 41766, 92, 76, 31393, 7165, 187, 187, 61, 4674, 92, 35, 15152, 4698, 40852, 94, 187, 1552, 2593, 23970, 253, 8667, 10336, 7091, 275, 253, 41433, 2281, 1263, 347, 973, 347, 253, 3715, 941, 22647, 4968, 15, 187, 187, 61, 2377, 4674, 92, 9304, 27305, 35052, 94, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 1704, 27, 2163, 1116, 94, 187, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 3433, 45695, 1148, 94, 187, 510, 10336, 273, 253, 8667, 985, 310, 2011, 275, 5317, 18078, 709, 92, 926, 27, 1116, 7165, 187, 1231, 897, 393, 33063, 92, 40, 41226, 3230, 94, 18078, 41766, 92, 17676, 71, 3230, 2023, 271, 1527, 14, 6756, 4968, 323, 6153, 285, 14419, 20134, 19184, 285, 13474, 272, 941, 13, 347, 253, 5673, 281, 253, 2608, 15, 187, 510, 3559, 49602, 2126, 2715, 608, 15, 21, 15, 22, 273, 697, 393, 33063, 92, 31510, 94, 2460, 15, 187, 2697, 14, 5251, 7503, 1320, 949, 36191, 310, 908, 323, 11990, 273, 12692, 285, 7446, 1430, 273, 1543, 15, 187, 510, 9485, 2613, 2460, 908, 275, 436, 2460, 4483, 247, 2969, 673, 8232, 6661, 3066, 271, 3126, 4778, 13, 534, 310, 1774, 323, 673, 27801, 2190, 512, 2718, 15, 187, 24801, 9508, 273, 253, 2460, 3831, 247, 1027, 9485, 13, 5742, 393, 33063, 92, 2422, 23344, 13492, 94, 18078, 41766, 92, 267, 9852, 293, 8810, 2023, 534, 642, 3356, 8525, 436, 4735, 15, 187, 61, 423, 92, 3433, 45695, 1148, 94, 187, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 13206, 11326, 2, 384, 67, 62, 187, 61, 1154, 2158, 187, 61, 249, 741, 909, 1354, 982, 60, 3429, 30, 17, 15, 2227, 61, 33237, 1019, 8428, 16, 1116, 94, 187, 61, 34480, 92, 9304, 27305, 10336, 275, 10980, 27569, 4559, 8855, 38298, 84, 313, 39, 7722, 16799, 61, 41766, 92, 3696, 412, 28353, 9204, 19431, 27569, 599, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 926, 27, 1116, 94, 187, 61, 423, 92, 13206, 94, 535, 187, 61, 33063, 92, 40, 41226, 3230, 94, 8264, 2706, 253, 941, 281, 3148, 432, 393, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 94, 18078, 41766, 92, 10580, 614, 2023, 271, 1527, 14, 6756, 8667, 4968, 15, 187, 1147, 8414, 273, 1264, 4295, 27, 393, 33063, 92, 10697, 4006, 2023, 393, 33063, 92, 3152, 261, 468, 2023, 285, 393, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 14, 7585, 7165, 187, 61, 33063, 92, 10697, 4006, 94, 310, 247, 2579, 326, 12802, 265, 673, 14, 22253, 941, 13, 534, 310, 7141, 275, 393, 33063, 92, 3152, 261, 468, 2023, 247, 25306, 6335, 15, 187, 61, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 14, 7585, 94, 3797, 271, 5673, 323, 20462, 20134, 19184, 15, 187, 6436, 13, 841, 20134, 19184, 403, 417, 347, 23176, 285, 30333, 11088, 347, 253, 3969, 4295, 273, 393, 33063, 92, 40, 41226, 3230, 2023, 534, 310, 2139, 393, 33063, 92, 40, 41226, 3230, 94, 310, 7091, 15, 187, 2214, 253, 12692, 273, 393, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 2023, 253, 3565, 393, 33063, 92, 31510, 94, 2460, 275, 2715, 337, 15, 18, 15, 21, 310, 908, 13, 969, 323, 673, 8232, 6661, 4606, 15, 535, 187, 61, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 94, 14488, 697, 3280, 432, 767, 4973, 27, 393, 33063, 92, 23865, 69, 94, 18078, 41766, 92, 23865, 69, 94, 285, 393, 33063, 92, 30999, 633, 16147, 94, 18078, 41766, 92, 30999, 633, 16147, 7165, 187, 510, 3438, 310, 247, 4204, 15125, 17055, 985, 285, 2898, 3045, 17082, 13, 326, 6613, 327, 253, 23497, 434, 10679, 275, 253, 2529, 9978, 15, 187, 1147, 6131, 28437, 323, 16778, 9485, 14, 5251, 6341, 13, 824, 347, 3541, 10393, 13, 985, 3301, 13, 285, 2959, 390, 12573, 12149, 689, 253, 2990, 15, 187, 187, 61, 33063, 92, 43, 78, 633, 16147, 2023, 253, 643, 941, 2603, 323, 393, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 2023, 310, 247, 4968, 323, 17055, 500, 11804, 20243, 17082, 15, 187, 6872, 17082, 403, 2530, 3066, 8595, 11354, 9052, 5354, 313, 43, 32310, 16799, 61, 41766, 92, 75, 26652, 7165, 187, 11888, 393, 33063, 92, 30999, 633, 16147, 94, 359, 27173, 4812, 17082, 13, 824, 347, 500, 11804, 3541, 10393, 13, 253, 1180, 273, 19363, 11061, 13, 285, 253, 1180, 273, 8169, 11734, 14325, 611, 31393, 591, 673, 3943, 15, 187, 187, 11538, 2679, 611, 31393, 310, 253, 985, 762, 1071, 313, 52, 3329, 10, 275, 253, 7103, 273, 436, 2929, 15, 187, 1147, 476, 320, 25920, 323, 667, 643, 985, 3515, 275, 247, 500, 11804, 13, 891, 15, 70, 904, 253, 4081, 10336, 310, 417, 3710, 281, 14325, 611, 31393, 390, 3935, 45064, 275, 2087, 15, 187, 510, 1491, 13037, 275, 393, 33063, 92, 15499, 614, 94, 310, 17903, 275, 247, 393, 33063, 92, 40, 41226, 3230, 94, 38458, 15, 187, 1672, 4124, 273, 253, 5728, 393, 33063, 92, 40, 41226, 3230, 94, 941, 8046, 2007, 13, 625, 7000, 1783, 15, 187, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 2420, 11326, 2, 384, 67, 62, 187, 61, 34480, 92, 47592, 273, 253, 14325, 611, 31393, 23497, 7632, 94, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 9229, 94, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 8476, 792, 89, 2704, 33237, 1217, 33, 15564, 77, 57, 26778, 599, 187, 61, 3956, 15093, 187, 21260, 2531, 708, 11740, 3202, 393, 7893, 15093, 187, 10996, 839, 985, 50263, 7, 50276, 40614, 1283, 15, 2125, 15, 19, 418, 6901, 50274, 3353 ]
}. The $\FDR$, which is often used in (very) high-dimensional settings such as gene expression studies uses another error definition by relating the number of false discoveries to the number of rejected null hypotheses. One can show that in a given test situation \begin{equation} \FDR \leq \FWER, \end{equation} and thus for a fixed level $\alpha$, $\FWER$-control is more conservative than $\FDR$-control \citep{Dudoit2003}. In conclusion, it holds that $\FDR \leq \FWER \leq \PFER$. Controlling the $\PFER$ is a (very) conservative approach for controlling errors in multiple testing situations. Hence, a procedure that controls the $\PFER$ at a certain level $\alpha$ also controls all other error rates discussed in this section at this level. Obviously the error bound will be very conservative upper bound for both the $\FWER$ and $\FDR$. The standard approach for hypotheses testing, neglecting multiplicity, would be to specify a bound for the per-comparison error rate by using a significance level $\alpha$, e.g. $\alpha = 0.05$. This is equal to specifying $\PFERmax \leq m \alpha$. This provides some guidance on how to choose an upper bound for the $\PFER$: Usually, $\alpha \leq \PFERmax \leq m \alpha$ seems a good choice, where $\PFERmax = \alpha$ would (conservatively) control the $\FWER$ on the level $\alpha$, while $\PFERmax = m \alpha$ would control the unadjusted per-comparison error rate on the level $\alpha$. Everything in between can be considered to control the $\PCER$ on the level $\alpha$ ``with some multiplicity adjustment''. \section{Empirical Evaluation} \label{sec:empirical-evaluation} To evaluate the impact of the tuning parameters $q$ and $\pi_{\text{thr}}$, the upper bound $\PFERmax$, and the assumptions for the computation of the upper bound on the selection properties, we conducted a simulation study using boosting in conjunction with stability selection. Additionally, we examined the impact of the characteristics of the data set on the performance. We considered a classification problem with a binary outcome variable. The data were generated according to a linear logistic regression model with linear predictor $\eta = \mathbf{X}\beta$ and \begin{equation} Y \sim \text{Binom}\left(\frac{\exp(\eta)}{1 + \exp(\eta)}\right). \end{equation} The observations $x_i = (x_{i1}, \ldots, x_{ip}),\; i = 1, \ldots, n$ were independently drawn from \begin{equation} x \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \Sigma), \end{equation} and gathered in the design matrix $\mathbf{X}$. We set the number of predictor variables to $p \in \{100, 500, 1000\}$, and the number of observations to $n \in \{50, 100, 500\}$. The number of influential variables varied within $p_{\text{infl}} \in \{2, 3, 8\}$, where $\beta_j$ was sampled from $\{-1, 1\}$ for an influential variable and set to zero for all non-influential variables. We used two settings for the design matrix: \begin{enumerate} \item independent predictor variables, i.e.\ $\Sigma = \mathbf{I}$, \item and correlated predictor variables drawn from a Toeplitz design with covariance matrix $\Sigma_{kl} = 0.9^{\|k - l\|},\; k,l = 1, \ldots, p$. \end{enumerate} For each of the data settings we used all three error bounds in combination with varying parameters $\pi_{\text{thr}} \in \{0.6, 0.75, 0.9\}$, and $\PFERmax \in \{0.05, 1, 2, 5\}$. We used the standard subsampling scheme with $B = 100$ subsamples for the error bound~(E\ref{item:errorbound1}) and complementary pairs with $B = 50$ subsamples for the improved error bounds~(E\ref{item:errorbound2}) and (E\ref{item:errorbound3}). Each simulation setting was repeated 50 times. \subsection{Results} \label{sec:results_sim} Figure~\ref{fig:TPR} displays the true positive rates for different $\PFERmax$ bounds, the three assumptions (E\ref{item:errorbound1}) to (E\ref{item:errorbound3}) and for the two correlation schemes. Different sizes of the data set ($n$ and $p$) as well as different numbers of true positives ($p_{\text{infl}}$) were not depicted as separate boxplots. For each upper bound $\PFERmax$ and each data situation (uncorrelated/Toeplitz), the true positive rate (TPR) increased with stronger assumptions (E\ref{item:errorbound1}) to (E\ref{item:errorbound3}). The true positive rate was lower when the predictors were correlated. \input{fig_TPR} If the number of observations $n$ increased, the TPR increased as well with more extreme cases for uncorrelated predictors (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_n}). With very few observations ($n = 50$), the TPR was generally very small. Considering the size of the subsamples, which is equal to 25, this is quite natural. Recently, \cite{Schmid_etal_PAUC_2012} advocated to increase the sample size of the subsamples from $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ to larger values to avoid biased selection of base-learners due to too small samples. Yet, as discussed above, this is currently not possible, as one would need to derive a different error bound for that situation. Conversely, the TPR decreases with an increasing number of truly influential variables $p_{\text{infl}}$ (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_pinfl}). The threshold $\pi_{\text{thr}}$ is less important (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_cutoff}), as long as it is large enough to result in enough variables $q$ to be selected and not too large so that too many variables would be selected in each run (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_q_and_pinfl}). Note that the dependence on the threshold is stronger in the case with correlated observations. The number of false positives, which is bounded by the upper bound for the per-family error rate, is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:FP}. Overall, the error rate seemed to be well controlled with some violations of the less conservative bounds in the median settings. However, overall the error bound was violated in only 1.2 \% (4 cases) under the unimodality assumption and 4.0 \% (13 cases) under the r-concavity assumption. Especially the standard error bound (E\ref{item:errorbound1}) seemed to be conservatively controlled. The average number of false positives increased with increasing $\PFERmax$ and with stronger distributional assumptions on the simultaneous selection probabilities. In general, one should note that stability selection is quite conservative as it controls the $\PFER$. The given upper bounds for the $\PFER$ corresponded to per-comparison error rates between $0.05$ and $0.00005$. \input{fig_FP} If the number of observations $n$ increased, the number of false positives decreased on average but the variability increased as well (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:FP_by_n}). The number of false positives showed a tendency to decrease with an increasing number of truly influential variables $p_{\text{infl}}$ (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:FP_by_pinfl}). If the threshold $\pi_{\text{thr}}$ was larger, i.e., only highly frequently selected variables were considered to be stable, the number of false positives decreased (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:FP_by_cutoff}). Yet, considering the corresponding number of selected variables per boosting run $q$ (which is inversely related to the threshold $\pi_{\text{thr}}$), one could see that not only large values of $q$ lead to low numbers of false positives but also small values (\ref{fig:FP_by_q_and_pinfl}). This observation is somehow contrary to the optimal choices of $q$ with respect to the true positive rate. However, an optimal true positive rate is more important than a low number of false positives as long as the error rate is controlled. \section{Case Study: Differential Phenotype Expression for ASD patients versus controls} \label{sec:data-analysis} We examined autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients \citep{Manning:ASD:	redpajama	[ 7165, 380, 669, 39, 4976, 1366, 534, 310, 2223, 908, 275, 313, 635, 10, 187, 8656, 14, 6967, 7533, 824, 347, 3320, 2048, 2175, 4648, 1529, 2228, 187, 28692, 407, 12600, 253, 1180, 273, 3221, 32912, 281, 253, 1180, 273, 10945, 187, 8629, 24316, 15, 2596, 476, 921, 326, 275, 247, 1677, 1071, 4112, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 29813, 33029, 187, 50276, 61, 39, 4976, 393, 3040, 393, 20941, 947, 13, 187, 61, 423, 92, 29813, 33029, 187, 395, 3021, 323, 247, 4229, 1268, 669, 1637, 1366, 669, 20941, 947, 2911, 8519, 310, 625, 11518, 685, 187, 1202, 39, 4976, 2911, 8519, 393, 10179, 554, 92, 37, 16469, 262, 9755, 7165, 496, 6452, 13, 352, 6556, 326, 669, 39, 4976, 393, 3040, 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De Arena da Baixada, voorheen bekend als Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães en voor een korte periode Kyocera Arena genoemd, is een voetbalstadion in de Braziliaanse stad Curitiba in de deelstaat Paraná. Het stadion werd gebouwd in 1914 en daarna gerenoveerd in 1999. De Braziliaanse voetbalclub Atlético Paranaense heeft er zijn thuisbasis. Geschiedenis Oude stadion Met de bouw van in het oude stadion was men in 1912 begonnen. Het stadion werd genoemd naar Joaquim Américo Guimarães, de toenmalige voorzitter van de Internacional Futebol Clube, de voorloper van Atlético. De opening was twee jaar later op 6 september 1914 en de eerste wedstrijd die er gespeeld werd was een duel tussen Internacional en Flamengo, waarbij de thuisclub met 1-7 verloor van de tegenstander uit Rio. Tussen 1970 en 1984 lag het stadion braak en in 1995 en 1996 werd het afgebroken. Nieuwe stadion De bouw van het nieuwe stadion duurde van 1 december 1997 tot 20 juni 1999. Het werd geopend op 24 juni 1999 met een wedstrijd tussen Atlético en Cerro Porteño uit Paraguay, deze eindigde in een 2-1-overwinning voor de thuisploeg. De kosten voor het nieuwe stadion bedroegen zo'n 30 miljoen US$. Van maart 2005 tot april 2008 heette het stadion de Kyocera Arena naar het Japanse bedrijf Kyocera. WK 2014 Op 31 mei 2009 werd het stadion gekozen als een van de stadions voor het Wereldkampioenschap, dat in Brazilië zou plaatsvinden. Op dat moment had het een capaciteit van 25.180 toeschouwers, maar werd voor het wereldkampioenschap uitgebreid tot ruim 40.000. De bouwwerkzaamheden startten in 2011 maar door vertraging was de geplande opening in de zomer van 2013 uitgesteld tot later dat jaar. In januari 2014 dreigde de FIFA om de stad de WK-organisatie uit handen te nemen als het stadion niet snel af kwam. In april 2014, ruim twee maanden voor aanvang van het kampioenschap, stond de status te boek als niet gereed. Daar waar de deadline in november was, was in april 80% gereed van de voorbereidingen op het toernooi. Desondanks konden vier groepsduels in het stadion worden afgewerkt, met het duel tussen Australië en Spanje als best bezochte wedstrijd. Interlands Externe link Officiële site Baixada Voetbalstadion tijdens het Wereldkampioenschap voetbal 2014 Bouwwerk in Paraná (staat) Sport in Curitiba<\|endoftext\|>Mayor Karachi Waseem Akhtar proposed that Karachi Municipal Corporation (KMC) hospitals and health institutions expenses will be bear by Karachi businessmen and group of companies. He told that Karachi gave businessmen many things and now they will return to people of Karachi in the form of donation. The people of Karachi will get great facilities and reliefs after the completion of children emergency block in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital.. KMC hospitals administration and superintends should pay attention regarding facilities and house keeping. He was addressing a conference at the opening ceremony of children emergency department as a guest speaker. Metropolitan commissioner Dr. Saif Ur Rehman, Child life foundation Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Dr. Hussian Rabani, South Chairman Rehan Hashmi, Vice Chairman Syed Shakir Ali, medical committee chair person Naheed Fatima, Senior Director medical services Dr, Berbill, medical superindent Abbas Shaheed hospital Dr. Nadeem Rajput, Children Health Care Superintendent Dr. Professor Sultan Mustafa, other officers, health professors, doctors and students were also presented.<\|endoftext\|>this.primereact = this.primereact \|\| {}; this.primereact.calendar = (function (exports, React, inputtext, button, core, PrimeReact) { 'use strict'; function _interopDefaultLegacy (e) { return e && typeof e === 'object' && 'default' in e? e : { 'default': e }; } var React__default = /#__PURE__/_interopDefaultLegacy(React); var PrimeReact__default = /#__PURE__/_interopDefaultLegacy(PrimeReact); function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign \|\| function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); } function _typeof(obj) { "@babel/helpers - typeof"; if (typeof Symbol === "function" && typeof Symbol.iterator === "symbol") { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === "function" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj!== Symbol.prototype? 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Home People Elders palawther@gmail.com Peter joined Carrickfergus Baptist Church in 2013 when he became our Pastor. He brought his wife Joanne and three daughters, Josie, Ruby, and Mollie, all of whom ensure he knows more than he ever thought he would about teapots, eyeliner, and unicorns! Peter trained as a teacher at Stranmillis College, where he met Joanne. Following a stint as a teacher, he joined Baptist Youth, running the Amazing Journey programme, which has had a great impact on children in schools across… pauledsav@gmail.com Associate Pastor Paul is our newest addition, having joined CBC in the summer of 2016, along with his wife Emma and their son Patrick. They have welcomed the addition of Lydia to their family, and our wider church family in 2017. Paul was saved as a child at age 5 in his hometown of Donaghcloney (County Down, for those who were unsure!). He reports that he and his family have no pets, and no desire to have any! You can… Campbell Green campbell_green@hotmail.co.uk Campbell has been a part of CBC since 1979 when he and his wife, May (behind every great man…) moved to Carrickfergus from North Belfast, via Glengormley. He and May have three adult children, with whom he competes annually in the family Gingerbread House making competition (and usually loses). Campbell worked in the NHS until his retirement in 2011. Apparently he doesn’t miss it at all! Campbell came to faith on 15 March 1971, having grown up as a ‘Sunday… Stanley Spray stanley.spray@yahoo.co.uk Stanley and his wife Catherine began attending CBC in 1995, having been greatly involved, particularly in youth work at their previous church in Ballygomartin. Sadly Catherine was called home to glory in 2014 very suddenly. Stanley was elected an Elder in 2005. Having worked for the Fire Service for 33 years, through some of the darkest days in Northern Ireland’s history, he retired in 2003. He is a member of the Praise Team and enjoys playing guitar. He is an… Archie Thompson archiejnr@gmail.com Archie has been a part of CBC since 1982 and has served as Sunday School Teacher and Superintendent, as well as having been a Deacon, before being elected to the Eldership. Archie and his wife Elizabeth are parents to Sharon and Mark, grandparents to 5, and great-grandparents to 2! Sunday lunch is always a great deal of fun! Archie was baptised and added to a local church in 1970, having accepted the Lord Jesus Christ as his Saviour in 1958…<\|endoftext\|>Q: How to copy part of a Treeview to a Menu I am trying to copy part of a Treeview to a popup menu, and am not having any luck at all I just cannot seem to get recursion to work and I know I am probably doing it all wrong. Take this example image (which is a runtime screenshot from the code below): I need the menu to be created with the same relationship as the Treeview, but I do not want the Root item adding. This is what I want it to look like: Note the first item is not the settings icon (Root), and that they are in levels like the Treeview. This is the code I have: unit Unit1; {$mode objfpc}{$H+} interface uses Classes, SysUtils, FileUtil, Forms, Controls, Graphics, Dialogs, ComCtrls, Menus, StdCtrls, Buttons; type TForm1 = class(TForm) Button1: TButton; ImageList1: TImageList; MenuItem1: TMenuItem; PopupMenu1: TPopupMenu; TreeView1: TTreeView; procedure MyMenuItemClick(Sender: TObject); procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); private procedure TreeViewToMenu(TreeView: TTreeView; BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TMenu); public { public declarations } end; var Form1: TForm1; implementation {$R *.lfm} procedure TForm1.MyMenuItemClick(Sender: TObject); begin ShowMessage('You selected'+ TMenuItem(Sender).Name +'- Tag:'+ IntToStr(TMenuItem(Sender).Tag)); end; procedure TForm1.TreeViewToMenu(TreeView: TTreeView; BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TMenu); var I: Integer; MenuItem: TMenuItem; begin MenuItem := TMenuItem.Create(nil); with MenuItem do begin Caption := BaseNode.Text; ImageIndex := BaseNode.ImageIndex; OnClick := @MyMenuItemClick; end; for I := 0 to BaseNode.Count - 1 do begin MenuItem.Tag := I; TreeViewToMenu(TreeView, BaseNode[I], OutMenu); end; OutMenu.Items.Add(MenuItem); end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var Pt: TPoint; I: Integer; Node: TTreeNode; begin Pt.X := Button1.Left + 1; Pt.Y := Button1.Top + Button1.Height + 1; Pt := ClientToScreen(Pt); PopupMenu1.Items.Clear; TreeViewToMenu(TreeView1, TreeView1.Items[0], PopupMenu1); PopupMenu1.Popup(Pt.X, Pt.Y); end; end. I am also trying to add to the MenuItem Tag property so I can identify each menu item by its tag. I thought recursion basically meant calling the procedure again from within the procedure, so it repeats itself, either way I really could do with some help. Thanks. A: There's no problem with your understanding of a recursive call, but you don't want to append an item for the root node, so you should add an item and recurse for each child of any node that's passed to the procedure. Here's one sample implementation: type TForm1 = class(TForm) .. private procedure TreeViewToMenu(BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TComponent); .. procedure TForm1.TreeViewToMenu(BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TComponent); var i: Integer; Node: TTreeNode; MenuItem: TMenuItem; begin for i := 0 to BaseNode.Count - 1 do begin Node := BaseNode.Item[i]; MenuItem := TMenuItem.Create(nil); MenuItem.Caption := Node.Text; MenuItem.ImageIndex := Node.ImageIndex; MenuItem.Tag := i; if Node.Count = 0 then MenuItem.OnClick := MyMenuItemClick; if OutMenu is TPopupMenu then TMenu(OutMenu).Items.Add(MenuItem) else if OutMenu is TMenuItem then TMenuItem(OutMenu).Add(MenuItem) else raise Exception.Create('Invalid class type'); TreeViewToMenu(Node, MenuItem); end; end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var .. begin .. TreeViewToMenu(TreeView1.Items[0], PopupMenu1); .. Note that I changed the declaration of TreeViewToMenu for (1) the TreeView is not used and (2) we are appending to items to either a TPopupMenu or a TMenuItem, hence I declared 'OutMenu' as TComponent which would accept both. A: Like Sertac says, you are adding all menu items to the root of the PopupMenu. You should add sub menu items to the last menu item created. Hereby an alternative approach, making use of TTreeNode.GetFirstChild and.GetNextSibling: procedure TForm1.TreeViewToMenu(Node: TTreeNode; Menu: TMenuItem); var MenuItem: TMenuItem; begin while Node <> nil do begin MenuItem := TMenuItem.Create(nil); MenuItem.Caption := Node.Text; MenuItem.ImageIndex := Node.ImageIndex; Menu.Add(MenuItem); if Node.HasChildren then TreeViewToMenu(Node.GetFirstChild, MenuItem) else MenuItem.OnClick := MyMenuItemClick; Node := Node.GetNextSibling; end; end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin PopupMenu1.Items.Clear; TreeViewToMenu(TreeView1.Items[1], PopupMenu1	redpajama	[ 18686, 6491, 22921, 398, 187, 17183, 1403, 508, 12882, 33, 23655, 15, 681, 187, 23852, 7416, 2639, 4662, 71, 26163, 30021, 6412, 275, 4072, 672, 344, 3395, 776, 20840, 263, 15, 754, 3982, 521, 4475, 8174, 17416, 285, 1264, 19367, 13, 18559, 466, 13, 21521, 13, 285, 353, 2555, 466, 13, 512, 273, 5207, 5416, 344, 6057, 625, 685, 344, 2455, 1869, 344, 651, 670, 716, 522, 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я станциями «Курская», одна из которых располагается на Арбатско-Покровская линии, другая — на Кольцевой. Расположена в Басманном районе (ЦАО); названа по улице Чкалова, которой ещё до открытия станции было возвращено историческое название Земляной Вал. Открыта 28 декабря года в составе участка «Чкаловская» —. Пилонная трёхсводчатая станция глубокого заложения с одной островной платформой. История Станция открыта 28 декабря года в составе участка «Чкаловская» —, после открытия которого в Московском метрополитене стало 157 станций. Оформление Пилоны отделаны серо-голубым мрамором, пол выложен чёрным, серым и розовым гранитом. Путевые стены отделаны белым мрамором. На пилонах и своде станции расположены оригинальные светильники. Оформление посвящено авиации и Герою Советского Союза лётчику Валерию Чкалову (1904—1938). Когда станцию проектировали в середине 1980-х годов, расположенная в непосредственной близости от станции улица носила название улица Чкалова. В 1992 году улице было возвращено историческое название — улица Земляной Вал. Таким образом, географическая связь названия станции с объектом расположения была утрачена. Расположение, вестибюли и пересадки Расположена между станциями и, имеет пересадки на станции «Курская» Арбатско-Покровской линии (переход в северном торце центрального зала) и Кольцевой линии (через совмещённый подземный вестибюль в южном торце, с которым станция соединена эскалаторами). Последний также является единственным выходом в город со станции. В непосредственной близости от станции находятся Курский вокзал, конечная остановка «Курский вокзал» для трамвайных маршрутов Б, 20, 24 и торгово-развлекательный центр «Атриум». Подземный вестибюль был законсервирован вскоре после открытия станции (здесь сохранились два эскалатора). В 2015 году его планировали снести из-за строительства гостиничного комплекса. На конец 2019 года никакие работы по сносу не начинались, вестибюль находится на территории строящегося ЖК «Чкалов». Станция в цифрах Глубина заложения станции — 51 метр. Пассажиропоток по вестибюлям станции (на год), пересадочный пассажиропоток на Арбатско-Покровскую линию —, пассажиропоток на Кольцевую линию —. Путевое развитие За станцией расположена имеющая съезды с обоими главными путями служебная соединительная ветвь на Кольцевую линию, также используемая и для оборота составов. Наземный общественный транспорт Фотогалерея См. также Список станций Московского метрополитена Примечания Ссылки Станции Московского метрополитена Басманный район Станции метрополитена, построенные в 1995 году Пилонные станции Объекты, названные в честь Валерия Чкалова Здания и сооружения, построенные в 1995 году в Москве<\|endoftext\|>Q: Download pdf from downloadlink to my uploads folder PHP I'm trying to download invoices(loop) to my uploads folder so clients can download. I don't want to redirect. I've tried file get and put contents. Got empty pdfs. then tried curl: $ch = curl_init($pdfurl); $fp = fopen('../uploads/'. $invoice. '', 'wb'); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FILE, $fp); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); fclose($fp); Doesnt seem to work.. the pdfurl is a download link, it doesnt show pdf, it prompts u to download.. that might be the problem? header('Content-type: application/pdf'); // It will be called downloaded.pdf header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="$invoice.pdf"'); // The PDF source is in original.pdf readfile($pdfurl); This works. but I want to move the pdfs from loop to upload folder. A:...problem solved.. was on development server.. thats why i couldnt open the pdfs.. file_put_contents("../uploads/".$factuurnummer. ".pdf", fopen($pdfurl, 'r')); <\|endoftext\|> package org.grails.plugins.tomcat; import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException; import org.apache.catalina.startup.Tomcat; import java.io.IOException; import java.net.ServerSocket; /** * Allows the tomcat server to be killed by pinging a port one greater than the server port. * * @author Graeme Rocher * @since 2.1 */ public class TomcatKillSwitch implements Runnable { public static final String TOMCAT_KILL_SWITCH_ACTIVE = "TomcatKillSwitch.active"; protected Tomcat tomcat; protected int serverPort; public TomcatKillSwitch(Tomcat tomcat, int serverPort) { this.tomcat = tomcat; this.serverPort = serverPort; } public static boolean isActive() { return Boolean.getBoolean("TomcatKillSwitch.active"); } public void run() { System.setProperty("TomcatKillSwitch.active", "true"); int killListenerPort = serverPort + 1; ServerSocket serverSocket = createKillSwitch(killListenerPort); if (serverSocket!= null) { try { serverSocket.accept(); try { 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evaluate $X(N,a)$ for $N \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$ \footnote{One could evaluate $X(7,a)$ as well \cite{FliSchmSchu}, but this does not appear necessary in view of the excellent convergence.}, $Y(N',a)$ could be calculated for every integer $N'$. We interpolated $Y(N',a)$ by a spline and defined the functions \begin{equation}\label{WNdef} W_N(a) = X(N,a) + Y(N-\frac{3}{2}, a) \quad. \end{equation} From the equations (\ref{prefac}, \ref{drop0-} -- \ref{WNdef}) \begin{equation} \label{LimWN} \lim_{N \rightarrow \infty} W_N(a) = \ln \left(U_0^4 \frac{\det''K}{\det K_0} \right) = - 2 \ln \left(\frac{A}{m_H(T)^4} \right) \end{equation} follows. While the $W_N(a)$'s are functions of $a$, the limit is not. This will give us a good criterion for the quality of convergence \cite{Laser}. For every critical bubble calculated above we have evaluated the functions $W_1(a)$, \ldots, $W_6(a)$. Figure 7 shows the typical behavior. If $a$ -- the squared mass pulled out -- is too small, there is no convergence at all. If $a$ is too big, the convergence is bad. But if $a$ is similar to the natural mass scale $U_0$, the functions converge quite well towards a constant, which is plotted as dashed line. There are several sources of error in the outlined procedure: numerical errors, ambiguities in interpolating $Y(N',a)$ and uncertainties in fixing the limit of the $W_N(a)$'s. We have estimated them to be less than 2\%. The values of $\ln(A/T^4)$ are listed in table 1 and plotted in figure 9 (dashed line). \subsection{The static prefactor and the effective action of the critical bubble} Up to now the static prefactor has usually been estimated from dimensional reasons as $T^4$ \cite{Linde}, or as $m_H(T)^4$ \cite{LiuMcLTu}. There are some other calculations of the prefactor, which take only into account the lowest eigenvalues of $K$ \cite{BuFoHeWa, CoKaMau}. The results of these calculations are somewhere between the two dimensional estimates. To compare our results with these values we have expressed $A$ in units of GeV. In figure 8 they are plotted together with these two estimates. One sees that the static prefactor calculated by us varies substantially from $y=0.1$ to $y=0.9$. On the side of the critical temperature $(y=0)$ it is much smaller than previous values. This results in a much smaller nucleation rate. In a recent paper \cite{BaKi} the fluctuation corrections to critical bubbles calculated from the usual model effective potential are discussed. The method is based on the solution of Schr\"odinger type eigenvalue equations and totally different from our procedure. Unfortunately the present results are hard to compare because in ref.~\cite{BaKi} the high-temperature limit is not taken and because the potential differs in detail. A comparison of the two methods in a common case would be very interesting. The logarithm of the rate $R/T^3$ defined in eq.~(\ref{R}) is \begin{equation} \ln \left( \frac{R}{T^3} \right) = \ln \left( \frac{1}{2\pi}\left(\frac{\bar{S}}{2\pi}\right)^{3/2} \frac{T}{\sqrt{\|\lambda_-\|}} \right) + \ln \left( \frac{A}{T^4} \right) - \bar{S} \quad. \end{equation} The different contributions are plotted in comparison in figure 9. One sees that the first one is small and nearly constant. The nucleation rate is determined by $-\bar{S}$ and $\ln(A/T^4)$. The comparison of these two values decides on the reliability of our results. $-\ln(A/T^4)$ is nothing but the one-loop correction to $\bar{S}$ coming from scalar loops. Therefore $\|\ln(A/T^4)\|\ll \bar{S}$ is required for consistency. Very close to the critical and the roll-over temperature it matters that the radiative corrections shift the values of $T_c$ and $T_{\rm ro}$. This effect should perhaps better be incorporated in the quasiclassical effective action. In our approach it causes an increase of the static prefactor near these temperatures. However, investigating the electroweak phase transition the interesting temperatures are well separated from $T_c$ and $T_{\rm ro}$, as we will see below. In Langer's theory the static prefactor $A$ takes the possibility into account that the phase transition may be started by a bubble which differs from the critical one. On the other hand the whole theory is based on a solution of the equations of motion in the neighborhood of the saddlepoint that corresponds to the critical bubble. From this reasoning one again gets that $\|\ln(A/T^4)\|\ll \bar{S}$ should be valid. This comparison is not unambiguous because $\bar{S}$ is dimensionless while $A$ is not. Expressing $A$ in $T$ seems to be appropriate because the temperature is the typical scale of the phase transition. Therefore the nucleation rate calculated by us is not reliable at temperatures near the roll-over temperature $y=1$. Taking estimates based on cosmological reasons however, the electroweak phase transition starts when $\ln(R/T^3)\approx 140$. \footnote{Here we have assumed that $\kappa={\cal O}(1)$.} The relative starting temperature is therefore $y_s=0.42$. At this temperature $\|\ln(A/T^4)\| \approx 0.3 \bar{S}$. This is an acceptable correction. However, with $z$ smaller than 1 we find according to eq.~(\ref{Sscaling}) an additional suppression of the leading term ($\bar{S}$), i.e. the the one-loop contribution becomes relatively more important, indicating a less convergent loop expansion. \subsection{Results for other Higgs masses} The numerical calculations presented have been done for the zero temperature Higgs masses $\tilde{m}_H=\frac{1}{2}\tilde{m}_W, \frac{3}{4}\tilde{m}_W$ and $\tilde{m}_W$. The results are listed in the tables 1, 2 and 3. The critical temperature $T_c$ and the roll-over temperature $T_{\rm ro}$ depend on the Higgs mass. One should compare values corresponding to different masses at the same relative temperature $y$ defined in eq.~(\ref{ydef}). The actions $\bar{S}$ of the critical bubbles depend strongly on the Higgs mass, while the Higgs mass dependence of the static prefactor is only small. Although the rates are quite different for the three masses the relative onset temperatures differ only moderately. This is due to the fact that the rates decrease rapidly when the temperature is lowered. We have listed the relative onset temperatures in table 4 together with the corresponding values of $\bar{S}$, $\ln(A/T^4)$ and the quotient of both. This quotient decides, as argued above, on the reliability of the nucleation rate formula (eq.~(\ref{rate})). One sees that the corrections get worse if the Higgs mass increases. \subsection{Comparison with the thin-wall approximation} If the temperature is just below the critical temperature $T_c$ the radius $R$ of the critical bubble is much larger than the size of the bubble wall $\Delta R$. In the limit $T \rightarrow T_c$ and $\Delta R \ll R$ the effective action of the critical bubble can be written as (for $z=1$) \begin{equation} \bar{S}_{\rm TW} = \frac{1}{g_3^2} \frac{16 \pi \sigma^3}{3 \epsilon^2} \end{equation} with the volume energy \begin{equation} \epsilon = - V_{\rm eff}(T,\varphi_A) \end{equation} and the surface tension \begin{equation} \sigma	redpajama	[ 7472, 370, 57, 9, 47, 13, 66, 1009, 323, 370, 47, 393, 249, 9121, 18, 13, 19, 13, 20, 13, 21, 13, 22, 13, 23, 10952, 209, 187, 61, 8938, 9939, 92, 4041, 812, 7472, 370, 57, 9, 24, 13, 66, 1009, 347, 973, 393, 41766, 92, 39, 965, 10859, 78, 10859, 86, 2023, 209, 187, 2858, 436, 1057, 417, 3176, 3309, 275, 1859, 273, 253, 7126, 14940, 15, 2023, 209, 187, 5, 58, 9, 47, 1383, 66, 1009, 812, 320, 5118, 187, 1542, 1046, 7007, 370, 47, 30916, 844, 20670, 456, 370, 58, 9, 47, 1383, 66, 1009, 407, 247, 6821, 460, 285, 2931, 187, 783, 3470, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 29813, 889, 1968, 92, 35414, 1545, 94, 187, 56, 64, 47, 9, 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64, 18, 9, 66, 4244, 393, 5589, 13, 370, 56, 64, 23, 9, 66, 3822, 5317, 818, 2722, 253, 6867, 3879, 15, 187, 2042, 370, 66, 5, 1969, 253, 30044, 2280, 7320, 562, 1969, 310, 1512, 1355, 13, 627, 310, 642, 14940, 187, 255, 512, 15, 1310, 370, 66, 5, 310, 1512, 1943, 13, 253, 14940, 310, 3076, 15, 1292, 604, 370, 66, 5, 310, 2074, 187, 936, 253, 3626, 2280, 4311, 370, 54, 64, 17, 1366, 253, 3470, 29623, 3240, 973, 4404, 187, 66, 3638, 13, 534, 310, 17944, 347, 17889, 1386, 15, 187, 187, 2512, 403, 2067, 4973, 273, 2228, 275, 253, 18627, 5199, 27, 187, 40907, 474, 6332, 13, 15200, 39560, 275, 20670, 839, 370, 58, 9, 47, 1383, 66, 1009, 285, 209, 187, 7157, 797, 19260, 275, 18505, 253, 2701, 273, 253, 370, 56, 64, 47, 9, 66, 1009, 8, 84, 15, 844, 452, 5998, 209, 187, 16083, 281, 320, 1679, 685, 374, 19182, 964, 380, 2193, 273, 669, 6677, 9, 34, 16, 53, 63, 21, 1009, 209, 187, 609, 7117, 275, 2829, 337, 285, 17944, 275, 4677, 898, 313, 32448, 1386, 481, 586, 187, 61, 2377, 4674, 92, 510, 4228, 638, 19012, 285, 253, 3576, 2490, 50265, 1913, 273, 253, 4619, 19251, 94, 187, 187, 5683, 281, 1024, 253, 4228, 638, 19012, 187, 7110, 3798, 644, 5998, 432, 15759, 4606, 347, 370, 53, 63, 21, 5, 393, 41766, 92, 45, 25313, 2023, 187, 263, 347, 370, 78, 64, 41, 9, 53, 4800, 21, 5, 393, 41766, 92, 41392, 11773, 20072, 86, 7165, 1707, 403, 690, 643, 10426, 273, 253, 187, 11499, 5906, 13, 534, 1379, 760, 715, 2395, 253, 8840, 20223, 273, 370, 44, 5, 209, 187, 61, 41766, 92, 9263, 48179, 1328, 46725, 13, 2434, 29456, 46, 1952, 7165, 187, 510, 1543, 273, 841, 10426, 403, 9366, 875, 253, 767, 15759, 187, 383, 36940, 15, 1916, 7277, 776, 1543, 342, 841, 2193, 359, 452, 4469, 370, 34, 5, 187, 249, 5085, 273, 22542, 15, 187, 688, 4677, 854, 597, 403, 17944, 2366, 209, 187, 3113, 841, 767, 8197, 15, 2596, 11403, 326, 253, 4228, 638, 19012, 5118, 209, 187, 1615, 441, 16149, 9619, 432, 370, 90, 30, 17, 15, 18, 5, 281, 370, 90, 30, 17, 15, 26, 1352, 1623, 253, 1930, 273, 253, 209, 187, 26717, 3276, 3019, 90, 30, 17, 1009, 352, 310, 1199, 4577, 685, 2045, 2193, 15, 187, 1552, 1543, 275, 247, 50276, 25914, 4577, 48671, 2281, 15, 187, 187, 688, 247, 3332, 2929, 393, 41766, 92, 24348, 40170, 94, 253, 31608, 17660, 281, 209, 187, 26717, 27892, 5118, 432, 253, 7312, 1566, 3576, 2442, 403, 209, 187, 35844, 264, 15, 380, 1332, 310, 1754, 327, 253, 2900, 273, 32164, 10632, 4442, 254, 1511, 209, 187, 70, 3855, 2877, 7424, 285, 9106, 1027, 432, 776, 5199, 15, 12526, 209, 187, 783, 1246, 1543, 403, 1892, 281, 7277, 984, 275, 1275, 15, 18078, 41766, 92, 24348, 40170, 94, 253, 209, 187, 8656, 14, 26158, 2701, 310, 417, 2668, 285, 984, 253, 2442, 19986, 275, 209, 187, 20119, 15, 329, 5301, 273, 253, 767, 3082, 275, 247, 1846, 1083, 651, 320, 1077, 209, 187, 47606, 15, 15267, 187, 510, 42407, 273, 253, 2281, 370, 51, 16, 53, 63, 20, 5, 2931, 275, 16186, 15, 95, 1035, 709, 92, 51, 2311, 310, 187, 61, 2043, 92, 29813, 94, 187, 61, 6677, 393, 1274, 9, 393, 1124, 92, 51, 1217, 53, 63, 20, 94, 393, 918, 10, 426, 2490, 50274, 61, 6677, 393, 1274, 9, 393, 1124, 92, 18, 1217, 19, 61, 2059, 889, 1274, 1035, 1124, 464, 2009, 92, 52, 5932, 19, 61, 2059, 889, 918, 7415, 20, 16, 19, 94, 187, 50262, 61, 1124, 92, 53, 2704, 2609, 44851, 2260, 18914, 93, 599, 393, 918, 10, 187, 50276, 12, 393, 6677, 393, 1274, 9, 393, 1124, 92, 34, 1217, 53, 63, 21, 94, 393, 918, 10, 428, 393, 2009, 92, 52, 94, 393, 3362, 15, 187, 61, 423, 92, 29813, 94, 187, 510, 1027, 9021, 403, 17944, 275, 5301, 275, 4677, 898, 15, 2596, 11403, 326, 209, 187, 783, 806, 581, 310, 1355, 285, 187, 570, 1285, 3638, 15, 380, 48671, 2281, 310, 3413, 407, 37329, 2009, 92, 52, 724, 285, 209, 187, 1202, 6677, 9, 34, 16, 53, 63, 21, 3822, 380, 5301, 273, 841, 767, 2193, 187, 8632, 1487, 327, 253, 13367, 273, 776, 1543, 15, 37329, 6677, 9, 34, 16, 53, 63, 21, 1009, 310, 2717, 533, 209, 187, 783, 581, 14, 14075, 10618, 281, 669, 2009, 92, 52, 724, 3551, 432, 13434, 17417, 15, 3813, 209, 187, 5, 3577, 6677, 9, 34, 16, 53, 63, 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187, 61, 2592 ]
above them. One of the blasts had tossed a car onto the sidewalk, where it lay mangled and flipped on its back like a dead crab on a beach. The rain started to pick up, and I was quickly covered in the orange sand the rain was pulling from the sky. My notebook from that day was covered in so much wet sand that I had to wipe the pages clean with the back of my hand to read what I'd written. Later, I wrote in my journal what I'd seen. > March 26, 2003 > > > > I saw a man pick through the rubble. He uncovered a severed hand under a board. He picked it up by a finger and held it up over his head. Everyone started cheering, "Allahu Akhbar! Allahu Akhbar!" > > There were pools of blood in the mud beneath my feet. I was walking through the mud, trying to avoid stepping in the blood. I didn't want to offend people by walking in the blood. But I couldn't avoid it. > > I saw a nearly intact brain on the cement floor inside one of the shops. It was nauseating. The atmosphere was tense. It was in fact very tense. "This is the blood of Iraqi civilians! This is the blood of the Iraqi people," a man yelled in my face as I walked through the bloody pool mixed with mud. He bent down and put his hands in the blood and then shoved his hands in my face so I could see it close up. He was both crying and yelling at the same time. I tried to back away, but found myself surrounded by people cheering, "Allahu Akhbar!" Arabic for _God is Greatest._ The phrase is the heart of the prayers pious Muslims perform five times a day. It embodies everything Muslims believe, which is fundamentally that God—Allah—is greater than human existence and that a Muslim—a word that literally means in Arabic a person who "surrenders"—must submit to God's greater power. Calling out _Allahu Akhbar_ was a way for the crowd to try to overcome the tragedy—which they were powerless to prevent—by drawing strength from their faith. To call out _Allahu Akhbar_ meant—perhaps subconsciously—that they would not be defeated because God's power is greater than what had just happened, greater than death or American bombs. I'd seen Palestinians react similarly to death many, many times. Allahu Akhbar! Today you killed me, but remember, God is greatest. I tried to back out of the circle of people around me. "Why are the Americans bombing during the day?" one man yelled at me. "Bush promised not to target civilians, but these were all civilians! What did these people do?" The crowd continued to grow. People were all shouting at once. They knew I was a reporter because I was carrying a camera and a notebook. Luckily, no one knew I was an American. These people had just lost family members, neighbors and friends. I beefed up my Egyptian accent, making sure to pronounce my J's like G's and use colloquial expressions common in the Egyptian dialect, which all Iraqis recognize from Egyptian movies and TV sitcoms. "How could the Americans see what they were hitting through the sandstorm?" another man demanded that I explain to him. I think the most revealing question—which wasn't really a question, but was an example of the Arab use of rhetorical questions—was "If the Americans didn't want to hit civilians, why did they hit civilians?" I suggested that perhaps the bombing had been a mistake. Everyone around me emphatically shook his head to say "no way." People were convinced that what had happened could not have been a mistake, although they had no way of knowing that. I've found this attitude common in the Arab world. I believe it stems from a combination of the general mistrust of the American government with a reverence for, and faith in, American (and Israeli) technology. It was the same attitude I found in many Arab countries after the atrocities of September 11, 2001, which many people in the Middle East continue to believe were launched by a Jewish conspiracy. Many Arabs had such esteem for the CIA, the Mossad and American military gadgetry—their impressions reinforced by Hollywood action movies popular in the region—that they refused to believe the Americans could have let the World Trade Center and the Pentagon be attacked if they didn't want it to happen. It was the same attitude I was finding in Iraq. The Iraqis had seen American cruise missiles turn corners in mid-flight and destroy government ministry buildings without scratching the paint of adjacent homes and therefore believed President Bush's promise of a war that would target Saddam Hussein and spare the Iraqi people. Yet two missiles had just landed in the middle of a poor commercial area. The people wanted to know why. They concluded that the Americans must have planned it that way and felt they'd been lied to. I asked people in the huddle around me what interest the United States would have in bombing a civilian neighborhood. "They want to break the backs of the Iraqi people...to break our will. But we will never be broken!" one man shouted. People liked his answer and started cheering, "Allahu Akhbar, Allahu Akhbar!" The Pentagon later tried to distance itself from the al-Shaab bombing, saying "it did not target civilians" and that it was "quite possible" that the blasts could have been caused by Iraqi missiles. I don't know what caused the blasts. I do know, however, that the Iraqi government did capitalize on the attack for its propaganda. The next day, Iraqi newspapers published large color pictures of the casualties on both their front and back covers. The images were shockingly gruesome: closeups of severed limbs and nearly decapitated bodies. Forty-eight hours after the missile strikes in the al-Shaab district, two more missiles landed during the evening shopping hours in a poor open market in Baghdad. This time more than sixty Iraqi civilians were killed. I saw food stalls splattered with blood. Raw sewage was pouring out of broken pipes in the ground. My pants and shoes were covered in filth as I trudged through the aftermath. After the second attack, no one in Baghdad believed that only Saddam Hussein and his government were the targets of the American war. As I stood in the al-Shaola market—the scene of the second attack—a crowd gathered around me. Again, men were screaming in my ears. "The Americans have high-tech weapons," one man yelled. "They know what they hit. They wanted to hit us!" "This is not about Saddam Hussein," added another man. "Even if the Americans remove him we'll continue to fight. This is a war against Islam. A true Arab never bows his head to the enemy, but looks up to God." # CHAPTER SIX ON MARCH 29 IT FINALLY happened. The American and British forces—I always felt uncomfortable calling only two countries "a coalition"—bombed the Information Ministry in the middle of the night. I wasn't sorry to see it hit, but it did leave me without a place to work. The morning after the air strike, Ali and I drove to the press center—both out of curiosity and force of habit. We knew the building had become a target, but I was tied to it. The live TV cameras were still at the building, and so were the minders. The press center had become my "home away from home," although it seemed more like an orphanage run by a bunch of lackeys who worked for a hateful government. The Information Ministry building looked relatively intact when we pulled up to it. The building—like the Palestine—consisted of a tall tower that rose from a wider base, making it look something like a two-tiered wedding cake, albeit one designed in a stark, socialist architectural style. The press center had been in the bottom layer of the cake. The tower had housed the offices where information minister Uday al-Ta'e and the other spies worked and, I presume, played too. The American bombs had punched a hole in the middle of the tower's roof, shredding Iraqi TV satellite dishes that had perched there. The bomb had exploded after it was in the middle of the tower, blowing out the offices and ultimately shattering most of the windows. Parts of the building had evidently caught fire and there were black lick marks above many windows. Amazingly, the live TV cameras—located above the press center, on the flat of the first step of the "wedding cake"—were left relatively unscathed. Although the sandstorm had by now mostly dissipated, it had covered every surface with fine orange powder. The storm's ferocious winds had also thrown our tripods, tents, windscreens and other assorted gear every which way. I was plugged in to my live camera—weighted down by sandbags—waiting for my turn on _Good Morning America,_ when I heard a fighter jet rip through the sky overhead. It was an American jet. I say this with confidence because as far as I am aware, the Iraqi air force never got off the ground. In fact, Iraqi planes were found after the war buried in the desert, some wrapped in plastic, others simply covered in sand. The Iraqis either didn't want to lose their prized jets or thought it would have been suicide to go up in them. I tore off my microphone and ran out of the building, fearing the American jet was preparing to finish the work of the previous night and flatten the Information Ministry. 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the thing that has confused me for a while. I expected these rational, intelligent people to have the answers as to why they voted to remain, and yet they didn’t. More often than not they had nothing but, ‘You’re wrong, you’re an idiot.’ End of argument. It reminded me of a very young and naive me, in my days of being a bit of a God-botherer. In that context, it almost feels like socialism has moved away from being the rationalist’s home to being the believer’s home. It’s become a religion. And many of the key issues of our day, including Brexit, climate change and veganism have also taken on the blind faith qualities of religion, with an anger to rival some of the fiercest fundamental Christians or Muslims. Strangely enough, I’m writing this on the train, and have just looked up to see a headline in the Evening Standard, ‘Now to we have a nasty left to match the nasty right?’ We need to find the middle ground again, and the start of that is proper, well informed, rational debate based on the latest techniques in data modelling and forecasting. Not only that, we need to start telling some proper stories to reflect the truth in these facts and figures. Time to bring on the actuaries? Tags Algorithm, Anger, Argument, Authority, Bret Victor, Climate change, Data modeling, Decision-making, Denialism, Friedrich Hayek, God, Intelligence, Intuition, Justice, Liberty, London Evening Standard, Loyalty, Morality, Rationality, Religion, Rhetoric, Rights, Socialism, The Righteous Mind, Veganism<\|endoftext\|>Michel Roux (22 de julio de 1929 – 2 de febrero de 2007) fue un actor y director teatral de nacionalidad francesa. Conocido actor de doblaje, prestó su voz a numeroso actores, siendo sobre todo conocido por doblar a Tony Curtis en la serie The Persuaders! y a Peter Sellers en el papel del Inspector Clouseau. Biografía Nacido en Colombes, Francia, su trayectoria, iniciada a los catorce años de edad, se desarrolló principalmente en el teatro, tanto como actor como director. Entre las obras más destacadas en la cuales actuó figura La jaula de las locas, que le dio una gran notoriedad, así como La cena de los idiotas, Le Canard à l'orange y Tromper n'est pas jouer. En los años 1970 y 1980, fue una de las estrellas recurrentes del programa televisivo Au théâtre ce soir, para el cual elaboró numerosas puestas en escena. También trabajó como actor en series como Les Cinq Dernières Minutes (1965). Gran figura del mundo del doblaje, fue conocido por dar voz a los actores Jack Lemmon y Peter Sellers, doblando entre otros muchos a Alec Guinness, Cary Grant (North by Northwest), Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lewis o Elvis Presley. Doblador de Tony Curtis en la serie televisiva The Persuaders!, contribuyó enormemente al inmenso éxito de dicha producción en Francia. Su última actuación teatral tuvo lugar en 2006 con Le Charlatan, de Robert Lamoureux, con escenografía de Francis Joffo, pieza que Michel Roux y Jacques Balutin interpretaron en el Théâtre Saint-Georges y en el Théâtre du Palais-Royal. Michel Roux falleció en el año 2007 en París, Francia, a causa de una dolencia cardiaca. Se celebró su funeral el 8 de febrero de ese año en Colombes, donde fue enterrado. Por su trayectoria artística, fue nombrado caballero de la Orden Nacional del Mérito Teatro Actor 1951 : La Belle Rombière, de Jean Clervers y Guillaume Hanoteau, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Teatro de la Huchette y Théâtre de l'Œuvre 1952 : Les Taureaux, de Alexandre Arnoux, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Teatro Montparnasse 1952 : La Petite Femme de Loth, de Tristan Bernard, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Teatro Montparnasse 1952 : Mobilette, con Suzy Delair y Mona Monick, Roger Lanzac, en l'Européen 1952 : Les Barbes nobles, de André Roussin, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Grand-Guignol 1953 : Le Ravageur, de Gabriel Chevallier, escenografía de Alfred Pasquali, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens 1955 : Ce diable d'ange, de Pierre Destailles y Charles Michel, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Comédie-Wagram 1956 : À la monnaie du Pape, de Louis Velle, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Gramont 1956 : Irma la Douce, de Alexandre Breffort y Marguerite Monnot, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Gramont 1959 : L'Effet Glapion, de Jacques Audiberti, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Théâtre La Bruyère 1960 : La Petite Datcha, de Vasiliei Vasil'evitch Chkvarkin, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Daunou 1961 : La Dame et l'écureuil, de Robert Collon, escenografía de André Puglia, Théâtre Fontaine 1961 : Les Pupitres, de Raymond Devos, escenografía de l'auteur, Théâtre Fontaine 1963 : Sacré Léonard, de Jean Poiret y Michel Serrault, escenografía de André Puglia, Théâtre Fontaine 1964 : Les escargots meurent debout, de Francis Blanche, escenografía de Jean Le Poulain, Théâtre Fontaine 1965 : Du vent dans les branches de sassafras, de René de Obaldia, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Gramont 1966 : Laurette ou l'Amour voleur, de Marcelle Maurette y Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, escenografía de Pierre Fresnay, Théâtre de la Michodière 1967 : Comme au théâtre, de Françoise Dorin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre de la Michodière 1968 : Comme au théâtre, de Françoise Dorin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre des Célestins 1968 : Visitations, de Jean Giraudoux, Théâtre de la Michodière 1968 : C'est malin!, de Fulbert Janin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Espace Cardin 1968 : Opération Lagrelèche, de Jean Poiret y Michel Serrault, Théâtre Fontaine 1969 : Les Grosses Têtes, de Jean Poiret y Michel Serrault, escenografía de Jean Poiret y René Dupuy, Théâtre de l'Athénée 1969 : La Paille humide, de Albert Husson, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre de la Michodière 1970 : Un sale égoïste, de Françoise Dorin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre Antoine 1973 : Un yaourt pour deux, de Stanley Price, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre Gramont 1975 : Le Tableau, de Eugène Ionesco, escenografía de Jacques Mauclair, Monfort-Théâtre 1977 : Féfé de Broadway, de Jean Poiret, escenografía de Pierre Mondy, con Jacqueline Maillan, Annick Alane, Jackie Sardou y Roger Carel, Théâtre des Variétés 1978 : La jaula de las locas, de Jean Poiret, con Jean-Jacques, William Sabatier y Claude Gensac, Théâtre des Variétés 1980 : L'Azalée, de Yves Jamiaque, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre Marigny 1981 : Domino, de Marcel Achard, escenografía de Jean Piat, Théâtre Marigny 1983 : Le Vison voyageur, de Ray Cooney y John Chapman, escenografía de Patrick Guillemin, Théâtre de la Michodière 1985 : Silence, on tourne, de Michel Lengliney, Théâtre Daunou 1986 : Au sec	redpajama	[ 253, 2181, 326, 556, 13477, 479, 323, 247, 1223, 15, 309, 3264, 841, 8870, 13, 17497, 952, 281, 452, 253, 9172, 347, 281, 2139, 597, 14285, 281, 3464, 13, 285, 2568, 597, 1904, 457, 85, 15, 3010, 2223, 685, 417, 597, 574, 2717, 533, 13, 2802, 1394, 457, 250, 3430, 13, 368, 457, 250, 271, 28006, 9027, 8072, 273, 4154, 15, 187, 1147, 17328, 479, 273, 247, 1077, 2872, 285, 27785, 479, 13, 275, 619, 1897, 273, 1146, 247, 2372, 273, 247, 2656, 14, 12042, 1568, 83, 15, 187, 688, 326, 3634, 13, 352, 2761, 9193, 751, 38384, 556, 4395, 1977, 432, 1146, 253, 8870, 382, 457, 84, 1728, 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tuned to the $6^{th}$ harmonic of the seed ($43.5\,$nm); electron beam peak current $300\,$A, normalized transverse emittance $1\,$mm-mrad, relative energy spread $0.01\%$ and no linear chirp component. Solid line: $\chi_2=-10\,$MeV/ps$^2$; dashed line: $\chi_2=10\,$MeV/ps$^2$; dotted line: $\chi_2=50\,$Mev/ps$^2$.} \label{Figure_quadratic_energy_chirp_Perseo} \end{figure} \section{Conclusion} \label{conclusion} We studied the mechanism leading to the generation of two spectrally- and temporally-separated radiation pulses for a seeded, harmonic upshift free-electron laser operating in the extreme ultra-violet spectral region. This mechanism, discovered and studied in detail at the FERMI@Elettra FEL facility, relies on the use of a high-power chirped seed pulse to produce strong, coherent overbunching in an electron beam; the presence of the chirp is the key element to producing a spectral splitting between the two temporal pulses. By changing either the seed laser power or the strength of the dispersive section, we demonstrated excellent control of both the temporal distance and the spectral separation between the generated pulses. We also found that for our particular operation regime, the onset of the pulse splitting and the control of the pulses properties are only slightly affected by temporal variations in electron beam properties such as the current. Quadratic energy chirps do affect the spectral bandwidths and separation between the two pulses, but have negligible effect on their temporal separations. In the limit that radiation/electron beam slippage effects are small, the temporal separation between pulses can be directly retrieved from the measurement of the FEL spectrum and from the knowledge of the seed chirp properties. Such information can be extremely important when exploiting this two-pulse configuration to carry out jitter-free, pump-probe user experiments. \section{Acknowledgements} We gratefully acknowledge the valuable contribution of the FERMI@Elettra commissioning and operations team. We also profited from insightful discussions with F. Bencivenga, C. Callegari, F. Capotondi and M. Labat. This work was funded by the FERMI@Elettra project of Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, partially supported by the Ministry of University and Research under grant numbers FIRB-RBAP045JF2 and FIRB-RBAP06AWK3. The work of B. Mahieu, G. De Ninno and D. Gauthier has been partially supported by the CITIUS project, funded by the Program for cross-border cooperation Italy-Slovenia 2007-2013. <\|endoftext\|>The Macintosh Way was the first book written by former Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki. Subtitled "the art of guerrilla management", the book focused on technology marketing and management and includes many anecdotes culled from Kawasaki's experience during the early development of the Macintosh. The author wrote of the book on his website: "This book was my first child. I wrote it because I was bursting with idealistic and pure notions about how a company can change the world, and I wanted to spread the gospel." He re-acquired rights to it after it had gone out of print and released it online as a free download. The book features a foreword by Jean-Louis Gassée. Chapter listing First Blood Macintosh Days Environment Great Products Support Marketing User Groups Evangelism To Market, To Market The Printed Word Working with the Mothership How to Give Good Demo Presentation Manager Trade Show Mavenship How to Drive your (MS-DOS) Competitors Crazy The Macintosh Guide to Dating and Marriage Sayonara External links The Macintosh Way at Guy Kawasaki's site 1990 non-fiction books Organizational culture Books by computer and internet entrepreneurs Books about Apple Inc.<\|endoftext\|>Q: how to control on the position of toolbar Item in SWT? I have 3 ToolItem : text, item1, item2 I want that text item will be align to the left and item 1 and item 2 will be align to the right for example text item1,item2 This is the code ToolBar treeToolBar = new ToolBar(treeComposite, SWT.NONE); filterText = new Text(treeToolBar, SWT.BORDER); ToolItem textItem = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.SEPARATOR); textItem.setControl(filterText); textItem.setWidth(filterText.computeSize(SWT.DEFAULT, SWT.DEFAULT, true).x); Item1 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH \| SWT.RIGHT); item2 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH \| SWT.RIGHT); A: If you just want item1 and item2 somewhere in the middle, add a new item with style SWT.SEPARATOR and set the desired width to offset the two items. If you really want the two items to be at the right side of the toolbar, you have to compute dynamically the size of that separator. Basically you subtract from the size of the toolbar the size of the three items (one text and two push items). Here is a complete snippet where the text is aligned to the left and the buttons to the right. The toolbar.pack() call is necessary to compute also the space used between the items and the trimming. We have to take that also into account. public static void main(String[] args) { final Display display = new Display(); final Shell shell = new Shell(display); shell.setLayout(new FillLayout()); final Composite treeComposite = new Composite(shell, SWT.NONE); treeComposite.setLayout(new GridLayout()); final ToolBar treeToolBar = new ToolBar(treeComposite, SWT.NONE); treeToolBar.setLayoutData(new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, false)); final Text filterText = new Text(treeToolBar, SWT.BORDER); final ToolItem textItem = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.SEPARATOR); textItem.setControl(filterText); textItem.setWidth(filterText.computeSize(SWT.DEFAULT, SWT.DEFAULT, true).x); final ToolItem separator = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.SEPARATOR); separator.setWidth(0); final ToolItem item1 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH \| SWT.RIGHT); item1.setImage(display.getSystemImage(SWT.ICON_WORKING)); final ToolItem item2 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH \| SWT.RIGHT); item2.setImage(display.getSystemImage(SWT.ICON_QUESTION)); treeToolBar.pack(); final int trimSize = treeToolBar.getSize().x - textItem.getWidth() - item1.getWidth() - item2.getWidth(); treeToolBar.addListener(SWT.Resize, new Listener() { @Override public void handleEvent(Event event) { final int toolbarWidth = treeToolBar.getSize().x; final int itemsWidth = textItem.getWidth() + item1.getWidth() + item2.getWidth(); final int separatorWidth = toolbarWidth - itemsWidth - trimSize; separator.setWidth(separatorWidth); } }); shell.open(); while (!shell.isDisposed()) { if (!display.readAndDispatch()) { display.sleep(); } } display.dispose(); } <\|endoftext\|>O Koreanosaurus (que significa "lagarto coreano") é o nome informal dado a um gênero de dinossauro terópode dromeosaurídeo que viveu em meados do período Cretáceo, há 110 e 100 milhões de anos entre o Aptiano e o Albiano, na Coreia do Sul. Por algum tempo foi referido como um Tyrannosauridae e Hypsilophodontidae. Com base em um fêmur solitário, a espécie tipo foi nomeada por Kim em 1979, que em 1993 decidiu incluí-lo como uma nova espécie do gênero. Deinonychus, o D. koreanensis. Foi relatada a presença de um quarto trocânter, que o distanciaria do Deinonychus e, possivelmente, da família Dromaeosauridae, embora isso não seja confirmado. Também já foi	redpajama	[ 24251, 281, 253, 370, 23, 768, 394, 724, 23007, 273, 253, 8357, 4816, 3079, 15, 22, 46986, 10602, 558, 6488, 8325, 5241, 1655, 370, 7554, 46986, 34, 13, 12650, 17430, 802, 770, 593, 370, 18, 46986, 2188, 14, 78, 4614, 13, 4103, 2341, 5195, 370, 17, 15, 520, 27212, 285, 642, 4872, 36494, 81, 4445, 15, 209, 187, 49474, 1386, 27, 669, 4635, 64, 19, 11468, 740, 46986, 42058, 16, 793, 18333, 19, 16446, 17889, 1386, 27, 669, 4635, 64, 19, 30, 740, 46986, 42058, 16, 793, 18333, 19, 16446, 209, 187, 46774, 1386, 27, 669, 4635, 64, 19, 30, 1235, 46986, 46, 1173, 16, 793, 18333, 19, 5, 964, 94, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 2841, 64, 3362, 83, 1420, 64, 14115, 64, 348, 343, 81, 64, 6052, 339, 80, 94, 187, 61, 423, 92, 13206, 94, 535, 187, 61, 4674, 29468, 18786, 94, 187, 61, 1968, 92, 585, 3444, 94, 187, 187, 1231, 5421, 253, 5122, 4283, 281, 253, 5978, 273, 767, 2812, 83, 595, 14, 285, 5897, 595, 14, 49741, 7742, 20205, 323, 247, 27677, 13, 23007, 598, 11551, 1959, 14, 30083, 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BDF or Bdf may refer to: Backward differentiation formula, a numerical method for solving ordinary differential equations Ballroom Dancers' Federation, a British organization for competitive ballroom dancers Bates Dance Festival, a yearly dance festival held at Bates College. Banca Dacia Felix (Dacia Felix Bank), a defunct Romanian bank Bedfordshire, a historic county in England, Chapman code Beiersdorf AG, a multinational corporation based in Hamburg, Germany Berlin Demography Forum, an annual international conference on demographic issues Board foot, unit of measure for volume of lumber Bois-des-Filion, Quebec, a town in Quebec, Canada Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (1894-1933), a defunct German women's organization Technology Building Distribution Frame, a type of distribution frame in telecommunications PCI BDF (bus/device/function), a range of configurable addresses in PCI configuration space Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format, a file format for storing bitmap fonts Military Bangladesh Forces, the combined forces of Bangladesh during its war of independence in 1971 Bahrain Defense Force, the military of Bahrain Barbados Defence Force, the military of Barbados Belize Defence Force, the military of Belize Botswana Defence Force, the military of Botswana<\|endoftext\|>Q: How to do case insensitive search in StringOperators.valueOf("field1").indexOf(txtSchStr)) I have a springdata mongodb aggregation where I use agg = Aggregation.newAggregation(BrkrBean.class, match(criteria), project("productId, "fullName").and( StringOperators.valueOf("areas").indexOf(searchString)).as("score")) This works fine, but how can I do case insensitive search for the searchString. There is no option for indexOf() method. A: It is not possible directly. You will have to do some kind of workaround by converting both field value and search string to same case. StringOperators.valueOf(StringOperators.valueOf("areas").toLower()) .indexOf(StringOperators.valueOf(searchString).toLower()) <\|endoftext\|>Love Over and Over is the fifth album by Kate & Anna McGarrigle, released in 1982. Following this album, the McGarrigles did not release an album of new material until Heartbeats Accelerating in 1990. The album contains a French-Canadian version of Bob Seger's You'll Accomp'ny Me. Track listing Side One "Move Over Moon" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:11 "Sun, Son (Shining on the Water)" (Anna McGarrigle) – 4:03 "I Cried for Us" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:23 "Love Over and Over" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle) – 4:07 "Star Cab Company" (Anna McGarrigle) – 3:30 "Tu vas m'accompagner" (Bob Seger; translated. by Anna McGarrigle) – 3:56 Side Two "On My Way to Town" (Kate McGarrigle) – 2:17 "Jesus Lifeline" (, Arranged by Anna McGarrigle) – 3:01 "Work Song" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:49 "St. Valentines Day, 1978 (Black Heart)" (Anna McGarrigle) – 3:17 "Midnight Flight" (Kate McGarrigle) – 5:42 Bonus tracks The 1997 Hannibal CD reissue contains two bonus tracks not found on the Polydor release: "A Place in Your Heart" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Pat Donaldson, Dane Lanken, Jane McGarrigle) – 3:07 "Babies If I Didn't Have You" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:34 (B-side on the single release of the title track "Love Over and Over") Personnel Kate McGarrigle : Piano, banjo, accordion, guitar, vocals Anna McGarrigle : Piano, accordion, vocals Alun Davies : Guitar Andrew Cowan : Guitar Chaim Tannenbaum : Guitar, banjo, mandolin, vocals Mark Knopfler - Guitar on "Love Over and Over" Scot Lang : Guitar, bass guitar Pat Donaldson : Bass guitar Paul Samwell-Smith : Bass guitar Jane McGarrigle : Organ, vocals Kenny Pearson : Piano, organ Gilles Losier : Piano Dane Lanken : Trumpet Gerry Conway : Drums Jean-Paul Robichaud : Drums, percussions Ted Jensen : Engineer at Sterling Sound, NYC - mastering References External links 1982 albums Kate & Anna McGarrigle albums Polydor Records albums<\|endoftext\|>\section{Introduction} \label{Sec:Introduction} Carbon nanotubes were first found in a form of multi-wall cylinders, each of which consists of a rolled graphene sheet.\cite{Iijima_1991a,Iijima_et_al_1992a} A single-wall nanotube, fabricated later,\cite{Iijima_and_Ichihashi_1993a,Bethune_et_al_1993a} has a unique electronic property that it changes critically from metallic to semiconducting depending on its tubular circumferential vector. This characteristic feature was first predicted by means of tight-binding models,\cite{Hamada_et_al_1992a,Mintmire_et_al_1992a,Saito_et_al_1992a,Dresselhaus_et_al_1992a,Dresselhaus_et_al_1992b,Jishi_et_al_1993a,Tanaka_et_al_1992a,Gao_and_Herndon_1992a,Robertson_et_al_1992a,White_et_al_1993a} and was successfully described in an effective-mass approximation.\cite{Ajiki_and_Ando_1993a,Ajiki_and_Ando_1996a,Ando_2005a_and_References} Experimental\cite{Chopra_et_al_1995b,Bourgeois_and_Bursill_1997a,Benedict_et_al_1998a,Liu_et_al_2002d,Li_et_al_2007a,Zhong_et_al_2012a,Kohno_et_al_2013a,Zhang_et_al_2012a,Martel_et_al_1998b,Hertel_et_al_1998a,Yu_et_al_2001d,Yu_et_al_2001b,Giusca_et_al_2007a,Giusca_et_al_2008a,Choi_et_al_2013a} as well as computational studies\cite{Crespi_et_al_1996a,Crespi_et_al_1998a,Lu_et_al_2003a,Liu_and_Cho_2004a,Tangney_et_al_2005a,Lammert_et_al_2000a,Mehrez_et_al_2005a,Lu_et_al_2005a,Tang_et_al_2005a,Zhang_et_al_2006b,Hasegawa_and_Nishidate_2006a,Xiao_et_al_2007a,Lu_et_al_2011a,Kim_et_al_2001e,Nishidate_and_Hasegawa_2008a,Shtogun_and_Woods_2009a,Hasegawa_and_Nishidate_2009a,Nishidate_and_Hasegawa_2010a,Shklyaev_et_al_2011a,Kou_et_al_2013a} have discovered that large diameter nanotubes have an additional stable flattened structure. The purpose of this work is to study electronic structure of collapsed carbon nanotubes for arbitrary chirality within the effective-mass approximation. \par The observation of fully collapsed multi-wall carbon nanotubes was reported in transmission electron microscopy,\cite{Chopra_et_al_1995b,Bourgeois_and_Bursill_1997a,Benedict_et_al_1998a,Liu_et_al_2002d,Li_et_al_2007a,Zhong_et_al_2012a,Kohno_et_al_2013a,Zhang_et_al_2012a} atomic force microscopy,\cite{Zhang_et_al_2012a,Martel_et_al_1998b,Hertel_et_al_1998a,Yu_et_al_2001d} and scanning tunneling microscopy.\cite{Giusca_et_al_2007a,Giusca_et_al_2008a,Yu_et_al_2001b} Multi-wall nanotubes was shown to exhibit structural deformations in FET devices.\cite{Martel_et_al_1998b} Recently, high-yield fabrication of high quality collapsed tubes was	redpajama	[ 8561, 39, 390, 378, 4989, 778, 3730, 281, 27, 535, 8247, 1034, 9827, 7212, 13, 247, 10704, 1332, 323, 16161, 9826, 8967, 7424, 187, 14702, 4461, 399, 13342, 8, 20369, 13, 247, 4782, 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Q: default data in sonata_type_model I work with symfony 2.7, and I use SonataAdminBundle. I have 2 entities called (Produit) and (Correspondant) with OneToMany relation, One Produit can have Many Correspondant. in the create form for the (Produit) I have correspondants to add Many (Correspondant), and I like by default add all the Correspondants, for that I tried to do this : ProduitAdmin $query = $this->modelManager->getEntityManager(new User())->createQuery("SELECT s FROM UserBundle\Entity\User s WHERE s.type LIKE 'Correspondant'" ); $formMapper ->add('correspondants','sonata_type_model', array( 'class'=>'Devagnos\UserBundle\Entity\User', 'multiple'=> true, 'by_reference' => false, 'label'=>'Correspondants associés', 'data' => function() { $data = new ArrayCollection(); $r= $query->getResult(); foreach($r as $result) { $data->add($result->getId()); } return $data; }, 'query' => $query ), ) But this does not work, Someone can help me please? thanks A: You need to set data attribute and put the entities you want to be selected as default. $selected =... //fetch entities, e.g. from repository $formMapper ->add('field','sonata_type_model', array( 'your_settings' => '...', 'query' => '...', 'data' => $selected ) ); <\|endoftext\|>Q: Namespace and classes in php Why i receive error? the class in the same namespace.. php 5.3.0 namespace ExampleSystem\Core; class Test { public function __construct() { print 'Test ok'; } } // Fatal error: Class 'Test' not found in... $class_name = 'Test'; $obj = new $class_name; // Ok $class_name = 'ExampleSystem\Core\Test'; $obj = new $class_name; // Ok $obj = new Test; A: I can't find chapter and verse in the PHP manual, but the obvious explanation is that when you do: $obj = new $string then the value of $string is not mapped into the current namespace. This makes sense, when you consider that $string may have been passed in from somewhere else, where a different namespace may have been in effect. <\|endoftext\|>What do you do in cafes? Catch-up with old friends? Finish your homework? Community organizing doesn't have to take place in cramped office spaces or basement pubs. In fact, if we really want to reclaim public space as a spot in which to congregate and form movements, it's imperative to form inclusive community spaces. And catching up with old friends doesn't have to exist solitary from social justice events. We can be social as we organize. There is beauty in that. This is the sort of space the Rhizome Cafe is fostering. I spoke with Lisa Moore, co-founder of the Rhizome, located 317 E. Broadway near Kingsway. It's a spot in Vancouver where art, activism and social organizing all meet. Lisa explained how the space was founded by her and partner Vinetta in 2006 after they moved to Vancouver and recognized a noticeable gap between the various groups in the activist scene there. The space was formed with the goal of providing an "activist living room" for progressives to come in and cultivate the intersecting of issues as well as form relationships and trust. Lisa pointed out that the Rhizome was always going to be a community space before a restaurant. Vinetta had past experience working in a family restaurant and the Rhizome needed a way to sustain itself. Its mission was (and is) to operate as a place to support organizing and social justice work, provide a meeting space for activists and to host a multitude of related events. A critical component of the space lies in its acts of solidarity with all community members. Its pay-as-you-can lentil soup is an "act of community not charity," says Lisa. She went on to explain how the space is both formal and informal, so that folks can drop by without necessarily having a reason at first, only to have that curiosity bloom into active participation in local activism. "It's important to get to know each other on a human level..and know who is beside us when enraged," she said. And what better way to connect community members than through the blending of art and social justice work. The Rhizome has played host to everything from indigenous hip-hop shows, to queer-oriented board game nights, to fundraisers, and community forums. The fact social justice takes different forms is etched into the space and "different modes of expression are woven throughout." Recognizing the beauty in everyone's unique skills that they bring into organizing and appreciating the variance in a safe, inclusive, non-oppressive space is effective in heightening the scope of both community and activism in our cities. The reality that 150 community members came out to support the Rhizome, when they had started a method of financial support, "friends of the rhizome," due to the increasing cost of operation, is an example of how public space is the responsibility of everyone. While being underground may be important in a time of severe state repression, re-claiming public space as a place for the people to meet and form the type of neighbourhood, lacking in corporate-infused urban planning, is fundamental to a healthy activist community. Like the coffee shop meetings of radical organizers from my parents<\|endoftext\|>Q: How to specify _HANDLER in AWS Lambda Docker Image I am trying to create a docker image to run a shell script as aws lambda function. As far as I understood, I need a runtime and a handler. The default runtime (bootstrap) looks like this: #!/bin/sh set -euo pipefail # Handler format: <script_name>.<bash_function_name> # # The script file <script_name>.sh must be located at the root of your # function's deployment package, alongside this bootstrap executable. source $(dirname "$0")/"$(echo $_HANDLER \| cut -d. -f1).sh" while true do # Request the next event from the Lambda runtime HEADERS="$(mktemp)" EVENT_DATA=$(curl -v -sS -LD "$HEADERS" -X GET "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next") INVOCATION_ID=$(grep -Fi Lambda-Runtime-Aws-Request-Id "$HEADERS" \| tr -d '[:space:]' \| cut -d: -f2) # Execute the handler function from the script RESPONSE=$($(echo "$_HANDLER" \| cut -d. -f2) "$EVENT_DATA") # Send the response to Lambda runtime curl -v -sS -X POST "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/$INVOCATION_ID/response" -d "$RESPONSE" done The Dockerfile: FROM public.ecr.aws/lambda/provided:al2 COPY bootstrap ${LAMBDA_RUNTIME_DIR} COPY function.sh ${LAMBDA_TASK_ROOT} RUN … (install some dependencies) CMD ["function.handler"] From what I've read, your supposed to set CMD to the handler. However this does not seem to work as the $_HANDLER variable is not known inside of the container. A: I can't figure out what makes the difference, but this combination of Dockerfile and bootstrap works. #!/bin/sh set -euo pipefail source "$LAMBDA_TASK_ROOT"/"$(echo $_HANDLER \| cut -d. -f1).sh" while true do # Request the next event from the Lambda runtime HEADERS="$(mktemp)" EVENT_DATA=$(curl -sS -LD "$HEADERS" -X GET "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next") INVOCATION_ID=$(grep -Fi Lambda-Runtime-Aws-Request-Id "$HEADERS" \| tr -d '[:space:]' \| cut -d: -f2) # Execute the handler function from the script RESPONSE=$($(echo "$_HANDLER" \| cut -d. -f2) "$EVENT_DATA") # Send the response to Lambda runtime curl -sS -X POST "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-	redpajama	[ 50, 27, 4284, 941, 275, 3347, 682, 64, 881, 64, 7645, 309, 789, 342, 18870, 37852, 374, 15, 24, 1157, 285, 309, 897, 11832, 682, 30000, 18099, 15, 187, 42, 452, 374, 14429, 1925, 313, 1845, 563, 262, 10, 285, 313, 9873, 2541, 386, 10, 342, 2596, 1992, 10195, 5886, 13, 2596, 31186, 262, 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aries while it was Iraq that was trying to buy the loyalty of its own forces. The radio also quoted Uday Saddam Hussein as saying, "the wives and mothers of those Americans who fight us will cry blood instead of tears. They should not pretend that they will have a safe spot inside Iraq or outside of it!" I wondered why he said, "or outside of it." Was he threatening terrorism? After filing live broadcasts for much of the morning and afternoon for _Good Morning America,_ I headed to the Flowers Land to see Mohammed. I wanted to make sure he was still there. Instead I saw Zafar sitting on a couch in the lobby. "What are you doing here?" I screamed at him. "I'm paying you to be at the hotel! Why else did I get you a room?" "I didn't think you needed me anymore. I haven't heard from you in two days," he said, sulking. "And you won't hear from me. All I want you to do is stay there. Just sit there in case I need you. Can't you do that?" Zafar pursed his lips, lowered his head, and slunk out like a scolded child as I marched him back to his hotel. The policeman answered the door in an undershirt when we showed up. I couldn't smell the whiskey on his breath, but I could see his brain swimming behind his tired droopy eyes. And this was one of my safe houses. I rushed back to the Palestine to start filing for that night's broadcasts. I wasn't frightened at this stage by the war. In fact, I was emboldened by the first two nights. I thought that if what I'd seen was all the US had in mind for the war, I'd been worrying too much. > Day Three—Shock and Awe (March 22, 03) > > > > It was ten times the intensity of the first two nights. The palace complex on the west side of the river, Al-Kasr al-Jumhuri, was smashed. I could feel the heat and wind of the blasts against my face. I've gone three days almost without sleep. I've been on air almost 24 hours a day. Officials from the press center have been going through the hotel looking for sat phones. I'm keeping mine under the bed. It felt like an earthquake when the bombs were dropping. About half of the journalists slept in the shelter downstairs. The bombs were falling one after another. It was like lightning hitting the ground, the fury of Thor and Zeus crackling with explosions. From my perch it looked to me as if all of downtown Baghdad was being destroyed. There was no moon in the sky (the air campaign was timed to begin with the new moon to protect against anti-aircraft fire) and it was a perfectly clear black night, which made the explosions stand out in crisp contrast. The bombs had been close enough that I could feel their hot wind and the blast waves blew back my hair and pushed the air out of my lungs. The entire western bank of the city where government ministries were located was hit by what seemed like countless bombs and cruise missiles. I watched the area disappear in white smoke. It looked as if Baghdad were being eaten by a cloud. I cannot exaggerate how terrifying it was. I thought half the city was being flattened, leveled, eliminated. When I emerged from the hotel the next morning, I felt like I'd been out all night drinking, gotten into a bar fight, embarrassed myself, antagonized my friends and smacked a policeman. I was treading very lightly, worried the world was after me. My legs were weak and I was on my best behavior, like a child trying to avoid punishment. I didn't want to be caught. I didn't want to be seen. I didn't know what I'd find in Baghdad that morning, or what to say to the people I met. I didn't know if there were hundreds, or even thousands, of people who'd been killed overnight. I was greatly relieved to find Ali waiting for me downstairs in the hotel lobby with fresh bread, juice and cheese. He was remarkably calm. He also had the morning newspapers in hand. I was astonished that they'd managed to come out. It was a sign that Baghdad was still standing. The newspapers would continue to be published until the last day of the war. As we drove around I was stunned by how little damage I could actually see. I'd expected Baghdad to have become a moonscape. Several buildings had been reduced to dust, and most of the windows in the downtown area were shattered, but the city was still recognizable. I drove past several telephone exchanges that had been reduced to smoldering hills of crumpled concrete with yellow chunks of insulation hanging from twisted steel reinforcement bars. Most of the destruction, however, had taken place behind the high walls of presidential palaces and security compounds, which had taken an incredible beating. Ali was more shaken than he let on. He told me a cruise missile had soared over his house. He'd watched it go overhead. Ali's parents had fled Baghdad that morning to stay with relatives in a nearby rural village. After spending the afternoon broadcasting, I asked the network for a few hours off. I needed to collect my thoughts, eat a proper meal and reassure Ali that I wouldn't abandon him. I took Ali to Zafar's favorite restaurant, the one I remembered for its "Sauce" and wonderful _kouzi._ I didn't expect to find anyone inside, but the place was teeming with customers. The headwaiter had to look to find us a table in the back. While we were eating, the air campaign started up for the first time during the day. I could hear the thundering of the big firecrackers and missiles falling, destroying buildings and everything in them. But no one in the restaurant flinched. I tried to focus on the hum of conversations coming from other tables. People weren't even talking about the war unfolding around them. It was a bizarre moment. Bombs were exploding around us after a night of the most awesome air strikes Iraq had ever known, the government was under attack, American troops were advancing toward the capital, yet people were busy munching on meat, bread and hummos, seemingly oblivious to it all. I think the attitude was the result of the psychological trauma Iraqis had been subjected to during the decades of Saddam Hussein's misrule. Iraqis had been so beaten down that they'd become ambivalent, like those bureaucrats I'd encountered with stares like prisoners on death row. In Iraq, it was considered unpatriotic to notice the war, and treasonous to discuss it, let alone speculate about the outcome. It was safer to just pretend not to notice what was going on, keep your head down, and wait for the storm to blow over. I found it very sad to see what years of dictatorship can do to the human soul. # CHAPTER FIVE I WAS STANDING ON my balcony on the fourteenth floor of the Palestine Hotel when I saw the first plume of smoke emerge on the horizon like a black snake rising up from the desert. I thought a fire was roaring out of control about five miles away from me in the northern part of the city. It was mid-afternoon and the smoke was billowing hundreds of feet into the blue cloudless sky. US and British forces had already dropped dozens of bombs around the edges of Baghdad that day, creating a steady pounding sound. Unlike the bombs that occasionally fell close to the Palestine, the distant explosions didn't crackle or snap or shake the hotel. Instead, they sang in deep bass tones, like fists punching a slab of beef. I assumed the smoke was spewing from an Iraqi building, munitions dump or fuel depot that had been turned into a smoldering parking lot and didn't worry about it too much. In less than a week, my tolerance for fires and explosions had grown to alarming proportions. I would no longer telephone the ABC News desk every time the bombings started. I would have been on the sat phone all day long. The air raids would start, stop and start again all day and night. I was surprised at how quickly I'd become accustomed to the air campaign and the war in general. I'd seen Israelis and Palestinians both quickly acclimate to an environment of extreme violence, but until it happened to me, I didn't quite understand how easy it was. The last time I'd seen it was a year earlier among Palestinian boys in the West Bank. In March 2002, the Israeli army launched Operation Defensive Shield in response to the horrific Passover-night suicide attack in Netanya near Tel Aviv. Not only was it the bloodiest suicide attack yet of the new Palestinian intifada but it was carried out on a Jewish holiday. Israel had to respond. Operation Defensive Shield, however, was only defensive to those who believe that a strong offense is the best defense. Within days of its outset, the campaign grew into the largest military operation in the Palestinian territories since the 1967 Middle East War. Israeli troops recaptured every major city on the West Bank except for the tiny oasis of Jericho, which was already isolated from Israel by a deep valley and desert. Scores of Palestinians were killed each day, as were many Israeli soldiers, especially in the northern West Bank city of Jenin, where Palestinians accused Israeli forces of a massacre after they leveled a section of the city while people were still in their homes. Israel subsequently blocked a UN investigating team from carrying out fieldwork in the area. 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Q: PHP Echo Styling output <?php if (in_array($key,$following)){ echo'<form id="follow" action= "action.php" method="GET" data-theme="a"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value="$key"/> <input type="submit" name="do" value="follow" data-theme="a"/> </form>'; ?> I am trying to style this echo section. I have it outputting to another PHP file that is framed in HTML div tags. How would I go about this? I have everything else on the page styled correctly except for this output. Edit** I edited the code, that's a form. But anyway, I have another php file that is referencing this php code and on the 2nd php file it is wrapped in html and the div tag on that page shows the echo from this page but I can't get the css to work on that other file. And I have tried #follow. no luck. A: create your own function: function myecho($text){ echo "<div class='your_css_class'>".$text."</div>"; } And when you want to echo something just write myecho("my message"); <\|endoftext\|>Q: How to disable(not-clickable) some of the items from popup window i have popupwindow in every items for recylcerview,but i want to disable some options from popupwindow depending upon the items in recyclerview. user should be able to see but not able to click. public void bind(Card addCard) { // onBind method of recylerview popupWindow = getPopupWindow(addCard); } public void onClick(View v) { // added onclick on image (item of recylcerview) if (popupWindow!= null) { popupWindow.showAsDropDown(v, 0, 0); popupWindow.showAtLocation(v, Gravity.NO_GRAVITY, -20, -10); } } public PopupWindow getPopupWindow(Card addCard) { String popUpContents[] = {"edit", "archive", "delete", "share"}; final PopupWindow popupWindow = new PopupWindow(context); ListView listOptions = new ListView(context); listOptions.setDivider(null); listOptions.setDividerHeight(0); listOptions.setAdapter(listOptionsAdapter(popUpContents, addCard)); listOptions.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() { @Override public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) { Card card = (Card) view.getTag(); switch (position) { case 0: cardsFragment.editCard(card); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; case 1: cardsFragment.archiveCard(card); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; case 2: cardsFragment.deleteCard(card); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; case 3: cardsFragment.shareCard(); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; } } }); // some other visual settings popupWindow.setFocusable(true); popupWindow.setWidth(250); popupWindow.setHeight(WindowManager.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT); popupWindow.setOutsideTouchable(true); if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) { popupWindow.setElevation(10); } // set the list view as pop up window content popupWindow.setContentView(listOptions); Drawable d = new ColorDrawable(Color.WHITE); popupWindow.setBackgroundDrawable(d); return popupWindow; } private ArrayAdapter<String> listOptionsAdapter(final String listoptions[], final Card addCard) { ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(context, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, listoptions) { @Override public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) { // setting the ID and text for every items in the list String item = getItem(position); // visual settings for the list item TextView listItem = new TextView(context); listItem.setTextColor(Color.BLACK); listItem.setText(item); listItem.setTag(addCard); listItem.setTextSize(20); if (position == 0) { listItem.setPadding(30, 20, 0, 20); } else { listItem.setPadding(30, 0, 0, 20); } if (addCard.isArchived) { if (position == 0 \|\| position == 1 \|\| position == 3) { listItem.setEnabled(false); // this one i have tried to disable click on certain items but not working } } return listItem; } @Override public int getCount() { return listoptions.length; } }; return adapter; } for Ex : if card if Archived i want to disable options like "edit, archive, share" below code i have tried but not working : if (addCard.isArchived) { if (position == 0 \|\| position == 1 \|\| position == 3) { listItem.setEnabled(false); // this one i have tried to disable click on certain items but not working } } <\|endoftext\|>This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 2004. Events 6 April - Cida dos Santos wins the fourth season of Big Brother Brasil. Debuts Television shows 1970s Turma da Mônica (1976–present) 1990s Malhação (1995–present) Cocoricó (1996–present) 2000s Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2001–2007) Big Brother Brasil (2002–present) FAMA (2002-2005) Ending this year Births Deaths See also 2004 in Brazil List of Brazilian films of 2004<\|endoftext\|>The Kwara State House of Assembly on Thursday passed 2019 Appropriation Bill of N157.8 billion. The News Agency of Nigeria reports that the budget was 0.19 per cent higher than N157.5 billion presented to the House by Governor AbdulFatah Ahmed on December 6. The capital expenditure of the budget is now N79.5 billion as against N79.7 billion proposed by the governor, representing 50.44 per cent of the total budget. The recurrent expenditure is put at N71.1 billion from N70.6 billion, representing 49.56 per cent of the total budget. As required law, the sum of N1.2 billion was allocated as one per cent of the state Consolidated Revenue Fund to the State Health Insurance Scheme. The measure, the News Agency of Nigeria reports, will ensure accessibility of residents to qualitative healthcare delivery. The Speaker, Dr. Ali Ahmad, directed the Clerk of the House, Hajia Halimat Kperogi, to prepare a clean copy of the budget for governor’s assent. Ahmad explained that with the passage of the budget, the house had demonstrated its commitment and high sense of patriotism. He, however, expressed displeasure of non-funding of the audit unit by the state government.<\|endoftext\|>The SPf66 vaccine was one of the first malaria vaccines to be tested extensively in endemic areas. SPf66 is a synthetic peptide vaccine containing antigens from the blood stages of malaria linked together with an antigen from the sporozoite stage. SPf66 has had 10 trials in Africa, Asia, and South America. Results were initially promising, but further trials showed only a small effect in some trials, and no effect in Africa. There is no evidence that SPf66 is effective enough to be introduced on a routine basis for prevention of malaria. There is no evidence for protection by SPf66 vaccines against P. falciparum in Africa. There is a modest reduction in attacks of P. falciparum malaria following vaccination with SPf66 in South America. There is no justification for further trials of SPf66 in its current formulation. Further research with SPf66 vaccines in South America or with new formulations of SPf66 may be justified. A malaria vaccine is badly needed. SPf66 was one of the earliest vaccines developed. It is a synthetic peptide vaccine containing antigens from the blood stages of malaria linked together with an antigen from the sporozoite stage, and is targeted mainly against the blood (asexual) stages. To assess the effect of SPf66 malaria vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale in preventing infection, disease, and death. 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class, I left my phone in the office. It's Friday and the building will be locked until Monday morning. FML By notmyday - 25/02/2009 23:26 - United States Today, we were fooling around and I was just about to orgasm when she looks at my clock and says "I have to go LOST is on in 20 minutes." FML By Rob - 06/06/2012 16:02 - United States - Neoga Today, after having sex with my girlfriend, I jokingly held the condom above my mouth. Somehow, the condom busted, and everything went over my face. Worse still, we're now wondering just how safe this condom really was. FML Not now, Yoda By iwassoclose - 10/04/2013 16:32 - United States Today, I was having sex with my boyfriend, and I told him I was close to having an orgasm. He smirked and started talking like Yoda, saying, "Strong with the cum, this one is." Orgasm gone. FML By jseid2 - 15/01/2014 05:54 - United States - San Leandro Today, my students unanimously agreed, in front of me, that the only reason they take my course is to look at my ass. FML By ohman - 28/12/2012 03:06 - United Kingdom - Cardiff Today, after having sex for the first time with my girlfriend, I realised I was in love with her. I noticed she had an eyelash on her breast. After tugging it a few times I realised it was actually a single black nipple hair. She was so embarrassed, she kicked me out and now won't return my calls. FML By ssenmodnaR - 27/07/2016 16:30 Today, I learned that I'm in that special kind of relationship where my ex thinks we're still married, no matter how many times I tell him that we were divorced over a year ago. FML By Jacqueline H'ghar - 30/07/2016 08:56 - New Zealand Today, I missed my bus to the doctor's office for my scheduled pap test. I was so desperate, I called my deadbeat mom to ask for a ride. She said "Virgins don't need pap tests", laughed, then hung up on me. FML By LonnyLonnikins - 09/04/2009 05:07 - Canada Today, I went to pick up my sister's wedding cake. It was a nice day, the shop was close, and the cake wasn't too big so I walked. On my way back, I stepped aside for a kid on a bike, tripped over my shoelaces, and dumped my sister's expensive, custom-designed cake. The wedding is tomorrow. FML Scary story time! By KelseNM - 01/11/2019 00:01 Today, I had eye surgery to try and stop the progression of my eye disease. Being conscious for the surgery, I was given numbing drops before we began. My doctor started cutting my cornea before the drops took effect. FML By laurenraeee - 25/05/2010 05:18 - United States Today, I saw a video of me from over the weekend, naked, pretending to be a duck. What the fuck happened that night? FML By Anonymous - 09/02/2017 16:00 - United States - Lewistown Today, I am sick of watching my friend's dog while she is on vacation. In four days, this dog has shredded my mattress, peed on my couches, chewed my kitchen chairs, and attacked my dog while she slept. My friend won't answer her phone, but she does update Facebook non-stop. Ten days to go. FML Housemates from hell Today, my housemate saw some stuff in the barn, thought I surely wouldn’t be using it, so he stacked lots of lawn furniture on top. The “stuff” in question? Bales of hay. As in, daily food for my horses. FML By knock_out - 16/07/2010 01:12 - United States Today, my girlfriend won't have sex with me. Why? Because my mii knocked out her mii in Wii boxing. It wouldn't be as bad if she wasn't in one player mode. FML We were on a break! Today, it's been two weeks since my girlfriend of many years and I decided to take a short break from each other. We'd been fighting a lot and felt like some space would help the situation. I found out today that, at some point during those two weeks, she decided to go and have sex with my (now ex) best friend. FML By LC - 03/11/2009 07:06 - United States Today, I volunteered to be Auctioned off for Charity. I went for $3. FML By Gina - 02/04/2010 11:33 - Thailand Today, I was in the shops and the lights all of a sudden went out. I got really scared for no reason because it was pitch black and grabbed onto my mum's hand. When the light's got turned on I was holding on to a random guy's hand. FML DoubleCross 9 Sunday 6 January 2013 19:04 Then sue her I_iz_B_a_troll 23 Well it's not her fault her floors weren't waterproof, she just wanted to turn the place into a waterpark! You'll be thanking her once she lends you the slip 'n' slide. That's really stupid of her, she could in the least, claim responsible, and help pay for the damage if not all of it. CanWeMicrowaveIt 11 It could not be her fault and just a burst water pipe. Just saying that's a possibility before everyone rants she's awful havingalaugh 9 That's why you always get renters insurance!! You never know what someone else is going to do! 48Connor 10 Just take her to court. You'll win no doubt. blaackandprouud 20 Judge Judy to the rescue. gribbles 12 Definitely not necessarily her fault. There's so many variables involved. AND at the very least, why not have renters insurance? kate12345678901 15 Monday 7 January 2013 0:13 Maybe its really not her fault an your pipes weren't up to code. luhar 7 Wow that's such a mean lady!!! Sorry op, stuff like this would make me super mad. DEATHBYEX1LE 11 Thanks for that comment. RetardedPotato 6 Tuesday 8 January 2013 2:20 Especially when you fall on your ass and earn a spot on AFHV =D sheethapins 13 Agreed. I'm sure the lawyer's opinion on who's responsible will make more of a difference than hers. Glockinator 2 Comment moderated for rule-breaking. Show it anyway You can only sue if she did it on purposes and proving that wouldn't be that easy. It's called renters insurance! Get it people. Take accountability and think ahead provei 11 You can sue if someone damages your property and refuses to pay for the damages, regardless of whether they did it on purpose or not. isallwaysme 27 @glockinator, with your logic, if I accidentally hit you with my car and break your legs, you can't sue me because it wasn't on purpose. onlychildFTW 33 Move into a penthouse OP! Then there's no stupid people above you. beehardxcore 26 Yeah, but now look at all the free water you're getting! happle 21 Through the neighbor's yucky floor..? TheChiver 7 I don't know about you, but I wouldn't use that water in anyway... ElatedEarthling 15 I think you guys missed the sarcasm... Glad someone got it! cuponoodles34 10 It might have all come from her toilet ME00DOT 8 It depends how you approached her.. 5t3ff1k4h 44 It absolutely does not. The water came from her apartment so OP had every right to be angry. mario2012 18 I pretty sure OP approached her calmly otherwise it wouldn't be on FML. PenguinBitch 43 This is how OP approached her: "Well I woke up to get me a cold pop and then I thought somebody was taking a piss. I said oh lord Jesus it’s a flood. Then I ran out, I didn’t grab no shoes or nothin’ lord Jesus, I ran for my life. And then the water got me wet, I wasn't even horny....ain’t nobody got time for that." Pretty_reckless_fml 18 Good attempt penguinbitch :) close, but no cigar :/ kate714 12 Omg... Lol! I thought that was awesome, penguin :) tswizz 13 Penguin, I saved this to my favourites just so I can read that comment again. False_Stupidity 41 ROFL, your comment had me in stitches at work and now my co workers are looking at me funny.. Well Done! vintageemerald 10 That is ridiculous! Call a lawyer. lilhellian 26 Isn't it also the landlords responsibility? Just wondering, don't shoot the curious puppy! 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Breaking News’ label The site first rolled out its 'Breaking News' indicator in a test run last November that included a small number of local and national publishers. Facebook is making another attempt to fine-tune the way its users consume news articles. Last November, the site gave a small group of local and national publishers the ability to include a “Breaking News” label on their stories. Starting today, Facebook is expanding its “Breaking News” label test run to more than 50 additional publishers in North America, Latin America, Europe and Australia. “If the expansion is successful, we may add more publishers,” writes Facebook product manager Joey Rhyu on the site’s news blog. According to the announcement, publishers with access to the label can include it on Instant Articles, mobile and web links and Facebook Live videos. Facebook says publishers can use the label once a day (but will have an extra pool of up to five indicators per month) and can choose to have it included on a story for up to six hours. The label comes with analytics so that publishers can see in their Page Insights how their “Breaking News” posts performed. Facebook says readers will also be able to mark whether or not they think a story is breaking news by clicking on the top right drop-down menu of a post. Based on feedback from sites with early access to the label, like The Washington Post, Facebook saw a 4 percent increase in click-through rates and comments, a 7 percent increase in likes, and an 11 percent increase in shares for posts with the “Breaking News” label posted between December 8, 2017, and January 14, 2018. “We’ve been pleased to collaborate with Facebook to elevate breaking news on their platform and are excited – but not surprised – to see readers respond the way they have,” says Dave Merrell, lead product manager for The Washington Post.<\|endoftext\|>Barsky (masculine), Barskaya (feminine), or Barskoye (neuter) may refer to: Barsky (surname) (Barskaya), a surname Barsky (rural locality) (Barskaya, Barskoye), several rural localities in Russia Barsky Forest, a forest in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia<\|endoftext\|>In February, everyone is invited to our largest fund raiser of the year, the Auction/Dinner Fundraiser. Close to 100 items including rods, reels, tackle and guided fishing trips are donated by our Sponsors and members. Proceeds from the auction fund the planting of rainbow trout for the Kid's Fishing Day held annually in May at Carrie Blake Park, Sequim and a natural resources scholarship fund for local students.<\|endoftext\|>Der Nanda Kot ist ein 6861 Meter hoher Berg im Himalaya in Indien. Der Berg befindet sich im Distrikt Pithoragarh in geringer Entfernung zum Nanda-Devi-Nationalpark. Der Berg Changuch befindet sich auf einem Bergkamm, der vom Nanda Kot nach Westen zum Nanda Khat und Nanda Devi führt. Nordöstlich des Nanda Kot befindet sich der Kuchela Dhura. Weblinks Einzelnachweise Berg im Himalaya Nanda-Devi-Gruppe Distrikt Pithoragarh<\|endoftext\|>Who can forget the iconic marriage scene from the Princess Bride? If you have never seen this family friendly movie, be sure to check it out. It is everything we want in a romantic comedy...danger, sword fights, a beautiful couple and plenty of bad guys. It is one of those old fashion love stories where the couple truly lives, happily ever after. Fast forward five years. Who is this person you married and what did they do with that one you fell so madly and deeply in love with? They leave their clothes on the floor, whiskers in the bathroom sink, the toilet seat up, squeeze the toothpaste the in the middle, and when they finally think to replace the toilet paper roll, they put it on the wrong way. They don't help around the house and you could count on one hand how many diapers they have changed. What happened to true love and the happily ever after? The last two weeks, I wrote about The Real Romance, and Why is Love so Hard? The first dealt with God's love for us and the second spoke more to our perspective on how trying to love in our own power is a very hard thing to do. I looked at 1 Corinthians 13 last week and I would like to take another look, in detail, at a few of those verses this week. Using these as a guide we can define what twoo wuv looks like. 1. Twoo wuv is patient. Patience is a virtue, as the saying goes, and it is essential in a loving relationship. Patience will cover many of those things that might irritate in a marriage, such as toothpaste tubes and toilet paper placement. If something about your significant other is irritating you, take a deep breath and let it go. 2. Twoo wuv is kind and is not jealous. I find it interesting that these two things are connected with a conjunction. Kindness is key in a loving relationship, just as is trust. I think it is very hard to be kind without the warm blanket of trust surrounding the relationship. There is no place for jealousy in a relationship. 3. Twoo wuv does not brag and is not prideful. My husband loves to talk about things he's done in the past, as well as when he does a good thing at work. When we were first married, I often thought this was a matter of boastfulness and pride. I have learned, however, that some families have a tradition of story telling, much like many cultures of the past sharing their conquests and victories. Oral tradition used to be the way to pass on a culture's identity and traditions. Bragging and arrogance often go hand in hand. When thrown into a relationship they soon become a source of bitterness and frustration. Let's face it, bragging and pride usually are self serving and being self serving in a marriage doesn't not epitomize true love. 4. Twoo wuv does not act ugly. I know all about acting ugly in a marriage. My hubby and I affectionately call our first year of marriage, "the year from hell." Yes indeed! I have always been an emotional person. While the years and menopause have done wonders to temper my emotions, the early years were not pretty. I always had mood swings when it was "that time of the month", but being on the birth control pill contributed to emotional rants that were extremely volatile. My poor spouse must have thought he had married an alien or that a demon had come in when I said the marriage vows and taken over my body. Allowing ourselves to be "ugly" to our spouses does not create an environment of trust, nor even one of desire. Acting unbecomingly does not foster true love. 5. Twoo wuv isn't selfish. We are all selfish by nature. The Bible, says none of us are righteous and we have all sinned and fall short of the glory of God. That sin nature expresses itself in the form of selfishness. If you think about all the bad stuff that happens in a marriage and even in our world we can probably link most, if not all, back to selfishness. Selfishness is basically the act or mentality of looking out for ourselves. There is a lot of talk these days about self love, and that is important, however, if self love becomes such a focus that it hurts and offends others, then it becomes selfish love. There is no place in a marriage for this type of love. Unfortunately, so many of us start out marriage thinking about what I am going to get from this other person, rather than being confident in our place with Christ and being a loving and gracious servant. 6. Twoo wuv doesn't hold a grudge. I put these two ideas as one because what causes a person to be provoked is probably going to be the same thing that causes that person to hold a grudge. The word provoke, according to Webster means to arouse a feeling or action, or to incite to anger. If true love is not provoked then it doesn't become angry at the object of its affection. How many times have you gotten angry at your spouse? My husband and I have had to learn this one the hard way, by doing it. Ha, ha. Truly, it is not funny. Provocation and holding a grudge are a death sentence in a marriage. Even if you stick it out, like we have, it is very damaging. My husband and I have been married for almost 31 years and we are just now beginning to repent and turn away from these unloving behaviors in our relationship. We have a long way to go, but true love is worth the effort. 7. Twoo wuv rejoices in the right things. What exactly does this mean? Certainly, there are all sorts of ways we or our spouses can be unrighteous. The goal is to not condone the things that we do or that we see in each other that are wrong. God wants us to be righteous and truthful, and even more as a couple, since many of us are examples to our children and grandchildren. I have found more recently that both my spouse and I have issues with wrong thinking. 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What Is Indiana's State Food? Indiana's cuisine echoes its Midwestern roots. Indiana is famous nationwide for its sports teams, and worldwide for the Indianapolis 500 race and its prestigious colleges. By contrast, the "Hoosier State" has a rather nondescript culinary identity, which reveals itself only under close investigation. Indiana packs in more than 62,000 farms covering some 14 million acres, and produces traditional agricultural staples, such as corn and soybeans. Out-of-state visitors might be hard-pressed distinguish Indiana’s cuisine from broader Midwestern fare, a situation not improved by the fact that the state has no official state food. Since Texas enshrined chili as its official state food in 1977, 33 states have named official dishes, snacks and beverages. While Indiana does not have an official state food, Senate resolution No. 5 – passed in 2009 – logged sugar cream pie as the state’s official pie, following hot on the heels of naming water its official beverage. Confusion arose when celebrity chef Bobby Flay claimed the corn dog on behalf of the state during the buildup to Indiana’s Super Bowl XLI appearance. However, while corn undoubtedly features prominently on the state’s culinary landscape, the corn dog’s status is purely unofficial. Unofficial but ubiquitous, the pork tenderloin sandwich crops up throughout Indiana’s restaurants and diners, having been introduced to the state as wiener schnitzel by German immigrants in the 19th century. Nick Freinstein sold the first breaded pork tenderloin in 1908 from a food cart in Huntingdon, laying the foundation for Nick’s Kitchen, which opened the same year and still stands today. "Gourmet" magazine called breaded pork tenderloin more popular than hamburgers in the state, while the Journal Gazette likens its close association with a particular location to New England’s clam chowder. Sugar cream pie, also known as Hoosier pie, is a simple but delicious amalgamation of sugar and cream, bound with flour or eggs and flavored with cinnamon, nutmeg and vanilla. The pie is a favorite in mom and pop restaurants, and Indiana Foodways even organizes a Hoosier Pie Trail. This frugal dessert possibly originated from the simple-living Amish and Shaker communities who settled Indiana in the 1850s. The pie is also nicknamed “desperation pie” because of its lack of ingredients from outside the basic pantry. Trying a sugar cream pie was listed as No. 2 of 50 things to do in the state by Indiana Insider. A scattering of well-known, much-loved American products can trace their roots to Indiana. VanCamp’s Pork and Beans, for example, was first sold from a grocery store in Indianapolis in 1861. By 1909, the brand was the No. 1 canned pork and beans in the country, although it has since been surpassed by Bush’s. Interestingly, the company that acquired VanCamp’s was the first to produce Gatorade, a sports drink more readily associated with Florida. Equally impressively, Indiana played a crucial role in the popularity of baking powder, after Hulman & Company developed Clabber Girl Baking Powder in the late 19th century. The brand remains one of the oldest American brands still in use.<\|endoftext\|>Wednesday 16th July 2014 SH (Editor) Planned improvement works at Filton Hill Primary School facing the chop South Gloucestershire councillors will be asked to vote next week on a report recommending a U-turn on a council commitment to fund building improvement works at Filton Hill Primary School. The £1.2m project at the school formed part of South Gloucestershire Council’s overall package of future school improvements agreed back in 2012. Filton Hill’s continued inclusion in the programme was confirmed in 2013, but next week the council’s Children and Young People’s Committee will be asked to ditch the project because of other demands on the funds, despite the covering report acknowledging a “historic commitment”. Filton’s Labour councillors, Roger Hutchinson, Adam Monk and Ian Scott, have reacted with anger and concern to the move. In a statement they said: “This project has been in the pipeline for many years and our community thought that our funding fight for the improvement work at Filton Hill Primary School had been won when the long-term capital programme was approved. We know that the council’s money is tight, but that is no excuse for moving the goalposts and dumping the scheme now.” “The report makes clear that the priority capital programme has been stopped as part of the austerity measures introduced by central government, so local parents will see that the promise to Filton Hill is now on the line because of government policy and cuts.” “However, the council made a clear commitment to the school and should stick to it. We urge the Children and Young People’s Committee to demonstrate that the council plays fair by upholding the decision to proceed with the improvement work at Filton Hill Primary.” The decision on whether to retain or abandon the planned work at Filton Hill Primary School will be made at the Children and Young People’s Committee meeting in Kingswood on Wednesday 23rd July. Source: Press release from South Gloucestershire Labour More information and related links: Agenda for the meeting on 23rd July 2014 “Review of Priorities” report to be presented at the meeting [PDF] Schools in Filton (The Journal) Filton HillFilton Hill primary School Previous Post:Sign up to save lives at Bristol Donor Centre Next Post:Appeal for witnesses following armed robbery at Filton Post Office SH (Editor) says: Thursday 24th July 2014 at 8:14am Communication from Cllr Roger Hutchinson: Yesterday the Children and Young People committee of South Gloucestershire Council broke an 8-year-old promise of a £1.2m improvement to Filton Hill First School, which included work to ensure that the school had a much need new kitchen and would therefore be able to supply hot meals to its young pupils cooked on the premises. This decision was taken collectively by the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, while Filton’s three Labour councillors had made a strong submission to the committee on behalf of Filton Hill and the three Labour councillors on the committee voted in support of retaining the investment in the school. Speaking after the meeting, Cllr Roger Hutchinson said: “I was actually a member of the cabinet at South Gloucestershire when the original decision to invest in Filton Hill was taken and this had been reinforced by its recent inclusion in the long-term capital programme. Filton Hill is in the priority ward, Conygre, in the Filton priority neighbourhood and you would expect that the need for these facilities would be clear. I, together with my colleagues Cllrs Adam Monk and Ian Scott are angry and disappointed with this decision that money has been snatched away from Filton Hill Primary School after years of patiently waiting. Labour councillors voted to honour the commitment but the other parties outvoted us and now the Council is a promise breaker.” Monday 18th August 2014 at 2:16pm Sounds like all of them are promise breakers now<\|endoftext\|>In the Valley of Lost Souls by Diana van Eyk Tina and Jess sat at Tina's kitchen table folding pamphlets and listening to reggae music. They'd promised their kids they'd help out with the campaign to stop the pipelines. “Three hundred and fifty down and two hundred and fifty to go!” laughed Jess, as she completed another pile of ten folders. “I think when we get these done we'll have earned a little treat at the Phoenix, don't you?” “Yup,” Tina answered, continuing with her folding. “How did our kids manage to get us involved with their environmental activities?” asked Jess. “I've got to hand it to them both, they're pretty smooth.” “Yes, they sure are. I bet those persuasive abilities will come in handy when they're all grown up,” Tina laughed. “Could be worse,” said Jess. “Our kids are saving the world and we're helping them, all the while listening to music and looking forward to a visit to the Phoenix as a reward.” The phone rang and Tina picked it up. “Hey, Velvet. What's up?” asked Tina, recognizing her number on the call display. “Mom, you and Jess can stop folding!” Velvet shouted into the phone, excitedly. It was hard to hear her over the cheering and laughter in the background. “What? I thought you said this was really important to you,” said Tina. “It was, and I'm so grateful for your and Jess's help, but everything's changed, and we won't need those brochures anymore,” Velvet laughed, “You won't believe it!” “Believe what?” exclaimed Tina, her skin beginning to prickle. “Mom, turn on the radio, OK? It's all over the news,” said Velvet, in that self-assured voice teenagers sometimes use towards their parents, before hanging up. Follow the stories of Dagmar and Ross: middle aged, newly homeless, and with no apparent options. Invited into a house that appears from the outside to be abandoned, they learn the survival skills needed to live in a society that treats people as disposable. They discover how some have adapted to living in the margins. As they tune in to the voice of Anima Mundi, the soul of our planet, they weave a path through the fabric of their community, exploring themes of pipelines, despair, loss, and recovery. 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(HOSTNAME) dhcp.update_lease('net_id', '192.168.1.1', 120) plug.assert_has_calls( [mock.call().update_lease_expiration( 'net_id', '192.168.1.1', 120)]) self.assertTrue(log.called) self.assertTrue(dhcp.needs_resync) def _test_sync_state_helper(self, known_networks, active_networks): with mock.patch('quantum.agent.dhcp_agent.DhcpPluginApi') as plug: mock_plugin = mock.Mock() mock_plugin.get_active_networks.return_value = active_networks plug.return_value = mock_plugin dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) attrs_to_mock = dict( [(a, mock.DEFAULT) for a in ['refresh_dhcp_helper', 'disable_dhcp_helper', 'cache']]) with mock.patch.multiple(dhcp, **attrs_to_mock) as mocks: mocks['cache'].get_network_ids.return_value = known_networks dhcp.sync_state() exp_refresh = [ mock.call(net_id) for net_id in active_networks] diff = set(known_networks) - set(active_networks) exp_disable = [mock.call(net_id) for net_id in diff] mocks['cache'].assert_has_calls([mock.call.get_network_ids()]) mocks['refresh_dhcp_helper'].assert_has_called(exp_refresh) mocks['disable_dhcp_helper'].assert_has_called(exp_disable) def test_sync_state_initial(self): self._test_sync_state_helper([], ['a']) def test_sync_state_same(self): self._test_sync_state_helper(['a'], ['a']) def test_sync_state_disabled_net(self): self._test_sync_state_helper(['b'], ['a']) def test_sync_state_plugin_error(self): with mock.patch('quantum.agent.dhcp_agent.DhcpPluginApi') as plug: mock_plugin = mock.Mock() mock_plugin.get_active_networks.side_effect = Exception plug.return_value = mock_plugin with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.LOG, 'exception') as log: dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) dhcp.sync_state() self.assertTrue(log.called) self.assertTrue(dhcp.needs_resync) def test_periodic_resync(self): dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.eventlet,'spawn') as spawn: dhcp.periodic_resync() spawn.assert_called_once_with(dhcp._periodic_resync_helper) def test_periodoc_resync_helper(self): with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.eventlet,'sleep') as sleep: dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) dhcp.needs_resync = True with mock.patch.object(dhcp,'sync_state') as sync_state: sync_state.side_effect = RuntimeError with testtools.ExpectedException(RuntimeError): dhcp._periodic_resync_helper() sync_state.assert_called_once_with() sleep.assert_called_once_with(dhcp.conf.resync_interval) self.assertFalse(dhcp.needs_resync) def test_populate_cache_on_start_without_active_networks_support(self): # emul dhcp driver that doesn't support retrieving of active networks self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.side_effect = NotImplementedError with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.LOG, 'debug') as log: dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.assert_called_once_with( dhcp.conf, cfg.CONF.root_helper ) self.assertFalse(dhcp.cache.get_network_ids()) self.assertTrue(log.called) def test_populate_cache_on_start(self): networks = ['aaa', 'bbb'] self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.return_value = networks dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.assert_called_once_with( dhcp.conf, cfg.CONF.root_helper ) self.assertEquals(set(networks), set(dhcp.cache.get_network_ids())) class TestLogArgs(base.BaseTestCase): def test_log_args_without_log_dir_and_file(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': False, 'log_dir': None, 'log_file': None} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) def test_log_args_without_log_file(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': True, 'log_dir': '/etc/tests', 'log_file': None} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug', '--verbose', '--log-file=log_file_name', '--log-dir=/etc/tests'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) def test_log_args_with_log_dir_and_file(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': False, 'log_dir': '/etc/tests', 'log_file': 'tests/filelog'} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug', '--log-file=log_file_name', '--log-dir=/etc/tests/tests'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) def test_log_args_without_log_dir(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': False, 'log_file': 'tests/filelog', 'log_dir': None} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug', '--log-file=log_file_name', '--log-dir=tests'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) class TestDhcpAgentEventHandler(base.BaseTestCase): def setUp(self): super(TestDhcpAgentEventHandler, self).setUp() cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp_agent.DeviceManager.OPTS) cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp_agent.DhcpLeaseRelay.OPTS) cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp.OPTS) cfg.CONF.set_override('interface_driver', 'quantum.agent.linux.interface.NullDriver') config.register_root_helper(cfg.CONF) cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent.OPTS) self.plugin_p = mock.patch('quantum.agent.dhcp_agent.DhcpPluginApi') plugin_cls = self.plugin_p.start() self.plugin = mock.Mock() plugin_cls.return	redpajama	[ 9, 31621, 9536, 10, 187, 50262, 20402, 7693, 15, 11183, 64, 3621, 2073, 3024, 64, 301, 1383, 686, 14403, 15, 13851, 15, 18, 15, 18, 1383, 7346, 10, 187, 50262, 17381, 15, 8271, 64, 7110, 64, 4065, 84, 9, 187, 50258, 60, 24568, 15, 4065, 5023, 11183, 64, 3621, 64, 4347, 10153, 9, 187, 50254, 8, 3024, 64, 301, 1383, 686, 14403, 15, 13851, 15, 18, 15, 18, 1383, 7346, 10, 3291, 535, 50262, 1286, 15, 8271, 5088, 9, 2808, 15, 8890, 10, 187, 50262, 1286, 15, 8271, 5088, 9, 20402, 7693, 15, 50234, 64, 373, 6665, 10, 535, 50274, 1545, 795, 2566, 64, 24335, 64, 3409, 64, 28316, 9, 1286, 13, 1929, 64, 3024, 4896, 13, 3939, 64, 3024, 4896, 2262, 187, 50270, 3113, 13031, 15, 20559, 2073, 46320, 15, 12788, 15, 20402, 7693, 64, 12788, 15, 37, 73, 7693, 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US military officials say some members of the Republican Guard had evidently obeyed the leaflets the US air-dropped during the war in specially adapted "Rockeye bombs" normally designed to release cluster bombs. The leaflets told Iraqis how to position their weapons to tell the Americans they didn't want to fight. Other Republican Guards gave up once they saw that the Americans had already taken control of Baghdad and that people were celebrating their arrival. The swift fall of Baghdad shocked the Arab world. As I left Iraq on April 15, traveling back to the United States through Jordan, people I met seemed both disappointed and embarrassed that Baghdad—a fellow Arab and Islamic capital—had fallen to the Americans without a fight. When I traveled back to Baghdad ten weeks later, I found the same Jordanians celebrating the daily attacks against American soldiers in post-war Iraq. It was their way of saying, "See, I told you it would be difficult." # CHAPTER EIGHT I GRINNED TO MYSELF on July 2 when I saw US troops manning the checkpoint along the border between Jordan and Iraq where only five months earlier I'd spent so many nervous hours hiding reporting equipment, passing out bribes like lollipops and giving free rides to Iraqi intelligence officers so they'd look the other way at my illegal satellite phone and flak jacket. The GIs, including one very young-looking man who said he was from Florida and had chewing tobacco stuffed into his bulging lower lip, were dressed in camouflage vests and helmets. They were smiling and very affable. "Hey, he's American!" the soldier with dip in his lip yelled to his comrades at the gate, waving me through without inspecting my GMC Suburban. The troops couldn't have been more different from the sinister Iraqi crooks who had worked there before, many of whom—much to my surprise—still had jobs at the checkpoint. My driver leered at one of the former customs/intelligence officials who was acting as a translator/facilitator, according to the handwritten laminated badge pinned to his shirt. "I know that guy," my driver grumbled under his breath. "If the American soldiers weren't here, I'd kill him." My driver said that for years the customs official had extorted money from him, confiscating (read: stealing) music tapes from his car and demanding that he bring him pornographic CD-ROMs from Baghdad. My driver's rage was a harbinger of what I would soon find in Baghdad, where three decades of bitter scores were being settled one by one. It was also disturbing to see that the Americans were so dependent on Iraqis with shady pasts, although that was almost inevitable, because nearly anyone who had even a little authority under Saddam had created enemies. The alternative would have been for the Americans to have found new employees with no experience for nearly every job, which would have been a logistical nightmare. I'd never seen the border as crowded as it was on that hot, dusty day. There were hundreds of cars, trucks and trailers jockeying for position in the morning sun. The temperature was already pushing a hundred degrees at ten o'clock. Many of the vehicles trying to cram through the funnel of traffic at the border were window-sticker new, heading into Iraq for sale. It was encouraging because I took the traffic as a sign that the Iraqi economy—strangled by decades of international sanctions, neglect, corruption and mismanagement—was starting to flourish. I saw that small rusty oil tankers, which had formerly driven into Jordan every day full of cheap Iraqi fuel, were still actively engaged in the cross-border trade. From the border, it seemed like business in Iraq was booming. At the checkpoint, I also met an Iraqi American from the Midwest who was traveling to Baghdad for the first time, in search of his family. He didn't know how many people were alive or what had happened to them. All he had were a few names and an address in a town near Karbala where he thought his extended family lived. He also made me optimistic about Iraq's future, and I was genuinely excited to see what had happened in Iraq. I was upbeat despite what I'd heard about the growing frustration Iraqis were feeling toward the Americans and the increasing number of attacks against US forces. I figured it was just part of Iraq's growing pains. I still do. Little had visibly changed along the desert road between Jordan and Baghdad since I'd left just after the main battles ended. The burned-out carcasses of Iraqi armored vehicles, along with scores of charred and bullet-ridden civilian cars and buses, were still scattered along the highway like roadkill. When I pulled into Baghdad, however, it was obvious that much had changed in the ten weeks I'd been away. I saw TV satellite dishes, long forbidden by the Iraqi government, for sale on practically every major commercial street. Iraqis could now watch al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya (a new Arabic news channel that's even more controversial and politically charged than al-Jazeera) for the first time, in addition to pornographic movies from Eastern Europe. In Baghdad, stores sold Thuraya telephones, handheld satellite phones with GSM and GPS functions, which had once been the emblem of all that was verboten by the former government. Six people accused of spying were executed at the Abu Greib prison two days before the first bombs fell on Baghdad primarily because they'd been caught with Thuraya phones, according to a former prison guard. Iraq had been especially sensitive about the Thuraya because its calls are difficult to trace and because the phone's GPS locator makes it a useful targeting device. Driving into a chaotic Baghdad intersection, I also saw an old man hawking about a dozen newspapers pinned under his arm. He was desperately trying to make change before his customer sped away. I eagerly bought all the papers he had. They were all new and had optimistic, forward-looking titles like _The Dawn of Baghdad, The Renaissance_ and _The New Iraq._ Over the next few days, I discovered that nearly every Iraqi with the slightest bit of political ambition seemed to have opened a newspaper after Saddam's fall, including Mohammed al-Hamdani, whom I first met at one of the three pastry shops he owned, famous for its little barrel-shaped filo-dough sweets filled with cheese and smothered in honey. They're called women's upper arms because of their chunky, tube-like shape, much like al-Hamdani himself. Al-Hamdani's day job was still managing his pastry shops, but after hours he went to the office where he'd set up new computers and a dozen reporters. Al-Hamdani called his newspaper _Those Who Have Been Freed._ Like most of the new Iraqi newspapers, _Those Who Have Been Freed_ was tabloid size, opinionated and highly critical of everyone and everything. Most of the articles and editorials in the eight-page newspaper reflected a blend of fiery Iraqi nationalism, grassroots socialism and Islamic fundamentalism. This cocktail of political thinking seemed to be emerging as the most popular political outlook in post-war Iraq. If there had been a newspaper or political party called something like The Islamic Union of Conspiratorial Disgruntled Patriotic Iraqis, I think it would have been right on the money. Like most newspapers, _Those Who Have Been Freed_ denounced the American occupation authority and, even more vociferously, its competitors, the other new newspapers in Baghdad. The spite the new newspapers expressed for one another was venomous and they routinely accused one another of stealing stories, having links to the Baath party or simply of theft. Only a few months earlier, it would have been impossible for al-Hamdani—a proud man in his forties with an easy smile and a squat build—to have opened a newspaper. There had only been a handful of state-run newspapers under Saddam and all of their chief editors had been closely scrutinized by the Iraqi intelligence agencies. Now, there were several hundred completely unregulated newspapers. Al-Hamdani said it was impossible to know exactly how many newspapers there were because twenty were born each week while another ten closed. He told me that Iraq was going through what he called its _infitah_ or "opening"—Iraq's version of Glasnost, which opened the Soviet Union two decades earlier. I went with al-Hamdani to the press where each week he printed three thousand copies of his newspaper on a gorgeous, loud, foul-smelling, diesel-powered German machine—perfectly maintained since the 1970s—that printed single sheets at a time. Al-Hamdani had a pistol tucked in his belt, worried that hit men hired by the rival newspapers he slammed would try to kill him. Iraq certainly now had freedom of expression, but it was tainted with chaos. It's been said that freedom of expression does not include the freedom to yell "Fire!" in a crowded theater; Iraq now had _that_ kind of freedom of expression. Some of the newspapers were blatantly irresponsible, and there was even one that specialized in selling stolen property. I understood why the US administration in Iraq—at this stage led by Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III—closed down several newspapers after they'd printed what amounted to death threats against US and Iraqi officials. Iraqis had never had a free press before and had a lot of pent-up anger they wanted to release. The result was an explosion of printed words. The new freedom also meant Iraqis could learn about the abuses and excesses of their former government for the first time. There was a mob huddled around a television set outside a store selling	redpajama	[ 187, 187, 3016, 4668, 6338, 1333, 690, 2758, 273, 253, 8786, 12174, 574, 28668, 20090, 264, 253, 10617, 6639, 253, 1982, 2329, 14, 3002, 1882, 1309, 253, 2137, 275, 24443, 12956, 346, 51, 13464, 70, 24401, 3, 9403, 4158, 281, 3727, 7368, 24401, 15, 380, 10617, 6639, 2183, 9256, 261, 849, 281, 1899, 616, 8914, 281, 2028, 253, 7108, 597, 1904, 626, 971, 281, 3819, 15, 5131, 8786, 43649, 3534, 598, 2378, 597, 3047, 326, 253, 7108, 574, 2168, 2668, 1453, 273, 39759, 285, 326, 952, 497, 28765, 616, 13024, 15, 187, 187, 510, 19779, 2965, 273, 39759, 19961, 253, 8365, 1533, 15, 1284, 309, 1669, 9256, 327, 4162, 1458, 13, 15153, 896, 281, 253, 1986, 2077, 949, 13268, 13, 952, 309, 1313, 4455, 1097, 19271, 285, 30069, 326, 39759, 1128, 66, 7715, 8365, 285, 13281, 5347, 1128, 10178, 13547, 281, 253, 7108, 1293, 247, 3819, 15, 2091, 309, 19624, 896, 281, 39759, 3578, 3618, 1996, 13, 309, 1119, 253, 1072, 13268, 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{at={(0.6,0.02)}, anchor=south, draw=none, font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont, cells={align=left} }, ] \addplot[ color = green, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = brown, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-b65-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = violet, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = blue, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-b65-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = cyan, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = red, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-b65-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \legend{ acks=0;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=0;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=65.54\,kB } \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \caption{Incoming MB/second - one-minute rate, configured 1,000K\,MPS} \label{fig:distrDataSize1m} \end{figure} Figure~\ref{fig:distrDataSize1m} shows the incoming data rate in MB/second, which is provided by Apache Kafka as the metric \textit{BytesInPerSec}. The chart fits the corresponding ingestion rates shown in Figure~\ref{fig:1mioack0}. The highest peaks are at about 90\,MB/second. The measured maximum network bandwidth between the Apache Kafka brokers is about 117.5\,MB/second, see Table~\ref{tab:system}. Therefore, if further network traffic is created, that is not captured by the \textit{BytesInPerSec} metric, the bandwidth of the employed commodity network could be a limiting factor in peak situations if data is sent from a remote host. As we executed the data sender on the node storing the corresponding topic partition, there was intra-node transfer and we used the loopback interface with its higher bandwidth of about 908\,MB/second, which is not a bottleneck. The determined write performance of about 70\,MB/second described in Table~\ref{tab:system} is even closer to the observed limits in Figure~\ref{fig:distrDataSize1m}. Depending on how optimized Apache Kafka writes to disk, the achievable performance might be higher. Nevertheless, the observations lead to the conclusion that the ingestion rate is likely to be disk-bound in the viewed benchmark setting. Figure~\ref{fig:sysload} shows the short-term system load of the broker containing the topic partition, which is the server where the data sender is executed. The system load gives an overview over the CPU and I/O utilization of a server, i.e., also reflecting performance limits regarding disk writes. It is defined as the number of processes demanding CPU time, specifically processes that are ready to run or waiting for disk I/O. Figure~\ref{fig:sysload} shows one-minute-averages of this KPI. As we are using servers with an eight-core CPU each, it is desirable that no node exceeds a system load of eight to do not over-utilize a machine. \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[ xlabel=Passed Time in Seconds, ylabel=Short-term System Load, y label style={at={(axis description cs:0.04,.5)}, font=\fontsize{7}{7}\selectfont}, axis y line=left, axis x line=bottom, axis lines = left, xmin=0, ymin=0, ymax=15.2, grid=both, grid style={line width=.1pt, draw=gray!25}, minor tick num=4, width=0.95\columnwidth, legend pos=south east, height=17em, x tick label style={font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont}, y tick label style={font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont}, x label style={font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont}, legend columns=2, legend style= {at={(0.7,0.41)}, anchor=south, draw=none, font=\fontsize{6}{6}\selectfont, cells={align=left} }, ] \addplot[ color = green, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = brown, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-b65-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = violet, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = blue, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-65b-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = cyan, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = red, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-65b-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \legend{ acks=0;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=0;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=65.54\,kB } \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \caption{Short-term system load of the Apache Kafka broker containing the topic partition - one-minute rate, configured 1,000K\,MPS} \label{fig:sysload} \end{figure} Figure~\ref{fig:sysload} reveals that in all settings which led to a steady input rate, the broker node has a system load lower than eight and thus, seems to be not over-utilized from a system load perspective. The two remaining scenarios show the highest system loads with a value close to 15, which indicates an over-utilization that could limit the achievable ingestion rate. Interestingly, the system load is not proportional to the corresponding ingestion rates. 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./output > NUL The slowest of five runs: real 0m1.116s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.109s which is still faster (1.116 seconds) than the fastest of C# runs (17.175 seconds). Some of the time for both versions is taken by loading / dynamic linking, initialisation etc.. I modified the C++ version to loop 10x more, and it still only took 9.327 seconds - about half the time C# needed for a tenth of the workload. (You could further tune the C++ version by setting a larger output buffer, but that's not normally needed). A: Your code is inefficient because: * The C++ stream object is in sync with C's stdio by default which makes it slow. You're using endl which is further making it slow. Fixing both these issues, you've this code: int main() { std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false); usigned long i = 0; while (i < 100000000000) { cout << i << '\n'; //use \n, not endl i++; } return 0; } Compile this as (must use optimization flag whatever compiler you're using): $ g++ main.cpp -O3 -o run.test $ time./run.test For explanation of both sync_with_stdio(false) and endl, read my answer here: * *Python faster than C++? How does this happen? Hope that helps. A: Tony D makes an excellent point about buffering in the comments. Add this to your C# code and time it again: static void main() { ulong i = 0; while (i < 100000000000) { Console.WriteLine(i); Console.Out.Flush(); i++; } } A: If you replace cout << i << endl; with printf("%d\n", i); the result will be close to.net WriteLine. In general, just a fact you are writing on C++ or C does not automatically mean that your code will be faster. Fast code is not only the language syntax. It also requires some of knowledge of underlying things like hardware and OS internals. I mean properly used C++ gives much better results, at least on not trivial tasks. <\|endoftext\|>Q: Custom Minecraft 1.8 spawners I am working on a minecraft 1.8 server and am trying to make a mob spawner that spawns items. This example:How can I make a spawner that summons Items? works on new versions of minecraft but not on 1.8. It seems that any mob spawners placed down by command blocks don't work. The following command: /setblock ~ ~1 ~ mob_spawner 0 replace {SpawnData:{id:zombie},Delay:299} Creates an empty mob spawner that does not spawn anything. I am using minecraft forge with worldedit but no other mods. How can I fix this? A: The below code is generated from mcstacker 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10 version. The following code should place a zombie spawner. /setblock ~ ~1 ~ minecraft:mob_spawner 0 replace {EntityId:Zombie,Delay:299} The next command should place a spawner that spawns diamonds. /setblock ~ ~1 ~ minecraft:mob_spawner 0 replace {EntityId:Item,SpawnData:{Item:{id:diamond,Count:1}},Delay:299} Try that. The command isn't tested, but mcstacker usually works for me. It may not for you because you are on a server. You can change it with mcstacker. I hope this helps. A: I don't believe that you can get custom mob spawners in Java Edition and that the only spawners you can get are Pig Spawners. They way you can obtain pig spawners is using the /give command. Example: /give @p 52 1 <\|endoftext\|>WHEN YOU FIND A FLORIST YOU LOVE. HOW DO YOU GREET PEOPLE AS AN EXPAT LIVING ABROAD? So last weekend in Australia, was fathers day, and we usually are not blessed with the opportunity of being all under one roof on this particular day, but instead spread across the globe (well at least the past few years anyway). So fathers day is extra special to our family, with breakfast in bed and then off to the football to watch my son play in his grand final. Wait! Let me start from the beginning!!! Our special weekend started early with a grand final win for my daughter on Saturday!<\|endoftext\|>There’s a fun article in the Winter 2007 AI Magazine about “Machine Ethics“. The basic argument is that as machines get more and more in control (e.g., planned army robots that would fire weapons), it is more and more important (to humans) that they behave in an ethical manner. 1) So it could explain why a particular action is right or wrong by appealing to an ethical principle. 3) So it could adjust to new situations, evolving the appropriate ethics. (1) is a red herring: explanation systems often appeal to principles they don’t understand in any sort of principled way. For instance, in our work on explanations for recommender systems some of the most effective (for humans) explanations were only loosely connected to the operation of the recommender. (2) is in contradiction with an argument the authors make later in the paper. They argue that even though computers won’t be conscious in the near term, they should be accepted as ethical agents if they act ethically. Agreed! So, then, all we need is that they act ethically. (3) is intriguing. On the one hand, it would be remarkable if an AI agent could evolve new ethical patterns for situations it has never seen, based on core ethical principles.On the other hand, the results of that evolution might be very surprising. For instance, if a military robot were to decide, based on ethical principles, that it ought to prevent an attack on Iran that a general wishes to carry out, how would that be perceived, by the military, by the loyal opposition, by the anti-war effort? What if the robot assassinates the general to prevent the war? Overall, given our track record in predicting the performance of complicated software systems, I have some doubts about this approach. I liked a later quote in the article, which says that ethical relativists cannot say that anything is absolutely good, even tolerance.<\|endoftext\|>Submitted by Alexandra (not verified) on 27 December, 2007 - 18:38. keep on trucking! Happy New Year! if you need people in Northern Quebec, that I have plenty of... otherwise contact Maja Kuzmanovic [email protected] for contacts of people doing projects in the Antartica. Submitted by molliec (not verified) on 26 December, 2007 - 19:16.<\|endoftext\|>Man is a rock band from Wales. Formed in November 1968 as a reincarnation of the Welsh vocal group the Bystanders, Man is renowned for the extended jams during their live performances. The Bystanders Man evolved out of the Bystanders, a successful close harmony pop group from Merthyr Tydfil who played in numerous club residencies in Wales, often playing at several clubs a night. The Bystanders issued eight singles, including "98.6" (No. 45 in UK Singles Chart in February 1967) which was played in the 2009 film The Boat That Rocked (although Keith's version was the bigger hit, reaching No. 24 in the UK) and "When Jesamine Goes", written by their manager Ronnie Scott and Marty Wilde under the pseudonyms of Frere Manston and Jack Gellar, which was later covered by the Casuals as "Jesamine" and got to No. 2 on the UK chart. They also recorded sessions of cover versions for the BBC as rules restricting needle time required "live" performances between the records during the 1960s; becoming regulars on the Jimmy Young Show, the David Symonds Show and others. When formed in 1962, the Bystanders included Owen Money, then known as Gerry Braden, but he was replaced by Vic Oakley, giving the classic line-up of Vic Oakley (vocals), Micky Jones (guitar), Clive John aka Clint Space (keyboards), Ray Williams (bass guitar) and Jeff Jones (drums). By 1968, the other members wanted to change musical direction to a more psychedelic/American west-coast guitar sound, so Oakley left, to be replaced by Deke Leonard, and the band changed its name to Man. Pye years Man was initially signed to Pye Records, for which it recorded its first two albums with John Schroeder producing Revelation (January 1969) noted for the simulated orgasm on "Erotica", which received a UK ban, and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle (September 1969). 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ook and later by William Coe of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from 1957 to 1969. The Tikal Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site. In 1979, the Guatemalan government began a further archeological project at Tikal, which continued through to 1984. Filmmaker George Lucas used Tikal as a filming location for the first Star Wars film, Episode IV : A New Hope, released in 1977. Temple I at Tikal was featured on the reverse of the 50 centavo banknote. Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park. A site museum has been built at Tikal ; it was completed in 1964. = = Site description = = Tikal has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the government of Guatemala. It was one of the largest of the Classic period Maya cities and was one of the largest cities in the Americas. The architecture of the ancient city is built from limestone and includes the remains of temples that tower over 70 metres ( 230 ft ) high, large royal palaces, in addition to a number of smaller pyramids, palaces, residences, administrative buildings, platforms and inscribed stone monuments. There is even a building which seemed to have been a jail, originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors. There are also seven courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, including a set of 3 in the Seven Temples Plaza, a unique feature in Mesoamerica. The limestone used for construction was local and quarried on @-@ site. The depressions formed by the extraction of stone for building were plastered to waterproof them and were used as reservoirs, together with some waterproofed natural depressions. The main plazas were surfaced with stucco and laid at a gradient that channelled rainfall into a system of canals that fed the reservoirs. The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ), much of which has not yet been cleared, mapped, or excavated. A huge set of earthworks discovered by Dennis E. Puleston and Donald Callender in the 1960s rings Tikal with a 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) wide trench behind a rampart. The 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) area around the site core has been intensively mapped ; it may have enclosed an area of some 125 square kilometres ( 48 sq mi ) ( see below ). Population estimates place the demographic size of the site between 10 @,@ 000 and 90 @,@ 000, and possibly 425 @,@ 000 in the surrounding area. Recently, a project exploring the defensive earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is inconsequential as a defensive feature. In addition, some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system. The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought. = = = Causeways = = = By the Late Classic, a network of sacbeob ( causeways ) linked various parts of the city, running for several kilometres through its urban core. These linked the Great Plaza with Temple 4 ( located about 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) to the west ) and the Temple of the Inscriptions ( about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the southeast ). These broad causeways were built of packed and plastered limestone and have been named after early explorers and archaeologists ; the Maler, Maudslay, Tozzer and Méndez causeways. They assisted the passage everyday traffic during the rain season and also served as dams. The Maler Causeway runs north from behind Temple I to Group H. A large bas @-@ relief is carved onto limestone bedrock upon the course of the causeway just south of Group H. It depicts two bound captives and dates to the Late Classic. The Maudsley Causeway runs 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) northeast from Temple IV to Group H. The Mendez Causeway runs southeast from the East Plaza to Temple VI, a distance of about 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ). The Tozzer Causeway runs west from the Great Plaza to Temple IV. = = = Architectural groups = = = The Great Plaza lies at the core of the site ; it is flanked on the east and west sides by two great temple @-@ pyramids. On the north side it is bordered by the North Acropolis and on the south by the Central Acropolis. The Central Acropolis is a palace complex just south of the Great Plaza. The North Acropolis, together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south, is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area ; the Tikal Project excavated a massive trench across the complex, thoroughly investigating its construction history. It is a complex group with construction beginning in the Preclassic Period, around 350 BC. It developed into a funerary complex for the ruling dynasty of the Classic Period, with each additional royal burial adding new temples on top of the older structures. After AD 400 a row of tall pyramids was added to the earlier Northern Platform, which measured 100 by 80 metres ( 330 by 260 ft ), gradually hiding it from view. Eight temple pyramids were built in the 6th century AD, each of them had an elaborate roofcomb and a stairway flanked by masks of the gods. By the 9th century AD, 43 stelae and 30 altars had been erected in the North Acropolis ; 18 of these monuments were carved with hieroglyphic texts and royal portraits. The North Acropolis continued to receive burials into the Postclassic Period. The South Acropolis is found next to Temple V. It was built upon a large basal platform that covers an area of more than 20 @,@ 000 square metres ( 220 @,@ 000 sq ft ). The Plaza of the Seven Temples is to the west of the South Acropolis. It is bordered on the east side by a row of nearly identical temples, by palaces on the south and west sides and by an unusual triple ballcourt on the north side. The Mundo Perdido is to the west of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It is the largest ceremonial complex dating from the Preclassic period at Tikal. The complex was organized as a large E @-@ Group consisting of a pyramid aligned with a platform to the east that supported three temples. The Mundo Perdido complex was rebuilt many times over the course of its history. By AD 250 – 300 its architectural style was influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico, including the use of the talud @-@ tablero form. During the Early Classic period ( c. 250 – 600 ) the Mundo Perdido became one of the twin foci of the city, the other being the North Acropolis. From AD 250 to 378 it may have served as the royal necropolis. The Mundo Perdido complex was given its name by the archaeologists of the University of Pennsylvania ; it is centered upon the Lost World Pyramid and a small platform to the west of it. Group G lies just south of the Mendez Causeway. The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace @-@ type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at Tikal. It has two stories but most of the rooms are on the lower floor, a total of 29 vaulted chambers. The remains of two further chambers belong to the upper storey. One of the entrances to the group was framed by a gigantic mask. Group H is centered on a large plaza to the north of the Great Plaza. It is bordered by temples dating to the Late Classic. There are nine Twin @-@ Pyramid Complexes at Tikal, one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed. They vary in size but consist of two pyramids facing each other on an east – west axis. These pyramids are flat @-@ topped and have stairways on all four sides. A row of plain stelae is placed immediately to the west of the eastern pyramid and to the north of the pyramids, and lying roughly equidistant from them, there is usually a sculpted stela and altar pair. On the south side of these complexes there is a long vaulted building containing a single room with nine doorways. The entire complex was built at once and these complexes were built at 20 @-@ year ( or k 'atun ) intervals during the Late Classic. The first twin pyramid complex was built in the early 6th century in the East Plaza. It was once thought that these complexes were unique to Tikal but rare examples have now been found at other sites, such as Yaxha and Ixlu, and they may reflect the extent of Tikal's political dominance in the Late Classic. Group Q is a twin @-@ pyramid complex, and is one of the largest at Tikal. It was built by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in 771 in order to mark the end of the 17th K 'atun. Most of it has been restored and its monuments have been re @-@ erected. Group R is another twin @-@ pyramid complex, dated to 790. 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= Horrible Bosses = Horrible Bosses is a 2011 American black comedy film directed by Seth Gordon, written by Michael Markowitz, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein, based on a story by Markowitz. It stars Jason Bateman, Charlie Day, Jason Sudeikis, Jennifer Aniston, Colin Farrell, Kevin Spacey, and Jamie Foxx. The plot follows three friends, played by Bateman, Day, and Sudeikis, who decide to murder their respective overbearing, abusive bosses, portrayed by Spacey, Aniston and Farrell. Markowitz's script was bought by New Line Cinema in 2005 and the film spent six years in various states of pre @-@ production, with a variety of actors attached to different roles. By 2010, Goldstein and Daley had rewritten the script, and the film finally went into production. The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30, 2011, and received a wide release on July 8, 2011. The film exceeded financial expectations, accruing over $ 28 million in the first three days, making it the number two film in the United States during its opening weekend, and going on to become the highest @-@ grossing black comedy film of all time in unadjusted dollars, breaking the record previously set by The War of the Roses in 1990. The film grossed over $ 209 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The film opened to positive critical reception, with several critics praising the ensemble cast, with each lead being singled out for their performances across reviews. The plot received a more mixed response ; some reviewers felt that its dark, humorous premise was explored well, while others felt the jokes were racist, homophobic, and misogynistic. A sequel, Horrible Bosses 2, was released on November 26, 2014. = = Plot = = Nick Hendricks ( Bateman ) and Dale Arbus ( Day ) are friends who despise their bosses. Nick works at a financial firm for the sadistic David Harken ( Spacey ), who implies the possibility of a promotion for Nick for months, only to award it to himself. Dale is a dental assistant being sexually harassed by his boss, Dr. Julia Harris ( Aniston ) ; she threatens to tell his fiancee Stacy ( Lindsay Sloane ) that he had sex with her unless he actually has sex with her. Nick and Dale's accountant friend Kurt Buckman ( Sudeikis ) enjoys working for Jack Pellitt ( Donald Sutherland ) at a chemical company, but after Jack unexpectedly dies of a heart attack, the company is taken over by Jack's cocaine @-@ addicted son Bobby ( Farrell ), whose apathy and incompetence threaten the future of the company. At night, over drinks, Kurt jokingly suggests that their lives would be happier if their bosses were no longer around. Initially hesitant, they eventually agree to kill their employers. In search of a hitman, the trio meet Dean " Motherfuckah " Jones ( Foxx ), an ex @-@ con who agrees to be their " murder consultant ". Jones suggests that Dale, Kurt and Nick kill each other's bosses to hide their motive while making the deaths look like accidents. The three reconnoiter Bobby's house, and Kurt steals Bobby's phone. They next go to Harken's house, where Kurt and Nick go inside while Dale waits in the car. Harken returns home and confronts Dale for littering, but then has an allergy attack from the peanut butter on the litter. Dale saves Harken by stabbing him with an EpiPen. Nick and Kurt think Dale is stabbing Harken to death and flee, with Kurt accidentally dropping Bobby's phone in Harken's bedroom. The next night, Kurt watches Julia's home, but she seduces and has sex with him. Nick and Dale reluctantly wait outside Bobby's and Harken's houses, respectively, to commit the murders, despite neither of them wanting to. Harken discovers Bobby's cellphone in his bedroom and uses it to find his address, suspecting his wife Rhonda ( Julie Bowen ) is having an affair. He drives over and kills Bobby, with Nick as a secret witness. Nick flees at high speed, setting off a traffic camera. The trio meet to discuss their reservations about continuing with their plan. They are arrested by the police, who believe the camera footage makes them suspects in Bobby's murder. Lacking evidence, the police are forced to let the trio go free. The trio consult with Jones again, but learn that he never actually killed anyone, having been imprisoned for bootlegging the film Snow Falling on Cedars. Jones suggests that they get Harken to confess and secretly tape it. The three accidentally crash Harken's surprise birthday party, where Nick and Dale get Harken to confess to the murder before realizing that Kurt, who has the audio recorder, is elsewhere having sex with Rhonda. Harken threatens to kill all three for attempting to blackmail him. They flee by car, but Harken gives chase and repeatedly rams their vehicle. Believing they have committed a crime, the car's navigation @-@ system operator remotely disables Kurt's car, allowing Harken to catch and hold them at gunpoint. Harken shoots himself in the leg as he boasts about his plan to frame them for murdering Bobby and attempting to kill him to get rid of the witness. The police arrest Nick, Dale and Kurt, but the navigation @-@ system operator, Gregory, reveals that it is his companies policy to record all conversations for quality assurance. Gregory plays the tape that has Harken confessing he murdered Pellitt. Harken is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison, while the friends get their charges waived. Nick is promoted to president of the company under a sadistic CEO, Kurt retains his job under a new boss, and Dale blackmails Julia into ending her harassment by convincing her to sexually harass a supposedly unconscious patient, while Jones secretly records the act. = = Cast = = Jason Bateman as Nick Hendricks An executive at a financial firm who is manipulated into jumping through hoops in order to get a promotion that his boss never intended to give him. Markowitz wrote the role specifically for Bateman. Charlie Day as Dale Arbus A dental assistant who is sexually harassed by his boss. Described as a " hopeless romantic " in love with his fiancée. Ashton Kutcher was in talks for the role at two different points in the lengthy production. Day was considered for the role following his co @-@ starring performance with Sudeikis in the 2010 film Going the Distance — Reuters reported that industry insiders believed his performance overshadowed the main stars. Jason Sudeikis as Kurt Buckman An account manager at a chemical company dealing with a new, drug @-@ addicted boss after his beloved former boss dies. Sudeikis was cast in May 2010. Jennifer Aniston as Dr. Julia Harris, D.D.S. Markowitz based the character on a former boss, claiming she was " very sexually aggressive with everybody ". When writing the script, Markowitz intended for the role to go to Aniston. He stated, " but [ the aforementioned boss ] looked more like Cruella de Vil. It was like flirting with a cobweb. So I decided for the sake of the movie, let ’ s go with Jennifer Aniston. ” The actress insisted on wearing a brown wig for the role, wanting to look different from other characters she had played. Colin Farrell as Bobby Pellitt Described as a " weaselly scion " and a " corrupt and incompetent jerk who's in charge of things but clearly has no idea what he's doing. " Farrell explained the motivation he gave to the character, stating " This guy thinks he's God's gift to women, God's gift to intellect, to humor, to the club scene, to everything. It's all part of his grandiose sense of self @-@ esteem, which is probably masking a deeper sense of being a disappointment to his father and being riddled with envy over the relationship his father had with Kurt, and all kinds of other things. With Pellit, Seth gave me complete license to act as pathologically screwed up as possible. " Farrell contributed significantly to the appearance of his character, suggesting the comb over hairstyle, pot @-@ belly and an affinity for Chinese dragons. Kevin Spacey as David Harken President of Comnidyne Industries. Tom Cruise, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Jeff Bridges had been approached by New Line Cinema to take the role, described as a psychopathic master manipulator with an attractive wife. Spacey signed up for the role in June 2010. The part was considered " integral " to the film. Gordon commented that the character was an amalgamation of several real bosses ( rather than one single person ) to avoid being sued. Jamie Foxx as Dean " Motherfuckah " Jones The character had the more " colorful " name " Cocksucker Jones ", but it was changed at Foxx's request, with producer Jay Stern commenting that Foxx felt it " was over the line ". The current name was said to be subject to further change, prior to the release of the film. Foxx contributed to his character's appearance, suggesting full @-@ scalp tattoos and a retro clothing style. 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= First Mongol invasion of Burma = The first Mongol invasions of Burma ( Myanmar ) ( Burmese : မွန ် ဂို – မြန ် မာ စစ ် ( ၁၂၇၇ – ၁၂၈၇ ) ) were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287. The invasions toppled the 250 @-@ year @-@ old Pagan Empire, and the Mongol army seized Pagan territories in present @-@ day Dehong, Yunnan and northern Burma to Tagaung. The invasions ushered in 250 years of political fragmentation in Burma and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia. The Mongols first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271 – 72, as part of their drive to encircle the Song dynasty of China. When King Narathihapate refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273, again demanding tribute. It too was rejected. In 1275, the emperor ordered the Yunnan government to secure the borderlands in order to block an escape path for the Song, and permitted a limited border war if Pagan contested. Pagan did contest but its army was driven back at the frontier by the Mongol Army in 1277 – 78. After a brief lull, Kublai Khan in 1281 turned his attention to Southeast Asia, demanding tribute from Pagan, the Khmer Empire, Đại Việt and Champa. When the Burmese king again refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma. Two dry season campaigns ( 1283 – 85 ) later, the Mongols had occupied down to Tagaung and Hanlin, forcing the Burmese king to flee to Lower Burma. The Mongols organized northern Burma as the province of Zhengmian. Ceasefire negotiations began in 1285, and ended with Narathihapate finally agreeing to submit in June 1286. The Burmese embassy, received by the emperor in Beijing in January 1287, agreed to a treaty that acknowledged the suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty or the Mongol Empire over the Pagan Empire and annual payments in taxes to the Yunnan government in exchange for the evacuation of Mongol troops from northern Burma. But the treaty never really took effect as Narathihapate was assassinated in July 1287, and no authority who could honor the treaty emerged. The Mongol command at Yunnan now deemed the imperial order to withdraw void, and ordered an invasion of central Burma. They may not have reached Pagan, and even if they did, after having suffered heavy casualties, they returned to Tagaung. The Pagan Empire disintegrated and anarchy ensued. The Mongols, who probably preferred the situation, did nothing to restore order in the next ten years. In March 1297, they accepted the voluntary submission of King Kyawswa of Pagan although he controlled little beyond the capital city of Pagan ( Bagan ). But Kyawswa was overthrown nine months later, and the Mongols were forced to intervene, leading to their second invasion in 1300 – 01. Marco Polo reported the first invasions ( 1277 – 87 ) in his travelogue, Il Milione. The Burmese referred to the invaders as the Taruk ( after the central Asian Turkic troops that largely made up the Mongol invasion army ) ; today, the term Taruk ( တရုတ ် ) refers to the Han Chinese instead. King Narathihapate is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as Taruk @-@ Pye Min, ( " the King who Fled from the Taruk " ). = = Background = = = = = Pagan and Dali = = = In the 13th century, the Pagan Empire, along with the Khmer Empire, was one of the two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia. For much of its history, Pagan's neighbor to the northeast was not China but the independent Dali Kingdom and its predecessor Nanzhao, both with Dali as their capital city. Dali @-@ based kingdoms were a power in their own right, at times allying themselves with the Tibetan Empire to their west and at other times with China's Tang and Song dynasties. Indeed, Nanzhao's mounted armies ventured deep into what is today Burma and may have been behind the founding of the medieval city of Pagan and the Pagan Dynasty itself. Between the newly conquered Mongol territory and Pagan were a wide swath of borderlands stretching from present @-@ day Dehong, Baoshan and Lincang prefectures in Yunnan as well as the Wa and Palaung regions ( presumably in present @-@ day northern Shan State ), which Pagan and Dali had both claimed and exercised overlapping spheres of influence. Then as now, the borderlands mostly consist of forbidding terrains of high mountain ranges. = = = Mongol conquest of Dali = = = The Mongol Empire first arrived at the doorstep of the Pagan Empire in 1252 by invading the Dali Kingdom in its attempt to outflank Song China. The Mongol armies captured the capital, Dali, on 7 January 1253, and went on to pacify much of the kingdom by 1257. The arrival of the Mongols did not initially upset the existing order at the borderlands as the Mongols were intent on finishing off the Song. For the next dozen years, they consolidated their hold over the newly conquered land, which not only provided them with a base from which to attack the Song from the rear but also was strategically located on the trade routes from China to Burma and India. The Mongols set up military garrisons, manned mostly by Turkic @-@ speaking Muslims from Central Asia, in 37 circuits of the former Dali Kingdom. = = = Decline of Pagan = = = By then, the Pagan Empire, despite outward appearances of calm, had been in long and slow decline since the early 13th century. The continuous growth of tax @-@ free religious wealth had greatly reduced the tax base of the kingdom. The crown had lost resources needed to retain the loyalty of courtiers and military servicemen, inviting a vicious circle of internal disorders and external challenges. Although it was able to put down the first batch of serious rebellions in 1258 – 60 in South Arakan and Martaban ( Mottama ), the decline continued. On the eve of the Mongol invasions, between one and two @-@ thirds of Upper Burma's cultivable land had been donated to religion. The crown's ability to mobilize defenses was in serious jeopardy. = = Prelude to war = = = = = First Mongol mission ( 1271 – 72 ) = = = The period of calm for Pagan ended in the early 1270s. By then, the Song were on the ropes, and Emperor Kublai Khan, who officially founded the Yuan dynasty on 18 December 1271, sought to cut off the retreat of Song refugees in all directions. In Pagan's case, he had ordered the Mongol governor of Dali to tighten control of the borderlands, and in January 1271 to send a mission to Pagan to demand tribute. The tribute he demanded was nominal. Given his higher priority preoccupations elsewhere, the emperor was not looking to replace the regime at Pagan. At the border, the ruler of the Wa and Palaung regions submitted to the Mongols. When the Mongol envoys led by Qidai Tuoyin showed up, the Pagan court led by Chief Minister Ananda Pyissi was well aware of the military power of the Mongols and advised King Narathihapate to use diplomacy. The king was furious at the demand and kept the Mongol envoys waiting for weeks. The court finally devised a compromise : the envoys were sent back without ever seeing the king. Accompanying them was a Burmese envoy who carried a letter expressing friendly sentiments and the Burmese king's wish to one day worship a Buddha tooth at Beijing. The king then promptly ordered an expedition, which retook the rebellious borderland regions in April 1272. The rebel leader A @-@ Pi ( အပိ ) was brought back to Pagan. Dali relayed the news to Beijing but did not carry out any military action. = = = Second Mongol mission ( 1273 ) = = = At Beijing, Kublai Khan, who was preparing an invasion of Japan, decided against a war with Pagan — for the time being. On 3 March 1273, he sent a 4 @-@ member delegation led by an imperial ambassador, the First Secretary to the Board Rites, to Pagan. The delegation carried a letter from the emperor. The letter says : " If you have finally decided to fulfill your duties towards the All @-@ Highest, send one of your brothers or senior ministers, to show men that all the world is linked with Us, and enter into a perpetual alliance. This will add to your reputation, and be in your own interests ; for if it comes to war, who will be the victor? 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power in Germany in the 1930s, the present German state has committed itself to taking active steps to prevent the rise of any ideology that threatens the values enshrined in the German constitution. The BfV domestic intelligence service ( Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ) regards the aims of Scientology as running counter to Germany's free and democratic order, and has been monitoring Scientology since 1997, as have the Offices for the Protection of the Constitution in a number of German Länder. Minister for Family Policy Claudia Nolte instituted the surveillance, saying that the church had totalitarian tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all the means at her disposal. The German Church of Scientology has repeatedly challenged the legality of this surveillance in court. In December 2001, the Administrative Court in Berlin ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid informants. The court ruled that the use of informants was disproportionate. In 2003, the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report, given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution. At the federal level, Scientology lost a complaint against continued surveillance by the BfV in November 2004. The federal court based its opinion on its judgment that the aims of Scientology, as outlined by L. Ron Hubbard in his writings, were incompatible with the German constitution. Lawyers acting for the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution pointed out that Hubbard had written that civil rights, for example, should be restricted to Scientologists, and they asserted that the Scientology organization was taking systematic steps to infiltrate society and government institutions in order to prevent anti @-@ Scientology legislation. Opposing counsel acting for the Church of Scientology had contended that Scientology was non @-@ political, its aims were the liberation of the human being, and that Hubbard's instructions were valid only within the Church of Scientology and were subject to interpretation, and at any rate there was no effort to implement these instructions in Germany. The court disagreed and ruled that many sources, some of them not accessible to the general public, indicated that the aims of the Church of Scientology did include the abrogation of the principle of equality and other essential human rights. In Saarland, surveillance was stopped by a court as inappropriate in 2005, because there is no local branch of Scientology and few members. As of 6 May 2008, the Church of Scientology in Germany dropped the legal battle to prevent surveillance of its activities by the BfV after the North Rhine @-@ Westphalia Higher Administrative Court in Münster refused to hear an appeal on the matter. Being suspected of maintaining " ambitions against the free, democratic basic order ", the Scientology organization added a declaration on human rights and democracy to its bylaws. There is at least one example of surveillance of Scientology by the German intelligence services outside of Germany. In 1998, the Swiss government detained an agent of the German government, charging him with " carrying out illegal business for a foreign state, working for a political information service and falsifying identity documents ". The German government posted bail for the agent. He was eventually given a 30 @-@ day suspended jail sentence for spying on Scientology, and the German government apologized to Switzerland for the incident. = = " Sect filters " = = A " sect filter ", also known as a " protective declaration " ( Schutzerklärung ), is a document that requires prospective business partners or employees to acknowledge any association with a sect or new religious movement before entering a business or employment contract. Such sect filters, primarily used to screen out Scientologists, have been drafted by German government agencies for use by businesses. " Sect commissioner's " offices exist in Germany as part of regional or local government. A work instruction introduced in 1996 requires government staff in the Arbeitsämter – local employment agencies and social security offices operated by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs – to mark companies owned by Scientologists with the letter " S ". Where companies are suspected of having Scientologist staff, prospective employees are alerted to this fact by government staff. Government officials have publicised the names of individual Scientologists and conducted media campaigns against their businesses ; some businesspeople have placed advertisements in the press saying they are not Scientologists in order to avoid the associated stigma. Due to concerns about possible government infiltration by Scientologists, applicants for civil service positions in Bavaria are required to declare whether or not they are Scientologists, and a similar policy has been instituted in Hesse. Companies tendering for government contracts were likewise required to state they are not Scientologists ; in 2001, this requirement was changed, and firms are now asked to sign a form stating that " the technology of L. Ron Hubbard will not be used in executing the contract ". When it became known that Microsoft's Windows 2000 operating system included a disk defragmenter developed by Executive Software International ( a company headed by a Scientologist ), this caused concern among German government officials and clergy over data security and the potential for espionage. To assuage these concerns, Microsoft Germany agreed to provide a means to disable the utility. Following letters of complaint about discrimination from Scientology lawyers, some American companies such as General Electric, IBM and Ford Motor Company instructed their German subsidiaries to cease the use of protective declarations. The city @-@ state of Hamburg set up a full @-@ time office dedicated to opposing Scientology, the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority, under the leadership of Ursula Caberta. In 2005, in a case brought by a Scientologist, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany ordered the city of Hamburg to cease recommending the use of protective declarations to its business community, finding that the practice infringed religious freedom. In June 2008, the Hamburg Administrative Court fined the city of Hamburg 5 @,@ 000 Euros ( $ 7 @,@ 000 ) for not complying with court instructions banning the use of " sect filters. " Internet links to sample filters to be used by businesses had continued to remain available. Eileen Barker, a professor of sociology at the London School of Economics, has noted that " Germany has gone further than any other Western European country in restricting the civil rights of Scientologists. " The Hamburg task force was closed down in August 2010 as a result of budget cuts ; Caberta moved to a position within the Hamburg interior authority, where she continues her work on Scientology. Scientologists have been banned from joining major political parties in Germany such as the Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Union of Bavaria, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Free Democratic Party. Existing Scientologist members of these parties have been " purged ", according to Time Magazine. Scientologists have been prevented from running employment and au pair agencies in Germany ; Scientologists who were running such agencies had their permits revoked. In 1995, a sports scientist and former member of the German national fencing team was dismissed from his job at the German Olympic fencing centre after he stated in an interview that he had enjoyed reading books by L. Ron Hubbard and had participated in a course run by a Scientologist management and communication consultancy firm. Thomas Gottschalk, a German TV presenter, was falsely accused in 1993 of having taken part in Scientology courses ; Gottschalk responded by announcing that he had not, and that he would henceforth cease all contact with a friend who had links to Scientology. In 2007, Günther Oettinger, the Minister @-@ President of the German state of Baden @-@ Württemberg, expressed concern that Scientologist John Travolta was to appear on Gottschalk's programme, and asked the ZDF TV station to consider revoking the invitation ; the ZDF said that uninviting Travolta would cause greater damage, and that Scientology was not going to be discussed in the programme. In 2010, the Bavarian Administrative Court ruled that a woman working in a children's daycare centre, whose employment had been terminated when her ex @-@ husband identified her as a Scientologist, should be reinstated. The woman had demonstrated to the court's satisfaction that her Scientological beliefs were irrelevant to her work. According to the agreement that concluded the case, she promised not to use Scientology methods in her work, and to inform the children's parents of her membership in Scientology. = = Initiative to ban Scientology = = In March 2007, it was reported that German authorities were increasing their efforts to monitor Scientology in response to the opening of a new Scientology headquarters in Berlin. On December 7, 2007, German federal and state interior ministers expressed the opinion that the Scientology organization was continuing to pursue anti @-@ constitutional goals, restricting " essential basic and human rights like the dignity of man or the right to equal treatment ", and asked Germany's domestic intelligence agencies to collect and evaluate the information required for a possible judicial inquiry aimed at banning the organization. The move was criticized by German politicians from all sides of the political spectrum, with legal experts and intelligence agencies expressing concern that an attempt to ban the organization would likely fail in the courts. Sabine Weber, president of the Church of Scientology in Berlin, called the accusations " unrealistic " and " absurd " and said that the German interior ministers'evaluation was based on " a few sentences out of 500 @,@ 000 pages of Scientological literature ". She added, " I can also find hundreds of quotes in the Bible that are totalitarian but that doesn 't mean I will demand the ban of Christianity. " In November 2008, the government abandoned its attempts to ban Scientology, after finding insufficient	wikitext_103	[ 1612, 275, 6176, 275, 253, 17437, 84, 1157, 253, 1246, 5685, 1375, 556, 7730, 3139, 281, 3192, 3939, 5018, 281, 3657, 253, 6054, 273, 667, 25680, 326, 37654, 253, 2193, 546, 34083, 967, 275, 253, 5685, 7410, 964, 380, 378, 71, 55, 9836, 9260, 2579, 313, 42442, 312, 85, 13417, 7188, 71, 515, 1947, 859, 348, 25374, 1157, 390, 7671, 7454, 323, 253, 17504, 273, 253, 10350, 2387, 17730, 253, 13698, 273, 11615, 1497, 347, 3515, 4828, 281, 6176, 686, 84, 1959, 285, 18545, 1340, 1157, 285, 556, 644, 8667, 11615, 1497, 1580, 8210, 1157, 347, 452, 253, 5566, 1271, 323, 253, 17504, 273, 253, 10350, 275, 247, 1180, 273, 5685, 418, 32287, 964, 8308, 323, 12079, 11981, 35662, 571, 427, 311, 442, 38417, 253, 13234, 1157, 3981, 326, 253, 6105, 574, 2264, 14621, 37725, 285, 326, 703, 651, 25437, 11615, 1497, 342, 512, 253, 2097, 387, 617, 23585, 964, 2490, 380, 5685, 6412, 273, 11615, 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, when, following arbitration, the RFU relented and joined the IRFB. The absence of international matches was a factor in England agreeing to face the Natives on 16 February 1889. The line @-@ ups selected for the 16 February match were both strong, and close to full strength. Though 12 of the England side had not played internationally before, all were experienced at domestic level. The match was refereed by Rowland Hill, who had also officiated the Natives'first match in Britain, against Surrey. The opening of the first half was a scoreless affair, with much tackling and scrummaging on the heavy ground. Later in the half England scored two tries through Harry Bedford, but both were disputed by the Natives, who claimed that one of their players had grounded the ball in @-@ goal. England took the two @-@ try advantage into the second half. Early in the second half a third disputed try was scored by the English. The try and its aftermath caused controversy and a rift between the Natives and the RFU. Ellison attempted to tackle the English player Stoddart, and in the process ripped his shorts off. The Natives quickly formed a circle around Stoddart to allow him to replace his clothing without being seen. While this was happening one of the English players, Frank Evershed, picked up the ball and scored a try. The New Zealanders protested, believing that play had stopped after claiming Stoddart had called " dead ball " – but Hill awarded the try, prompting three of the Native players, Dick Taiaroa, Williams, and Sherry Wynyard, to leave the field in protest. The aggrieved players were eventually persuaded to return, but not before Hill had restarted play. Ellison was very critical of Hill, particularly because he was also Secretary of the RFU. Ellison wrote after the tour that " gross as these errors were, they were insignificant when compared with another that Mr Hill committed at the outset of the game, viz, refereeing at all in that game ". The disputed try was followed by a final try for the English, who ultimately won 7 – 0. The RFU, at Hill's instigation, promptly demanded an apology from the Natives'captain of the day, Edward McCausland, who had led the team as Joe Warbrick was injured. The English authorities of the time believed that the decision of a referee was above question, and that protesting a decision as the New Zealanders had done was unsportsmanlike. The RFU threatened to bar any of their affiliated players – in other words, the entire rugby playing population of England – from facing the Natives if they did not apologise. McCausland swiftly sent an apology by telegram, but this was deemed inadequate ; he therefore sent another, four days after the game : The London establishment that governed the game were disturbed by the New Zealanders'approach to the game ; reports of rough and over @-@ aggressive play by the Natives had steadily increased in frequency since their arrival in Britain. In the north of England, criticism of the visitors'sportsmanship was rarer ; the tourists were accepted as playing the game in the same spirit as their local opponents, which in the north was a more working class sport than in the south. Some of the Natives, including Joe Warbrick, accused the RFU and the English press of hypocrisy, claiming that they were quick to criticise the New Zealanders for rough play, yet tolerant of similar behaviour from their own players. = = Later matches and departure from England = = The Natives remained in London following the England international. They defeated London Welsh on 18 February, before losing first to Cambridge, then Oxford University. From there they travelled north and won two matches before losing to Leigh. After a win over Runcorn, there was a defeat to Oldham, played on a ground Eyton said was so frozen it was dangerous. After reversing their previous loss to Halifax with a 6 – 0 win, the Natives suffered a loss to Barrow and District on 7 March. The New Zealanders then had a run of seven straight wins before a 1 – 1 draw with Hull. Widnes were then defeated for the second time in two weeks in the tourists'last match in northern England. The team struggled to find an opponent for their final match in Britain. They eventually played Southern Counties, and beat them 3 – 1. This was their 74th match in the British Isles and their 49th victory. The authorities and press in London continued to view the team negatively, and the Natives boarded ship without a formal farewell. This perceived affront from the RFU provoked some criticism from the press outside London, as well as from the team manager Scott, who felt that with the team's official apology after the England match, the controversy should have put to rest. = = Australia = = The majority of the Natives left Plymouth on 29 March ( Eyton and Pie Wynyard followed a week later ). They arrived in Melbourne in May, where the team played mostly Victorian Rules football, hoping to make more money that way. Although the side had employed Jack Lawlor to coach them in Victorian Rules during their tour of the British Isles, the heavy schedule and high injury count had left little time and energy for such training. As a result, the Victorian Rules matches were a failure ; the players'unfamiliarity with the rules, combined with the fact that most of the Natives were rugby forwards ( and therefore less suited to the more open Victorian Rules ), ensured that they failed to perform well on the field and struggled to attract large crowds. The side played nine Victorian Rules matches in total, including one in New South Wales, but won only three of them, all against relatively weak opposition. The side's success in their rugby matches contrasted to their failure in Victorian Rules – the New Zealanders played three rugby matches while in Victoria : against Melbourne, a Navy selection, and Victoria. The matches were all won, with their game against Victoria a 19 – 0 victory. After this they left for Sydney for further rugby matches, and defeated New South Wales 12 – 9. After two further victories, the side again faced New South Wales, and won the match 16 – 12. Another two victories followed, before the team played their only association football matches of the tour – both defeats. The team travelled north to Queensland, where, as in New South Wales, rugby was the dominant code of football. Consequently, the team exclusively played rugby while in the region. The Natives faced Queensland at the Association Ground in Brisbane. The 8000 spectators witnessed the New Zealanders overwhelm the Queenslanders to win 22 – 0 ; the Natives did not exert themselves in the win, and the score did not reflect their dominance. After a further two matches, against Toowoomba and Ipswich ( both of whom were comfortably defeated ), the team returned to Brisbane for a rematch with Queensland. In contrast to their first meeting, the first @-@ half was a close affair, and the two sides were tied at the conclusion of the half. Billy Warbrick suffered a kick to the head, and had to retire early in the second @-@ half. Following the loss of Warbrick, the play of the Natives improved and they recovered to win 11 – 7. Not long after the game concluded rumours circulated that some of the players had been offered ₤ 50 by bookmakers to throw the game. Eyton later said : It was on the occasion of this match that four of our players were thought, in racing parlance, to be playing " stiff ", and that they had been got by some bookies ; at all events, when accused of it at half @-@ time and cautioned, they played a different game in the second half. The response from the team's management was to suspend four players. The team travelled to Toowoomba, where they defeated the locals 19 – 0. The Natives included a replacement player for only the second time, Charles Speakman, after the suspensions reduced the playing strength of the side. The team then travelled back to New Zealand, and arrived in Invercargill on 5 August. = = Return to New Zealand = = Two days after their return, the Natives faced Southland, who they defeated 5 – 1 in front of a crowd of 2 @,@ 000. The side suffered further injury, to Harry Lee, and recruited Southlander W. Hirst for their match against Mataura District on 8 August. Despite playing the match two players down, the Natives comfortably defeated Mataura 16 – 3. Following the side's return to New Zealand, the Otago Rugby Football Union demanded that the team's management explain the accusations levelled at them in Queensland. Eyton responded by insisting that the players had only been suspended while an investigation was conducted, and that the management was confident no wrongdoing had occurred. The Northern Rugby Union ( since renamed Queensland Rugby Union ) summarised the incident and aftermath in the 1889 Queensland Rugby Union Annual : ... it was apparent to a judge of the game that something was wrong with the Maori, as they were not showing their usual dash and combination. Four members of the team were suspended, a charge being made against them of attempting the sell the match. The matter was bought before the Otago Union, who passed the following resolution : That, having heard all available evidence regarding the charges against certain members of the Native Team, and having received an explicit denial of charges from the accused members and a satisfactory explanation from the management, we are of opinion that there are no facts before us justifying the allegations... It is unlikely, given the attitude of the Otago Rugby Union to the Natives before their departure, that they would have dismissed the allegations if incriminating	wikitext_103	[ 1157, 672, 1157, 1563, 18087, 1157, 253, 15371, 54, 774, 8006, 285, 7416, 253, 9812, 18446, 964, 380, 5928, 273, 5213, 10129, 369, 247, 2803, 275, 5854, 33732, 281, 2454, 253, 427, 3993, 327, 1668, 5080, 45272, 964, 2490, 380, 1386, 1214, 14, 33, 35267, 4236, 323, 253, 1668, 5080, 3761, 497, 1097, 2266, 1157, 285, 2810, 281, 2120, 4757, 964, 11474, 1249, 273, 253, 5854, 1930, 574, 417, 4546, 29549, 1078, 1157, 512, 497, 7407, 387, 9836, 1268, 964, 380, 3761, 369, 10591, 22767, 407, 15784, 1373, 7061, 1157, 665, 574, 671, 2039, 4215, 253, 427, 3993, 686, 806, 3761, 275, 9643, 1157, 1411, 6201, 5292, 964, 380, 5909, 273, 253, 806, 2716, 369, 247, 4868, 1417, 18830, 1157, 342, 1199, 46710, 285, 660, 4638, 78, 2977, 327, 253, 5536, 3216, 964, 14772, 275, 253, 2716, 5854, 11691, 767, 14177, 949, 11643, 47677, 1157, 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= Japanese battleship Asahi = Asahi ( 朝日, Asahi ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s. As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships itself, the ship was designed and built in the United Kingdom. Shortly after her arrival in Japan, she became flagship of the Standing Fleet, the IJN's primary combat fleet. She participated in every major naval battle of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 and was lightly damaged during the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima. Asahi saw no combat during World War I, although the ship participated in the Siberian Intervention in 1918. Reclassified as a coastal defence ship in 1921, Asahi was disarmed two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, after which she served as a training and submarine depot ship. She was modified into a submarine salvage and rescue ship before being placed in reserve in 1928. Asahi was recommissioned in late 1937, after the start of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War, and used to transport Japanese troops. In 1938, she was converted into a repair ship and based first at Japanese @-@ occupied Shanghai, China, and then Cam Ranh Bay, French Indochina, from late 1938 to 1941. The ship was transferred to occupied Singapore in early 1942 to repair a damaged light cruiser and ordered to return home in May. She was sunk en route by the American submarine USS Salmon, although most of her crew survived. = = Background = = Combat experience in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune École naval philosophy, which emphasized torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive heavily armoured ships. Therefore, Japan promulgated a ten @-@ year naval build @-@ up in early 1896, to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations, with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core. These ships were paid for from the £ 30 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino @-@ Japanese War. As with the earlier Fuji and Shikishima classes, Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships, and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme. Asahi, the fifth Japanese battleship to be built in Britain, was ordered from the Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Company shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland in the 1897 annual naval programme. = = Design and description = = Asahi's design was a modified version of the Formidable @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy, with two additional 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns. The ship had an overall length of 425 feet 3 inches ( 129 @.@ 6 m ), a beam of 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 9 m ), and a normal draught of 27 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ). She displaced 15 @,@ 200 long tons ( 15 @,@ 400 t ) at normal load. Asahi had a complete double bottom with 55 watertight compartments. Her hull was also subdivided into 223 watertight compartments. She was fitted as a flagship and her crew numbered about 773 officers and enlisted men, including the admiral's staff. The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines built by Humphrys, Tennant, each driving one propeller, using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers at a working pressure of 17 @.@ 03 bar ( 1 @,@ 703 kPa ; 247 psi ). The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 000 kW ), using forced draught, and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) although Asahi reached 18 @.@ 3 knots ( 33 @.@ 9 km / h ; 21 @.@ 1 mph ) from 16 @,@ 335 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 181 kW ) during her sea trials on 23 March 1900. She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 032 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 9 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 000 km ; 10 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ). The ship was fitted with three steam @-@ driven 4 @.@ 8 @-@ kilowatt ( 6 @.@ 4 hp ) dynamos. Asahi's main battery consisted of the same four Elswick Ordnance Company 40 @-@ calibre twelve @-@ inch guns used in all of Japan's preceding battleships. They were mounted in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The hydraulically powered mountings allowed the guns to be loaded at all angles of traverse, at a fixed elevation of + 13 @.@ 5 °. Each mount could traverse a total of 240 degrees. They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ). The ship's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 45 @-@ calibre 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns mounted in casemates. Eight of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other six guns were placed above them in the superstructure. They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ). Protection against torpedo @-@ boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns. The 12 @-@ pounders fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ), 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ). Lighter guns consisted of eight 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) three @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and four 47 @-@ millimetre 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns. The former were mounted in the superstructure and the latter in the fighting tops. The three @-@ pounder gun fired 3 @.@ 19 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 45 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 927 ft / s ( 587 m / s ), while the 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder fired 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ). The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. The waterline main belt of Asahi consisted of Harvey armour 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 44 m ) high, of which 3 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 11 m ) was above the waterline at normal load, and had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) for the middle 224 feet ( 68 @.@ 28 m ) of the ship. It was only 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six @-@ inch strake of armour that ran between the barbettes. The barbettes were 14 inches ( 356 mm ) thick, but only 10 inches ( 254 mm ) behind the upper armour strake. The barbette hoods were protected by 10 inches of armour on their face while their sides were 6 inches thick and the roof was 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick. Diagonal bulkheads connecting the barbettes to the side armour were 12 – 14 inches thick, but only 6 inches thick at the lower deck level. The frontal armour of the casemates protecting the secondary armament was also 6 inches thick with the rear protected by 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) armour plates. The flat portion of the deck armour was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick and 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick where it sloped down to the sides of the ship. The conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour. Asahi, like all the other Japanese battleships of the time, was fitted with four Barr and Stroud FA3 coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 8 @,@ 000 yards ( 7 @,@ 300 m ). The ships were also fitted with 24 @-@ power magnification telescopic gunsights. = = Construction and career = = Asahi, meaning " rising sun ", a poetic name for Japan from a stanza of waka poetry, was laid down on 1 August 1898 in Clydebank, Scotland, by the Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. and completed by John Brown & Company, which purchased the firm before Asahi was completed. She was launched on 13 March 1899 and completed on 31 July 1900. Her completion was delayed by about three months when her bottom plating required repairs after running aground off Southsea following sea trials. The ship departed England, after repairs in Portsmouth, on the day of her completion, and arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 23 October 1900. 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adine was turned back to local control as far east as Garnet. From there east, it was numbered just M ‑ 48, removing US 2 from a concurrency. Another former section into Epoufette was added to extend M ‑ 117. The new highway was detoured around the Cut River Bridge until it was completed in 1946 after construction delays over steel shortages during World War II. The western end of US 2 took on two changes in the 1940s. M ‑ 28 was extended along US 2 to the state line at Ironwood from its western terminus at Wakefield. A similar extension was made from M ‑ 28's eastern terminus to Sault Ste. Marie in 1948. The M ‑ 54 designation was renumbered as Business US 2 by 1945. The eastern M ‑ 28 extension was reversed in 1950, and the western extension to the state line was shifted to a new location by 1952. = = = Interstate era = = = With the coming of the Interstate Highway System in Michigan, the MSHD planned to convert the eastern section of US 2 to a freeway between St. Ignace and Sault St. Marie. In planning maps from 1947, this highway corridor was included in the system that later became the Interstates. It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955, or Yellow Book after the cover color, that was released in 1955 as the federal government readied plans for the freeway system. The proposed number in 1958 was Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ). The first section of freeway was built in late 1957 or early 1958 between Evergreen Shores and M ‑ 123 north of St. Ignace. The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1, 1957 ; a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge. In 1961, another new freeway segment closed the gap between the Mackinac Bridge and Evergreen Shores sections. At the time, the I ‑ 75 designation supplanted US 27 on the bridge, and US 2 was shifted to follow I ‑ 75 along the freeways in the St. Ignace area. The former routing of US 2 in downtown St. Ignace was redesignated BL I ‑ 75. More sections of freeway were opened in 1962 immediately to the south of the newly constructed International Bridge in Sault Ste. Marie as well as between Dafter and Kinross. The last two sections opened in 1963 connected the northern end of the freeway at M ‑ 123 to Kinross, and the section between Dafter and Sault Ste. Marie. At this time, all of US 2's former routing became a county road known as Mackinac Trail ( H @-@ 63 ). The Department of State Highways expanded US 2 / US 41 into an expressway between Gladstone and Rapid River in 1971. The state built a new bridge over the Manistique River in 1983, bypassing downtown. MDOT disposed of the former routing of US 2 into downtown in two ways. The western half was initially an unnumbered state highway until it was later transferred to local control. An extension of M ‑ 94 replaced the remainder, including the Siphon Bridge, through downtown. In that same year, the department truncated US 2 to end in St. Ignace by removing it from the I ‑ 75 freeway. The last changes were made to US 2's routing through Iron River in 1998, bypassing the bridge that formerly carried the highway over the river in town. In 2011, MDOT raised the speed limit along the expressway section in Delta County from 55 to 65 mph ( 89 to 105 km / h ), although the speed limit for trucks remains 55 mph ( 89 km / h ). = = Memorial designations and tourist routes = = On July 1, 1924, the State Administrative Board named M ‑ 12, the predecessor to US 2 in Michigan, the Bohn Highway to honor Frank P. Bohn, a prominent local citizen who later served in Congress from 1927 to 1933. In 1929, the residents of Escanaba created a memorial to the veterans of World War I called Memory Lane. The project consisted of elm and maple trees planted along US 2 / US 41 west of town. The American Legion sold the trees to local businesses and individuals who could honor specific soldiers. Later in 1949, the Bessemer Women's Club created a tribute in the form of a permanent living memorial to the area veterans. Also called Memory Lane, the group planted 140 elms and 1 @,@ 840 evergreens, trees and shrubs as a landscaped parkway along 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) of US 2 east of Bessemer. Most of US 2, along with US 23 in the Lower Peninsula, was designated the United Spanish War Veterans Memorial Highway in 1949. To connect the gap in the routing where US 2 cuts through Wisconsin, M ‑ 95 and M ‑ 69 were used in place of US 2 between Iron Mountain and Crystal Falls. Signs marking the highway were not erected until 1968 when Governor George W. Romney had them installed. The Amvets Memorial Drive designation was created for the section of US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 between the northern Escanaba city limits and County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) in Delta County. The American Veterans ( AMVETS ) organization in Michigan petitioned the Michigan Legislature to grant this designation, which was assigned under Public Act 144 in 1959. Two sections of US 2 are part of the overall Great Lakes Circle Tour ( GLCT ) : the segment from the Wisconsin state line near Ironwood to the M ‑ 28 junction in Wakefield is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour ( LSCT ), and the segment from the southern M ‑ 35 junction in Escanaba to the eastern terminus in St. Ignace is part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour ( LMCT ). These two tours were created in May 1986 through a joint effort between MDOT and its counterparts in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario. The section of US 2 between Iron River and Crystal Falls has been named the Iron County Heritage Trail. This Pure Michigan Byway was designated to honor the " rich history of two industries that built a state and nation : mining and logging. " On August 26, 2007, MDOT announced that the section of US 2 that runs concurrently with M ‑ 35 in Delta County was being included in the UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail. = = Historic bridges = = There are six bridges along current or former sections of US 2 that MDOT has added to its listing of Michigan's Historic Bridges ; two of these are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ). A third bridge added to the NRHP in late 2012 has not been added to MDOT's listing however. The first of these historic bridges is the crossing of the Iron River, which has since been bypassed by a new bridge. The original structure, dating to 1918, is a 55 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 17 m ) spandrel arch span that was built by the MSHD as Trunk Line Bridge No. 191. The structure was listed on the NRHP on December 9, 1999, for its architectural and engineering significance. In December 2012, the National Park Service approved the listing of the Upper Twin Falls Bridge that crosses the Menominee River northwest of Iron Mountain. The structure is a single @-@ span, pin @-@ connected, camelback, through @-@ truss bridge, and it is the only known example of its type in Michigan. It was built between 1909 and 1910 because the Twin Falls Power Dam would flood an existing river crossing. The span cost $ 5 @,@ 106 ( equivalent to $ 780 @,@ 000 in 2015 ), paid equally by Dickinson and Florence counties. Until the 1930s, the Upper Twin Falls Bridge carried US 2 across the Menominee River. In 1934, a new bridge was built about a mile downstream, and the highway was rerouted over the new span. The bridge closed to automobile traffic in September 1971, and the nomination process for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places began in 2012. In 2003, MDOT replaced the Sturgeon River Bridge in Waucedah Township, Dickinson County. As of October 2011, even though the old bridge was demolished and replaced, MDOT retained it on their historic bridge list. It was built in 1929. Before 1983, US 2 used a different routing through Manistique and crossed the Manistique River on what is nicknamed the " Siphon Bridge ". Built as a part of a raceway flume on the river, the water level is actually higher than the road surface. This produces a siphon effect, giving the bridge its nickname. The Manistique Pulp and Paper Company was organized in 1916 and needed a dam on the Manistique River to supply their mill. This dam would require a large section of the city to be flooded, and shallow river banks meant difficulties in any bridge construction. Instead of expensive dikes, a concrete tank was built lengthwise in the river bed ; the sides of this tank provided man @-@ made banks higher than the natural banks. The Michigan Works Progress Administration described the bridge as having " concrete bulkheads, formed by the side spans of the bridge, [ that ] allow the mill to maintain the water level several feet above the roadbed. " The Manistique Tourism Council stated : " At one time, the bridge itself was partially supported by the water that was atmospherically forced under it, " and that the bridge has been featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not!. 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evidence is that of Miroslav Rus, who was indicted in connection with disappearance of Miroslav Kříž, a vice @-@ chairman of the Czech Football Association. = = = Defense lawyers = = = Randy Blythe was represented by Prague lawyers Martin Radvan and Vladimír Jablonský. Radvan studied law at the Faculty of Law of Charles University and at the New York University. From 1990 to 1992, he served as external advisor of the then Prime Minister Marián Čalfa. A former partner at Baker & McKenzie, Radvan established Radvan & Co. in 1996. He is also a member of board of directors of Forum 2000. Jablonský gained fame as attorney of Yekta Uzunoglu, a Kurdish national who was first charged in 1994 with preparing to commit three murders and committing blackmail and torture. It became one of the longest criminal cases in the Czech history, as the witnesses and alleged victims gradually withdrew or changed their testimonies against Uzunoglu until he was exonerated by the Municipal Court in Prague in 2007. The court held that although the crimes did take place, there is no evidence that Uzunoglu took part in it. He was also defending judge Pavel Nagy, who was indicted of accepting a bribe. The proceedings ended with Nagy being found insane and criminally not liable. Jablonský also acted as a defense attorney in the case of a hairdresser of Czech VIPs indicted on charges of rape and torture. During the proceedings, the judge sent Jablonský to face the disciplinary commission of the Czech bar association for what he perceived as " behaviour bordering on contempt ". = = = Day 1 of the trial = = = The trial started on February 4, 2013. Blythe testified that when he wanted to see the club before the concert, Lamb of God's technician told him that the club was terrible and messy. According to Blythe, the technician went on, saying that the stage was small, there were too many people, and that it was rather dangerous. Blythe, who is nearsighted, took off his glasses before entering the stage, which together with the smoke and light effects allegedly left him half @-@ blind. Blythe said that people could easily reach the band members or climb up to the stage. One of the fans, who was identified as Milan Pořádek by Czech newspapers, and who was scheduled to testify later during the proceedings, managed to climb the stage twice without being stopped by security. Blythe testified that during the first attempt, Pořádek rushed the stage and started waving his arms before stage diving. The second time, he tried to put his arms around Blythe in an attempt to hug him. Blythe, who according to his own words perceived this as a danger, caught Pořádek's collar, pushed him on the ground, knelt on him and repeatedly told him to stop. He then led the fan by his hair to the edge of the stage, where the fan jumped off. It was only after watching a video of the incident that Blythe found out that a security officer was actually pushing the fan from back. Blythe further said that he saw Pořádek trying to reach the stage yet again before finally being stopped by security. Later, when another fan tried to climb the stage, Blythe thought that it was Pořádek again. Blythe testified that he approached the fan and pushed him with both hands out of the stage in the belief that the crowd would catch him, which it did not. Jiří Choroš, author of video which caught the previous incidents with Pořádek, testified that the fan was for a moment lying on the ground with nobody helping him. Blythe further commented that he saw the fan get up and that other fans showed him thumbs up. Blythe insisted that he never saw Nosek nor came into contact with him. It was not until the arrest two years later that he found out about Nosek's death. Blythe further testified that he was not under the influence of alcohol during the concert and that he had never used any drugs. Chris Adler, Lamb of God's drummer, testified that he had not seen anything from the back of the stage and further proclaimed that Blythe's aggressiveness is only a stage act. According to Adler, Blythe is a calm, moderate, and well @-@ read person. The defense also presented videos from various Lamb of God concerts in order to demonstrate that metal music is very energetic and that Blythe regularly cheers to the crowd, but not to encourage people to climb the stage. Blythe also alleged that after learning about Nosek's death, he had written a letter to the Nosek family, in which he offered help and a meeting in @-@ person. Daniel Nosek's father, however, testified that the family has not been contacted by anyone from the band nor by the defense team. Nosek's father confirmed that his son had been healthy up until the day of the incident. The Nosek family's representative brought a claim for damages in the amount of CZK 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( approx. US $ 530 @,@ 000 ). = = = Day 2 of the trial = = = Altogether, eight witnesses delivered their testimonies on February 5, 2013. Among them were friends of Daniel Nosek. Nosek and three friends had come to attend the concert from Vrchlabí, a town in mountains some 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) northwest of Prague. They described Nosek as a huge fan of Lamb of God who had been able to secure an autograph from a guitar player before the concert had started. Nosek's friend Jan Jebavý testified that Nosek climbed the stage, and as he turned around towards the crowd he was pushed by Blythe off the stage. He said he was " 100 % sure Blythe pushed Nosek with both hands. " He further said that Blythe's behavior deviated from all the concerts he had attended in the past, commenting that Blythe was visibly furious. He further claimed that Nosek was not the first person to be chased off the stage by Blythe, with another fan being kicked, choked and receiving a punch from Blythe. Jebavý corroborated Blythe's testimony that Blythe asked " Are you okay? " after Nosek fell and that the crowd gave him a positive reply. However, as Nosek fell sick after the concert, they called him an ambulance. According to Jebavý, the band had not warned the fans against getting on stage and the security guards did not pay much attention to it. Nosek's other friend Ondřej Vlach testified that Nosek's fall happened in a break between the end of concert and the encore. Nosek climbed the stage together with another fan as the band members were leaving to go backstage. According to him, Blythe ran into the two fans and pushed them both off. While the other fan was caught by a couple of fans remaining under the stage, Nosek fell directly on the ground. According to Vlach, there were fewer fans in front of the stage due to the break. Vlach further testified that after the fall, Nosek went to sit on a bench, where he was fetched a water bottle. Nosek began vomiting about half an hour after the fall and as his friends realized that he had a bulge at the back of his head, they called an ambulance for fear he might have a concussion. Vlach said that he understood Blythe's gesture in the break as an invitation to the stage. Another person to testify was Robert Havelka, who worked as a security guard the night of the incident. Havelka said that the guardrail was too close to the stage, but not so close as to make a platform for climbing the stage. He testified that he pulled one person off the stage and that another person fell off before he could be secured. He further said that the fan's fall might have been helped by someone else, perhaps the singer, though he did not see it precisely. Blythe's defense team attacked differences between the testimonies the witnesses gave after the incident in 2010 and at the court. Among other things, one of the witnesses originally alleged that Nosek and Blythe shook hands or that one of them offered hand to another on stage ; however, at the court hearing, he testified that there was no prior contact between them. Blythe also argued that video evidence shown in court refuted claims about his aggressive behavior. = = = Day 3 of the trial = = = Milan Pořádek, the fan whom Blythe admitted to shoving off the stage, testified on the third day of the trial. Pořádek said he climbed the stage twice in order to stage dive ; he changed his mind during the third attempt to get on stage. Pořádek testified that Blythe knocked him down, knelt on him and held him down for a moment, but Blythe definitely did not choke him. He also admitted that taking into account the fact that he ( Pořádek ) was drunk and the way he acted, Blythe's reaction was adequate. He commented that he grasped the fact that he was not wanted on stage. 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= Trout Creek Mountains = The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote, semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially in northern Nevada in the United States. The range's highest point is Orevada View Benchmark, 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level, in Nevada. Disaster Peak, elevation 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ), is another prominent summit in the Nevada portion of the mountains. The mountains are characteristic of the Great Basin's topography of mostly parallel mountain ranges alternating with flat valleys. Oriented generally north to south, the Trout Creek Mountains consist primarily of fault blocks of basalt, which came from an ancient volcano and other vents, on top of older metamorphic rocks. The southern end of the range, however, features many granitic outcrops. As a whole, the faulted terrain is dominated by rolling hills and ridges cut by escarpments and canyons. Most of the range is public land administered by the federal Bureau of Land Management. There is very little human development in the remote region — cattle grazing and ranching are the primary human uses — but former mines at the McDermitt Caldera produced some of the largest amounts of mercury in North America in the 20th century. Public lands in the mountains are open to recreation but are rarely visited. Vegetation includes large swaths of big sagebrush in addition to desert grasses and cottonwood and alder stands. Sage grouse and mountain chickadee are two bird species native to the range, and common mammals include pronghorn and jackrabbits. Despite the area's dry climate, a few year @-@ round streams provide habitat for the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout. Fish populations in the Trout Creek Mountains declined throughout much of the 20th century. In the 1980s, the effects of grazing allotments on riparian zones and the fish led to land @-@ use conflict. The Trout Creek Mountain Working Group was formed in 1988 to help resolve disagreements among livestock owners, environmentalists, government agencies, and other interested parties. The stakeholders met and agreed on changes to land @-@ use practices, and since the early 1990s, riparian zones have begun to recover. = = Geography = = The Trout Creek Mountains are in a very remote area of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada, in Harney and Humboldt counties. The nearest human settlements are the Whitehorse Ranch, about 20 miles ( 32 km ) directly north from the middle of the mountains ; Fields, Oregon, about 23 miles ( 37 km ) to the northwest ; Denio, Nevada, about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the west ; and McDermitt, Nevada – Oregon, about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east. The mountains are about 150 miles ( 240 km ) directly southwest of Boise, Idaho, and about 190 miles ( 310 km ) northeast of Reno, Nevada. The range and surrounding non @-@ mountainous areas cover an area of 811 square miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ). The mountains run 51 miles ( 82 km ) north to south and 36 miles ( 58 km ) east to west. More of the range is in Oregon ( 78 % ) than in Nevada ( 22 % ). The highest point in the range is Orevada View Benchmark, which is 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level and is located in Nevada about one mile south of the Oregon border. About two miles southeast of Orevada View is Disaster Peak, " a large, symmetrical butte that is visible throughout the region. " At 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ), Disaster Peak anchors the southern end of the mountains in a sub @-@ range called The Granites. The Oregon Canyon Mountains border the Trout Creek Mountains on the east along the Harney – Malheur county line ( according to the United States Geological Survey's definitions ), while the Pueblo Mountains are the next range west of the Trout Creek Mountains. The Bilk Creek Mountains in both Oregon and Nevada border the Trout Creek Mountains on the southwest ; the two ranges are separated by Log Cabin Creek and South Fork Cottonwood Creek. South of the Trout Creek Mountains is the Kings River Valley, which separates the Bilk Creek Mountains on the west from the Montana Mountains on the east. The terrain in the Trout Creek Mountains varies from broad, flat basins and rolling ridges to high rock escarpments cut by deep canyons. The canyons have steep walls with loose talus slopes at the bottoms. There are meadows around springs in the mountains, although most streams in the range do not flow year @-@ round. Major streams that flow off the north slopes of the mountains include ( from west to east ) Cottonwood Creek, Trout Creek, Willow Creek, and Whitehorse Creek. These streams all flow into endorheic basins in Harney County, Oregon. Trout Creek and Whitehorse Creek are the largest of the four. The Kings River and McDermitt Creek each drain an area on the south slopes of the Trout Creek Mountains. The Kings River begins in The Granites and flows south into Nevada, where it meets the Quinn River, which evaporates in the Black Rock Desert. McDermitt Creek begins in Oregon a few miles north of The Granites and flows generally east, crossing the Oregon – Nevada border five times before disappearing into the floor of the Quinn River Valley south of McDermitt. = = Geology = = The mountains lie within the Basin and Range Province or Great Basin of the Western United States, which is characterized by a series of parallel fault blocks that form long north – south mountain ranges separated by wide, high @-@ desert valleys. The Trout Creek Mountains are uplifted and tilted blocks with steep escarpments along the southern and eastern sides of the range. The southern area of the range, known as The Granites, has numerous outcroppings of Cretaceous age granite. These granite outcrops are commonly found in the eroded valleys below the volcanic ridgelines. The Trout Creek Mountains are composed mostly of basalt from a shield volcano that once stood where Steens Mountain is today. Crustal thinning and the Yellowstone hotspot, which was then beneath southeastern Oregon, induced eruptions from Steens and nearby vents about 17 million years ago, in the Miocene. The vents produced a series of lava flows that spread across the land now known as the Trout Creek Mountains. Eruptions from the Steens volcano lasted for about one million years, and at least 70 separate lava flows occurred. Under the resulting basalt rock lie much older metamorphic rocks that may be related to some of the Triassic age formations of the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon. Within these metamorphic rocks are diorite and granodiorite intrusive bodies which were presumably intruded during the Cretaceous Period. The broad McDermitt Caldera is a prominent geologic feature in the Trout Creek Mountains. The oval @-@ shaped caldera is a collapsed lava dome that straddles the Oregon – Nevada border on the eastern side of the range and south of the Oregon Canyon Mountains. It is about 28 miles ( 45 km ) long and 22 miles ( 35 km ) wide. The lava dome was created by volcanic eruptions in the early Miocene. A total of five large ash flows were produced along with a large rhyolite dome structure. The caldera formed when the dome collapsed about 16 million years ago. The caldera contains significant ore deposits, and mercury and uranium have been mined at eight or more sites in and around the caldera. Other areas in the caldera were mined for ores of antimony, cesium, and lithium. = = Climate = = The Trout Creek Mountains are semi @-@ arid because they are in the eastern rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west. When moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward over the Oregon and California coastal ranges and the Cascade Range, most precipitation falls in those mountains before reaching the Trout Creek Mountains. As a result, the average annual precipitation in the Trout Creek Mountains is only 8 to 26 inches ( 200 to 660 mm ) per year, with most areas receiving between 8 and 12 inches ( 200 and 300 mm ) annually. Much of the annual precipitation occurs between the beginning of March and the end of June. Most of the rest falls as snow during the fall and winter months. Snowpack at elevations below 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) usually melts by April ; however, at the higher elevations, snow can remain until mid @-@ June. Local flooding often occurs in the spring as the snowpack melts. The prevailing winds are from the west @-@ southwest, and they are normally strongest in March and April. Brief, intense thunderstorms are common between April and October. Thunderstorms in the summer months tend to be more isolated and often produce dry lightning strikes. = = Ecology = = = = = Flora = = = Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses. Other common shrubs include bitterbrush, snowberry, and Ceanothus. There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas. Common grass species include Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, cheatgrass, western needlegrass, Sandberg's bluegrass, Thurber's needlegrass, and bottlebrush	wikitext_103	[ 426, 1535, 483, 16611, 28214, 426, 4928, 187, 380, 1535, 483, 16611, 28214, 403, 247, 8905, 1157, 10020, 1214, 14, 33, 549, 301, 6495, 41467, 11129, 2491, 6571, 275, 32276, 25489, 15427, 285, 10571, 275, 11186, 23050, 275, 253, 1986, 2077, 964, 380, 2491, 686, 84, 4585, 1127, 310, 473, 15079, 2960, 9182, 41576, 4698, 1157, 854, 1214, 13, 33, 39172, 4669, 313, 374, 1214, 13, 33, 608, 4590, 278, 2387, 1840, 6150, 1268, 1157, 275, 23050, 964, 5201, 2237, 24515, 1157, 19099, 818, 1214, 13, 33, 818, 3593, 4669, 313, 374, 1214, 13, 33, 38891, 278, 2387, 1157, 310, 1529, 11906, 21948, 275, 253, 23050, 5110, 273, 253, 14700, 964, 2490, 380, 14700, 403, 8847, 273, 253, 6495, 41467, 686, 84, 48865, 273, 6571, 7529, 11129, 13794, 28035, 342, 6507, 42919, 964, 45674, 264, 3839, 6146, 281, 6420, 1157, 253, 1535, 483, 16611, 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= Where the Streets Have No Name = " Where the Streets Have No Name " is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the opening track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album's third single in August 1987. The song's hook is a repeating guitar arpeggio using a delay effect, played during the song's introduction and again at the end. Lead vocalist Bono wrote the lyrics in response to the notion that it is possible to identify a person's religion and income based on the street on which they lived, particularly in Belfast. During the band's difficulties recording the song, producer Brian Eno considered erasing the song's tapes to have them start from scratch. " Where the Streets Have No Name " was praised by critics and became a commercial success, peaking at number thirteen in the US, number fourteen in Canada, number ten in the Netherlands, and number four in the United Kingdom. The song has remained a staple of their live act since the song debuted in 1987 on The Joshua Tree Tour. The song was performed on a Los Angeles rooftop for the filming of its music video, which won a Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video. = = Writing and recording = = The music for " Where the Streets Have No Name " originated from a demo that guitarist The Edge composed the night before the group resumed The Joshua Tree sessions. In an upstairs room at Melbeach House — his newly purchased home — The Edge used a four @-@ track tape machine to record an arrangement of keyboards, bass, guitar, and a drum machine. Realising that the album sessions were approaching the end and that the band were short on exceptional live songs, The Edge wanted to " conjure up the ultimate U2 live @-@ song ", so he imagined what he would like to hear at a future U2 show if he were a fan. After finishing the rough mix, he felt he had come up with " the most amazing guitar part and song of [ his ] life ". With no one in the house to share the demo with, The Edge recalls dancing around and punching the air in celebration. Although the band liked the demo, it was difficult for them to record the song. Bassist Adam Clayton said, " At the time it sounded like a foreign language, whereas now we understand how it works ". The arrangement, with two time signature shifts and frequent chord changes, was rehearsed many times, but the group struggled to get a performance they liked. According to co @-@ producer Daniel Lanois, " that was the science project song. I remember having this massive schoolhouse blackboard, as we call them. I was holding a pointer, like a college professor, walking the band through the chord changes like a fucking nerd. It was ridiculous. " Co @-@ producer Brian Eno estimates that half of the album sessions were spent trying to record a suitable version of " Where the Streets Have No Name ". The band worked on a single take for weeks, but as Eno explained, that particular version had a lot of problems with it and the group continued trying to fix it up. Through all of their work, they had gradually replaced each instrument take until nothing remained from the original performance. So much time had been spent on " screwdriver work " that Eno thought it would be best to start from scratch. His idea was to " stage an accident " and have the song's tapes erased. He said that this was not to force abandonment of the song, but rather that it would be more effective to start again with a fresh performance. At one point, Eno had the tapes cued up and ready to be recorded over, but this erasure never took place ; according to engineer Flood, fellow engineer Pat McCarthy returned to the control room and upon seeing Eno ready to erase the tapes, dropped the tray of tea he was carrying and physically restrained Eno. The studio version of the song was compiled from several different takes. It was one of several songs mixed by Steve Lillywhite in the final months of recording The Joshua Tree. Drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. later said of the song, " It took so long to get that song right, it was difficult for us to make any sense of it. It only became a truly great song through playing live. On the record, musically, it's not half the song it is live. " = = Composition = = " Where the Streets Have No Name " is played at a tempo of 126 beats per minute. The introduction and outro are played in a 3 / 4 time signature, while the remainder of the song is in a common 4 / 4 signature. The songs opens with an instrumental section, starting with chorale @-@ like sustained synthesiser notes. The guitar fades in after 42 seconds ; this part consists of a repeated " chiming " six @-@ note arpeggio. A " dotted eighth " delay effect is used to " play " each note in the arpeggio twice, thus creating a rich sound. The bass and drums enter at 1 : 10. The introduction, following a I – IV – I – IV – vi – V – I chord progression, creates a " wall of sound ", as described by Mark Butler, against which the vocals emerge after nearly two minutes. The guitar part played for the remainder of the song features The Edge strumming percussive sixteenth notes. The bass and drums continue in regular eighth and sixteenth notes, respectively, while Bono's vocal performance, in contrast, varies greatly in its timbre, ( " he sighs ; he moans ; he grunts ; he exhales audibly ; he allows his voice to crack " ) as well as timing by his usage of rubato to slightly offset the notes he sings from the beat. This development reaches a climax during the first chorus at the line " burning down love " ( A – G – F ♯ – D ) ; the melody progresses through a series of scale degrees that lead to the highest note in the song, the A4 at " burning ". In later choruses, Bono sings " blown by the wind " with the same melody, stretching the same note even longer. After the third chorus, the song's outro is played, the instrumentation reverting to the same state as it was in the introduction, with a six @-@ note guitar arpeggio played against sustained synthesiser notes. = = Lyrics = = The lyrics were inspired by a story that Bono heard about the streets of Belfast, Northern Ireland, where a person's religion and income are evident by the street they live on. He contrasted this with the anonymity he felt when visiting Ethiopia, saying : "... the guy in the song recognizes this contrast and thinks about a world where there aren 't such divisions, a place where the streets have no name. To me, that's the way a great rock'n'roll concert should be : a place where everyone comes together... Maybe that's the dream of all art : to break down the barriers and the divisions between people and touch upon the things that matter the most to us all. " Bono wrote the lyrics while on a humanitarian visit to Ethiopia with his wife, Ali Hewson ; he first wrote them down on an airsickness bag while staying in a village. According to him, the song is ostensibly about " Transcendence, elevation, whatever you want to call it. " Bono, who compared many of his lyrics prior to The Joshua Tree to " sketches ", said that "'Where the Streets Have No Name'is more like the U2 of old than any of the other songs on the LP, because it's a sketch — I was just trying to sketch a location, maybe a spiritual location, maybe a romantic location. I was trying to sketch a feeling. " The open @-@ ended nature of the lyrics has led to many interpretations. Journalist Michael Campbell believed the lyrics send " a message of hope " and wish for a " world that is not divided by class, wealth, race, or any other arbitrary criterion ". With regard to the place Bono was referring to in the song, he said, " I'm not sure, really, about that. I used to think it was Belfast... " Journalist Niall Stokes believes the title was influenced by Bono's and his wife Ali's visit to Ethiopia as volunteer aid @-@ workers. Bono has expressed mixed opinions about the open @-@ ended lyrics : " I can look at it now and recognize that [ the song ] has one of the most banal couplets in the history of pop music. But it also contains some of the biggest ideas. In a curious way, that seems to work. If you get any way heavy about these things, you don 't communicate. But if you're flip or throwaway about it, then you do. That's one of the paradoxes I've come to terms with. " = = Release = = Originally, the third single from The Joshua Tree was meant to be the song " Red Hill Mining Town ", but " Where the Streets Have No Name " was released instead, in August 1987. The single was released on 7 @-@ inch, 12 @-@ inch, cassette and CD single formats. Three B @-@ sides were featured on the single, including " Race Against Time ", " Silver and Gold ", and " Sweetest Thing ", except for the 7 @-@ inch release, which only featured the latter two tracks. 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king, Our words. " This time, the Burmese king received the imperial envoys but still refused to submit. ( The Burmese chronicles say that the king was so insulted that he had the envoys executed. But both Burmese inscriptional evidence and Yuan records indicate that the envoys were not executed. ) At any rate, the imperial envoys did not get back to Yunnan in due time. The newly formed Yunnan government sent another delegation to investigate the whereabouts of the delegation, but the delegation could not reach Pagan because of an ongoing rebellion en route. = = = Mongol consolidation of borderlands ( 1275 – 76 ) = = = Meanwhile, in 1274, the former Dali Kingdom was officially reorganized as the Province of Yunnan, with Sayyid Ajjal Shams al @-@ Din Omar as governor. In May 1275, the governor sent a report to the emperor stating that the embassy had not returned ; that the Burmese evidently had no intention of submitting ; and that war was the only way forward. But the emperor rejected an outright invasion. Just coming off a disastrous Japanese campaign, the emperor was unwilling to commit the central government troops to what he considered a low priority affair. He was now focused on delivering the final blow against the Song ; the emperor ordered the Yunnan provincial army to secure the borderlands in order to block the escape path of the Song refugees. He also sanctioned a limited border war if Pagan contested the takeover. As planned, the Yunnan army proceeded to consolidate the borderlands in 1275 – 76. ( Elsewhere, the main Mongol armies had captured most of the Song territory by 1276. ) By 1277, at least one Burmese vassal state named " Gold Teeth " ( modern Yingjiang ) had submitted to the Mongols. Like in 1272, the Burmese government responded by sending an army to reclaim the rebellious state ; but unlike in 1272, the Mongols had posted a sizable garrison there. Though it was ultimately under Mongol command, many of the officers and most of the soldiers of the garrison were Turkic @-@ speaking peoples or people from the further west : Turks from Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv and Nishapur, but also captive soldiers from the Persian Khwarazmid empire, the Kipchaks, and even Bulgars from the lower Volga. = = Border war ( 1277 – 78 ) = = What followed was a border war in 1277 – 78. It was reported mainly in the Yuan dynasty chronicle and the travelogue of Marco Polo. Although the Burmese chronicles have no record of the border war, a 1278 Burmese inscription mentions the army's defeat at Ngasaunggyan. The Mongol accounts of the border war contain certain errors of location and numbers although the overall narrative is probably accurate. = = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan = = = According to the Yuan dynasty chronicle and Marco Polo's accounts, a Burmese army " invaded " the Mongol territory of Gold Teeth, and was defeated by the Mongol army in April 1277. The battle took place either at the Vochang valley ( in present @-@ day Baoshan Prefecture ) or 110 km southwest at Kanngai ( present @-@ day Yingjiang, Dehong Prefecture ), which the Burmese called Ngasaunggyan. The Yuan Chronicle reports that only 700 men defeated a Burmese army of 40 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 with 10 @,@ 000 horses and 800 elephants. It also reports only one Mongol was killed, in trying to catch an elephant. According to Marco Polo, the Mongol army consisted of 12 @,@ 000 mounted archers, and the Burmese army numbered 60 @,@ 000 men with 2000 elephants, " on each of which was set a tower of timber, well @-@ framed and strong, and carrying from 12 to 16 well @-@ armed fighting men. " Even then, the 40 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 figures of the Burmese army strength were likely eye estimates and may still be too high ; the Mongols may have erred " on the side of generosity " not to " diminish their glory in defeating superior numbers. " According to Marco Polo's account, in the early stages of the battle, the Turkish and Mongol horsemen " took such fright at the sight of the elephants that they would not be got to face the foe, but always swerved and turned back, " while the Burmese forces pressed on. But the Mongol commander Huthukh did not panic ; he ordered his troops to dismount, and from the cover of the nearby treeline, aim their bows directly at the advancing elephants. The Mongol archers'arrows threw the animals into such pain that they fled. = = = Raid of Kaungsin = = = The Mongol army pressed on after the monsoon season. In the following dry season of 1277 – 78, c. December 1277, a Mongol army of 3800 led by Nasr al @-@ Din, son of Gov. Sayyid Ajjal, advanced to Kaungsin, which defended the Bhamo Pass. They occupied the fort and destroyed a large number of abandoned stockades. But they found the heat excessive and returned. = = Interlude ( 1278 – 83 ) = = Despite the Mongol military success, the control of the borderlands remained contested. Pagan did not relinquish its claim to the frontier regions, and the Burmese, apparently taking advantage of Mongol preoccupations elsewhere, rebuilt their forts at Kaungsin and Ngasaunggyan later in 1278, posting permanent garrisons commanded by Einda Pyissi. But their control was short @-@ lived. The Great Khan's attention turned to Southeast Asia once more in 1281. He had had mixed success : his vaunted forces had finished off the last of the Song in 1279 but had again failed to take Japan in 1281. That year, the Mongol emperor sent another mission to Pagan, demanding tribute yet again. The Burmese king was to send his ten senior ministers accompanied by one thousand cavalry officers to the emperor's court. ( With Champa, the emperor summoned the king of Champa himself to Beijing. ) At Pagan, Narathihapate deliberated with his court for an appropriate response but ultimately refused to submit. The Burmese court may have been counting on another limited border war but the emperor now ordered an invasion of northern Burma. ( He also ordered an invasion of Champa, whose king too had refused to submit. ) The Burmese king's troubles did not go unnoticed elsewhere in the kingdom. In the same year, a usurper named Wareru seized the southern port city of Martaban ( Mottama ) by killing its Pagan @-@ appointed governor. Although the king's three sons were viceroys of the nearby Lower Burma cities ( in Bassein ( Pathein ), Prome ( Pyay ), and Dala ), the king, preoccupied with much more serious threat in the north, did not ( or could not ) take any action on Martaban. Throughout 1282, the Mongol command made preparations for the upcoming invasions of Champa and northern Burma. The objective of the Burma campaign was to take over northern Burma but no further ; the emperor did not sanction an attack on Pagan itself. At least one army consisted of 14 @,@ 000 men of the erstwhile Persian Khwarezmid Empire under the command of Yalu Beg was sent to Yunnan to reinforce the Burma invasion force, which again was made up of Turks and other central Asians. On the Burmese side, the king managed to raise an army although given his low standing with his vassals, he probably could not have raised a large one. By mid @-@ 1283, a Burmese army led by generals Ananda Pyissi and Yanda Pyissi was deployed at a fort at Ngasaunggyan. = = Invasion ( 1283 – 85 ) = = = = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan ( 1283 ) = = = The invasion began on 22 September 1283. Prince Sangqudar was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the invasion force ; his deputies were Vice Governor Taipn, and commander Yagan Tegin. The Mongol armies marched to the border in two columns. One column advanced along the Taping River using over 200 boats ; the other proceeded by land and joined the first column at the Burmese fort at Ngasaunggyan. The Burmese chronicles report an overwhelming number of Mongol forces laying siege to the fort although their numbers are greatly exaggerated. ( The chronicles say that the Burmese army numbered 400 @,@ 000 men while the Mongol army numbered 20 million men and 6 million horses. ) The Burmese withstood the siege for over two months but the fort fell on 3 December 1283. = = = Invasion of northern Burma = = = The defeat at Ngasaunggyan broke the back of Burmese defenses. The Burmese army lost several thousand men as well as senior commanders. Kaungsin, the next fort inline, fell just six days later on 9 December 1283. 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Australian battalion became part of the combined Canadian, British, Australian, New Zealand, and Indian 1st Commonwealth Division. The second major battle took place during Operation Commando and occurred after the Chinese attacked a salient in a bend of the Imjin River. The 1st Commonwealth Division counter @-@ attacked on 3 October, capturing a number of objectives including Hill 355 and Hill 317 during the Battle of Maryang San ; after five days the Chinese retreated. Australian casualties included 20 dead and 104 wounded. The belligerents then became locked in static trench warfare akin to the First World War, in which men lived in tunnels, redoubts, and sandbagged forts behind barbed wire defences. From 1951 until the end of the war, 3 RAR held trenches on the eastern side of the division's positions in the hills northeast of the Imjin River. Across from them were heavily fortified Chinese positions. In March 1952, Australia increased its ground commitment to two battalions, sending 1 RAR. This battalion remained in Korea for 12 months, before being replaced by 2 RAR in April 1953. The Australians fought their last battle during 24 – 26 July 1953, with 2 RAR holding off a concerted Chinese attack along the Samichon River and inflicting significant casualties for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded. Hostilities were suspended on 27 July 1953. 17 @,@ 808 Australians served during the war, with 341 killed, 1 @,@ 216 wounded and 30 captured. = = = Malayan Emergency, 1950 – 60 = = = The Malayan Emergency was declared on 18 June 1948, after three estate managers were murdered by members of the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ). Australian involvement began in June 1950, when in response to a British request, six Lincolns from No. 1 Squadron and a flight of Dakotas from No. 38 Squadron arrived in Singapore to form part of the British Commonwealth Far East Air Force ( FEAF ). The Dakotas were subsequently used on cargo runs, troop movement, as well as paratroop and leaflet drops, while the Lincoln bombers carried out bombing raids against the Communist Terrorist ( CT ) jungle bases. The RAAF were particularly successful, and in one such mission known as Operation Termite, five Lincoln bombers destroyed 181 communist camps, killed 13 communists and forced one into surrender, in a joint operation with the RAF and ground troops. The Lincolns were withdrawn in 1958, and were replaced by Canberra bombers from No. 2 Squadron and CAC Sabres from No. 78 Wing. Based at RAAF Base Butterworth they also carried out a number ground attack missions against the guerrillas. Australian ground forces were deployed to Malaya in October 1955 as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve. In January 1956, the first Australian ground forces were deployed on Malaysian peninsula, consisting of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment ( 2 RAR ). 2 RAR mainly participated in " mopping up " operations over the next 20 months, conducting extensive patrolling in and near the CT jungle bases, as part of 28th British Commonwealth Brigade. Contact with the enemy was infrequent and results small, achieving relatively few kills. 2 RAR left Malaysia October 1957 to be replaced by 3 RAR. 3 RAR underwent six weeks of jungle training and began driving MCP insurgents back into the jungle of Perak and Kedah. The new battalion extensively patrolled and was involved in food denial operations and ambushes. Again contact was limited, although 3 RAR had more success than its predecessor. By late 1959, operations against the MCP were in their final phase, and most communists had been pushed back and across the Thailand border. 3 RAR left Malaysia October 1959 and was replaced by 1 RAR. Though patrolling the border 1 RAR did not make contact with the insurgents, and in October 1960 it was replaced by 2 RAR, which stayed in Malaysia until August 1963. The Malayan Emergency officially ended on 31 July 1960. Australia also provided artillery and engineer support, along with an air @-@ field construction squadron. The Royal Australian Navy also served in Malayan waters, firing on suspected communist positions between 1956 and 1957. The Emergency was the longest continued commitment in Australian military history ; 7 @,@ 000 Australians served and 51 died in Malaya — although only 15 were on operations — and another 27 were wounded. = = = Military and Naval growth during the 1960s = = = At the start of the 1960s, Prime Minister Robert Menzies greatly expanded the Australian military so that it could carry out the Government's policy of " Forward Defence " in South East Asia. In 1964, Menzies announced a large increase in defence spending. The strength of the Australian Army would be increased by 50 % over three years from 22 @,@ 000 to 33 @,@ 000 ; providing a full three @-@ brigade division with nine battalions. The RAAF and RAN would also both be increased by 25 %. In 1964, conscription or National Service was re @-@ introduced under the National Service Act, for selected 20 @-@ year @-@ olds based on date of birth, for a period of two years'continuous full @-@ time service ( the previous scheme having been suspended in 1959 ). In 1961, three Charles F. Adams @-@ class destroyers were purchased from the United States to replace the ageing Q @-@ class destroyers. Traditionally, the RAN had purchased designs based on those of the Royal Navy and the purchase of American destroyers was significant. HMAS Perth and HMAS Hobart joined the fleet in 1965, followed by HMAS Brisbane in 1967. Other projects included the construction of six River @-@ class frigates, the conversion of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne to an anti @-@ submarine role, the acquisition of ten Wessex helicopters, and the purchase of six Oberon @-@ class submarines. The RAAF took delivery of their first Mirage fighters in 1967, equipping No. 3, No. 75 and No. 77 Squadrons with them. The service also received American F @-@ 111 strike aircraft, C @-@ 130 Hercules transports, P @-@ 3 Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft and Italian Macchi trainers. = = = Indonesia @-@ Malaysia Confrontation, 1962 – 66 = = = The Indonesia @-@ Malaysia confrontation was fought from 1962 to 1966 between the British Commonwealth and Indonesia over the creation of the Federation of Malaysia, with the Commonwealth attempting to safeguard the security of the new state. The war remained limited, and was fought primarily on the island of Borneo, although a number of Indonesian seaborne and airborne incursions onto the Malay Peninsula did occur. As part of Australia's continuing military commitment to the security of Malaysia, army, naval and airforce units were based there as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve. Regardless the Australian government was wary of involvement in a war with Indonesia and initially limited its involvement to the defence of the Malayan peninsula only. On two occasions Australian troops from 3 RAR were used to help mop up infiltrators from seaborne and airborne incursions at Labis and Pontian, in September and October 1964. Following these raids the government conceded to British and Malaysian requests to deploy an infantry battalion to Borneo. During the early phases, British and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the Malaysian / Indonesian border, and to protect population centres. However, by the time the Australian battalion deployed the British had decided on more aggressive action, crossing the border into Kalimantan to obtain information and conduct ambushes to force the Indonesians to remain on the defensive, under the codename Operation Claret. The fighting took place in mountainous, jungle @-@ clad terrain, and a debilitating climate, with operations characterised by the extensive use of company bases sited along the border, cross @-@ border operations, the use of helicopters for troop movement and resupply, and the role of human and signals intelligence to determine enemy movements and intentions. 3 RAR deployed to Borneo in March 1965, and served in Sarawak until the end of July, operating on both sides of the border. The battalion had four major contacts with Indonesian forces and several smaller ones — including at Sungei Koemba, Kindau and Babang during which they inflicted heavy casualties on the Indonesians — as well as suffering casualties in two mine incidents. 4 RAR served a less @-@ eventful tour between April and August 1966, and also operated over the border, successfully clashing with the Indonesians on a number of occasions. A squadron of the Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) was also deployed in 1965 and again in 1966, taking part in cross @-@ border operations and inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians, even though they were often tasked with covert reconnaissance. Other units included artillery and engineers, while a number of RAN ships were involved in shelling Indonesian positions in Borneo and in repelling infiltrators in the Singapore Strait. The RAAF played a relatively minor role, although it would have been used far more extensively had the war escalated. Operations in Borneo were extremely sensitive and they received little press coverage in Australia, while official acknowledgement of involvement in cross @-@ border missions only occurred in 1996. Following a military coup in Indonesia in early 1966 which brought General Suharto to power, a peace treaty was signed in August 1966 which ended the conflict. 3 @,@ 500 Australians served during Confrontation ; casualties included 16 dead, with seven killed in action and eight wounded. = = = Vietnam War, 1962 – 73 = = = Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast	wikitext_103	[ 9943, 40716, 3395, 629, 273, 253, 5678, 9462, 1157, 4782, 1157, 9943, 1157, 1457, 12123, 1157, 285, 5396, 337, 296, 16342, 9333, 964, 380, 1273, 2201, 6680, 2335, 1659, 1309, 24636, 11293, 6575, 285, 5866, 846, 253, 5628, 13964, 247, 43066, 275, 247, 23104, 273, 253, 3173, 37525, 7121, 964, 380, 337, 296, 16342, 9333, 4828, 1214, 14, 33, 13964, 327, 495, 4437, 1157, 26475, 247, 1180, 273, 16566, 1690, 7061, 26033, 285, 7061, 31004, 1309, 253, 15764, 273, 6393, 606, 5003, 3706, 846, 2620, 1897, 253, 5628, 46047, 964, 9943, 32853, 2908, 1384, 3846, 285, 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AD 711. = = = Altars = = = Altar 5 is carved with two nobles, one of whom is probably Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. They are performing a ritual using the bones of an important woman. Altar 5 was found in Complex N, which lies to the west of Temple III. Altar 8 is sculpted with a bound captive. It was found within Complex P in Group H and is now in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City. Altar 9 is associated with Stela 21 and bears the sculpture of a bound captive. It is located in front of Temple VI. Altar 10 is carved with a captive tied to a scaffold. It is in the northern enclosure of Group Q, a twin @-@ pyramid complex and has suffered from erosion. Altar 35 is a plain monument associated with Stela 43. The stela @-@ altar pair is centrally located at the base of the stairway of Temple IV. = = = Lintels = = = At Tikal, beams of sapodilla wood were placed as lintels spanning the inner doorways of temples. These are the most elaborately carved wooden lintels to have survived anywhere in the Maya region. Lintel 3 from Temple IV was taken to Basel in Switzerland in the 19th century. It was in almost perfect condition and depicts Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil seated on a palanquin. = = = Stelae = = = Stelae are carved stone shafts, often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs. A selection of the most notable stelae at Tikal follows : Stela 1 dates to the 5th century and depicts the king Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II in a standing position. Stela 4 is dated to AD 396, during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin after the intrusion of Teotihuacan in the Maya area. The stela displays a mix of Maya and Teotihuacan qualities, and deities from both cultures. It has a portrait of the king with the Underworld Jaguar God under one arm and the Mexican Tlaloc under the other. His helmet is a simplified version of the Teotihuacan War Serpent. Unusually for Maya sculpture, but typically for Teotihuacan, Yax Nuun Ayiin is depicted with a frontal face, rather than in profile. Stela 5 was dedicated in 744 by Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil. Stela 6 is a badly damaged monument dating to 514 and bears the name of the " Lady of Tikal " who celebrated the end of the 4th K 'atun in that year. Stela 10 is twinned with Stela 12 but is badly damaged. It described the accession of Kaloomte'B 'alam in the early 6th century and earlier events in his career, including the capture of a prisoner depicted on the monument. Stela 11 was the last monument ever erected at Tikal ; it was dedicated in 869 by Jasaw Chan K 'awiil II. Stela 12 is linked to the queen known as the " Lady of Tikal " and king Kaloomte'B 'alam. The queen is described as performing the year @-@ ending rituals but the monument was dedicated in honor of the king. Stela 16 was dedicated in 711, during the reign of Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. The sculpture, including a portrait of the king and a hieroglyphic text, are limited to the front face of the monument. It was found in Complex N, west of Temple III. Stela 18 was one of two stelae erected by Yax Nuun Ayiin I to celebrate the k 'atun @-@ ending of AD 396. It was re @-@ erected at the base of Temple 34, his funerary shrine. Stela 19 was dedicated in 790 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II. Stela 20 was found in Complex P, in Group H, and was moved to the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City. Stela 21 was dedicated in 736 by Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil. Only the bottom of the stela is intact, the rest having been mutilated in ancient times. The surviving sculpture is of fine quality, consisting of the feet of a figure and of accompanying hieroglyphic text. The stela is associated with Altar 9 and is located in front of Temple VI. Stela 22 was dedicated in 771 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in the northern enclosure of Group Q, a twin @-@ pyramid complex. The face of the figure on the stela has been mutilated. Stela 23 was broken in antiquity and was re @-@ erected in a residential complex. The defaced portrait on the monument is that of the so @-@ called " Lady of Tikal ", a daughter of Chak Tok Ich 'aak II who became queen at the age of six but never ruled in her own right, being paired with male co @-@ rulers. It dates to the early 6th century. Stela 24 was erected at the foot of Temple 3 in 810, accompanied by Altar 7. Both were broken into fragments in ancient times, although the name of Dark Sun survives on three fragments. Stela 26 was found in the summit shrine of Temple 34, underneath a broken masonry altar. The monument had originally been erected at the base of the temple during the Early Classic period and was later broken, probably at the beginning of the Late Classic. Its remains were then interred within the temple shrine. Stela 29 bears a Long Count ( 8 @.@ 12 @.@ 14 @.@ 8 @.@ 15 ) date equivalent to AD 292, the earliest surviving Long Count date from the Maya lowlands. The stela is also the earliest monument to bear the Tikal emblem glyph. It bears a sculpture of the king facing to the right, holding the head of an underworld jaguar god, one of the patron deities of the city. The stela was deliberately smashed during the 6th century or some time later, the upper portion was dragged away and dumped in a rubbish tip close to Temple III, to be uncovered by archaeologists in 1959. Stela 30 is the first surviving monument to be erected after the Hiatus. Its style and iconography is similar to that of Caracol, one of the more important of Tikal's enemies. Stela 31 is the accession monument of Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II, also bearing two portraits of his father, Yax Nuun Ayiin, as a youth dressed as a Teotihuacan warrior. He carries a spearthrower in one hand and bears a shield decorated with the face of Tlaloc, the Teotihuacan war god. In ancient times the sculpture was broken and the upper portion was moved to the summit of Temple 33 and ritually buried. Stela 31 has been described as the greatest Early Classic sculpture to survive at Tikal. A long hieroglyphic text is carved onto the back of the monument, the longest to survive from the Early Classic, which describes the arrival of Siyah K 'ak'at El Peru and Tikal in January 378. It was also the first stela at Tikal to be carved on all four faces. Stela 32 is a fragmented monument with a foreign Teotihuacan @-@ style sculpture apparently depicting the lord of that city with the attributes of the central Mexican storm god Tlaloc, including his goggle eyes and tasselled headdress. Stela 39 is a broken monument that was erected in the Lost World complex. The upper portion of the stela is missing but the lower portion shows the lower body and legs of Chak Tok Ich 'aak, holding a flint axe in his left hand. He is trampling the figure of a bound, richly dressed captive. The monument is dated to AD 376. The text on the back of the monument describes a bloodletting ritual to celebrate a Katun @-@ ending. The stela also names Chak Tok Ich 'aak I's father as K 'inich Muwaan Jol. Stela 40 bears a portrait of Kan Chitam and dates to AD 468. Stela 43 is paired with Altar 35. It is a plain monument at the base of the stairway of Temple IV. = = = Burials = = = Burial 1 is a tomb in the Lost World complex. A fine ceramic bowl was recovered from the tomb, with the handle formed from three @-@ dimensional head and neck of a bird emerging from the two @-@ dimensional body painted on the lid. Burial 10 is the tomb of Yax Nuun Ayiin. It is located beneath Structure 34 in the North Acropolis. The tomb contained a rich array of offerings, including ceramic vessels and food, and nine youths were sacrificed to accompany the dead king. A dog was also entombed with the deceased king. Pots in the tomb were stuccoed and painted and many demonstrated a blend of Maya and Teotihuacan styles. Among the offerings was an incense @-@ burner in the shape of an elderly underworld god, sitting on a stool made of human bones and holding a severed head in his hands. 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played against Westmorland County on 24 November, five had injuries. The squad comprised only 26 players, and the tourists were often struggling to field a side. Nevertheless, their heavy schedule continued ; on 30 November 1888 they left for Dublin, where a match had been organised against the Ireland national team. = = Ireland, further English matches, and Wales = = The Ireland fixture was played at Lansdowne Road, Dublin, on 1 December 1888. Both teams had a number of leading players out injured – the Irish were forced to make four changes to their original selection. Ireland led 3 – 0 at half @-@ time after scoring a converted try, but the Natives improved considerably in the second @-@ half, scoring four tries. Patrick Keogh scored the first two tries, and his play was praised by the local press. The third try scored was by Thomas Ellison after a counter @-@ attack by George Williams. The try was not converted, but the strong finish from the New Zealanders gave the visitors a 13 – 4 victory. The Irish press were surprised by the loss and strongly criticised their team, but Ireland did go on to defeat Wales two tries to nil in the 1889 Home Nations Championship. Following their defeat of Ireland, the Natives played Trinity College and then North of Ireland. The match against Trinity College was drawn 4 – 4, and despite Keogh not playing, the Native side played much better than their previous fixture. The team then travelled to Belfast, where they defeated North of Ireland 2 – 0 on 5 December ; scoring two tries to nil. After returning to England, the Natives faced Lancashire in Manchester, where they lost 1 – 0. Two days later they drew with Batley Bulldogs, despite their opposition scoring five tries. Their next match was against Yorkshire, who were one of the strongest counties in the country, and went on to win the inaugural County Championship that season. Yorkshire fielded a weakened team, and were subsequently defeated 10 – 6 by the Natives, who scored six tries. After a further two victories, the team travelled to Wales, where they lost 3 – 0 to Llanelli, before facing Wales on 22 December. At the start of the match the home crowd were fairly hostile towards the Welsh team due to fans of both Swansea and Llanelli feeling slighted by the lack of selection of their players. Four teams dominated Welsh international selection at the time, and out of the 15 @-@ man team only William Towers and William Bowen of Swansea and Dan Griffiths of Llanelli had been selected. The match was played in Swansea, and the lack of local players may have contributed to a poor crowd, with gate receipts of only £ 120 recorded. The crowd's hostility impacted on the players, and debutant Norman Biggs was " palpably nervous " at the start of the match. Biggs, aged 18 years and 49 days, became the youngest Welsh international player – a record he held until the debut of Tom Prydie in 2010. Despite the heckles aimed primarily at Biggs, Charlie Arthur and George Thomas, the Welsh team produced an excellent effort, especially from the forwards. Towers scored the first Welsh try, which was converted by Jim Webb. The Natives replied with a spirited run by Ellison, but he failed to break through the Welsh defence. The tourists trailed even further after George Thomas scored a breakaway try frrm the half @-@ way line, which went some way to silence the heckles from the crowd. Webb, playing in out of position at full @-@ back, missed the conversion and then failed at a long distance goal from a mark. The Natives continued to push, with Elliot coming within five @-@ yards of the try line, and when Ellison did manage to cross the line he was carried back into the 25 @-@ yard line before he could touch down. In the second half Wales continued to push their advantage when Alexander Bland dribbled the ball into the Natives'25 ; this was collected by Sydney Nicholls, who managed to get the ball across the try line, allowing Jim Hannan to score. Warbrick for the Natives and Stadden for Wales both subsequently came close to scoring tries, but there were no further scores in the game. The match was also of historical importance because of the Welsh tactics employed. In the 1886 Home Nations Championship Wales had trialled the four three @-@ quarter system, wherein the team would play with eight forwards rather than nine, and instead employ an extra centre three @-@ quarter. The system was deemed a failure and was particularly unpopular with star Welsh player Arthur Gould, whose formidable ability as a back allowed his club team Newport to retain the additional forward. With Gould working in the West Indies, Wales again tried the four three @-@ quarter system against the Natives, and its success saw the team permanently adopt the system. Within six years the other three Home Countries had adopted four three @-@ quarter style of play. Before they left Wales, the Natives played Swansea and two other local clubs, Newport, and Cardiff. They defeated Swansea for their first win in Wales, and followed this up with a victory over Newport in front of 8 @,@ 000 spectators. They finished their Welsh matches, and the year, with a 4 – 1 loss to Cardiff in front of a partisan crowd. = = Return to England = = The side entered 1889 having played 36 matches for 22 wins and three draws. The Natives'play had improved throughout November and December following poorer form in their October matches ; positive press reports reflected this improvement. The team would go on to play a further 17 matches before their 16 February international against England. January started with a 4 – 1 loss to Bradford, during which 25 police officers were required to keep many of the 12 @,@ 000 spectators, many of them non @-@ paying, in order. This was followed by victories over Leeds Parish Church, Kirkstall, Brighouse Rangers, and Huddersfield. Following further matches against Stockport, Castleford, and Warrington, where the team drew, lost, then won, the side faced Yorkshire for a second time. Yorkshire had been criticised in the press for fielding a weakened line @-@ up against the Natives when the sides first met in December. After the unexpected loss, Yorkshire were determined to make amends and a strong side was selected for the county, including Fred Bonsor, Richard Lockwood and John Willie Sutcliffe, all of whom would appear for England against the Natives later that season. Described as " knocked about " and " stale ", the Natives struggled to compete against such strong opposition, and Yorkshire scored three converted tries before a try to Ellison left the scores at 9 – 1 at half @-@ time. The second @-@ half was little better for the Natives ; they conceded a further two tries as well as a drop @-@ goal. The second of these tries was scored by Lockwood after he ran the ball from his own half. Ellison scored a converted try late in the match, but this didn 't prevent the Natives suffering their largest defeat of the tour : 16 – 4 to the Yorkshiremen. Ellison later described the match as " without a murmur, the biggest beating we received in our whole tour ". After a victory over Spen Valley District, the team travelled west to play Somersetshire, Devonshire, Taunton, and Gloucestershire, and won all five games. The victory over Somerset was the New Zealanders'largest of the tour ; they scored nine tries in a 17 – 4 victory. Half @-@ back Keogh played outstandingly for the Natives, while the entire side demonstrated superior passing and combination to their opposition. Devonshire and Tauton suffered heavy defeats by the New Zealanders, before a strong Gloucestershire side was dismissed. After defeating Midland Counties, the Natives returned to London. The team had two further matches before their international against England. The first was against one of the strongest clubs in England, Blackheath. Andrew Stoddart, who had toured New Zealand and Australia with the 1888 British Isles side, played for the club in their 9 – 3 defeat to the Natives. The New Zealanders won having scored four tries, including two by Keogh. Their next opposition was a United Services side mainly comprising Royal Navy players. The Natives were again victorious, this time 10 – 0. The match against Oxford University was postponed due to heavy frost, and so the team had a seven @-@ day break from playing – their longest of the tour. = = England international = = The match against England was causing the Natives'players and management problems before it had even begun. The team manager, Scott, was in dispute with the RFU over where the match should be played – the RFU were adamant that the match should take place at Blackheath's ground, but Scott wanted the game to proceed at The Oval, where a larger crowd, and therefore higher gate receipts, could be secured. The strictly amateur RFU establishment were already suspicious of the profit @-@ making motives of the Natives, and were unwilling to yield on the selection of venue. The RFU was also in dispute with the other Home Unions over the formation of the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ). Following a disputed try in an England – Scotland international match in 1888, the Scottish authorities had pushed for the establishment of an international body to oversee the game, but the RFU insisted that they would only join if they held a deciding vote, arguing that they deserved this as they were, they asserted, the senior body, and had the most member clubs. 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= The Same Old Story = " The Same Old Story " is the second episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe. The episode was written by executive producer Jeff Pinkner and co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci. When developing the series, they sought to find a medium between serialized drama and the crime procedural. " The Same Old Story " was the first regular episode of Fringe, and journalists viewed it as an example of what they could expect from the series. It was directed by Paul A. Edwards. After a newborn baby rapidly ages into an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man, Fringe division agent Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) and consultants Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) investigate. They tie the case to the murders of young women, who have all had their pituitary glands removed. It is revealed that Dr. Claus Penrose ( Mark Blum ), an expert in progeria, is working to help his son Christopher ( Derek Cecil ) stay alive, as he suffers from rapid aging syndrome. " The Same Old Story " first aired in the United States on September 16, 2008 on Fox. An estimated 13 @.@ 272 million viewers watched the episode, a 45 percent increase from the series premiere. The episode received mixed reviews from television critics – reviewers thought it was an improvement from the previous episode but faulted it for containing plot contrivances. = = Plot = = A prostitute is abandoned by an unknown man at a hospital, dangerously in labor. She dies as the doctors perform a caesarean section, but the child ages rapidly in minutes, soon dead having aged to the likes of an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man. Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ), Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ), and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ), new members of the Fringe division, are called to investigate by division head Phillip Broyles ( Lance Reddick ), believing the case to be part of " The Pattern ", a string of mysterious incidents. The woman is identified as having recently left a local motel, and Olivia finds evidence that points to a past serial murder case she and her former partner John Scott were not able to solve. Olivia explains to Peter that their murderer would paralyze his victims, young women, then make an incision along their face to extract a piece of brain material, killing the victim in the process. Walter takes both corpses back to his lab and determines that the woman had only been pregnant minutes before giving birth, her child having accelerated aging disease. Walter is reminded of having previously done work in this field, and remembers where he stashed his car that contains the related files. Once they are retrieved, Olivia makes a connection to the pituitary gland which controls growth in humans, and informs Charlie Francis ( Kirk Acevedo ) to monitor recent cases where the victims'pituitary gland has been removed. Olivia and Peter turn to an expert in progeria, Dr. Penrose ( Mark Blum ), to trying to learn more about rapid aging, but Dr. Penrose cannot help them further, though Peter suspects he is hiding something. Unseen by the Fringe division, Dr. Penrose visits an abandoned warehouse and meets the murderer, Christopher ( Derek Cecil ), his son, who suffers from rapid aging syndrome. Penrose warns Christopher to be careful and that they only need one more woman to complete the process. By this time, Charlie has found a recent murder victim killed in the same fashion as Olivia's serial murderer. At Walter's lab, they identify the pituitary gland has been removed. They rationalize the murderer must extract hormones from the glands to slow down his own aging process. Walter hypothesizes they can discover the location of the crime by looking at the images left in the woman's optical nerves induced by the paralyzing sedative. Borrowing an electronic pulse camera from Massive Dynamic, they discover the image of a suspension bridge near Stoughton and identify the likely location from which it was viewed — the same warehouse that Dr. Penrose visited. The FBI converge on the building, and Olivia and Peter find Penrose about to cut into another victim. Olivia chases off after Christopher, who eventually succumbs to his rapid aging and dies, while Peter, after nicking Penrose with a bullet, confers with Walter to apply a makeshift defibrillator to bring the victim back to life. As they wrap up the case, Olivia, Peter, and Walter complete forms to finalize their position in the Fringe division. When Peter is out of earshot, Walter learns from Olivia that the FBI medical files on Peter's childhood are void of any details. = = Production = = Co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, and executive producer Jeff Pinkner wrote the episode. Paul A. Edwards served as the director, his first such credit for the series. In developing Fringe, the co @-@ creators did not want to make the series too serialized, as this was a complaint often directed at Abrams'television series Alias. They wanted to find a balance between standalone stories and serialized content, and studied procedural dramas such as Law and Order and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation for inspiration. Kurztman explained, " While we make sure that our episodes are self @-@ contained – have a beginning, a middle, and an end – the character stories can be serialized. They don 't have to resolve themselves over the course of one show. " " The Same Old Story " was Fringe's first regular episode, and some journalists viewed it as an example of how the series would be structured. The episode was based on actual recent research and involved much collaboration among the series'different departments. For the scene in which they remove the victim's eyeball, the special effects crew created a mold based on actress Elizabeth Stanley's head. Using plaster to make a prosthetic, they " drilled out the eyeball and sculpt [ ed ] it open and [ went ] through a series of molds. " Stanley stated that " it's really cool to see the head because it really does look just like me, even though it's very gruesome because the eyeball's popping out. " The prop department rigged a weapon which they called a " photon gun " ; according to prop master Peter Gelfman, this gun was based on real devices employed in airport security that look through people's clothing for concealed weapons. VFX Supervisor Christopher Scollard explained that for the eye's last vision, they used " a lot of actual photographic reference on the set and on the location, " which they then used to " take that imagery and composite it into the various computer monitors and displays in the lab. " " The Same Old Story " featured guest appearances by actors Derek Cecil as Christopher Penrose and Mark Blum as his father, Dr. Claus Penrose. Other guest actors included Betty Gilpin as Loraine " Amber " Daisy Alcott, Bernie McInerney as old Christopher Penrose, Carmen Goodine as Amy, Ty Jones as a doctor, and Karin Agstam as John Scott's sister. = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Same Old Story " was watched by 13 @.@ 272 million viewers in the United States, a 45 percent increase of four million from the pilot. Fox claimed that this ratings improvement was the best for any new network drama series in over five years. Its high @-@ rated lead @-@ in, House, helped boost Fringe's ratings for the night, as 93 percent of House's total audience and 95 percent of 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds stayed to watch Fringe. Fringe was also the highest rated program for male 18- to 54 @-@ year @-@ olds that evening. = = = Reviews = = = " The Same Old Story " received mixed reviews from television critics. TV Squad writer Jane Boursaw thought the episode seemed " all over the place ", and wasn 't sure what to think. She stated the two most interesting parts of the episode were when Walter removed the girl's eye in order to identity her killer, and the cliffhanger at the very end, when Walter states " If you've read my file, then you know the truth about Peter's medical history ". Travis Fickett of IGN thought it was better than the pilot ; though it was " laden with lots of clunky exposition and clichéd dialogue, " Fickett understood that it was needed to acquaint new viewers to the show. Fickett concluded his review by saying Fringe has the potential to be a " great show ", and he also praised the production level as " top notch ", and Torv's performance as " very good " as she " brings a unique presence to the show ". The A.V. Club critic Noel Murray gave the episode a C +, while Television Without Pity graded it with a B. Josh Jackson of Paste Magazine disliked the " deus ex machina " aspects that " neatly solved the puzzles of the first two episodes ", and also criticized perceived " plot contrivances " like how the serial murderer immediately began aging once interrupted from killing his last victim. Despite these flaws, Jackson said he would tune in next week because he would " rather have a show err on the side of unbelievable than unremarkable, and I'm interested to see if Abrams has any more tricks up his sleeve ". Erin Fox of TV Guide also liked " The Same Old Story " better than the pilot because she thought that it " had really cool special effects	wikitext_103	[ 426, 380, 26197, 8937, 16061, 426, 4928, 187, 346, 380, 26197, 8937, 16061, 346, 310, 253, 1273, 9037, 273, 253, 806, 2952, 273, 253, 2448, 5859, 14459, 14562, 7315, 2962, 401, 20683, 964, 380, 9037, 369, 3542, 407, 9165, 14281, 9069, 27653, 1216, 285, 820, 1214, 14, 33, 33801, 500, 15, 500, 15, 49665, 1157, 6539, 32211, 91, 1342, 1157, 285, 46773, 2207, 5297, 964, 2091, 6684, 253, 2962, 1157, 597, 7799, 281, 1089, 247, 4646, 875, 32145, 14562, 285, 253, 6617, 19993, 964, 346, 380, 26197, 8937, 16061, 346, 369, 253, 806, 3963, 9037, 273, 401, 20683, 1157, 285, 18680, 11575, 352, 347, 271, 1650, 273, 752, 597, 812, 1902, 432, 253, 2962, 964, 733, 369, 6828, 407, 5171, 329, 15, 24006, 964, 2490, 2732, 247, 23066, 6858, 9086, 11880, 715, 271, 5096, 1214, 14, 33, 807, 1214, 14, 33, 1711, 637, 1157, 401, 20683, 9025, 5570, 45790, 12221, 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Standing Fleet on 22 May 1901 and was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet when the Combined Fleet was re @-@ formed on 28 December 1903. At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War, Asahi, commanded by Captain Hikohachi Yamada, was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904, when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was, anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened, but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin, which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences. Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns. Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships, which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect. Although many ships on both sides were hit, Russian casualties numbered only 17, while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged. Asahi was not hit during the engagement. The ship participated in the action of 13 April, when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship Petropavlovsk. When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division, he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night. The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded, and Makarov was one of the 677 killed. Emboldened by his success, Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions, prompting the Russians to lay more minefields, which sank two Japanese battleships the following month. During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August, Asahi, now commanded by Captain Tsunaakira Nomoto, was second in line of the column of Japanese battleships, behind Mikasa, and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships. She was only hit by a single 12 @-@ inch shell that wounded two crewmen. Both guns in her aft 12 @-@ inch gun turret, however, were disabled by shells that detonated prematurely in their barrels. In turn she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships Poltava and Tsesarevich although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells, which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact. The ship made the critical hits of the battle, however, when two of her 12 @-@ inch shells struck the bridge of Tsesarevich, killing the Russian squadron commander, Vice Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, two of his staff officers and the ship's quartermaster. The ship's wheel was jammed to port by wreckage and then slowed to a halt which threw the rest of the Russian ships into total confusion. The second @-@ in @-@ command, Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky, eventually gained control of the remainder of the squadron and headed back to Port Arthur. Slightly more than two months later, on 26 October, Asahi struck a mine off Port Arthur while on blockade duty. Severely damaged, she was under repair at Sasebo Naval Arsenal from November 1904 to April 1905. Russian naval forces in the Far East had been destroyed or neutralized by this time and the Russians were forced to transfer ships from the Baltic Fleet that did not arrive until May. = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, Asahi again followed the battleship Mikasa into combat, this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons. Mikasa opened fire at the battleship Knyaz Suvorov, the Russian flagship, at 14 : 10, and was joined by Asahi and the armoured cruiser Azuma shortly afterwards. Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship, badly wounded the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, knocked out her rear 12 @-@ inch gun turret, and jammed Knyaz Suvorov's steering so that she fell out of formation. The Russian ships were concentrating their fire on Mikasa during the early part of the battle and Asahi was not damaged during this time. Tōgō was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons. Knyaz Suvorov's steering was later repaired, but she blundered between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and was heavily damaged. Asahi seems to have mostly engaged the battleships Borodino and Oryol in the late stages of the battle, although Fuji fired the shots that caused the Borodino's magazines to explode and sink her. Asahi fired more twelve @-@ inch shells, 142, than any other ship during the battle. In total, the ship was hit six times during the battle, but none of them damaged her significantly. While Asahi's casualties are not precisely known, the Japanese only lost 110 men killed and 590 wounded to all causes during the battle. The battle was a total Japanese victory with five Russian battleships captured and incorporated into the IJN. Captain W. C. Pakenham, the Royal Navy's official military observer under the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance, took notes of the battle's progress from a deck chair on Asahi's exposed quarterdeck. His report confirmed the superiority of Japanese training and tactics and publicized the victory in the West. = = = Later career = = = In 1908, Asahi was part of the Japanese fleet that escorted the American Great White Fleet through Japanese waters during its round @-@ the @-@ globe voyage. The ship was assigned to the 1st Fleet in 1908 and 1910 – 11. Asahi became a gunnery training ship in 1914, and was re @-@ armed in 1917 with Japanese guns replacing her original British @-@ made guns. The same year, she was assigned to the 5th Division of the 3rd Fleet. In 1918, Asahi became flagship of her division and participated in the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War. She escorted troop convoys to the Russian Far East and was guard ship at Kamchatka from January to August 1918. Asahi was reclassified as a first @-@ class coastal defence ship on 1 September 1921, and began disarmament in 1922 at Yokosuka in compliance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. She was reclassified as a training and submarine depot ship on 1 April 1923 and her disarmament was completed in July of that same year. Her displacement dropped to 11 @,@ 441 long tons ( 11 @,@ 625 t ) with the loss of her armour and guns, and her speed was limited to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ). The navy decided to convert Asahi into a submarine salvage ship and she began the first stage of her conversion with the installation of specialized salvage equipment from February to August 1925. From 1926 to October 1927, the ship's 25 Belleville boilers were replaced with four Kanpon Type RO boilers at Kure Naval Arsenal. One of her two funnels was also removed, and two large lifting frames were installed as part of the second stage of her conversion. The ship conducted experiments in submarine rescue using the old German submarine 0 @-@ 1 ( ex @-@ U @-@ 125 ). In May 1928, Asahi was fitted with a 62 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 19 m ) compressed @-@ air aircraft catapult on her forecastle and successfully launched an E2N1 Type 15 seaplane. After repeated accidents, the catapult was replaced by one powered by gunpowder. On the completion of testing in 1928, Asahi was placed in reserve. Reclassified as a repair ship on 16 August 1937, Asahi was taken out of reserve in November, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident that started the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War, and was used as a transport to land troops in an amphibious landing at Hangzhou Bay. Afterwards she began conversion at Kure, Japan, into a repair ship ; this was completed on 18 December 1938. Asahi was fitted with a dummy wooden main battery fore and aft to resemble an old battleship after her arrival in Shanghai on 29 December. In May 1939 she was modified to act as a torpedo depot ship and carried out patrols between 29 May and 7 November 1940. She was transferred to Camranh Bay, French Indochina, on 15 November 1940 and later transported the 11th Base Unit from Kure to Camranh Bay 19 November – 7 December 1941. From 13 March 1942, Asahi was stationed at Singapore, and in April her crew performed repairs on the light cruiser Naka, which had been torpedoed by the submarine USS Seawolf off Christmas Island. Departing Singapore for Kure on 22 May, escorted by the subchaser CH @-@ 9, Asahi was sighted by the submarine USS Salmon on the night of 25 / 26 May 1942, 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of Cape Padaran, Indochina. 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= 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot = The 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot was a conspiracy by a group of high @-@ ranking followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( later known as Osho ) to assassinate Charles Turner, the then @-@ United States Attorney for the District of Oregon. Rajneesh's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command, Ma Anand Sheela ( Sheela Silverman ), assembled the group after Turner was appointed to investigate illegal activity at Rajneeshpuram. Turner investigated charges of immigration fraud and sham marriages, and later headed the federal prosecution of the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack in The Dalles, Oregon. The conspirators included : Ma Anand Sheela, Sally @-@ Anne Croft, Chief Financial Officer of Rajneeshpuram ; Susan Hagan, head of security at Rajneeshpuram, Catherine Jane Stork, who bought weapons and silencers and volunteered to be the actual murderer ; Ann Phyllis McCarthy, fourth @-@ in @-@ command of Rajneeshpuram ; and co @-@ conspirators Alma Potter, Carol Matthews, Phyllis Caldwell and Richard Kevin Langford. The conspirators obtained false identification to purchase handguns out @-@ of @-@ state, stalked Turner, and planned to murder him near his workplace in Portland, Oregon. The assassination plot was never carried out and was only discovered later, as a result of the investigation by federal law enforcement into the bioterror attack in The Dalles and other illegal acts by the Rajneeshpuram leadership. Prosecution of the conspirators began in 1990, when a federal grand jury brought indictments against several of the key players. Some had fled the country, and extradition proceedings against the perpetrators and subsequent prosecution and conviction was not completed for sixteen years. The final conspirator was convicted in 2006, when Catherine Jane Stork agreed to return to the United States from Germany in order to be allowed to visit her ill son in Australia. Eight perpetrators received sentences ranging from five years probation to five years in federal prison and an additional member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy. Rajneesh was never prosecuted in relation to the conspiracy, and left the United States after pleading guilty to immigration fraud and agreeing not to reenter the country without permission from the U.S. Attorney General. = = Planning = = = = = Hit list = = = Seven followers ( called Rajneeshees ) of charismatic leader Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( now known as Osho ), were convicted of a 1985 conspiracy to assassinate Charles Turner, and an additional unindicted eighth member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy. The perpetrators were high @-@ ranking followers within the Rajneeshee organization. Prosecutors in the case stated that the perpetrators had planned to murder Turner after he was appointed to head an investigation into the group's activities in Rajneeshpuram, Oregon. Turner's investigation focused on sham marriages organized by the group, as well as other illegal activities including immigration fraud, and he later headed the federal prosecution relating to the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack in The Dalles, Oregon. Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohnmayer was also involved in investigations of the group, working alongside Turner. In May 1985, Rajneesh's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command, Sheela Silverman ( Ma Anand Sheela ), gathered the leader's key followers and formed a group of conspirators in order to plan the assassination of Turner, as well as several dissidents among their organization. Sheela stated that Turner's grand jury investigation " threatened the existence of the commune ", and exposed Rajneesh and several of his disciples to criminal prosecution. Sheela hoped that by murdering Turner they would be able to thwart the federal immigration investigation which could have resulted in deportation of Rajneeshee leaders. Three former leaders of the commune including Ma Anand Sheela, Dianne Yvonne Onang ( Ma Anand Puja ), a registered nurse from the Philippines who managed the Rajneeshee medical corporation, and former treasurer of Rajneesh Foundation International and Catherine Jane Stork ( Ma Shanti Bhadra ) of Australia, put together a hit list which included U.S. Attorney Charles Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer. Susan Hagan ( Ma Anand Su ), a top official in the Rajneeshpuram hierarchy, was also a participant in the assassination conspiracy. Hagan was in charge of the security force at Rajneeshpuram, ran the Rajneesh Investment Corporation, and supervised construction on the commune. Other conspirators in the assassination plot included Ann Phyllis McCarthy ( Ma Yoga Vidya ), president of the Rajneesh commune, and Alma Potter ( Ma Dhyan Yogini ), Ma Anand Sheela's bodyguard and traveling companion. Potter was manager of the Hotel Rajneesh in Portland, Oregon, and a member of the commune's security force. The Oregonian reported that nine people were on the hit list, including : Turner, Frohnmayer, former assistant attorney general Karen H. Green, Wasco County planning director Daniel C. Durow, Wasco County commissioner James L. Comini, investigative journalist for The Oregonian Leslie L. Zaitz, former member Helen C. Byron ( Ma Idam Shunyo ), who had been awarded US $ 1 @.@ 7 million in a lawsuit against Rajneesh Foundation International, her daughter Barbara J. Byron ( Makima ), and Rajneesh's former secretary Laxmi Thakarsi Kuruwa ( Ma Yoga Laxmi ). = = = Weapons = = = Catherine Jane Stork volunteered to be the follower who would actually murder Turner, and bought guns and silencers. Stork was known to fellow followers as Ma Shanti Bhadra, and was also one of the three " Big Mammas " in Rajneeshpuram. Sally @-@ Anne Croft ( known by followers as Ma Prem Savita ), an accountant and the group's Chief Financial Officer, provided money for the purchase of weapons related to the plot. Phyllis Caldwell ( Ma Deva Ritka ) described in a federal affidavit how members of the murder conspiracy obtained handguns, referring to Catherine Jane Stork and Sally @-@ Anne Croft : " Shanti B went down to Jesus Grove, and Savita gave us several thousand dollars to use to buy guns. " Jesus Grove referred to a group of trailers where all the leaders of the Rajneesh commune resided, except for Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. Ma Anand Sheela and three other Rajneesh followers traveled to New York in the spring of 1985 to acquire false identification. According to a federal indictment, the perpetrators of the assassination plot used a false birth certificate to purchase guns. Two members of the group then traveled to Texas to purchase handguns. Caldwell stated she and Catherine Jane Stork flew to Texas to purchase guns there. They purchased five guns in Texas, but encountered difficulty purchasing handguns in Texas with out @-@ of @-@ state identification and traveled to New Mexico instead. Caldwell said they called back to the commune but the women were instructed " not to come back without the guns ". In New Mexico, they obtained false identification, and purchased several pistols. Their intention was to purchase guns which were difficult to trace. Caldwell said it was easy to obtain guns in New Mexico : " we found it was pretty easy to buy guns. All you had to do was show some identification and it was easy to get. " Caldwell said she and Stork went to a university library to find the identity " of someone dying very young ", next went " to public records and asked for a copy of a birth certificate " and described how " we got a rent receipt book and just made up a rent receipt ". " And then we were able to go to several different gun shops in Albuquerque with those two bits of identification and buy five different guns and bullets, " said Caldwell. They were able to obtain one Colt.38 @-@ caliber revolver, and four Ruger.357 @-@ caliber Security @-@ Six Magnum revolvers. The conspirators smuggled the guns into Oregon by packing them in luggage and putting the luggage on a Greyhound Lines bus. Caldwell said that she and Stork traveled by bus back to the Rajneesh commune so as to avoid airport metal detectors. = = = Surveillance = = = After obtaining guns the conspirators returned to Portland, Oregon. They rented out an apartment in Portland to serve as their base of operations for the assassination of Turner. Rajneesh follower Carol Matthews ( Ma Prem Samadhi ) used a fake name during the planning of the assassination plot, in an attempt to obtain the home address of Charles Turner. According to federal prosecutors Matthews obtained a college yearbook of Turner's, and learned his car's license plate number and his parking location. Court records state that Matthews and an unindicted co @-@ conspirator gave voter registration officials fake identities and told officials they were conducting " a voter survey on President Reagan's economic plan ", in order to obtain Turner's route number and post office box number. The two tried repeating the story with members of the U.S. Postal Service, but the postal officials did not give them Turner's address. 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Pao @-@ ting Fu, where the Chinese government was believed to have found asylum after Peking was captured by western forces. The Victorians joined a force of 7 @,@ 500 men on a ten @-@ day march to the fort, once again only to find that it had already surrendered. The Victorians then garrisoned Tientsin and the New South Wales contingent undertook garrison duties in Peking. HMCS Protector was mostly used for survey, transport, and courier duties in the Gulf of Chihli, before departing in November. The naval brigades remained during the winter, unhappily performing policing and guard duties, as well as working as railwaymen and fire @-@ fighters. They left China in March 1901, having played only a minor role in a few offensives and punitive expeditions and in the restoration of civil order. Six Australians died from sickness and injury, but none were killed as a result of enemy action. = = Australian military forces at Federation, 1901 = = The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a result of the federation of the Australian colonies. Under the Constitution of Australia, defence responsibility was now vested in the new federal government. The co @-@ ordination of Australia @-@ wide defensive efforts in the face of Imperial German interest in the Pacific Ocean was one of driving forces behind federalism, and the Department of Defence immediately came into being as a result, while the Commonwealth Military Forces ( early forerunner of the Australian Army ) and Commonwealth Naval Force were also soon established. The Australian Commonwealth Military Forces came into being on 1 March 1901 and all the colonial forces — including those still in South Africa — became part of the new force. 28 @,@ 923 colonial soldiers, including 1 @,@ 457 professional soldiers, 18 @,@ 603 paid militia and 8 @,@ 863 unpaid volunteers, were subsequently transferred. The individual units continued to be administered under the various colonial Acts until the Defence Act 1903 brought all the units under one piece of legislation. This Act also prevented the raising of standing infantry units and specified that militia forces could not be used in industrial disputes or serve outside Australia. However, the majority of soldiers remained in militia units, known as the Citizen Military Forces ( CMF ). Major General Sir Edward Hutton — a former commander of the New South Wales Military Forces — subsequently became the first commander of the Commonwealth Military Forces on 26 December and set to work devising an integrated structure for the new army. In 1911, following a report by Lord Kitchener the Royal Military College, Duntroon was established, as was a system of universal National Service. Prior to federation each self @-@ governing colony had operated its own naval force. These navies were small and lacked blue water capabilities, forcing the separate colonies to subsidise the cost of a British naval squadron in their waters for decades. The colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901, when the Commonwealth Naval Force was created. This new force also lacked blue water capable ships, and ultimately did not lead to a change in Australian naval policy. In 1907 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and Creswell, while attending the Imperial Conference in London, sought the British Government's agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy. The Admiralty rejected and resented the challenge, but suggested diplomatically that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would be sufficient. Deakin was unimpressed, and in 1908 invited the American Great White Fleet to visit Australia. This visit fired public enthusiasm for a modern navy and in part led to the order of two 700 @-@ ton River @-@ class destroyers. The surge in German naval construction prompted the Admiralty to change their position however and the Royal Australian Navy was subsequently formed in 1911, absorbing the Commonwealth Naval Force. On 4 October 1913, the new fleet steamed through Sydney Heads, consisting of the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, three light cruisers, and three destroyers, while several other ships were still under construction. And as a consequence the navy entered the First World War as a formidable force. The Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) was established as part of the Commonwealth Military Forces in 1912, prior to the formation of the Australian Military Forces in 1916 and was later separated in 1921 to form the Royal Australian Air Force, making it the second oldest air force in the world. Regardless, the service branches were not linked by a single chain of command however, and each reported to their own minister and had separate administrative arrangements and government departments. = = First World War, 1914 – 18 = = = = = Outbreak of hostilities = = = When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War, the Australian government rapidly followed suit, with Prime Minister Joseph Cook declaring on 5 August 1914 that "... when the Empire is at war, so also is Australia " and reflecting the sentiment of many Australians that any declaration of war by Britain automatically included Australia. This was itself in part due to the large number of British @-@ born citizens and first generation Anglo @-@ Australians that made up the Australian population at the time. Indeed, by the end of the war almost 20 % of those who served in the Australian forces had been born in Britain. As the existing militia forces were unable to serve overseas under the provisions of the Defence Act 1903, an all @-@ volunteer expeditionary force known as the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) was formed and recruitment began on 10 August 1914. The government pledged 20 @,@ 000 men, organised as one infantry division and one light horse brigade plus supporting units. Enlistment and organisation was primarily regionally based and was undertaken under mobilisation plans drawn up in 1912. The first commander was Major General William Bridges, who also assumed command of the 1st Division. Throughout the course of the conflict Australian efforts were predominantly focused upon the ground war, although small air and naval forces were also committed. = = = Occupation of German New Guinea = = = Following the outbreak of war Australian forces moved quickly to reduce the threat to shipping posed by the proximity of Germany's Pacific colonies. The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( AN & MEF ), a 2000 @-@ man volunteer force — separate from the AIF — and consisting of an infantry battalion plus 500 naval reservists and ex @-@ sailors, was rapidly formed under the command of William Holmes. The objectives of the force were the wireless stations on Nauru, and those at Yap in the Caroline Islands, and at Rabaul in German New Guinea. The force reached Rabaul on 11 September 1914 and occupied it the next day, encountering only brief resistance from the German and native defenders during fighting at Bita Paka and Toma. German New Guinea surrendered on 17 September 1914. Australian losses were light, including six killed during the fighting, but were compounded by the mysterious loss offshore of the submarine AE1 with all 35 men aboard. = = = Gallipoli = = = The AIF departed by ship in a single convoy from Albany on 1 November 1914. During the journey one of the convoy's naval escorts — HMAS Sydney — engaged and destroyed the German cruiser SMS Emden at the Battle of Cocos on 8 November, in the first ship @-@ to @-@ ship action involving the Royal Australian Navy. Although originally bound for England to undergo further training and then for employment on the Western Front, the Australians were instead sent to British @-@ controlled Egypt to pre @-@ empt any Turkish attack against the strategically important Suez Canal, and with a view to opening another front against the Central Powers. Aiming to knock Turkey out of the war the British then decided to stage an amphibious lodgement at Gallipoli and following a period of training and reorganisation the Australians were included amongst the British, Indian and French forces committed to the campaign. The combined Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) — commanded by British general William Birdwood — subsequently landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915. Although promising to transform the war if successful, the Gallipoli Campaign was ill @-@ conceived and ultimately lasted eight months of bloody stalemate, without achieving its objectives. Australian casualties totalled 26 @,@ 111, including 8 @,@ 141 killed. For Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign came to symbolise an important milestone in the emergence of both nations as independent actors on the world stage and the development of a sense of national identity. Today, the date of the initial landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand and every year thousands of people gather at memorials in both nations, as well as Turkey, to honour the bravery and sacrifice of the original Anzacs, and of all those who have subsequently lost their lives in war. = = = Egypt and Palestine = = = After the withdrawal from Gallipoli the Australians returned to Egypt and the AIF underwent a major expansion. In 1916 the infantry began to move to France while the cavalry units remained in the Middle East to fight the Turks. Australian troops of the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division saw action in all the major battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, playing a pivotal role in fighting the Turkish troops that were threatening British control of Egypt. The Australian's first saw combat during the Senussi uprising in the Libyan Desert and the Nile Valley, during which the combined British forces successfully put down the primitive pro @-@ Turkish Islamic sect with heavy casualties. The Anzac Mounted Division subsequently saw considerable action in the Battle of Romani against the Turkish between 3 – 5 August 1916, with the Turks eventually pushed back. 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have been excavated, after decades of archaeological work. The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large pyramids, labelled Temples I - VI, each of which support a temple structure on their summits. Some of these pyramids are over 60 metres ( 200 feet ) high. They were numbered sequentially during the early survey of the site. It is estimated that each of these major temples could have been built in as little as two years. Temple I ( also known as the Temple of Ah Cacao or Temple of the Great Jaguar ) is a funerary pyramid dedicated to Jasaw Chan K 'awil, who was entombed in the structure in AD 734, the pyramid was completed around 740 – 750. The temple rises 47 metres ( 154 ft ) high. The massive roofcomb that topped the temple was originally decorated with a giant sculpture of the enthroned king, although little of this decoration survives. The tomb of the king was discovered by Aubrey Trik of the University of Pennsylvania in 1962. Among items recovered from the Late Classic tomb were a large collection of inscribed human and animal bone tubes and strips with sophisticated scenes depicting deities and people, finely carved and rubbed with vermilion, as well as jade and shell ornaments and ceramic vessels filled with offerings of food and drink. The shrine at the summit of the pyramid has three chambers, each behind the next, with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels fashioned from multiple beams. The outermost lintel is plain but the two inner lintels were carved, some of the beams were removed in the 19th century and their location is unknown, while others were taken to museums in Europe. Temple II ( also known as the Temple of the Mask ) it was built around AD 700 and stands 38 metres ( 125 ft ) high. Like other major temples at Tikal, the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels, only the middle of which was carved. The temple was dedicated to the wife of Jasaw Chan K 'awil, although no tomb was found. The queen's portrait was carved into the lintel spanning the doorway of the summit shrine. One of the beams from this lintel is now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Temple III ( also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest ) was the last of the great pyramids to be built at Tikal. It stood 55 metres ( 180 ft ) tall and contained an elaborately sculpted but damaged roof lintel, possibly showing Dark Sun engaged in a ritual dance around AD 810. The temple shrine possesses two chambers. Temple IV is the tallest temple @-@ pyramid at Tikal, measuring 70 metres ( 230 ft ) from the plaza floor level to the top of its roof comb. Temple IV marks the reign of Yik ’ in Chan Kawil ( Ruler B, the son of Ruler A or Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I ) and two carved wooden lintels over the doorway that leads into the temple on the pyramid ’ s summit record a long count date ( 9 @.@ 15 @.@ 10 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 ) that corresponds to CE 741 ( Sharer 1994 : 169 ). Temple IV is the largest pyramid built anywhere in the Maya region in the 8th century, and as it currently stands is the tallest pre @-@ Columbian structure in the Americas although the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan may originally have been taller, as may have been one of the structures at El Mirador. Temple V stands south of the Central Acropolis and is the mortuary pyramid of an as yet unidentified ruler. The temple stands 57 metres ( 187 ft ) high, making it the second tallest structure at Tikal - only Temple IV is taller. The temple has been dated to about AD 700, in the Late Classic period, via radiocarbon analysis and the dating of ceramics associated with the structure places its construction during the reign of Nun Bak Chak in the second half of the 7th century. Temple VI is also known as the Temple of the Inscriptions and was dedicated in AD 766. It is notable for its 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high roof @-@ comb. Panels of hieroglyphs cover the back and sides of the roof @-@ comb. The temple faces onto a plaza to the west and its front is unrestored. Temple 33 was a funerary pyramid erected over the tomb of Siyaj Chan K 'awiil I ( known as Burial 48 ) in the North Acropolis. It started life in the Early Classic as a wide basal platform decorated with large stucco masks that flanked the stairway. Later in the Early Classic a new superstructure was added, with its own masks and decorated panels. During the Hiatus a third stage was built over the earlier constructions, the stairway was demolished and another royal burial, of an unidentified ruler, was set into the structure ( Burial 23 ). While the new pyramid was being built another high ranking tomb ( Burial 24 ) was inserted into the rubble core of the building. The pyramid was then completed, standing 33 metres ( 108 ft ) tall. The final version of Temple 33 was completely dismantled by archaeologists in 1965 in order to arrive at the earlier stages of construction. Structure 34 is a pyramid in the North Acropolis that was built by Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II over the tomb of his father, Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The pyramid was topped by a three chambered shrine, the rooms situated one behind the other. Structure 5D @-@ 43 is an unusual radial temple in the East Plaza, built over a pre @-@ existing twin pyramid complex. It is built into the end of the East Plaza Ballcourt and possessed four entry doorways and three stairways, the fourth ( south ) side was too close to the Central Acropolis for a stairway on that side. The building has a talud @-@ tablero platform profile, modified from the original style found at Teotihuacan. In fact, it has been suggested that the style of the building has closer affinities with El Tajin and Xochicalco than with Teotihuacan itself. The vertical tablero panels are set between sloping talud panels and are decorated with paired disc symbols. Large flower symbols are set into the sloping talud panels, related to the Venus and star symbols used at Teotihuacan. The roof of the structure was decorated with friezes although only fragments now remain, showing a monstrous face, perhaps that of a jaguar, with another head emerging from the mouth. The second head possesses a bifurcated tongue but is probably not that of a snake. The temple, and its associated ballcourt, probably date to the reign of Nuun Ujol Chaak or that of his son Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I, in the later part of the 7th century. Structure 5C @-@ 49 possesses a clear Teotihuacan @-@ linked architectural style ; it has balustrades, an architectural feature that is very rare in the Maya region, and a talud @-@ tablero façade ; it dates to the 4th century AD. It is located near to the Lost World pyramid. Structure 5C @-@ 53 is a small Teotihuacan @-@ style platform that dates to about AD 600. It had stairways on all four sides and did not possess a superstructure. The Lost World Pyramid ( Structure 5C @-@ 54 ) is the largest structure in the Mundo Perdido complex. It lies in the southwest portion of Tikal ’ s central core, south of Temple III and west of Temple V. It was decorated with stucco masks of the sun god and dates to the Late Preclassic ; this pyramid is part of an enclosed complex of structures that remained intact and un @-@ impacted by later building activity at Tikal. By the end of the Late Preclassic this pyramid was one of the largest structures in the Maya region. It attained its final form during the reign of Chak Tok Ich 'aak in the 4th century AD, in the Early Classic, standing more than 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high with stairways on all four sides and a flat top that possibly supported a superstructure built from perishable materials. Although the plaza later suffered significant alteration, the organization of a group of temples on the east side of this complex adheres to the layout that defines the so @-@ called E @-@ Groups, identified as solar observatories. Structure 5D @-@ 96 is the central temple on the east side of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It has been restored and its rear outer wall is decorated with skull @-@ and @-@ crossbones motifs. Group 6C @-@ 16 is an elite residential complex that has been thoroughly excavated. It lies a few hundred metres south of the Lost World Complex and the excavations have revealed elaborate stucco masks, ballplayer murals, relief sculptures and buildings with Teotihuacan characteristics. The Great Plaza Ballcourt is a small ballcourt that lies between Temple I and the Central Acropolis. The Bat Palace is also known as the Palace of Windows and lies to the west of Temple III. It has two storeys, with a double range of chambers on the lower storey and a single range in the upper storey, which has been restored. The palace has ancient graffiti and possesses low windows. Complex N lies to the west of the Bat Palace and Temple III. 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= Éva Gauthier = Éva Gauthier ( September 20, 1885 – December 20, 1958 ) was a Canadian @-@ American mezzo @-@ soprano and voice teacher. She performed and popularised songs by contemporary composers throughout her career and sang in the American premieres of several works by Erik Satie, Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky, including the title role in the latter's Perséphone. The niece of Lady Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who also were her patrons, she initially trained and performed in Europe. She then travelled to Java and for four years immersed herself in its native music, which she introduced to North American audiences on her return. She retired from performing in 1937, and opened a voice studio in New York, where she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists and served on its board of governors. Gauthier was praised for the many qualities her singing brought to music. The citation from the Campion Society of San Francisco, which she received in 1949, said : "... her rare open @-@ mindedness and unorthodox enthusiasm having been initially responsible for the recognition of many vital and important modern composers " = = Singing career = = Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Gauthier received musical lessons as a child, in harmony, voice, and piano. The custom of the time dictated that North American musicians travel to Europe for training if they desired a reputable professional career, and in July 1902, at the age of seventeen, Gauthier set out for Europe, financed by her aunt and uncle, Lady Zoé Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. = = = Training in Europe = = = Gauthier travelled to France, where she received private voice lessons from Auguste @-@ Jean Dubulle of the Paris Conservatory. Nodules on her vocal cords were problematic, but they were removed surgically. She later began training under Jacques Bouhy, whom she would later credit for her vocal technique. In 1906, Gauthier was retained by fellow Canadian singer Emma Albani to accompany her on a tour of England and her Canadian farewell tour. Albani provided a degree of mentorship to Gauthier during the 30 week tour of Canada. Lord Strathcona awarded Gauthier a scholarship in 1906 that allowed her to return to Europe and continue her vocal studies. She returned there and continued both to study and give performances. Her first operatic performance came in 1909 in Pavia, Italy as Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen. She landed a second operatic role as Mallika in Delibes'Lakmé, which was being performed by the London Covent Garden opera company. The opera opened in June 1910. Supposedly, Luisa Tetrazzini, the prima donna soprano of the company, feared that Gauthier's voice would outshine her own, and demanded that Gauthier be removed from the opera. The company's director acquiesced to Tetrazzini's demands, informing Gauthier on opening night that she would not be performing. Gauthier reacted badly, and quit opera entirely. = = = Move to Java = = = Disappointed by her blocked entry into the operatic scene, Gauthier departed Europe and travelled to Java. There, she met a Dutch importer and plantation manager named Frans Knoote. Gauthier and Knoote married on May 22, 1911. Gauthier studied the music of Java, and began to include this in her repertoire. Her accompanying pianist was Paul Seelig, who had previously been the conductor for the Kraton of Surakarta, which afforded Gauthier a number of opportunities. On permission of the Javanese court, she studied the gamelan, probably being the first western woman with a classical music education to be afforded this opportunity. While living in Java, Gauthier travelled extensively, giving performances in China, Japan, Singapore, Malaya, Australia, and New Zealand. She remained in Java for four years, but with the outbreak of World War I she decided to travel back to North America, arriving in New York City in the fall of 1915. = = = Return to North America = = = Arriving in New York, Gauthier struggled to find a niche in an already crowded music scene. She put on a performance in Vaudeville entitled Songmotion, which combined Javan music with dancers. New York was already home to many North American and European musical performers, so Gauthier focused on her Javan musical repertoire, which she combined with knowledge and skill in modernist western singing. Gauthier began giving annual recitals at Aeolian Hall, and in November 1917 her performance there caught the eye of many leading composers. She developed her own reputation quickly, known as a "... sensitive purveyor of interesting, untried songs ". She gave renditions of three songs by Maurice Ravel. Her performance then also included American premieres of Stravinsky's Three Japanese Lyrics and Griffes'Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan. The performance was a great success, and she began to receive invitations to perform premieres of songs by contemporary composers. Stravinsky arranged to have Gauthier to premiere all of his vocal pieces. Gauthier travelled to Paris in 1920 at the behest of the Music League of America. Sent there to arrange a tour of North America by Maurice Ravel, she struck up a friendship and professional correspondence not only with him, but also with Erik Satie and Les six. This led to more music being sent to her by various composers that she would premiere in concert. She accepted and premiered almost all works sent to her, the only exception being a refusal to perform Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg. Through this, Gauthier performed large amounts of contemporary French music across the United States. She also included American music in all of her concerts. Gauthier toured America frequently and returned to Europe in 1922, and again in 1923. She began to explore Jazz music in concert as well, earning her negative reviews by many musical critics. Her 1923 annual performance at Aeolian Hall entitled " Recital of Ancient and Modern Music for Voice " became a historic occasion when she presented the works of George Gershwin, the first time his works were performed by a classical singer in concert. The first half of the programme presented works considered serious music at the time. She performed both classical works by Vincenzo Bellini and Henry Purcell, mixing them with modernist and neoclassical works by Arnold Schoenberg, Darius Milhaud, Béla Bartók, and Paul Hindemith. The second half of her performance would upset the musical establishment, however. She opened with Alexander's Ragtime Band by Irving Berlin, then performed works by Jerome Kern and Walter Donaldson, and finally finished with three works by George Gershwin : I 'll Build a Stairway to Paradise, Innocent Ingénue Baby, and Swanee. Gershwin played the piano for these pieces. Important figures in the audience included Ernestine Schumann @-@ Heink, Virgil Thomson, and Paul Whiteman. Although some musical critics panned her decision to include Jazz music, the performance was overall a huge success, and provoked serious discussion among conservative audiences whether jazz music could be considered serious art. Gauthier continued to present music that was thought poorly of by conservative audiences. On some occasions, such as her performances of Gershwin in New York in 1923 and 1925, as well as in London in 1925, this was quite successful. A critic in Vienna welcomed her musical selection as a reprieve from the usual fare of classical performances - Schubert, Brahms, Wolf, Richard Strauss - while praising her skill with more classical choices. Other performances suffered – she was booed while performing works by Heitor Villa @-@ Lobos at the Festival of the International Society of Contemporary Music in Venice. She became a celebrity, and continued giving performances across the United States, Europe, and her native Canada. On the sixtieth anniversary of Canadian Confederation in 1927, she gave a performance in Ottawa which was the first transcontinental radio broadcast in Canada. Although she toured Canada from time to time, and attended performances of Canadian music in New York, she held a negative opinion of Canada's treatment of native musicians, saying " Canadians... would rather listen to foreigners than their own people. " = = = Retirement from the stage = = = Illness forced Gauthier to halt giving performances in the late 1920s, but she would return to the stage in 1931, giving a concert in Havana, Cuba. As time passed she began to engage more and more in teaching, and less and less in stage performing. Her income from teaching was substantially better than from touring. She retired from performing entirely in 1937, and opened a music studio in New York. There she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists, serving on its board of governors. She died on December 20, 1958. = = Views of critics and audiences = = Gauthier was a controversial musician in her time. Her choice of music for performance was often condemned, and often praised. The appropriateness of jazz music for a classically trained singer, combined with the performances taking place in concert halls lead some critics to cheer her for promoting otherwise overlooked music, and others to condemn her for taking lowbrow music into a highbrow venue. A May 1, 1917 review by the New York Times praised her natural talent, with some reservations about the unpolished quality of her voice. 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spy novel, and a moderate commercial success. In 2002 he made his stage debut as a celebrity guest in a West End theatre production of The Play What I Wrote, directed by Kenneth Branagh – who also appeared with him in the second Harry Potter film. In 2007 he appeared in the film December Boys, an Australian family drama about four orphans that was shot in 2005 and released to theatres in mid @-@ September 2007. Also in 2007, Radcliffe co @-@ starred with Carey Mulligan in My Boy Jack, a television drama film shown on ITV on Remembrance Day. The film received mostly positive reviews, with several critics praising Radcliffe's performance as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old who goes missing in action during a battle. Radcliffe stated, " For many people my age, the First World War is just a topic in a history book. But I've always been fascinated by the subject and think it's as relevant today as it ever was. " At age 17, in a bid to show people he was prepared for adult roles, he performed onstage in Peter Shaffer's play Equus, which had not been revived since its first run in 1973, at the Gielgud Theatre. Radcliffe took on the lead role as Alan Strang, a stable boy who has an obsession with horses. Advance sales topped £ 1 @.@ 7 million, and the role generated significant pre @-@ opening media interest, as Radcliffe appeared in a nude scene. Equus opened on 27 February 2007 and ran until 9 June 2007. Radcliffe's performance received positive reviews as critics were impressed by the nuance and depth of his against @-@ type role. Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph wrote that he " displays a dramatic power and an electrifying stage presence that marks a tremendous leap forward. " He added : " I never thought I would find the diminutive ( but perfectly formed ) Radcliffe a sinister figure, but as Alan Strang... there are moments when he seems genuinely scary in his rage and confusion. " The production then transferred to Broadway in September 2008, with Radcliffe still in the lead role. Radcliffe stated he was nervous about repeating the role on Broadway because he considered American audiences more discerning than those in London. Radcliffe's performance was nominated for a Drama Desk Award. = = = 2010 – present = = = After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons in late 2010, Radcliffe debuted as J. Pierrepont Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert Morse and Matthew Broderick. Other cast members included John Larroquette, Rose Hemingway and Mary Faber. Both the actor and production received favourable reviews, with USA Today commenting : " Radcliffe ultimately succeeds not by overshadowing his fellow cast members, but by working in conscientious harmony with them – and having a blast in the process. " Radcliffe's performance in the show earned him Drama Desk Award, Drama League Award and Outer Critics Circle Award nominations. The production itself later received nine Tony Award nominations. Radcliffe left the show on 1 January 2012. His first post @-@ Harry Potter project was the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black, adapted from the 1983 novel by Susan Hill. The film was released on 3 February 2012 in the United States and Canada, and was released on 10 February in the UK. Radcliffe portrays a man sent to deal with the legal matters of a mysterious woman who has just died, and soon after he begins to experience strange events and hauntings from the ghost of a woman dressed in black. He has said he was " incredibly excited " to be part of the film and described the script as " beautifully written ". In 2013, he portrayed American poet Allen Ginsberg in the thriller drama Kill Your Darlings, directed by John Krokidas. He also starred in an Irish @-@ Canadian romantic comedy film The F Word directed by Michael Dowseand written by Elan Mastai, based on TJ Dawe and Michael Rinaldi's play Toothpaste and Cigars and then he starred in an American dark fantasy horror film directed by Alexandre Aja Horns. Both of the films premiered at the 38th Toronto International Film Festival. Radcliffe also performed at the Noël Coward Theatre in the stage play revival of Martin McDonagh's dark comedy The Cripple of Inishmaan as the lead, Billy Claven, for which he won the WhatsOnStage Award for Best Actor in a Play. In 2015, Radcliffe starred as Igor in a science fiction horror film Victor Frankenstein directed by Paul McGuigan and written by Max Landis, which was based on contemporary adaptations of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein. In 2016, Radcliffe portrayed Manny, a talkative corpse, in the indie film Swiss Army Man. He is set to star as American reporter Jake Adelstein in Tokyo Vice. In November 2015 he joined the ensemble cast of Shane Carruth's third film, The Modern Ocean alongside Anne Hathaway, Keanu Reeves, Tom Holland, Chloë Grace Moretz, Asa Butterfield, Jeff Goldblum and Abraham Attah. = = Personal life = = In 2008, Radcliffe revealed that he has a mild form of the neurological disorder developmental coordination disorder. The motor skill disorder sometimes prevents him from doing simple activities, such as writing or tying his own shoelaces. " I was having a hard time at school, in terms of being crap at everything, with no discernible talent, " Radcliffe commented. In August 2010, he stopped drinking alcohol after finding himself becoming too reliant on it. In November 2007 Radcliffe published several poems under the pen name Jacob Gershon – a combination of his middle name and the Jewish version of his mother's maiden name Gresham – in Rubbish, an underground fashion magazine. He has a close friendship with his Harry Potter co @-@ stars Tom Felton and Emma Watson, and is tight @-@ knit with his family, whom he credits for keeping him grounded. Sources disagree about Radcliffe's personal wealth ; he was reported to have earned £ 1 million for the first Harry Potter film and around £ 15 million for the sixth. Radcliffe appeared on the Sunday Times Rich List in 2006, which estimated his personal fortune to be £ 14 million, making him one of the richest young people in the UK. In March 2009 he was ranked number one on the Forbes " Most Valuable Young Stars " list, and by April The Daily Telegraph measured his net worth at £ 30m, making him the 12th richest young person in the UK. Radcliffe was considered to be the richest teenager in England later that year. In February 2010 he was named the sixth highest paid Hollywood male star and placed at number five on Forbes's December list of Hollywood's highest @-@ grossing actors with a film revenue of US $ 780 million, mainly due to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows being released that year. Radcliffe maintains a home in the West Village of Lower Manhattan in New York City. As of October 2012, Radcliffe has been dating American Erin Darke, whom he met on the set of Kill Your Darlings. There were rumours and stories of a possible engagement in mid @-@ 2014, but Darke's father Ian Darke denied there were any such plans in December 2014. = = = Views and activism = = = Radcliffe is an atheist. He has been quoted as saying : " I'm an atheist, and a militant atheist when religion starts impacting on legislation ", and in a separate interview, he stated ; " I'm very relaxed about it [ being an atheist ]. I don 't preach my atheism, but I have a huge amount of respect for people like Richard Dawkins who do. Anything he does on television, I will watch ". Radcliffe is a supporter of the Labour Party. Until 2012 Radcliffe had publicly supported the Liberal Democrats, and before the 2010 general election Radcliffe endorsed Nick Clegg, the Lib Dem leader. In 2012, however, Radcliffe switched his allegiance to Labour, citing disappointment with the performance of Nick Clegg and the Lib Dems in government, and approving of the Labour leader, Ed Miliband. In September 2015, he endorsed Jeremy Corbyn in the 2015 leadership contest to succeed Miliband. He is a supporter of a British republic. At the age of sixteen, Radcliffe became the youngest non @-@ royal ever to have an individual portrait in Britain's National Portrait Gallery ( NPG ). On 13 April 2006 his portrait, drawn by Stuart Pearson Wright, was unveiled as part of a new exhibition opening at the Royal National Theatre ; it was then moved to the NPG where it resides. Speaking out against homophobia, Radcliffe began filming public service announcements in 2009 for The Trevor Project, promoting awareness of gay teen suicide prevention. He first learned of the organisation while working on Equus on Broadway in 2008 and has contributed financially to it. " I have always hated anybody who is not tolerant of gay men or lesbians or bisexuals. Now I am in the very fortunate position where I can actually help or do something about it, " he said in a 2010 interview. In the same interview, he spoke of the importance of public figures advocating for equal rights. Radcliffe considers his involvement to be one of the most important things in his career and, for his work for the organisation, he was given the " Hero Award " in 2011. Radcliffe has supported various charities. 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= Back Off Boogaloo = " Back Off Boogaloo " is a song by English musician Ringo Starr, released as a non @-@ album single in March 1972. Starr's former Beatles bandmate George Harrison produced the recording, which took place in London shortly after the two had appeared together at Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh shows in August 1971. The single was a follow @-@ up to Starr's 1971 hit song " It Don 't Come Easy " and continued his successful run as a solo artist. " Back Off Boogaloo " peaked at number 2 in Britain and Canada, and number 9 on America's Billboard Hot 100. It remains Starr's highest @-@ charting single in the United Kingdom. The title for the song was inspired by English singer @-@ songwriter Marc Bolan. Some commentators have suggested that the lyrics were directed at Paul McCartney, reflecting Starr's disdain for the music McCartney had made as a solo artist over the previous two years. " Back Off Boogaloo " demonstrates the influence of glam rock on Starr, who directed a documentary film, Born to Boogie ( 1972 ), about Bolan's band T. Rex around this time. Described by one author as a " high @-@ energy in @-@ your @-@ face rocker ", the song features a prominent slide guitar part by Harrison and contributions from musicians Gary Wright and Klaus Voormann. Starr re @-@ recorded " Back Off Boogaloo " for his 1981 album Stop and Smell the Roses, in a collaboration with American singer Harry Nilsson that incorporates lyrics from Beatles songs such as " With a Little Help from My Friends ", " Good Day Sunshine " and " Baby, You're a Rich Man ". The original version has appeared on Starr's compilation albums Blast from Your Past and Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr, and as a bonus track on his remastered 1974 studio album Goodnight Vienna. Since his return to touring in 1989, Starr has performed " Back Off Boogaloo " regularly in concert with the various incarnations of his All @-@ Starr Band. = = Background and composition = = Ringo Starr identified his initial inspiration for " Back Off Boogaloo " as having come from Marc Bolan, the singer and guitarist with English glam rock band T. Rex. In a 2001 interview with Mojo editor Paul Du Noyer, Starr described Bolan as " a dear friend who used to come into the office when I was running Apple Movies, a big office in town, and the hang @-@ out for myself, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon ". Over dinner one evening at Starr's home outside London, Bolan had used the word " boogaloo " so often that it stuck in Starr's mind, after which the beat and melody for the song came to him overnight. When discussing the composition on VH1 Storytellers in May 1998, Starr explained : " [ Bolan ] was an energised guy. He used to speak :'Back off boogaloo... ooh you, boogaloo.'' Do you want some potatoes?'' Ooh you, boogaloo!'" Starr also recalled having to take the batteries out of his children's toys that night, in order to power a tape recorder and make a recording of the new song. The lyrics to the middle eight of " Back Off Boogaloo " came to Starr while watching London Weekend Television's football show, The Big Match. The program's host, Jimmy Hill, often referred to a footballer's playing as " tasty ", a catchphrase that Starr incorporated into his song lyrics : Get yourself together now And give me something tasty Everything you try to do You know it sure sounds wasted. Commentators have interpreted the song, and particularly this statement, as an attack by Starr on his former Beatles bandmate Paul McCartney. Starr has denied any such interpretation, instead " claiming that the song was inspired by Bolan and nothing more ", Beatles biographer Robert Rodriguez writes. Starr had publicly criticised McCartney's solo albums McCartney ( 1970 ) and Ram ( 1971 ) on release, and author Bruce Spizer paraphrases the message of the middle eight as " a plea for Paul to produce better music ". The mention of " sound [ ing ] wasted " could also be a reference to McCartney's overindulgence with cannabis, Rodriguez suggests. A further example of Starr's allegedly anti @-@ McCartney message exists in the song's first verse : Wake up, meathead Don 't pretend that you are dead Get yourself up off the cart. The same commentators suggest that here Starr could be referring to the 1969 " Paul Is Dead " hoax. The latter rumour circulated during September and October of that year while McCartney hid away on his Scottish farm, disconsolate after John Lennon had told him and Starr that he wanted a " divorce " from the Beatles. In addition to these supposed messages in " Back Off Boogaloo ", observers have viewed the song title as Starr's rebuke to McCartney to abandon his legal stand against the Beatles and Apple Corps, which was placed in receivership in March 1971 after a High Court judge found in McCartney's favour. Author Keith Badman writes that " Boogaloo " had " long been cited as Paul's nickname " from his former bandmates Starr, Lennon and George Harrison. While acknowledging that in subsequent years Starr might have chosen to minimise any ill @-@ feeling towards McCartney, Rodriguez notes that the lyrics " just happened to fit perfectly into the'us vs. Paul'mindset " following the Beatles'break @-@ up, to the extent that " Back Off Boogaloo " was " as damning as'Early 1970'had been conciliatory ". When tailoring his 1970 composition " I'm the Greatest " for Starr to record on the album Ringo ( 1973 ), Lennon referenced the song title with the lines " Now I'm only thirty @-@ two / And all I want to do is boogaloo ". Although " T Rex devotees ", in the words of Starr biographer Alan Clayson, claimed that Bolan had ghost @-@ written " Back Off Boogaloo ", Starr later acknowledged that Harrison co @-@ wrote the song by adding some chords and finishing the melody. As on Starr's 1971 hit single " It Don 't Come Easy ", Harrison was not credited for his songwriting contribution. Starr originally offered " Back Off Boogaloo " to fellow Liverpudlian Cilla Black to record, but she declined, hoping instead to record another new Starr – Harrison composition, " Photograph ". = = Recording = = Having earmarked the song as his next single, Starr recorded " Back Off Boogaloo " in September 1971, following his appearance at the Harrison @-@ organised Concert for Bangladesh in New York. The sessions took place at Apple Studio in central London, with Harrison producing, as he had on " It Don 't Come Easy ". The recording reflects the influence of glam rock on Starr through what authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter term " its big drum sound and repetitious nature ", with a line @-@ up comprising Starr ( vocals, drums, percussion ), Harrison ( guitars ), Gary Wright ( piano ) and Klaus Voormann ( bass, saxophone ). Rodriguez describes Starr's " martial @-@ sounding opening " as a rare " showcase for his own drumming ", while Harrison biographer Simon Leng writes of " a roaring series of Harrison slide breaks that brought to mind Duane Allman ". Further overdubs included contributions from three backing vocalists, led by American soul singer Madeline Bell. = = = " Blindman " = = = For the single's B @-@ side, Starr had already written and recorded " Blindman ", the theme song for the Ferdinando Baldi @-@ directed Spaghetti Western of the same name, filming for which Starr had interrupted in order to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh. Starr produced the track with Voormann. The sessions for " Blindman " took place at Apple on 18 – 19 August, with Badfinger guitarist Pete Ham assisting Starr and Voormann. Like the film Blindman ( 1971 ), the song is held in low regard by critics ; Spizer describes it as " a muddy @-@ sounding dirge with little to recommend ". = = Release and reception = = Apple Records issued the single on 17 March 1972 in Britain, as Apple R 5944, with a US release taking place three days later, as Apple 1849. It was Starr's first release since " It Don 't Come Easy ", a year before. During this period, his priority had been to develop a career as an actor in films such as 200 Motels ( 1971 ) and Blindman. Further aligning himself with Britain's glam rock movement, Starr made his directorial debut with Born to Boogie ( 1972 ), a film starring Bolan that included Starr's footage of a T. Rex concert held at Wembley on 18 March. With " Back Off Boogaloo ", NME critic Bob Woffinden	wikitext_103	[ 426, 8247, 5566, 3452, 462, 267, 3288, 426, 4928, 187, 346, 8247, 5566, 3452, 462, 267, 3288, 346, 310, 247, 4498, 407, 4383, 26650, 22668, 80, 659, 3298, 1157, 4439, 347, 247, 1327, 1214, 14, 33, 5400, 2014, 275, 3919, 15750, 964, 659, 3298, 686, 84, 3438, 40159, 3961, 13884, 6086, 23698, 4197, 253, 7663, 1157, 534, 2335, 1659, 275, 4693, 13515, 846, 253, 767, 574, 5420, 2366, 387, 23698, 686, 84, 42134, 323, 29310, 2722, 275, 4223, 16609, 964, 380, 2014, 369, 247, 956, 1214, 14, 33, 598, 281, 659, 3298, 686, 84, 16609, 4352, 4498, 346, 733, 5037, 686, 85, 13516, 28127, 346, 285, 4821, 521, 5547, 1408, 347, 247, 14088, 9558, 964, 346, 8247, 5566, 3452, 462, 267, 3288, 346, 33404, 387, 1180, 374, 275, 9643, 285, 6144, 1157, 285, 1180, 898, 327, 3968, 686, 84, 41073, 9405, 2233, 964, 733, 4558, 659, 3298, 686, 84, 4585, 1214, 14, 33, 8326, 272, 2014, 275, 253, 1986, 11491, 964, 2490, 380, 4060, 323, 253, 4498, 369, 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There are three hospitals in Meridian, as well as many other healthcare @-@ related facilities. Jeff Anderson Regional Medical Center provides cardiovascular surgery, a Level II newborn intensive @-@ care unit, and a health and fitness center. Rush Foundation Hospital and the related Rush Health Systems operate a Specialty Hospital of Meridian, which offers long @-@ term care for non @-@ permanent patients who require more recovery time in a hospital setting. Riley Hospital has two centers for stroke treatment and rehabilitation services. Other healthcare facilities in Meridian include the Alliance Health Center and East Mississippi State Hospital, the latter of which has been in operation since 1882. Retail is another major employer in the county, with 5 @,@ 280 people employed in April 2010. Nearly $ 2 billion annually is spent on retail purchases in the city. The 633 @,@ 685 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 58 @,@ 871 m2 ) Bonita Lakes Mall offers over one hundred shopping venues, including department stores, specialty shops, restaurants, eateries, and United Artists Theatres. Phase I of the construction of Meridian Crossroads, a 375 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 34 @,@ 800 m2 ) shopping center in the Bonita Lakes area, was completed in November 2007, providing a major boost to retail in the area. Also, the shopping district on North Hills Street has continued to expand, and in March 2007, additional retail and office space was opened near the Highway 19 Walmart Supercenter. The area is also served by two military facilities, Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field, which supply over 4 @,@ 000 jobs to residents of the surrounding area. NAS Meridian provides training for naval carrier pilots and other enlisted personnel. Also housed at the base is the Regional Counter @-@ Drug Training Academy ( RCTA ), which provides narcotics training for law enforcement in many southeastern states. Containing the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state, the city is the leader in a nine county regional response team and a twenty @-@ nine county regional response task force. Key Field is the site of the famous flight by brothers Fred and Al Key, who set a world endurance flight record in 1935. Key Field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the 185th Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard. The site also contains an exhibit reviewing the history of aviation, and is the home of Meridian's Aviation Museum. The total manufacturing employment of Lauderdale County in April 2010 was 2 @,@ 850 people. Peavey Electronics Corporation, which has manufactured guitars, amplifiers, and sound equipment since 1965, operates its headquarters in the city. Other businesses in the area include Avery Dennison, Structural Steel Services, Sara Lee, Tower Automotive, and Teikuro Corporation. The city is also home to four industrial parks. In downtown, the MSU Riley Center provides revenue from tourism, arts, and entertainment sales. The Riley Center attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences, meetings, and performances. Loeb's Department Store on Front St has remained a Mississippi clothing landmark, having passed through four generations of family ownership. The store has been selling fine men's and women's clothing since 1887, when the store was first opened by Alex Loeb. = = Culture = = = = = Arts = = = Known for more than a century of arts, Meridian contains many art and cultural organizations and hosts many cultural events. One of the first art organizations in the city, The Meridian Art League, was established in February 1933. Art exhibitions were originally held in Lamar Hotel in downtown Meridian, but after a name change to Meridian Art Association in 1949, exhibitions were held at various locations around the city. After the Carnegie library at 25th Ave and 7th St was closed, the Art Association remodelled the building into the Meridian Museum of Art to serve as a permanent home for exhibits. The museum was opened in 1970 and has since featured rotating exhibitions as well as many educational programs for both students and adults. Over thirty exhibitions are held annually, ranging from traditional decorative arts to ethnographic and tribal materials, photography, crafts, and many other works of art. The collection also includes 18th and 19th century portraits, 20th century photography, and several sculptures. The Meridian Council for the Arts ( MCA ) was founded as Meridian's and Lauderdale County's official arts agency in 1978. MCA operates its Community Art Grants program, the annual Threefoot Festival, several workshops, and other special events each year. MCA is partnered with many arts organizations in the city and county including the Meridian Museum of Art, the Meridian Little Theatre, and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra. Meridian Little Theatre, one of the South's oldest subscription @-@ based community theatres, was built in 1932 and currently provides entertainment to residents of and visitors to Meridian and Lauderdale County, entertaining over 22 @,@ 000 guests each season, making it Mississippi's most @-@ attended community theatre. The Meridian Symphony Orchestra ( MSO ) – founded in 1961 – played its first concert in 1962 and its first full season in 1963. In 1965 the MSO booked its first international soloist, Elena Nikolaidi, to perform with the orchestra. The Orchestra helped the Meridian Public School District develop its own orchestra and strings programs and also helped develop the Meridian Symphony Chorus. The current conductor is Dr. Claire Fox Hillard, who has been with the orchestra since 1991. The MSO will celebrate its 50th anniversary in February 2011 with a performance from Itzhak Perlman. The city's former Grand Opera House was built in 1889 by two half brothers, Israel Marks and Levi Rothenberg. During its operation the opera house hosted many famous artists and works, the first being a German company's rendition of Johann Strauss II's " The Gypsy Baron ". After closing in the late 1920s due to the Great Depression, the opera house was abandoned for nearly 70 years. A $ 10 million grant in 2000 by the Riley Foundation, a local foundation chartered in 1998, sparked the building's restoration while $ 15 million came from a combination of city, county, and federal grants. The opera house's renovation was completed in September 2006 under the new name " Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts. " The Riley Center, which includes a 950 @-@ seat auditorium for live performances, a 200 @-@ seat studio theater, and 30 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 2 @,@ 787 m2 ) of meeting space, attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences, meetings, and performances. Meridian is rightly considered an architectural treasure trove being one the nations most intact cities from the turn of the last century. Architecture students from around the nation and Canada are known to visit Meridian in groups as part of their coursework due to numerous structures in the city having been designed by noted architects. The only home in the US south designed by noted Canadian born Architect Louis S. Curtiss, famous for inventing the glass curtain wall skyscraper, is extant on Highland Park. The Frank Fort designed Threefoot Building is generally considered one of the best Art Deco skyscrapers in the US and is often compared to Detroit's famed Fisher Building. Noted California Architect Wallace Neff designed a number of homes in Meridian as well as in the Alabama Black Belt which adjoins the city across the nearby Alabama State line. He had relatives in Meridian and Selma who were executives in the then thriving railroad industry and would take commissions in the area when commissions in California were lean. His work is mostly concentrated in the lower numbered blocks of Poplar Springs Drive where his 2516 Poplar Springs Drive is often compared to the similarly designed Falcon Lair, the Beverly Hills home in Benedict Canyon of Rudolph Valentino. One Neff work was lost to an expansion of Anderson Hospital in 1990 and another in Marion Park burned in the 1950s. The Meridian Post Office with its interior done entirely of bronze and Verde marble is also noteworthy as a very fine example of the type of Post Office structures built in thriving and well to do cities in the 1920s and originally had Lalique lighting which was removed sadly during a 1960s remodeling and which are now in private residences on Poplar Springs Drive and in North Hills. Meridian has also been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center ( MAEC ). The Mississippi Legislature approved the idea in 2001 and in 2006 promised $ 4 million in funding if private contributors could raise $ 8 million. The city donated $ 50 @,@ 000 to the cause in September 2007. The MAEC, as proposed, would be located on 175 acres ( 71 ha ) at Bonita Lakes and consist of an outdoor amphitheatre, an indoor concert hall, and a Hall of Fame honoring Mississippi artists. The Hall of Fame will be located downtown in the old Montana's building. That property and the adjacent Meridian Hotel building were acquired in July 2010 for $ 300 @,@ 000. In February 2009, the MAEC revealed its Walk of Fame outside of the Riley Center in an attempt to promote the planned Hall of Fame. The first star on the walk was dedicated to Jimmie Rodgers, a Meridian native. In September of the same year, the second star was revealed, recognizing B.B. King, a famous blues musician from Mississippi. On June 1, 2010, authors Tennessee Williams, Eudora Welty, and William Faulkner were added to the walk. Sela Ward was added to the walk on June 24, 2010. 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have twin fairs. US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 continues north on Lincoln Avenue past the campus of Bay de Noc Community College. The four @-@ lane highway crosses the Escanaba River just upstream from its mouth near the large Mead Paper Mill and shifts to run immediately next to Little Bay de Noc. The section here carried the highest traffic counts along all of US 2 in the state : an average of 23 @,@ 977 vehicles used this segment of roadway daily in 2011. The road turns inland again, and US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 passes to the west of downtown Gladstone. The highway through here is an expressway, four lanes divided by a central median and no driveway access. Unlike a freeway, the expressway has standard intersections and not interchanges. The highway intersects the eastern terminus of County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) and crosses the ELS Railroad south of the stoplight for 4th Avenue North, where M ‑ 35 separates from the US Highways and turns to the northwest. The expressway continues north parallel to the CN Railway, crossing the Days River. Through this area, the trunkline carries a speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) for car traffic. This is the only road in the UP with a speed limit higher than 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) besides I @-@ 75, which has a speed limit of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ). The expressway segment runs around the upper end of Little Bay de Noc before ending at Rapid River. In this location, US 41 separates to the north, and US 2 returns to an easterly track as a two @-@ lane road, crossing the Rapid and Whitefish rivers and turning southeast around the head of the bay. As US 2 crosses southern Delta County, it passes through the western unit of the Hiawatha National Forest. Near Garden Corners, the highway runs along the shore of Big Bay de Noc. After the intersection with the northern terminus of M ‑ 183, US 2 turns inland cutting across the base of the Garden Peninsula and enters Schoolcraft County. As the highway approaches Thompson, US 2 leaves the western unit of the Hiawatha National Forest and enters the Lake Superior State Forest. The roadway runs along Lake Michigan to Manistique, crossing the Manistique River. The trunkline turns inland approaching Gulliver and then turns north @-@ northeast to Blaney Park. The community there is a former logging town @-@ turned @-@ resort at the southern terminus of M ‑ 77 ; the resort was active from the late 1920s but declined by the 1980s. From Blaney Park, US 2 turns due east and crosses into Mackinac County west of Gould City. Where it intersects a former routing, the main highway crosses the CN Railway one last time and runs to the south of Engadine to follow the Lake Michigan shoreline through Naubinway. After passing the community of Epoufette, US 2 crosses the Cut River Bridge, 147 feet ( 45 m ) over the Cut River. The highway crosses into the eastern unit of the Hiawatha National Forest near Brevort, running between Lake Michigan and Brevort Lake in the process. The road continues along the Lake Michigan shoreline, passing Mystery Spot near Gros Cap and turning inland immediately west of St. Ignace. The US 2 designation ends at the highway's partial cloverleaf interchange with I ‑ 75. The roadway continues easterly into downtown St. Ignace as Business Loop I ‑ 75 ( BL I ‑ 75 ). = = History = = = = = Indian trail through auto trails = = = In 1701, the first transportation routes through what became the state of Michigan were the lakes, rivers and Indian trails. Two of these trails followed parts of the future US 2. The Sault – Green Bay Trail roughly followed the Lake Michigan shoreline routing of US 2 between Escanaba and St. Ignace. The Mackinac Trail connected St. Ignace with Sault Ste. Marie. In the age of the auto trail, the roads that later formed US 2 through the UP were given a few different highway names. When the original roadways between Ironwood and Iron River were completed in late 1915, the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau ( UPDB ) named the area Cloverland and the highway the Cloverland Trail. Later the name was extended over the highway to Escanaba, and to all highways in the area in the early 1920s ; the name was phased out by the UPDB completely in 1927. The roadways were also used for the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway, named for former US president Theodore Roosevelt after his death in 1919. Overall, this highway ran from Portland, Oregon, to Portland, Maine, by way of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario. Through the UP, the southern branch followed the immediate predecessors to US 2, including the section through Florence County, Wisconsin. The Great Lakes Automobile Route was established in 1917 by the UPDB. A predecessor of the Great Lakes Circle Tours by seventy years, the route followed " a circular journey along the banks of lakes Michigan and Superior and Green Bay... " This route followed the modern US 2 from Ironwood to the M ‑ 94 junction in Manistique, using the modern M ‑ 69 and M ‑ 95 to stay in Michigan. Branches of the route followed US 41 and M ‑ 35 between Powers and Escanaba. The route was originally intended to entice motorists to drive around Lake Michigan. The name fell out of use before its first anniversary because of World War I. One Canadian auto trail was routed through the UP as well. In 1920, the King's International Highway linked Vancouver, British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia, but there was no highway to carry it around the north side of Lake Superior. Motorists had to ship their cars by boat between Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and Thunder Bay or enter the United States to continue along the auto trail. The routings varied on the maps of the time, but its basic route used US 2 through the UP from Ironwood to Sault Ste. Marie until a highway north of Lake Superior was opened in 1960 ; by that time, the auto trail had taken on the Trans @-@ Canada Highway name. = = = State trunkline = = = The first state trunkline highway designated along the path of the modern US 2 was M ‑ 12, a designation that was in use by July 1, 1919, between Ironwood and Sault Ste. Marie. The first roadside park in the country was created by Herbert Larson near what is now US 2 near Iron River in 1919 – 20, although other sources state that the first was a picnic table alongside US 16 ( Grand River Avenue ) in 1929 south of Saranac. When the US Highway System was created on November 11, 1926, US 2 partially replaced M @-@ 12. Between Crystal Falls and Iron Mountain, US 2 was routed through Florence, Wisconsin. The former routing of M ‑ 12 from Crystal Falls to Sagola became a new M ‑ 69 when the former M ‑ 69 became US 102 ( now US 141 ). M ‑ 12 from Sagola south to Iron Mountain was made a part of an extended M ‑ 45, which is now M ‑ 95. By the next year, M ‑ 48 was added along US 2 from Rexton to Garnet as part of a larger extension. The first changes to the routing of US 2 itself were made in 1930 with a bypass of downtown Escanaba. A larger rerouting was completed in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste. Marie. The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste. Marie ; the former routing was given the M ‑ 121 designation. Another realignment in the Iron Mountain area shifted US 2 / US 141 to a new bridge over the Menominee River between 1932 and 1934. Downtown Ironwood was bypassed in 1934, and the former route was initially designated M ‑ 54. The Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) changed the routings and designations of the highways around Cooks, Thompson and Manistique in the mid @-@ 1930s. The agency rerouted US 2 between Cooks and M ‑ 149 in Thompson, turning the old road back to county control. The section between M ‑ 149 and M ‑ 125 was redesignated as an extension of M ‑ 149 to Thompson, and M ‑ 125 was replaced by a further extension of M ‑ 149. The last change was to route US 2 along its current alignment in the area, completing the changes on August 2, 1936. The MSHD started construction in 1936 on a new road that rerouted US 2 into St. Ignace for the first time. Between Brevort and Moran, US 2 previously followed Worth Road inland to the Tahquamenon Trail to meet the northern extension of US 31 into the Upper Peninsula. The new routing took US 2 along the lakeshore into St. Ignace. US 31 was truncated to the state ferry docks in Mackinaw City and US 2 was routed through St. Ignace along the former US 31 to Rogers Park ; the connection in St. Ignace to the state ferry docks became M ‑ 122. Further changes in the early 1940s straightened the roadway out near Watersmeet and Crystal Falls. Additional realignments were completed by the MSHD to move US 2 to its modern lakeshore routing between Gould City and Epoufette in 1941. The new highway traveled due east from Gould City to Naubinway and then along the lake to Epoufette. 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= Scientology in Germany = The Church of Scientology has been present in Germany since 1970. German authorities estimate that there are 4 @,@ 000 active Scientologists in Germany today ; the Church of Scientology gives a membership figure of around 12 @,@ 000. The Church of Scientology has encountered particular antagonism from the German press and government and occupies a precarious legal, social and cultural position in Germany. German courts have so far not resolved whether Scientology should be accorded the legal status of a religious or worldview community, and different courts have reached contradictory conclusions. The German domestic intelligence service has monitored the organization's activities. The German government does not recognize Scientology as a religion. It views it as an abusive business masquerading as a religion and believes that it pursues political goals that conflict with the values enshrined in the German constitution. This stance has been criticized, most notably by the U.S. government, which recognizes Scientology as a religion and has raised concerns about the violation of individual rights posed by sect filters. Scientologists in Germany face specific political and economic restrictions. They are barred from membership in some major political parties, and businesses and other employers use so @-@ called " sect filters " to expose a prospective business partner's or employee's association with the organization. German federal and state interior ministers started a process aimed at banning Scientology in late 2007, but abandoned the initiative a year later, finding insufficient legal grounds. Despite this, polls suggest that most Germans favor banning Scientology altogether. = = Background = = Scientology, founded in the early 1950s in the United States by L. Ron Hubbard and today claiming to be represented in 150 countries, has been a very controversial new religious movement. Its stated utopian aim is to " clear the planet ", to bring about an enlightened age in which every individual has overcome their psychological limitations. Scientology teaches that the source of people's unhappiness lies in " engrams ", psychological burdens acquired in the course of painful experiences, which can be cleared through a type of counselling called " auditing " made available by the Church of Scientology. The fact that Scientologists have to pay large fees for auditing and other Scientology services has brought controversy to Scientology throughout much of its history, with governments classing it as a profit @-@ making enterprise rather than as a religion. Critics maintain that Scientology is " a business @-@ driven, psychologically manipulative, totalitarian ideology with world @-@ dominating aspirations ", and that it tricks its members into parting with significant sums of money for Scientology courses. Scientology has fought innumerable lawsuits to defend itself against such charges and to pursue legal recognition as a religion. These efforts have been partly successful – Scientology has gained recognition as a tax @-@ exempt religious group in a number of countries, most notably in Australia in 1983 and the United States in 1993, and in 2007 won an important case at the European Court of Human Rights, which censured Russia for failing to register Scientology as a religion. The German government has said that it does not consider Scientology a religion, but a " commercial enterprise with a history of taking advantage of vulnerable individuals and an extreme dislike of any criticism " whose " totalitarian structure and methods may pose a risk to Germany's democratic society ". Accordingly, the German government has taken a very strong stance against the organization. Germany is not alone in opposing Scientology ; in France, the Church of Scientology was convicted of organized fraud in October 2009, after a court found that members had been manipulated into paying large sums for Scientology products, and the Church only narrowly escaped being banned altogether. Scientology is similarly controversial in Belgium, Greece and the UK. On the subject of Scientology's status as a religion, the German government has pointed to a 1995 decision by the Federal Labor Court of Germany. That court, noting Hubbard's instruction that Scientologists should " make money, make more money – make other people produce so as to make more money ", came to the conclusion that " Scientology purports to be a'church'merely as a cover to pursue its economic interests ". In the same decision, the court also found that Scientology uses " inhuman and totalitarian practices ". Given the lessons of Germany's 20th @-@ century history, in which the country came to be dominated by a fascist movement that started from similarly small beginnings, Germany is very wary of any ideological movement that might appear to be seeking a position of absolute power. References in Scientology writings to the elimination of " parasites " and " antisocial " people who stand in the way of progress towards Scientology's utopian world " without insanity, without criminals and without war " evoke uncomfortable parallels with Nazism, and have led to Scientology being classified as an " extremist political movement ". To further justify its stance, the German government has also pointed to the long history of U.S. court cases involving Scientology, including the conviction of 11 top Scientologists in 1979 and 1980 for a conspiracy involving the infiltration of U.S. government agencies, wiretapping and the theft of government documents, a 1994 U.S. Supreme Court finding that Scientology practices took place in a " coercive environment ", and Scientology's track record of pursuing its critics through malicious court cases and private investigators. In examining the potential threat posed by Scientology the German government has noted that Scientology organizations are " structured so as to make the individual psychologically and financially dependent on a Scientology system ", and that members often abandon contact with friends and family. = = History = = = = = Scientology presence in Germany = = = Scientology first became active in Germany in 1970. By 2007, there were ten major centres ( " Scientology Churches " ), as well as fourteen minor centres ( " Scientology Missions " ) in Germany. The German Scientology Churches are located in the big cities – Munich, Hamburg, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hanover and Stuttgart. Of the Scientology Missions, nine are in Baden @-@ Württemberg, and three in Bavaria. Following German re @-@ unification, Scientology proved unable to gain significant numbers of followers in the territories of the former German Democratic Republic ; most adherents are found in Baden @-@ Württemberg, Bavaria and North @-@ Rhine Westphalia. Scientology is represented by a large number of independent associations or Vereine in Germany ; their umbrella organisation is the Scientology Kirche Deutschland e.V. Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz ( BfV, or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ), estimates that there are 4 @,@ 000 Scientologists in Germany, down from earlier estimates of 5 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 000. The Church of Scientology reported around 30 @,@ 000 members from the mid @-@ 1990s onwards ; this number remained stable for many years. However more recently Scientology has said it has only 12 @,@ 000 members. Discrepancies in Scientology membership numbers arise because the Church of Scientology applies more inclusive criteria in establishing its figures, essentially including anyone who has purchased a book or participated in courses, regardless of their subsequent involvement. The number of contractually bound Scientology staff members working in German Scientology organizations is unlikely to exceed a few hundred. Scientology formulated a " Clear Germany " strategy in 1994 – similar to equivalent strategies pursued by Scientology in other countries and regions of the world – with the long @-@ term aim of transforming German society in line with the Scientological ideal : a non @-@ pluralist society in which Scientology enjoys overriding influence. The programme sought to address Scientology's image problems in Germany, to identify weak points in Germany that could be exploited for political gain, such as Germany's National Socialist history, and to increase both membership figures and political influence in German society, with a special emphasis on manoeuvring Scientologists into key positions in industry and government. As most religions seek to widen their influence in society, such a programme could of course also be defended as a missionary effort, much like those many religions engage in. However, according to the BfV, the strategy has not had any significant success. By 1998, 90 government officials had been suspected of being Scientologists and in 48 cases the suspicions were confirmed, but apart from some isolated cases, most of the officials concerned had not used their positions to advertise Scientology. According to Fifka & Sydora ( 2009 ), it is unknown to what degree the " Clear Germany " programme is still being pursued. = = = Public opposition = = = German public discourse does not regard Scientology as a religion, but generally characterizes it as a Sekte ( cult or sect ), or as an exploitative profit @-@ making venture preying on vulnerable minds. Public concerns about the potential dangers posed by cults date back to the early 1970s, when widespread debate took place about " youth religions " such as the Unification Church, ISKCON, Children of God, and the Divine Light Mission. The most prominent critics of these new religious movements were the " sect commissioners " ( Sektenbeauftragte ) of Germany's Protestant Churches, who also actively promoted the establishment of private " initiatives of parents and concerned persons ". Aktion Bildungsinformation ( " Educational Information Campaign " ) became an important organization dedicated to opposing Scientology ; taking an activist stance, it warned people not to get involved with Scientology, filed successful lawsuits against the Church of Scientology over its proselytizing in public places, and published an	wikitext_103	[ 426, 11615, 1497, 275, 6176, 426, 4928, 187, 380, 6412, 273, 11615, 1497, 556, 644, 1246, 275, 6176, 1580, 10333, 964, 5685, 9061, 6642, 326, 627, 403, 577, 1214, 13, 33, 20181, 3939, 11615, 11644, 275, 6176, 3063, 3706, 253, 6412, 273, 11615, 1497, 4245, 247, 14199, 4677, 273, 1475, 1249, 1214, 13, 33, 20181, 964, 380, 6412, 273, 11615, 1497, 556, 14494, 1798, 13878, 1204, 432, 253, 5685, 2315, 285, 2208, 285, 41358, 247, 3509, 37993, 4320, 1157, 2675, 285, 8928, 1899, 275, 6176, 964, 2490, 5685, 7829, 452, 594, 2080, 417, 11512, 1880, 11615, 1497, 943, 320, 48693, 253, 4320, 3708, 273, 247, 7231, 390, 1533, 1374, 3114, 1157, 285, 1027, 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= Homarus gammarus = Homarus gammarus, known as the European lobster or common lobster, is a species of clawed lobster from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Black Sea. It is closely related to the American lobster, H. americanus. It may grow to a length of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and a mass of 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ), and bears a conspicuous pair of claws. In life, the lobsters are blue, only becoming " lobster red " on cooking. Mating occurs in the summer, producing eggs which are carried by the females for up to a year before hatching into planktonic larvae. Homarus gammarus is a highly esteemed food, and is widely caught using lobster pots, mostly around the British Isles. = = Description = = Homarus gammarus is a large crustacean, with a body length up to 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) and weighing up to 5 – 6 kilograms ( 11 – 13 lb ), although the lobsters caught in lobster pots are usually 23 – 38 cm ( 9 – 15 in ) long and weigh 0 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 2 kg ( 1 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 9 lb ). Like other crustaceans, lobsters have a hard exoskeleton which they must shed in order to grow, in a process called ecdysis ( moulting ). This may occur several times a year for young lobsters, but decreases to once every 1 – 2 years for larger animals. The first pair of pereiopods is armed with a large, asymmetrical pair of claws. The larger one is the " crusher ", and has rounded nodules used for crushing prey ; the other is the " cutter ", which has sharp inner edges, and is used for holding or tearing the prey. Usually, the left claw is the crusher, and the right is the cutter. The exoskeleton is generally blue above, with spots that coalesce, and yellow below. The red colour associated with lobsters only appears after cooking. This occurs because, in life, the red pigment astaxanthin is bound to a protein complex, but the complex is broken up by the heat of cooking, releasing the red pigment. The closest relative of H. gammarus is the American lobster, Homarus americanus. The two species are very similar, and can be crossed artificially, although hybrids are unlikely to occur in the wild since their ranges do not overlap. The two species can be distinguished by a number of characteristics : The rostrum of H. americanus bears one or more spines on the underside, which are lacking in H. gammarus. The spines on the claws of H. americanus are red or red @-@ tipped, while those of H. gammarus are white or white @-@ tipped. The underside of the claw of H. americanus is orange or red, while that of H. gammarus is creamy white or very pale red. = = Life cycle = = Female H. gammarus reach sexual maturity when they have grown to a carapace length of 80 – 85 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 in ), whereas males mature at a slightly smaller size. Mating typically occurs in summer between a recently moulted female, whose shell is therefore soft, and a hard @-@ shelled male. The female carries the eggs for up to 12 months, depending on the temperature, attached to her pleopods. Females carrying eggs are said to be " berried " and can be found throughout the year. The eggs hatch at night, and the larvae swim to the water surface where they drift with the ocean currents, preying on zooplankton. This stage involves three moults and lasts for 15 – 35 days. After the third moult, the juvenile takes on a form closer to the adult, and adopts a benthic lifestyle. The juveniles are rarely seen in the wild, and are poorly known, although they are known to be capable of digging extensive burrows. It is estimated that only 1 larva in every 20 @,@ 000 survives to the benthic phase. When they reach a carapace length of 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ), the juveniles leave their burrows and start their adult lives. = = Distribution = = Homarus gammarus is found across the north @-@ eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the Azores and Morocco, not including the Baltic Sea. It is also present in most of the Mediterranean Sea, only missing from the section east of Crete, and along only the north @-@ west coast of the Black Sea. The northernmost populations are found in the Norwegian fjords Tysfjorden and Nordfolda, inside the Arctic Circle. The species can be divided into four genetically distinct populations, one widespread population, and three which have diverged due to small effective population sizes, possibly due to adaptation to the local environment. The first of these is the population of lobsters from northern Norway, which have been referred to as the " midnight @-@ sun lobster ". The populations in the Mediterranean Sea are distinct from those in the Atlantic Ocean. The last distinct population is found in the Netherlands : samples from the Oosterschelde were distinct from those collected in the North Sea or English Channel. Attempts have been made to introduce H. gammarus to New Zealand, alongside other European species such as the edible crab, Cancer pagurus. Between 1904 and 1914, one million lobster larvae were released from hatcheries in Dunedin, but the species did not become established there. = = Ecology = = Adult H. gammarus live on the continental shelf at depths of 0 – 150 metres ( 0 – 492 ft ), although not normally deeper than 50 m ( 160 ft ). They prefer hard substrates, such as rocks or hard mud, and live in holes or crevices, emerging at night to feed. The diet of H. gammarus mostly consists of other benthic invertebrates. These include crabs, molluscs, sea urchins, starfish and polychaete worms. The three clawed lobster species Homarus gammarus, H. americanus and Nephrops norvegicus are hosts to the three known species of the animal phylum Cycliophora ; the species on H. gammarus has not been described. Homarus gammarus is susceptible to the disease gaffkaemia, caused by the bacterium Aerococcus viridans. Although it is frequently found in American lobsters, the disease has only been seen in captive H. gammarus, where prior occupation of the tanks by H. americanus could not be ruled out. = = Human consumption = = Homarus gammarus is traditionally " highly esteemed " as a foodstuff and was mentioned in " The Crabfish " a seventeenth century English folk song. It may fetch very high prices and may be sold fresh, frozen, canned or powdered. Both the claws and the abdomen of H. gammarus contain " excellent " white meat, and most of the contents of the cephalothorax are edible. The exceptions are the gastric mill and the " sand vein " ( gut ). The price of H. gammarus is up to three times higher than that of H. americanus, and the European species is considered to have a better flavour. Lobsters are mostly fished using lobster pots, although lines baited with octopus or cuttlefish sometimes succeed in tempting them out, to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand. In 2008, 4 @,@ 386 t of H. gammarus were caught across Europe and North Africa, of which 3 @,@ 462 t ( 79 % ) was caught in the British Isles ( including the Channel Islands ). The minimum landing size for H. gammarus is a carapace length of 87 mm ( 3 @.@ 4 in ). Aquaculture systems for H. gammarus are under development, and production rates are still very low. = = Taxonomic history = = Homarus gammarus was first given a binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, published in 1758. That name was Cancer gammarus, since Linnaeus'concept of the genus Cancer at that time included all large crustaceans. H. gammarus is the type species of the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, as determined by Direction 51 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Prior to that direction, confusion arose because the species had been referred to by several different names, including Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 and Homarus vulgaris H. Milne @-@ Edwards, 1837, and also because Friedrich Weber's description of the genus had been overlooked until rediscovered by Mary Rathbun, rendering any prior assignments of type species ( for Homarus H. Milne @-@ Edwards, 1837 ) invalid for Homarus Weber, 1795. The type specimen of Homarus gammarus was a lectotype selected by Lipke Holthuis in 1974. It came from 57 ° 53 ′ N 11 ° 32 ′ E, near Marstrand, Sweden ( 48 kilometres or 30 miles northwest of Gothenburg ), but both it and the paralectotypes have since been lost. 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= Slammiversary ( 2008 ) = Slammiversary ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on June 8, 2008 at the DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven, Mississippi. It was the fourth event under the Slammiversary name and the sixth event in the 2008 TNA PPV schedule. Seven professional wrestling matches and one dark match were featured on the event's card, three of which were for championships. The event commemorated TNA's six year anniversary. The main event was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended against Booker T, Christian Cage, Rhino, and Robert Roode. Joe won the match to retain the title. The card also featured a bout pitting A.J. Styles against Kurt Angle, which Styles won. The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) at the event. LAX was the victors in the contest to retain the championship. A Six Woman Tag Team match was won by the team of Gail Kim, ODB, and Roxxi over The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) and Moose on the undercard. Slammiversary is remembered for Joe being the first to retain a championship in a King of the Mountain match. The reported figure of purchasers for the event was 20 @,@ 000, as reported by The Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Slammiversary had an attendance of 2 @,@ 000 people. Jon Waldman of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show a 7 out of 10, which was lower than the 8 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Jason Clevett. After the event, an accident occurred which resulted in the death of one man and the injury of another. = = Production = = = = = Background = = = The fourth installment in the Slammiversary name was announced in January 2008 to take place on June 8. In March 2008, it was reported that Slammiversary would be held outside the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. In late @-@ March 2008, Slammiversary was expected to be held in Tennessee. TNA issued a press release in April 2008 advertising Slammiversary on June 8 at the DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven, Mississippi, although TNA promoted the event as being held in the Memphis area. It also announced that the annual King of the Mountain match would be held at the event. Tickets for Slammiverary went on sale on April 25. Slammiversary celebrates TNA's six year anniversary, after it formed on June 19, 2002. TNA created a section covering the event on their website. TNA released a poster to promote the event prior featuring the tagline " In a town where legends are made, one strives to reach immortality " and Booker T, Christian Cage, Rhino, Samoa Joe, and Tomko. Release the Flood by Dust for Life was used as the official theme for the show. Promotional material advertising the return of Abyss at the event was featured on TNA's television program TNA Impact!. The scripted wedding of Jay Lethal and SoCal Val was promoted for Slammiversary. This was announced on the May 15 episode of Impact!, when Lethal proposed and Val accepted in the storyline. American singer Ace Young was advertised take part in the segment on the May 22 episode of Impact!. On the May 29 episode of Impact!, Lethal asked Sonjay Dutt to be his best man, to which Dutt agreed. Lethal's groomsmen were announced on the June 5 episode as George Steele, Kamala, Koko B. Ware, and Jake Roberts. = = = Storylines = = = Slammiversary featured seven professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The main event at Slammiversary was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended the title against four other competitors. On the May 15 episode of Impact!, Joe announced the encounter would take place at Slammiversary as well that an agreement had been made between Management Director Jim Cornette and himself on who would compete in the bout. The arrangement entailed that qualifying matches would take place leading to the event between four wrestlers he chose and four wrestlers Cornette chose. Cornette's four wrestlers were James Storm, Matt Morgan, Robert Roode, and Tomko, while Joe's four were A.J. Styles, Booker T, Christian Cage, and Rhino. The qualifying matches were held on the May 22 and May 29 episodes of Impact!. Roode defeated Morgan in the first qualifier, while Booker T defeated Styles in the second, both on the May 22 episode of Impact!. The last two qualification matches were held on the May 29 episode of Impact!, with Rhino defeating Storm and Cage defeating Tomko. Kevin Nash, who played Joe's mentor in the storyline, requested to be made the Special Guest Ringside Enforcer for the bout, which he was granted by Cornette on the May 29 episode of Impact!. The predominate storyline heading into the event was the rivalry between A.J. Styles and Kurt Angle, both members of The Angle Alliance group. On the February 14 episode of Impact!, TNA held the scripted wedding of Angle's real @-@ life wife Karen Angle and Styles despite Angle and Karen still being married on @-@ screen. Afterwards, Karen and Angle separated in the storyline on the March 13 episode of Impact!. TNA continued to build the situation with Angle attempting to reconcile with Karen on the May 15 episode of Impact!. Karen refused Angle's request on the May 22 episode of Impact!, leading to Angle turning on and assaulting Styles later in the episode due to his jealousy of the affection Karen showed for Styles. On the May 29 episode of Impact!, Cornette announced Angle versus Styles for the event. Angle sustained a severe neck injury in early May with several TNA officials believing Angle would not recover in time to perform at the show. Angle was still in pain a few days prior to Slammiversary but was expected to perform normally despite some officials feeling it was too soon to compete. The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended at Slammiversary by then @-@ champions The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ). At TNA's previous PPV event Sacrifice on May 11, LAX defeated Team 3D in the final round of the Deuces Wild Tag Team Tournament for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship. On the May 15 episode of Impact!, Team 3D attacked and was scripted to injure LAX's manager Héctor Guerrero, thus starting a rivalry between the two. Cornette announced a rematch from Sacrifice for the championship to take place at the show on the May 29 episode of Impact!. TNA held a Six Woman Tag Team match pitting The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) and Mickie Knuckles against Gail Kim, ODB, and Roxxi at Slammiversary. This was the main storyline in TNA's women's division which started at Sacrifice where TNA held a Ten Woman TNA Knockouts Makeover Battle Royal to become number @-@ one contender to the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. The rules of the contest involved the winner getting a championship match while the runner @-@ up had her head shaven. Love cost Roxxi — then known as Roxxi Laveaux — the match, resulting in her head being shaven. Kim won the bout and went on to have her title opportunity on the May 15 episode of Impact!, which she lost after interference from Love. On the June 5 episode of Impact!, Knuckles made her TNA debut aligning with The Beautiful People in assaulting Kim, ODB, and Roxxi. = = Event = = TNA held a match to warm – up the crowd known as a dark match prior to the show pitting The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) against the team of Lance Hoyt and Johnny Devine. The Motor City Machine Guns won the encounter. = = = Miscellaneous = = = Slammiversary featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches. Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast, with Frank Trigg providing for the A.J. Styles versus Kurt Angle bout only. Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event. Andrew Thomas, Earl Hebner, Rudy Charles, and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters. Lauren Thompson and Borash were used as interviewers during the event. Besides those who competed at the event, Abyss, Ace Young, Eric Young, George Steele, Héctor Guerrero, Jake Roberts, Jay Lethal,	wikitext_103	[ 426, 7335, 3681, 16488, 313, 4695, 2387, 426, 4928, 187, 7335, 3681, 16488, 313, 4695, 2387, 369, 247, 5702, 28508, 2075, 1214, 14, 33, 591, 1214, 14, 33, 1859, 313, 367, 10201, 2387, 2362, 4197, 407, 253, 12266, 8758, 13121, 12121, 47139, 313, 308, 1322, 2387, 14892, 326, 2335, 1659, 327, 3978, 854, 1157, 4695, 387, 253, 1605, 52, 4881, 21352, 280, 5197, 275, 3684, 7603, 1157, 18531, 964, 733, 369, 253, 7002, 2362, 762, 253, 7335, 3681, 16488, 1416, 285, 253, 15515, 2362, 275, 253, 4695, 308, 1322, 367, 10201, 10130, 964, 20400, 5702, 28508, 10129, 285, 581, 3644, 3761, 497, 12819, 327, 253, 2362, 686, 84, 3120, 1157, 1264, 273, 534, 497, 323, 40507, 964, 380, 2362, 42628, 456, 308, 1322, 686, 84, 2800, 807, 19054, 964, 2490, 380, 2022, 2362, 369, 247, 4377, 273, 253, 15939, 3761, 323, 253, 308, 1322, 3645, 32592, 6712, 11218, 1157, 275, 534, 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rd congressional district, represented by Gregg Harper ( R ), who has been in office since 2009. Lauderdale County, home to Meridian, has voted for the Republican candidate in every United States presidential election since 1972. Prior to the shift to the Republican Party, white area voters supported Democratic Party candidates, as for decades since the late nineteenth century, it was a one @-@ party state. = = Demographics = = The city's growth has reflected the push and pull of many social and economic factors. The total population increased in each census from the city's founding until 1970, although varying from rates as high as 165 % to as low as 0 @.@ 2 %. In the 1970 census the population decreased, then slightly increased by 1980, after which the population slowly declined, increasing again since the turn of the 21st century. Between 1980 and 2000, the population declined more than 14 %. As of the census of 2000, the city's population was 39 @,@ 968, and the population density was 885 @.@ 9 inhabitants per square mile ( 342 @.@ 0 / km2 ). In 2008, the city was the sixth largest in the state. The population increased as of 2010. Meridian is the principal city in the Meridian micropolitan area, which as of 2009 consisted of three counties – Clarke, Kemper, and Lauderdale – and had a population of 106 @,@ 139. There is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius. While the overall population growth of the city has varied, there has been a steady growth in the number and percentage of non @-@ white residents. The only decline in this group was between 1960 and 1970, when the city's overall population declined markedly. In the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of the city was 61 @.@ 55 % African American, 35 @.@ 71 % White, 0 @.@ 9 % Asian, 0 @.@ 2 % Native American, < 0 @.@ 02 % Pacific Islander, 0 @.@ 59 % from other races, and 0 @.@ 89 % from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 @.@ 75 % of the population. According to the 2000 Census, of the 17 @,@ 890 housing units inside city limits, 15 @,@ 966 were occupied, 10 @,@ 033 of them by families. 31 @.@ 1 % of occupied households had children under the age of 18, 36 @.@ 2 % were married couples living together, 23 @.@ 3 % consisted of a female householder with no husband present, and 37 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families. 33 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 @.@ 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2 @.@ 39 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 06. The average household size has steadily decreased since 1970, when it was 3 @.@ 04. Meridian's median age has increased from 30 @.@ 4 in 1970 to 34 @.@ 6 in 2000. The median income for a household in the city was $ 25 @,@ 085, and the median income for a family was $ 31 @,@ 062. Males had a median income of $ 29 @,@ 404 versus $ 19 @,@ 702 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15 @,@ 255. About 24 @.@ 6 % of families and 28 @.@ 6 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 40 @.@ 8 % of those under age 18 and 22 @.@ 0 % of those age 65 or over. = = = Religion = = = The population of Meridian and its surrounds is fairly observant, with 65 @.@ 2 % of Lauderdale County identifying as affiliated with some type of religious congregation, compared with the national average of 50 @.@ 2 %. Of the affiliated in 2000, 30 @,@ 068 ( 59 @.@ 0 % ) were in the Southern Baptist Convention, 9 @,@ 469 ( 18 @.@ 6 % ) were with the United Methodist Church, and 1 @,@ 872 ( 3 @.@ 7 % ) were associated with the Catholic Church. Immigrant Jews from Germany and eastern Europe were influential in commercial development of the city, building businesses and services. Congregation Beth Israel was founded in 1868, just before the city's " Golden Age. " Meridian once had the largest Jewish community in the state, with 575 Jewish people living in the city in 1927. Today, fewer than 40 Jews live in Meridian, most of whom are elderly. = = Geography and climate = = Meridian is located in the North Central Hills region of Mississippi in Lauderdale County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45 @.@ 9 sq mi ( 119 km2 ), of which 45 @.@ 1 sq mi ( 117 km2 ) is land and 0 @.@ 8 sq mi ( 2 @.@ 1 km2 ) is water. Along major highways, the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson, Mississippi ; 154 mi ( 248 km ) west of Birmingham, Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana ; 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis, Tennessee ; and 297 mi ( 478 km ) west of Atlanta, Georgia. The area surrounding the city is covered with cotton and corn fields along with oak and pine forests, and its topography consists of clay hills and the bottom lands of the head waters of the Chickasawhay River. The natural terrain of the area has been modified in the urban core of the city by grading, but it maintains its gentle rolling character in the outlying areas. Numerous small creeks are found throughout the city and small lakes and woodlands lie in the northern and southern portions of the city. Sowashee Creek runs through the southern portion of the city and branches off into Gallagher's Creek, which flows through the center of the city. Loper's Creek runs through the far @-@ western part of the city while smaller creeks including Shearer's Branch, Magnolia Creek, and Robbins Creek are dispersed throughout the city. Meridian is in the humid subtropical climate zone. The average high temperature during summer ( June through August ) is around 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and the average low is around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ). In winter ( December through February ) the average maximum is around 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and minimum 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ). The warmest month is July, with an average high of 92 @.@ 9 ° F ( 33 @.@ 8 ° C ), and the coldest month of the year is January with an average low of 34 @.@ 7 ° F ( 1 @.@ 5 ° C ). The average annual precipitation in the city is 58 @.@ 65 in ( 1 @,@ 490 mm ). Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and the wettest month of the year is March, in which an average of 6 @.@ 93 in ( 176 mm ) of rain falls. Much rainfall is delivered by thunderstorms which are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year. Severe thunderstorms - which can produce damaging winds and / or large hail in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain - occasionally occur. These are most common during the spring months with a secondary peak during the Fall months. These storms also bring the risk of tornadoes. = = Economy = = Early on, the economy depended greatly upon the railroads in the area. The city was the largest in Mississippi around the start of the 20th century, with five major rail lines and 44 trains coming in and out daily. The city's economy not only depended on the rails but the goods, such as timber and cotton, transported on them. With these rail @-@ based industries, the city was a great economic power in the state and region from about 1890 through 1930. Though its economy slowed with the decline of the railroading industry in the 1950s, the city has adapted, moving from a largely rail @-@ based economy to a more diversified one, with healthcare, military, and manufacturing employing the most people. Along with Lauderdale County and the city of Marion, Meridian is served by the East Mississippi Business Development Corporation, which was formed in 1996 by a group of business leaders from the area. While as of April 2010, the city's civilian labor force was only 15 @,@ 420 people, there is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius, of which 104 @,@ 600 and 234 @,@ 200 people respectively are in the labor force. The city thus serves as a hub of employment, retail, health care, and culture activities. Eighty percent of Lauderdale County's workers reside in the county while 90 % live within 45 miles. In April 2010, there were 6 @,@ 260 people employed in the healthcare field in Lauderdale County. Rush Hospital is the largest healthcare organization in the region, employing 2 @,@ 610 people, followed by East Mississippi State Hospital with 1 @,@ 500 and Anderson Hospital with 1 @,@ 475.	wikitext_103	[ 5784, 22996, 3286, 1157, 6607, 407, 13729, 1266, 22663, 313, 416, 2387, 1157, 665, 556, 644, 275, 3906, 1580, 4748, 964, 3905, 438, 15182, 1079, 3928, 1157, 1728, 281, 7612, 31517, 1157, 556, 14285, 323, 253, 8786, 7431, 275, 1046, 1986, 2077, 12674, 6132, 1580, 15750, 964, 13036, 281, 253, 5333, 281, 253, 8786, 7021, 1157, 3168, 2170, 11163, 4516, 9922, 7021, 9183, 1157, 347, 323, 8007, 1580, 253, 3563, 26815, 5331, 1157, 352, 369, 247, 581, 1214, 14, 33, 3128, 1375, 964, 4928, 187, 426, 426, 4281, 24959, 426, 426, 4928, 187, 380, 2846, 686, 84, 3116, 556, 11392, 253, 7450, 285, 3785, 273, 1142, 2675, 285, 5054, 2616, 964, 380, 2264, 3072, 2559, 275, 1016, 20740, 432, 253, 2846, 686, 84, 23569, 1919, 10333, 1157, 3738, 11962, 432, 4142, 347, 1029, 347, 19939, 2462, 281, 347, 1698, 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the next morning. Engineers were brought forward, as was a bulldozer, and the gap was bridged. Amidst heavy fighting, the Australians forced their way across the creek. By the time that the position had been taken in the afternoon and the infantry had advanced to the line of exploitation 400 yd ( 370 m ) beyond the creek, 37 Japanese had been killed for the loss of seven Australians killed and 19 wounded. After this, the Australians continued their advance towards Sindou Creek, which was a further 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the southeast. In response, the Japanese launched a number of determined counterattacks over the course of the following week, although these were turned back. During this time, the Australians sent a number of patrols out in front of their forward elements, one of which managed to slip through the Japanese defensive positions either side of the Buin Road and carried out a reconnaissance of the Hongorai River about 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) south of the main crossing. Further patrols were carried out, as well as a number of ambushes, before the advance was resumed on 26 April. Resuming their advance, the Australians were supported by three squadrons of Corsairs from the Royal New Zealand Air Force — Nos. 14, 22 and 26 Squadrons — which bombed and strafed the ground in front of the advancing infantry, as well as a creeping barrage of artillery and mortar fire. With such strong support the Japanese offered little resistance and over the course of two days the 24th Infantry Battalion covered almost a third of the distance to the Hongorai, for just one man wounded. Further progress was made over the next week, but on 4 May the advance was slowed when they encountered a roadblock defended by a field gun along with a machine gun, mines and other improvised explosive devices. After this, the 15th Brigade's engineer support were called upon to regularly carry out route clearance and proving operations as the Japanese became increasingly desperate to destroy the Australian armour, to the extent that they were prepared to sacrifice an artillery piece in order to lure the Australian tanks into a trap where they could be destroyed by mines. The Japanese began to adapt their tactics in other ways also. To negate the effectiveness of the Australian tanks, the Japanese began to position themselves off the roads, forcing the infantry to fight without their armoured support. Additionally, the Japanese began to concentrate their artillery with increasing accuracy upon the advancing infantry, which they kept under constant observation and fire. Meanwhile, the previous day, 3 May, the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion had begun operating along the parallel Commando Road to the north. Here they had a number of encounters and suffered casualties due to their inexperience in patrolling, which resulted in them being ambushed. They also kept up a steady advance and eventually beat the main force in reaching, and crossing the river, arriving there on 6 May. On 5 May, along the Buin Road, the 24th Infantry Battalion had pressed forward again. Advancing with a tank troop in support, they came up against a concealed field gun defended by approximately 100 Japanese. After the lead Matilda's machine gun jammed, the field gun opened fire on it, damaging it and wounding its crew. Moving around the stricken tank, the second Matilda, armed with a howitzer, opened fire and destroyed the field gun before sweeping the Japanese defenders from the position. That night, the Japanese artillery opened up on the Australian position with a heavy barrage, and the following morning put in a company @-@ sized counter @-@ attack. The fighting lasted for over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours, but when it was over the Australians remained in possession of the position having repulsed the attack. In doing so, they suffered one killed and nine wounded, while the attacking Japanese had suffered heavily, losing 58 men killed. It was the biggest loss since the action at Slater's Knoll and it spelt the end of their attempt to defend the Hongorai. After this, the Australians were able to resume their advance to the river on 7 May without further opposition. The previous three weeks in which they had advanced 7 @,@ 000 yd ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) to the Hongorai had been costly for them, however, with the Australian 24th Infantry Battalion losing 25 killed and 95 wounded. Against this, the Japanese had lost at least 169 killed. = = = Crossing the Hongorai = = = Following the advance to the Hongorai, there was a pause of about a week as the Australians had to wait for roads to be improved and supplies to be brought up, before attempting to cross the Hongorai en masse. This allowed Savige to re @-@ evaluate the situation and to issue new orders for the advance towards the Hari and Mivo Rivers. As they waited for the advance to resume, the Australians carried out reconnaissance patrols deep into Japanese held territory and there were a couple of significant engagements during this time. As a part of these, the 24th Infantry Battalion sent a company across the Hongorai and subsequently located a strong Japanese position on a feature that became known as Egan's Ridge, which, due to its location, commanded the main Australian axis of advance. The main crossing was planned for 20 May, with the 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion on the right tasked to cut the Buin Road and the Aitara Track to the east of the river, while on the left the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion would divert the attention of the Japanese off the 24th Infantry Battalion which would make the main frontal assault from the centre of the Australian line, crossing at the Pororei ford, advancing straight up the Buin Road. Preliminary moves began before this, and on 15 May a platoon from the 24th Infantry Battalion along with two tanks attempted to carry out an attack on Egan's Ridge. After one of the tanks was held up and knocked out by a Japanese field gun, they were forced to withdraw. Meanwhile, the RNZAF Corsair squadrons — now reinforced by No. 16 Squadron — began an eight @-@ day aerial campaign, attacking along the length of the Buin and Commando Roads. During this period, the New Zealanders flew 381 sorties, while artillery and mortars fired " thousands of rounds ". Two days later, on 17 May, the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion began its diversionary move on the left flank, crossing the Hongorai inland and advancing along the Commando Road with 32 Corsairs and two batteries of artillery in support. Crossing 500 yd ( 460 m ) north of the ford, the centre company carried out an attack along the far bank of the river without its armoured support which had been unable to negotiate the crossing. Nevertheless, shortly before noon they had secured the crossing and began to fan out, carrying out further flanking moves before establishing a firm base to receive supplies and from where it began patrolling operations on 20 May. In the centre, the main attack along the Buin Road began at 08 : 30 on 20 May after 20 minutes of strafing by New Zealand Corsairs had prepared the ground. Advancing under a creeping barrage, and with mortar and machine gun support, the 24th Infantry Battalion moved forward with three companies up front and one held back in reserve, along with two troops of Matilda tanks. Mostly the forward companies reached their objectives, but one of the companies was halted just short of their objective and was forced to dig @-@ in overnight after coming under heavy small arms and artillery fire and losing four killed and five wounded. The attack was resumed the following day, and the Australians were able to advance to the Pororei ford ; however, they were prevented from moving any further as the Japanese were still concentrated in large numbers further to the west where an Australian patrol encountered 70 Japanese and were forced to go to ground. Finally, a company from the 24th Infantry Battalion was able to move on to the high ground on Egan's Ridge, which they found to be heavily mined and booby trapped. Engineers and assault pioneers were called up to clear the feature. On the right flank, the 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion carried out a wide flanking move along a track that had been carved out of the west bank of the Hongorai by bulldozer. Beginning their move two days earlier, a number of patrols had had contacts with the Japanese. Meanwhile, using tractors to drag the tanks through the mud, the Australian armour had crossed the river also and by 16 : 00 on 20 May the battalion had managed to establish itself in an assembly area to the east of the river, unbeknown to the Japanese. The following day, the battalion left the line of departure and began to advance on its primary objective, which it reached in the early afternoon despite being held up while the tanks attempted to affect a creek crossing, and further delayed by stiff resistance. Later, after one of the battalion's patrols came under heavy fire, the tanks moved up and attacked a Japanese gun position which the defenders quickly abandoned, leaving behind a 70 mm gun and a large amount of ammunition. By 22 May, although there were still a number of Japanese in the area which continued to harass and ambush their line of communications, most of the Australian objectives had been secured and mopping up operations began. The last remaining defensive location before the Hongorai was Egan's Ridge, where the Japanese were sheltering in tunnels. A heavy aerial and artillery bombardment devastated the position and forced them to abandon the ridge. It was subsequently occupied by a company of Australian infantry. Within a short period of time the Buin Road was subsequently opened, providing the Australians with the means with which to bring up supplies for the next stage	wikitext_103	[ 253, 1735, 4131, 964, 37349, 497, 3982, 3579, 1157, 347, 369, 247, 5152, 392, 6002, 254, 1157, 285, 253, 8037, 369, 18138, 2400, 964, 3052, 301, 296, 5536, 8615, 1157, 253, 45373, 6726, 616, 1039, 2439, 253, 38879, 964, 2896, 253, 673, 326, 253, 1899, 574, 644, 2668, 275, 253, 9055, 285, 253, 32468, 574, 7269, 281, 253, 1386, 273, 30211, 9166, 340, 69, 313, 32002, 278, 2387, 4457, 253, 38879, 1157, 5345, 6692, 574, 644, 5339, 323, 253, 2957, 273, 5093, 45373, 5339, 285, 655, 16545, 964, 2732, 436, 1157, 253, 45373, 4821, 616, 7170, 4404, 322, 527, 276, 16611, 1157, 534, 369, 247, 2007, 337, 3641, 313, 337, 1214, 15, 33, 721, 10771, 2387, 281, 253, 32253, 964, 496, 2380, 1157, 253, 6692, 10098, 247, 1180, 273, 3413, 4828, 1595, 7305, 689, 253, 2282, 273, 253, 1563, 2129, 1157, 3738, 841, 497, 3531, 896, 964, 6408, 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ian Special Air Service soldiers and senior officers from other military units. Smith and several government ministers also attended, including P K van der Byl, the co @-@ Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dean John de Costa gave a sermon damning what he described as a " deafening silence " from overseas. " Nobody who holds sacred the dignity of human life can be anything but sickened at the events attending the Viscount, " he said. " But are we deafened with the voice of protest from nations who call themselves civilised? We are not! Like men in the story of the Good Samaritan, they pass by on the other side... The ghastliness of this ill @-@ fated flight from Kariba will be burnt upon our memories for years to come. For others, far from our borders, it is an intellectual matter, not one which affects them deeply. Here is the tragedy! " = = = Smith – Nkomo talks halted = = = The talks between Smith and the ZAPU leader that had been progressing so promisingly were immediately halted by Salisbury. Smith himself called Nkomo a " monster ". Cilliers comments that the ending of the Smith – Nkomo talks at this time was " potentially the most serious result of the Viscount massacre ", as the talks had been progressing well before the incident. He surmises that an agreement between the two " at this critical stage " might have helped the transitional Rhodesian government to secure international recognition. On 10 September, the Prime Minister announced to the nation that certain areas of the country would be placed under a variation of martial law, which he said would be applied in particular regions as and when needed. He declared Rhodesia's intent to " liquidate the internal workings of those organisations associated with terrorism ", and warned neighbouring countries to prepare for " any defensive strikes we might undertake " against guerrilla bases in their respective territories. He claimed that the war had escalated because Britain and the United States were supporting the Patriotic Front. William Irvine, the co @-@ Minister of Transport, warned the guerrillas that Rhodesia " w [ ould ] not let these innocents go unavenged ". = = Rhodesia strikes back = = = = = Operation Snoopy ; Rhodesia hits New Chimoio = = = Because ZAPU and ZIPRA were based in Zambia, many Rhodesians clamoured for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in that country, but the first external target hit by the security forces following the Viscount shootdown was the prominent cluster of ZANLA bases around Chimoio in Mozambique. The Rhodesian military had struck these bases extensively in November 1977 during Operation Dingo, destroying much of the ZANLA presence there, but the insurgents had since built a complex called " New Chimoio ", slightly to the east ; the new camps were distributed across a far larger area than the originals. In a combined airborne @-@ ground assault called Operation Snoopy, the Rhodesian Air Force, Rhodesian Light Infantry and Special Air Service wiped out much of New Chimoio on 20 September 1978. Mozambique sent armour to ZANLA's aid in the form of nine Soviet @-@ made T @-@ 54 tanks and four Russian BTR @-@ 152 armoured personnel carriers, but the former were routed and one of the latter destroyed by the Rhodesian security forces. According to Rhodesian figures, there were " several hundred " guerrillas killed, while the security forces lost only two soldiers, one of whom was accidentally killed by a friendly air strike. = = = Operation Gatling ; the " Green Leader " raid = = = Rhodesia then attacked ZIPRA's bases in Zambia, in what Group Captain Peter Petter @-@ Bowyer later described as " payback time " for Flight 825. Operation Gatling, launched on 19 October 1978, was another joint @-@ force operation between the Air Force and the Army, which contributed Special Air Service and Rhodesian Light Infantry paratroopers. Gatling's primary target, just 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) north @-@ east of central Lusaka, was the formerly white @-@ owned Westlands Farm, which had been transformed into ZIPRA's main headquarters and training base under the name " Freedom Camp ". ZIPRA presumed that Rhodesia would never dare to attack a site so close to Lusaka. About 4 @,@ 000 guerrillas underwent training at Freedom Camp, with senior ZIPRA staff also on site. The Rhodesian operation's other targets were Chikumbi, 19 kilometres ( 12 miles ) north of Lusaka, and Mkushi Camp ; all three were to be attacked more or less simultaneously in a coordinated sweep across Zambia. Assaulting targets deep inside Zambia was a first for the Rhodesian forces ; previously only guerrillas near the border had been attacked. Led by Squadron Leader Chris Dixon, who identified himself to Lusaka Airport tower as " Green Leader ", a Rhodesian Air Force group flew into Zambia at very low altitudes ( thereby avoiding Zambian radar ) and took control of the country's airspace for about a quarter of an hour during the initial assault on Westlands Farm, informing Lusaka tower that the attack was against " Rhodesian dissidents, and not against Zambia ", and that Rhodesian Hawker Hunters were circling the Zambian airfields under orders to shoot down any fighter that attempted to take off. The Zambians obeyed all of Green Leader's instructions, made no attempt to resist and temporarily halted civil air traffic. Using Rufunsa airstrip in eastern Zambia as a forward base, the Rhodesian military suffered only minor casualties during the three @-@ day operation, and afterwards claimed to have killed over 1 @,@ 500 ZIPRA personnel, as well as some Cuban instructors. Historians Paul Moorcraft and Peter McLaughlin write that this exaggerated considerably the actual number of guerrillas killed, as most of Nkomo's army, then numbering about 10 @,@ 000 fighters, had not been touched. On the other hand, unarmed refugees often camped in or around insurgent positions, and hundreds of these had been killed in the Rhodesian raid. Moorcraft and McLaughlin comment that for the Rhodesian airmen, it would have been " impossible to distinguish innocent refugees from young ZIPRA recruits. " Sibanda describes Freedom Camp as " a refugee camp for boys ", and says " 351 boys and girls " were killed. He claims that the Red Cross and the UN Refugee Agency " confirmed ZAPU's claim that Smith's forces struck at defenseless, civilian trainees ". = = Aftermath = = The Rhodesian attacks on ZANLA and ZIPRA bases did much to restore white morale following the Viscount incident, though they had not actually made much impact on the respective guerrilla campaigns. Nkomo and the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda all the same requested further military aid and better weapons from the Soviets and the British respectively. Martial law was quickly extended across Rhodesia's rural areas, and covered three @-@ quarters of the country by the end of 1978. Air Rhodesia, meanwhile, began developing anti @-@ Strela shielding for its Viscounts. Before this work was completed, ZIPRA shot down a second Viscount, Air Rhodesia Flight 827, on 12 February 1979. This time there were no survivors. Following the second shootdown, Air Rhodesia created a system whereby the underside of the Viscounts would be coated with low @-@ radiation paint, with the exhaust pipes concurrently shrouded. According to tests conducted by the Air Force, a Viscount so treated could not be detected by the Strela's targeting system once it was over 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ). There were no further Viscount shootdowns in Rhodesia. In the elections held the following year under the Internal Settlement terms, boycotted by ZANU and ZAPU, Muzorewa won a majority, and became the first Prime Minister of the reconstituted, majority @-@ ruled state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 1 June 1979. This new order failed to win international acceptance, however, and in December 1979 the Lancaster House Agreement was agreed in London by Zimbabwe Rhodesia, the UK government and the Patriotic Front, returning the country to its former colonial status. The UK government suspended the constitution and took direct control for an interim period. Fresh elections were won by Mugabe, who took power in April 1980, concurrently with the country's recognised independence as Zimbabwe. = = Legacy and memorial = = In modern Zimbabwe, it is not the Viscount shootdowns but rather the retributory Rhodesian strikes against nationalist guerrilla camps that endure predominantly in the cultural memory. State media in Zimbabwe, prominently the Herald newspaper, often claim that Rhodesian forces indiscriminately and deliberately slaughtered thousands of helpless refugees during such operations. ZIPRA's downing of civilian planes is meanwhile portrayed as a legitimate act of war on the grounds that the guerrillas might have believed them to have military personnel or equipment on board. The massacre of surviving Flight 825 passengers at the crash site is often omitted or attributed to forces other than ZIPRA ; in his 1984 memoirs Nkomo repeated his claim that ZIPRA fighters had helped the survivors, and wrote simply that " I truly have no idea how the ten died ". 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his residence that said " Turner ". Matthews had pictures of Turner's residence developed ; these were later obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) during an investigation of the Rajneesh commune, and verified after being shown to Turner. Members of the group of conspirators watched Turner's office, home and car, and discussed methods to assassinate him, hoping that his death would hinder the efforts of the federal investigation into Rajneeshpuram. Their plan was to shoot Turner in the garage of the federal office building where he worked, in Portland, Oregon, but the conspirators also debated whether to murder Turner in downtown Portland or closer to his home. After spending multiple nights watching Turner's house, the conspirators decided on the parking garage because they felt it would be too risky to murder him on the drive to or from work, or in front of his home. Turner had a reserved parking spot in a federal garage underneath Terry Schrunk Plaza in Portland, Oregon. In an affidavit given to the FBI, conspirator Alma Peralta described how the perpetrators decided on the federal parking garage as the location : " Shanti Bhadra [ Catherine Jane Stork ] said this seems like a good place to bump this fellow off. " The conspirators practiced different ways of murdering Turner. According to informant statements to law enforcement, one of the conspirators was to pretend there was car trouble, and the others would then approach Turner with their guns. Informants later told law enforcement officials that the conspirators intended to hide out at an international network of Rajneesh communes if the plan was successful. According to The Oregonian the assassinations were not carried out because Ma Anand Sheela became distracted by political power plays within the Rajneesh commune and other members of the organization who were trying to remove her from her position within the group. = = Prosecutions = = = = = Investigation = = = On February 28, 1985, Congressman James H. Weaver gave a speech in the United States House of Representatives in which he asserted that the Rajneeshees were involved in the bioterror attack in Oregon. At a series of press conferences in September 1985, Rajneesh accused several of his recently departed lieutenants of involvement in this and other crimes, including the poisoning of Mike Sullivan, a Jefferson County district attorney, and asked state and federal authorities to investigate his allegations. The assassination plot was uncovered by federal law enforcement as a result of the ensuing investigation into activities at Rajneeshpuram. Turner was never physically harmed, and had retired by 1995. The Oregonian was informed in October 1985 by federal law enforcement officials that Leslie L. Zaitz, an investigative journalist who had written a 20 @-@ part series on the Rajneesh movement in Oregon, was on a " hit list " which also included Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer. Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Weaver prosecuted the case ; the charges were first detailed at an October 1985 bond hearing in North Carolina after Rajneesh and his followers were arrested at an airport in Charlotte. Weaver said in court that followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh had plotted to assassinate Turner and Frohnmayer. He said these allegations were reasons why releasing Rajneesh and his followers from jail would be " a clear and present danger to public officials ". The guns purchased by the Rajneesh followers for the assassination plot had reportedly been dumped in a lake at Rancho Rajneesh ; the lake was searched by U.S. Navy divers. Scuba divers searched the lake for two days but did not find the guns. Joseph Greene, a U.S. immigration agent, testified in court that FBI agents had learned of the assassination plot from a member of the organization who was in a witness protection program. Greene said that members involved in the assassination plot included Ma Anand Sheela, Dianne Yvonne Onang, and Alma Peralta. The assassination plot was investigated by the FBI and the Oregon State Police. Informants told law enforcement that Ma Anand Sheela hoped Turner's death would prevent an Immigration and Naturalization Service investigation which she thought could lead to Rajneesh's arrest and deportation from the United States. Weaver stated " These attempts to assassinate public officials were because they were presenting an immigration case that might result in imprisonment " of Rajneesh. " There were not simply plans, but at least one ( assassination ) attempt, " said Weaver at the hearing. A grand jury investigation led by Turner brought charges of " widespread immigration fraud " against members of Rajneeshpuram. Wiretapping crimes were discovered after Ma Anand Sheela had fled the commune in September 1985. In December 1985, 21 followers of Rajneesh were indicted on wiretapping charges. = = = Arrests and convictions = = = Chief criminal assistant U.S. attorney Baron C. Sheldahl was assigned to prosecute the charges of federal wiretapping, and a special team from the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division was tasked with prosecuting the murder conspiracy charges. Four of the perpetrators were arrested in September 1990. Catherine Jane Stork and Richard Kevin Langford were arrested in West Germany, Ann Phyllis McCarthy was arrested in South Africa, and Susan Hagan was arrested in England. In September 1990, Alma Peralta pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder. Peralta, who had served as Ma Anand Sheela's bodyguard and confidante, agreed to testify against the other defendants in the murder conspiracy. Under the terms of Peralta's plea agreement she received a sentence of two years in federal prison. Carol Matthews was arrested in Baden @-@ Baden, Germany in October 1990 on charges of wiretapping and conspiracy to murder Turner, where she was held along with three other Rajneeshees. At the time of her arrest, Matthews was found in possession of a false British passport, and had been traveling under the fake name of " Daphene Fosberry ". Indictments were brought against Ma Anand Sheela and six other co @-@ conspirators by a federal grand jury in November 1990. In April 1991, Carol Matthews and Richard Kevin Langford ( Swami Anugiten ) were extradited from Germany to the United States in order to appear in federal court in Portland, Oregon. Law enforcement officials from the United States Marshals Service traveled to Frankfurt, Germany and took custody of the Matthews and Langford at Rhine Main Airport. On April 15, 1991, Matthews and Langford appeared in federal court in Oregon, and both pleaded innocent to charges of conspiracy to commit murder and carrying out wiretapping. On April 25, 1991, Richard Kevin Langford pleaded guilty in federal court to participating in the murder conspiracy plot against Turner, and in exchange he received a sentence of five years in federal prison and the dismissal of other charges against him relating to firearms and wiretapping. Langford agreed to testify against the other members of the murder conspiracy. Langford wrote on his plea agreement form : " In 1985, meetings were held at the Rancho Rajneesh... at which time the possible killing of the United States Attorney for Oregon was discussed. I participated in a number of these meetings and agreed with others to work toward that object. " Prosecutor Timothy J. Reardon III stated that Langford had been a member of the Rajneesh commune in Oregon since it began in 1981, and that the government was able to prove he joined the murder conspiracy at a point in time after May 25, 1985. Reardon said that Langford was a member of a group called the " Circle of 38 ", which was the personal security force that guarded Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and that he had served as a weapons instructor and policeman at the commune. Langford told U.S. District Judge Malcom F. Marsh that he had suggested that guns for the murder conspiracy could be bought in Texas, instructed the conspiractors about silencers, took responsibility for the weapons while they were in the commune, and disposed of them when members of the murder conspiracy decided to flee the U.S. for Europe. In July 1991, Carol Matthews entered a guilty plea and was convicted in federal court, she was sentenced to five years in prison. Catherine Jane Stork was convicted of the attempted murder of Rajneesh's physician Dr. George Meredith ( Swami Devaraj ) in 1986, and served almost three years in jail. After her release, agents from the FBI uncovered the plot to assassinate Turner, but Stork had already fled to Germany. She was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1990. In 1991, the German government refused to extradite Stork back to the United States. In June 1991, U.S. prosecutors filed affidavits in the murder conspiracy case with the Higher Regional Court in Karlsruhe, Germany, as part of an attempt to extradite Catherin Jane Stork from Germany to the U.S. The affidavits stated that all of the members in the murder conspiracy plot also belonged to a group of Rajneesh followers at the Oregon commune known as " the 38 ", and were trained in " commando tactics using Uzi semiautomatic rifles and handguns ". David Berry Knapp ( known to Rajneesh followers as Swami Krishna Deva ) stated in an FBI affidavit that the murder conspiracy was motivated by Ma Anand Sheela's " tremendous anger " towards Turner. Ma Anand Sheela served 29 months in a minimum security federal prison for charges related to assault, attempted murder, arson, wiretapping and the 1984 bioterror attack in The Dalles, and moved to Switzerland after her release from prison in 1988. 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= Tikal = Tikal ( / tiˈkäl / ) ( Tik ’ al in modern Mayan orthography ) is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala. Ambrosio Tut, a gum @-@ sapper, reported the ruins to La Gaceta, a Guatemalan newspaper, which named the site Tikal. After the Berlin Academy of Sciences'magazine republished the report in 1853, archeologists and treasure hunters began visiting the forest. Today tourism to the site may help protect the rainforest. It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre @-@ Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala. Situated in the department of El Petén, the site is part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya. Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC, Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period, c. 200 to 900 AD. During this time, the city dominated much of the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily, while interacting with areas throughout Mesoamerica such as the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico. There is evidence that Tikal was conquered by Teotihuacan in the 4th century AD. Following the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned. These events were coupled with a gradual population decline, culminating with the site ’ s abandonment by the end of the 10th century. Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities, with a long dynastic ruler list, the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments, temples and palaces. = = Etymology = = The name Tikal may be derived from ti ak 'al in the Yucatec Maya language ; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning " at the waterhole ". The name was apparently applied to one of the site's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region. It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning " the place of the voices " in the Itza Maya language. Tikal, however, is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s. Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the ruins refer to the ancient city as Yax Mutal or Yax Mutul, meaning " First Mutal ". Tikal may have come to have been called this because Dos Pilas also came to use the same emblem glyph ; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name. The kingdom as a whole was simply called Mutul, which is the reading of the " hair bundle " emblem glyph seen in the accompanying photo. Its precise meaning remains obscure. = = Location = = The closest large modern settlements are Flores and Santa Elena, approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) by road to the southwest. Tikal is approximately 303 kilometres ( 188 mi ) north of Guatemala City. It is 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of the contemporary Maya city of Uaxactun and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of Yaxha. The city was located 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southeast of its great Classic Period rival, Calakmul, and 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) northwest of Calakmul's ally Caracol, now in Belize. The city has been completely mapped and covered an area greater than 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) that included about 3 @,@ 000 structures. The topography of the site consists of a series of parallel limestone ridges rising above swampy lowlands. The major architecture of the site is clustered upon areas of higher ground and linked by raised causeways spanning the swamps. The area around Tikal has been declared as the Tikal National Park and the preserved area covers 570 square kilometres ( 220 sq mi ). The ruins lie among the tropical rainforests of northern Guatemala that formed the cradle of lowland Maya civilization. The city itself was located among abundant fertile upland soils, and may have dominated a natural east – west trade route across the Yucatan Peninsula. Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic kapok ( Ceiba pentandra ) the sacred tree of the Maya ; tropical cedar ( Cedrela odorata ), and Honduras mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ). Regarding the fauna, agouti, white @-@ nosed coatis, gray foxes, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, howler monkeys, harpy eagles, falcons, ocellated turkeys, guans, toucans, green parrots and leafcutter ants can be seen there regularly. Jaguars, jaguarundis, and cougars are also said to roam in the park. For centuries this city was completely covered under jungle. The average annual rainfall at Tikal is 1 @,@ 945 millimetres ( 76 @.@ 6 in ). One of the largest of the Classic Maya cities, Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored in ten reservoirs. Archaeologists working in Tikal during the 20th century refurbished one of these ancient reservoirs to store water for their own use. The Tikal National Park covers an area of 575 @.@ 83 square kilometres ( 222 @.@ 33 sq mi ). It was created on 26 May 1955 under the auspices of the Instituto de Antropología e Historia and was the first protected area in Guatemala. = = Population = = Population estimates for Tikal vary from 10 @,@ 000 to as high as 90 @,@ 000 inhabitants, with the most likely figure being at the upper end of this range. The population of Tikal began a continuous curve of growth starting in the Preclassic Period ( approximately 2000 BC – AD 200 ), with a peak in the Late Classic with the population growing rapidly from AD 700 through to 830, followed by a sharp decline. For the 120 square kilometres ( 46 sq mi ) area falling within the earthwork defenses of the hinterland, the peak population is estimated at 517 per square kilometer ( 1340 per square mile ). In an area within a 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) radius of the site core, peak population is estimated at 120 @,@ 000 ; population density is estimated at 265 per square kilometer ( 689 per square mile ). In a region within a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) radius of the site core and including some satellite sites, peak population is estimated at 425 @,@ 000 with a density of 216 per square kilometer ( 515 per square mile ). These population figures are even more impressive because of the extensive swamplands that were unsuitable for habitation or agriculture. However, some archaeologists, such as David Webster, believe these figures to be far too high. = = Rulers = = The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers. = = History = = = = = Preclassic = = = There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC, in the Middle Preclassic. A cache of Mamon ceramics dating from about 700 @-@ 400 BC were found in a sealed chultun, a subterranean bottle @-@ shaped chamber. Major construction at Tikal was already taking place in the Late Preclassic period, first appearing around 400 – 300 BC, including the building of major pyramids and platforms, although the city was still dwarfed by sites further north such as El Mirador and Nakbe. At this time, Tikal participated in the widespread Chikanel culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time – a region that included the entire Yucatan Peninsula including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize. Two temples dating to Late Chikanel times had masonry @-@ walled superstructures that may have been corbel @-@ vaulted, although this has not been proven. One of these had elaborate paintings on the outer walls showing human figures against a scrollwork background, painted in yellow, black, pink and red. In the 1st century AD rich burials first appeared and Tikal underwent a political and cultural florescence as its giant northern neighbors declined. At the end of the Late Preclassic, the Izapan style art and architecture from the Pacific Coast began to influence Tikal, as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the acropolis and early murals at the city. = = = Early Classic = = = Dynastic rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal. According to later hieroglyphic records, the dynasty was founded by Yax @-@ Moch @-@ Xoc, perhaps in the 3rd century AD. At the beginning of the Early Classic, power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and Calakmul, in the core of the Maya heartland. Tikal may have benefited from the collapse of the large Preclassic states such as El Mirador. 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= J. C. W. Beckham = John Crepps Wickliffe Beckham ( August 5, 1869 – January 9, 1940 ) was the 35th Governor of Kentucky and a United States Senator from Kentucky. He was the state's first popularly elected senator following passage of the Seventeenth Amendment. Descended from a prominent political family, Beckham was chosen as Democrat William Goebel's running mate in the gubernatorial election of 1899 despite the fact that he was not yet of legal age to serve as governor if called to do so. Goebel lost the election to Republican William S. Taylor, but the Kentucky General Assembly disputed the election results. During the political wrangling that followed, an unknown assassin shot Goebel. A day later the General Assembly invalidated enough votes to give the election to Goebel, who was sworn into office on his deathbed. Taylor claimed the election had been stolen by the Democratic majority in the General Assembly and a legal fight ensued between him and Beckham over the governorship. Beckham ultimately prevailed and Taylor fled the state. Following his term as governor, Beckham made a bid to become a U.S. Senator. His stance in favor of prohibition cost him the votes of four legislators in his own party and the seat went to Republican William O. Bradley. Six years later Beckham secured the seat by popular election, but he lost his re @-@ election bid largely because of his pro @-@ temperance views and his opposition to women's suffrage. Though he continued to play an active role in state politics for another two decades, he never returned to elected office, failing in his gubernatorial bid in 1927 and his senatorial campaign in 1936. He died in Louisville on January 9, 1940. = = Early life = = J. C. W. Beckham was born at Wickland, near Bardstown in Nelson County, Kentucky, son of William Netherton and Julia Tevis ( Wickliffe ) Beckham. His maternal grandfather, Charles A. Wickliffe, was governor of Kentucky from 1839 to 1840 and served as postmaster general in the administration of John Tyler. His uncle, Robert C. Wickliffe, served as governor of Louisiana. Beckham obtained his early education at Roseland Academy in Bardstown. In 1881 he served as a page in the Kentucky House of Representatives at the age of 12. Later, he enrolled at Central University ( now Eastern Kentucky University ) in Richmond, Kentucky but was forced to quit school at the age of 17 to support his widowed mother. Two years later, he became principal of Bardstown public schools, serving from 1888 to 1893. Concurrently, he studied law at the University of Kentucky, where he earned his law degree in 1889. He was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Bardstown in 1893. He also served as president of the Young Democrats'Club of Nelson County. = = Political career = = Beckham's political career began in 1894 when he was elected without opposition to the Kentucky House of Representatives. He served four consecutive terms and was Speaker of the House in 1898, his final year in the House. He also served as a delegate to every Democratic National Convention from 1900 to 1920. = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = Democrat William Goebel chose Beckham as his running mate in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899. Goebel was hesitant about the selection because he wanted someone who could deliver the vote of his home county in the general election, and Beckham's native Nelson County was already committed to a rival candidate. But friends of Goebel assured him that Beckham would be loyal to Goebel's reform agenda, whereas the two other men Goebel was considering as running mates would " stack the Senate committees against him. " Beckham was not yet 30, the minimum age to serve as governor, at the time of his selection. Goebel lost a close election to Republican William S. Taylor. When the General Assembly's session opened on January 2, 1900, the election results were immediately challenged. With Democrats in control of both houses of the Assembly, the results seemed sure to be reversed. The Assembly was still deliberating on January 30, 1900, when Goebel was shot by an unknown assailant as he entered the state capitol building. The following day, as Goebel was being treated for his wounds at a local hotel, the General Assembly invalidated enough votes to give him the election. He was sworn into office from his bed the same day. Three days later Goebel died, never having risen from the bed. Legislative chaos ensued as Taylor refused to acknowledge the Assembly's decision and vacate the governorship. The Republicans in the legislature obeyed Taylor's orders, while the Democrats ignored Taylor and followed the orders of their leadership. Finally, on February 21, 1900, Taylor and Beckham agreed to let the courts settle the matter. The case first went before the Louisville Circuit Court, which found in favor of Beckham. Republicans appealed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals, at that time the court of last resort in the state. On April 6, 1900, the Court of Appeals upheld the ruling of the lower court. Taylor appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which declined to hear the case on May 21, 1900. Taylor's only supporter on the court was Kentuckian John Marshall Harlan. Following the Supreme Court ruling, Taylor fled to Indianapolis, Indiana, fearing he would be implicated in Goebel's assassination. Beckham became acting governor, but because of the unusual circumstances surrounding the election, a special election was held November 6, 1900, to determine who would complete Goebel's unexpired term. Beckham ( now of age ) won the election over Republican John W. Yerkes by fewer than 4 @,@ 000 votes. Shortly following the special election, Beckham married Jean Raphael Fuqua of Owensboro. The couple had two sons. As governor Beckham sought to unite his party and the state. As part of this effort he supported changes to the blatantly partisan Goebel Election Law, authored by his late running mate while the latter was a member of the General Assembly. He stressed non @-@ controversial issues such as improvements to roads and the state's educational system. He recommended passage of a law to set uniform school textbook prices, a reform both he and Goebel had advocated during the gubernatorial campaign. However, his passive leadership ensured that the General Assembly did little to address his agenda. The only major pieces of legislation passed during Beckham's term were a tax increase that added a half million dollars to the state's revenue and a child labor law that forbade children under 14 to work without their parents'consent. = = = Second term = = = Although the Kentucky Constitution prohibited governors from serving consecutive terms, Beckham announced he would seek a full term as governor in 1903. His candidacy was challenged in court, but the court ruled Beckham had not served a full first term and was eligible to run. Due to his record of reconciliation and supporting non @-@ controversial reforms, he had no significant opposition in winning his party's nomination. His record also deprived his Republican opponent, Morris B. Belknap, of any significant campaign issue in the general election. Beckham defeated Belknap and three minor candidates. In his message to the legislature in 1904, Beckham again raised the issue of a uniform school textbook law, which had not passed during his first term. The law was one of few significant reforms that passed during the 1904 session. During the session funds were approved for building a new capitol building and a memorial to the late Governor Goebel. In March 1904, Beckham signed the Day Law mandating racial segregation of all schools in Kentucky. Berea College, a private college in eastern Kentucky that had been integrated since the 1850s, immediately filed suit to challenge the law. The substance of the law was upheld in the circuit court and the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Berea appealed to the Supreme Court, and in 1908 the court handed down an 8 – 1 decision against the college. Only John Marshall Harlan dissented. Near the close of the 1904 session, legislators approved the creation of Beckham County from parts of Carter, Elliott, and Lewis counties. Olive Hill was made the county seat. Soon the county's existence was challenged in court on grounds that it fell short of the 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) required by the state constitution and that it reduced the counties it was carved from to less than 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ). Carter County joined the lawsuit, claiming the border of Beckham County passed too close to Grayson, the seat of Carter County, and Vanceburg, the seat of Lewis County. The state constitution forbade county borders to pass within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of a county seat. On April 29, 1904, the Kentucky Court of Appeals found in favor of the plaintiffs and dissolved Beckham County. During the 1906 legislative session, Beckham urged investigation and prosecution of corrupt insurance companies, following the lead of New York attorney Charles Evans Hughes. In particular, he recommended reducing the practice of deferred dividends, which allowed the insurance companies to keep large stores of cash on @-@ hand for illegal purposes. He further advocated that insurance companies doing business in the state be required to invest a certain percentage of their earnings in Kentucky, bolstering the its economy and providing policyholders some protection against fraud. Beckham refused to send troops into the western part of the state to quell the ongoing Black Patch Tobacco Wars. 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= Military history of Australia = The military history of Australia spans the nation's 220 @-@ year modern history, from the early Australian frontier wars between Aboriginals and Europeans to the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan in the early 21st century. Although this history is short when compared to that of many other nations, Australia has been involved in numerous conflicts and wars, and war and military service have been significant influences on Australian society and national identity, including the Anzac spirit. The relationship between war and Australian society has also been shaped by the enduring themes of Australian strategic culture and its unique security dilemma. As British offshoots, the Australian colonies participated in Britain's small wars of the 19th century, while later as a federated dominion, and then an independent nation, Australia fought in the First World War and Second World War, as well as in the wars in Korea, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam during the Cold War. In the Post @-@ Vietnam era Australian forces have been involved in numerous international peacekeeping missions, through the United Nations and other agencies, including in the Sinai, Persian Gulf, Rwanda, Somalia, East Timor and the Solomon Islands, while more recently they have also fought as part of multi @-@ lateral forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. In total, nearly 103 @,@ 000 Australians died during the course of these conflicts. = = War and Australian society = = For most of the last century military service has been one of the single greatest shared experiences of white Australian males, and although this is now changing due to the professionalisation of the military and the absence of major wars during the second half of the 20th century, it continues to influence Australian society to this day. War and military service have been defining influences in Australian history, while a major part of the national identity has been built on an idealised conception of the Australian experience of war and of soldiering, known as the Anzac spirit. These ideals include notions of endurance, courage, ingenuity, humour, larrikinism, egalitarianism and mateship ; traits which, according to popular thought, defined the behaviour of Australian soldiers fighting at Gallipoli during the First World War. The Gallipoli campaign was one of the first international events that saw Australians taking part as Australians and has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity. The relationship between war and Australian society has been shaped by two of the more enduring themes of Australian strategic culture : bandwagoning with a powerful ally and expeditionary warfare. Indeed, Australian defence policy was closely linked to Britain until the Japanese crisis of 1942, while since then an alliance with the United States has underwritten its security. Arguably, this pattern of bandwagoning — both for cultural reasons such as shared values and beliefs, as well as for more pragmatic security concerns — has ensured that Australian strategic policy has often been defined by relations with its allies. Regardless, a tendency towards strategic complacency has also been evident, with Australians often reluctant to think about defence issues or to allocate resources until a crisis arises ; a trait which has historically resulted in unpreparedness for major military challenges. Reflecting both the realist and liberal paradigms of international relations and the conception of national interests, a number of other important themes in Australian strategic culture are also obvious. Such themes include : an acceptance of the state as the key actor in international politics, the centrality of notions of Westphalian sovereignty, a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a guarantor of security, and the proposition that the status quo in international affairs should only be changed peacefully. Likewise, multilateralism, collective security and defence self @-@ reliance have also been important themes. Change has been more evolutionary than revolutionary and these strategic behaviours have persisted throughout its history, being the product of Australian society's democratic political tradition and Judaeo @-@ Christian Anglo @-@ European heritage, as well its associated values, beliefs and economic, political and religious ideology. These behaviours are also reflective of its unique security dilemma as a largely European island on the edge of the Asia @-@ Pacific, and the geopolitical circumstances of a middle power physically removed from the centres of world power. To be sure, during threats to the core Australia has often found itself defending the periphery and perhaps as a result, it has frequently become involved in foreign wars. Throughout these conflicts Australian soldiers — known colloquially as Diggers — have often been noted, somewhat paradoxically, for both their fighting abilities and their humanitarian qualities. = = Colonial era = = = = = British Forces in Australia, 1788 – 1870 = = = From 1788 until 1870 the defence of the Australian colonies was mostly provided by British Army regular forces. Originally Marines protected the early settlements at Sydney Cove and Norfolk Island, however they were relieved of these duties in 1790 by a British Army unit specifically recruited for colonial service, known as the New South Wales Corps. The New South Wales Corps subsequently was involved in putting down a rebellion of Irish convicts at Castle Hill in 1804. Soon however shortcomings in the corps convinced the War Office of the need for a more reliable garrison in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Chief of these shortcomings was the Rum Rebellion, a coup mounted by its officers in 1808. As a result, in January 1810 the 73rd ( Perthshire ) Regiment of Foot arrived in Australia. By 1870, 25 British infantry regiments had served in Australia, as had a small number of artillery and engineer units. Although the primary role of the British Army was to protect the colonies against external attack, no actual threat ever materialised. The British Army was instead used in policing, guarding convicts at penal institutions, combating bushranging, putting down convict rebellions — as occurred at Bathurst in 1830 — and to suppress Aboriginal resistance to the extension of European settlement. Notably British soldiers were involved in the battle at the Eureka Stockade in 1854 on the Victorian goldfields. Members of British regiments stationed in Australia also saw action in India, Afghanistan, New Zealand and the Sudan. During the early years of settlement the naval defence of Australia was provided by detached Royal Navy units of the East Indies Station, based in Sydney. However, in 1859 Australia was established as a separate squadron under the command of a commodore, marking the first occasion that Royal Navy ships had been permanently stationed in Australia. The Royal Navy remained the primary naval force in Australian waters until 1913, when the Australia Station ceased and responsibility handed over to the Royal Australian Navy ; the Royal Navy's depots, dockyards and structures were given to the Australian people. = = = Frontier warfare, 1788 – 1934 = = = The reactions of the native Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden arrival of British settlers in Australia were varied, but were inevitably hostile when the settler's presence led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of the indigenous inhabitants'lands. European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation. By and large neither the British nor the Aborigines approached the conflict in an organised sense and conflict occurred between groups of settlers and individual tribes rather than systematic warfare. At times, however, the frontier wars did see the involvement of British soldiers and later mounted police units. Not all Aboriginal groups resisted white encroachment on their lands, while many Aborigines served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes. Fighting between Aborigines and Europeans was localised as the Aborigines did not form confederations capable of sustained resistance. As a result, there was not a single war, but rather a series of violent engagements and massacres across the continent. Organised or disorganised however, a pattern of frontier warfare emerged with Aboriginal resistance beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the early 20th century. This warfare contradicts the popular and at times academic " myth " of peaceful settlement in Australia. Faced with Aboriginal resistance settlers often reacted with violence, resulting in a number of indiscriminate massacres. Among the most famous is the Battle of Pinjarra in Western Australia in 1834. Such incidents were not officially sanctioned however, and after the Myall Creek massacre in New South Wales in 1838 seven Europeans were hanged for their part in the killings. However, in Tasmania the so @-@ called Black War was fought between 1828 and 1832, and aimed at driving most of the island's native inhabitants onto a number of isolated peninsulas. Although it began in failure for the British, it ultimately resulted in considerable casualties amongst the native population. It may be inaccurate though to depict the conflict as one sided and mainly perpetrated by Europeans on Aborigines. Although many more Aborigines died than British, this may have had more to do with the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by the Europeans. Aboriginal tactics varied, but were mainly based on pre @-@ existing hunting and fighting practices — using spears, clubs and other primitive weapons. Unlike the indigenous peoples of New Zealand and North America, on the main Aborigines failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans. Although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms, this was not widespread. The Aborigines were never a serious military threat to European settlers, regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them. On occasions large groups of Aborigines attacked the settlers in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued, during which the Aborigines would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage. This could sometimes be effective, with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents, waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their spears while the settlers reloaded. 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warfare usually proved more costly for the Aborigines than the Europeans. Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms. However, the advantages afforded by firearms have often been overstated. Prior to the late 19th century, firearms were often cumbersome muzzle @-@ loading, smooth @-@ bore, single shot muskets with flint @-@ lock mechanisms. Such weapons produced a low rate of fire, while suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres ( 160 ft ). These deficiencies may have initially given the Aborigines an advantage, allowing them to move in close and engage with spears or clubs. Yet by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage, with the six @-@ shot Colt revolver, the Snider single shot breech @-@ loading rifle and later the Martini @-@ Henry rifle, as well as rapid @-@ fire rifles such as the Winchester rifle, becoming available. These weapons, when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of Aborigines, often proved successful. The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast @-@ moving, often hidden enemies. Tactics employed included night @-@ time surprise attacks, and positioning forces to drive the natives off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks. The conflict lasted for over 150 years and followed the pattern of British settlement in Australia. Beginning in New South Wales with the arrival of the first Europeans in May 1788, it continued in Sydney and its surrounds until the 1820s. As the frontier moved west so did the conflict, pushing into outback New South Wales in the 1840s. In Tasmania, fighting can be traced from 1804 to the 1830s, while in Victoria and the southern parts of South Australia, the majority of the violence occurred during the 1830s and 1840s. The south @-@ west of Western Australia experienced warfare from 1829 to 1850. The war in Queensland began in the area around Brisbane in the 1840s and continued until 1860, moving to central Queensland in the 1850s and 1860s, and then to northern Queensland from the 1860s to 1900. In Western Australia, the violence moved north with European settlement, reaching the Kimberley region by 1880, with violent clashes continuing until the 1920s. In the Northern Territory conflict lasted even later still, especially in central Australia, continuing from the 1880s to the 1930s. One estimate of casualties places European deaths at 2 @,@ 500, while at least 20 @,@ 000 Aborigines are believed to have perished. Far more devastating though was the effect of disease which significantly reduced the Aboriginal population by the beginning of the 20th century ; a fact which may also have limited their ability to resist. = = = New Zealand Wars, 1861 – 64 = = = = = = = Taranaki War = = = = In 1861, the Victorian ship HMCSS Victoria was dispatched to help the New Zealand colonial government in its war against Māori in Taranaki. Victoria was subsequently used for patrol duties and logistic support, although a number of personnel were involved in actions against Māori fortifications. One sailor died from an accidental gunshot wound during the deployment. = = = = Invasion of the Waikato = = = = In late 1863, the New Zealand government requested troops to assist in the invasion of the Waikato province against the Māori. Promised settlement on confiscated land, more than 2 @,@ 500 Australians ( over half of whom were from Victoria ) were recruited to form four Waikato Regiments. Other Australians became scouts in the Company of Forest Rangers. Despite experiencing arduous conditions the Australians were not heavily involved in battle, and were primarily used for patrolling and garrison duties. Australians were involved in actions at Matarikoriko, Pukekohe East, Titi Hill, Ōrākau and Te Ranga. Fewer than 20 were believed to have been killed in action. The conflict was over by 1864, and the Waikato Regiments disbanded in 1867. However, many of the soldiers who had chosen to claim farmland at the cessation of hostilities had drifted to the towns and cities by the end of the decade, while many others had returned to Australia. = = = Colonial military forces, 1870 – 1901 = = = From 1870 until 1901, each of the six colonial governments was responsible for their own defence. The colonies had gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890, and while the Colonial Office in London retained control of some affairs, the Governor of the each colony was required to raise their own colonial militia. To do this, they were granted the authority from the British crown to raise military and naval forces. Initially these were militias in support of British regulars, but when military support for the colonies ended in 1870, the colonies assumed their own defence responsibilities. The colonial military forces included unpaid volunteer militia, paid citizen soldiers, and a small permanent component. They were mainly infantry, cavalry and mounted infantry, and were neither housed in barracks nor subject to full military discipline. Even after significant reforms in the 1870s — including the expansion of the permanent forces to include engineer and artillery units — they remained too small and unbalanced to be considered armies in the modern sense. By 1885, the forces numbered 21 @,@ 000 men. Although they could not be compelled to serve overseas many volunteers subsequently did see action in a number conflicts of the British Empire during the 19th century, with the colonies raising contingents to serve in Sudan, South Africa and China. Despite a reputation of colonial inferiority, many of the locally raised units were highly organised, disciplined, professional, and well trained. During this period, defences in Australia mainly revolved around static defence by combined infantry and artillery, based on garrisoned coastal forts. However, by the 1890s, improved railway communications between the mainland eastern colonies led Major General James Edwards — who had recently completed a survey of colonial military forces — to the belief that the colonies could be defended by the rapid mobilisation of brigades of infantry. As a consequence he called for a restructure of defences, and defensive agreements to be made between the colonies. Edwards argued for the colonial forces to be federated and for professional units — obliged to serve anywhere in the South Pacific — to replace the volunteer forces. These views found support in the influential New South Wales Commandant, Major General Edward Hutton, however suspicions held by the smaller colonies towards New South Wales and Victoria stifled the proposal. These reforms remaining unresolved however, and defence issues were generally given little attention in the debate on the political federation of the colonies. With the exception of Western Australia, the colonies also operated their own navies. In 1856, Victoria received its own naval vessel, HMCSS Victoria, and its deployment to New Zealand in 1860 during the First Taranaki War marked the first occasion that an Australian warship had been deployed overseas. The colonial navies were expanded greatly in the mid @-@ 1880s and consisted of a number of gunboats and torpedo @-@ boats for the defence of harbours and rivers, as well as naval brigades to man vessels and forts. Victoria became the most powerful of all the colonial navies, with the ironclad HMVS Cerberus in service from 1870, as well as the steam @-@ sail warship HMS Nelson on loan from the Royal Navy, three small gunboats and five torpedo @-@ boats. New South Wales formed a Naval Brigade in 1863 and by the start of the 20th century had two small torpedo @-@ boats and a corvette. The Queensland Maritime Defence Force was established in 1885, while South Australia operated a single ship, HMCS Protector. Tasmania had also a small Torpedo Corps, while Western Australia's only naval defences included the Fremantle Naval Artillery. Naval personnel from New South Wales and Victoria took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, while HMCS Protector was sent by South Australia but saw no action. The separate colonies maintained control over their military and naval forces until Federation in 1901, when they were amalgamated and placed under the control of the new Commonwealth of Australia. = = = Sudan, 1885 = = = During the early years of the 1880s, an Egyptian regime in the Sudan, backed by the British, came under threat from rebellion under the leadership of native Muhammad Ahmad ( or Ahmed ), known as Mahdi to his followers. In 1883, as part of the Mahdist War, the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt, but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of extracting their forces. The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan, and sent General Charles Gordon to co @-@ ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed in January 1885. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses. The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers, and an artillery battery of 212 men and sailed from Sydney on 3 March 1885. The contingent arrived in Suakin on 29 March and were attached to a brigade that consisted of Scots, Grenadier and Coldstream Guards. They subsequently marched for Tamai in a large " square " formation made up of 10 @,@ 000 men. Reaching the village, they burned huts and returned to Suakin : three Australians were wounded in minor fighting. Most of the contingent was then sent to work on a railway line that was being laid across the desert towards Berber, on the Nile. 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who was accused of corruption in the 1299 document and was later called ‘ dominus de Papay ’. ( The story of his unfortunate daughter is referred to above. ) The remains of Duke Hakon's thirteenth @-@ century house are still visible near Housa Voe. = = = Scots rule and fishing = = = In 1469 Shetland came under nominal Scottish control, although the Norse'Lairds of Norway'kept their Papa Stour estates until the 17th century. In the 16th century merchants from Bremen and Hamburg were operating a summer trading booth to buy fish from the local fleet. By the 18th century, two Scottish lairds, Thomas Gifford of Busta, and Arthur Nicolson of Lerwick, owned the island. They maintained a prosperous Haaf ( Old Norse :'deep sea') fishing industry, undertaken in the summer months using six @-@ oared boats known as sixareens. In addition to the leper colony on Brei Holm there may have been another at Hilla Fielle overlooking Hamna Voe. A recent archaeological survey was inconclusive but suggests the site may be much older than the supposed 18th century colony. The island church, which overlooks Kirk Sand in the bay of Fore Wick, was founded in 1806. 300 metres from the present church there may be an older chapel site of Sneeans or Snøyans on the headland between the west end of Kirk Sand and the bay of Tusselby. It is called the'ald kirk'by locals and referred to by the Ordnance Survey as " the site of a Romish chapel belonging to about the twelfth century ". There is a tradition that the work there was interfered with by supernatural powers and that each day's work on the building was destroyed during the night. Eventually the cornerstones were moved overnight by these unearthly agencies to the present site of the church and work was re @-@ commenced there successfully. Excavations in 2004 found little besides large blocks of rhyolite and a piece of whalebone rib, suggesting that the oral tradition may have some truth to it. In the 19th century the Crabbaberry fishing station in West Voe was opened and the island had a population of 360 people or more. However, fuel shortages and a decline in fishing due to the introduction of steam drifters saw a fall in population from the 1870s on. At this time another duel entered the history of Papa Stour. Edwin Lindsay, an Indian army officer and the son of the 6th Earl of Balcarres, was declared insane and sent to the island in disgrace after refusing to fight in one. He spent 26 years as a prisoner before the Quaker preacher Catherine Watson arranged for his release in 1835. Lindsay's Well is a spring at the south of the island where he was allowed to bathe. There are good examples of horizontal water mills, also known as Norse or Clack Mills, around Dutch Loch. Originally these were two story buildings with turf roofs, built into banks to give access to the upper floor where the mill @-@ stone was sited. Inside the building there was a fixed lower millstone, and a rotating upper millstone driven by the water falling onto the paddles below. Some were still in use on Papa Stour in the early years of the 20th century, and there is still a working example of one of these mills on the Burn of Clumlie, at Troswick in the south Mainland of Shetland. = = = 20th and 21st centuries = = = In common with many small Scottish islands, Papa Stour's population peaked in the 19th century and has experienced a significant decline since then ( see e.g. Mingulay ). By 1970 the island school had closed and the population had declined to sixteen'fairly elderly'residents, but an advertisement in Exchange and Mart reversed the decline. A croft and five sheep were offered free of charge to incomers which brought a flood of applicants. By 1981 the census recorded a population of 33. However, by 2005 the population had fallen to 20 after serious discord between islanders led to several court cases. A number of people left the island and the school closed. By early 2008 the population had dropped to just nine after a family of seven left. The 2011 census recorded a usually resident population of 15 - during the decade 2011 @-@ 11 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702. Overview of population trends = = = Shipwrecks = = = The coasts around Papa Stour have claimed numerous wrecks. In Hamnavoe, Tiptans Skerry alone has sunk Dutch, French, German and Norwegian ships. The Aberdeen trawler Ben Doran A178, foundered on the Ve Skerries 3 miles northwest of Papa Stour, on the evening of 28 March 1930 while on her way to the village of Scalloway to land her catch. When she grounded weather conditions were fairly good but it was not until the following day that a passing trawler saw, and reported the wreck. By the time that various rescue attempts were launched by the coastguard and local volunteers ( there being no lifeboat in Shetland at that time ), weather conditions had deteriorated to the point where it was impossible to approach the skerries. A request had been made for the Stromness lifeboat from Orkney, only 120 miles away, to launch, but the request was made too late to be of help. All 9 crew perished in the wreck. Only 3 bodies were recovered, that of James Mitchell, which was returned to Aberdeen, and the bodies of J. Cormack and J.R. Insh, which were buried in Scalloway. The cargo ship SS Highcliffe ran aground in fog on Forewick Holm in February 1940. On this occasion the conditions were clement and only the ship and cargo were lost. In 1967 the Aberdeen trawler Juniper ran aground in Lyra Sound at the bottom of the 60 metres ( 200 feet ) cliffs. The 12 man crew were rescued by the Aith lifeboat, the coxswain being awarded the RNLI silver medal for this rescue. Papa Stour's most recent shipwreck occurred on 9 December 1977 when the Aberdeen trawler Elinor Viking A278, skipper Alec Flett, foundered on the Ve Skerries. The Aith Lifeboat came to the scene but was unable to get near enough to rescue the crew because of the sea conditions. At the request of Alec Webster, Coastguard Station Officer, Lerwick, a volunteer crew in a British Airways Sikorsky S61N helicopter from Sumburgh Airport was scrambled. They managed to winch all the boat's crew to safety within hours of the grounding, despite the storm force winds. The helicopter crew later received a number of awards for bravery. There was no loss of life, but this incident prompted the building of a lighthouse on the skerries in 1979, and may also have been the example required for the formation of the present Search and Rescue helicopter unit, based at Sumburgh Airport. = = Economy & Transport = = Crofting is the mainstay of island life. Sheep form the backbone of the agricultural economy but a diversity livestock are kept, including cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, ducks and geese. Vegetable are grown too, often in the shelter of circular walls, such plots being known as'plantie scrubs '. Fishing is still conducted but on a relatively small scale. There is a post office at the pier, but no shop. Mains electricity only came to the island at the close of the twentieth century. The Papa Stour Project is a Christian supported housing service offering accommodation to men with drug and alcohol issues. Ferries now sail across the Sound of Papa to West Burrafirth on the Shetland Mainland. The crossing takes 45 minutes, and although the Snolda carries cars, there is only one short road on the island.For visiting yachts the four main voes provide good shelter, but the strong tides in both the Sound of Papa and to the north west require considerable care. = = = Airstrip = = = There is an airstrip which caters for regular flights from Tingwall. = = Culture and the arts = = The Papa Stour sword dance may be of Norse origin and bears similarities to the long sword dance of the north east of England. A description of the dance appears in The Pirate by Sir Walter Scott. The writer and journalist John Sands lived on Papa Stour and Foula for a while during the late nineteenth century. The writer, folklorist and musician, George P. S. Peterson was brought up on Papa Stour. It is also the'Papa'of Vagaland's poem Da Sang o da Papa men, now adopted as part of the folksong tradition, as set to music by T.M.Y. Manson. The insistent chorus chant,'Rowin Foula Doon! ', is particularly striking. " Oot bewast da Horn o Papa, Rowin Foula doon! Owir a hidden piece o water, Rowin Foula doon! Roond da boat da tide @-@ lumps makkin, Sunlicht trowe da cloods is brakkin ; We maan geng whaar fish is takkin, Rowin Foula doon! 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= Tim Richmond = Tim Richmond ( June 7, 1955 – August 13, 1989 ) was an American race car driver from Ashland, Ohio. He competed in IndyCar racing before transferring to NASCAR's Winston Cup Series ( now Sprint Cup Series ). Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to NASCAR stock cars full @-@ time, which has since become an industry trend. He won the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award and had 13 victories during eight NASCAR seasons. Richmond achieved his top NASCAR season in 1986 when he finished third in points. He won seven races that season, more than any other driver on the tour. When he missed the season @-@ opening Daytona 500 in February 1987, media reported that he had pneumonia. The infection most likely resulted from his compromised immune system, which was weakened by AIDS. Despite the state of his health, Richmond competed in eight races in 1987, winning two events and one pole position before his final race in August of that year. He attempted a comeback in 1988 before NASCAR I banned him for testing positive for excessive OTC ( over the counter ) drugs, Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine ; NASCAR later announced they gave Tim Richmond a new test and tested negative. Tim Richmond filed a lawsuit against NASCAR after NASCAR insisted they wanted access to his entire medical record before they would reinstate him, after losing the lawsuit, Richmond withdrew from racing. NASCAR later stated their original test was a " Bad Test. " Richmond grew up in a wealthy family and lived a freewheeling lifestyle, earning him the nickname " Hollywood ". In describing Richmond's influence in racing, Charlotte Motor Speedway president Humpy Wheeler said : " We've never had a race driver like Tim in stock car racing. He was almost a James Dean @-@ like character. " When Richmond was cast for a bit part in the 1983 movie Stroker Ace, " He fell right in with the group working on the film, " said director Hal Needham. Cole Trickle, the main character in the movie Days of Thunder, played by Tom Cruise, was loosely based on Richmond and his interaction with Harry Hyde and Rick Hendrick. = = Early life = = Richmond grew up in Ashland, Ohio. His parents, Al and Evelyn ( née Warner ) Richmond, met in the course of their work. Al was a welder for pipe construction companies and Evelyn was a field office manager. Noticing that highway crews had to dig up the entire highway to lay pipe, Al designed a machine to bore underneath the highway. To market this invention, he founded Richmond Manufacturing, which eventually exported machines worldwide. Tim's driving days started as a toddler when he was given a go @-@ kart that he often drove inside buildings and across his lawn. He later raced the kart at tracks in Moreland and New Pittsburg. Richmond grew up in a well @-@ to @-@ do family, and was sometimes therefore treated differently by his classmates, so his parents enrolled him in Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida. During his years in Miami, Tim and his mother moved to Florida and his father stayed in Ohio. While home in Ohio over a summer break, he met local drag racer Raymond Beadle through lifelong friend Fred Miller. When Richmond reached age 16, his parents purchased him a Pontiac Trans Am, a speedboat and a Piper Cherokee airplane for his birthday. Yet his mother Evelyn often worried about spoiling her only son. She once said, " Tim was lazy... ", and "... I did everything for him. I ruined him, I admit it. He was my whole life. " Richmond excelled in sports ; he set a conference record in high hurdles and his high school football career was stellar enough that the academy retired his sports jersey after his gridiron days were over. Miami Military Academy named him Athlete of the Year in 1970. Richmond's other interests included flying, and he earned his private pilot license at age 16. Following high school graduation, Richmond attended Ashland University for about one year before dropping out. = = Racing career = = = = = Open wheel racing = = = A friend of Richmond's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker. In 1976, 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto Lakeville Speedway at Lakeville, Ohio for some practice laps. " Somebody put a stopwatch on me, " Richmond said. " I was running laps faster than Dave had been. It was the first time I had ever driven a race car. " Richmond and his father found a red, white and blue @-@ colored No. 98 car in Pennsylvania, which was the same number and paint scheme that Richmond used on model cars as a child. In his first competition at the track, officials placed Richmond in the slowest heat. He passed several cars before spinning out and breaking an axle. Although he made several attempts to get the car pointed in the right direction, the broken axle prevented the car from driving straight. After being towed to the pits, he parked the car for the rest of the event. Later that season, they towed the car to Eldora Speedway, only to have Richmond crash the car again. In response, Richmond's father fired him as the driver. The next season, Al Richmond bought a SuperModified better suited to his son's driving style. In 1977 Tim Richmond became both Sandusky Speedway's Rookie of the Year and the SuperModified class track champion. Richmond returned to racing sprint cars in the United States Automobile Club's ( USAC ) national sprint car tour in 1978. Competing in 12 races, he finished 30th in points as the series'Rookie of the Year. That year he attended Jim Russell's road racing school at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park, setting a student course record. Richmond raced in a 1978 Mini Indy car event at Phoenix International Raceway, winning the Formula Super Vee support event in a Lola T620. The win attracted sponsors and attention from major owners like Roger Penske. He also competed in USAC's Silver Crown series. Richmond's father bought an Eagle Indy Car chassis and an Offenhauser engine for the 1979 race at Michigan International Speedway. Richmond qualified 21st fastest with a 175 @.@ 768 mph ( 282 @.@ 871 km / h ) lap, significantly slower than Bobby Unser's 203 @.@ 879 mph ( 328 @.@ 111 km / h ) pole position speed. The race ended for him when his motor blew up on the fourth lap, and he finished last ( 23rd ). Owner Pat Santello was looking for a driver to replace Larry Rice for his CART team at the following race at Watkins Glen International, so he gave Richmond a test at Willow Spring where he had previously set the student record. Santello hired Richmond, who then qualified 15th fastest for the event and finished in eighth place, the best of his IndyCar career. Richmond raced in three more events that season. After crashing during the first day of qualifying for the 1980 Indianapolis 500, Richmond nevertheless obtained the 19th starting position in the race. He worked his way up to the top 10 during the race, led a lap, and finished ninth as he ran out of fuel at the end of the race. To the delight of the crowd, winner Johnny Rutherford gave him a ride back to the pits. He was named the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year. " I busted up a few Indy cars right after that, " he said. " Milwaukee, Mid @-@ Ohio... at Michigan I cut one in two. I was afraid my racing career would come to a halt. So when I got an offer to drive stock cars, I took it, and it turned out I liked driving them better. " = = = NASCAR = = = Pocono Raceway President Joseph Mattioli III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the NASCAR circuit. Richmond made his first NASCAR start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award. He debuted at the Coca @-@ Cola 500 at Pocono on July 27, 1980, finishing 12th in a D. K. Ulrich @-@ owned Chevrolet. That season, he competed in five events, with two DNFs ( did not finish ) and three 12th @-@ place finishes. Overall, he finished the 1980 season 41st in points. Richmond raced for three teams in 1981. He started the season by competing in 15 events for Ulrich. He had his first career top 10 finish, taking sixth place at Talladega Superspeedway, soon followed by a seventh @-@ place finish at Texas World Speedway. After Kennie Childers hired him away from Ulrich mid @-@ season, Richmond had top 10 finishes at Pocono and Bristol. For the final seven races of the season, he drove for Bob Rogers and had a top 10 finish at Dover International Speedway. Overall for the season, Richmond had six top 10 finishes to place 16th in season points. Richmond started 1982 without a ride before getting a one @-@ race deal to drive for Billie Harvey at the Rockingham track. Richmond completed 112 laps of the 492 @-@ lap event to finish 31st, retiring from the race with engine problems. For the following event, Richmond was hired to drive J.D. Stacy's No. 2 car. In his first race for the team, Richmond earned his first career top 5 finish when he placed fifth at Darlington Raceway. 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= U.S. Route 2 in Michigan = US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) is a component of the United States Numbered Highway System that connects Everett, Washington, to the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan, with a separate segment that runs from Rouses Point, New York, to Houlton, Maine. In Michigan, the highway runs through the UP in two segments as a part of the state trunkline highway system, entering the state at Ironwood and ending at St. Ignace ; in between, US 2 briefly traverses the state of Wisconsin. As one of the major transportation arteries in the UP, US 2 is a major conduit for traffic through the state and neighboring northern Midwest states. Two sections of the roadway are included as part of the Great Lakes Circle Tours, and other segments are listed as state @-@ designated Pure Michigan Byways. There are several memorial highway designations and historic bridges along US 2 that date to the 1910s and 1920s. The highway runs through rural sections of the UP, passing through two national and two state forests in the process. The route of what became US 2 was used as part of two Indian trails before European settlers came to the UP, and as part of the Michigan segments of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway and the King's International Highway auto trails in the early 20th century. The state later included these trails as part of M ‑ 12 when the first state highway trunklines were designated in 1919. Most of M ‑ 12 was redesignated as part of US 2 when the US Highway System was created on November 11, 1926. Since the 1930s, several changes have reshaped the highway's routing through the UP. One such alteration eventually created a business loop that connected across the state line with Hurley, Wisconsin, and others pushed an originally inland routing of US 2 closer to the Lake Michigan shoreline. With the creation of the Interstate Highway System, part of US 2 was rerouted to coincide with the new Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ), though in the 1980s, the U.S. Highway was truncated and removed from the I ‑ 75 freeway, resulting in today's basic form. = = Route description = = According to a 2006 regional planning committee report, US 2 is a key highway for Michigan, providing its main western gateway. The roadway plays " an important role in the transportation of goods across the northern tier of states in the Midwest ", and is listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) for its entire length. The NHS is a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. Together with M ‑ 28, US 2 is part of a pair of primary trunklines that bridge the eastern and western sides of the UP. The 305 @.@ 151 miles ( 491 @.@ 093 km ) of roadway in Michigan is divided into a 109 @.@ 177 @-@ mile ( 175 @.@ 703 km ) western segment and a 195 @.@ 974 @-@ mile ( 315 @.@ 390 km ) eastern segment, interrupted by a section that runs for 14 @.@ 460 miles ( 23 @.@ 271 km ) in the state of Wisconsin. = = = Western segment = = = US 2 enters Michigan from Wisconsin for the first time north of downtown Hurley, Wisconsin, and Ironwood, Michigan, over the state line that runs along the Montreal River. The highway crosses the river into Gogebic County and passes a welcome center on the way into a commercial district north of downtown. Running along Cloverland Drive, US 2 meets its only business route in Michigan at Douglas Boulevard. The business route was previously a full loop that ran west through downtown Ironwood and crossed the border into Hurley and back to the main highway. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation has removed the signage on their side of the border, which reduced the loop to a business spur that ends at the state line. US 2 continues eastward through UP woodlands to the city of Bessemer. While bypassing the community of Ramsay, the highway crosses a branch of the Black River. The roadway enters Wakefield on the south side of Sunday Lake, meeting M ‑ 28 at a stoplight in town. As the US Highway leaves Wakefield, it turns southeasterly through the Ottawa National Forest, crossing Jackson Creek and two branches of the Presque Isle River. US 2 and M ‑ 64 merge and run concurrently over the second branch of the Presque Isle in the community of Marenisco. This concurrency has the lowest traffic volume along the entire length of the highway within the state ; in 2010 the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) recorded a daily average usage along the stretch of 770 vehicles, compared to the overall average of 5 @,@ 188 vehicles for the highway. At the end of the concurrency, M ‑ 64 turns northerly to run along Lake Gogebic. The highway continues parallel to the state line from the Marensico area through the national forest toward Watersmeet. That unincorporated community is the home of the Watersmeet High School Nimrods, the basketball team featured on a series of ESPN commercials and a documentary series on the Sundance Channel. The area is also where the waters meet ; the rolling hills drain to Lake Superior via the Ontonagon River, to Lake Michigan via the Brule and Menominee rivers, or to the Gulf of Mexico via the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers. Also located in the area are the Sylvania Wilderness, and the Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation, which includes the Lac Vieux Desert Casino and Resort. The highway travels southeasterly from Watersmeet around the many lakes and streams in the area and crosses into rural Iron County. US 2 intersects Federal Forest Highway 16 ( FFH 16 ) near Golden Lake in Stambaugh Township in the middle of the national forest. The trunkline then runs along the Iron River as it approaches the city of the same name and meets M ‑ 73. In town, US 2 intersects M ‑ 189 before crossing the river and turning northeast out of the city. US 2 leaves the Ottawa National Forest at Iron River, and the highway continues eastward through forest lands near several small lakes to Crystal Falls, the county seat of Iron County. On the west side of town, US 2 meets US 141 ; the two highways run concurrently along Crystal Avenue. The combined highway turns south onto 5th Street and meets M ‑ 69's eastern terminus at the intersection between 5th Street and Superior Avenue next to the county courthouse at the top of the hill. US 2 / US 141 runs south out of Crystal Falls to the west of, and parallel to, the Paint River. The roadway passes Railroad, Kennedy and Stager lakes and leaves the state of Michigan at the Brule River, crossing into Florence County, Wisconsin for about 14 miles ( 23 km ). = = = Eastern segment = = = US 2 / US 141 re @-@ enters Michigan where it crosses the Menominee River and subsequently meets M ‑ 95 in Breitung Township north of Iron Mountain and Kingsford. The highways merge in a triple concurrency and run south on Stephenson Avenue into Iron Mountain along the west side of Lake Antoine, parallel to a branch line of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad ( ELS Railroad ). The road crosses through a retail corridor and over a flooded pit of the Chapin Mine. In downtown Iron Mountain at Ludington Street, M ‑ 95 turns west off Stephenson Avenue to run across town to Kingsford. US 2 / US 141 exits downtown and turns east along a second retail corridor near the Midtown Mall. The highway re @-@ enters Breitung Township where US 141 separates to the south to re @-@ enter Wisconsin. US 2 continues eastward parallel to a branch of the Canadian National Railway ( CN Railway ). Both road and rail travel through the community of Quinnesec, where they pass near the largest paper mill in the UP. The trunkline runs along the main street of Norway, where the highway meets the eastern terminus of US 8. Then US 2 continues east through rural Dickinson County to Vulcan, passing north of Hanbury Lake through the Copper Country State Forest, before crossing the Sturgeon River in Loretto and passing into Menominee County. In Menominee County, the environment takes on a more agricultural character along US 2. The highway passes through the edge of the community of Hermansville before entering Powers. US 2 comes to a three @-@ way intersection and turns northeast merging onto US 41. The concurrent highway runs from Powers through the communities of Wilson and Spaulding on the south side of the CN Railway. At Harris, the trunkline enters the Hannahville Indian Community. Harris is on the Menominee County side of the reservation, but as the highway continues east, it crosses over to Bark River on the Delta County side. The county line in between not only separates the two communities, but also serves as the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones. East of Bark River, the highway crosses the community's namesake waterway before intersecting the eastern terminus of M ‑ 69. The roadway crosses the Ford River prior to turning due east into the outskirts of Escanaba. US 2 / US 41 widens to four lanes along Ludington Street, which forms the east – west axis of the Escanaba street grid. Near downtown, the highway meets M ‑ 35, which runs along the city's north – south axis, Lincoln Avenue. The trunklines merge and run north, bypassing the traditional central business district for a different business corridor. Lincoln Avenue runs north carrying four lanes of traffic past the Upper Peninsula State Fairgrounds, site of one of the two state fairs for the state of Michigan, the only state to	wikitext_103	[ 426, 530, 15, 52, 15, 22720, 374, 275, 11314, 426, 4928, 187, 1982, 21788, 374, 313, 1982, 374, 2387, 310, 247, 4445, 273, 253, 1986, 2077, 427, 19839, 21788, 4155, 326, 23417, 17363, 12436, 1157, 5041, 1157, 281, 253, 24120, 33489, 313, 20653, 2387, 273, 253, 1982, 1375, 273, 11314, 1157, 342, 247, 4858, 8223, 326, 6613, 432, 416, 15011, 11149, 1157, 1457, 2816, 1157, 281, 388, 3941, 1299, 1157, 22366, 964, 496, 11314, 1157, 253, 17657, 6613, 949, 253, 20653, 275, 767, 13288, 347, 247, 629, 273, 253, 1375, 18855, 1282, 17657, 985, 1157, 11734, 253, 1375, 387, 17826, 5308, 285, 12365, 387, 659, 15, 25619, 584, 3706, 275, 875, 1157, 1982, 374, 13366, 26696, 265, 253, 1375, 273, 15558, 964, 1284, 581, 273, 253, 2201, 13120, 24908, 275, 253, 20653, 1157, 1982, 374, 310, 247, 2201, 35198, 323, 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), and the cassette single featured all four tracks on both sides of the tape. Although not as successful as the album's first two singles, the song did chart well. In the U.S., the song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the Album Rock Tracks charts. The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, and it topped the Irish Singles Chart. = = = Music video = = = The video begins with an aerial shot of a block in Los Angeles, and clips of radio broadcasts are heard with disc jockeys stating that U2 is planning on performing a concert downtown and expecting crowds of 30 @,@ 000 people. Police show up to the set and inform the band's crew of the security issue that the film shoot is causing, due to the large number of people who are coming to watch the performance. Two minutes into the video, U2 are seen on the roof of a liquor store at the corner of 7th Ave. and S. Main St., and perform " Where the Streets Have No Name " to a large crowd of people standing in the streets surrounding the building. Towards the end of the song, the police tell the crew that the performance is about to be shut down, and eventually police walk onto the roof while the crowd are booing the police. The video for " Where the Streets Have No Name " was directed by Meiert Avis and produced by Michael Hamlyn and Ben Dossett. The band attracted over 1 @,@ 000 people during the video's filming, which took place on the rooftop of a liquor store in Downtown Los Angeles on 27 March 1987. The band's performance on a rooftop in a public place was a reference to The Beatles'final concert, as depicted in the film Let It Be. During the shoot U2 played an eight @-@ song set, which included four performances of " Where the Streets Have No Name ". Prior to filming, a week was spent reinforcing the roof of the liquor store to ensure it would not collapse if it were to be intruded by a group of fans. A backup generator was put on the roof so the shooting could continue in the event that the authorities shut off the power on the primary generator, which happened during filming. The depiction of the police attempting to shut down the video shoot due to safety concerns actually happened during filming, just as seen in the video. Hamlyn was almost arrested following a confrontation with the police. According to Avis, the events depicted in the video show what actually happened that day " almost in real time ", and that " getting busted was an integral part of the plan. " Band manager Paul McGuinness revealed in 2007 that much of the confrontation with the police was exaggerated ; the group were hoping to get shut down by the authorities in order to dramatize the music video, but the police continually gave them extensions for shooting the video. In the background of the video is a sign for The Million Dollar Hotel, which was rebuilt to create some interest, in case no one showed up at the film shoot. Although the video is of a live performance, the audio used is from the studio @-@ recorded version of the song. The video won the Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video at the 1989 Grammy Awards. = = = B @-@ sides = = = " Race Against Time " was released on the 12 @-@ inch, cassette, and CD versions of the single. The song developed from the band's interest in urban funk, and was described by The Edge as " a kind of Afro @-@ rhythmic piece " and " a study in rhythm. " The bass riff in the song, inspired by the bodhrán, was played by The Edge, but stemmed from some of Clayton's unused bass parts. Mullen's drum part was recorded in a single take. The song is primarily an instrumental piece but does contain some lyrics inspired by Bono's trip to Ethiopia after Live Aid and his witnessing firsthand the famine in occurrence ; these lyrical references include Bono singing in an Ethiopian language and following it with the phrase " Race against time ". Bono said of the song, " It reminds me of the desert. The desert is so empty, but it aches with a strange kind of fullness. " John Hutchinson of Musician magazine described the song as having an " African flavour " and as being reminiscent of Peter Gabriel. The track was used in the Miami Vice episode " Child's Play ", and is the only one of the single's B @-@ sides that was never played live. " Silver and Gold " was written in support of the Artists United Against Apartheid project, which protested the South African apartheid. In 1985, Bono participated in Steven Van Zandt's anti @-@ apartheid Sun City project and spent time with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones. When Richards and Jagger played blues, Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre, as most of U2's musical knowledge began with punk rock in their youth in the mid @-@ 1970s. Bono realised that U2 " had no tradition ", and he felt as if they " were from outer space ". This inspired him to write the blues @-@ influenced song " Silver and Gold ", which he recorded with Richards and Ronnie Wood. It was re @-@ recorded by U2 for the " Where the Streets Have No Name " single while the band returned to Dublin during in May 1987 during a break between the first and second legs of The Joshua Tree Tour. The song was described by Musician as " tough and raw, with Bono in husky and confident voice, underpinned by a sinuous bass line, and with The Edge demonstrating his newfound prowess in blues @-@ based guitar. " " Silver and Gold " was played live on The Joshua Tree Tour several times, one performance of which was featured on the band's 1988 album and rockumentary, Rattle and Hum. Both the studio recording and the Sun City versions were later featured on the bonus disc of the 20th anniversary edition of The Joshua Tree. The studio version was also included on the limited edition B @-@ sides bonus disk of the band's first compilation album, The Best of 1980 – 1990. " Sweetest Thing " was written by Bono as an apology to his wife for forgetting her birthday. The song opens with a short piano piece before the rest of the band begins to play. Some of Bono's lyrics have been described as reminiscent of John Lennon. The Edge described it as " a beautiful song... which is pop as it should be — not produced out of existence, but pop produced with a real intimacy and purity ", also noting that " It's very new for us. " It was re @-@ recorded with some lyrical alterations and released in 1998 as a single in its own right for The Best of 1980 – 1990. Hot Press editor Niall Stokes stated that this track, along with " Race Against Time ", is " an indicator of what U2 might have made instead of The Joshua Tree. " = = Critical reception = = Upon the release of The Joshua Tree, critics praised " Where the Streets Have No Name ". Steve Morse of The Boston Globe noted the " bell @-@ like tones from the Edge fram [ e ] a search for heaven " and along with the subsequent track on the album, " I Still Haven 't Found What I'm Looking For ", these songs showed how the group were " pilgrims still on a quest ; not preachers who claim to have found answers ". The Bergen Record echoed these sentiments, saying the tracks demonstrated how the band was on a personal and spiritual quest. Rolling Stone called it " assertive rock " in their review of The Joshua Tree. The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune said of " Where the Streets Have No Name ", " the music charges, like someone fleeing for life ". The Washington Post said the track is " a bit oblique lyrically, but the implications are clear in Bono's resolute delivery, Dave ( the Edge ) Evan's quavering guitar, Adam Clayton's cathedral bass and Larry Mullen's rolling thunder drums ". NME lauded the song as the opening track by saying the album " starts by spitting furiously ". The publication praised Bono's impassioned singing and The Edge's guitar playing, which transformed the instrument into " something more than an endlessly abused piece of wood ". The review commented that the " last ten seconds are breathtakingly beautiful ". The Rocket wrote that the song builds a " wall of sound " that Bono's vocals cut through with a " wail of desperation, as the lyrics agonize the need for personal spirituality ". The reviewer compared the opening riff to Simple Minds'" Ghostdancing ". Reviewing The Joshua Tree, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song an " epic opener ". The service's Steve Huey, in a review of the song, praised its " insistent, propulsive rhythmic drive and anthemic chorus ", qualities he singled out for making it a fan favorite. He called the song the " perfect album @-@ opener ", crediting the " slow build of its arrangement toward a climactic peak ". Huey also called Bono's delivery " passionate and grandiose " and " his commitment to the material unshakable ". He believed the combination of his vocals and the band's " sonic power " is what gave U2 its " tremendous force ". = = Live	wikitext_103	[ 2387, 1157, 285, 253, 31392, 2014, 12819, 512, 1740, 11411, 327, 1097, 7123, 273, 253, 11173, 964, 4129, 417, 347, 5547, 347, 253, 5400, 686, 84, 806, 767, 21864, 1157, 253, 4498, 858, 8326, 973, 964, 496, 253, 530, 15, 52, 15, 1157, 253, 4498, 33404, 387, 1180, 2145, 327, 253, 41073, 9405, 2233, 285, 1180, 1903, 327, 253, 33500, 9384, 1535, 7305, 19840, 964, 380, 4498, 4925, 1180, 1740, 327, 253, 5591, 7712, 868, 28525, 1157, 285, 352, 32072, 253, 11596, 7712, 868, 28525, 964, 4928, 187, 426, 426, 426, 11412, 3492, 426, 426, 426, 4928, 187, 380, 3492, 9513, 342, 271, 31319, 5103, 273, 247, 2972, 275, 8742, 9757, 1157, 285, 29205, 273, 5553, 44021, 403, 3735, 342, 1262, 480, 406, 12305, 14851, 326, 530, 19, 310, 7219, 327, 9591, 247, 12699, 17207, 285, 16764, 24597, 273, 1884, 1214, 13, 33, 20181, 952, 964, 9651, 921, 598, 281, 253, 873, 285, 4151, 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Burmese lost 10 @,@ 000 men at Kaungsin. The Mongol armies pushed farther south into the Irrawaddy valley. They took the ancient Burmese capital of Tagaung, about 380 km north of Pagan on 5 February 1284. There, the invaders paused their advance. They found the heat of the searing Irrawaddy valley excessive, and evacuated Tagaung, allowing the Burmese to return to Tagaung on 10 May 1284. But the Mongol army renewed their offensive in the following dry season. They retook Tagaung, and defeated another Burmese stand south of Tagaung, probably near Hanlin, on 26 January 1285, opening the way to Pagan, about 270 km south. After the defeat, the king panicked, and fled to Lower Burma. The evacuation proved premature. The Mongol forces did not advance on Pagan as it was not part of their invasion plan. The country fell into chaos. In Lower Burma, the king found himself isolated, let alone plan a counterattack. Although his sons ruled the key Lower Burma ports ( Prome, Dala and Bassein ), the king did not trust any of them, and he and his court settled at Hlegya, west of Prome. Without the full support of his sons, the presence of the king and his small army impressed no one. The governor of Pegu revolted that same year. The king managed to send two small expeditions to Pegu but they both failed. Now, the entire eastern half of Lower Burma ( Pegu and Martaban ) was in open revolt. = = Peace negotiations ( 1285 – 87 ) = = = = = Ceasefire = = = Given his precarious position, Narathihapate decided to buy time, and sue for peace with the Mongols. In November / December 1285, the king ordered his generals Ananda Pyissi and Maha Bo to enter into ceasefire negotiations. The Mongol commanders at Hanlin, who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named Zhengmian ( Chinese : 征緬 ; Wade – Giles : Cheng @-@ Mien ), agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission. They repeated their 1281 demand that the Burmese king send a formal delegation to the emperor. The two sides had reached a tentative agreement by 3 March 1286, which calls for a full submission of the Pagan Empire, and central Burma to be organized as the province of Mianzhong ( Chinese : 緬中 ; Wade – Giles : Mien @-@ Chung ). After a long deliberation, the king agreed to submit but wanted the Mongol troops to withdraw. In June 1286, he sent an embassy led by Shin Ditha Pamauk, a learned monk, to the emperor's court. = = = Treaty of Beijing = = = In January 1287, the embassy arrived at Beijing, and was received by the Yuan emperor. The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom, and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country. ( Indeed, the tribute was no longer nominal. ) In exchange, the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops. For the emperor, the Burma campaign was the only bright spot ; his other Southeast Asian expeditions had gone badly. He did not want to invest more troops pacify the rest of the kingdom. He preferred a vassal ruler. The Burmese embassy arrived back at Hlegya in May 1287, and reported the terms to the king. = = = Breakdown = = = But the agreement broke down a month later. In late June, the defeated king and his small retinue left their temporary capital for Pagan. But on 1 July 1287, the king was captured en route and assassinated by his second son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome. Anarchy ensued. Each region in the country which had not revolted broke away. No successor to Narathihapate, who could honor and enforce the terms of the treaty of Beijing, emerged. Indeed, a king would not emerge until May 1289. = = Mongol intervention ( 1287 ) = = Given the chaos, the governor of Yunnan ignored the imperial orders of evacuation. The Mongol army commanded by Prince Ye @-@ sin Timour, a grandson of the emperor, marched south toward Pagan. According to mainstream traditional ( British colonial era ) scholarship, the Mongol army ignored the imperial orders to evacuate ; fought its way down to Pagan with the loss of 7000 men ; occupied the city ; and sent out detachments to receive homage, one of which reached south of Prome. But not all colonial period scholars agreed with the assessment as none of the contemporary Mongol / Chinese records specifically mentioned the conquest of Pagan or the temporary completeness of the conquest. Recent research shows that the Mongol forces most probably never reached Pagan. They were held at bay by the Burmese defenses led by commanders Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu, and probably never got closer than 160 km north of Pagan. ( An inscription dated 16 February 1293 by the three brothers claimed that they defeated the Mongol army. ) Even if the Mongols did reach Pagan, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal. At any rate, the Mongol army suffered heavy casualties, and retreated north to Tagaung. They remained there as the treaty was now void. = = Aftermath = = The disintegration of the Pagan Empire was now complete. But the Mongols refused to fill in the power vacuum they had created. They would send no more expeditions to restore order. The emperor apparently had no interest in committing troops that would be required to pacify the fragmented country. Indeed, his real aim all along may have been " to keep the entire region of Southeast Asia broken and fragmented. " It would be another two years until one of Narathihapate's sons, Kyawswa, emerged as king of Pagan in May 1289. But the new " king " controlled just a small area around the capital, and had no real army. The real power in central Burma now rested with the three commander brothers. The uneasy arrangement would persist until 1297. The Mongols continued to occupy northern Burma to Tagaung as the province of Zhengmian ( Cheng @-@ Mien ) but ended the fictional central Burma province of Mianzhong on 18 August 1290. Meanwhile, the power struggle in central Burma continued with the three brothers blatantly consolidating support. To check their rising power, Kyawswa submitted to the Mongols in January 1297, and was recognized by the Yuan emperor Temür Khan as King of Pagan on 20 March 1297. The emperor also gave Chinese titles to the brothers as subordinates of Kyawswa. The brothers resented the new arrangement as it directly reduced their power. On 17 December 1297, the three brothers overthrew Kyawswa, and founded the Myinsaing Kingdom. The dethronement forced the Mongol government to intervene again, leading to the second Mongol invasion of Burma ( 1300 – 01 ). The invasion failed. Two years later, on 4 April 1303, the Mongols abolished the province of Zhengmian ( Cheng @-@ Mien ), evacuated Tagaung, and returned to Yunnan. = = Legacy = = The war was one of several near simultaneous wars waged by the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century. Though it was never more than a minor frontier war to the Mongols, the war set off a series of enduring developments in Burma. The invasions ushered in a period of political fragmentation, and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia. = = = Age of political fragmentation = = = The immediate result of the war was the collapse of the Pagan Empire. However, the war merely accelerated the collapse but did not cause it. Pagan's disintegration was " in fact more prolonged and agonized. " The kingdom had been in long gradual decline since the early 13th century. Had Pagan possessed a stronger central government, the collapse could have been temporary, and the country “ could have risen again ”. But the dynasty could not recover, and because the Mongols refused to fill the power vacuum, no viable center emerged in the immediate aftermath. As a result, several minor states fought it out for supremacy for the better part of the 14th century. It was only in the late 14th century that two relatively strong powers emerged in the Irrawaddy basin, restoring some semblance of normalcy. The vast region surrounding the Irrawaddy valley would continue to be made up of several small Tai @-@ Shan states well into the 16th century. = = = Rise of Tai @-@ Shan states = = = Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the Mongol invasions was the emergence of Tai @-@ Shan states in mainland Southeast Asia. The Tai @-@ Shan people who came down with the Mongol invasions stayed. By the early 14th century, several Tai @-@ Shan states had come to dominate a vast region from present @-@ day Assam to northern and eastern Myanmar to northern and central Thailand and Laos. Their rise was encouraged by the Mongols, who viewed the states as a useful buffer between Yunnan and the rest of Southeast Asia. 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influential book, The Sect of Scientology and its Front Organizations. In 1981, the organization's founder, Ingo Heinemann, became the director of Aktion für geistige und psychische Freiheit ( " Campaign for Intellectual and Psychic Freedom " ), Germany's most prominent anti @-@ cult organization. Warnings from sect experts about the influence of new religious movements gained media attention which put political pressure on the government to deal with the situation ; as the movements were not doing anything illegal, the government resorted to issuing a range of leaflets and public statements giving general warnings about religious sects, the earliest of these publications appearing in 1979. Fueled by events such as the Waco Siege in 1993, the murders and suicides associated with the Order of the Solar Temple, and the 1995 Aum Shinrikyo incidents in Japan, German fears and concerns about new religious movements gained in intensity in the 1990s, with Scientology attracting particular attention. Perceptions that Scientology had a totalitarian character were reinforced when Robert Vaughn Young, an American ex @-@ Scientologist and former PR official in the Church of Scientology, visited German officials in late 1995 and wrote an article in Der Spiegel, a widely @-@ read weekly magazine, describing Scientology as a totalitarian system operating a gulag – the Rehabilitation Project Force – for members of Scientology's Sea Org found guilty of transgressions. From the mid @-@ 1990s onward, press articles, reports and essays on Scientology appeared on an almost daily basis, accompanied by books and television programmes that reached a mass audience. As noted by the religious scholar Hubert Seiwert, Scientology came to be seen as a " serious political danger that not only threatened to turn individuals into will @-@ less zombies, but was also conspiring to overthrow the democratic constitution of the state ". This view of Scientology as a public enemy, Seiwert adds, " became a matter of political correctness " : senior political figures became involved in launching campaigns against Scientology, and being suspected of any association with it resulted in social ostracism. Stephen A. Kent, writing in 1998, noted that officials at all levels of German government shared the insistence that Scientology should be suppressed. Scientology was viewed as " a totalitarian, business @-@ driven organization [... ] guilty of significant human rights abuses. " Officials examining primary and secondary sources, legal documents, and the testimony of former members, concluded that the organization was " antithetical to a democratic state ". Federal ministries and state governments were asked to use all legal means at their disposal to check the activities of Scientology. Government publications on the dangers of sects increased between 1996 and 1998, and a significant number of them dealt with the Church of Scientology. The German courts had approved such publications in 1989, seeing them as part of the government's responsibility to keep the public informed, and finding that they did not interfere with religious freedom. In 1996, the German parliament launched an Enquete ( Enquiry ) Commission to investigate sects and similar groups, in large part because of public concerns about Scientology. Its final report, published in June 1998, concluded that Scientology, alone among new religious movements, required monitoring by Germany's domestic intelligence services. An area of widespread concern in the German media has been the alleged " infiltration " of businesses by Scientologists, in line with Scientology's declared aim to penetrate society, politics and business in preparation for world domination. Attempts to infiltrate businesses have reportedly been most successful among small and medium @-@ size companies, such as estate agents, management consultants and management @-@ training companies. Management @-@ consultancy firms led by Scientologists often conceal their association with Scientology ; once they have recruited members of their clients'upper management, these managers may send employees to Scientology trainers, as part of company education and training programmes, without informing them as to the origin of the training methods used. An expensive commercial version of Scientology's Oxford Capacity Analysis, usually offered free as part of Scientology proselytizing in public places, temporarily entered some major German companies ( who were unaware of its provenance ) via such a management @-@ consultancy firm. In the mid @-@ 2000s, German sect experts expressed concerns that Scientologists were becoming active in the German after @-@ school tutoring market. These concerns arose because customers of around 20 after @-@ school tutoring centres operated by Scientologists in Frankfurt, Hamburg, Stuttgart and elsewhere might be unaware that their children were being taught by Scientologists, using Scientology methods. Brochures advertising the tutoring services would at most mention the name of L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, but not Scientology itself. In early 2008, Thomas Gandow, Sect Commissioner of the German Lutheran Church in Berlin and Brandenburg, and the historian Guido Knopp both likened the Scientologist Hollywood actor Tom Cruise to Goebbels, the Nazi propaganda minister. Gandow and Knopp cited a leaked Scientology video in which Cruise was seen asking the audience whether Scientologists should " clean up " the world, the audience responding with enthusiastic cheers – cheers which Gandow and Knopp felt were reminiscent of the audience's response to Goebbels'famous question, " Do you want total war? " Gandow's and Knopp's comments found few critics in Germany. Most Germans consider Scientology a subversive organization. In 1997, Time reported that 70 % of Germans favoured banning Scientology ; a poll conducted in September 2008 by Der Spiegel found 67 % support for a ban. German scholars such as Brigitte Schön and Gerald Willms have commented that rhetoric dominates public discourse around Scientology in Germany : in their view, efforts to " frame " information in such a way as to shape opinion have long been more important than the underlying realities. In Schön's words, this includes both the " efforts of German politicians to enhance their popularity with strong @-@ worded statements " and " Scientology's efforts to present itself as the victim of unjust persecution " ; commenting on foreign reporting on Scientology in Germany, she adds that " the American press may prefer sensationalist news to boring investigation and may frame the issue according to American stereotypes ". Both Willms and Schön assert that the situation is compounded by the general paucity of scientific studies of Scientology. Schön as well as Irving Hexham, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary in Canada, have remarked in particular on the lack of academic studies by German scholars. Hexham attributes this situation to the strong influence of the Christian churches in Germany, which has made German academics wary of approaching the subject, because they fear repercussions for their research funding and for their prospects of future employment if they involve themselves in the debate. In 2010 a German public broadcaster, ARD, showed the film Until Nothing Remains, a dramatized account of the effect Scientology had on one German family. Said to be based on a true story, the film attracted widespread media attention and a viewership of 8 @.@ 69 million. = = Legal status = = While there have been calls for Scientology to be banned, the Church of Scientology remains legal in Germany and is allowed to operate there. Its precise legal status however is unresolved. Two points are contested : first, whether or not the teachings of Scientology qualify as a " religion or worldview " ( Religion or Weltanschauung ; these are equal before German law ), and secondly, whether or not these teachings are only used as a pretext for purely commercial activity ; if the latter were the case, this would most likely imply that Scientology would not qualify for protection as a " religious or worldview community " ( Religions- oder Weltanschauungsgemeinschaft ) under Article 4 of the German constitution, which guarantees the freedom of belief, religion and worldview. Status as a " religious or worldview community " also affects a broad range of other issues in Germany, such as taxation and freedom of association. The Federal Court of Justice of Germany has not yet made an explicit decision on the matter, but implicitly assumed in 1980 that Scientology represented a religious or worldview community. The Upper Administrative Court in Hamburg explicitly asserted in 1994 that Scientology should be viewed as a worldview community. In 1995, the Federal Labor Court of Germany decided that the Church of Scientology merely pursued commercial aims and did not represent a religious or worldview community entitled to protection under Article 4 of the German Constitution, although another decision by the same court left the question open again in 2003. In another 2003 decision, the Administrative Court of Baden @-@ Württemberg in Mannheim said there were no indications that the teachings of Scientology merely served as a pretext for commercial activity. In 2005, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany explicitly granted a Scientologist protection under Article 4 @.@ 1 of the German Constitution, which declares the freedom of religion and worldview inviolate. Many courts have declined to assess the religious status of Scientology, finding that the question was irrelevant to deciding the case at hand. The Federal Administrative Court for example ruled in 1997 that the question whether or not Scientology was a religion was irrelevant, and that its legal status should be judged by its business activities. The German government does not consider the Church of Scientology to be a religious or worldview community and asserts that Scientology is a profit @-@ making enterprise, rather than a religion. Recent years have seen a number of court decisions in Scientology's favour, despite the very widespread negative attitude to Scientology among politicians and the general public. = = Government surveillance = = Given the history of Nazism's rise to	wikitext_103	[ 20803, 1984, 1157, 380, 33743, 273, 11615, 1497, 285, 697, 15808, 10164, 5904, 964, 496, 13402, 1157, 253, 6003, 686, 84, 15217, 1157, 496, 2184, 36029, 39480, 1157, 3395, 253, 6423, 273, 28945, 279, 13417, 3471, 382, 9236, 3807, 4369, 15488, 8377, 74, 23867, 313, 346, 27069, 323, 17545, 37246, 285, 13219, 280, 20574, 346, 2387, 1157, 6176, 686, 84, 954, 11906, 3270, 1214, 14, 33, 2453, 6003, 964, 411, 40578, 432, 25102, 10071, 670, 253, 4833, 273, 747, 7231, 11438, 12103, 3420, 4116, 534, 1691, 3569, 3473, 327, 253, 2208, 281, 2968, 342, 253, 4112, 3706, 347, 253, 11438, 497, 417, 2509, 2712, 9676, 1157, 253, 2208, 501, 7551, 281, 29018, 247, 2491, 273, 10617, 6639, 285, 1345, 7234, 4933, 2087, 20942, 670, 7231, 25102, 84, 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= Randy Blythe manslaughter case = The Randy Blythe manslaughter case was a court case in the Czech Republic, stemming from a 2010 Lamb of God concert in Prague, wherein 19 @-@ year @-@ old fan Daniel Nosek sustained head injuries leading to a coma and subsequent death. During the investigation, Czech police unsuccessfully asked United States authorities for cooperation. When the band returned to the Czech Republic for another concert two years later, its vocalist Randy Blythe was arrested, charged with causing Nosek's death, and remanded in custody for five weeks. According to a verdict delivered by the Municipal Court in Prague on March 5, 2013, it was proven that Blythe had thrown Nosek offstage and thus had moral responsibility for his death. However, due to the circumstances, Blythe was not held criminally liable, and most of the blame lay with promoters and security members. The acquittal was upheld by the Prague High Court on June 5, 2013. = = 2010 concert incident = = During a concert on May 24, 2010, in the Prague club, Abaton, Blythe was involved in an incident that resulted in the death of Daniel Nosek, a 19 @-@ year @-@ old attending fan. According to eyewitness statements cited by the Czech online daily newspaper aktuálně.cz following Blythe's arrest, Blythe was chanting " Come on up " between songs, which, the newspaper stated, may have been intended to invite applause from the audience and not a direct invitation to fans. The newspaper went on to report that the fan tried to climb onstage and was thrown by the singer from the stage, falling backwards directly on his head. According to the same paper, Nosek was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, suffered serious brain trauma, fell into a coma, and died weeks later from his injuries. A report about the concert at issue released on May 26, 2010 by topzine.cz stated that " one of the things that was unexpected was the behavior of the singer Randall Blythe, who on a few occasions struck some fans in a relatively brutal way off the stage. " The article also contains pictures, one of them showing Blythe holding a fan down on the ground. Meanwhile, another report released two days after the concert by metalopolis.net alleged that " Randy in a totally uncompromising way took down an impertinent fan, who has climbed the podium several times. The front @-@ man clearly showed that it is his territory, he struck the intruder down, punched him a couple of times and sent him through the air off the podium, without even stopping singing (! ) " On May 28, 2010, the report by marastmusic.com stated that " some broken head was a testimony to the fact that the band does not like anybody on the stage ", while abysszine.com stated that " the only negative thing about the concert was, to say it mildly, disputable approach of the band towards the stage @-@ divers... when somebody tried to climb the stage, he was brutally swept down. " Following Blythe's arrest, Tomáš Fiala, a promoter of the concert, said that there was no fight between the fan and Blythe, and that " it was an unfortunate incident which happened during the concert when someone climbed onto the stage where he was not supposed to be. " According to the Lamb of God publicist Adrenaline PR, " [ the ] incident deals with a fan that three times during the concert jumped the barricade and rushed Randy during the performance. It is alleged that the third time, security was not able to reach him and that Randy pushed him back into the audience where supposedly he fell and hit his head. " However, it was revealed during the trial that it was a different fan who previously got into contact with Blythe than Nosek. Guitarist Willie Adler said, " I can 't recall that particular show, let alone a fan being beaten on the stage. I think I would've noticed something like that considering the Dime thing. " According to Blythe's attorney Martin Radvan, the police launched an investigation following the death of Nosek, about a month after the concert and following a coma. After interviewing several eyewitnesses from the concert, the police asked the United States Department of Justice to take part in the investigation ; however, they refused to cooperate and, moreover, did not notify anyone from Lamb of God or its management. = = Arrest and charges = = On June 27, 2012, Blythe was arrested by the Czech police on suspicion of manslaughter. Lamb of God was prepared to play in Prague on June 28, 2012, but Blythe's arrest upon arrival at Ruzyně Airport caused the concert to be canceled. According to TV Nova, Blythe stated that he had not been aware of Nosek's death and expressed his remorse. A police spokesperson stated on June 29, 2012 that the police had formally charged Blythe under section 146 ( 4 ) of the Czech Criminal Code, which contains intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death ( i.e. manslaughter ). He faced 5 – 10 years of imprisonment if found guilty. Randy's brother Mark Blythe said the charge was " bogus and outrageous and will be dropped immediately. " = = Court remand and bail = = On June 30, 2012, the State Attorney brought a motion to remand Blythe in pre @-@ trial detention, as he considered Blythe a flight risk. During a hearing conducted the same day, judge Petr Fassati of the Prague 8 District Court ruled that Blythe will be held on remand, with the possibility of a bail of CZK 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 200 @,@ 000 ), Blythe's alleged annual income ; Blythe was held in Pankrác Prison. Bail was deposited in the court's bank account on mid @-@ day of July 3, 2012. After this, the State Attorney had three working days to either accept the bail or to challenge it by filing a complaint. Due to public holidays it was not until July 9, 2012, that the State Attorney filed his complaint, which was to be dealt with by appellate court, the Prague Municipal Court. On July 17, 2012, Prague Municipal Court's panel of three judges headed by judge Luboš Vrba overturned the bail decision by doubling the bail amount to CZK 8 million ( ~ US $ 400 @,@ 000 ). After this, the State Attorney challenged the conditions of release, trying to achieve that the bail is subject to Blythe staying in the country and / or Blythe having to report at a given police station regularly until the criminal proceedings are finished. On August 2, 2012, the appellate court rejected the State Attorney's second complaint and ordered Blythe's immediate release. Blythe left the Czech Republic the next day, claiming in an interview with TV Nova that he would return for the trial. = = Indictment and trial = = On November 13, 2012, the spokesperson of the Prague State Attorney's Office announced that the police had formally closed their investigation and proposed to the State Attorney to indict Blythe. After reviewing the case file, the State Attorney indicted Blythe on the aforementioned charges on November 30, 2012. Two weeks later, a judge set the trial to commence on February 4, 2013, with a plan to conduct the hearings in four consecutive days. Blythe was summoned to attend the hearing in person. The case was heard by a panel of the Prague Municipal Court, consisting of presiding professional judge Tomáš Kubovec and two lay judges. Trials in the Czech Republic are public. In general, the court is bound to decide on the deed as stated in the indictment ; however, it is not bound by its legal assessment by the State Attorney. Both the defendant and the State Attorney may appeal the decision ; the appeal would be heard by a panel of the Prague High Court, consisting of three professional judges. A decision of second instance court is final and enforceable. Nevertheless, an extraordinary appeal may be lodged by the defendant or the Supreme State Attorney, which would be heard by the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic in Brno ; an extraordinary appeal may, however, rest only on issues of law and does not provide for full review of the case. After exhausting all of these remedies, the defendant may also lodge a petition to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The petition may be based on allegation of violation of rights under the Czech Constitution and Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. = = = State Attorney Vladimír Mužík = = = Indictment against Blythe was brought by State Attorney Vladimír Mužík. Mužík had tried a number of murderers, such as Luboš Mika ( life in prison ), Roman Fidler ( life imprisonment at 1st instance, 25 years on appeal ), Maria Zolotukinová ( 13 years imprisonment ) and Petr Procházka ( 11 years imprisonment ). He also tried a case against Andranik Soghojan, an alleged head of Russian mafia, requesting 25 years in prison for ordering a murder. The Municipal Court in Prague acquitted Soghojan due to lack of evidence ; however, the decision was repealed on appeal by the High Court, and the case will be heard again by a different tribunal of the Municipal Court. 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I have never felt so disappointed and helpless. " Twelve U.S. Marines were killed ; Japanese casualties are unknown but perhaps somewhat greater. Although both Oka in the west and the Kuma unit in the east tried to attack the Marine lines that night, they failed to make contact and halted near the Marine lines at dawn. At first light on 13 September, Cactus Air Force aircraft and Marine artillery fired into the area just south of the ridge, forcing any Japanese out in the open to seek cover in the nearby jungle. The Japanese suffered several casualties, including two officers from Watanabe's battalion. At 05 : 50, Kawaguchi decided to regroup his forces for another attack that night. = = = Second night's action on the ridge = = = Expecting the Japanese to attack again that night, Edson directed his troops to improve their defenses on and around the ridge. After a failed attempt by two companies to retake the ground on the Marine right flank lost to Kokusho the night before, Edson repositioned his forces. He pulled his front back about 400 yd ( 370 m ) to a line that stretched 1 @,@ 800 yd ( 1 @,@ 600 m ), starting at the Lunga River and crossing the ridge about 150 yd ( 140 m ) south of Hill 123. Around and behind Hill 123 he placed five companies. Any Japanese attackers surmounting Hill 80 would have to advance over 400 yd ( 370 m ) of open terrain to close with the Marine positions at Hill 123. With only a few hours to prepare, the Marines were only able to construct rudimentary and shallow fortifications. They were low on ammunition, with one or two grenades for each Marine. Vandegrift ordered a reserve force consisting of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment ( 2 / 5 ) to move into a position just to the rear of Edson's troops. In addition, a battery of four 105mm howitzers from the 11th Marine Regiment moved to a location from where it could provide direct fire onto the ridge, and a forward artillery observer was placed with Edson's front line units. Late in the afternoon, Edson stepped onto a grenade box and addressed his exhausted troops, saying, You men have done a great job, and I have just one more thing to ask of you. Hold out just one more night. I know we've been without sleep a long time. But we expect another attack from them tonight and they may come through here. I have every reason to believe that we will have reliefs here for all of us in the morning. Edson's speech " raised the spirits " of the Raiders and helped them prepare mentally for the night ahead. As the sun set on 13 September, Kawaguchi faced Edson's 830 Marines with 3 @,@ 000 troops of his brigade, plus an assortment of light artillery. The night was pitch black, with no moon. At 21 : 00, seven Japanese destroyers briefly bombarded the ridge. Kawaguchi's attack began just after nightfall, with Kokusho's battalion assaulting Raider Company B on the Marine right flank, just to the west of the ridge. The force of the assault caused Company B to fall back to Hill 123. Under Marine artillery fire, Kokusho reassembled his men and continued his attack. Without pausing to try to " roll @-@ up " the other nearby Marine units, whose flanks were now unprotected, Kokusho's unit surged forward through the swampy lowlands between the ridge and the Lunga River, heading for the airfield. Kokusho's men came upon a pile of Marine supplies and rations. Not having eaten adequately for a couple of days, they paused to " gorge themselves " on the " C " and " K " rations. Kokusho ordered his men to continue the attack. At about 03 : 00, he led them against the Marine units around the northern portion of the ridge, just short of the airfield, as well as Hill 123. In the heavy fighting that followed, Kokusho and around 100 of his men were killed, ending that attack. Meanwhile, Kawaguchi's 2nd Battalion, under Major Masao Tamura, assembled for their planned assault against Hill 80 from the jungle south of the ridge. Marine observers spotted Tamura's preparations and called in artillery fire. At about 22 : 00, a barrage from twelve 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns hit Tamura's position. In response, two companies of Tamura's troops — numbering about 320 men — charged up Hill 80 with fixed bayonets behind their own barrage of mortar fire and grenades. Tamura's attack hit Company B of the Marine Parachute battalion and also Raider Company B, pushing the Parachutists off the east side of the ridge into a draw below the ridgeline. To protect the exposed Raider Company B, Edson immediately ordered them to pull back onto Hill 123. At the same time, a Japanese company from Watanabe's battalion infiltrated through a gap between the east side of the ridge and Parachute Company C. Deciding that their positions were now untenable, Parachute Companies B and C climbed onto the ridge and retreated to a position behind Hill 123. In the darkness and confusion of the battle, the retreat quickly became confused and disorganized. A few Marines began yelling that the Japanese were attacking with poison gas, scaring other Marines who no longer possessed their gas masks. After arriving behind Hill 123, some of the Marines continued on towards the airfield, repeating the word " withdraw " to anyone within earshot. Other Marines began to follow them. Just at the moment that it appeared that the Marines on the hill were about to break and head for the rear in a rout, Edson, Major Kenneth D. Bailey from Edson's staff, and other Marine officers appeared and, with " vivid " language, herded the Marines back into defensive positions around Hill 123. As the Marines formed into a horseshoe @-@ shaped line around Hill 123, Tamura's battalion began a series of frontal assaults on the hill, charging up the saddle from Hill 80 and up from below the east side of the ridge. Under the light of parachute flares dropped by at least one Japanese floatplane, the Marines repulsed the first two attacks by Tamura's men. Tamura's troops hoisted a 75 mm ( 2 @.@ 95 in ) " regimental " gun to the top of Hill 80 in an effort to fire it directly at the Marines. This gun, which " could have turned the tide in favor of the Japanese, " however, was disabled by a faulty firing pin. At midnight, during a short lull in the fighting, Edson ordered Parachute Companies B and C to advance from behind Hill 123 to strengthen his left flank. With fixed bayonets, the Paramarines swept forward, killing Japanese soldiers who had overrun the Marine lines and were apparently preparing to roll up the Marine lines from the flank, and took position on the east side of the hill. Marines from other units, as well as members of Edson's command staff, including Major Bailey, took ammunition and grenades under fire to the Marines around Hill 123, who were running critically low. Said Marine participant Captain William J. McKennan, " The Japanese attack was almost constant, like a rain that subsides for a moment and then pours the harder... When one wave was mowed down - and I mean mowed down - another followed it into death. " The Japanese hit Edson's left flank just after the Parachutists took position but were again stopped by Marine rifle, machine @-@ gun, mortar, and grenade fire. Marine 105 mm and 75 mm artillery was also taking a heavy toll on the attacking Japanese. A captured Japanese soldier later said that his unit was " annihilated " by the Marine artillery fire, which only 10 % of his company survived. By 04 : 00, after withstanding several more assaults, some of which resulted in hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting, and severe sniper fire from all sides, Edson's men were joined by troops from the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, who helped repulse two more Japanese attacks before dawn. Throughout the night, as Kawaguchi's men came close to overrunning the Marine defenses, Edson remained standing about 20 yd ( 18 m ) behind the Marine firing line on Hill 123, exhorting his troops and directing their defensive efforts. Said Marine Captain Tex Smith, who was in position to observe Edson for most of the night, " I can say that if there is such a thing as one man holding a battalion together, Edson did it that night. He stood just behind the front lines – stood, when most of us hugged the ground. " During the heavy fighting, portions of three Japanese companies, including two from Tamura's and one from Watanabe's battalions, skirted the Marine defenses on the ridge, while suffering heavy losses from Marine gunfire, and reached the edge of " Fighter One ", a secondary runway of Henderson Field. A counterattack by the Marine engineers stopped one Japanese company's advances and forced it to retreat. The other two companies waited at the edge of the jungle for reinforcements to arrive before attacking into the open area around the airfield. When no reinforcements joined them, both companies went back to their original positions south of the ridge after daybreak. 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. Meridian later honored Chaney by renaming a portion of 49th Avenue after him and holding an annual memorial service. Starting in the 1960s and following the construction of highways that made commuting easier, residents began to move away from downtown in favor of new housing subdivisions to the north. After strip commercial interests began to move downtown, the city worked to designate several areas as historic districts in the 1970s and 80s to preserve the architectural character of the city. The Meridian Historic Districts and Landmarks Commission was created in 1979, and the Meridian Main Street program was founded in 1985. Meridian Main Street organized several projects to revitalize downtown, including the construction of a new Amtrak Station in 1997 based on the design of the historic train station used during Meridian's Golden Age ; it had been demolished. Other projects included the renovation of the Rosenbaum Building in 2001 and Weidmann's Restaurant in 2002, as well as support for integrated urban design. Meridian Main Street, along with The Riley Foundation, helped renovate and adapt the historic Grand Opera House in 2006 for use as the " Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and the Performing Arts. " After ownership of the Meridian Main Street was transferred to the Alliance for Downtown Meridian in late 2007, the two organizations, along with the Meridian Downtown Association, spearheaded the downtown revitalization effort. The Alliance serves as an umbrella organization, allowing the other two organizations to use the its support staff and housing, and in turn the Alliance serves as a liaison between the organizations. Plans were underway to renovate the Threefoot Building, but newly elected Mayor Cheri Barry killed the plans in early 2010. Today, the Alliance helps to promote further development and restoration downtown ; its goal is to assist businesses such as specialty shops, restaurants, and bars because these help downtown become more active during the day and at night. The Meridian Downtown Association is primarily focused on increasing foot traffic downtown by organizing special events, and the Meridian Main Street program supports existing businesses downtown. = = = Hotels = = = Given Meridian's site as a railroad junction, its travelers have attracted the development of many hotels. Even before Meridian reached its " Golden Age, " several large hotels, including the Great Southern and the Grand Avenue hotels, were built before the start of the 20th century. With the growth of the railroads and the construction of the original Union Station in 1906, many hotels were constructed for passengers and workers. The Elmira Hotel was constructed in 1905, and the Terminal Hotel was constructed in 1910. Hotel Meridian was constructed in 1907, and Union Hotel was built in 1908. Union Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and both Hotel Meridian and Grand Avenue Hotel were listed as contributing properties to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District. As the city grew, the hotels reflected ambitions of the strong economy, as evidenced by the eleven @-@ story skyscraper Lamar Hotel built in 1927. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the Lamar Hotel was adapted for use as a county annex building. In 1988 it was listed as a Mississippi Landmark. The E.F. Young Hotel was built in 1931. A staple in the African @-@ American business district that developed west of the city's core, the hotel was one of the only places in the city during the years of segregation where a traveling African American could find a room. As the city suburbs developed in the 1960s and'70s, most hotels moved outside of downtown. Rehabilitation of the Riley Center in 2006 has increased demand and a push for a new downtown hotel. The Threefoot Building has been proposed for redevelopment for this purpose, but restoration efforts stalled with a change in city administrations. The Threefoot Preservation Society was formed in 2013 to raise public awareness and support for the building's renovation, featuring tours of the first floor and anniversary events. = = = Historic districts = = = Meridian has nine historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Meridian Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts, the Meridian Urban Center Historic District and the Union Station Historic District. Many architectural styles are present in the districts, most from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Italianate, Art Deco, Late Victorian, and Bungalow. The districts are : 1 East End Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th St, 11th Ave, 14th St, 14th Ave, 5th St, and 17th Ave. 2 Highlands Historic District — roughly bounded by 15th St, 34th Ave, 19th St, and 36th Ave. 3 Meridian Downtown Historic District — runs from the former Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad north to 6th St between 18th and 26th Ave, excluding Ragsdale Survey Block 71. 4 Meridian Urban Center Historic District — roughly bounded by 21st and 25th Aves, 6th St, and the railroad. 5 Union Station Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th and 19th Aves, 5th St, and the railroad. 6 Merrehope Historic District — roughly bounded by 33rd Ave, 30th Ave, 14th St, and 8th St. 7 Mid @-@ Town Historic District — roughly bounded by 23rd Ave, 15th St, 28th Ave, and 22nd St. 8 Poplar Springs Road Historic District — roughly bounded by 29th St, 23rd Ave, 22nd St, and 29th Ave. 9 West End Historic District — roughly bounded by 7th St, 28th Ave, Shearer's Branch, and 5th St. = = Government and infrastructure = = Meridian has operated under the mayor @-@ council or " strong mayor " form of government since 1985. A mayor is elected every four years by the population at @-@ large. The five members of the city council are elected every four years from each of the city's five wards, considered single @-@ member districts. The mayor, the chief executive officer of the city, is responsible for administering and leading the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of city government. The city council is the legislative arm of the government, setting policy and annually adopting the city's operating budget. City Hall, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located at 601 23rd Avenue. The current mayor is Percy Bland. Members of the city council include Dr. George M. Thomas, representative from Ward 1, Kenneth Dustin Markham, representative from Ward 2, Barbara Henson, representative from Ward 3, Kim Houston, representative from Ward 4, and Randy Hammon, representative from Ward 5. The council clerk is Pam McInnis. In total, the city employs 570 people. The city established a Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) shortly after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, becoming the only local DHS in the state. The team oversees an area of nine counties. Upon receiving $ 2 @.@ 5 million in grants from the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency and other organizations, the department began training law enforcement offices from other Southern states in passenger rail rescue as well as offering civilian classes in basic handguns, Boy Scout first aid and hunting, and firearms training. The DHS helps during times of crisis such as Hurricane Ivan in September 2005, when the department helped establish and support shelters for 700 evacuees. The city now serves as the leader of one of the task forces in the Mississippi DHS, a combination of three nine @-@ county teams. Headed by police chief Lee Shelbourn since 2009, the Meridian Police Department consists of 115 full @-@ time officers as well as part @-@ time and reserve staff available. In 2009, the department's Criminal Investigations Division responded to 4000 cases, 2000 of which were felonies. In 2000, 2094 crimes were reported, up slightly from 2008 crimes the preceding year. Meridian has been described as " the safest city in Mississippi with more than 30 @,@ 000 people. " The East Mississippi Correctional Facility is located in unincorporated Lauderdale County, near Meridian. It is operated by the GEO Group on behalf of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The chief of the Meridian Fire Department is Anthony Clayton. The fire department responded to more than 1600 calls in 2009, including 123 structural fires and 609 emergency service calls. The Mississippi Department of Mental Health operates the East Mississippi State Hospital in Meridian. The United States Postal Service operates the Meridian, North Meridian, and the West Meridian Station post offices. In state politics, the Mississippi Senate district map divides the city into three sections. The northern tip of the city is in the 31st State Senate District and seats Terry Clark Burton ( R ). A strip of the city from the southwest corner up to the northeast corner comprises part of the 32nd State Senate District and seats Sampson Jackson, II ( D ). The western and southeastern portions of the city lie in the 33rd State Senate District and seats Videt Carmichael ( R ). In the Mississippi House of Representatives districts, the city is divided into four districts. The southern and eastern portions of the city reside in House District 81 and are represented by Steven A. Horne ( R ). The city's core makes up the entirety of House District 82 and is represented by Wilbert L. Jones ( D ). Surrounding House District 82 is House District 83, represented by Greg Snowden ( R ). The western section of the city, along with a small section in the north, lie in House District 84 and are represented by Tad Campbell ( R ). 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= 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team = The 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2011 – 12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan at Crisler Center for the 45th consecutive year. It had a seating capacity of 12 @,@ 721. It was also the team's 95th straight season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Fifth @-@ year head coach John Beilein led the team, alongside All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway, Jr. and Zack Novak. Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year and was Michigan's first Associated Press All @-@ American honoree since 1998. The team's season began with a preseason media day and practices in October 2011. In February 2012, Michigan hosted ESPN's College GameDay for the first time in a game against Ohio State. It was the eighth time a Big Ten team hosted the show, which began in 2005. The team was in the national rankings all season and ended as the 2011 – 12 Big Ten co @-@ champion with Michigan State and Ohio State. It had three victories over teams ranked in the top 10 at the time of the meeting ( eighth @-@ ranked Memphis, ninth @-@ ranked Michigan State and sixth @-@ ranked Ohio State ). The team was undefeated at home until its last home game of the season. Michigan lost in the semifinals of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Tournament and bowed out in the second round of the 2012 NCAA Tournament to end the season with a 24 @-@ 10 record. The team won the school's first Big Ten Conference Championship since the 1985 – 86 season and had the school's best Big Ten record ( 13 – 5 ) since the 1993 – 94 season. = = Preseason = = = = = 2011 – 12 incoming team members = = = Before the season began, point guard Darius Morris, the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010 @-@ 11 season, left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers. The incoming class included Carlton Brundidge and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke. Both Brundidge and Burke were among Scout.com's top 100 players of the 2011 class ; Brundidge ranked 98th and Burke ranked 94th. Max Bielfeldt committed to Michigan in April despite his family's ties to the Illinois Fighting Illini. Illinois University's Bielfeldt Athletic Administration Building was endowed by his family. Sai Tummala, who along with Bielfeldt was recruited by Ivy League schools, rounded out the incoming class. Tummala earned an academic scholarship and was considered a walk @-@ on candidate for the basketball team. Tim Hardaway, Jr., son of former NBA All @-@ Star Tim Hardaway, returned to the team. He was coming off a freshman season in which he was a unanimous Big Ten All @-@ Freshman, All @-@ Big Ten honorable mention, Collegeinsider.com Freshmen All @-@ America and Team USA FIBA U19 honoree. Jordan Dumars, the son of Detroit Pistons All @-@ Star Joe Dumars, left the team, citing nagging knee issues. = = = 2011 – 12 team recruits = = = = = Roster = = Former team captains Travis Conlan ( 1996 – 97 and 1997 – 98 ) and C.J. Lee ( 2008 – 09 ) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist, respectively. Peter Kahler was the team's video coordinator. = = Schedule and results = = Michigan announced its 14 @-@ game non @-@ conference schedule on August 1, 2011. The team began the season in a renovated Crisler Arena : new seats and a high @-@ definition scoreboard were added, but seating capacity was reduced to 12 @,@ 721 from 13 @,@ 751 in the previous 10 seasons. Michigan came in third place in the three @-@ game 2011 Maui Invitational Tournament between November 21 – 23. The team defeated the eighth @-@ ranked Memphis Tigers 73 – 61, lost to the sixth @-@ ranked Duke Blue Devils 82 – 75, and defeated the Pac @-@ 12 favorite UCLA Bruins 79 – 63. Tim Hardaway, Jr. was named the Big Ten Player of the Week, and Trey Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week. In an ACC – Big Ten Challenge game in late November, Michigan lost to Virginia 70 – 58. In its next game, Michigan defeated Iowa State 76 – 66. On December 10, 2011, Michigan beat Oakland 90 – 80, its highest @-@ scoring game since beating Northern Michigan 97 @-@ 50 on November 14, 2009. It was also Michigan's first game since 2002 with three 20 @-@ point scorers ( Hardaway, Burke and Evan Smotrycz ). Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season @-@ high 20 points and nine assists in the game. On the same day, Michigan was the highest @-@ rated Big Ten team in the Ratings Percentage Index, although the team trailed several schools in the national polls. In the final two non @-@ conference games of the season, Smotrycz scored his first two double @-@ doubles against Alabama A & M and Bradley on December 17 and December 22. Heading into the Big Ten Conference schedule, both of the teams Michigan had lost to were ranked ( Duke was 7th and 5th in the AP and Coaches'polls and Virginia was 23rd and 24th ). On December 29, Michigan won its first Big Ten Conference opener since 2006 – 07, beating Penn State as Smotrycz extended his double @-@ double streak to three games. On January 2, Burke earned his first Big Ten Conference Player of the Week honor and his third Freshman of the Week honor for his 40 points in Michigan's first two conference games. On December 29 against Penn State he posted 13 points, seven assists, five rebounds and no turnovers. On January 1, 2012, he added a career @-@ high 27 points on 8 @-@ for @-@ 11 shooting with three rebounds and three assists against Minnesota to earn Big Ten Conference Player of the Week the following day. On January 19, Michigan became the leader in the conference with a 5 – 2 record, thanks to conference wins over ranked Wisconsin and Michigan State teams. Michigan remained in first place until losing to Ohio State ten days later. The team went 5 @-@ 2 in conference in February, including wins over ranked Indiana and Ohio State teams. Michigan lost its final home game of the season to Purdue on February 25 to finish with a 15 – 1 home record. On March 1, the team defeated Illinois for their first road win in Illinois since 1995. During the game, Michigan's 30th of the season, Trey Burke broke Gary Grant's school freshman assists record, set over the course of 30 games in the 1984 @-@ 85 season, by pushing his total to 143. In the first game of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament against Minnesota, Burke led the team to victory with a career @-@ high 30 points. Burke's total was a school record for the Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. In the semifinal contest, however, Michigan was eliminated by Ohio State for the third year in a row. Michigan entered the 2012 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament seeded fourth, but lost to the thirteenth @-@ seeded Ohio Bobcats 65 – 60. Burke became Michigan's first Associated Press All @-@ American honoree since Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock in 1998. Stu Douglass concluded the season as the school's all @-@ time leader in games played, with 136. He surpassed Loy Vaught, who played in 135 games. Novak set the school record in career minutes played with 4 @,@ 357, surpassing Louis Bullock, who played 4 @,@ 356 minutes. Burke had a school record @-@ setting freshman season in assists, ending the year with 156. = = Statistics = = The team posted the following statistics : = = Rankings = = = = Watchlists and awards = = = = = Preseason = = = Five of the 30 nominees for the men's basketball Lowe's Senior CLASS Award were from the Big Ten, including Michigan's Zack Novak. = = = In @-@ season = = = Trey Burke was one of nearly 60 Bob Cousy Award candidates named in December 2011. On January 4, Burke was one of 20 finalists. On January 25, Novak was named one of ten finalists for the Lowe's Senior CLASS Award along with three other Big Ten athletes. He was also one of four Big Ten men's basketball players named Academic All @-@ District, putting him among the 40 finalists for the 15 @-@ man Academic All @-@ America team. Novak was named a third team Academic All @-@ American. = = = Accolades and honors = = = Trey Burke CBSSports.com Second Team All @-@ American Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Big Ten media ) Co @-@ Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Sporting News ) All @-@ Big Ten ( second team, coaches and media ) All @-@ Freshman	wikitext_103	[ 426, 4332, 1108, 1249, 11314, 411, 14930, 1100, 1821, 686, 84, 14648, 2285, 426, 4928, 187, 380, 4332, 1108, 1249, 11314, 411, 14930, 1100, 1821, 686, 84, 14648, 2285, 6607, 253, 2499, 273, 11314, 1309, 253, 4332, 1108, 1249, 26865, 9333, 309, 1821, 686, 84, 14648, 2952, 964, 380, 2285, 4546, 697, 1728, 3958, 275, 7359, 1780, 3399, 1157, 11314, 387, 27936, 2146, 5197, 323, 253, 5329, 394, 12640, 807, 964, 733, 574, 247, 33371, 5350, 273, 1249, 1214, 13, 33, 818, 1797, 964, 733, 369, 671, 253, 2285, 686, 84, 5325, 394, 4951, 2952, 347, 247, 3558, 273, 253, 7967, 13728, 12651, 964, 17538, 1214, 14, 33, 807, 1481, 8690, 2516, 2325, 587, 249, 3977, 253, 2285, 1157, 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Oka, departed the northern coast of Santa Isabel Island on 2 September. On 4 – 5 September, aircraft from Henderson Field attacked the barge convoy, killing about 90 of the soldiers in the barges and destroying much of the unit's heavy equipment. Most of the remaining 1 @,@ 000 troops were able to land near Kamimbo ( 9 ° 15 ′ 32 ″ S 159 ° 40 ′ 18 ″ E ), west of the Lunga perimeter over the next few days. By 7 September, Kawaguchi had 5 @,@ 200 troops at Taivu Point and 1 @,@ 000 west of the Lunga perimeter. Kawaguchi was confident enough that he could defeat the Allied forces facing him that he declined an offer from the 17th Army for delivery of one more infantry battalion to augment his forces. Kawaguchi believed that there were only about 2 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal. During this time, Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter. Between 21 August and 3 September, he relocated three Marine battalions — including the 1st Raider Battalion, under U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson ( Edson's Raiders ), and the 1st Parachute Battalion — from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal. These units added about 1 @,@ 500 troops to Vandegrift's original 11 @,@ 000 men defending Henderson Field. The 1st Parachute battalion, which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu @-@ Tanambogo in August, was placed under Edson's command. = = Battle = = = = = Prelude = = = Kawaguchi set the date for his attack on the Lunga perimeter for 12 September and began marching his forces west from Taivu towards Lunga Point on 5 September. He radioed 17th Army and requested that it carry out air strikes on Henderson Field beginning on 9 September, and that naval warships be stationed off Lunga Point on September 12 to " destroy any Americans who attempted to flee from the island. " On 7 September, Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to " rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield. " Kawaguchi's plan called for his forces to split into three, approach the Lunga perimeter inland, and launch a surprise night attack. Oka's force would attack the perimeter from the west while Ichiki's Second Echelon — renamed the Kuma Battalion — would attack from the east. The main attack would be by Kawaguchi's " Center Body ", numbering 3 @,@ 000 men in three battalions, from the south of the Lunga perimeter. By 7 September, most of Kawaguchi's troops had started marching from Taivu towards Lunga Point along the coastline. About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade's supply base at Taivu. Meanwhile, native island scouts — directed by British government official and officer in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force, Martin Clemens — told the Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu, near the village of Tasimboko, about 17 mi ( 27 km ) east of Lunga. Edson launched a raid against the Japanese troops at Taivu. Destroyer transports USS McKean and Manley and two patrol boats took 813 of Edson's men to Taivu in two trips. Edson and his first wave of 501 troops landed at Taivu at 05 : 20 ( local time ) on 8 September. Supported by aircraft from Henderson Field and gunfire from the destroyer transports, Edson's men advanced towards Tasimboko village but were slowed by Japanese resistance. At 11 : 00, the rest of Edson's men landed. With this reinforcement and more support from the Henderson Field aircraft, Edson's force pushed into the village. The Japanese defenders, believing a major landing was underway after observing the concurrent approach of an Allied supply ship convoy heading towards Lunga Point, retreated into the jungle, leaving behind 27 dead. Two Marines were killed. In Tasimboko, Edson's troops discovered the supply base for Kawaguchi's forces, including large stockpiles of food, ammunition and medical supplies, and a shortwave radio. The Marines seized documents, equipment and food supplies, destroyed the rest, and returned to the Lunga perimeter at 17 : 30. The quantities of supplies and intelligence from the captured documents revealed that at least 3 @,@ 000 Japanese troops were on the island and apparently planning an attack. Edson and Colonel Gerald Thomas, Vandegrift's operations officer, believed that the Japanese attack would come at the Lunga Ridge, a narrow, grassy, 1 @,@ 000 m ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) long, coral ridge ( 9 ° 26 ′ 39 ″ S 160 ° 2 ′ 50 ″ E ) parallel to the Lunga River just south of Henderson Field. The ridge offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield, commanded the surrounding area and was almost undefended. Edson and Thomas tried to persuade Vandegrift to move forces to defend the ridge, but Vandegrift refused, believing that the Japanese were more likely to attack along the coast. Finally, Thomas convinced Vandegrift that the ridge was a good location for Edson's Raiders to " rest " from their actions of the preceding month. On 11 September, the 840 men of Edson's unit — including the 1st Raiders and the Paramarines — deployed onto and around the ridge and prepared to defend it. Kawaguchi's Center Body of troops was planning to attack the Lunga perimeter at the ridge, which they called " the centipede " ( mukade gata ) because of its shape. On 9 September, Kawaguchi's troops left the coast at Koli Point. Split into four columns, they marched into the jungle towards their predesignated attack points south and southeast of the airfield. Lack of good maps, at least one faulty compass, and thick, almost impenetrable jungle caused the Japanese columns to proceed slowly and zigzag, costing a lot of time. At the same time, Oka's troops approached the Lunga perimeter from the west. Oka had some intelligence on the Marine defenses, extracted from a U.S. Army pilot captured on 30 August. During the day of 12 September, Kawaguchi's troops struggled through the jungle toward their assembly points for that night's attacks. Kawaguchi wanted his three Center Body battalions in place by 14 : 00, but they did not reach their assembly areas until after 22 : 00. Oka was also delayed in his advance towards the Marine lines in the west. Only the Kuma battalion reported that they were in place on time. Despite the problems in reaching the planned attack positions, Kawaguchi was still confident in his attack plan because a captured U.S. pilot disclosed that the ridge was the weakest part of the Marine defenses. Japanese bombers attacked the ridge during daytime on 11 – 12 September, causing a few casualties, including two killed. = = = First night's action = = = The Americans knew of the approach of the Japanese forces from reports from native scouts and their own patrols, but did not know exactly where or when they would attack. The ridge around which Edson deployed his men consisted of three distinct hillocks. At the southern tip and surrounded on three sides by thick jungle was Hill 80 ( so named because it rose 80 ft ( 24 m ) above sea level ). Six hundred yards north was Hill 123 ( 123 ft ( 37 m ) high ), the dominant feature on the ridge. The northernmost hillock was unnamed and about 60 ft ( 18 m ) high. Edson placed the five companies from the Raider battalion on the west side of the ridge and the three Parachute battalion companies on the east side, holding positions in depth from Hill 80 back to Hill 123. Two of the five Raider companies, " B " and " C ", held a line between the ridge, a small, swampy lagoon, and the Lunga River. Machine @-@ gun teams from " E " Company, the heavy weapons company, were scattered throughout the defenses. Edson placed his command post on Hill 123. At 21 : 30 on 12 September, the Japanese cruiser Sendai and three destroyers shelled the Lunga perimeter for 20 minutes and illuminated the ridge with a searchlight. Japanese artillery began shelling the Marine lines, but did little damage. At the same time, scattered groups of Kawaguchi's troops began skirmishing with Marines around the ridge. Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion — led by Major Yukichi Kokusho — attacked the Raider's " C " company between the lagoon and the Lunga River, overrunning at least one platoon and forcing the Marine company to fall back to the ridge. Kokusho's unit became entangled with troops from Kawaguchi's 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Kusukichi Watanabe, who were still struggling to reach their attack positions, and the resulting confusion effectively stopped the Japanese attack on the ridge that night. Kawaguchi, who was having trouble locating where he was in relation to the U.S. Marine lines as well as coordinating his troops'attacks, later complained, " Due to the devilish jungle, the brigade was scattered all over and was completely beyond my control. 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= Butterfly World Tour = The Butterfly World Tour was the third concert tour by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey. The tour promoted Carey's album at the time, Butterfly ( 1997 ), and included songs from several of her previous albums. The tour visited Asia, Australia and the United States, with rehearsals taking place in December 1997. Starting on January 11, 1998 the tour spanned five shows in Asia, six in Australia, and one in Hawaii, US. Throughout the tour, Carey varied hairstyles and outfits, as well as song selections. The Butterfly World Tour was very successful ; the four dates at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome, sold out in under one hour, equaling over 200 @,@ 000 tickets, breaking the previous record she held at the stadium for show sell @-@ outs. The tour was recorded in VHS format, and was titled Around the World. The video featured live performances of Carey at different worldwide venues including New York, Japan, Hawaii and Brisbane. Other scenes are included in the video such as a conversation between Carey and Brenda K. Starr prior to her performance of " I Still Believe ". Prior to the performances in Australia, a scene of Carey swimming with dolphins is shown. Additionally, Olivia Newton @-@ John makes a cameo appearance during their joint performance of Newton @-@ John's song, " Hopelessly Devoted to You ". The video was commercially successful, being certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ). = = Background = = Since her debut in 1990, Carey had not journeyed on a large or extensive tour. In fact, she had not embarked on a tour until her third studio effort, Music Box ( 1993 ), when she performed six arena shows in the United States during the Music Box Tour. The opening night of the tour received scathing reviews, mostly aimed at Carey's deemed " obvious " stage @-@ fright and failure to make a connection with the crowd. Succeeding nights were more favorably reviewed, with critics raving about Carey's vocals. Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote regarding Carey's live vocals, " Beyond any doubt, Ms. Carey's voice is no studio concoction. Her range extends from a rich, husky alto to dog @-@ whistle high notes ; she can linger over sensual turns, growl with playful confidence, syncopate like a scat singer. " However, after the strong media attention, Carey did not visit the US on her succeeding Daydream World Tour in 1996, visiting only Europe and Asia. The tour in contrast, received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike, as well as breaking ticket sale records. Carey's three shows at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome, sold out in under three hours, equaling in over 150 @,@ 000 tickets, setting the record of fastest show sellouts in Japan's history. On the Butterfly World Tour, Carey broke the record, selling 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour. During 1997, after the commercially and critically successful release of Butterfly, Carey had not planned to tour once again, due to the long travel times and strain on her voice. However, due to overwhelming demand by fans, Carey agreed to perform in Asia once again, only extending the tour to Taiwan and Australia, as well as one last show in the United States. Rehearsals for the show began shortly after Christmas 1997, extending for a period of two weeks. = = Concert synopsis = = The show began with Carey standing on a small elevated centerpiece on stage, surrounded by several long draped curtains. Carey featured three background vocalists throughout the tour, Trey Lorenz, Melodie Daniels and Kelly Price. As the introduction began with " Emotions ", each of the curtains were slowly draped, revealing Carey atop the platform, dressed in a beige mini @-@ dress and matching sheer blouse and stiletto heels. As she began performing " Emotions ", the platform was lowered so Carey could access the other sections of the stage throughout the song's performance. After an intimate performance with dimmed lights for " The Roof ( Back in Time ) ", Carey was joined on @-@ stage by a Peruvian guitar player, who played the Latin @-@ inspired guitar melodies during her performance of " My All ". Afterwards, Carey sang " Close My Eyes ", the only sitting performance of the show. During the song, several male backup dancers performed slow and ample dance routines behind Carey on a higher level of the stage. For the second part of the show, Carey had the second costume change of the evening, donning a long sequined black gown and semi @-@ teased hair. For the performance of " Dreamlover ", Carey was joined by three female back @-@ up dancers, who mimicked her light dance routines during the song. The next song on the set @-@ list was " Hero ", which featured Carey alone on @-@ stage, without any vocal back @-@ up. After the song's performance, Carey was joined on @-@ stage by Lorenz, who performed " I 'll Be There " alongside her. Next came " Make It Happen ", a song which accompanied yet another wardrobe change for Carey. She donned a short mini @-@ skirt, alongside a sleeveless white blouse and loose golden curls. On @-@ stage, Carey was joined by a full church choir, all dressed in long black garments. After the song's recital, Carey performed " One Sweet Day ", alongside a previously recorded video of Boyz II Men during their live performance of the song with Carey at Madison Square Garden in 1995. After completing the song, Carey changed to a pair of leg @-@ hugging blue jeans and a tank top. Her next performance was the " Fantasy " remix, featuring Ol'Dirty Bastard on a large projection screen behind the stage, as Carey performed light chair dance @-@ routines alongside several male dancers. The performance featured the most intricate choreography Carey performed on the tour. After a low @-@ key performance of " Babydoll ", or " Whenever You Call " in other countries, Carey was once again joined by several male dancers, as she sang " Honey ", while re @-@ enacting the music video during a small skit. Carey once again changed to a beige ensemble similar to her first outfit before performing her debut single, " Vision of Love ". The final song on the tour was " Butterfly ", which featured large stills of butterflies and flowers projected onto the large screen behind Carey. She donned a long brown sequined gown for the performance, being joined on stage once again by her trio of back @-@ up singers. During the shows in Japan, Carey performed her holiday classic " All I Want for Christmas Is You ", alongside various male and female dancers on stage who performed light dance routines alongside Carey. During the song, Carey donned a Santa suit and matching hat, while being carried on a large stage prop by the dancers. = = Critical reception = = Virtually the entire tour was an instant sell @-@ out ; the four shows at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome, broke Carey's previous ticket @-@ sales record, selling out all 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour. Additionally, the entire Australian leg sold out within hours, leading Carey to extend the tour one more date in the United States. The show at Hawaii's 50 @,@ 000 capacity Aloha Stadium sold out as well, making her one of the few acts in the stadiums history to sell out the entire venue. Aside from its commercial success, fans and critics raved about the show's visuals, as well as Carey's vocal delivery. = = Broadcasts and recordings = = During the tour, several bits and performances were filmed and later edited into a VHS and DVD entitled Around the World. The VHS featured performances from Tokyo Dome, Aloha Stadium as well as few other skits and scenes that were later compiled into the video. The film first begins with performances in Hawaii, where the song's recitals are cut into halves, excluding the second verses and bridge to shorten the bulk length of the video. Afterwards, Carey's performance of " My All " is shown in inter @-@ cut scenes from Japan and Taipei. After the conclusion of the song, scenes of Carey conversing with Brenda K. Starr are shown, which eventually lead to a tribute to her at a small and intimate New York club, where Carey performs " I Still Believe ". Soon after, Carey's performance in Japan with Lorenz for " I 'll Be There " is shown, leading to scenes of Carey swimming with dolphins in Australia. the next title on the video is Carey's live rendition of " Hopelessly Devoted To You ", where she is joined by Olivia Newton @-@ John on stage in Melbourne. A scene of a fans gathering outside of a New York City studio is shown, following a performance of " Honey, " and " Hero " at Aloha Stadium. The VHS was a commercial success, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ), denoting shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 units. The video was also certified gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ). = = Set list = =	wikitext_103	[ 426, 30683, 16247, 3645, 11997, 426, 4928, 187, 380, 30683, 16247, 3645, 11997, 369, 253, 2626, 12699, 4892, 407, 2448, 16057, 1214, 14, 33, 4498, 16360, 2398, 13560, 45377, 964, 380, 4892, 15127, 45377, 686, 84, 5400, 387, 253, 673, 1157, 30683, 16247, 313, 8210, 2387, 1157, 285, 2908, 9575, 432, 2067, 273, 617, 2045, 16258, 964, 380, 4892, 11580, 10497, 1157, 6976, 285, 253, 1986, 2077, 1157, 342, 33558, 932, 3192, 1659, 275, 4565, 8210, 964, 28396, 327, 4247, 1903, 1157, 8065, 253, 4892, 40423, 2620, 2722, 275, 10497, 1157, 2800, 275, 6976, 1157, 285, 581, 275, 22085, 1157, 1982, 964, 28786, 253, 4892, 1157, 45377, 12848, 419, 712, 9250, 285, 46881, 1157, 347, 973, 347, 4498, 36318, 964, 380, 30683, 16247, 3645, 11997, 369, 1077, 5547, 3706, 253, 1740, 12282, 387, 4047, 686, 84, 6253, 21711, 1157, 17413, 399, 485, 1157, 4211, 562, 275, 762, 581, 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.1M ), the second highest @-@ grossing opening weekend for an original R @-@ rated comedy, again behind Bad Teacher ( $ 31.6M ), and the highest @-@ grossing opening weekend ever for a dark / black comedy film, overtaking the 2004 The Stepford Wives ( $ 21.4M ). The opening weekend audience was 51 % male, and 64 % of the audience were over 25 years of age. The second weekend ( 15 – 17 July ) saw a further 94 theaters added, for a total of 3 @,@ 134. Box office revenue dropped by a " respectable " 38 %, taking $ 17.6M for a total gross of $ 60M in ten days. The film ranked third for the weekend. It remained in the top five films during its third week, dropping 33 % and leaving thirty theaters from the previous weekend, to take in $ 11.9M for a gross of $ 82.6M in 17 days. On July 28, 2011, with $ 87.6M after 20 days, Horrible Bosses surpassed The War of the Roses ( $ 86.8M ) to become the highest grossing dark / black comedy film in unadjusted dollars. Other territories Horrible Bosses was released on July 7, 2011, in the United Arab Emirates ( $ 258 @,@ 108 ), and on July 8 in Estonia ( $ 24 @,@ 471 ), Latvia ( $ 15 @,@ 750 ), Lebanon ( $ 36 @,@ 316 ) and Lithuania ( $ 13 @,@ 676 ), grossing $ 348 @,@ 321 for the opening weekend and accruing a total of $ 855 @,@ 009 in the first 17 days. On the weekend of July 21 – 24, the film opened in the United Kingdom ( $ 3 @,@ 386 @,@ 876 ), Greece ( $ 367 @,@ 845 ), Israel ( $ 200 @,@ 372 ), South Africa ( $ 193 @,@ 632 ), Norway ( $ 109 @,@ 252 ) and East Africa ( $ 7 @,@ 324 ). = = = Critical reception = = = Horrible Bosses received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 68 %, based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10. The site's critical consensus reads, " It's nasty, uneven, and far from original, but thanks to a smartly assembled cast that makes the most of a solid premise, Horrible Bosses works. " Review aggregate Metacritic gave the film a score of 57 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating " mixed or average reviews ". Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four, calling it " well @-@ cast " and commending it for playing to each actor's strengths. Ebert gave particular praise to Spacey, labeling him " superb ", and Aniston, judging her performance to be a " surprise " and a return to form, stating " she has acute comic timing and hilariously enacts alarming sexual hungers ". Ebert called Horrible Bosses " cheerful and wicked ". Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly reacted positively, calling the film " a bouncy, well @-@ built, delightfully nasty tale of resentment, desperation, and amoral revenge " and complimented the casting of the protagonists and antagonists. The A.V. Club's Nathan Rabin also praised the cast, stating that the picture " succeeds almost entirely on the chemistry of its three leads, who remain likeable even while resorting to homicide ", adding the " acting more than compensates for the film's other failings. " Rabin singled out Day's performance as " a potent illustration of how a brilliant character actor with a spark of madness can elevate a ramshackle lowbrow farce into a solid mainstream comedy through sheer force of charisma. " Edward Douglas of ComingSoon.net credited director Seth Gordon with having assembled " the perfect cast ", claiming " the six leads kill in every scene ", but echoed Nathan Rabin's sentiments that Day is the " real standout ". Douglas summarized the picture as " dark fun that works better than expected due to a well @-@ developed script, an impeccable cast and a director who knows how to put the two together ". A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated " the timing of the cast... is impeccable " and appreciated that the script did not attempt " to cut its coarseness with a hypocritical dose of sweetness or respectability ". The review concluded that " in the ways that count and even when it shouldn ’ t, Horrible Bosses works. " USA Today's Scott Bowles awarded the film three out of four stars, labeling it a " surprising comedy that rivals Bridesmaids as the funniest film of the summer, if not the year. " Bowles added that " the characters are so likable ", giving particular credit to Sudeikis though also adding praise for the performances of Bateman and Day. The dialogue was also lauded by Bowles, which commented that " Seth Gordon has a deft touch with water @-@ cooler talk — even when the water cooler might be spiked with poison. " Leonard Maltin of indieWire considered Day to have had the " breakout role " and offered praise to the performances of the cast, but lamented the lack of screen time for Farrell's character. Maltin concluded " the movie has just enough raunchiness to identify it as a 2011 comedy, just enough cleverness to admire, and just the right camaraderie among its three male stars, which turns out to be the movie ’ s greatest strength. " Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave kudos to the " killer cast ", with specific credit given to Bateman and Day, but was critical of the movie, stating " it wussies out on a sharp premise " and that it is a " hit @-@ and @-@ miss farce that leaves you wishing it was funnier than it is " The Guardian's Philip French called Horrible Bosses " a lumbering, misogynistic affair ", but admitted " I laughed frequently, probably to the detriment of my self @-@ respect. " Nicholas Barber of The Independent gave a positive review, complimenting Gordon for not allowing the actors'improvisation to be detrimental to the pacing, but felt the movie was not as " dark " as its premise required, saying " what edginess the film does have comes instead from the inordinate quantity of swearing, plus a smattering of homophobia and misogyny. " Salon's Andrew O 'Hehir offered a mixed response, characterizing the film as a " lot funnier in theory than in practice, but it won 't ruin your Saturday night ". Salon appreciated the " effortless comic chemistry " between Sudeikis, Bateman and Day and singled out Bateman, Aniston and Spacey for their performances. O 'Hehir was however critical of the perceived homophobia, sexism and racism. The Hollywood Reporter's Kirk Honeycutt responded negatively, stating the jokes failed to be funny, stating " Seth Gordon shows no flair for turning the absurdities and cartoonish characters in the script... into anything more than a collection of moments in search of laughs. " Karina Longworth of The Village Voice was critical of the premise, which she felt lacked any legitimate " rage " against the characters'bosses, stating "... there's every sign that, even without these particular emasculators, Dale, Kurt and Nick would still be — for lack of a better word — total pussies. " Longworth felt that the humor was " rarely actually laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny, and never truly dark or daring ". She particularly criticized the all @-@ white, male protagonists and a plot she deemed racist and filled with " stereotypes ". Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of the ensemble cast, but considered the plot to be " predictably moronic, vulgar and juvenile ". Chang echoed the sentiments of The Village Voice in lamenting that the film failed to pursue the premise to " darker, more daring territory " and faulted it for falling back on " over @-@ the @-@ top comic exaggeration ". = = = Accolades = = = The film received several award nominations, including a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor for Colin Farrell, and three nominations from the 2012 Comedy Awards, including Comedy Actor for Bateman, Comedy Actress for Aniston, and best Comedy Film. Farrell and Aniston were both nominated for Best On @-@ Screen Dirt Bag at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards, with Aniston claiming the award. Farrell also received a nomination for Best On @-@ Screen Transformation. = = = Home media = = = On July 26, 2011, FX obtained the rights to the network premiere of the film. Horrible Bosses was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on October 11, 2011. The DVD version sold an estimated 400 @,@ 682 units in the United States during its first week, earning approximately $ 6 @.@ 1 million. It was the number 2 best selling DVD of the week, finishing behind Green Lantern, and the number 3 Blu @-@ ray disc film behind Green Lantern and The Lion King. As of November 2012, it has sold an estimated 1 @.@ 3 million units and earned $ 18 @.@ 3 million. 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= Ward Churchill = Ward LeRoy Churchill ( born 1947 ) is an American author and political activist. He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1990 until 2007. The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government. His work features controversial and provocative views, written in a direct, often confrontational style. In January 2005, Churchill's work attracted controversy because of the circulation of a 2001 essay, " On the Justice of Roosting Chickens ", in which he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful US foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century ; the essay is well known for Churchill's use of the phrase " little Eichmanns " to describe the " technocratic corps " working in the World Trade Center. In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct ; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so. Churchill was fired on July 24, 2007, leading to a claim by some scholars that he was fired because of the " Little Eichmanns " comment. Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment. In April 2009 a Denver jury found that Churchill was wrongly fired, awarding him $ 1 in damages. In July 2009, a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill's request to order his reinstatement, deciding the university has " quasi @-@ judicial immunity ". In February 2010, Churchill appealed the judge's decision. In November 2010, the Colorado Court of Appeals upheld the lower @-@ court's ruling. In September 10, 2012, the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the lower courts'decisions in favor of the University of Colorado. On April 1, 2013, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case. In a February 2014 interview, Churchill commented that after living more than forty years in the northern plains / Colorado region, he had relocated to Atlanta, Georgia in 2013. Churchill also stated that he had a half @-@ dozen uncompleted books which he intended to finish and publish in the next three years. = = Early life and education = = Churchill was born in Urbana, Illinois, to Jack LeRoy Churchill and Maralyn Lucretia Allen. His parents divorced before he was two, and he grew up in Elmwood, where he attended local schools. In 1966, he was drafted into the United States Army. On his 1980 resume, he said he served as a public @-@ information specialist who " wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases. " In a 1987 profile on Churchill, the Denver Post reported that he was drafted, went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for Vietnam, where he served a 10 @-@ month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( LRRP ), one of a six @-@ man team sent out to track down the enemy. The Post article also reported that Churchill was politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam. Churchill told the Post that he had spent some time at the Chicago office of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) in the late 1960s, and briefly taught members of the Weather Underground how to build bombs and fire weapons. In 2005, the Denver Post reported that Churchill's military records show he was trained as a film projectionist and light truck driver, but they do not reflect paratrooper school or LRRP training. The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill having been a member of the unit, or a LRRP team. Churchill received his B.A. in technological communications in 1974 and M.A. in communications theory in 1975, both from Sangamon State University, now the University of Illinois at Springfield. = = Career = = In 1978, Churchill began working at the University of Colorado Boulder as an affirmative action officer in the university administration. He also lectured on American Indian issues in the ethnic studies program. In 1990, the University of Colorado hired him as an associate professor, although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position. The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department, without the usual six @-@ year probationary period, after having been declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments. He has long been interested in issues associated with the Dawes Act, which broke up the communal reservation lands and assigned plots to individual households. Connected with that was the federal government's first use of " blood quantum " to define individual membership in tribes, for what became known as the Dawes Rolls. Since re @-@ establishing self @-@ governments, federally recognized tribes have established their own criteria for enrollment as members, often related to descent from recognized historical lists, but less often requiring proofs of blood quantum. Some of his published works address these issues, which he has interpreted as part of the federal government's policy of genocide against Native Americans. In 1995 Churchill discussed his views with David Barsamian in an interview : You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in Ibero @-@ America. But in Anglo @-@ America, while there was some preoccupation with it, it was not formalized until the passage of the General Allotment Act, mid @-@ 1880s. At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was demonstrably and documentably of at least one @-@ quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group. You couldn 't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth Arapaho and be an Indian. You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter Arapaho or hopefully a quarter and a quarter. The reason for this was quite clear. They were identifying Indians for purposes of allotting them individual parcels of land in the existing reservation base at that point. If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such, then the rest of the land would be declared surplus. So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of Indianness that would minimize the number of Indians that were available. It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to Indianness in the first place. It's become increasingly so ever since. " ( David Barsamian ( December 1995 ). " Interview with Ward Churchill : Historical and Current Perspectives ". Z Magazine. ) In 1996, Churchill moved to the new Ethnic Studies Department of the University of Colorado. In 1997, he was promoted to full professor. He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002. In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9 / 11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year. On May 16, 2006, the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic misconduct, specifically plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for academic misconduct in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado's Board of Regents. = = Genealogy and Tribal affiliation = = In 2003, Churchill stated, " I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. " In 1992, Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one @-@ eighth Creek and one @-@ sixteenth Cherokee. In 1993, Churchill told the Colorado Daily that " he was one @-@ sixteenth Creek and Cherokee. " Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three @-@ sixteenths Cherokee. In a statement dated May 9, 2005, and posted on its website, the United Keetoowah Band initially said, " The United Keetoowah Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill IS NOT a member of the Keetoowah Band and was only given an honorary'associate membership'in the early 1990s because he could not prove any Cherokee ancestry. " The tribe said that all of Churchill's " past, present and future claims or assertions of Keetoowah'enrollment,'written or spoken, including but not limited to ; biographies, curriculum vitae, lectures, applications for employment, or any other reference not listed herein, are deemed fraudulent by the United Keetoowah Band. " Two days later, the United Keetoowah Band replaced its statement and acknowledged Churchill's " alleged ancestry " of being Cherokee : " Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry, and his willingness to assist the UKB in promoting the tribe and its causes, he was awarded an'Associate Membership'as an honor, " the tribe's website now said. " However, Mr. Churchill may possess eligibility status for Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, since he claims 1 / 16 Cherokee. " The tribe's spokesperson, Lisa Stopp, stated the tribe enrolls only members with certified one @-@ quarter American Indian blood. The website statement further clarified that Churchill " was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a'Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood ( CDIB ) ", and the associate membership did not entitle an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe. Churchill has never asked for CDIB certification, and finds the idea of being " vetted " by the US government offensive. In June 1994, the United Keetoowah Band had voted to stop awarding associate memberships. 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in the Sinai, although the pace of the advance was governed by the speed by which the railway and water pipeline could be constructed from the Suez Canal. Rafa was captured on 9 January 1917, while the last of the small Turkish garrisons in the Sinai were eliminated in February. The advance entered Palestine and an initial, unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Gaza on 26 March 1917, while a second and equally unsuccessful attempt was launched on 19 April. A third assault occurred between 31 October and 7 November and this time both the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division took part. The battle was a complete success for the British, over @-@ running the Gaza @-@ Beersheba line and capturing 12 @,@ 000 Turkish soldiers. The critical moment was the capture of Beersheba on the first day, after the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade charged more than 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ). The Turkish trenches were overrun, with the Australians capturing the wells at Beersheeba and securing the valuable water they contained along with over 700 prisoners for the loss of 31 killed and 36 wounded. Later, Australian troops assisted in pushing the Turkish forces out of Palestine and took part in actions at Mughar Ridge, Jerusalem and the Megiddo. The Turkish government surrendered on 30 October 1918. Units of the Light Horse were subsequently used to help put down a nationalist revolt in Egypt in 1919 and did so with efficiency and brutality, although they suffered a number of fatalities in the process. Meanwhile, the AFC had undergone remarkable development, and its independence as a separate national force was unique among the Dominions. Deploying just a single aircraft to German New Guinea in 1914, the first operational flight did not occur until 27 May 1915 however, when the Mesopotamian Half Flight was called upon to assist in protecting British oil interests in Iraq. The AFC was soon expanded and four squadrons later saw action in Egypt, Palestine and on the Western Front, where they performed well. = = = Western Front = = = Five infantry divisions of the AIF saw action in France and Belgium, leaving Egypt in March 1916. I Anzac Corps subsequently took up positions in a quiet sector south of Armentières on 7 April 1916 and for the next two and a half years the AIF participated in most of the major battles on the Western Front, earning a formidable reputation. Although spared from the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme, within weeks four Australian divisions had been committed. The 5th Division, positioned on the left flank, was the first in action during the Battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916, suffering 5 @,@ 533 casualties in a single day. The 1st Division entered the line on 23 July, assaulting Pozieres, and by the time that they were relieved by the 2nd Division on 27 July, they had suffered 5 @,@ 286 casualties. Mouquet Farm was attacked in August, with casualties totalling 6 @,@ 300 men. By the time the AIF was withdrawn from the Somme to re @-@ organise, they had suffered 23 @,@ 000 casualties in just 45 days. In March 1917, the 2nd and 5th Divisions pursued the Germans back to the Hindenburg Line, capturing the town of Bapaume. On 11 April, the 4th Division assaulted the Hindenburg Line in the disastrous First Battle of Bullecourt, losing over 3 @,@ 000 casualties and 1 @,@ 170 captured. On 15 April, the 1st and 2nd Divisions were counter @-@ attacked near Lagnicourt and were forced to abandon the town, before recapturing it again. The 2nd Division then took part in the Second Battle of Bullecourt, beginning on 3 May, and succeeded in taking sections of the Hindenburg Line and holding them until relieved by the 1st Division. Finally, on 7 May the 5th Division relieved the 1st, remaining in the line until the battle ended in mid @-@ May. Combined these efforts cost 7 @,@ 482 Australian casualties. On 7 June 1917, the II Anzac Corps — along with two British corps — launched an operation in Flanders to eliminate a salient south of Ypres. The attack commenced with the detonation of a million pounds ( 454 @,@ 545 kg ) of explosives that had been placed underneath the Messines ridge, destroying the German trenches. The advance was virtually unopposed, and despite strong German counterattacks the next day, it succeeded. Australian casualties during the Battle of Messines included nearly 6 @,@ 800 men. I Anzac Corps then took part in the Third Battle of Ypres in Belgium as part of the campaign to capture the Gheluvelt Plateau, between September and November 1917. Individual actions took place at Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle and Passchendaele and over the course of eight weeks fighting the Australians suffered 38 @,@ 000 casualties. On 21 March 1918 the German Army launched its Spring Offensive in a last @-@ ditched effort to win the war, unleashing sixty @-@ three divisions over a 70 miles ( 110 km ) front. As the Allies fell back the 3rd and 4th Divisions were rushed south to Amiens on the Somme. The offensive lasted for the next five months and all five AIF divisions in France were engaged in the attempt to stem the tide. By late May the Germans had pushed to within 50 miles ( 80 km ) of Paris. During this time the Australians fought at Dernacourt, Morlancourt, Villers @-@ Bretonneux, Hangard Wood, Hazebrouck, and Hamel. At Hamel the commander of the Australian Corps, Lieutenant General John Monash, successfully used combined arms — including aircraft, artillery and armour — in an attack for the first time. The German offensive ground to a halt in mid @-@ July and a brief lull followed, during which the Australians undertook a series of raids, known as Peaceful Penetrations. The Allies soon launched their own offensive — the Hundred Days Offensive — ultimately ending the war. Beginning on 8 August 1918 the offensive included four Australian divisions striking at Amiens. Using the combined arms techniques developed earlier at Hamel, significant gains were made on what became known as the " Black Day " of the German Army. The offensive continued for four months, and during Second Battle of the Somme the Australian Corps fought actions at Lihons, Etinehem, Proyart, Chuignes, and Mont St Quentin, before their final engagement of the war on 5 October 1918 at Montbrehain. The AIF was subsequently out of the line when the armistice was declared on 11 November 1918. In all 416 @,@ 806 Australians enlisted in the AIF during the war and 333 @,@ 000 served overseas. 61 @,@ 508 were killed and another 155 @,@ 000 were wounded ( a total casualty rate of 65 % ). The financial cost to the Australian government was calculated at £ 376 @,@ 993 @,@ 052. Two referendums on conscription for overseas service had been defeated during the war, preserving the volunteer status of the Australian force, but stretching the reserves of manpower available, particularly towards the end of the fighting. Consequently, Australia remained one of only two armies on either side not to resort to conscription during the war. The war had a profound effect on Australian society in other ways also. Indeed, for many Australians the nation's involvement is seen as a symbol of its emergence as an international actor, while many of the notions of Australian character and nationhood that exist today have their origins in the war. 64 Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross during the First World War. = = Inter @-@ war years = = = = = Russian Civil War, 1918 – 19 = = = The Russian Civil War began after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in October 1917. Following the end of the First World War, the western powers — including Britain — intervened, giving half @-@ hearted support to the pro @-@ tsarist, anti @-@ Bolshevik White Russian forces. Although the Australian government refused to commit forces, many Australians serving with the British Army became involved in the fighting. A small number served as advisors to White Russian units with the North Russian Expeditionary Force ( NREF ). Awaiting repatriation in England, about 150 Australians subsequently enlisted in the British North Russia Relief Force ( NRRF ), where they were involved in a number of sharp battles and several were killed. The Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS Swan was also briefly engaged, carrying out an intelligence gathering mission in the Black Sea in late 1918. Other Australians served as advisers with the British Military Mission to the White Russian General, Anton Denikin in South Russia, while several more advised Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia. Later, they also served in Mesopotamia as part of Dunsterforce and the Malleson Mission, although these missions were aimed at preventing Turkish access to the Middle East and India, and did little fighting. Although the motivations of those Australian's that volunteered to fight in Russia can only be guessed at, it seems unlikely to have been political. Regardless, they confirmed a reputation for audacity and courage, winning the only two Victoria Crosses of the land campaign, despite their small numbers. Yet Australian involvement was barely noticed at home at the time and made little difference to the outcome of the war. Total casualties included 10 killed and 40 wounded, with most deaths being from disease during operations in Mesopotamia. = = = Malaita, 1927	wikitext_103	[ 275, 253, 322, 45194, 1157, 3738, 253, 13870, 273, 253, 7170, 369, 17886, 407, 253, 3885, 407, 534, 253, 18217, 285, 1824, 15722, 812, 320, 8818, 432, 253, 322, 17761, 33042, 964, 28962, 66, 369, 10848, 327, 898, 4247, 27062, 1157, 1223, 253, 1390, 273, 253, 1355, 18416, 305, 3298, 10047, 275, 253, 322, 45194, 497, 17527, 275, 5080, 964, 2490, 380, 7170, 5966, 29313, 285, 271, 3302, 1157, 28008, 3177, 369, 1160, 281, 9232, 24076, 327, 3436, 3919, 27062, 1157, 1223, 247, 1273, 285, 9696, 28008, 3177, 369, 10098, 327, 655, 4162, 964, 329, 2626, 9222, 5866, 875, 4562, 4437, 285, 818, 4596, 285, 436, 673, 1097, 253, 743, 91, 317, 8352, 264, 9333, 285, 253, 9943, 8352, 264, 9333, 2335, 629, 964, 380, 6680, 369, 247, 3426, 2323, 323, 253, 4782, 1157, 689, 1214, 14, 33, 3515, 253, 24076, 1214, 14, 33, 2325, 398, 248, 5830, 1386, 285, 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= Battle of the Hongorai River = The Battle of the Hongorai River took place during the Second World War and involved Australian, New Zealand and Japanese forces. Part of the wider Bougainville Campaign of the Pacific theatre, the battle was fought in the southern sector of Bougainville Island. Coming after the Battle of Slater's Knoll in which a strong Japanese counterattack was defeated, the battle occurred in two distinct periods between 17 April and 22 May 1945, as elements of the Australian 15th Brigade advanced south along the Buin Road. The initial phase saw the Australians advance towards the Hongorai River. Following the end of the early fighting, the Australian advance towards the main Japanese concentration at Buin continued as they struck out towards the Hari and Mivo Rivers. This continued until torrential rain and flooding brought the advance to a halt short of the objective, washing away many bridges and roads upon which the Australians relied for supplies. As the Australian advance stalled, the Japanese began harassing the Australian line of communications, and as the rain stopped and the flooding subsided in late @-@ July and into August, the Australians began making preparations to resume the advance towards Buin again. Ultimately, though, the war came to an end before the final Australian advance began, bringing the campaign to an end. = = Background = = = = = Strategic situation = = = Japanese forces had landed on Bougainville in early 1942, capturing it from the small force of Australians garrisoning the island. They had subsequently developed several airbases on the island, using it to conduct operations in the northern Solomon Islands and to attack the Allied lines of communication between the United States, Australia and the Southwest Pacific Area. These bases also helped protect Rabaul, the major Japanese garrison and naval base in Papua New Guinea, and throughout 1943, Allied planners determined that Bougainville was vital for neutralising the Japanese base around Rabaul. US Marines conducted an amphibious landing at Cape Torokina, on the western coast of the island, north of Empress Augusta Bay, in November 1943. After an initial counter @-@ attack, the US Marines had been replaced by a garrison of US Army troops who began consolidating their position around Torokina, establishing a strong perimeter. In March 1944, the Japanese launched a heavy counter @-@ attack, which was turned back with heavy casualties. After this, the situation on Bougainville became largely static, as the Japanese focused primarily on subsistence, and the US forces chose to adopt a mainly defensive posture focused on maintaining the perimeter around Torokina. In late 1944, as part of plans to free US troops up for the Philippines campaign, the Australian II Corps — consisting of mainly Militia troops under the command of Lieutenant General Stanley Savige — took over responsibility for Allied operations on Bougainville from the American XIV Corps. Australian forces began arriving on the island between November and December 1944, initially establishing themselves around the US base at Torokina. Due to inaccurate intelligence, Savige mistakenly believed that the Japanese forces on the island numbered just 17 @,@ 500 men, and he consequently decided that the Australians would pursue an aggressive campaign to clear the Japanese from Bougainville in order to free their troops for subsequent operations elsewhere, rather than maintaining the defensive posture the US forces had adopted. However, Allied estimates of Japanese strength were later found to be grossly inaccurate and after the war it was found that the number of Japanese on the island at this time was closer to 40 @,@ 000. The campaign that Australian planners developed entailed three separate drives : in the north, it was planned that Japanese forces would be forced into the narrow Bonis Peninsula and contained ; in the centre the seizure of Pearl Ridge would give the Australians control of the east – west avenues of approach, as well as affording them protection against further counter @-@ attacks, while also opening the way for a drive to the east coast ; and the main campaign in the south, where the bulk of the Japanese forces were concentrated around Buin. = = = Preliminary moves = = = Following the capture of Pearl Ridge in December 1944, the Australian 7th Brigade had been moved south and allocated to the drive towards Buin. In late March and early April 1945, they had fought the Battle of Slater's Knoll after which a brief lull followed as the Australians paused to shorten their supply lines. Meanwhile, the survivors of the Japanese force, heavily demoralised by their defeat, withdrew towards the Hongorai River. The Australian 3rd Division was then ordered to resume its advance south, being tasked with capturing the Hari River, while the Hongorai was also included as an " intermediate objective ". Japanese strength in the southern sector was estimated by the Australians at about 10 @,@ 500 men, of which 2 @,@ 300 were believed to be directly opposing the 3rd Division. The 15th Brigade was considered to be the most experienced of the Australian units on Bougainville at the time and was moved up to relieve the 7th Brigade, which was in need of rest. Under the command of Brigadier Heathcote Hammer the 15th Brigade consisted of three infantry battalions as well as two troops of tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment, engineers from the 15th Field Company, a battery of 155 @-@ mm guns from'U'Heavy Battery, field artillery from the 2nd Field Regiment, and a number of smaller support units. The 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion took over responsibility for Slater's Knoll replacing the 25th Infantry Battalion while the 24th Infantry Battalion took up a position across the Buin Road. The brigade's third battalion — the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion — did not join them until the beginning of May, and so the 7th Brigade's 9th Infantry Battalion continued patrolling operations north of the Huio River, in the Rumiki area, until the 57th / 60th could dispatch elements to relieve them. Further inland, the 2 / 8th Commando Squadron advanced in a wide arc to the south @-@ east, defending the brigade's left, or eastern, flank. The Japanese forces opposing the Australians belonged to the 6th Division, under the command of Lieutenant General Tsutomu Akinaga. Akinaga had been ordered to delay the Australian advance between the Hongorai and the Hari for as long as possible, and with these orders in mind he had installed a number of strong points along the Australian's expected line of advance. The division's infantry had suffered heavily in the previous battle around Slater's Knoll and as a consequence, several units had to be reorganized or amalgamated. The front line positions were assigned to the 6th Field Artillery Regiment, while the 13th Infantry Regiment was to hold five strongpoints to their rear along and astride the Buin Road, designated'A'through to'E '. The 6th Field and 4th Field Heavy Artillery Regiments both held strongpoints further back, designated'F'and'G '. The 23rd Infantry Regiment was placed in the rear, where it was being reconstituted following losses suffered during the attack on Slater's Knoll. = = Battle = = = = = Advance to the Hongorai = = = The 15th Brigade took over the forward positions from the 7th Brigade on 17 April. Initial dispositions had the 24th Infantry Battalion on the Buin Road around Kero Creek, with the 58th / 59th around Barara, north @-@ east of Slater's Knoll, and the 57th / 60th, when it arrived to relieve the 9th, would be positioned further east astride a secondary, parallel track known to the Australians as the Commando Road. Two days later, Hammer received the order to commence the advance towards the Hongorai from Savige, who offered him the support of the 29th Brigade as a mobile reserve in case of sudden counter @-@ attack. In a change to the tactics that the Australians had previously employed prior to the fighting around Slater's Knoll, from early May they advanced on a two @-@ battalion front, instead of one. The 24th Infantry Battalion was in the van, moving along the Buin Road with the 58th / 59th protecting its flank and rear ; while 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) further inland the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion, commencing on 3 May, advanced along the Commando Road from Rumiki, after taking over from the 9th Infantry Battalion. Moving forward under a creeping barrage as they moved beyond Tokinotu, the 24th Infantry Battalion was the first to contact the Japanese, carrying out an attack against Japanese positions around Dawe's Creek on 17 April. Supported by a troop of Matilda tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment, an artillery barrage which fired over 700 shells, two infantry companies —'C'and'D'— from the 24th attacked the position while another —'A'Company — carried out a flanking manoeuvre to cut another track further north towards Kindara and Hatai. The left forward company —'D'Company — reached its objective without trouble ; however,'C'Company — on the right along with the troop of tanks — came up against stiff Japanese resistance and became bogged down.'A'Company also became embroiled in heavy fighting along the Hatai track. In support of'A'Company, Matilidas came forward and raked the jungle, hacking through the undergrowth to reveal several Japanese pillboxes, which were destroyed by the Australian armour. 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= New Jersey Route 29 = Route 29 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 34 @.@ 76 mi ( 55 @.@ 94 km ) from an interchange with Interstate 295 ( I @-@ 295 ) in Hamilton Township in Mercer County, where it continues as I @-@ 195, to Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ) in Frenchtown, Hunterdon County. Between the southern terminus and I @-@ 95, the route is a mix of freeway and four @-@ lane divided highway that runs along the Delaware River through Trenton. This section includes a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that was built along the river near historic houses and Riverview Cemetery. North of I @-@ 95, Route 29 turns into a scenic and mostly two @-@ lane highway. North of the South Trenton Tunnel, it is designated the Delaware River Scenic Byway, a New Jersey Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway, that follows the Delaware River in mostly rural sections of Mercer County and Hunterdon County. The obsolete Delaware & Raritan Canal usually stands between the river and the highway. Most sections of this portion of Route 29 are completely shaded due to the tree canopy. Route 29 also has a spur, Route 129, which connects Route 29 to U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in Trenton. Route 29 was initially designated in 1927 to run from downtown Trenton to Newark, following present @-@ day Route 179 and US 202 between Lambertville and Somerville and US 22 between Somerville and Newark. The route between Lambertville and Frenchtown was originally Route 29A. In 1953, Route 29 was shifted to follow the alignment of Route 29A to avoid the concurrencies with the U.S. Routes. Route 29 between South Warren Street in Trenton and I @-@ 95 in Ewing Township was upgraded to a four @-@ lane highway, with a portion of freeway, in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1995, the southern freeway part of Route 29 between I @-@ 195 / I @-@ 295 and Route 129 in Hamilton Township was completed. This freeway section was linked to the rest of Route 29 by a tunnel completed in 2002. A realignment of Route 29 in Lambertville by the 2000s made the route concurrent with the entire length of 0 @.@ 26 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 42 km ) Route 165. = = Route description = = = = = Mercer County = = = Route 29 begins at a modified cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 195 and Interstate 295 in Hamilton Township, and it serves as the western continuation of Interstate 195, heading to the northwest as a six @-@ lane freeway. The route interchanges with Route 129, a spur of Route 29 which connects to U.S. Route 1, at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance. Route 29 narrows to four lanes past this interchange and crosses into Trenton. The route comes to a southbound exit and entrance for Lamberton Road. At this point, Route 29 becomes the Delaware River Scenic Byway, a state scenic byway that was also designated a National Scenic Byway in 2009. Route 29 runs along the bank of the Delaware River and enters a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that passes by historic houses and Riverview Cemetery. Within this tunnel, Route 29 features a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lalor Street. The route emerges from the tunnel as the John Fitch Parkway, passes by Arm & Hammer Park, and comes to a traffic light at Thunder Road / Cass Street where it widens back to six lanes. Route 29 meets South Warren Street at another traffic light. The median widens and it passes under the Morrisville @-@ Trenton Railroad Bridge, which carries the Amtrak Northeast Corridor over the Delaware River. Route 29 passes under the Trenton @-@ Morrisville Toll Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 1 over the Delaware River. Access to U.S. Route 1 southbound is provided by ramps from Route 29 while access to Route 29 from northbound U.S. Route 1 is provided by South Warren Street. Route 29 passes under the Lower Trenton Bridge and the median narrows again. It interchanges with Market Street, which provides access to Route 33, and then features an interchange which provides access to the New Jersey State House with a northbound exit and southbound entrance. Route 29 crosses the Assunpink Creek and features an interchange which provides access to South Warren Street with exits in both directions but only a northbound entrance. Route 29 continues to a cloverleaf interchange with Calhoun Street ( County Route 653 ), which provides access to the Calhoun Street Bridge over the Delaware River. Riverside Avenue exits as a frontage road paralleling the northbound lanes of Route 29 before the road features a northbound exit for Hermitage Avenue. Route 29 comes to a partial interchange with Parkside Avenue, with a northbound exit and southbound entrance, and then features a northbound exit for South Eastfield Avenue. The freeway portion of Route 29 ends at the intersection with Lee Avenue and it continues northwest along the Delaware River as a four @-@ lane divided highway. The route meets the southern terminus of County Route 579 ( Sullivan Way ). The median widens again and then narrows as the route meets the southern terminus of Route 175, a former alignment of Route 29 that currently serves as a frontage road. Route 29 crosses into Ewing Township and becomes the Daniel Bray Highway. It passes under the West Trenton Railroad Bridge, which carries CSX and SEPTA ’ s West Trenton Line over the Delaware River. Route 29 intersects Route 175 again and then comes to a complex interchange with Interstate 95, with the ramps within the median of Route 29, just to the east of the Scudder Falls Bridge. Upon crossing the Delaware and Raritan Canal, Route 29 narrows down to a two @-@ lane undivided road called River Road. It continues along the Delaware River, next to the Delaware and Raritan Canal, which runs between Route 29 and the river. The route intersects the northern terminus of Route 175. Farther north, Route 29 enters Hopewell Township and continues into a more rural setting shaded with trees. Route 29 heads to Washington Crossing State Park, where it intersects County Route 546, which heads east on Washington Crossing @-@ Pennington Road, and the approach to the Washington Crossing Bridge, which continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 532. Route 29 continues north along the Delaware River through Titusville, passing by Washington Crossing State Park. = = = Hunterdon County = = = Route 29 crosses into West Amwell Township in Hunterdon County. It enters Lambertville, where Route 29 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway. At the intersection of South Main Street, Route 29 becomes concurrent with Route 165. The route becomes an undivided highway again and meets the western terminus of County Route 518 ( Brunswick Street ). It meets Route 179 ( Bridge Street ), where Route 165 ends and Route 29 turns west for a one @-@ block wrong @-@ way concurrency with the two @-@ lane, undivided Route 179, lasting to the intersection of Main Street, where Route 29 turns north on Main Street. Route 29 follows Main Street north through Lambertville, crossing into Delaware Township. It comes to an interchange with U.S. Route 202 just east of the New Hope @-@ Lambertville Toll Bridge, with access to northbound U.S. Route 202 and from southbound U.S. Route 202 provided by way of Alexauken Creek Road. Route 29 continues along the Delaware River and enters Stockton. The route intersects Bridge Street, which crosses the Delaware River on the Centre Bridge @-@ Stockton Bridge and continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 263. Shortly after that intersection, Route 29 intersects the southern terminus of County Route 523 ( Stockton @-@ Flemington Road ). Route 29 crosses back into Delaware Township, where it meets the southern terminus of County Route 519 ( Kingwood @-@ Stockton Road ). Route 29 makes a sharp left turn and heads west along the river as a rural road, crossing into Kingwood Township, where the name of the road changes from Main Street to Daniel Bray Highway. Here, it intersects with County Route 651 ( Byram @-@ Kingwood Road ). The route bends to the north and continues along the Delaware River for several miles, crossing into Frenchtown, where the route becomes Trenton Road. Upon entering Frenchtown, an end shield for northbound Route 29 is posted to mark the end of state maintenance, which officially ends at the Washington Street intersection, where maintenance is transferred to the county. Despite this, Route 29 officially continues farther north along Trenton Road to its northern terminus at Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ), a short distance east of Route 12 ’ s western terminus at the Uhlerstown @-@ Frenchtown Bridge. The southern terminus of County Route 513 is located a block north of the northern terminus of Route 29 along Route 12. = = History = = The current route was originally legislated in 1911 as part of the Delaware River Drive, a named state highway that was proposed to run from along the Delaware River from Trenton to the New York border in Montague Township. Route 29 was originally defined in 1927 to run from Trenton to Newark. The original route ran from downtown Trenton along State Street and Sanhican Drive. From there, it followed its current alignment to Lambertville, where it followed present @-@ day Route 179 to Ringoes to present @-	wikitext_103	[ 426, 1457, 8911, 22720, 3285, 426, 4928, 187, 22720, 3285, 310, 247, 1375, 17657, 275, 253, 530, 15, 52, 15, 1375, 273, 1457, 8911, 964, 733, 6613, 5910, 1214, 15, 33, 10909, 3641, 313, 7288, 1214, 15, 33, 11107, 10771, 2387, 432, 271, 28961, 342, 40874, 28195, 313, 309, 1214, 14, 33, 28195, 2387, 275, 9516, 26469, 275, 7612, 1209, 3928, 1157, 835, 352, 7788, 347, 309, 1214, 14, 33, 23627, 1157, 281, 22720, 1249, 313, 15454, 5720, 1227, 23752, 5720, 2387, 275, 5112, 10700, 1157, 20189, 9903, 3928, 964, 17842, 253, 11053, 43259, 285, 309, 1214, 14, 33, 5325, 1157, 253, 7622, 310, 247, 5878, 273, 1959, 1106, 285, 1740, 1214, 14, 33, 18209, 4272, 17657, 326, 6613, 2112, 253, 25794, 7121, 949, 34722, 251, 964, 831, 2593, 3797, 247, 9988, 1214, 14, 33, 11096, 16583, 326, 369, 4270, 2112, 253, 8281, 2822, 14464, 9910, 285, 7121, 1374, 36839, 964, 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= Shikamaru Nara = Shikamaru Nara ( 奈良シカマル, Nara Shikamaru ) is a fictional character in the Naruto manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. In the anime and manga, Shikamaru is a ninja affiliated with the village of Konohagakure. He is a member of Team 10, a group of ninja consisting of himself, Choji Akimichi, Ino Yamanaka, and team leader Asuma Sarutobi. Shikamaru is portrayed as a lazy character, unwilling to apply his prodigious intelligence ; Kishimoto has noted that he likes Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature. Outside of the Naruto anime and manga, Shikamaru has appeared in four of the feature films in the series, as well as several other media relating to the series, including video games and original video animations. Numerous anime and manga publications have commented on Shikamaru's character. Many reviewers commented on his laziness and intelligence, and noted his transformation into a leader ; Anime News Network celebrated Shikamaru's emergence as " an unlikely hero " in the Naruto storyline. Shikamaru has also been highly popular with the Naruto reader base, placing high in several popularity polls. Merchandise based on Shikamaru has been released, including action figures, key chains, and patches. = = Creation and conception = = Masashi Kishimoto has noted that he likes Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature despite being a genius, and contrasted him against Sasuke Uchiha's intelligent but abrasive personality. Kishimoto also comically remarked that he would marry Shikamaru if he were a girl, noting that Shikamaru would likely be successful in life. When designing Shikamaru's Part II appearance, Kishimoto wanted to give Shikamaru a unique appearance despite drawing him with a vest that several other ninja wear in the series. As a result, he drew his forehead protector on his arm in order to not obscure his hair. = = Appearances = = = = = In Naruto = = = Shikamaru first major appearance in the series is during the Chunin Exams, bi @-@ yearly exams for ninja who wish to advance in rank. He is part of Team 10 alongside Choji Akimichi and Ino Yamanaka. He is a highly unenthusiastic person, and he attempts to go through life with minimum effort. Contrary to his lazy tendencies, Shikamaru is extremely intelligent ; his teacher, Asuma Sarutobi, determined that Shikamaru's IQ was over 200. Shikamaru's abilities are based on the Shadow Imitation Technique ( 影真似の術, Kagemane no Jutsu, English TV : " Shadow Possession Jutsu " ), the signature technique of his clan, with which he merges his shadow with an opponent's shadow, making them immobilized and forced to mimic Shikamaru's movements. As the series progresses, Shikamaru becomes able to manipulate his shadow in new ways. By Part II of the series, Shikamaru is capable of utilizing multiple shadow @-@ based techniques at once and can lift his shadow from the ground in order to interact with physical objects ; for instance, he can pierce enemies with the shadow tendrils or use them to throw weapons. Shikamaru approaches the exams with a sense of apathy ; when he battles the Sunagakure ninja Temari, he defeats her but forfeits his match to her, due to his chakra being low. Despite this loss, he is the only ninja among his peers to be promoted to the rank of Chunin, as the overseers of the exams were impressed by the insight and intelligence he demonstrated against Temari. As a Chunin, Shikamaru is appointed the leader of a team to prevent Sasuke Uchiha from defecting to the village of Otogakure. Although Shikamaru's team manages to defeat the Otogakure ninja barring their way, Sasuke manages to escape. In Part II of the series, Shikamaru is assigned the task of locating two members of the criminal organization Akatsuki. While his team manages to find their targets, the immortal Akatsuki member Hidan kills Asuma Sarutobi during the course of the battle despite Shikamaru's best efforts. After Asuma's funeral, Shikamaru sets out with the surviving members of Team 10 to avenge their mentor with the aid of Kakashi Hatake. As the other deal with Hidan's partner Kakuzu, Shikamaru avenges Asuma by defeating Hidan and making sure the Akatsuki member's body is never found. Following the fight, Shikamaru vows to protect Kurenai Yuhi and Asuma's newborn daughter. He is later assigned to the Fourth Division alongside Temari and Chōji. He is named a proxy general under Gaara. In the series epilogue, stating his personal desire during the series of final battles, Shikamaru becomes advisor to the Seventh Hokage Naruto after marrying Temari and gaining a son in Shikadai Nara. = = = Appearances in other media = = = Besides the Naruto anime and manga, Shikamaru is featured in seven of the featured films in the series : in the second film, he aids Naruto Uzumaki and Sakura Haruno in fighting against Haido, a utopian idealist seeking to rule the world with a power called Gelel ; in the fourth, Shikamaru appears in a brief sequence, fighting against a large group of stone soldiers ; in the fifth, Shikamaru is sent alongside Kakashi and Sai in search of the base of the Land of Sky, who plans to invade Konoha ; in the sixth, Shikamaru, alongside Sakura and Sai battle the chimera beast summoned by Hiruko ; in the eight, Shikamaru participates in the battle against the demon Satori ; in the ninth, the Limited Tsukuyomi universe presents a portly Shikamaru, the exact opposite of his teammate, Choji, who becomes the team strategist instead ; and in the tenth, Shikamaru leads the team consisting of himself, Naruto, Sakura, Sai, and Hinata Hyuga that is sent to rescue Hinata's younger sister, Hanabi, who was kidnapped by Toneri Otsutsuki. He is also present in the third original video animation, in which he participates in a tournament. Shikamaru is a playable character in nearly all Naruto video games, including the Clash of Ninja series and the Ultimate Ninja series. In some games, he utilizes variations of his Shadow Imitation Technique not seen in the anime or manga. Naruto Shippūden : Gekitō Ninja Taisen! EX 2 marks the first appearance of Shikamaru in his Part II appearance in a video game. A light novel titled Shikamaru Hiden : A Cloud Drifting in Silent Darkness, written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kishimoto, stars Shikamaru as the main character and narrator. The novel is set two years after the Fourth Ninja War, focusing on Shikamaru's assignment as organizer of the newly formed Shinobi Union to capture a rogue ninja who rules over the distant Land of Silence and attempts to establish a new world order ruled by the common people. It also explores his growing relationship with Temari, culminating in him struggling to name his child with her, years after the end of the novel. = = Reception = = Shikamaru has ranked highly in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series, continuously placing in the top ten and reaching fourth place in one poll. The last such poll was in 2011, in which Shikamaru was in ninth place, behind Sasori and ahead of Hinata. Merchandise based on Shikamaru has also been released, including action figures, key chains, and patches in both his Part I and Part II appearance. NTT customers voted him as their sixteenth favorite black haired male anime character. CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama referred to Shikamaru as one of his favorite characters from Naruto. Several publications for manga, anime, video games, and other related media have commented on Shikamaru's character. IGN stated that Shikamaru was one of their favorite characters in the series, and referred to him as " the poster child for any card @-@ carrying member of Generation X " due to his general lack of enthusiasm and his unwillingness to utilize his potential. In a review of episode 110, IGN praised how Shikamaru managed to transcend his lazy nature in order to take on the mantle of a leader when assigned to lead a team in order to retrieve Sasuke Uchiha and agreed that the decision to make him Chunin was fair. Anime News Network also commented on this development, calling Shikamaru's emergence as " an unlikely hero " one of the highlights of the arc. In a subsequent review of episode 135, in which the mission to retrieve Sasuke has failed and the members of Shikamaru's team were critically injured, IGN lauded the	wikitext_103	[ 426, 1608, 1479, 312, 29883, 427, 4595, 426, 4928, 187, 1608, 1479, 312, 29883, 427, 4595, 313, 209, 17474, 219, 32417, 109, 209, 22545, 28779, 31229, 16509, 1157, 427, 4595, 1608, 1479, 312, 29883, 2387, 310, 247, 29934, 1894, 275, 253, 26417, 14345, 38788, 285, 29326, 2962, 3562, 407, 12962, 17850, 611, 763, 45459, 964, 496, 253, 29326, 285, 38788, 1157, 1608, 1479, 312, 29883, 310, 247, 295, 34483, 27312, 342, 253, 7773, 273, 21928, 1368, 356, 518, 459, 964, 754, 310, 247, 3558, 273, 10589, 884, 1157, 247, 1387, 273, 295, 34483, 11253, 273, 2994, 1157, 13999, 8020, 14181, 303, 22208, 1157, 496, 80, 714, 14990, 10573, 1157, 285, 2285, 6657, 1284, 9307, 9997, 307, 19111, 964, 1608, 1479, 312, 29883, 310, 30804, 347, 247, 22658, 1894, 1157, 27086, 281, 4647, 521, 48864, 784, 9260, 3706, 611, 763, 45459, 556, 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K 'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four, in 635, and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal. Roughly twenty years later Dos Pilas was attacked by Calakmul and was soundly defeated. B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was captured by the king of Calakmul but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re @-@ instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy, and attacked Tikal in 657, forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak, the then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. For some reason, B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal ; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas. Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil into an exile that lasted five years. Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas and Caracol. In 682, Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I erected the first dated monument at Tikal in 120 years and claimed the title of kaloomte ', so ending the hiatus. He initiated a programme of new construction and turned the tables on Calakmul when, in 695, he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered. After this, Calakmul never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory. = = = = Tikal after Teotihuacán = = = = By the 7th century, there was no active Teotihuacan presence at any Maya site and the center of Teotihuacan had been razed by 700. Even after this, formal war attire illustrated on monuments was Teotihuacan style. Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I and his heir Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil continued hostilities against Calakmul and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around Tikal, extending as far as the territory around Lake Petén Itzá. These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today. In 738, Quiriguá, a vassal of Copán, Tikal's key ally in the south, switched allegiance to Calakmul, defeated Copán and gained its own independence. It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of Calakmul to bring about the collapse of Tikal's southern allies. This upset the balance of power in the southern Maya area and lead to a steady decline in the fortunes of Copán. In the 8th century, the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis. By the late 8th century and early 9th century, activity at Tikal slowed. Impressive architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers. = = = Terminal Classic = = = By the 9th century, the crisis of the Classic Maya collapse was sweeping across the region, with populations plummeting and city after city falling into silence. Increasingly endemic warfare in the Maya region caused Tikal's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself, accelerating the use of intensive agriculture and corresponding environmental decline. Construction continued at the beginning of the century, with the erection of Temple 3, the last of the city's major pyramids and the erection of monuments to mark the 19th K 'atun in 810. The beginning of the 10th Bak 'tun in 830 passed uncelebrated, and marks the beginning of a 60 @-@ year hiatus, probably resulting from the collapse of central control in the city. During this hiatus, satellite sites traditionally under Tikal's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the Mutal emblem glyph, with Tikal apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence. In 849, Jewel K 'awiil is mentioned on a stela at Seibal as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of Tikal but he is not recorded elsewhere and Tikal's once great power was little more than a memory. The sites of Ixlu and Jimbal had by now inherited the once exclusive Mutal emblem glyph. As Tikal and its hinterland reached peak population, the area suffered deforestation, erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels. Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost the majority of its population during the period from 830 to 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly. There is not much evidence from Tikal that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic, although an influx of refugees from the Petexbatún region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources. In the latter half of the 9th century there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much diminished city of Tikal, as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan K 'awiil II in 869. This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence. The former satellites of Tikal, such as Jimbal and Uaxactun, did not last much longer, erecting their final monuments in 889. By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal's population had deserted the city, its royal palaces were occupied by squatters and simple thatched dwellings were being erected in the city's ceremonial plazas. The squatters blocked some doorways in the rooms they reoccupied in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non @-@ utilitarian items such as musical instruments. These inhabitants reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities far removed from those of the royal dynasty that had erected them. Some monuments were vandalized and some were moved to new locations. Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared, with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for jade and the easier to find tombs being looted. After 950, Tikal was all but deserted, although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins. Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the rainforest claimed the ruins for the next thousand years. Some of Tikal's population may have migrated to the Peten Lakes region, which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century. The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is overpopulation and agrarian failure. The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic Maya civilization, the city having been at the forefront of courtly life, art and architecture for over a thousand years, with an ancient ruling dynasty. However, new research regarding paleoenvironmental proxies from the Tikal reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of Tikal. = = = Modern history = = = In 1525, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés passed within a few kilometres of the ruins of Tikal but did not mention them in his letters. After Spanish friar Andrés de Avendaño became lost in the Petén forests in early 1696 he described a ruin that may well have been Tikal. As is often the case with huge ancient ruins, knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region. It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s. Some second- or third @-@ hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in the 17th century, continuing through the writings of John Lloyd Stephens in the early 19th century ( Stephens and his illustrator Frederick Catherwood heard rumors of a lost city, with white building tops towering above the jungle, during their 1839 @-@ 40 travels in the region ). Because of the site's remoteness from modern towns, however, no explorers visited Tikal until Modesto Méndez and Ambrosio Tut, respectively the commissioner and the governor of Petén, visited it in 1848. Artist Eusebio Lara accompanied them and their account was published in Germany in 1853. Several other expeditions came to further investigate, map, and photograph Tikal in the 19th century ( including Alfred P. Maudslay in 1881 @-@ 82 ) and the early 20th century. Pioneering archaeologists started to clear, map and record the ruins in the 1880s. In 1951, a small airstrip was built at the ruins, which previously could only be reached by several days'travel through the jungle on foot or mule. In 1956 the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area. From 1956 through 1970, major archaeological excavations were carried out by the University of Pennsylvania Tikal Project. They mapped much of the site and excavated and restored many of the structures. Excavations directed by Edwin M. 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= Raid on Manila ( 1798 ) = The Raid on Manila of January 1798 was a Royal Navy false flag military operation during the French Revolutionary Wars intended to scout the strength of the defences of Manila, capital of the Spanish Philippines, capture a Manila galleon and assess the condition of the Spanish Navy squadron maintained in the port. Spain had transformed from an ally of Great Britain in the War of the First Coalition into an enemy in 1796. Thus the presence of a powerful Spanish squadron at Manila posed a threat to the China Fleet, an annual convoy of East Indiaman merchant ships from Macau in Qing Dynasty China to Britain, which was of vital economic importance to Britain. So severe was this threat that a major invasion of the Spanish Philippines had been planned from British India during 1797, but had been called off following the Treaty of Campo Formio in Europe and the possibility of a major war in India between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore. To ensure the safety of the merchant ships gathering at Macau in the winter of 1797 – 98, the British commander in the East Indies, Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier, sent a convoy to China escorted by the frigates HMS Sybille and HMS Fox and commanded by Captain Edward Cooke. After completing his mission Cooke decided to investigate the state of readiness of Spanish forces in Manila himself. He was also intrigued by reports that a ship carrying treasure was due to sail from Manila, which would make a valuable prize. Sailing in Sybille and accompanied by Captain Pulteney Malcolm in Fox, Cooke reached the Spanish capital on 13 January 1798. Anchored in Manila Bay, Cooke pretended that his ships were French vessels and successfully lured successive boatloads of Spanish officials aboard, taking them prisoner in turn. Once he had determined from his captives the state of defences in Manila, that the treasure ship had been unloaded at Cavite and that the Spanish squadron was undergoing extensive repairs and thus unavailable for operations, he sent a raiding party against a squadron of gunboats in the mouth of the Pasig River. Capturing the gunboats in a bloodless attack, Cooke then released his prisoners and sailed southwards, unsuccessfully assaulting Zamboanga before returning to Macau. = = Background = = In 1796, after three years of the French Revolutionary Wars, Spain and the French Republic signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso. The secret terms of this treaty required Spain to renounce its alliance with Great Britain and subsequently to declare war on its former ally. In the East Indies this shift of political allegiance meant that the dominant British forces in the region were faced with the threat of attack from the Spanish Philippines to the east. Britain dominated the East Indies in 1796, controlling the trade routes through the Indian Ocean from the ports of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. Dutch Ceylon, the Dutch Cape Colony and parts of the Dutch East Indies had been captured in 1795, and the French presence in the region had been confined to Île de France and a few subsidiary islands in the Western Indian Ocean. Some of the most important trade routes began at Canton and Macau in Qing Dynasty China. Early in each year a large convoy known as the " China Fleet ", composed of large East Indiaman merchant ships in the employ of the British East India Company, sailed westwards to Europe from Macau laden with tea and other commercial cargo. This convoy was economically significant to Britain : one convoy in 1804 was valued at over £ 8 million ( the equivalent of £ 600 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ). In January 1797 the convoy had been attacked by the French squadron in the East Indies, comprising six frigates commanded by Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey. In the ensuing Bali Strait Incident the commander deceived Sercey into believing that the unescorted convoy contained disguised ships of the line and the French admiral retreated, only learning of his error on his return to Île de France. There was considerable concern in India that Sercey might try again in 1798, or that the Spanish, who maintained a powerful squadron at Cavite, might make an attempt of their own. Rainier's initial impulse on learning in November 1796 of the impending declaration of war between Britain and Spain was to draw up plans for a major invasion of the Philippines, centred on Manila in repetition of the successful British capture of Manila in 1762. Co @-@ operating with the Governor @-@ General of India Sir John Shore and Colonel Arthur Welleley among others, a substantial naval and military forces were earmarked for the operation which was in the advance planning stages, when unexpected news arrived in India in August 1797 announcing the Treaty of Campo Formio which brought the War of the First Coalition to an end. Britain now faced France and Spain alone, while emissaries from the Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore, an old opponent of Britain in Southern India, were seeking French assistance with a renewed outbreak of hostilities. The resources planned for the operation against Manila were therefore retained in India and the operation cancelled, but the protection of the China Fleet was still essential and Rainier diverted some of his squadron eastwards to China. A number of merchant ships had gathered at Bombay in the spring of 1797 in preparation for the trip to Macau to load trade goods and join the China Fleet. To escort this force, Rainier provided the 40 @-@ gun frigate HMS Sybille, captured from the French at the Battle of Mykonos in 1794, and the 50 @-@ gun HMS Centurion, which sailed with the convoy in July, taking passage through the Straits of Malacca, joined there by the ships of the line HMS Victorious and HMS Trident and the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Fox under Captain Pulteney Malcolm for the final voyage to Macau. The convoy arrived without incident on 13 December 1797, although the crews had been substantially weakened by tropical illnesses. = = Cooke's raids = = = = = Reconnaissance of Manilla = = = With his convoy safely at anchor in Macau and the China Fleet several weeks from sailing, Cooke decided to reconnoitre Manila and make observations on the port and the Spanish squadron based there. As an added motivation, rumours in Macau suggested that the annual Manila galleon was due to arrive. This ship brought up to two million Spanish silver dollars from Acapulco across the Pacific Ocean stopping at Guam on its way to Manila. Depositing its dollars in the Philippines, the ship then loaded trade goods from the East Indies for the return journey to New Spain. This round trip was essential to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies, which operated at an enormous financial loss only mitigated by the substantial subsidy from New Spain. Spanish dollars were the accepted currency across most of the East Indies, and disruption of this financial system could have profound effects on regional trade ; but British sailors had nevertheless been attacking the Manila galleons since Thomas Cavendish in 1587. Leaving the heavier warships at Macau, Cooke sailed on 5 January 1798 only with Sybille and Fox, the latter carrying a Mr. Bernard, an experienced linguist. Passing Luzon, Cooke's ships encountered a small Spanish merchant vessel, which was lured towards the frigates, which were flying French tricolors. Seizing the Spanish vessel, Cooke closely questioned the captain and learned that most of the Spanish squadron in Manila were undergoing extensive repairs at Cavite and were unfit to sail. Cooke rewarded the captain by releasing his vessel with its cargo intact, although he did remove 3 @,@ 900 silver dollars. The Spanish squadron had suffered badly in a typhoon in April 1797 and much of the damage had still not been repaired by the time Cooke's small squadron arrived off Manila. Cooke had taken precautions to disguise his ships as French vessels, modelling Sybille on the powerful 40 @-@ gun Forte and Fox on the smaller Prudente. = = = Dinner on Sybille = = = Late in the afternoon of 13 January 1798, Sybille and Fox arrived in Manila Bay, slipping unchallenged past the fortress of Corregidor and then sailing across the bay on the morning of 14 January, anchoring between Manila and Cavite. From his vantage point Cooke could see the Spanish squadron dismasted and under repair in Cavite, the ships of the line San Pedro, Europa and Montañés and the frigates Maria de la Cabeya and Luisa in dock and unfit for action. To Cooke's disappointment he could also see the Manila galleon, Marquesetta being unloaded at the Cavite docks and another valuable merchant ship Rey Carlos aground in the harbour. The Spanish had learned only shortly before Cooke's arrival that the British frigate HMS Resistance under Captain Edward Pakenham was in Philippine waters and had decided to remove the valuable cargo from the treasure ship rather than risk an attack. Fox was the first British ship into the anchorage, and was consequently approached by the guardboat, whose crew came aboard. Malcolm, like Cooke, spoke French fluently and with Bernard translating was able to persuade the officer in charge that the new arrivals were Forte and Prudente seeking supplies and Spanish reinforcements for commerce raiding operations. The officer offered supplies but cautioned that none of the Spanish ships would be in a position to sail until March at the earliest. 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violations of international law. The original essay takes the " roosting chickens " of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech, in which Malcolm X linked the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence which Kennedy perpetuated as " merely a case of chickens coming home to roost. " Churchill's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries. In Kill the Indian, Save the Man : The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools ( 2004 ), Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools ( in Canada ) or Indian boarding schools ( in the USA ) as part of government policies ( 1880s – 1980s ) which he regards as genocidal. = = Activism on Native American issues = = Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co @-@ director of the Denver @-@ based American Indian Movement of Colorado, now an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders, including Russell Means, Glenn T. Morris, Robert Robideau, and David Hill, broke with the national AIM leadership, including Dennis Banks and the brothers Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The AIM Grand Governing Council is based in Minneapolis and retains the name of the national group. It says that the schism arose when Means, Churchill, Glenn T. Morris and others openly supported the Miskito Indian group Misurasata, who were allied with the anti @-@ revolutionary, CIA @-@ backed Contras. Journalists such as Harlan McKosato attributed the split to Means and other AIM members dividing over opposition to the Bellecourt brothers because of their alleged involvement in the execution of Anna Mae Aquash in December 1975, who was then the highest @-@ ranking woman in AIM but had been suspected of being an informant. It was a year in which other FBI informants had been discovered in AIM. On November 3, 1999, Means held a press conference in Denver, Colorado in which he accused the Bellecourt brothers of complicity in Aquash's death, and named three lower @-@ level AIM members involved in her death : Arlo Looking Cloud, John Graham, and Theda Nelson Clark. This was the first time that an AIM leader active at the time of the Aquash murder had publicly accused AIM of having been involved. Looking Cloud and Graham were convicted of murder in 2004 and 2010, by federal and South Dakota state juries, respectively. By then Clark was being cared for in a nursing home and was not indicted. Means attributed the split in AIM to divisions in the aftermath of Aquash's murder. The journalist Harlan McKosato said in 1999, "... her [ Aquash's ] death has divided the American Indian Movement... " The schism continued, with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders, such as Churchill, are tools of the U.S. government used against other American Indians. The leaders of the national AIM organization, now called AIM Grand Governing Council, claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter @-@ intelligence source for the U.S. government, for example the FBI, and local, non @-@ Indian, police forces, to subvert the national AIM organization. Specifically, they refer to a 1993 Boulder, Colorado interview with Jodi Rave, a former columnist for the Denver Post, in which Churchill stated that he " was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement. " In addition, Vernon Bellecourt accused Churchill of having'fraudulently represented himself as an Indian'to bolster his credentials. Bellecourt said he complained to the University of Colorado about this as early as 1986. Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. Colorado AIM's leadership has come into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community, the main supporters of the parade. As early as 2004, Churchill had claimed that such parades are unconstitutional, arguing that the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution provides Native Americans with a right not to be subjected to such displays, overriding the First Amendment rights of non @-@ Native Americans. = = 9 / 11 essay controversy = = Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of Roosting Chickens. In it, he argued that the September 11 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy. He compared the role of financial workers at the World Trade Center in " ongoing genocidal American imperialism " to the role played by Adolf Eichmann in organizing the Holocaust. In 2005, this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak. This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter @-@ accusations of McCarthyism by Churchill and supporters. Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano said, " While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9 / 11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public. " A documentary called Shouting Fire : Stories from the Edge of Free Speech, broadcast on HBO, prominently features Churchill's case in addressing the issues of free speech and First Amendment rights. = = Research misconduct investigation = = The controversy attracted increased academic attention to Churchill's research, which had already been criticized by the legal scholar John LaVelle and historian Guenter Lewy. Additional critics were the sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work, and the historians R.G. Robertson and Russell Thornton, who claimed that Churchill had misrepresented their work. In 2005, University of Colorado Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of research misconduct, including three allegations of plagiarism, and four allegations of fabrication or falsification regarding the history of the Dawes Act, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and statements that smallpox was intentionally spread to Native Americans by John Smith in 1614 and by the United States Army at Fort Clark in 1837 ( not to be confused with the well @-@ documented use of smallpox @-@ infected blankets at Fort Pitt in 1764 ). On May 16, 2006 the University released their findings ; the Investigative Committee agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in " serious research misconduct ", including falsification, fabrication, and two of the three allegations of plagiarism. The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions. The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct accepted the findings of the Investigative Committee but also disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed. Churchill's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University's Privilege and Tenure Committee, which found that two of the seven findings of misconduct did not constitute dismissible offences. Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year's suspension without pay, while two favored dismissal. On July 24, 2007, the University regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct, overruling the recommendation of Privilege and Tenure panel that two be dismissed. By a vote of eight to one, the regents determined to fire Churchill. The next day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for his expressing politically unpopular views. The jury in Churchill's suit for reinstatement weighed the university's claims of academic misconduct per jury instructions it received in the case. As Stanley Fish said, " It was the jury ’ s task to determine whether Churchill ’ s dismissal would have occurred independently of the adverse political response to his constitutionally protected statements. " The jury found that the alleged misconduct would not have led to Churchill's firing and rejected the university's academic misconduct claim as the grounds for dismissal. On April 1, 2009, a Colorado jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired, and awarded $ 1 in damages. As one of the jurors said later in a press interview, " it wasn 't a slap in his face or anything like that when we didn 't give him any money. It's just that [ Churchill's attorney ] David Lane kept saying this wasn 't about the money, and in the end, we took his word for that. " Churchill's counsel asked Chief Judge Larry J. Naves of the Denver District Court to order reinstatement in light of the verdict. On July 7, 2009, Judge Naves found that the defendants ( university ) were entitled to quasi @-@ judicial immunity as a matter of law, vacated the jury verdict and determined that the University did not owe Churchill any financial compensation. Naves denied Churchill's request for reinstatement at CU. Churchill appealed both decisions. On November 24, 2010, a three @-@ judge panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's decision. In February 2011, Churchill filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court. In late May 2011, the Colorado Supreme Court agreed to hear his case. Court records indicate that oral arguments began June 7, 2012. On September 10, 2012, the court ruled that the University had " quasi @-@ judicial immunity ", upholding the trial court's ruling. On April 1, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from Churchill. = = Honors = = 1992, Alfred University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. = = Works = = Books, as editor Marxism and Native Americans. Boulder CO : South End Press. 1984. 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months due to the delay of his planned move to the United States by the outbreak of the Gulf War, but was engrossed in the project for nearly a year. His designs for levels were intended to attract both hardcore and casual gamers by integrating occasional challenging set pieces into the mostly accessible level design. The game's color scheme was influenced by the work of pop artist Eizin Suzuki, and the aesthetics of Green Hill were influenced by the geography of California. In designing the game mechanics, Naka was inspired by Shigeru Miyamoto, whose games he had enjoyed playing years earlier. Admiring the simplicity of Miyamoto's mechanics in complex environments, Naka decided that Sonic would be controlled with only a directional pad for movement and a single button for jumping. He also wanted his creation to be more action @-@ oriented than the Mario series ; while playing Super Mario Bros., he had wondered why the levels could not be cleared more quickly. Due to the need to demonstrate the Genesis'technological prowess, the developing game underwent extensive testing and redesign, a process taking over six months. The developers'efforts were rewarded ; according to Yuji Naka, the game had the fastest @-@ ever character speed in a video game and a rotation effect in the special stages that was considered impossible on the console. The team intended to add a two @-@ player mode displayed via split @-@ screen, but Naka's programming knowledge was insufficient to implement this feature. However, such a mode would later appear in sequel Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ( 1992 ), where the second player would control Sonic's best friend Miles " Tails " Prower. Naka, Oshima, and Yasuhara worked 19 hours a day on the project for several months. Naka's relationship with Sega of Japan was tenuous during this time ; he received little credit for his involvement in the game. He left the company shortly after the game's release, although Sega of America hired him later. Before leaving, however, he defied Sega of Japan's prohibition of developer credits by displaying a few names in black text on a black background, identifiable only by looking at the game's code. = = = Music = = = The music for Sonic the Hedgehog was composed and produced by Masato Nakamura, bassist and lead songwriter of the J @-@ pop band Dreams Come True. The game uses onboard Yamaha YM2612 and SN76489 programmable sound generators to produce a variety of stereo sound effects and music. It was originally intended to have a sound test menu with animations of Sonic breakdancing to the music of a " Sonic Band " of Sharps Chicken on guitar, Max Monkey on bass, Mach Rabbit on drums, and Vector the Crocodile on keyboard. The playable Vector became a recurring character in the series, also appearing in Knuckles'Chaotix, Sonic Heroes, and Sonic Free Riders. The development schedule scrapped the feature, and Yuji Naka replaced the test with the " Se @-@ ga! " chant used in TV commercials ( which reportedly used one @-@ eighth of the memory of the four @-@ megabit cartridge ). On October 19, 2011, twenty years after the game's release, a three @-@ disc compilation of music from Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was released in Japan. The first disc features original tracks from both games, the second contains Masato Nakamura's demo recordings and the third comprises songs by Dreams Come True and their Akon remixes. = = = Packaging and release = = = Game @-@ package illustrator Akira Watanabe said that his goal was to make the characters " colorful ", using clear lines and gradation to " finish them neatly ". According to Watanabe, the developers asked him to create a package design " similar to pop art... without being particular to conventional packages " – something " original " and " stylish ". The game was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on June 23, 1991, and in Japan on July 26. Sega of America packaged it with American Genesis consoles, replacing Altered Beast. Genesis owners who bought their consoles before the switch could request free copies of Sonic the Hedgehog by mail. Sega of America created a large @-@ scale marketing campaign to promote the game and Sonic as a mascot for the company. = = Alternate versions and ports = = = = = 8 @-@ bit version = = = A version of Sonic the Hedgehog was developed by Ancient and released in 1991 for Sega's 8 @-@ bit consoles, the Master System and Game Gear. Its plot and gameplay mechanics are similar to the 16 @-@ bit version, with different level themes and digital assets. The level design is flatter, with no vertical loops, and Sonic cannot re @-@ collect his rings after being hit. The game has a different soundtrack, composed by chiptune musician Yuzo Koshiro and including his compositions and adaptations of music from the 16 @-@ bit version. It was the final game released for the Master System in North America. The Master System version was re @-@ released for Wii's Virtual Console service in North America on August 4, 2008, and in Europe on August 8. The Game Gear version was re @-@ released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on June 13, 2013, and included as an unlockable game in Sonic Adventure DX : Director's Cut for GameCube and Windows and Sonic Mega Collection Plus for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Windows. = = = Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis = = = A port, Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis, was released for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) on November 14, 2006 in United States to mark the game's fifteenth anniversary. It included several new features, such as the ability to save game progress, a level select option, and an Anniversary Mode with the Spin Dash move ( not originally implemented until Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ). Its screen is slightly zoomed in, and adapted to the GBA's widescreen aspect ratio. The game received poor reviews, with a Metacritic score of 33 percent ; the chief complaints concerned its poor conversion to the Game Boy Advance ( resulting in a slow frame rate ), remixed chunky music, and poor preservation of the original gameplay. = = = Compilation releases = = = With its sequels for the Genesis, Sonic the Hedgehog has been ported for a wide range of home and handheld consoles and personal computers. It has appeared in Sonic Compilation ( 1995 ) for the Genesis, Sonic Jam ( 1997 ) for the Sega Saturn and Game.com, Sonic Mega Collection ( 2002 ), Sonic Mega Collection Plus ( 2004 ), Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection ( 2009 ) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, and Sonic Classic Collection ( 2010 ) for the Nintendo DS. Additionally, the game is an unlockable reward in the console versions of Sonic Generations. = = = Downloadable releases = = = Sonic the Hedgehog has been available for all three major seventh @-@ generation video game consoles. It was part of the Wii Virtual Console at the service's 2006 introduction, and was released for the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network shortly afterwards. The game was released for the iPod Classic, iPod video, and video @-@ capable iPod Nano models in 2007 and for Apple's iOS service ( compatible iPhone and iPod touch models ) in April 2009. Sonic the Hedgehog became available on GameTap in September 2009. In October 2010, it was released as a Microsoft Windows download which was ported to Steam. The game was ported to two online app services ( Google Play and the Amazon Appstore ) in December 2012. A remastered mobile port, created using Christian Whitehead's Retro Engine previously used in the 2011 rerelease of Sonic CD, was released on iOS, replacing the original port, on May 15, 2013 with an Android version released the following day. The port features widescreen graphics, the optional ability to spin dash, a time attack mode, and the unlockable option to play as Tails or Knuckles the Echidna. The game was also released as part of the Nintendo 3DS 3D Classics line in May 2013 in Japan, and worldwide in December. = = Reception = = Sonic the Hedgehog was critically praised at its release and in retrospective reviews, with an 86 @-@ percent approval rating at the review aggregator GameRankings based on nine reviews. The game rivaled the Mario series, particularly Super Mario World ( which was recently released for Genesis rival Super Nintendo Entertainment System ). Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games compared the two in depth and characterized Sonic the Hedgehog as being faster, with brighter colors, and Super Mario World as having more " depth of play ". Reviewers noted the game's colorful, detailed graphics. Rand called its color scheme " lively, but never garish ", praising the interaction of color with detail in the sprites, backgrounds, and animations and describing its graphics as the best available for the Genesis. Reviewer Boogie Man of GamePro called the intricate backgrounds " eye @-@ popping " and " gorgeous ", which was echoed by Mean Machines. According to the Lessers ( Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk ) of Dragon, " The graphics and animation in Sonic the Hedgehog make this a serious contender for the best video game of	wikitext_103	[ 2607, 1955, 281, 253, 5778, 273, 521, 9355, 2118, 281, 253, 1986, 2077, 407, 253, 15742, 273, 253, 18351, 3660, 1157, 533, 369, 2209, 1350, 264, 275, 253, 2199, 323, 4829, 247, 807, 964, 3032, 11809, 323, 2308, 497, 6034, 281, 6427, 1097, 45960, 285, 15120, 40178, 407, 24399, 19322, 11132, 873, 7437, 715, 253, 6571, 12482, 1268, 2216, 964, 380, 2165, 686, 84, 3295, 6974, 369, 12208, 407, 253, 789, 273, 1684, 9558, 444, 478, 249, 47848, 1157, 285, 253, 47326, 273, 6115, 7061, 497, 12208, 407, 253, 37756, 273, 5002, 964, 2490, 496, 20462, 253, 2165, 17823, 1157, 427, 10573, 369, 11797, 407, 1608, 8047, 86, 47923, 32150, 1157, 3692, 3958, 344, 574, 11346, 4882, 1107, 4321, 964, 24127, 4261, 253, 17647, 273, 47923, 32150, 686, 84, 17823, 275, 2570, 12620, 1157, 427, 10573, 4425, 326, 322, 5120, 651, 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_ping_timer); } switch (t->keepalive_state) { case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_WAITING: grpc_timer_cancel(&t->keepalive_ping_timer); break; case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_PINGING: grpc_timer_cancel(&t->keepalive_ping_timer); grpc_timer_cancel(&t->keepalive_watchdog_timer); break; case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_DYING: case GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_DISABLED: // keepalive timers are not set in these two states break; } // flush writable stream list to avoid dangling references grpc_chttp2_stream* s; while (grpc_chttp2_list_pop_writable_stream(t, &s)) { GRPC_CHTTP2_STREAM_UNREF(s, "chttp2_writing:close"); } GPR_ASSERT(t->write_state == GRPC_CHTTP2_WRITE_STATE_IDLE); grpc_endpoint_shutdown(t->ep, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error)); } if (t->notify_on_receive_settings!= nullptr) { grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, t->notify_on_receive_settings, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error)); t->notify_on_receive_settings = nullptr; } GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error); } #ifndef NDEBUG void grpc_chttp2_stream_ref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s, const char* reason) { grpc_stream_ref(s->refcount, reason); } void grpc_chttp2_stream_unref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s, const char* reason) { grpc_stream_unref(s->refcount, reason); } #else void grpc_chttp2_stream_ref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s) { grpc_stream_ref(s->refcount); } void grpc_chttp2_stream_unref(grpc_chttp2_stream* s) { grpc_stream_unref(s->refcount); } #endif grpc_chttp2_stream::Reffer::Reffer(grpc_chttp2_stream* s) { // We reserve one 'active stream' that's dropped when the stream is // read-closed. The others are for Chttp2IncomingByteStreams that are // actively reading GRPC_CHTTP2_STREAM_REF(s, "chttp2"); GRPC_CHTTP2_REF_TRANSPORT(s->t, "stream"); } grpc_chttp2_stream::grpc_chttp2_stream(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_stream_refcount* refcount, const void* server_data, grpc_core::Arena* arena) : t(t), refcount(refcount), reffer(this), metadata_buffer{grpc_chttp2_incoming_metadata_buffer(arena), grpc_chttp2_incoming_metadata_buffer(arena)} { if (server_data) { id = static_cast<uint32_t>((uintptr_t)server_data); *t->accepting_stream = this; grpc_chttp2_stream_map_add(&t->stream_map, id, this); post_destructive_reclaimer(t); } if (t->flow_control->flow_control_enabled()) { flow_control.Init<grpc_core::chttp2::StreamFlowControl>( static_cast<grpc_core::chttp2::TransportFlowControl*>( t->flow_control.get()), this); } else { flow_control.Init<grpc_core::chttp2::StreamFlowControlDisabled>(); } grpc_slice_buffer_init(&frame_storage); grpc_slice_buffer_init(&unprocessed_incoming_frames_buffer); grpc_slice_buffer_init(&flow_controlled_buffer); GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&reset_byte_stream, ::reset_byte_stream, this, nullptr); } grpc_chttp2_stream::~grpc_chttp2_stream() { if (t->channelz_socket!= nullptr) { if ((t->is_client && eos_received) || (!t->is_client && eos_sent)) { t->channelz_socket->RecordStreamSucceeded(); } else { t->channelz_socket->RecordStreamFailed(); } } GPR_ASSERT((write_closed && read_closed) || id == 0); if (id!= 0) { GPR_ASSERT(grpc_chttp2_stream_map_find(&t->stream_map, id) == nullptr); } grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&unprocessed_incoming_frames_buffer); grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&frame_storage); if (stream_compression_method!= GRPC_STREAM_COMPRESSION_IDENTITY_COMPRESS) { grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&compressed_data_buffer); } if (stream_decompression_method!= GRPC_STREAM_COMPRESSION_IDENTITY_DECOMPRESS) { grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&decompressed_data_buffer); } grpc_chttp2_list_remove_stalled_by_transport(t, this); grpc_chttp2_list_remove_stalled_by_stream(t, this); for (int i = 0; i < STREAM_LIST_COUNT; i++) { if (GPR_UNLIKELY(included[i])) { gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s stream %d still included in list %d", t->is_client? "client" : "server", id, i); abort(); } } GPR_ASSERT(send_initial_metadata_finished == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(fetching_send_message == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(send_trailing_metadata_finished == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(recv_initial_metadata_ready == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(recv_message_ready == nullptr); GPR_ASSERT(recv_trailing_metadata_finished == nullptr); grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&flow_controlled_buffer); GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(read_closed_error); GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(write_closed_error); GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(byte_stream_error); flow_control.Destroy(); if (t->resource_user!= nullptr) { grpc_resource_user_free(t->resource_user, GRPC_RESOURCE_QUOTA_CALL_SIZE); } GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "stream"); grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, destroy_stream_arg, GRPC_ERROR_NONE); } static int init_stream(grpc_transport* gt, grpc_stream* gs, grpc_stream_refcount* refcount, const void* server_data, grpc_core::Arena* arena) { GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("init_stream", 0); grpc_chttp2_transport* t = reinterpret_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(gt); new (gs) grpc_chttp2_stream(t, refcount, server_data, arena); return 0; } static void destroy_stream_locked(void* sp, grpc_error* /*error*/) { GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("destroy_stream", 0); grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc

redpajama

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, and come back right away. But after a month there's still no word from him. > > So God sends another angel to find out what happened to the first one. Later that day, the second angel returns with a sad look on his face. God asks him, "Did you find the first angel I sent?" > > "Yes, Lord, I did," he replies. "He'd been asking questions about Saddam, and now they've got him locked up at the General Security Service headquarters." Shortly after my return to Baghdad, I attended a conference at the former lawyers syndicate organized by forty of the new political parties. As soon as I walked in the door, I was besieged by new party leaders and their often pert female personal assistants who obliged me to promise to visit their headquarters, have tea and learn more about (read: promote) their activities. The hot topic at the conference was the formation of the twenty-five-member Iraqi governing council. Most of the parties at the conference complained that Bremer's administration had given too much authority to "foreign" parties like Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress. Although I was surprised at the prominent role given to Chalabi, considering the widespread accusations of corruption and graft against him in the Arab world, I was generally impressed with the United States' selection of the council members. The council was not the toothless group of US lackeys and sycophants I'd suspected the American administration would have preferred to have appointed. Instead, the Bremer administration hadn't shied away from appointing Iraqi Muslim leaders and other people who harbored deep suspicions about the United States and its policies in the Middle East. I have some doubts, however, about whether the US administration fully realizes what it created, giving huge authority to the Shiite merja and the Shiite Daawa (Islamic call) party, a previously militant movement Saddam had brutally and systematically crushed. I thought the United States' appointments to the council were very courageous. But no matter what the United States did, the Iraqis weren't happy. After a few months in Iraq, I was becoming frustrated by the constant complaining I heard. Iraqis—who'd been told what to do and what to think for decades—suddenly had opinions about everything. It became impossible to turn on a television camera on a busy street in Baghdad without a crowd of people forming, yelling: "Where's our electricity? Where's our security? Where is the aid the Americans promised us?" Sometimes I told people, "Yes, you're right. The Americans aren't doing anything right. They should re-appoint Saddam." I'd watch the life drain out of their faces. While more could be done to improve the infrastructure in Iraq, I believe there is a fundamental reason why the Iraqis are so dissatisfied and feel so insecure. It's because they can finally vent their frustrations, speak freely and know that someone is listening. They are scared not just because of the increase of crime and bombings, but also because they don't know what will happen to Iraq and who will run it. The Americans also opened themselves up to the avalanche of criticism by taking on the task of radically restructuring Iraqi society and fighting an often brutal guerilla war while giving the Iraqis the freedom to openly comment on what's going on around them. It's the correct, but also the most difficult approach. Iraqis had unrealistic expectations of what the Americans would and could do after the war. After watching the US military crush what they'd been told was the powerful Iraqi armed forces, most Iraqis simply couldn't accept that the same US military wasn't able to turn on the lights in Baghdad or arrest a few thieves. It was the same disbelief I'd seen at the al-Shaab market when it was bombed during the war when people assumed American missiles couldn't have been misdirected or malfunctioned and therefore suspected the United States of foul play. Many Iraqis now concluded that the United States _wanted_ Iraq to remain in chaos in order to keep it weak, thereby easing the US/Zionist plot to plunder the nation's oil, a belief fueled by the shameful fact that the Oil Ministry was one of a few buildings the US military secured after entering Baghdad. Although I was energized to see so much freedom in Iraq, I realized that Iraqis can't live on freedom alone. They need jobs and security too, because without them there's no way to enjoy liberty. This point was driven home when I looked up Ali. I found Ali even more shy than usual. He smiled demurely when he saw me in the coffee shop of the hotel where I was staying, but I could tell he was depressed. I excitedly asked him how he was, and if he was still working with reporters. He said he couldn't work anymore because he'd been carjacked at gunpoint. The white Toyota Super that he'd driven throughout the war hadn't survived the initial months of peace. Ali told me he had grown tired of working in dangerous situations and was considering taking a job at a neighbor's clothing shop for almost no money. He seemed utterly apathetic. The post-war chaos and crime wave had traumatized Ali more than the war itself. Since the fall of Baghdad on April 9, car theft, murder and rape have skyrocketed. The lawlessness was evident at the Al-Dora police station. At 8 A.M. on the day I spent as an observer at the station, Lieutenant Colonel Ala'a Hassan—a stocky twentyyear veteran cop in his late forties—started his shift by taking a report about a stolen 1997 Datsun. There were 380,000 people in his precinct and he had only a hundred officers, one telephone, two patrol cars and a pickup truck to provide them protection. There had been 60,000 police in Baghdad before the war. By mid-September, there was only a quarter of that number, although the US administration in Iraq has actively been recruiting more. At 10:55 A.M., a grandmother walked into Lt. Col. Hassan's Spartan white office crying. She told Hassan that she'd accepted a ride from a man after she'd gotten off a bus, finding it too crowded. When she offered the man some money, however, he stole $500 from her purse, the equivalent of almost half a year's wages for most Iraqis. "It's your fault," Hassan yelled. "You shouldn't get into a car with strangers! The situation here now isn't stable." He was frustrated. He felt powerless, and he was venting on the victim. An hour later, a policeman told Hassan that a patrol searching for unexploded ordnance had discovered a decomposed body hidden among reeds growing along a nearby road. The body stunk like sewage when we arrived in the station's pickup truck to collect it. It was broken in three pieces and had been partially eaten by animals and insects. The police, paid $120 a month, unenthusiastically put the body in a cardboard box and carted it away. They were disgusted by the stench, but not surprised to have found a corpse tossed along the side of the road. They assumed the crime was a revenge killing, which had become commonplace. Iraqi newspapers were full of articles of old grudges being settled. One told the story of a farmer who'd become enraged in the late 1990s in the southern city of Basra when a bureaucrat at the government Health Ministry ignored his plea for medicine for his sick cow. The farmer believed he was given the runaround because he wasn't a Baath party member or anyone important. After the war, the farmer tracked down the former bureaucrat and demanded that he pay for the cow; otherwise, the farmer threatened, he'd kill him. In Baghdad, there was a story of a bulldozer operator who'd demolished three homes of Shiite Muslims in the early 1990s on orders from the government. After the war he was approached by their relatives, who said that unless he paid for new houses, he'd pay with his life. There was no need to bluff in Baghdad, because it was easy to get away with murder. In fact, murders had become so pervasive—there were as many as seven hundred a month in Baghdad, fourteen times as many as in New York City—that one happened in front of my hotel. A man walked up to a car, talked to a man inside it for a few minutes and then shot him in the head before escaping in a waiting vehicle. People in the neighborhood came onto the street after the shots were fired, brandishing their own guns in front of their homes and stores and squeezing off a few rounds in the air to show that they were serious. After about twenty minutes, an Iraqi police patrol arrived on the scene, but kept on driving after seeing all the armed people in the streets. The body of the murdered man remained slumped over in the car for about twelve hours, until US troops came by and took it away. I have no idea what motivated the murderer, but I was struck by how easy it had been. It made me feel as if I were a potential victim, and I wasn't alone. Iraqi women, fearing kidnap and rape, were wearing Islamic veils more than before, hoping the head coverings would make them less tempting to assailants. Iraqi men were applying the same logic to their cars. I saw several pickup trucks in Baghdad had been taken apart—the flatbeds and doors removed—making them less valuable and therefore less likely to be stolen. It was all too much for Ali. Although he'd always been withdrawn, he'd become numb since the end of the war. The enthusiasm I'd seen on his face the day the statue

redpajama

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help you determine why you sometimes perform at your highest level, and what stops you from performing at your best. You can look at performance as if it were two sides of the same coin. On one side, what can I do to increase my performance level? On the other side, what can I not do that decreases my performance level? From there, it should be relatively simple to develop a strategy to enable you to perform consistently at your highest level. Ultimately, we want to find the cause of good—even great—performance. If you can identify what causes great performance, then you can replicate that (i.e., what you can do that will induce "being in the zone"). And if you know what causes "bad" performance, you can make the necessary changes to avoid that. ## _How This Book is Organized_ Throughout this book we will suggest specific strategies (planned processes used to achieve a goal) that you can use to improve your performance behind the wheel of a race car. Without a strategy, you rarely make any constructive changes. This will include specific strategies for left/right brain integration, brain/body integration, visual integration, balance, mental preparation, building a belief system for the desired state of mind, at-track mental exercises, learning new techniques and tracks, and more. It will then be up to you to select the appropriate strategies and incorporate them into your own Personal Performance Plan. We wanted the topics presented in this book to be easy to implement. After all, you can have all the information in the world, but if you don't do anything with it, your performance will never improve. For that reason, Appendix A is a very important part of _Inner Speed Secrets_. Appendix A is a list of all the specific strategies presented throughout the book. It is designed for you to pick and choose your very own Personal Performance Program—an overall program consisting of all the strategies you decide to use. Of course, you will need to read the first 20 chapters to gain the full understanding, and therefore motivation, to implement these strategies. _The real key to winning races is not the race car, but you, the driver. And the key to your performance—whether you win or lose—is your mind._ We admit that you may feel a bit awkward or uncomfortable at first using some of the strategies we suggest here. Don't worry; you're not the only one. However, there are ways and places to do them where you won't feel that way. And, we're sure once you start performing at your very best on a consistent basis, everyone around you will want to know what your secret is. You can decide then if you want to show them your tools—your inner speed secrets. Some of the strategies we suggest will not seem or feel _right_ to you, while others will. Use the ones that feel right immediately, and try the others every now and then, and make note of the changes in your performance over time. Just because a strategy doesn't feel right or seem to be making a difference, doesn't mean you should dismiss it completely. The more strategies you use on a regular basis, the better a race driver you will be. Although we will be looking at a variety of concepts and performance strategies separately, they are all interrelated. We can separate them into chapters for discussion purposes, but it is impossible to separate them functionally. By the end of the book we hope to tie everything together, and that it will all make sense to you. We all know that one of the necessary ingredients for each of us to do anything is motivation. There are no quick, easy fixes. We do not have a pill that will quickly increase your performance level, nor a pill to give anyone motivation. Motivation is self-directed; it comes from your inner self making a decision to implement, to follow through, to work to change the way that you do things. This requires a commitment. Motivation and commitment can be developed more easily when you believe that what you are doing will actually be effective. This belief, however, is subject to your understanding of the process. Without the understanding, few people will accept the strategies. That is why we will explain the why and how in this book. The better you understand the concepts, the stronger your belief in their effectiveness will be, and the stronger your motivation will be to use them. Evidence of some success is also necessary to provide continued motivation. But without implementing these strategies, there can be no evidence. We have all heard people say "I tried that once, and it didn't work." And, "I knew it wouldn't work!" If you witnessed the success we've achieved with other race drivers—some of your competitors—you would have all the evidence and motivation you need. You may be able to argue about the theory of something, but when you see and experience the results, there is no argument. Once you begin to use these strategies, you will experience firsthand the results and gain all the motivation you need to continue. By the way, throughout this book we will refer to the race driver as "he." This is in no way meant to imply women cannot drive race cars. It is used only for simplicity's sake. In fact, we often prefer coaching women, because they are usually more open to the learning process. Many men think they already know everything, at least about driving and maybe one other subject. This book is meant to be a tool for successful race drivers. How would you feel if the mechanic preparing your race car learned all the most up-to-date technical performance-enhancing aspects of the car, bought all the latest tools and equipment, and then left them all back at the shop? It's exactly the same with this book—it is a tool. If you don't use it, it won't help you win more races. Simple as that. And trust us, many of your competitors are already using these tools. And no matter how much natural talent you have, it is what you do with it—how you develop it, and how often you access it all—that will determine how successful you are. Your inner speed secrets determine your performance level, and therefore, how often you win. _Somewhere, someone is practicing. And when you meet him in head to head competition, he will beat you!_ **—Anonymous** (found on a wall at a canoe racing club in Hilo, Hawaii) _Throughout this book we will be throwing a lot of interrelated information at you all at once, hoping to tie it all together by the end. It's a lot like trying to juggle 19 balls all at once while talking about each one individually, and then catching them all at the same time._ ## _**Chapter 1**_ _**Performance**_ Before we can get to what causes good and bad performance, we must first define and agree on exactly what performance is. Western culture, and particularly competitive people like race drivers, usually define or rate performance by the outcome—the result. In other words, our perspective of performance is usually viewed in the past tense. We look at the effect rather than the cause. If you win, you tend to think of that as a great performance. If you lose, that is bad performance. But is that really what performance is all about? Is that the right way of looking at it? It is certainly one way, but we'd like to ask you to look at it differently. Have you ever won a race after making a number of mistakes, knowing you could have done better? Was that a great performance? Have you ever finished 3rd, 5th, or even 10th, but felt you got everything possible out of your car on that day? Was that a bad performance? In other words, how many times have you performed at your own personal maximum or best, and yet not had a _great_ result, and vice versa? _Typically, your performance as a race driver lies somewhere on the spectrum between crummy and great. Wouldn't you prefer it to be great all the time?_ By the pure definition of the word, shouldn't performance be related to how you performed, rather than on the result you achieved? We think so. ### **_INNER SPEED SECRET #1_** **_Focus on your performance, not the result._** We need to have a much better understanding of what causes performance—especially the performance of the driver. The performance spectrum ranges from crummy to great. We usually operate somewhere in between. From day to day, our performance level can change, although we usually have no idea why. If it's not because our skill changes from one day to the next, it must be something else. There are many potential reasons, which is why it can be so challenging to perform at a high level on a consistent basis. #### **The Performance Model** Over the past several years, we have developed a model that we use with every program we teach. It allows us to look at performance differently, and attempt to understand what causes performance. We call it the Performance Model. Remember that we are using _performance_ in terms of _cause_. Your time and your finishing position are the effect, or the result. Your performance is what caused the result. This model gives us a way to see, experience, and understand the cause of performance. If we look at performance as a _cause_, then, and only then, can we define strategies. As an example, there are no cures for symptoms (effects), only remedies. We can give you two aspirin for a headache, and that may help with the symptom (pain). But it will not cure the cause of the headache. If we can identify the cause, then we might be

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320 ]

.running = true; if (util.onVisualLineMode) { var originRow = editor.selection.visualLineStart; var cursorRow = editor.getCursorPosition().row; if(originRow <= cursorRow) { var endLine = editor.session.getLine(cursorRow); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.selection.moveCursorTo(originRow, 0); editor.selection.selectTo(cursorRow, endLine.length); } else { var endLine = editor.session.getLine(originRow); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.selection.moveCursorTo(originRow, endLine.length); editor.selection.selectTo(cursorRow, 0); } } handleCursorMove.running = false; return; } else { if (e && (util.onVisualLineMode || util.onVisualMode)) { editor.selection.clearSelection(); util.normalMode(editor); } handleCursorMove.running = true; var pos = editor.getCursorPosition(); var lineLen = editor.session.getLine(pos.row).length; if (lineLen && pos.column === lineLen) editor.navigateLeft(); handleCursorMove.running = false; } }; }); define('ace/keyboard/vim/maps/util', ['require', 'exports','module', 'ace/keyboard/vim/registers', 'ace/lib/dom'], function(require, exports, module) { var registers = require("../registers"); var dom = require("../../../lib/dom"); dom.importCssString('.insert-mode.ace_cursor{\ border-left: 2px solid #333333;\ }\ .ace_dark.insert-mode.ace_cursor{\ border-left: 2px solid #eeeeee;\ }\ .normal-mode.ace_cursor{\ border: 0!important;\ background-color: red;\ opacity: 0.5;\ }', 'vimMode'); module.exports = { onVisualMode: false, onVisualLineMode: false, currentMode: 'normal', noMode: function(editor) { editor.unsetStyle('insert-mode'); editor.unsetStyle('normal-mode'); if (editor.commands.recording) editor.commands.toggleRecording(editor); editor.setOverwrite(false); }, insertMode: function(editor) { this.currentMode = 'insert'; editor.setStyle('insert-mode'); editor.unsetStyle('normal-mode'); editor.setOverwrite(false); editor.keyBinding.$data.buffer = ""; editor.keyBinding.$data.state = "insertMode"; this.onVisualMode = false; this.onVisualLineMode = false; if(this.onInsertReplaySequence) { editor.commands.macro = this.onInsertReplaySequence; editor.commands.replay(editor); this.onInsertReplaySequence = null; this.normalMode(editor); } else { editor._emit("changeStatus"); if(!editor.commands.recording) editor.commands.toggleRecording(editor); } }, normalMode: function(editor) { this.currentMode = 'normal'; editor.unsetStyle('insert-mode'); editor.setStyle('normal-mode'); editor.clearSelection(); var pos; if (!editor.getOverwrite()) { pos = editor.getCursorPosition(); if (pos.column > 0) editor.navigateLeft(); } editor.setOverwrite(true); editor.keyBinding.$data.buffer = ""; editor.keyBinding.$data.state = "start"; this.onVisualMode = false; this.onVisualLineMode = false; editor._emit("changeStatus"); if (editor.commands.recording) { editor.commands.toggleRecording(editor); return editor.commands.macro; } else { return []; } }, visualMode: function(editor, lineMode) { if ( (this.onVisualLineMode && lineMode) || (this.onVisualMode &&!lineMode) ) { this.normalMode(editor); return; } editor.setStyle('insert-mode'); editor.unsetStyle('normal-mode'); editor._emit("changeStatus"); if (lineMode) { this.onVisualLineMode = true; } else { this.onVisualMode = true; this.onVisualLineMode = false; } }, getRightNthChar: function(editor, cursor, ch, n) { var line = editor.getSession().getLine(cursor.row); var matches = line.substr(cursor.column + 1).split(ch); return n < matches.length? matches.slice(0, n).join(ch).length : null; }, getLeftNthChar: function(editor, cursor, ch, n) { var line = editor.getSession().getLine(cursor.row); var matches = line.substr(0, cursor.column).split(ch); return n < matches.length? matches.slice(-1 * n).join(ch).length : null; }, toRealChar: function(ch) { if (ch.length === 1) return ch; if (/^shift-./.test(ch)) return ch[ch.length - 1].toUpperCase(); else return ""; }, copyLine: function(editor) { var pos = editor.getCursorPosition(); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.moveCursorTo(pos.row, pos.column); editor.selection.selectLine(); registers._default.isLine = true; registers._default.text = editor.getCopyText().replace(/\n$/, ""); editor.selection.clearSelection(); editor.moveCursorTo(pos.row, pos.column); } }; }); define('ace/keyboard/vim/registers', ['require', 'exports','module' ], function(require, exports, module) { "never use strict"; module.exports = { _default: { text: "", isLine: false } }; }); define('ace/keyboard/vim/maps/motions', ['require', 'exports','module', 'ace/keyboard/vim/maps/util', 'ace/search', 'ace/range'], function(require, exports, module) { var util = require("./util"); var keepScrollPosition = function(editor, fn) { var scrollTopRow = editor.renderer.getScrollTopRow(); var initialRow = editor.getCursorPosition().row; var diff = initialRow - scrollTopRow; fn && fn.call(editor); editor.renderer.scrollToRow(editor.getCursorPosition().row - diff); }; function Motion(m) { if (typeof m == "function") { var getPos = m; m = this; } else { var getPos = m.getPos; } m.nav = function(editor, range, count, param) { var a = getPos(editor, range, count, param, false); if (!a) return; editor.clearSelection(); editor.moveCursorTo(a.row, a.column); }; m.sel = function(editor, range, count, param) { var a = getPos(editor, range, count, param, true); if (!a) return; editor.selection.selectTo(a.row, a.column); }; return m; } var nonWordRe = /[\s.\/\\()\"'-:,.;<>~!@#$%^&*|+=\[\]{}`~?]/; var wordSeparatorRe = /[.\/\\()\"'-:,.;<>~!@#$%^&*|+=\[\]{}`~?]/; var whiteRe = /\s/; var StringStream = function(editor, cursor) { var sel = editor.selection;

redpajama

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: How can I get RUNPATH to be passed down to subsequent SOs during indirect linking? As explained in this answer, you can't. The best approach is to fix all libraries to be self-sufficient (have their own correct RUNPATH). If you can't do that, use RPATH instead of RUNPATH, by adding -Wl,--disable-new-dtags to the link line. <|endoftext|>Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer arising from immature retinal cells in one or both eyes. It can strike from the time the child is in the womb up to 5 years of age. This cancer is curable if caught early enough. Retinoblastoma is a relatively uncommon tumour of childhood that accounts for 3% of the cancers in children under the age of 15. The tumour originates in the retina, the light sensitive area of the eye, which enables the eye to see. It can involve one or both eyes, in 90% of cases there is no family history. A white ‘glow’ in the pupil of one or both eyes in dim light. Although it is very rare, retinoblastoma is a very serious eye condition and can usually be totally cured if diagnosed early enough. If you have any worries about your child, ask our optometrists.<|endoftext|>Former Potters Bar takeaway owner admits food hygiene breaches Anne Suslak Food hygiene standards breaches at Curry Garden in Potters Bar in February 2016. A former Potters Bar takeaway owner has been ordered to pay more than £8,000 for showing "wilful blindness" while failing to comply with hygiene regulations. Kawsar Miah, 27, who works at Curry Garden in High Street, Potters Bar, initially pleaded not guilty to six counts of failing to comply with EU provision concerning food safety and hygiene, and two counts of failing to comply with hygiene improvement notices. Miah appeared in St Albans Magistrates’ Court today. He was persuaded to change his plea to guilty after magistrates warned him he could face substantial costs if found guilty after a not guilty plea, and as he had no legal representation. William Winters, of Hertsmere Borough Council, prosecuting, said: “The premises is a takeaway establishment and was first inspected in December 2014. “There was no food safety management system and a lack of staff training in food safety procedures. In January 2015 only partial compliance was achieved.” According to Mr Winters, a further inspection on March 27, 2016 showed “an unacceptable practice of leaving frozen food deliveries in the yard alongside the rubbish”. He said: “He was advised to raise and maintain food hygiene standards. There were dirty conditions and not enough effort made to prevent E-coli. There were poor conditions of food preparation equipment and poor pest control.” Magistrate David McCall said: “It has had a long and protracted history and Mr Miah has not helped himself. He had numerous opportunities to rectify the situation and he has failed to do so.” Miah, who works at McDonald’s in London Colney, still works at Curry Garden, but his cousin has taken over the running of the restaurant. Defending himself, Miah told magistrates he hoped they would take his limited means into account when ordering him to pay costs. Mr McCall said: “The sequence of events here has been quite appalling. You failed to address official notices that were sent to you. “We believe that you showed wilful blindness to the offending and failed to make any significant changes in that period. You can’t run a restaurant from which people ingest food and not be up to European standards.” Miah, of Dellfield, St Albans, was ordered to pay a total of £8,445.75, paying in instalments of £150 per week. Curry Garden was given a food hygiene rating of ‘one’, meaning major improvement is necessary, in the most recent inspection in January this year. A spokeswoman for Hertsmere Council confirmed that the standards have since improved, but the restaurant will need to apply for a re-inspection to be given a new rating. Curry Garden. Hertsmere Borough Council Hertsmere<|endoftext|>Fullertown is an unincorporated community in Geauga County, in the U.S. state of Ohio. History A post office called Fullertown was established in 1879, and remained in operation until 1906. The community was named for Thomas Fuller, an early settler. References Unincorporated communities in Geauga County, Ohio Unincorporated communities in Ohio<|endoftext|>Q: Using MSID/MID with leaflet to display Google My Maps data I'm wondering if there is a way to display MSID/MID with leaflet. I found this forum below; Any way I can load KML data from Google maps (again) via JS API? KMZs work fantastically with the arcgis and google API (kmlLayer) but I can't seem to find any information on using a kmz with leaflet. I'd prefer not having to Unzip locally, and omnivore does not appear to work with KMZs. A: I haven't got any solutions for accessing KMZ files via a My Maps MSID/MID in Leaflet. However, in general, to load a KMZ file in Leaflet, you can use JSZip (along with the getBinaryContent method of JSZipUtils) to extract the KML, then Leaflet Omnivore to parse the result. JSZip will produce an object containing all the files in an archive, and you can select an individual file either by name or with the file(regex) method. You can use file(/.*\.kml/)[0] to select the first file with a.kml extension. Then to read the file as text, you would use either the asText method (in version 2.x of JSZip) or the async("string") method (in version 3.x). Once you have the kml as text, you can use Leaflet Omnivore's.kml.parse method to read it into a Leaflet layer. For version 2.x (which I find more straightforward), the whole thing would look like this: var kmzUrl = *your URL here*; JSZipUtils.getBinaryContent(kmzUrl, function(e, d) { try { var z = new JSZip(d); var k = z.file(/.*\.kml/)[0].asText(); var p = omnivore.kml.parse(k).addTo(map); p.eachLayer(function(layer){ layer.bindPopup(layer.feature.properties.description); //or whatever }) } catch (e) { alert(e); } }); Example fiddle here: http://jsfiddle.net/nathansnider/26vagt77/ For version 3.x, it would look like this: var kmzUrl = *your URL here*; JSZipUtils.getBinaryContent(kmzUrl, function(err, data) { if (err) { alert(err); return; } try { JSZip.loadAsync(data) .then(function(zip) { return zip.file(/.*\.kml/)[0].async("string"); }) .then(function success(text) { var p = omnivore.kml.parse(text).addTo(map); p.eachLayer(function(layer) { layer.bindPopup(layer.feature.properties.description); //or whatever }); }, function error(e) { alert(e); }); } catch (e) { alert(e); } }); Example fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/nathansnider/adxcapeo/ <|endoftext|>You are here: Home / News / BCCN Munich News / Call for new Transfer Projects at the BCCN Munich Call for new Transfer Projects at the BCCN Munich The Bernstein Center Munich invites applications for Transfer Projects to commence in spring 2015. Bernstein Transfer Projects are intended to foster collaborative research that addresses core questions within the Center’s scientific focus, i.e., “Neuronal Representation of Space and Time”. Bernstein Transfer Projects are to be carried out by research groups from the Munich area. Ideally, at least one of the collaboration partners is already a member of the Bernstein Center Munich but we are also open to proposals of research teams without previous links to the Center. Projects should not simply continue previous or ongoing work but aim at new high-risk/high-gain problems that would benefit from collaborative investigations involving the Center. Typically, a transfer project runs for two years and involves Bernstein funding for one postdoctoral researcher, including some support for consumables, equipment and travel. For some projects, however, a three-year funding for a PhD student might also be an option. Project proposals will undergo a two-stage selection process: All proposals will be screened for general suitability by representatives of the Bernstein Center Munich and the Center’s Advisory Board. At a second stage, applicants will be invited to present their proposal with a short talk. Within this competitive two-stage process, particular emphasis will be given to theory-oriented projects that strengthen experimental research, and/or transfer basic research in computational neuroscience into technological and biomedical applications, and/or apply

redpajama

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peaked function at the system edges. The above features originate from the impossibility to isolate a Majorana monopole. The site-dependent Majorana polarizations $p^M_n$ and the Majorana polarizations $P^M_j$ of the sub-gap modes are reported in panels (e) to (h) of Fig. \ref{DensityChargePolarization}. Systems with particle-hole symmetry and generalized boundary conditions, see panels (e)-(f), feature sub-gap modes with polarization values comparable to those of the Kitaev chain with OBCs. When the particle-hole symmetry is broken, see panels (g)-(h), the Majorana polarization is lowered and we observe a net loss: $|P^{M}_{1,2}|<1$. Moreover, the site-dependence of $p^M_n$ is not heavily perturbed by the generalized boundary conditions. At a close inspection of panels (e)-(g), we observe that the relation $P^M_1+P^M_2=0$ is invariably respected. When both reflection and particle-hole symmetries are broken, see panel (h) of Fig. \ref{DensityChargePolarization}, a residual topological charge $P^M_1+P^M_2 \sim 0.02$ is induced. Majorana polarization losses and residual topological charges are signatures of the hybridization of the Kitaev chain with the environmental degrees of freedom and cannot be observed in isolated systems such as a Kitaev chain with OBCs. \begin{figure*} \includegraphics[scale=0.45]{FiguresEps/Figure4_a}\\ \vspace{0.5cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{FiguresEps/Figure4_b} \hspace{0.1cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.32]{FiguresEps/Figure4_c} \includegraphics[scale=0.3]{FiguresEps/Figure4_d} \caption{Panel (a): Sketch of the chain quadripartition exploited to compute the edge-to-edge quantum conditional mutual information $I_{(4)}$ and the quantized unit of topological squashed entanglement $E_{SQ}^0$ between the edges. The bulk is partitioned in two subsystems $C_1$ and $C_2$ with $L_{C_{1}}=1$, while the two remaining parts of the chain are the edges, denoted by $A$ and $B$. Panel (b): Behavior of the ratio $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the chemical potential $\mu$. The different curves correspond to the different choices of generalized boundary conditions reported in table (d) of Fig. \ref{Scheme}. The size $L$ of the chain and the size $L_e$ of the edges have been fixed, respectively, at $L=51$ and $L_e = L/3 = 17$. The inset magnifies the differences between the Kitaev chain ($KC$) with OBCs and the cases $n\degree=1$ and $n \degree=2$. Panel (c): Behavior of the ratio $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the boundary length $L_e$. Panel (d): Behavior of the ratio $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the chain length $L$ (color codes as in panel (b)). The red horizontal lines in panels (c) and (d) mark the maximum quantized value $\log{2}/2$ that is reached by $E^0_{SQ}$ at the exact ground-state topological degeneracy point, $\mu = 0$, for a Kitaev chain with OBCs hosting genuine Majorana modes. In all panels the Hamiltonian hopping and pairing amplitudes are fixed at $t=1$ and $\Delta=0.3$.} \label{Entanglement} \end{figure*} So far we have discussed important features of topological sub-gap states. Some of the mentioned features however are not always necessarily associated with Majorana modes. For instance, zero-energy sub-gap excitations can emerge in the physics of Andreev bound states \cite{AguadoABS,PhysRevB.96.075161,PhysRevB.97.214502,PhysRevB.96.075161,PhysRevLett.104.067001}. Moreover, a trivial superconducting phase can host charge-neutral quasiparticles \cite{PhysRevLett.116.246403,Denisov_2021,Sato_2019}. These observations show the need to identify unequivocal signatures of topological order. For systems where the bulk-edge correspondence applies, an unambiguous signature of a topologically ordered phase is provided by topological invariants \cite{PhysRevB.55.1142} which count the number of inversions between valence and conduction bands \cite{PhysRevB.103.075139}. In the absence of translational invariance and whenever the bulk-edge correspondence does not hold, alternative approaches are needed to identify the topological nature of the edge modes. One such approach relies on the determination of the unique nonlocal quantum correlations that are established in a topologically ordered phase between the system edges. Indeed, such topological nonlocal edge-to-edge correlations are faithfully quantified by a specific measure of bipartite entanglement \cite{doi:10.1063/1.1643788,5075874}, the squashed entanglement (SE) $E_{SQ}^0$ between the edges, obtained by a suitable quadripartition of the system, and by its natural upper bound, the edge-to-edge quantum conditional mutual information (QCMI) $I_{(4)}$, as recently shown in Refs. \cite{MaieIllum1,MaieIllum2}. The edge-edge QCMI provides an upper bound on the long-distance, edge-edge squashed entanglement obtained by four-partitioning the system into the two edges and a bipartition of the bulk. The QCMI upper bound on the SE is then obtained by a suitable combination of reduced von Neumann entropies stemming from the quadripartition; this combination squashes out the classical contributions leaving only the genuinely quantum ones. Being the topological order encoded in the edges, the edge-edge SE $E^0_{SQ}$ identifies unequivocally the topologically ordered phases, also fulfilling all the criteria of a genuine nonlocal order parameter \cite{MaieIllum1,MaieIllum2}. In particular, the edge-edge SE assumes the quantized value $E^0_{SQ} = \log{2}/2$, i.e. half of the maximal Bell-pair entanglement, at the exact ground-state topological degeneracy point, $\mu = 0$, for a Kitaev chain with OBCs hosting genuine Majorana modes, and remains constant at this quantized value throughout the entire topologically ordered phase, up to $\mu = 2t$. The edge-edge QCMI $I_{(4)}$ realizing the natural upper bound on $E^0_{SQ}$ is expressed in terms of the reduced von Neumann entropies as follows: \begin{equation} I_{(4)} = S_{AC_1} + S_{BC_1} - S_{ABC_1} - S_{C_1} \,, \end{equation} where $S(XY)$ denotes the von Neumann entropy computed on the many-body ground state of the reduced system running on sites belonging to the parts $X$ and $Y$. The four different labels $A$, $B$, $C_1$, and $C_2$ identify the four parts in which the chain is quadripartite. $A$ and $B$ refer to the two edges, while the bulk is bipartite into two parts $C_1$ and $C_2$. The latter is the part of the bulk which is traced out in the beginning to leave the reduced ground state of the three remaining parts, so it does not appear in the definition of $I_{(4)}$, while the remaining part of the bulk $C_1$ separates the two edges. The true edge-edge SE is then obtained taking the infimum of $I_{(4)}$ over all possible states of $ABC_1$. Both the edge-edge SE and the edge-edge QCMI are insensitive to the relative lengths of the two parts of the bulk and thus, without loss of generality, we can set $L_{C_1}=1$, while also taking symmetric edges $L_A = L_B = L_e$. Details on the system partition are illustrated in panel (a) of Fig. \ref{Entanglement}. In panel (b) of Fig. \ref{Entanglement} we report the behavior of the ratio between the edge-edge QCMI $I_{(4)}$ and the maximum quantized value of the edge-edge SE $E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of the chemical potential $\mu$, for boundary conditions belonging to the distinct symmetry classes listed in table (d) of Fig. \ref{Scheme}. The behavior of $I_{(4)}/E^0_{SQ}$ as a function of $\mu$ for a Kitaev chain with OBCs is also reported for comparison. The plots show that the $I_{(4)}$ \textit{vs} $\mu$ curves closely match the curve corresponding to a Kitaev chain with OBCs as long as the particle-hole symmetry is preserved. When this symmetry is broken (brown and purple curves),

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where $h_1$ is the layer thickness corresponding to the undistorted interface. Then, the relation between the surface gradient $\nabla h$ and the displacement field $\Delta \vec{x}$ is linear, given as \begin{equation} \label{eq:ExpDetails_h_gradient} \nabla h = -\frac{a_\text{cal}}{h^*} \Delta \vec{x}, \end{equation} where $a_\text{cal}$ is a calibration factor in units of \SI{}{\milli\meter\per px} obtained from a reference image of a flat interface, and $h^*$ is an effective height obtained from the optical configuration as \begin{equation} \label{eq:ExpDetails_hstar} h^* = \left( \frac{1}{\alpha h_1}-\frac{1}{H_\text{cam} + h_1} \right)^{-1}. \end{equation} Here, $\alpha = 1-n_2/n_1$ denotes the difference of the refractive indices and $H_\text{cam}$ the distance between the objective and the interface. In our situation, the second term of equation \eqref{eq:ExpDetails_hstar} is negligible due to the large ratio $H_\text{cam}/h_1\ll1$. \begin{figure} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Experimental_Evaluation.eps} \caption{Post-processing steps of the image data. (a) Schematic of the refraction-based image evaluation. A reference grid at the top electrode (black) is imaged through the liquid-liquid interface. Due to different refractive indices of the liquids, the recorded image is distorted (red). (b) Example of a displacement pattern. The displacement field $\Delta \vec{x}$ can be used to determine the surface gradient $\nabla h$, which in turn can be used to reconstruct the interface deflection $\Delta h = h-h_1$. (c) Fourier power spectrum corresponding to (b). The power density is plotted as a function of the wavenumber magnitude $k$ and exhibits several peaks: Peaks (I) and (III) result from the numerical reconstruction algorithm (see text for details). The peak corresponding to the dominant pattern wavelength $\lambda$ (II) is found in an intermediate wavenumber range. Here, $\lambda = 3M\, a_\text{cal} /k = \SI{6.85}{\milli\meter}$.} \label{fig:experimentalEval} \end{figure} Eq. \eqref{eq:ExpDetails_h_gradient} demonstrates that the displacement field for a constant surface gradient $\nabla h$ will increase with increasing layer thickness $h_1$ and a larger difference between the refractive indices $n_1$, $n_2$. While the surface gradients are used to reconstruct the interface $h(x,y)$, it is important to note that we will not rely on the absolute values of the reconstructed interface deformation, but rather on the pattern wavelengths. While the absolute values of $h$ are sensitive to variations in $\nabla h$ as well as $h^*$, the obtained pattern wavelengths. The evaluation scheme includes three distinctive steps: First, the surface gradients $\nabla h(x,y)$ are generated from the displacement field recorded during the experiments. Second, the interface shape $h(x,y)$ is reconstructed, with one exemplary resulting data set shown in Figure~\ref{fig:experimentalEval}(b). In a third step, the dominant pattern wavelength is extracted using a Fourier transform and the corresponding power spectrum, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:experimentalEval}(c). The details of the evaluation are described in Appendix~\ref{sec:appC-eval}. \section{Results and discussions} \label{sec:results} In this section, we present the experimental results for the electrically induced Faraday instability. We focus on the critical voltage and report the dominant pattern wavelengths. Typically, for one fixed set of experimental parameters, the system shows different characteristic responses with increasing voltage amplitudes. The electric actuation leads to two competing effects: At the side-wall (i.e. the boundary of the container), the meniscus of the dielectric-electrolyte interface oscillates due to the applied Maxwell stress. As the applied Maxwell stress depends quadratically on the electric field strength at the interface, a harmonic driving with a frequency $\omega$ leads to an actuation of the meniscus with a frequency of $2 \omega$. Further, the Faraday instability occurs above a critical voltage, which leads to oscillations with a frequency of $\omega$ when forced with a single frequency. At low excitation amplitudes, the actuation of the meniscus leads to small interface deformation with twice the excitation frequency, which is barely noticeable initially. With increasing amplitude, the actuation of the meniscus becomes more prominent and waves penetrate from the boundary of the container into the domain. A circular pattern is created, with the waves moving into the center of the domain. This effect is similar to the edge-wave actuation in the case of mechanically excited Faraday waves. With further increasing excitation amplitude, Faraday waves start to appear, initially only with a small amplitude. Both edge-waves as well as Faraday waves are present simultaneously. A further increase of the amplitude leads to the formation of stronger Faraday waves, which begin to dominate the system. Then, a distinct range of driving amplitudes exists, where the pattern becomes stable for long times after an initial growth phase. A similar phenomenon was observed by \citet{Pillai2018} and attributed to nonlinear effects. When some specific excitation amplitude is exceeded, however, the Faraday waves continue to grow until they make contact with the upper electrode and lead to an electric connection between both electrodes. Then, the power supply shuts off automatically. In the following, all parameter combinations that lead to Faraday waves are denoted as critical, since the voltage exceeded the critical voltage. All other parameters combinations with edge-waves only are denoted as subcritical, since no Faraday patterns emerge during the experiment. \subsection{Effect of the salt concentration} \label{subsec:results_saltvariation} As we have discussed in section \ref{sec:theoretical_description}, the theoretical model used to predict the instability threshold is based on the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor assumption. As was shown by \citet{Ward2019}, the description using the leaky-dielectric model reduces to the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor model if the conductivity ratio between the liquids is sufficiently high. In order to assess the validity of the perfect-conductor assumption, we have varied the KCl concentration in the lower liquid (DI-water) from \SI{1e-4}{\mol\per\liter} to \SI{1e-1}{\mol\per\liter} at otherwise fixed parameters (silicone oil viscosity \SI{0.65}{\centi St}, driving frequency \SI{10}{\hertz}). In figure \ref{fig:Results_cSaltStudy}(a), the experimentally obtained stability map is shown. As is visible, the critical voltage is not strongly affected by the salt concentration. It is slightly increased at $c_\text{KCl}=\SI{1e-4}{\mol\per\liter}$ and slightly reduced at $c_\text{KCl}=\SI{1e-3}{\mol\per\liter}$. Since no clearly distinguishable trend is present, we attribute the differences to experimental uncertainties. One potential source of uncertainty are the edge-waves penetrating into the central region of the system, superposing and obscuring the Faraday waves. Also, since the detection relies on surface gradients, the accuracy at small surface gradients is limited. Nevertheless, the experimentally obtained critical voltages show fair agreement with the theoretically predicted value of $V_\text{crit}=\SI{2393}{\volt}$ (indicated as a dashed line). \begin{figure} \centerline{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cSaltStudy.eps} \caption{Influence of the lower-phase salt concentration on the instability. (a) Experimentally obtained stability map together with the theoretical prediction for the critical voltage obtained from the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor model (critical voltage $V_\text{crit}=\SI{2393}{\volt}$). (b) Experimentally determined pattern wavelength together with the theoretical prediction for the dominant wavelength obtained from the perfect-dielectric / perfect-conductor model ($\lambda=\SI{11.35}{\milli\meter}$). Each data point corresponds to one critical voltage in subfigure (a). The error bars represent the standard deviation of the obtained wavelength determined within one experiment.} \label{fig:Results_cSaltStudy} \end{figure} In figure \ref{fig:Results_cSaltStudy}(b), the experimentally determined pattern wavelengths corresponding to the critical voltages of figure \ref{fig:Results_cSaltStudy}(a) are shown. As is visible, the change of wavelengths between different driving amplitudes is of the same order of magnitude as the differences over the salt concentration. The experimentally obtained values show good agreement with the theoretically predicted value of $\lambda =\SI{11.35}{\milli\meter}$. Since the experimental results scatter around the theoretically predicted value, the experiments indicate that the salt concentration does not significantly influence the resulting wavelength in the range of concentrations studied. Therefore, the conductivity difference between both liquids is sufficiently large to

redpajama

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253, 20791, 3064, 875, 1097, 32819, 310, 10481, 1781, 281 ]

In) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] Failed to receive incoming SCO data 2020-10-06 14:36:58.536471-0300 0x21d780 Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) Error during StartHardware call, calling StopHardware(): -536870186 2020-10-06 14:36:58.536697-0300 0x21d6c9 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_IOContext::StartIOThread: the IO thread failed to start, Error: -536870186 (<private>) 2020-10-06 14:37:00.271641-0300 0x21d7d2 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:00.271857-0300 0x21d7d2 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:00.303441-0300 0x21d7c4 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:00.303640-0300 0x21d7d0 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.564078-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.564365-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.583956-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.584163-0300 0x21d9a1 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:14.989580-0300 0x21d7df Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (BluetoothAudioPlugIn) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] XPC Error remove all devices 2020-10-06 14:37:17.572464-0300 0x21d808 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (BluetoothAudioPlugIn) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] Failed to receive incoming SCO data 2020-10-06 14:37:17.572903-0300 0x21d808 Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) Error during StartHardware call, calling StopHardware(): -536870186 2020-10-06 14:37:17.573176-0300 0x21d7ba Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_IOContext::StartIOThread: the IO thread failed to start, Error: -536870186 (<private>) 2020-10-06 14:37:17.581020-0300 0x21da06 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.581400-0300 0x21da06 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.673358-0300 0x21da08 Default 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (BluetoothAudioPlugIn) [com.apple.bluetooth:bluetoothaudiod] XPC Error remove all devices 2020-10-06 14:37:17.701881-0300 0x21d9e8 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DCFString: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.703955-0300 0x21d9e8 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.704334-0300 0x21d9e8 Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_Object_GetPropertyData_DAI32: the object does not implement the property 2020-10-06 14:37:17.825617-0300 0x21d7ba Error 0x0 60109 0 coreaudiod: (CoreAudio) HALS_IOContext::StartIOThread: no master engine info bluetootdhd: 2020-10-06 14:36:43.105800-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.121454-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.134401-0300 0x21d28b Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] Started to advertise for type 12 with error (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.134522-0300 0x21d28b Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] Started to advertise for type 10 with error (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:43.134634-0300 0x21d28b Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] Started to advertise for type 16 with error (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:45.074236-0300 0x21cb0a Error 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] CoreBluetooth isn't advertising for client type 9 2020-10-06 14:36:45.109313-0300 0x21d226 Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:45.130499-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06 14:36:45.130701-0300 0x21cb0a Default 0x0 153 0 bluetoothd: (WPDaemon) [com.apple.bluetooth:WirelessProximity] [Privacy] Did stop advertising with error: (null) 2020-10-06

redpajama

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transition probability can be calculated using Langer's theory \cite{Langer}. The exact production rate is important for the timing of the transition and the determination of the corresponding temperature. The baryon asymmetry of the universe may be generated through bubble expansion because the three Sakharov criteria -- C/CP violation, baryon number violation and nonequilibrium -- are fulfilled. In a proper treatment of the electroweak phase transition the coarse-grained action constructed consistently for the particular problem and the size scale involved should be used. If there are different mass scales one can integrate out first the more massive fields and keep the light fields in an effective action relevant for the phase transition. At high temperature non-static Matsubara modes may be considered as heavy fields. Integrating out these modes leads to a 3-dimensional effective theory with symmetry restoration at high temperature. The related phase transition is predicted to be second-order instead of first-order, however. It becomes first-order due to contributions from static modes. So some of the light modes have to be integrated out as well in calculating the effective action. It is well known that integrating out the non-static modes using the high temperature expansions and then integrating out the static gauge boson fields one has already an effective potential leading to a first-order phase transition. In this spirit it is very natural to integrate out the static Goldstone modes as well. This is most conveniently done in the 't~Hooft-Feynman covariant background gauge. With the pure real scalar background of the bubble configurations one ends up with a 3-dimensional effective Higgs action whose fluctuations still have to be considered. If a small coupling parameter - maybe after some redefinitions - can be identified, the one-loop perturbative expansion for the effective action will be a good approximation. A carefully introduced gauge coupling $g_3(T)^2$ in the broken phase is well behaved throughout the phase transition, and indeed it is not very large for $m_H\leq m_W$. The $Z_H(\varphi)$ factor of the Higgs kinetic term will be calculated explicitly in the 't~Hooft-Feynman covariant background gauge in one-loop order. It differs considerably from that in the Landau gauge. Due to the fact that $Z_H(\varphi)$ is negative in some $\varphi$ range, it is not sensible to include it in this form in the effective action. We will argue that the derivative expansion breaks down in this range. We also inspect the one-loop $Z_{\rm gauge}(\varphi)$ prefactor of the kinetic gauge term. It plays no direct role in the bubble action. However, $g_3(T)^2/Z_{\rm gauge}(\varphi)$ is the effective gauge coupling at the constant scale $\varphi$. It blows up for $Z_{\rm gauge}\to0$ and this happens already at rather large values of $\varphi \; (>0.4)$ for $m_H>\frac{1}{2}m_W$. Thus except for very small $m_H$ the $\varphi$-range relevant for the bubble configuration may be largely nonperturbative in the effective gauge coupling. Integration of the (enlarged) gauge degrees of freedom to some (one) loop order can in this range at best be suggestive for the form of the effective Higgs action. We will then consider a Higgs effective action with the known one-loop effective potential and a kinetic term with arbitrary constant $Z$ factor. This allows us to come to our main subject, the discussion of radiative corrections in the heat kernel method. Since there is no background gauge field for the bubble configuration, the heat kernel expansion already exists to very high order (and can easily be extended using new methods \cite{SchmSchu, FliSchmSchu}). Thus we can arrive at a very precise treatment of the fluctuations. It turns out that the static prefactor which is essentially the fluctuation determinant gives a strong suppression of the nucleation rate. Its logarithm may be interpreted as the one-loop correction to the effective action of the critical bubble. The comparison between the two values decides on the applicability of the nucleation theory. Section 2 contains a discussion of the 3-dimensional effective high temperature Higgs action obtained from one-loop integration of all the other fields in the 't~Hooft-Feynman background gauge and a critical inspection of derivative expansion and of perturbation theory. In section 3 we first shortly review the nucleation rate based on Langer's theory. We discuss the critical bubbles obtained with the modification mentioned above. In the following we consider the heat kernel method for calculating the fluctuation determinant and develop a particular method to treat zero/instable modes. We present our high accuracy results for the fluctuation prefactor in the transition rate. Section 4 gives our conclusion. Appendix A contains the calculation of $Z$ factors, Appendix B some generalization of the thin-wall bubble solution. Appendix C gives the first six operators in the heat kernel expansion. \section{The Effective Action} \setcounter{equation}{0} The critical bubble solutions describing the first-order phase transition of the electroweak theory are pure Higgs field configurations. They are not solutions of the original fundamental field equations of the electroweak theory, but correspond to an effective action where (part of) the other field degrees of freedom have already been integrated out. It is the aim of the `exact renormalization group approach' to derive such an action well adapted to the size of the bubbles. In the case of a gauge theory this demanding program is just being developed \cite{ReuWe, Ellwanger}. Still a simpler way to discuss critical bubbles is to generate new terms of the Higgs effective action by using low-order perturbation theory, starting from the fundamental Lagrangian. However in a rigorous treatment this requires the identification of appropriate expansion parameters (which may not be possible). \subsection{The high-temperature effective action} In the case of the electroweak phase transition it is appropriate to perform a high temperature expansion. The expansion parameter is $m(T)/T$. The guiding principle is to integrate out the heavy field degrees of freedom to get an effective theory of the light fields. In a first step it is possible to integrate out the non-static Matsubara-frequencies which gain masses proportional to the temperature $T$ ($2n \pi T$ with $n \neq 0$ for bosons and $(2n+1) \pi T$ for fermions). The remaining effective theory is purely bosonic and 3-dimensional. As argued in ref.~\cite{Landsman} the high-temperature dimensional reduction has shortcomings in higher orders of perturbation theory. In a second step the longitudinal component $A_0$ of the gauge field is integrated out. It develops a Debye-mass proportional to $gT$. In a third step we rescale the coordinates and fields \begin{equation} \label{rescale} \vec{x} \rightarrow \frac{\vec{x}}{gv}, \qquad \Phi \rightarrow v\Phi, \qquad A \rightarrow v A \end{equation} where the scale $v$ is left open for the moment. The remaining high-temperature effective action can be written, in the limit of vanishing electroweak mixing angle, as \begin{equation}\label{Sht} S_{\rm ht} = \frac{1}{g_3(T)^2} \int d^3x \left[ \frac{1}{4} F_{ij}^a F_{ij}^a + (D_i\Phi)^\dagger (D_i\Phi) + V_{\rm ht}(\Phi^\dagger\Phi) \right] \end{equation} with other contributions vanishing powerlike at high temperature, e.g.~a $(\Phi^\dagger \Phi)^3 /T^2$ term. They have been discussed to be unimportant \cite{JaKaPa}. The effective 3-dimensional gauge coupling is defined as \begin{equation} g_3(T)^2 = \frac{g T}{v} \quad. \end{equation} The gauge coupling $g$ has been scaled out of the covariant derivative and the field strength tensor. The high-temperature effective potential is \begin{equation} V_{\rm ht}(\Phi^\dagger\Phi) = \frac{\lambda_T}{g^2}\left( (\Phi^\dagger\Phi)^2 - \left(\frac{v_0(T)}{v}\right)^2\Phi^\dagger\Phi \right) \quad. \end{equation} $\frac{v_0(T)^2}{v^2}$ is the asymmetric minimum \begin{equation} v_0(T)^2 = \frac{2}{\lambda_T} \left(T_0^2 - T^2 \right) D \

redpajama

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to investigate the topological properties of an isolated Kitaev chain under the associated bulk-edge correspondence. On the other hand, hard-wall confinement only seldom models correctly the actual experimental conditions; in most cases, either unavoidable or desired couplings with the environment have to be taken into account; as a result, one needs to impose generic boundary conditions. In fact, the Kitaev chain model supplemented with deformed boundary conditions precisely incorporates information on the external environment. This method, which shares similarities with a self-energy approach proposed in Ref. \cite{Aguadoself}, allows to investigate an open topological system when the non-equilibrium effects induced by a current flow are either negligible or absent. The latter condition is surely met when the electrodes-system hybridization dominates over other concurrent effects. \begin{figure*} \includegraphics[scale=0.45]{FiguresEps/Figure1_a} \hspace{0.5cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.52]{FiguresEps/Figure1_b} \caption{Panel (a): Scheme of a Kitaev chain coupled to an environment modeled by a pair of superconducting leads. Panel (b): Tight-binding representation of the system. Panel (c): Effective chain model with generalized boundary conditions. Table (d): A paradigmatic set of generalized boundary conditions. Breaking or conservation of the particle-hole ($PH$) and reflection ($R$) symmetry is determined by the choice of the pertinent boundary parameters. The $a$ parameter is fixed at the reference value $a=4/5$.} \label{Scheme} \end{figure*} The coupling of the Kitaev chain with the environment can be addressed by means of generalized boundary conditions, namely $\psi_0=M_l \psi_1$ and $\psi_{L+1}=M_r \psi_L$, which depend on environmental wave functions $\psi_0$ and $\psi_{L+1}$. The coupling between the sites belonging to the environment, labelled by $n=0$ and $n=L+1$, and the two ends of the chain is illustrated in panel (b) of Fig. \ref{Scheme}. The boundary properties are completely described by the auxiliary matrices $M_l$ and $M_r$. In general, the latter are unknown \textit{a priori}, even though their structure can be at least partially determined by imposing suitable physical constraints. In order to implement such constraints, let us introduce generic complex-valued matrices in particle-hole space: \begin{eqnarray} M_l=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_l&b_l\\ c_l&d_l\\ \end{array} \right),&&\ \ M_r=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_r&b_r\\ c_r&d_r\\ \end{array} \right). \label{MatricesBC} \end{eqnarray} By resorting to such generalized boundary conditions in Eq. (\ref{BdGKC}), we obtain a set of deformed tight-binding equations. They differ from those of the Kitaev chain with OBCs by a local renormalization of the edge potentials. These boundary effects are clearly evident by considering the deformed equations for the wave functions $\psi_1$ and $\psi_L$ of two chain ends: \begin{eqnarray} \label{tbB} i\hbar \partial_t \psi_{1}&=&-(\mu \sigma_{z}+N_{l})\psi_{1}-t\sigma_{z}\psi_{2}+i \Delta \sigma_{y}\psi_{2} \,, \\ i\hbar \partial_t \psi_{L}&=&-(\mu \sigma_{z}+N_{r})\psi_{L}-t\sigma_{z}\psi_{L-1}-i \Delta \sigma_{y}\psi_{L-1} \,. \nonumber \end{eqnarray} We see that the dynamics depends on the boundary potentials $-N_l=-(t \sigma_z+i \Delta \sigma_y)\ M_l$ and $-N_r=-(t \sigma_z-i \Delta \sigma_y)\ M_r$ which vanish when OBCs are considered (i.e. when $M_{l/r}=0$). The fermionic statistics dictates that $N_l$ and $N_r$ be diagonal matrices in particle-hole space and thus Eq. (\ref{MatricesBC}) takes the form: \begin{eqnarray} M_l=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_l&-\frac{\Delta}{t}d_l\\ -\frac{\Delta}{t}a_l&d_l\\ \end{array} \right),&&\ \ M_r=\left( \begin{array}{cc} a_r&\frac{\Delta}{t}d_r\\ \frac{\Delta}{t}a_r&d_r\\ \end{array} \right). \label{Matrices2} \end{eqnarray}\\ A further constraint comes from conservation of probability, which is expressed by the continuity equation, $\partial_t \rho_n+J_{n+1}-J_{n}=0$, relating the probability density $\rho_n=|u_n|^2+|v_n|^2$ and the probability current density \begin{eqnarray} J_n=\frac{2t}{\hbar}\ Im\biggl[\psi^\dagger_{n-1} (\sigma_z-i\ \frac{\Delta}{t}\ \sigma_y)\psi_n\biggr]. \label{currentDensity} \end{eqnarray} In the stationary regime, $J_n$ is a conserved quantity. In particular, when non-equilibrium effects induced by a current flow are negligible or absent, $J_n=0$ for each site index $n$. This condition is fulfilled both by the model with generalized boundary conditions and by the Kitaev chain with OBCs; this allows an appropriate comparison between systems with OBCs and systems with generalized boundary conditions. Exploiting Eq. (\ref{currentDensity}) with $n=1$ and $n=L+1$, we get: \begin{eqnarray} \begin{split} &J_1 \propto \biggl(1-\frac{\Delta^2}{t^2}\biggr) \biggl[|u_1|^2 Im\bigl[a_l^*\bigr]-|v_1|^2 Im\bigl[d_l^*\bigr] \biggr]\\ &J_{L+1} \propto \biggl(1-\frac{\Delta^2}{t^2}\biggr) \biggl[|u_L|^2 Im\bigl[ a_r \bigr]-|v_L|^2 Im\bigl[ d_r \bigr] \biggr]. \end{split} \label{Current2} \end{eqnarray} Since $J_1$ and $J_{L+1}$ have to vanish for any choice of parameters and for any quantum state of the chain, it follows that $M_l$ and $M_r$ are real-valued matrices with general expression given in Eq. (\ref{Matrices2}). Accordingly, the boundary potentials, see Eq. (\ref{tbB}), are related to the real-valued matrices as follows: \begin{eqnarray} N_l=\epsilon \left( \begin{array}{cc} a_l&0\\ 0&-d_l\\ \end{array} \right),&&\ \ N_r=\epsilon \left( \begin{array}{cc} a_r&0\\ 0&-d_r\\ \end{array} \right), \label{MatricesN} \end{eqnarray} where $\epsilon=(t^2-\Delta^2)/t$. Crucially, by acting on the form of $N_l$ and $N_r$, it is possible to selectively preserve reflection and particle-hole symmetry. Reflection symmetry is lost when $N_l \neq N_r$, while, depending on the choice of parameters, particle-hole symmetry can be preserved or broken. In particular, particle-hole symmetry is preserved for traceless boundary potentials (i.e. $Tr[N_l]=Tr[N_r]=0$). \begin{figure*} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_a} \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_b} \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_c} \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FiguresEps/Figure2_d}\\ \vspace{0.3cm} \includ

redpajama

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16 YRS Anhui Guoci Handbags Co., Ltd. 1 YRS Xiamen Greenlike Bag Co., Ltd. html Products Classificat //////////////////// PRODUCTS CLASSIFICATION //////////////////// Exprise-foundation by credit, Mutual benefit win-win More information please check productlist. With a wide range, good quality, reasonable prices and stylish designs, our products are extensively used in residential and commercial application and other industries. Our products are widely recognized and trusted by users and can meet continuously changing economic and social needs. Would you mind to cover it9 Freight collect is also for us operating if you have any carrier account. Production times vary based on the bag you choose, availability of inventory, the printing process you choose. Don’t have time to browse9 Tell us about your project and we can recommend bags to best suit your needs. Please kindly tell me which kind of bags you prefer to and provide me more information. OEM and ODM are You can tell us your idea or provide us the drawing. The sample fee is charged according to the material and size of the product. 5. For any requirement or confused question about them, just please contact us without hesitation. They will choose cotton bags instead of plastic bags to reduce the damage of nature. In our daily life, people can reuse cotton bag and wash them many times. Alibaba.com offers 1,368,078 bag shopper products. About 10% of these are shopping bags, 1% are promotional bags. A wide variety of bag shopper options are available to you, such as cotton, nylon, and polyester. You can also choose from handled, folding, and punch. As well as from free samples, paid samples. There are 1,368,078 bag shopper suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of bag shopper respectively. Bag shopper products are most popular in North America, Western Europe, and Northern Europe. You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 172,300 with ISO9001, 101,721 with Other, and 76,935 with BSCI certification.<|endoftext|>Q: How to display validation summary below the input controls? I have the following form: <form asp-controller="Manage" asp-action="RemoveDetails" method="post" class="form-horizontal"> @if (Model.RequirePassword) { <div id="password-container"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label asp-for="Password"></label> <input asp-for="Password" class="form-control" id="password" autocomplete="current-password" aria-required="true" /> <small> <span asp-validation-for="Password" class="text-danger"></span> </small> </div> </div> </div> } <div class="col-6"> <hr class="mt-2 mb-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-style-1 btn-danger">Confirm</button> </div> <div class="row"> <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly" class="text-danger"></div> </div> </form> If I leave the password empty, a validation message (the model uses DataAnnonations) is displayed right below the control. This is fine. If I enter the wrong password, the Post action validates it and adds an error to the ModelState. This error is displayed below the form. Is it possible to display such model errors below the relevant controls? A: Try this code in Controller: ModelState.AddModelError("Password", "validation summary error."); The error message won't display in <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly"></div>, but it can display error message in @Html.ValidationSummary(false, "", new { @class = "text-danger" }). <form asp-controller="Home" asp-action="RemoveDetails" method="post" class="form-horizontal"> <div id="password-container"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label asp-for="Password"></label> <input asp-for="Password" class="form-control" id="password" autocomplete="current-password" aria-required="true" /> <small> @*<span asp-validation-for="Password" class="text-danger"></span>*@ @Html.ValidationSummary(false, "", new { @class = "text-danger" }) </small> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label asp-for="Description"></label> <input asp-for="Description" class="form-control" id="description" autocomplete="current-password" aria-required="true" /> <small> <span asp-validation-for="Description" class="text-danger"></span> </small> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-6"> <hr class="mt-2 mb-3"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-style-1 btn-danger">Confirm</button> </div> <div class="row"> <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly"></div> </div> </form> [HttpPost] public IActionResult RemoveDetails(RemoveDetail rdl) { if(ModelState.IsValid) { var pwd = rdl.Password; //do something here and find the password is wrong //code below won't display error message in <div asp-validation-summary="ModelOnly" class="text-danger"> //but can display error message in @Html.ValidationSummary(false, "", new { @class = "text-danger" }) ModelState.AddModelError("Password", "validation summary error."); return View(rdl); } return View(rdl); } <|endoftext|>Time to lift sanctions against Venezuela, Iran and Cuba Swiftly moves the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), dashing across continents, skipping over oceans, terrifying populations in every country. The numbers of those infected rises, as do the numbers of those who have died. Hands are being washed, tests are being done, and social distance has become a new phrase. It is unclear how devastating this pandemic will be. In the midst of a pandemic, one would expect that all countries would collaborate in every way to mitigate the spread of the virus and its impact on human society. One would expect that a humanitarian crisis of this magnitude would provide the opportunity to suspend or end all inhumane economic sanctions and political blockades against certain countries. The main point here is this: Is this not the time for the imperialist bloc, led by the United States of America, to end the sanctions against Cuba, Iran, Venezuela, and a series of other countries? Medical Shortages Venezuela's Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza told us recently that the "illegal and unilateral coercive measures that the United States has imposed on Venezuela are a form of collective punishment." The use of the phrase "collective punishment" is significant; under the 1949 Geneva Conventions, any policy that inflicts damage on an entire population is a war crime. The U.S. policy, Arreaza told us, has "resulted in difficulties for the timely acquisition of medicines." On paper, the unilateral U.S. sanctions say that medical supplies are exempt. But this is an illusion. Neither Venezuela nor Iran can easily buy medical supplies, nor can they easily transport it into their countries, nor can they use them in their largely public sector health systems. The embargo against these countries-in this time of COVID-19-is not only a war crime by the standards of the Geneva Conventions (1949) but is a crime against humanity as defined by the United Nations International Law Commission (1947). In 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump enacted tight restrictions on Venezuela's ability to access financial markets; two years later, the U.S. government blacklisted Venezuela's Central Bank and put a general embargo against the Venezuelan state institutions. If any firm trades with Venezuela's public sector, it could face secondary sanctions. The U.S. Congress passed the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) in 2017, which tightened sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea. The next year, Trump imposed a raft of new sanctions against Iran which suffocated Iran's economy. Once more, access to the world banking system and threats to companies that traded with Iran made it almost impossible for Iran to do business with the world. In particular, the U.S. government made it clear that any business with the public sector of Iran and Venezuela was forbidden. The health infrastructure that provides for the mass of the populations in both Iran and Venezuela is run by the State, which means it faces disproportionate difficulty in accessing equipment and supplies, including testing kits and medicines. Breaking the Embargo Arreaza, the Venezuelan foreign minister, told us

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['default'].createElement("span", null, PrimeReact.localeOption('weekHeader', this.props.locale))); return [weekHeader].concat(_toConsumableArray(dayNames)); } else { return dayNames; } } }, { key: "renderDateCellContent", value: function renderDateCellContent(date, className, groupIndex) { var _this20 = this; var content = this.props.dateTemplate? this.props.dateTemplate(date) : date.day; return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("span", { className: className, onClick: function onClick(e) { return _this20.onDateSelect(e, date); }, onKeyDown: function onKeyDown(e) { return _this20.onDateCellKeydown(e, date, groupIndex); } }, content, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement(core.Ripple, null)); } }, { key: "renderWeek", value: function renderWeek(weekDates, weekNumber, groupIndex) { var _this21 = this; var week = weekDates.map(function (date) { var selected = _this21.isSelected(date); var cellClassName = core.classNames({ 'p-datepicker-other-month': date.otherMonth, 'p-datepicker-today': date.today }); var dateClassName = core.classNames({ 'p-highlight': selected, 'p-disabled':!date.selectable }); var content = date.otherMonth &&!_this21.props.showOtherMonths? null : _this21.renderDateCellContent(date, dateClassName, groupIndex); return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("td", { key: date.day, className: cellClassName }, content); }); if (this.props.showWeek) { var weekNumberCell = /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("td", { key: 'wn' + weekNumber, className: "p-datepicker-weeknumber" }, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("span", { className: "p-disabled" }, weekNumber)); return [weekNumberCell].concat(_toConsumableArray(week)); } else { return week; } } }, { key: "renderDates", value: function renderDates(monthMetaData, groupIndex) { var _this22 = this; return monthMetaData.dates.map(function (weekDates, index) { return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("tr", { key: index }, _this22.renderWeek(weekDates, monthMetaData.weekNumbers[index], groupIndex)); }); } }, { key: "renderDateViewGrid", value: function renderDateViewGrid(monthMetaData, weekDays, groupIndex) { var dayNames = this.renderDayNames(weekDays); var dates = this.renderDates(monthMetaData, groupIndex); return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-calendar-container" }, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("table", { className: "p-datepicker-calendar" }, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("thead", null, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("tr", null, dayNames)), /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("tbody", null, dates))); } }, { key: "renderMonth", value: function renderMonth(monthMetaData, index) { var weekDays = this.createWeekDays(); var backwardNavigator = this.renderBackwardNavigator(index === 0); var forwardNavigator = this.renderForwardNavigator(this.props.numberOfMonths === 1 || index === this.props.numberOfMonths - 1); var title = this.renderTitle(monthMetaData); var dateViewGrid = this.renderDateViewGrid(monthMetaData, weekDays, index); var header = this.props.headerTemplate? this.props.headerTemplate() : null; return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { key: monthMetaData.month, className: "p-datepicker-group" }, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-header" }, header, backwardNavigator, title, forwardNavigator), dateViewGrid); } }, { key: "renderMonths", value: function renderMonths(monthsMetaData) { var _this23 = this; var groups = monthsMetaData.map(function (monthMetaData, index) { return _this23.renderMonth(monthMetaData, index); }); return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-group-container" }, groups); } }, { key: "renderDateView", value: function renderDateView() { var viewDate = this.getViewDate(); var monthsMetaData = this.createMonths(viewDate.getMonth(), viewDate.getFullYear()); var months = this.renderMonths(monthsMetaData); return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement(React__default['default'].Fragment, null, months); } }, { key: "renderMonthViewMonth", value: function renderMonthViewMonth(index) { var _this24 = this; var className = core.classNames('p-monthpicker-month', { 'p-highlight': this.isMonthSelected(index) }); var monthNamesShort = PrimeReact.localeOption('monthNamesShort', this.props.locale); var monthName = monthNamesShort[index]; return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("span", { key: monthName, className: className, onClick: function onClick(event) { return _this24.onMonthSelect(event, index); }, onKeyDown: function onKeyDown(event) { return _this24.onMonthCellKeydown(event, index); } }, monthName, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement(core.Ripple, null)); } }, { key: "renderMonthViewMonths", value: function renderMonthViewMonths() { var months = []; for (var i = 0; i <= 11; i++) { months.push(this.renderMonthViewMonth(i)); } return months; } }, { key: "renderMonthView", value: function renderMonthView() { var backwardNavigator = this.renderBackwardNavigator(true); var forwardNavigator = this.renderForwardNavigator(true); var yearElement = this.renderTitleYearElement(this.getViewDate().getFullYear()); var months = this.renderMonthViewMonths(); return /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement(React__default['default'].Fragment, null, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-group-container" }, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-group" }, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-header" }, backwardNavigator, /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-datepicker-title" }, yearElement), forwardNavigator))), /*#__PURE__*/React__default['default'].createElement("div", { className: "p-monthpicker" }, months)); } }, { key

redpajama

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Shodown Anthology SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1 World Heroes Anthology Sengoku Anthology NEOGEO Station Japan portal Video games portal Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue%27s_Journey&oldid=928816324" 1991 video games ACA Neo Geo games ADK (company) games Cooperative video games D4 Enterprise games Fantasy video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Neo Geo CD games Nintendo Switch eShop games PlayStation Network games Side-scrolling platform games Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from July 2019 Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode<|endoftext|>Q: wxwidgets wxtreectrl wxTR_HAS_BUTTONS does not enable plus minus buttons next to tree When I create a treectrl item with wxTR_HAS_BUTTONS enabled, no buttons seem to show. I am compiling using VC++ 2008. treectrlModelTree = new wxTreeCtrl( itemPanel3, ID_TREECTRL_MODEL_TREE, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, wxTR_EDIT_LABELS|wxTR_HAS_BUTTONS |wxTR_SINGLE|wxSUNKEN_BORDER ); I am adding the root with: wxTreeItemId rootId = treectrlModelTree->AddRoot("Model Tree", -1, -1, new MyTreeItemData((void*)group)); and appending data to the tree with the AppendItem() command: wxTreeItemId tempItem = treectrlModelTree->AppendItem(groupId, tmpstr, -1, -1, new MyTreeItemData(tracker->model)); I tried searching around but it does not seem like there are too many posts online about treectrl problems. A: I figured it out, It has to do with a bug in wxwidgets 2.8.9 where dragging items within the treectrl will give an error when there is no images assigned to a treectrl (i.e. folder images). See: [http://trac.wxwidgets.org/ticket/4390][1] I was using a quick fix suggested, to add a dummy image list treectrlModelTree->AssignImageList(new wxImageList(1, 1)); which suppressed the plus/minus buttons for the treectrl. <|endoftext|>Клишино — деревня в Волоколамском городском округе Московской области России. Население — чел. (). География Деревня Клишино расположена на западе Московской области, в юго-западной части Волоколамского городского округа, примерно в 15 км юго-западу от города Волоколамска, на левом берегу впадающей в Щетинку небольшой речки Чернавки (бассейн Рузы). В деревне 7 улиц — Заречная, Лесная, Луговая, Новая, Полевая, Садовая и Центральная, 1 микрорайон, приписано 1 садоводческое товарищество. Связана прямым автобусным сообщением с районным центром (маршруты № 22, 26, 27, 29). В 3 км к востоку от Клишино находится село Спасс; в 2 км к западу — деревня Ивановское; в 1 км к юго-востоку — деревня Милованье; в 600 м к северу — деревня Скорякино. Население История В «Списке населённых мест» 1862 года — казённая деревня 1-го стана Рузского уезда Московской губернии по левую сторону дороги из города Можайска в город Волоколамск, в 36 верстах от уездного города, при колодце, с 46 дворами и 299 жителями (139 мужчин, 160 женщин). По данным на 1890 год — деревня Судниковской волости Рузского уезда с 242 душами населения и земским училищем. В 1913 году — 59 дворов и земское училище. В 1919 году включена в состав Осташёвской волости Волоколамского уезда. По материалам Всесоюзной переписи населения 1926 года — деревня Щекотовского сельсовета Осташёвской волости Волоколамского уезда в 9 км от Осташёвского шоссе и 12 км от станции Волоколамск Балтийской железной дороги. Проживало 239 жителей (101 мужчина, 138 женщин), насчитывалось 54 крестьянских хозяйства, имелась школа. С 1929 года — населённый пункт в составе Волоколамского района Московского округа Московской области. Постановлением ЦИК и СНК от 23 июля 1930 года округа как административно-территориальные единицы были ликвидированы. 1929—1939 гг. — центр Клишинского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1939—1954 гг. — центр Клишинского сельсовета Осташёвского района. 1954—1957 гг. — деревня Спасского сельсовета Осташёвского района. 1957—1963, 1965—1968 гг. — деревня Спасского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1963—1965 гг. — деревня Спасского сельсовета Волоколамского укрупнённого сельского района. 1968—1972 гг. — деревня Горбуновского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1972—1994 гг. — центр Кармановского сельсовета Волоколамского района. 1994—2006 гг. — центр Кармановского сельского округа Волоколамского района. С 2006 по 2018 года— деревня сельского поселения Спасское Волоколамского муниципального района Московской области. С 2019 года деревня Волоколамского городского округа. Примечания Населённые пункты Волоколамского района Населённые пункты Рузского уезда Населённые пункты Волоколамского уезда<|endoftext|>Features, Review

redpajama

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Lance Armstrong, road racing cyclist, 7 time (and counting) Tour De France winner, is a Mac user. He has a Mac laptop and chills to music from an iPod when he is training or racing. Lance had an injury earlier this year that required surgery. This is the post operation video interview with him. Lance Armstrong discusses a little about the surgery, and using his Mac (Apple MacBook Pro), Lance shows his medical x-ray photo from the surgery. He only took a few days off. Then back to training for Tour De France. Gotta admire the dedication. Lance is currently racing in the 2009 Tour de France. Tour de France is an extremely challenging annual bicycle race that attracts top competition cyclists from around the world. The race lasts 23 days and covers over 2000 miles through France and bordering countries. Lance also enjoys some of his time relaxing to music from his Apple iPod. What’s on Lance’s Apple iPod? “Times like These” by the Foo Fighters. You can pretty much count on the Foo Fighters to get your heart rate up. He [Lance] has a little bit of Linkin Park on his (Tour) playlist, some of the new Coldplay, some U2 and some things I haven’t heard of, like POD. This entry was posted on Tuesday, July 14th, 2009 at 10:25 pm and is filed under Celebs with Macs. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.<|endoftext|>ANTHONY HAYBLE'S NEW BLOG SITE FOR MOST CURRENT NEWS & CELEBRITY NEWS, GOSIPS AND EVENTS Missing British schoolgirl found in Trinidad as police investigate disappearance Posted byanthonyhayble January 8, 2023 Posted inUncategorized Delika White Lezama A British teenager who went missing while on holiday with her family in Trinidad more than two weeks ago has been found safe and well by police in Trinidad and Tobago. Delika White Lezama,13, of Greenford, London, disappeared while on a trip with her mother and brother to Trinidad to visit their grandmother. The teenager was last seen on a back road after going to a corner shop near her grandmother’s house in Sangre Grande town at around 4 pm on December 17. Speaking from the southern Caribbean island, team captain Vallence Rambharat, who was leading the search with his group Hunters Search and Rescue to locate the teenager, said that she has been located and was being reunited with her family. “Delika White Lezama has been safely located at 5:15 pm this evening. After weeks of hard work by her family, the anti-kidnapping unit of the Trinidad police, the Sangre Grande police officers, and the Hunters Search and Rescue team, it has paid off. She has been found. The matter is still receiving the attention of the [police],” Mr Rambharat said. Delika White Lezama was last seen after visiting a corner shop last month She was last seen on a back road after visiting a corner shop near her grandmother’s house in the town of Sangre Grande at around 4 pm on December 17. Her family desperately began searching for her after realising she hadn’t come home 10 minutes later but were unable to find any trace of the teenager. Since her disappearance, the family has sent several messages to Delika’s phone which had been delivered but appear not to have been read. Her mum said: “The police told me they have some camera footage from the area that she walked, and they’re still waiting for footage of people around the area as well. “The police have searched people’s houses, but we haven’t found her. They’ve searched the rivers and the bushes to see if she’s in the area.” Mr Rambharat, whose organisation searches for missing persons in Trinidad and Tobago, said that they work closely with the local police to share and gather information. “We all worked together on this and we are happy that she was found safe this afternoon,” Mr Rambharat said.”The police investigations are continuing and ongoing.” Trinidad police say that there is not much that can be said right now as they impose a news blackout. A local official said that the matter still has to be fully investigated by the police. “The police need to know what really happened to her and where she was all this time that she was reported missing,” the official said. “They will be speaking to her to find out more.” Published by anthonyhayble I AM A PROFESSIONAL BLOGGER WHO BLOGS ON EVENTS, NEWS AND CELEBRITY ACTIVITIES. YOU WILL GET THE LATEST BLOGGING UPDATES WITH UP TO DATE NEWS AND EVENTS THAT MIGHT INTEREST YOU. COMMENTS AND LIKES ARE ALSO WELCOMED. I AM STILL IN THE PROCESS OF BUILDING AND UPDATING MY BLOGS AND IT WOULD BE UP AND RUNNING SHORTLY. THIS IS STILL A NEW SITE AND WILL GREATLY IMPROVE WITH TIME View more posts Brexit is just one of the three Tory errors that have brought Britain to its knees ‘No role’ for Prince Harry at King Charles’ coronation ANTHONY HAYBLE'S NEW BLOG SITE FOR MOST CURRENT NEWS & CELEBRITY NEWS, GOSIPS AND EVENTS, Blog at WordPress.com.<|endoftext|>Q: Angular 5 - data not binding after redirect I have problem with data binding while I am redirecting from one view to another. I am filling the form data in "http://localhost:4200/create" view and then redirecting to "http://localhost:4200/settle/9ed5509c-ecd6-4895-96eb-a2efa04bae6d" (url with token). Nothing is binded correctly after redirection (no binding made at all) but I click refresh (ctrl+r on chrome) then biding is made properly. create.component.ts onSubmit() { this.model.token = UUID.UUID(); this.settleService .addSettle(this.model) .subscribe(settle => this.settles.push(settle)); this.router .navigate([`settle`, this.model.token]) .then(() => console.log(`Redirection to settle details made!`)); this.submitted = true; } settle.component.ts - ngOnInit() method ngOnInit() { this.getSettle(); this.currentUrl = window.location.href; this.show = false; } settle.component.ts - getSettle() method getSettle(): void { const token = this.route.snapshot.paramMap.get('id'); this.settleService .getSettle(token) .subscribe(settle => this.settle = settle, null, () => this.BindEditUrl()); } A: Ok I figure it out. Mistake was simple - redirection was made before getting response from backend (HTTP POST create settle). I put redirect logic after backend response and everything works now. Working code: create.component.ts - onSubmit() method onSubmit() { this.model.token = UUID.UUID(); this.settleService .addSettle(this.model) .subscribe(settle => this.settles.push(settle), null, () => this.redirectToSettleDetails()); this.submitted = true; } create.component.ts - redirectToSettleDetails() method redirectToSettleDetails(): void { this.router .navigate([`settle`, this.model.token]) .then(() => console.log(`Redirection to settle details made!`)); } <|endoftext|>It searches the Tweets of Twitter around Dhartak Damdam, Lahaul And Spiti, Himachal Pradesh 30km. Riding Solo is for the travel enthusiasts to take away all of their travelling headaches and help them in meeting their true selves. A fascinating landscape view is waiting you..! Some fun on the road to Kaza in March 2019. Tabo. Himachal Pradesh. INDIA. The Spiti flowing along the road to Kaza from Tabo. March 2019. Himachal Pradesh. India.<|endoftext|>Want it by Wednesday 24th April? Order within 7 hours, 16 minutes and choose Special Delivery at checkout. A highly polished 10mm 14 carat rose gold plated stainless steel gem top which won't tarnish and is hard-wearing. It has a sparkling, faceted purple amethyst coloured Swarovski Crystal and can be added to any QUDO ring base to make a beautiful, statement ring.<|endoftext|>Q: can't connect to database by executable file i wrote a program that need to connect to database to insert some data, my executable file not connect to database but when i checked with code connection established! i don't know what is problem, do you know what is problem? i use Qt to connect to database and my database is on mySql and here is how

redpajama

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error rate, will be introduced in Section~\ref{sec:stability-selection}, where we also give an overview on common error rates and some guidance on the choice of the parameters in stability selection. Section~\ref{sec:empirical-evaluation} presents an empirical evaluation of boosting with stability selection. In our case study (Section~\ref{sec:data-analysis}) we will examine autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and compare them to healthy controls using the boosting approach in conjunction with stability selection. The aim is to detect differentially expressed phenotype measurements. More specifically, we try to assess which amino acid pathways differ between healthy subjects and ASD patients. \section{A Short Introduction to Boosting} \label{sec:boosting} Consider a generalized linear model \begin{equation}\label{eq:lm} \mathds{E}(y|\mathbf{x}) = h(\eta(\mathbf{x})) \end{equation} with outcome $y$, appropriate response function $h$ and linear predictor $\eta(x)$. Let the latter be defined as \begin{equation} \label{eq:4} \eta(\mathbf{x}) = \beta_0 + \sum_{j = 1}^p \beta_j x_{j}, \end{equation} with covariates $\mathbf{x} = (x_1, \ldots, x_p)$, and corresponding effects $\beta_j,\ j = 0, \ldots, p$. Model fitting aims at minimizing the expected loss $\mathds{E}(\rho(y, \mathbf{x}))$ with an appropriate loss function $\rho(y, \mathbf{x})$. The loss function is defined by the fitting problem at hand. Thus, for example, Gaussian regression models, i.e.\ least squares regression models, aim to minimize the squared loss $\rho(y, \mathbf{x}) = (y - \eta(\mathbf{x}))^2$. Generalized linear models can be obtained by maximizing the log-likelihood or, analogously, by minimizing the negative log-likelihood function. Logistic regression models with binary outcome, for example, can be obtained by using the negative binomial log-likelihood \begin{equation*} \rho(y, \mathbf{x}) = -y \log(P(y = 1 | \mathbf{x})) + (1 - y) \log (1 - P(y = 1 | \mathbf{x})) \end{equation*} as loss function or a reparametrization thereof \citep{buehl:hoth:2007}. In practice, one cannot minimize the expected loss function. Instead, we optimize the empirical risk function \begin{equation} \label{eq:2} \mathcal{R}(\mathbf{y}, \mathbf{X}) = n^{-1} \sum_{i=1}^n \rho(y_i, \eta(\mathbf{x}_i)) \end{equation} with observations $\mathbf{y} = (y_1, \ldots, y_n)^\top$ and $\mathbf{X} = (\mathbf{x}^\top_1, \ldots, \mathbf{x}^\top_n)^\top$. This can be done for arbitrary loss functions by component-wise functional gradient descent boosting \citep{buehlmann03}. The algorithm is especially attractive owing to its intrinsic variable selection properties \citep{Kneib:Hothorn:Tutz:modelchoice:2009,Hofner:unbiased:2011}. One begins with a constant model $\hat{\eta}^{[0]}(\mathbf{x}_i) \equiv 0$ and computes the residuals $\u^{[1]} = (u_1^{[1]}, \ldots, u_n^{[1]})^\top$ defined by the negative gradient of the loss function \begin{equation}\label{eq:1} u_i^{[m]} := - \left. \frac{\partial \rho(y_i, \eta)}{\partial \eta} \right|_{\eta = \hat{\eta}^{[m-1]}(\mathbf{x}_i)} \end{equation} evaluated at the fit of the previous iteration $\hat{\eta}^{[m-1]}(\mathbf{x}_i)$ \citep[see][]{buehlmann03,buehl:hoth:2007,Hothorn+Buehlmann+Kneib+Schmid+Hofner:mboost:2010}. Each variable $x_1, \ldots, x_p$ is fitted separately to the residuals $\u^{[m]}$ by least squares estimation (this is called the ``base-learner''), and only the variable $j^*$ that describes these residuals best is updated by adding a small percentage $\nu$ of the fit $\hat{\beta}_{j^*}$ (e.g., $\nu = 10\%$) to the current model fit, i.e., \begin{equation*} \hat{\eta}^{[m]} = \hat{\eta}^{[m-1]} + \nu \cdot \hat{\beta}_{j^*}. \end{equation*} New residuals $\u^{[m+1]}$ are computed, and the whole procedure is iterated until a fixed number of iterations $m = m_{\text{stop}}$ is reached. The final model $\hat{\eta}^{[m_{\text{stop}}]}(\mathbf{x}_i)$ is defined as the sum of all models fitted in this process. Instead of using linear base-learners (i.e., linear effects) to fit the negative gradient vector $\u^{[m]}$ in each boosting step, one can also specify smooth base-learners for the variables $x_j$ \cite[see e.g.][]{Schmid:Hothorn:boosting-p-Splines}, which are then fitted by penalized least squares estimation. As we update only one modeling component in each boosting iteration, variables are selected by stopping the boosting procedure after an appropriate number of iterations (``early stopping''). This number is usually determined using cross-validation techniques \cite[see e.g.,][]{Mayr:mstop:2012}. \section{Stability Selection} \label{sec:stability-selection} A problem of many statistical learning approaches including boosting with early stopping is that despite regularization one often ends up with relatively rich models \citep{Mayr:mstop:2012,Meinshausen:2010}. A lot of noise variables might be erroneously selected. To improve the selection process and to obtain an error control for the number of falsely selected noise variables \citet{Meinshausen:2010} proposed stability selection. This is a versatile approach, which can be combined with all high-dimensional variable selection approaches. Stability selection is based on sub-sampling and controls the \emph{per-family error rate} $\mathds{E}(V)$, where $V$ is the number of false positive variables (for more details on error rates see Section~\ref{sec:error_rates}). Consider a data set with $p$ predictor variables $x_j,\, j = 1, \ldots, p$ and an outcome variable $y$. Let $S \subseteq \{1, \ldots, p\}$ be the set of signal variables, and let $N \subseteq \{1, \ldots, p\} / S$ be the set of noise variables. The set of variables that are selected by the statistical learning procedure is denoted by $\hat{S}_n \subseteq \{1, \ldots, p\}$. This set $\hat{S}_n$ can be considered to be an estimator of $S$, based on a data set with $n$ observations. In short, for stability selection with boosting one proceeds as follows: \begin{enumerate}[\quad1.)]\itemsep0pt \item \label{item:subset} Select a random subset of size $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ of the data, where $\lfloor x \rfloor$ denotes the largest integer $\leq x$. \item \label{item:modelfit} Fit a boosting model and continue to increase the number of boosting iterations $m_{\text{stop}}$ until $q$ base-learners are selected. $\hat{S}_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor,\, b}$ denotes the set of selected variables. \item Repeat the steps \ref{item:subset}) and \ref{item:modelfit}) for $b = 1, \ldots, B$. \item Compute the relative selection frequencies \begin{equation}\label{eq:selprob} \hat{\pi}_j := \frac{1}{B} \sum_{b = 1}^B \mathds{I}_{\{j \in \hat{S}_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor,\, b}\}} \end{equation} per variable (or actually per base-learner). \item Select all base-learners that were selected with a frequency of at least $\pi_{\text{thr}}$, where $\pi_{\text{thr}}$ is

redpajama

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of places that brought back good memories. (Including an Amish buggy and horse along the road.) He didn’t even need his GPS unit today at all. Upon arriving at his destination this evening, he will have traveled about 1000 miles today and around 5800 total miles. He will have touched 38 states so far. He will be spending the night in Luverne, MN not far from where he lived for a short time as a child, and expects to arrive around 2:00 – 2:30 a.m. His favorite familiar face to see today was his son, Kyle in Chicago. He has not seen Kyle since he left to study for a semester in Ireland back in January. They met at what Mark believes must be the largest McDonalds in the world for about 45 minutes, and talked about life, love, and this awesome trip. Mark also wanted to give a shout out to the guy from Maine who helped him get back on track when he got lost and who owns a very unique bike. He cannot describe it online, but you can ask him about it when he gets back. Mark wanted to let everyone know that he has had many hours to pray for Flood and for the many needs they have while riding through this awesome country. If you haven’t taken time to donate yet, please do so. They really need our help, and that’s what this ride is all about. Thanks for all your prayers! Listen to KLOVE Monday morning between 8 and 9 for an “on the road” interview. Mark left Luverne, MN this morning around 9:15 local time. After driving for a couple of hours, he stopped and called in to Calvary Bible Church to say “hello” to the 1st service congregation on speakerphone. At his stop, he talked with a guy named Phil who was very excited to hear about the trip and said he would definitely be donating to Flood. Once he was about 30 – 40 minutes down the road, he realized his wallet was missing and had to turn around and go back. He found the wallet on the side of the road and nothing was missing. A few miles later he stopped and called in to the 2nd service congregation at Calvary. The cheers and encouragement from everyone gave his spirits a big boost. There were a few drops of rain while he was on the phone, but it quickly stopped. The weather was very hot and humid, so at one of his stops, he had taken off his gloves and laid them on top of his bag, only to forget about them. When he went to put them back on, one was missing. He noticed he was getting very low on gas and had not seen any stations. Finally seeing a place to stop, he ran out of gas 3 miles short of the station and coasted to a stop in someone’s driveway in South Dakota. A man named Shawn quickly came outside and asked if he needed help and drove him the 3 miles to a gas station to get gas. Shawn also filled up all of Mark’s water bottles and offered him dinner (which he politely declined for time’s sake). When he was getting ready to leave, Shawn said, “Hey, is that your glove?” His missing glove was hanging under his windshield and had stayed there for 400 miles. By the end of the day he will have traveled 1050 miles and touched 6 states. (IA, NE, SD, ND, WY, & MT) Only 3 more to go! He is planning to land in Billings, MT tonight around 2:00 a.m. Mark said he has not had trouble with getting sleepy today, but his body is exhausted. He is definitely looking forward to getting some sleep and much needed rest on Tuesday. Please keep praying for safety as fatigue is definitely a factor for this last stretch. Thanks to Phil and Shawn for being the men of Day 7. Just before Mark entered into Wyoming, a severe thunderstorm hit with very heavy rains and lots of thunder and lightening. He had to pull into a station to wait for the storm to pass as the lightning was all around him. This is the first time the weather has been an issue and cost him some time. Written by a gentleman that heard about the ride and has been following daily! Ode to the Goal: 48 in 8. Mark takes his bike to the high road. Mark looks ahead and not at the past. He rides for God; he rides his best. He’s moving fast; first East, then West. Pledges were made all for good cause. And with that in mind he takes no pause. His head is down as he slips through space. The motor is steady at a predictable pace. Through the nights and back roads not too fast. He saves his speed for “rest stops” and gas. Remembering still the goal: 48 in 8. And when all is done, he’ll give God the Glory. 48 in 8 is now a reality! At 10:00 PM Pacific time, July 7, 2008 I rode into Pendleton, Oregon safe and sound. 7 Days, 17 hours and 50 min. Murdered 87,535 bugs with my bike, helmet and face. What a trip! I can hardly put into words what just happened these past eight days. I can only say that it is by Gods grace and many people’s prayers that I was able to complete this journey. I saw that we have the most diverse and beautiful country in the world. Wow, we have an awesome Creator. I met some fantastic people along the way that really prove there is still that awesome American spirit. Through all the exhaustion, aches and pains, motorcycle fires, stolen money, near deer misses and even a near pig miss along the road, it has been a pleasure to ride for the cause of FLOOD. What they are doing each and every week to bring hope to the hopeless is a far greater feat than what I have done these past few days. 48 in 8 is over but Floods work is only beginning. Will you pray for them? Will you personally get involved if you are in the Bakersfield area? Will you consider supporting them financially? What I have done these past few days is in the past. What Flood is doing will last for an eternity. What will you do? God bless you and thank you for all your support, prayers, and encouragement. I couldn’t have done it without you.<|endoftext|> package io.cdap.plugin.bigquery.stepsdesign; import io.cdap.e2e.pages.actions.CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions; import io.cdap.e2e.pages.actions.CdfStudioActions; import io.cdap.e2e.pages.locators.CdfStudioLocators; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.BigQueryClient; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.ConstantsUtil; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.ElementHelper; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.PluginPropertyUtils; import io.cdap.e2e.utils.SeleniumHelper; import io.cdap.plugin.common.stepsdesign.TestSetupHooks; import io.cdap.plugin.utils.E2EHelper; import io.cdap.plugin.utils.E2ETestConstants; import io.cucumber.java.en.Then; import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils; import org.junit.Assert; import stepsdesign.BeforeActions; import java.io.IOException; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; import java.util.Optional; import java.util.UUID; /** * BigQuery related common stepDesigns. */ public class BigQueryBase implements E2EHelper { static { SeleniumHelper.getPropertiesLocators(CdfStudioLocators.class); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property reference name") public void enterBigQueryPropertyReferenceName() { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterBigQueryReferenceName("BQ_Ref_" + UUID.randomUUID()); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property projectId {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyProjectId(String projectId) throws IOException { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterProjectId(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(projectId)); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property datasetProjectId {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyDatasetProjectId(String datasetProjectId) throws IOException { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterDatasetProjectId(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(datasetProjectId)); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property dataset {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyDataset(String dataset) { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterBigQueryDataset(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(dataset)); } @Then("Enter BigQuery property table {string}") public void enterBigQueryPropertyTable(String table) { CdfBigQueryPropertiesActions.enterBigQueryTable(PluginPropertyUtils.pluginProp(table)); } @Then("Enter BiqQuery property encryption key name {string} if cmek is enabled") public void enterBiqQueryPropertyEncryptionKeyNameIfCmekIsEnabled(String cmek) throws IOException

redpajama

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in with one part into the river, and the other part was on that steep slope, so I wrapped it around my waist to be able to raise my face above the water level. I held him by being behind him, and he was leaning on my legs until the firefighters arrived,” told the brave policeman Dimic. According to him, when the firefighters came, one of them went down the riverbed and they slung the ladder. After that, with the help of a rope, they pulled the man out of the riverbed. The Emergency Medical Service of Banja Luka was immediately informed about everything, which provided medical assistance to this man who had hypothermia and transported him to the University Clinical Center (UCC) of Republika Srpska (RS), where he was taken care of. The unfortunate man, while talking to the police, said that he was a resident of the mentioned settlement who was just walking that morning and accidentally slipped and fell into the Crkvena river, Nezavisne writes. Tags: #BiH, #man, #positive, #river<|endoftext|>Subject Access Requests can be completed by a number of different methods. They are however often a little difficult to complete in a quick and easy manner, regardless of which method you choose. You can use companies like iGPR who offer a service to create solicitor SAR requests directly from SystmOne. You can use the Ardens 'Subject Access Request' template to record when a SAR has been requested. There are also useful links on the template to forms and risk assessment protocols. To identify patients who have requested a SAR but have not been given a copy yet, go to Clinical Reporting > Ardens > Registers > Subject Access Request.<|endoftext|>Q: Can anyone give me any idea Nftable rules 1.Accept incoming TCP connections ssh (port 22), with a rate limit of 30 connections per minute, per host, and a burst of 5 connections 2.Log accepted ssh connections. A: The first rule in the input chain is usually: ct state established,related counter accept So it should be sufficient to add the rule: ct state new tcp dport 22 limit rate 30/minute burst 35 packets log prefix "[nft accept ssh] " counter accept Putting it all together: table inet filter { chain input { type filter hook input priority filter; policy drop; ct state established,related counter accept ct state new tcp dport 22 limit rate 30/minute burst 35 packets log prefix "[nft accept ssh] " counter accept } } <|endoftext|>Q: how to loop gif with Sprite function Sky() { tSky = new Sprite(scene, "./bg_sky.gif", 800, 700) tSky.setSpeed(0) tSky.setPosition(400, 300); return tSky } I create game but I can't animate this GIF in scene when I set speed it will slide the scene and the scene will be gray instead. <|endoftext|>Elaeodendron glaucum är en benvedsväxtart som först beskrevs av Christen Friis Rottbøll, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Elaeodendron glaucum ingår i släktet Elaeodendron och familjen Celastraceae. Underarter Arten delas in i följande underarter: E. g. cochinchinensis E. g. montanum Källor Externa länkar Kärlväxter glaucum<|endoftext|>You’ll notice that most of the Monday, Wednesday and Friday workouts have two part. The first one is called Max Effort, and it is designed to go as heavy as possible with one exercise for very low volume. These are designed to challenge everyone to push themselves to higher levels of strength and PRs without having to worry about super high volume or time. Unless otherwise noted, these are 3 total sets of descending weight (after warming up and working up to your max weight) Stability should be about 6-8 reps on the first set, with strength/power around 4-6. After that max effort first set, you drop down in weight, do another max effort set (about 1-2 more reps), and then drop down again for the 3rd set. Example: I work up to double 28kg in Military Press and do 6 reps. Then the 2nd set I’ll use 24s and try to do ~8 reps. Then 3rd set will be 20s for about ~10 reps. After the Max Effort part, there will be a second part of the workout usually with different exercises and movement. There are a few super short MEs with conditioning exercises that are meant to be full intensity such as 100 JRDs AFAP. We’ll repeat these once in a while so its a great time to encourage people to track their PRs on each one. This will be simply practicing for most people. Work on getting a smooth and stable motion. Second: 5 Rounds of descending rest, rotating through all exercises each round. First round is 60/50, second round is 60/40, third round is 60/30, fourth round is 60/20, and last round is just 60s max effort. With a partner, complete 4 rounds as fast as possible, alternating and resting while your partner goes. If you do not have a partner, then rest the same amount of time it takes you to complete a set. The workout has a 1:1 work to rest ratio, so you can go up to 80-90% intensity. Second: 3 Rounds as fast as possible. Complete 2 Rounds as fast as possible.<|endoftext|>Anna Karénine est une mini-série historique italo-franco-germano-espagnole en deux épisodes totalisant, réalisée par Christian Duguay et diffusée en Italie à partir du sur Rai 1. Synopsis Fiche technique Titre original : Anna Karenina Titre français : Anna Karénine Réalisation : Christian Duguay Scénario : Francesco Arlanch, d'après Léon Tolstoï. Décors : Asta Urbonaite Costumes : Enrica Biscossi, Angelo Poretti Musique : Antongiulio Frulio, Jan A.P. Kaczmarek Photographie : Fabrizio Lucci Montage : David Yardley Producteurs : Luca Bernabei, Milda Leipute, Sara Melodia, Vincenzo Mosca, Piergiuseppe Serra Sociétés de production : Lux Vide, Nordic Productions, Pampa Production, Rai Fiction, Telecinco Pays de production : - - - Langue de tournage : italien Format : Couleur - 16/9 - Son stéréo Genre : drame historique Durée : (3h20) Date de diffusion sur Rai 1 : Italie : et France : Distribution Vittoria Puccini : Anna Karénine Santiago Cabrera : le comte Alexis Kirillovitch Vronski Ángela Molina : la comtesse Vronska, la mère d'Alexis Benjamin Sadler : Alexis Alexandrovitch Karénine Lou de Laâge : Kitty Stcherbatskï Max von Thun : Constantin Dmitriévitch Lévine Carlotta Natoli : Daria Alexandrovna Oblonska, née Stcherbatski, dite « Dolly » Pietro Sermonti : Stépane Arkadiévitch Oblonski dit « Stiva » Léa Bosco : Betsy Tverskoïa María Castro : Varenka Patricia Vico : Lidia Ivanovna Sydne Rome : la princesse Stcherbatskï Références Liens externes Série télévisée créée en 2013 Série télévisée en italien Série télévisée française des années 2010 Série télévisée italienne des années 2010 Série télévisée allemande des années 2010 Série télévisée espagnole des années 2010 Série télévisée historique Mini-série italienne Mini-série allemande Mini-série française Mini-série espagnole Série télévisée biographique Série télévisée se déroulant au XIXe siècle Adaptation d'Anna Karénine<|endoftext|>La Coalition albanaise de la vallée de Preševo est un mouvement politique de la vallée de Preševo (en Serbie). Il défend la minorité albanaise de cette vallée. Elle a obtenu un député le ( voix, soit 0,42 %). Ce député est confirmé en mai 2008, avec voix et 0,5 %. Cette liste résultait de la coalition du Parti d

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Americans. Bin Laden said it was a Muslim duty to defend Iraq from the Americans and Zionists, even though he described Iraq as ruled by "socialists," who for bin Laden were tantamount to godless infidels. Bin Laden spoke before the war like a seasoned general, giving Iraqis tactical advice after having battled the Americans in Afghanistan and lived to fight another day. "We are with you and we will fight in the name of God," bin Laden said, addressing the Iraqi people. "Our brothers, the mujahideen in Iraq, don't be afraid of America's lies about their powers and their military might. We advise you to drag the forces into street fighting. Take them into farms, into cities, and fight them there." Although the speech proves Saddam and Osama were bound by a shared hatred of the United States, I don't believe it was evidence of a direct connection between the two men. Saddam Hussein simply didn't have anything to gain by forging an alliance with bin Laden; it wasn't worth the risk. Saddam was first and foremost a dictator, concerned primarily with maintaining his rule, not changing the world. Although Saddam peppered his speeches with verses from the Koran and was in the process of building several huge mosques in Baghdad when the war started, his desire for power superseded any moral or religious beliefs he had. Saddam crushed religious fundamentalists in Iraq and would never have shared power with bin Laden the way the Taliban had done in Afghanistan, nor would he have allowed such a dangerous, volatile and provocative loose cannon like al-Qaeda to operate in his country. It would have taken control out of Saddam's hands. I also highly doubt Saddam would have ever considered handing bin Laden weapons of mass destruction to attack the United States or Israel—a threat suggested by the Bush administration—because it would have been tantamount to signing over Iraq's fate to bin Laden. I think bin Laden's offer of support, however, became much more appealing to the Iraqi leadership during the final days of the war and during the period of post-war resistance. This is not to say that President Saddam Hussein had any aversion to making alliances with terrorists. Saddam, in fact, sheltered and employed the Palestinian terrorists Mohammed al-Abbas (Abu al-Abbas) and the notorious Sabri al-Banna, better known as Abu Nidal. Iraq's symbiotic, financial and mercenary relationships with the two Palestinian militants, however, were significantly different from any type of coalition he could have formed with al-Qaeda. I met Abu Abbas in Baghdad shortly before the war at the headquarters of his group, the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF). The office was a spacious villa guarded by three men with assault rifles and surrounded by a high cement wall. Parked in the villa's courtyard was a high-end BMW and a Land Rover, evidence that Abu Abbas—in Iraq since 1994—had grown rich in his new home, mainly from the oil smuggling business he was involved in with Saddam's son Uday. Abu Abbas, a strong man with broad shoulders, a thick mustache and a deep voice, greeted me in his office with a firm handshake. After a coffee and chitchat about the impending war—which he thought was unavoidable—Abu Abbas proudly told me that he was mainly responsible for channeling money from Iraq to the families of Palestinian suicide bombers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The money came from Saddam. It was his way of supporting the intifada. Relatives of suicide bombers were given checks for between $10,000 and $25,000, according to Abu Abbas's representative in the Palestinian territories, Rakad Salim, whom I'd interviewed in Ramallah shortly before he was arrested by Israeli forces in October 2002. In Baghdad, Abu Abbas seemed somewhat nervous about the approaching war despite his calm, sturdy demeanor. He asked me several times if I thought the war was really coming and how far I thought the United States was prepared to go. Abu Abbas had good reason to worry. He was wanted by Italian authorities for the 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship the _Achille Lauro_ and the murder of Leon Klinghoffer, a sixty-nine-year-old wheelchair-bound Jewish-American passenger. Abu Abbas told me his men had never intended to hijack the _Achille Lauro,_ but planned to use weapons they'd smuggled on board to carry out an attack at the Israeli port of Haifa. Abu Abbas said his men had only commandeered the cruise ship after they were discovered by the ship's security while at sea. Abu Abbas was ultimately arrested shortly after the fall of Baghdad. He'd tried to flee to Syria, but was turned away at the border and later picked up near Baghdad by US special forces. The fact that Abu Abbas had operated so openly in a society as controlled as Iraq's is evidence that Saddam Hussein didn't consider him a threat. Saddam's relationship with Abu Nidal, a man whom British Middle East expert and author Patrick Seale described as "a gun for hire," was significantly different. Abu Nidal had a long history with Iraq. He was based in Baghdad in the mid-1970s when Yasser Arafat's _Fatah_ movement expelled him for being too radical and for allegedly plotting to murder his Palestinian opponents. Saddam Hussein found the then stranded and enraged Abu Nidal (an Arabic _nom de guerre_ that means "father of resistance") to be a useful operative to settle scores with Iraq's longtime rival Syria. Saddam, however, expelled Abu Nidal from the country in 1983 to win US support for Iraq's war with Iran. Abu Nidal moved to Syria and then to Libya, offering his services as a world-class hit man. Before bin Laden, Abu Nidal had been the world's most wanted man, credited with carrying out more than ninety terrorist attacks that killed more than three hundred people. He specialized in highly organized assaults, which he carried out in twenty foreign nations, including attacks at the Rome and Vienna airports in 1985. Abu Nidal was known for his extensive planning, and he was known to have buried weapons in public parks in foreign capitals so they'd be available at a moment's notice. By the 1990s, however, Abu Nidal had dropped out of the international scene. He was suffering from leukemia and, after allegedly receiving treatment in Cairo in 1997, settled back in Baghdad. His interests are said to have shifted to the arms trade—a longtime source of income—and extorting protection money from Gulf nations. It's unclear why Saddam allowed Abu Nidal to return to Iraq. It's speculated that it was because of business ties with Saddam's son Uday, although I haven't seen convincing evidence. Saddam's loyalties to Abu Nidal, however, were obviously not too deep, because he had the Palestinian militant killed in August 2002. A Palestinian journalist first reported in Ramallah that Abu Nidal had been shot dead in a Baghdad apartment by Saddam's security forces. Iraqi officials initially said Abu Nidal had barricaded himself in the bathroom and shot himself rather than be arrested. Witnesses who saw Abu Nidal's body, however, said he'd been shot several times, ruling out suicide. Abu Abbas told me he believed Saddam had Abu Nidal killed because the Palestinian militant had formed an alliance with Iraq's enemy Kuwait. The exact reason may never be known. I believe Saddam had Abu Nidal eliminated because he'd become too much of a liability. During the buildup to the war, officials in Washington had pointed to Abu Nidal's presence in Iraq as evidence that Saddam was harboring terrorists. Just as Saddam expelled Abu Nidal in the 1980s to win the United States' favor, I think he hoped to score points this time by removing Abu Nidal once and for all; it was his way of avoiding the war, the opposite impulse of striking up a relationship with someone as provocative as America's number-one enemy, Osama bin Laden. The fact remains, however, that bin Laden did call for a jihad in defense of Saddam Hussein's Iraq. I believe it was bin Laden's way of maintaining relevance after the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. By associating his name with the conflict in Iraq, bin Laden was trying to latch on to the next hot thing. If Americans were going to be killed in large numbers in Iraq, bin Laden wanted to be part of it. Bin Laden would also try to get in on the act after the war. I met several Arab mujahideen at the Palestine Hotel during the final days of the war, and I found them to be like other respondents to calls for jihad I'd met in Yemen and Egypt. The men were young, idealistic, disgruntled religious zealots who'd answered the call to jihad, only to be disillusioned by what they found. In Yemen in 2002, I met about a dozen men who'd fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban. They were from the city of Ta'izz, a stronghold of the Islamic Islah (reform) party, and the remote Hadramout region, bin Laden's ancestral homeland along Yemen's largely unregulated border with Saudi Arabia. The Yemeni mujahideen were rugged, straight-talking, rural villagers with hard worker's hands, profound Islamic convictions and a firm belief that their religion was under attack by the United States and Jews and that it was their duty to put their terrestrial lives on hold to defend their Muslim brethren wherever they were in danger. These men thought of themselves as reservists in a world Muslim army, willing to be called up at a moment's notice. The men seemed very proud of their sacrifices and repeatedly told me what a hardship it had been to leave their businesses and families behind while

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Al-Basri was only issued one pajama suit by the prison and was constantly covered in lice, which he said he would pick off his body and crush against the wall to write messages of hope and leave a record of his existence, knowing that any day he could be killed or die from disease. I saw the sad testimonies "We all die" and "God help me" written on the walls. When the toilet in the cell was full, Al-Basri said his cellmates would urinate in the one plastic bowl they were given to eat from collectively, and then throw the piss into the hall through a mailbox-slot-size ventilation slit in the cell's metal door. Al-Basri said the conditions in the cell were so unsanitary, stuffy and cramped that the flesh in his underarms and groin rotted away. He said the worst experience, however, was when prisoners were taken out of the cell for interrogation and beaten for hours before being thrown back into the cell. "What are we to do with him?" al-Basri had asked a guard after he'd tossed an unconscious prisoner back into the cell following an interrogation. "Fuck him," the guard yelled back. Al-Basri described how the guards would sexually humiliate the prisoners, forcing them to strip naked, tying two of them together face-to-face and making them dance. As we were leaving the prison, I was surprised that al-Basri ran into two former inmates lingering in the hallway. Ironically, they were now working at the jail, which had become a makeshift headquarters of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, an Iranian-backed Shiite Muslim party led by Ayatollah Mohammed Bakr al-Hakim, who was soon to be assassinated. The Shiite group—forbidden under Saddam and responsible for bomb attacks in Baghdad—had simply taken over the empty building. I remember thinking that it must not have been particularly healthy for the sanity of the former prisoners to be working in the dungeon where they'd been so abused. After the war, al-Basri founded a human rights group for victims of Saddam's regime. The man who had once cared for Saddam was now caring for those whose lives Saddam had destroyed. Others close to Saddam, including his cook, maid and fortuneteller, were also now free to talk. A maid who'd worked at Baghdad's main Republican Palace (which after the war became the seat of the US administration in Iraq) described her boss as a hypochondriac, obsessed with cleanliness. Like all of the palace's staff, she underwent a complete physical examination—including tests of her blood, urine and stool—every two months. She said anyone with the slightest malady was immediately fired, and that Saddam preferred to hire Iraqi Christians and older women, saying they were cleaner and more reliable. She described how she was required to step on a mat impregnated with a disinfectant before entering Saddam's bedroom, and to polish his fruit and dinner plates with single-use sterilized cloths before serving his food on them. One of Saddam's cooks said the former Iraqi dictator didn't like too much salt on his food and that he was concerned about his weight, forbidding the cook from using butter or ghee, preferring vegetable oil. The cook, a short jolly man with thick strong hands, said Saddam had simple tastes and enjoyed eating grilled meats and fish, stewed vegetables and rice, and dates for dessert. The cook said Saddam developed an incentive system to ensure quality meals, fining him roughly five to ten dollars if he was unsatisfied with the food, and rewarding him anywhere from five to a hundred dollars if the meal was to his liking. The cook said he was only scared once during six years of service at the Republican Palace, when Saddam became ill after one of his meals. Luckily, he was cleared of charges of trying to poison Saddam. People close to Saddam also said the former Iraqi dictator was deeply interested in the occult and regularly consulted fortune-tellers and clairvoyants, including a thirteen-year-old boy who Saddam believed could see through walls and read minds. His job was to make sure no one close to Saddam was plotting against him. Saddam was also said to have worn a stone around his left arm to make him bulletproof, according to the members of Iraq's Mandean community—a small religious group who believe that Adam was the first prophet—who sold him the rock. Iraq's _infitah_ was also a political awakening, and during the weeks I'd been out of the country, two hundred new political parties had sprung up. Before Saddam's fall, there had only been the Baath party, and Iraqis had obviously been thirsting for more. With no registration process, all any Iraqi needed to do to start a party was put up a sign and, evidently, open a newspaper. I saw hand-painted signs plastered on buildings across Baghdad, spray-painted hastily on walls (the names painted so haphazardly they sometimes looked like little more than graffiti) and written on bedsheets hanging outside the windows of apartment blocks, marking the headquarters of new parties, political unions, professional syndicates and human rights groups. Many of the parties seemed to be loyal to one of the main Shiite Muslim _merja_ —senior Shiite clerics—who exercise more control over their followers than most Sunni Muslim imams. The fear that the Shiite's merja, who have been tolerant of the US occupation, could turn has hung over the American administration since its arrival in Baghdad. Looking at the parties emerging in Iraq, it was clear that the strategic Shiite population was starting to spread its wings after decades of repression. Other new political parties were communist, nationalist, royalist (supporting the return of the Hashemite monarchy to Iraq) and independent. The new political dynamism was palpable, and ideas were hotly debated at Baghdad cafes and on college campuses by people like history professor Ali al-Nashmi. Al-Nashmi hadn't yet hung up his sign when I first met him at the empty building he was converting into his personal kingdom. A highly ambitious man, he gave me a tour of the new office space—stepping over a workman scraping droplets of paint off the stone floor—explaining the layout of the future headquarters of his new political party (the Union of Independent Intellectuals), socialist newspaper _(The Dawn of Baghdad),_ magazine for children (as yet unnamed) and, he hoped, local television station. Like al-Hamdani—who'd always dreamed of a life beyond his honey-covered "women's upper arms"—al-Nashmi was bursting with pent-up political desires. Twenty years earlier, al-Nashmi had been arrested and tortured by Saddam's regime for starting a movie club in his home, where about a dozen of his friends would gather in secret every week to watch and discuss foreign films. Al-Nashmi was first accused of founding an illegal communist cell and later of being an Islamic militant, a charge that seemed especially ill-suited, considering his secular views, Western dress and polished English. Al-Nashmi languished behind bars for three years, a relatively short sentence by Iraqi standards. Once, he said, he was beaten so severely during an interrogation—hit with fists and batons—that his entire body was black and blue, preventing him from sleeping, or even moving, without pain for days. Al-Nashmi was determined that such abuses shouldn't be repeated and had gathered about 150 similarly minded intellectuals and professors to start his party. The fact that al-Nashmi was building a headquarters was something of an anomaly in post-war Iraq. Other parties had simply taken over former government buildings the way al-Hakim's Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq had set up shop in the intelligence services' jail and at Tareq Aziz's palatial home along the Tigris, which Aziz no longer needed because he was in US custody at the airport, terrified that the Americans would turn him over to an Iraqi court. Ahmed Chalabi—the leader of the previously exiled Iraqi National Congress—moved into the house of Saddam's advisor Ezzat Ibrahim, a swank villa designed to look like a Japanese palace complete with a footbridge. Ibrahim didn't need it; the man who'd compared Saddam to the Prophet Mohammed was on the run. The Iraqi people considered him Saddam's most loyal cadre, a man who'd been so eager to please his boss as to be laughable. He'd long been the butt of Iraqi jokes, which people were now able to tell openly for the first time. > One day Saddam Hussein decides to go to a poor market disguised as a woman to find out what ordinary people really think about him. He goes up to an old woman selling cream and says, "Kind old woman, how much for your cream?" > > The old woman answers, "For you, my lord, it's free!" > > "What?" Saddam says, completely surprised. "Why do you call me'my lord'? Please just tell me how much for your cream?" > > But the old woman insists, "I could never take money from you, my lord!" > > Saddam gets annoyed and asks, "How do you know who I am?" > > Then the old woman pulls off her wig and says, "It's me—Ezzat! Don't you recognize me?" There were new jokes about Saddam too. > God sends an angel to earth to collect Saddam's soul. Normally, angels are quick

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(); } } else { this.navigateToMonth(false, groupIndex, event); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //enter case 13: { this.onDateSelect(event, date); event.preventDefault(); break; } //escape case 27: { this.hideOverlay(null, this.reFocusInputField); event.preventDefault(); break; } //tab case 9: { this.trapFocus(event); break; } } } }, { key: "navigateToMonth", value: function navigateToMonth(prev, groupIndex, event) { if (prev) { if (this.props.numberOfMonths === 1 || groupIndex === 0) { this.navigation = { backward: true }; this.navBackward(event); } else { var prevMonthContainer = this.overlayRef.current.children[groupIndex - 1]; var cells = core.DomHandler.find(prevMonthContainer, '.p-datepicker-calendar td span:not(.p-disabled)'); var focusCell = cells[cells.length - 1]; focusCell.tabIndex = '0'; focusCell.focus(); } } else { if (this.props.numberOfMonths === 1 || groupIndex === this.props.numberOfMonths - 1) { this.navigation = { backward: false }; this.navForward(event); } else { var nextMonthContainer = this.overlayRef.current.children[groupIndex + 1]; var _focusCell4 = core.DomHandler.findSingle(nextMonthContainer, '.p-datepicker-calendar td span:not(.p-disabled)'); _focusCell4.tabIndex = '0'; _focusCell4.focus(); } } } }, { key: "onMonthCellKeydown", value: function onMonthCellKeydown(event, index) { var cell = event.currentTarget; switch (event.which) { //arrows case 38: case 40: { cell.tabIndex = '-1'; var cells = cell.parentElement.children; var cellIndex = core.DomHandler.index(cell); var nextCell = cells[event.which === 40? cellIndex + 3 : cellIndex - 3]; if (nextCell) { nextCell.tabIndex = '0'; nextCell.focus(); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //left arrow case 37: { cell.tabIndex = '-1'; var prevCell = cell.previousElementSibling; if (prevCell) { prevCell.tabIndex = '0'; prevCell.focus(); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //right arrow case 39: { cell.tabIndex = '-1'; var _nextCell = cell.nextElementSibling; if (_nextCell) { _nextCell.tabIndex = '0'; _nextCell.focus(); } event.preventDefault(); break; } //enter case 13: { this.onMonthSelect(event, index); event.preventDefault(); break; } //escape case 27: { this.hideOverlay(null, this.reFocusInputField); event.preventDefault(); break; } //tab case 9: { this.trapFocus(event); break; } } } }, { key: "onDateSelect", value: function onDateSelect(event, dateMeta, timeMeta) { var _this9 = this; if (this.props.disabled ||!dateMeta.selectable) { event.preventDefault(); return; } core.DomHandler.find(this.overlayRef.current, '.p-datepicker-calendar td span:not(.p-disabled)').forEach(function (cell) { return cell.tabIndex = -1; }); event.currentTarget.focus(); if (this.isMultipleSelection()) { if (this.isSelected(dateMeta)) { var value = this.props.value.filter(function (date, i) { return!_this9.isDateEquals(date, dateMeta); }); this.updateModel(event, value); this.updateInputfield(value); } else if (!this.props.maxDateCount ||!this.props.value || this.props.maxDateCount > this.props.value.length) { this.selectDate(event, dateMeta, timeMeta); } } else { this.selectDate(event, dateMeta, timeMeta); } if (!this.props.inline && this.isSingleSelection() && (!this.props.showTime || this.props.hideOnDateTimeSelect)) { setTimeout(function () { _this9.hideOverlay('dateselect'); }, 100); if (this.touchUIMask) { this.disableModality(); } } event.preventDefault(); } }, { key: "selectTime", value: function selectTime(date, timeMeta) { if (this.props.showTime) { var hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds; if (timeMeta) { hours = timeMeta.hours; minutes = timeMeta.minutes; seconds = timeMeta.seconds; milliseconds = timeMeta.milliseconds; } else { var time = this.getCurrentDateTime(); var _ref = [time.getHours(), time.getMinutes(), time.getSeconds(), time.getMilliseconds()]; hours = _ref[0]; minutes = _ref[1]; seconds = _ref[2]; milliseconds = _ref[3]; } date.setHours(hours); date.setMinutes(minutes); date.setSeconds(seconds); date.setMilliseconds(milliseconds); } } }, { key: "selectDate", value: function selectDate(event, dateMeta, timeMeta) { var date = new Date(dateMeta.year, dateMeta.month, dateMeta.day); this.selectTime(date, timeMeta); if (this.props.minDate && this.props.minDate > date) { date = this.props.minDate; } if (this.props.maxDate && this.props.maxDate < date) { date = this.props.maxDate; } var selectedValues = date; if (this.isSingleSelection()) { this.updateModel(event, date); } else if (this.isMultipleSelection()) { selectedValues = this.props.value? [].concat(_toConsumableArray(this.props.value), [date]) : [date]; this.updateModel(event, selectedValues); } else if (this.isRangeSelection()) { if (this.props.value && this.props.value.length) { var startDate = this.props.value[0]; var endDate = this.props.value[1]; if (!endDate && date.getTime() >= startDate.getTime()) { endDate = date; } else { startDate = date; endDate = null; } selectedValues = [startDate, endDate]; this.updateModel(event, selectedValues); } else { selectedValues = [date, null]; this.updateModel(event, selectedValues); } } if (this.props.onSelect) { this.props.onSelect({ originalEvent: event, value: date }); } this.updateInputfield(selectedValues); } }, { key: "onMonthSelect", value: function onMonthSelect(event, month) { this.onDateSelect(event, { year: this.

redpajama

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reported, using solution-phase extraction of inner tubes from large-diameter multi-wall tubes.\cite{Choi_et_al_2013a} \par Actually, it is shown theoretically by first-principles energy minimization that both flattened and cylindrical nanotubes are stable or meta-stable and the energy of flattened tube is lower than cylindrical tubes with large diameter.\cite{Tang_et_al_2005a,Zhang_et_al_2006b,Hasegawa_and_Nishidate_2006a,Xiao_et_al_2007a,Lu_et_al_2011a} The cylindrical nanotubes collapse into flattened tubes with a barbell-like cross section under hydrostatic pressure or in the presence of injected charge shown by molecular dynamics simulations.\cite{Liu_and_Cho_2004a,Tangney_et_al_2005a} Electronic states were studied for collapsed armchair tubes in a tight-binding model\cite{Lammert_et_al_2000a} and for collapsed zigzag tubes by density-functional calculations,\cite{Kim_et_al_2001e,Nishidate_and_Hasegawa_2008a} which demonstrated drastic modification in the energy region close to the Fermi level due to inter-wall interaction. \par Transport of crossed nanotube junctions results from interacting individual tubes and has been studied both experimentally\cite{Postma_et_al_2000a,Fuhrer_et_al_2000b,Yoneya_et_al_2002a,Gao_et_al_2004a,Znidarsic_et_al_2013a} and theoretically.\cite{Nakanishi_and_Ando_2001a,Maarouf_and_Mele_2011a,Yoon_et_al_2001a,Komnik_and_Egger_2001a} The conductance is found to depend strongly on the crossing angle with large maxima at commensurate stacking of lattices of two nanotubes.\cite{Nakanishi_and_Ando_2001a,Maarouf_and_Mele_2011a} A deformation of crossed carbon nanotubes, which may significantly affect the tunneling conductance between nanotubes, has been calculated.\cite{Fuhrer_et_al_2000b,Hertel_et_al_1998a,Yoon_et_al_2001a} Furthermore, a pseudogap has been predicted to appear for an orientationally ordered crystal of nanotubes due to inter-tube transfer.\cite{Delaney_et_al_1998a,Kwon_et_al_1998a,Maarouf_et_al_2000a,Kwon_and_Tomanek_1998a} \par Effects of inter-wall interactions in multi-wall nanotubes were also studied. In general, the lattice structure of each nanotube is incommensurate with that of adjacent walls.\cite{Kociak_et_al_2002a,Zuo_et_al_2003a} This makes inter-wall electron hopping negligibly small as a result of the cancellation of inter-wall coupling in the absence of disorder.\cite{Yoon_et_al_2002a,Triozon_et_al_2004a,Uryu_and_Ando_2005c,Charlier_et_al_2007a,Uryu_and_Ando_2007e} In fact, inter-wall hopping integrals vary quasi-periodically from site to site and their average over the distance of the order of the circumference vanishes. This property was extensively used for theoretical calculations of excitons in double-wall nanotubes.\cite{Tomio_et_al_2012a,Tomio_et_al_2012c} Further, it is closely related to very weak interlayer interactions in twisted bi- and/or multi-layer graphenes. \par Experimentally, each layer of some of epitaxially fabricated graphenes having many layers is known to behave almost as a monolayer.\cite{de_Heer_et_al_2007a,Sadowski_et_al_2006a,Sadowski_et_al_2007a,Wu_et_al_2007b,Hass_et_al_2007a,Hass_et_al_2008a,Sprinkle_et_al_2009a,de_Heer_et_al_2010a,de_Heer_et_al_2011a,Orlita_et_al_2008n,Miller_et_al_2009a} Further, the electronic structure of twisted bilayer graphene with nearly incommensurate lattice structure, both theoretically calculated\cite{Lopes_dos_Santos_et_al_2007a,Latil_et_al_2007a,Hass_et_al_2008a,Shallcross_et_al_2008a,Bistritzer_and_MacDonald_2011a,Bistritzer_and_MacDonald_2011b,Lopes_dos_Santos_et_al_2012a,Moon_and_Koshino_2012a,Moon_and_Koshino_2013a,Lu_and_Fertig_2014a,Mele_2010a,Mele_2011a} and experimentally observed,\cite{Sprinkle_et_al_2009a,Ni_et_al_2008c,Schmidt_et_al_2010a,Luican_et_al_2011a,Brihuega_et_al_2012a,Li_et_al_2010a} shows a linear band dispersion near the charge neutrality point, suggesting weak interlayer interaction. On the contrary, the interlayer interaction drastically changes electronic states in displaced bilayer graphene having a commensurate lattice structure.\cite{Son_et_al_2011a} The end of bilayer graphene can be closed and was observed experimentally after thermal treatment.\cite{Liu_et_al_2009c} Geometry and electronic structure of bilayer graphene with a closed edge were studied by a density functional calculation.\cite{Feng_et_al_2009a} \par \begin{figure*} \begin{center} \begin{minipage}[t]{7.50cm} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=7.50cm]{eps/fig1a_FlattenedCN2a.eps} (a) \end{center} \end{minipage} \begin{minipage}[t]{9.50cm} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=9.50cm]{eps/fig1b_FlattenedCN1.eps} (b) \end{center} \end{minipage} \caption \label{Fig:Flattened_CN} (a) A schematic illustration of a collapsed carbon nanotubes and (b) its development map on graphene sheet. In (b), the coordinates system $(x',y')$ and origin O' are fixed onto the graphene sheet and the coordinates system $(x,y)$ and origin O vary depending on the structure of a nanotube. The flattened region is denoted by the shaded area. } \end{center} \vspace{-0.250cm} \end{figure*} This paper is organized as follows: In Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Collapsed_Carbon_Nanotubes}, an effective potential of inter-wall interaction is derived in an effective-mass scheme. In Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Weak_Inter-Wall_Coupling}, modification of band structure due to collapse is analyzed by perturbation of inter-wall interaction first for armchair and zigzag nanotube and its dependence on nanotube chirality and stacking in flattened region are discussed based on dominant terms. Numerical results are shown in Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Numerical_Results} and a short summary is given in Sect.\ \ref{Sec:Summary_and_Conclusion}. \par \section{Collapsed Carbon Nanotubes} \label{Sec:Collapsed_Carbon_Nanotubes} We consider a nanotube partially flattened as illustrated in Fig.\ \ref{Fig:Flattened_CN} (a). The width of the flattened region is denoted by $L_F/2$ and that of the curved region by $L_C/2$. We have \begin{equation} L_F + L_C = L, \end{equation} where $L$ is the circumference. Figure \ref{Fig:Flattened_CN} (b) shows the development map. The tube is usually specified by chiral vector ${\bf L}$, corresponding to the circumference, i.e., $L=|{\bf L}|$. The direction of ${\bf L}$ measured from the horizontal direction is called the chiral angle and denoted by $\eta$. \par In Fig.\ \ref{Fig:Flattened_CN} (b), the right hand side of the line passing through the point O at $(\zeta\

redpajama

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TOAST specialises in the creation of tailored content for social media in the different formats these platforms require. By continually updating our knowledge in the audiovisual sphere and using an evolving approach to communication strategies, we have acquired the tools to appreciate and master the changes that have radically overhauled the way we consume information. Today, as well as creating videos and photos, we also provide comprehensive project guidance to promote your content in line with your communication strategy, from ideas right through to publishing. The pioneering and creative vision, energy, motivation and passion that have driven us from the start are still our greatest strength today.<|endoftext|>The stormy, dark and mysterious sky in this image reminds me of El Greco's view of Toledo. This astonishing full arc rainbow was captured up in Dove Mountain. Regardless of how many times I see a rainbow, each one still thrills me!<|endoftext|>Q: reverse last and first name and remove comma Is there a way not to us the radio button but execute javascript automatically? I see i'm using.click function, which command need to be used for execute it automatically? Thank you for the advice. $(document).ready(function () { $("input[name='change_last_first']").click(function () { $(".name").each(function() { var revName = $(this).text().split(" ").reverse().join(" "); $(this).text(revName); }); }); }); function name(str) { return(str.replace(/,/g,'')); } <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <input name="change_last_first" value="first" type="radio" >First Last, <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Name</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="name">Willis, James</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="name">Handson Willis</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="name">Anderson, Sarah</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="name">Pandora, Jim</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> A: To make this work on load just remove the click() handler, and place your each() logic directly within the document.ready handler. That being said, you can improve the logic by providing a function to text() which iterates over all elements in the collection. This function accepts the current text value of the element as an argument which you can amend and use to return the new value. Finally you can split() the text by comma or whitespace in order to remove the trailing comma which is left in some cases by your current code. With all that said, try this jQuery(function($) { $(".name").text(function(i, t) { return t.split(/,|\s/).reverse().join(" "); }); }); <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <table> <thead> <tr><th>Name</th></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td class="name">Willis, James</td></tr> <tr><td class="name">Handson Willis</td></tr> <tr><td class="name">Anderson, Sarah</td></tr> <tr><td class="name">Pandora, Jim</td></tr> </tbody> </table> <|endoftext|>T_T!! I just switched back to my civic and went for an inspection today.. I am with belairdirect so I had to do it.. Anyways I have a 97 dx and the guy checked the engine and saw a b16.. He saids my insurance wont go up but do yoiu guys think it will go up? if he said it wont go up.. maybe.. it wont?? but thats only the inspector telling me it wont go up.. Also he said I dont have to tell tell my insuranmce company about the swap.. but I guess I will see what happends.. But usually will a swap increase insurance since it increases the value of the car? Insurance doesn't cover the engine "breaking". If you decide not to disclose it to the insurance company and you get in an accident, they can either void your policy and give you nothing, or they can give you what the car is worth "stock". If you tell them, and the insurance goes up $5/mth you're fully covered and have no issues if you are in an accident. BUT, if you tell them, they might decide NOT to cover you in the first place. You can always call them and not tell them your name, then just ask if they would insure your type of car, and if so, what the raised price would be, if any. By the way, the insurance would go up, not because it makes the car worth more, but because it's now a higher risk for theft and because it's faster, accidents. If you're under 25, there's more risk of you being immature and street racing with it, etc. Get it? The car isn't worth more, but more risk is associated with insuring the car. No, I don't think they know yet. He just got the inspection (not too much rust, no broken windows or existing damage, etc). The mechanic that did the report might have disclosed it, but he might not have. I think he is doing you a favour and not disclosing the fact that you have swapped in a B16. Most likely you will be cancelled with Bel-Air judging by what has happened to other people that have ran into issues with them. If your lucky they might allow it as a B16 was available in your chassis. the engine wont effect your ins, i have belair, and i have a zc vtec in my 95 cx and the inspector said the same thing "that isn't stock." my insurance never went up. i'm 19, g2 and still only pay 200 a month.<|endoftext|>Paraphrasing of copyrighted material may, under certain circumstances, constitute copyright infringement. In most countries that have national copyright laws, copyright applies to the original expression in a work rather than to the meanings or ideas being expressed. Whether a paraphrase is an infringement of expression, or a permissible restatement of an idea, is not a binary question but a matter of degree. Copyright law in common law countries tries to avoid theoretical discussion of the nature of ideas and expression such as this, taking a more pragmatic view of what is called the idea/expression dichotomy. The acceptable degree of difference between a prior work and a paraphrase depends on a variety of factors and ultimately depends on the judgement of the court in each individual case. In Germany An early example of the concept of paraphrasing as a copyright issue arose with Johann Heinrich Zedler's application in 1730 for copyright protection in Saxony for his Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon, one of the first encyclopedias. The publisher of a rival General Historical Lexicon said that Zedler's Universal Lexicon would not differ in content from this and other existing lexicons apart from paraphrasing. On 16 October 1730, the Upper Consistory court in Dresden rejected Zedler's request, and warned that he would be subject to confiscation and a fine if he reproduced any material from the General Historical Lexicon in his Universal Lexicon. In the Soviet Union The Soviet Union's Copyright Act of 1925 in essence said that a work created by a minimal paraphrase of an existing text could be considered a new work eligible for copyright. By 1991, the Copyright law of the Soviet Union had evolved to give much more protection to the author. Free use, similar to the English common law concept of fair use, was only allowed if it did not infringe upon the normal exploitation of the work or the legitimate interests of the author. In the United States United States copyright law protects original expressions but not facts, methods, discoveries, or other ideas being expressed, a doctrine known as the idea–expression distinction. Despite making this distinction, verbatim copying is not always required for copyright infringement, as paraphrasing is also prohibited in certain circumstances. US copyright law originates in the Copyright Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 8) of the Constitution, and has been the subject of several federal statutes, most recently the Copyright Act of 1976. The basic two-part test for copyright infringement under the 1976 Act, described by the US Supreme Court in Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., is (1) whether there is a valid copyright, and (2) whether there has been improper copying of the copyrighted work. The second prong also has a two-part test, first articulated in the Second Circuit case Arnstein v. Porter: (a) whether copying occurred (as opposed to independent creation), and (b) whether the copying amounts to an "

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An Insider's Look at Proposing a Session for DrupalCon Posted on January 24, 2017 by Amber Matz DrupalCon is a conference and global community gathering that takes place usually twice a year in North America and Europe. Past DrupalCons have spanned the globe and also taken place in India, Colombia, and Australia. DrupalCons are organized by the Drupal Association, a non-profit organization that supports the Drupal community through funding, infrastructure, education, promotion, distribution, and online collaboration on Drupal.org. DrupalCon North America attracts thousands of users, frontend and backend developers, software engineers, system administrators, designers, UX specialists, content strategists, site owners, site builders, content managers, community leaders, site administrators, business owners, project managers, documentation specialists, trainers, and others that interact with Drupal as a website, as code, as a community, or as an integral part of their organization. This year in 2017, DrupalCon North America is taking place in Baltimore, Maryland, USA from April 24-28. DrupalCon Baltimore will feature presentations in 13 session tracks, informal Birds of a Feather gatherings (BoFs), code sprints, social events, pre-conference training workshops, topical summits, and events for first-time attendees and code contributors alike. Session tracks The DrupalCon Baltimore session program will include presentations in 13 tracks: Coding and Development Core Conversations User Experience (UX) and Content Strategy Each track has a track committee consisting of a local chairperson and two global chairpersons. These three people craft the track description and decide which session submissions will be chosen for their track. Drupalize.Me happens to have two team members serving as local track chairs at DrupalCon Baltimore. Joe Shindelar is the local track chair for the Being Human track and Amber Matz is the local track chair for the Horizons track. On being a track chair Here are some thoughts from Joe and Amber on being a track chair: Joe: Local track chairs define the theme for their track with input from their global chairs and the other track chairs. As the chair for the Being Human track, the definition of the track as a category for "content about the humans that create the software" was already set. My job was to take that very broad definition and refine it for this specific DrupalCon. What are issues that are important in our community right now? What about the larger tech industry as a whole? What am I personally passionate about? So, we tried to take that broad definition and provide people with a bit more guidance about what we are looking for in session proposals. Amber: The Horizons track has a personal place in my heart because I got to speak in that track last year. This year I sent out a survey to the general public and also polled our sister company Lullabot for some ideas about what they considered "emerging technology" in the Internet world. So our topic suggestions and track description were heavily influenced by the responses to those surveys. Joe: Our process so far has been mostly weekly meetings in which we've worked to define the tracks, proof each others' descriptions, discuss ideas for increasing the diversity of people submitting sessions, and make decisions regarding the various questions on the session submission form, scholarship funds, and other things related to: 1) getting people to submit sessions so that we can have a diverse pools of speakers and topics to choose from, and 2) putting things in place to make decisions about which of the submitted sessions will be accepted. Amber: We've also written some blog posts: Built by Humans for Humans and Wanted: Explorers of Tech Horizons Joe: Regarding communicating with people interested in submitting a session -- I've had a few people reach out to me asking me to review their submission and provide feedback, and a couple others who wanted to chat about either picking a topic, or narrowing the focus of an idea. Pro tip: The number of session submissions increases exponentially during the last week, so submit your session and/or contact the track chairs early if you want feedback. After a certain point there's too little time and too many new submissions for us to provide feedback to everyone. Joe: Another thing we've done is reach out to people in and out of the community in an attempt to solicit session proposals. I've done this mostly via Twitter, email, and a few from the local community in person. Amber: Same here. While it's easy to Tweet messages out, it's challenging to know what the impact is. Nevertheless, I have made some interesting new connections with folks in my attempt to reach out. Joe: I've been working to read and consider sessions as they are submitted. Knowing that there will be a surge of them coming in at the end, I feel that it's important to stay on top of things so that I'm not overwhelmed trying to read everything in just a few days. I'm a little nervous about reading too many submissions in rapid succession and having them start to blur together. So I would rather tackle a few at a time. That's another good reason to get your session in early -- there's less chance of it getting lost in the torrent of new submissions in the last 24 hours. Amber: I'm excited about the sessions we've received so far in the Horizons track. It's definitely advantageous to get your session in as early as possible because many track chairs, like myself and Joe, are reading them as they come in and inevitably the later ones will get compared to what we've already read. So get yours in early and set the bar high! Anyone with previous speaking experience (not necessarily at DrupalCon) is invited to submit a session proposal by February 1, 2017. Be sure to read each of the session track descriptions and topic suggestion lists to find the right track for your session proposal. Tips for submitting a presentation proposal Here are some suggestions for submitting a proposal: Pick a topic you're passionate about. That passion (or lack thereof) will show in your submission, your slides, and your presentation. If accepted, you're going to put a lot of time into this, so you'd better pick something that's interesting to you. Even if you're not "The Expert™", on a particular topic doesn't mean you don't have good things to say. Everyone is at a different place along the spectrum of Drupal expertise, and I promise you've got good information that others will benefit from. Browse session submissions from previous DrupalCon speakers and compare yours. Is the writing and explanation on the same level? Pick a pain point, something you have personal experience with, and have some ideas about how to resolve it. Explain that this is what you're going to cover. Proofread your submission -- better yet, have someone else proofread it for you. Resources for people submitting session proposals Here's good article from Gus Childs at Chromatic about his experience getting a session selected at DrupalCon New Orleans: The Road to Speaking at DrupalCon. You can get feedback from veteran speakers before you submit from the group of volunteers at HelpMeAbstract.com Contact the DrupalCon Program Manager who will put you in touch with a Session Submission Mentor. Contact a Session Track team chair. Track teams are listed here and you can contact track team chairs via their Drupal.org contact form. Find out more about resources and support for speakers here. Don't neglect proofreading. Have someone else read it through. Do you identify with an underrepresented group? The people behind the DrupalCon program are dedicated to increasing the diversity of of speakers at DrupalCon. One of the ways they are doing this is through the Inclusion Fund. You can request up to $350 for travel and lodging expense assistance. Find out more on this page. We hope to see lots of great session proposals in all the tracks. Your contributions as a speaker will help make DrupalCon awesome. DrupalCon<|endoftext|>Brave Policemen pulled and saved the Old Man out of Crkvena River March 30, 2021 12:00 PM by Y.Z The old man tried to climb the shore with the stems, but he could not make it. His lower body was in the water, he was tired and shaking a lot, so he could barely pronounce his name. This was said by Dusko Dimic, a police officer from Banja Luka who saved the life of 83-year-old V.K. with his heroic act together with his colleague Ognjen Marjanovic. An unfortunate man accidentally fell into the Crkvena River in the Banja Luka settlement of Laus while walking. It all occurred on Saturday around 10.45 a.m., when passers-by reported to the police that an elderly man found himself in the riverbed. According to the report, the old man fell into the water, which was not so deep, but due to the steep and slippery concrete riverbed, the man could not get out and had to call for help. When the police officers went out on the field, they noticed that the exhausted, frozen, and scared older man was holding on to a stem so that he would not drown. Police officer Dimic then decided not to wait for the firefighters, who were already contacted, but to react immediately. Fearing that the old man, who was already running out of strength, would drown by the time the firefighters arrived, the brave policeman came down into the riverbed and embraced him with his arms. “My work colleague Ognjen Marjanovic, who was on the shore, found a wooden pallet, which he lowered into the riverbed so I could reach it. I leaned it

redpajama

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-tuning appropriate system configurations. The contributions of this research are as follows: \begin{itemize} \item We propose a user-centered and extensible monitoring framework, which includes tooling for analyzing any JVM-based system. \item We present an analysis that highlights the capabilities of Apache Kafka regarding the maximum achievable rate of incoming records per time unit. \item We enable reproducibility of the presented results by making all needed artifacts available online\footnote{\url{https://github.com/guenter-hesse/KafkaAnalysisTools}}. \end{itemize} The rest of the paper is structured as follows: In Section~\ref{sec:kafka} we give a brief introduction of Apache Kafka. Section~\ref{sec:monarch} presents the benchmark setup and the developed data sender tool. Subsequently, we describe the results of the ingestion rate analyses. Section~\ref{chap:rw} introduces related work and Section~\ref{sec:lessonslearned} elaborates on the lessons learned. The last chapter concludes the study and outlines areas of future work. \section{Apache Kafka} \label{sec:kafka} Apache Kafka is a distributed open-source message broker or messaging system originally developed at \emph{LinkedIn} in 2010~\cite{kafkaLinkedin}. The core of this publish-subscribe system is a distributed commit log, although it has extended its scope through extensions. An example is Kafka Streams~\cite{kafkaStreams}, a client library for developing stream processing applications. The high-level architecture of an exemplary Apache Kafka cluster is visualized in Figure~\ref{fig:kafkaarch}. A cluster consists of multiple brokers, which are numbered and store data assigned to topics. Data producers send data to a certain topic stored in the cluster. Consumers subscribe to a topic and are forwarded new values sent to this topic as soon as they arrive. \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{img/kafkaarch} \caption{Apache Kafka cluster architecture (based on~\cite{kreps2011kafka})} \label{fig:kafkaarch} \end{figure} Topics are divided into partitions. The number of topic partitions can be configured at the time of topic creation. Partitions of a single topic can be distributed across different brokers of a cluster. However, a message order across partitions is not guaranteed by Apache Kafka~\cite{kafka,kreps2011kafka}. Next to the number of partitions, it is possible to define a replication factor for each topic, one being the minimum. This allows preventing data loss in the case of a single broker failure. In the context of replication, Apache Kafka defines \emph{leaders} and \emph{followers} for each partition. The leader handles all reads and writes for the corresponding topic partition, whereas followers copy or replicate the inserted data. In Figure~\ref{fig:kafkaarch}, the leader partitions are shown in bold type. The first topic, \textit{topic1} has two partitions and a replication factor of one, while \textit{topic2} has only one partition and a replication factor of two~\cite{kafka}. Figure~\ref{fig:kafkapartitions} shows the structure of an Apache Kafka topic, specifically of a topic with two partitions. Each of these partitions is an ordered and immutable record sequence where new values are appended. A sequential number is assigned to each topic record within a partition, referred to as an \textit{offset}. Apache Kafka itself provides the topic \textit{\_\_consumer\_offsets} for storing the offsets. However, consumers must manage their \textit{offset}. They can commit their current \textit{offset} either automatically in certain intervals or manually. The latter can be done either synchronously or asynchronously. When polling data, a consumer needs to pass the \textit{offset} to the cluster. Apache Kafka returns all messages with a greater \textit{offset}, i.e., all new messages that have not already been sent to this consumer. As the consumer has control over its \textit{offset}, it can also decide to start from the beginning and to reread messages~\cite{kafka}. \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{img/kafkapartitions} \caption{Apache Kafka topic structure (based on~\cite{kafkaProducerConfig})} \label{fig:kafkapartitions} \end{figure} Furthermore, Apache Kafka can be configured to use the \textit{LogAppendTime} feature, which induces Apache Kafka to assign a timestamp to each message once it is appended to the log. The existing alternative, which represents the default value, is \textit{CreateTime}. In this setting, the timestamp created by the Apache Kafka producer when creating the message, i.e., before sending it, is stored along with the message. For transmitting messages, a producer can require multiple retries, which would increase the difference between the timestamp assigned with a message and the time when it is appended to the log and thus, made available for consuming applications~\cite{kafka}. \section{Benchmark Setup} This section introduces the monitoring architecture employed in the ingestion rate study as well as the developed data sender tool. \subsection{Monitoring Architecture} \label{sec:monarch} \begin{sloppypar} The architecture of the monitoring system is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:arch}. We use \textit{Grafana}~\cite{grafana}, an open-source tool for creating and managing dashboards and exporting data, as the interface to the user. The presented benchmarks employ version 5.4.5 of its \textit{docker} image. OS-level virtualization through docker is used for ease of installation and replicability of results. The OS base image used in this image allows a simple time zone configuration via an environment variable, which is important for time synchronization among all systems. Later versions of the image contain a different OS, specifically \textit{Alpine Linux}~\cite{alpinelinux}, which no longer supports this feature. \end{sloppypar} \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\columnwidth]{img/arch} \caption{Monitoring architecture in Fundamental Modeling Concepts (FMC)~\cite{knopfel2005fundamental}} \label{fig:arch} \end{figure} \textit{Grafana} fetches the data to display from \textit{Graphite}~\cite{graphite}, an open-source monitoring tool. It consists of three components: \textit{Carbon}, \textit{Whisper}, and \textit{Graphite-web}. \textit{Carbon} is a service that retrieves time-series data, which is stored in \textit{Whisper}, a persistence library. \textit{Graphite-web} includes an interface for designing dashboards. However, these dashboards are not as appealing and functionally comprehensive as the corresponding components of \textit{Grafana}, which is why \textit{Grafana} is employed. For the installation of \textit{Graphite}, the official \textit{docker} image in version 1.1.4 is used, again for time zone configuration reasons. \textit{Graphite} receives its input from two sources: \textit{collectd}~\cite{collectd} and \textit{jmxtrans}~\cite{jmxtrans}. The former is a daemon collecting system and application performance metrics, that runs on the broker's machines in the described setup. It offers plugins for gathering OS-level measurements, such as memory usage, system load, and received or transmitted packages over the network. \textit{Jmxtrans}, the other data source for \textit{Graphite}, is a tool for collecting JVM runtime metrics. These metrics are provided via Java Management Extensions (JMX)~\cite{jmx}. Using \textit{jmxtrans} we tracked internal metrics, such as JVM memory usage, the number of incoming bytes, and the number of messages entering Apache Kafka per time unit. Apache Kafka is the system under test (SUT) in the evaluation of this paper. It can be exchanged for any other system running in a JVM, i.e., the proposed architecture is not limited to Apache Kafka or message brokers in general. The information gathered in \textit{Graphite} is summarized in a \textit{Grafana} dashboard. Exports of the collected \textit{Grafana} data enable further, more detailed analysis. \begin{table}[!htb] \caption{Characteristics of the Apache Kafka broker nodes} \begin{center} \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{@{}lX@{}} \toprule Characteristic & Value \\ \midrule Operating system & Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS \\

redpajama

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}. The $\FDR$, which is often used in (very) high-dimensional settings such as gene expression studies uses another error definition by relating the number of false discoveries to the number of rejected null hypotheses. One can show that in a given test situation \begin{equation*} \FDR \leq \FWER, \end{equation*} and thus for a fixed level $\alpha$, $\FWER$-control is more conservative than $\FDR$-control \citep{Dudoit2003}. In conclusion, it holds that $\FDR \leq \FWER \leq \PFER$. Controlling the $\PFER$ is a (very) conservative approach for controlling errors in multiple testing situations. Hence, a procedure that controls the $\PFER$ at a certain level $\alpha$ also controls all other error rates discussed in this section at this level. Obviously the error bound will be very conservative upper bound for both the $\FWER$ and $\FDR$. The standard approach for hypotheses testing, neglecting multiplicity, would be to specify a bound for the per-comparison error rate by using a significance level $\alpha$, e.g. $\alpha = 0.05$. This is equal to specifying $\PFERmax \leq m \alpha$. This provides some guidance on how to choose an upper bound for the $\PFER$: Usually, $\alpha \leq \PFERmax \leq m \alpha$ seems a good choice, where $\PFERmax = \alpha$ would (conservatively) control the $\FWER$ on the level $\alpha$, while $\PFERmax = m \alpha$ would control the unadjusted per-comparison error rate on the level $\alpha$. Everything in between can be considered to control the $\PCER$ on the level $\alpha$ ``with some multiplicity adjustment''. \section{Empirical Evaluation} \label{sec:empirical-evaluation} To evaluate the impact of the tuning parameters $q$ and $\pi_{\text{thr}}$, the upper bound $\PFERmax$, and the assumptions for the computation of the upper bound on the selection properties, we conducted a simulation study using boosting in conjunction with stability selection. Additionally, we examined the impact of the characteristics of the data set on the performance. We considered a classification problem with a binary outcome variable. The data were generated according to a linear logistic regression model with linear predictor $\eta = \mathbf{X}\beta$ and \begin{equation*} Y \sim \text{Binom}\left(\frac{\exp(\eta)}{1 + \exp(\eta)}\right). \end{equation*} The observations $x_i = (x_{i1}, \ldots, x_{ip}),\; i = 1, \ldots, n$ were independently drawn from \begin{equation*} x \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \Sigma), \end{equation*} and gathered in the design matrix $\mathbf{X}$. We set the number of predictor variables to $p \in \{100, 500, 1000\}$, and the number of observations to $n \in \{50, 100, 500\}$. The number of influential variables varied within $p_{\text{infl}} \in \{2, 3, 8\}$, where $\beta_j$ was sampled from $\{-1, 1\}$ for an influential variable and set to zero for all non-influential variables. We used two settings for the design matrix: \begin{enumerate} \item independent predictor variables, i.e.\ $\Sigma = \mathbf{I}$, \item and correlated predictor variables drawn from a Toeplitz design with covariance matrix $\Sigma_{kl} = 0.9^{|k - l|},\; k,l = 1, \ldots, p$. \end{enumerate} For each of the data settings we used all three error bounds in combination with varying parameters $\pi_{\text{thr}} \in \{0.6, 0.75, 0.9\}$, and $\PFERmax \in \{0.05, 1, 2, 5\}$. We used the standard subsampling scheme with $B = 100$ subsamples for the error bound~(E\ref{item:errorbound1}) and complementary pairs with $B = 50$ subsamples for the improved error bounds~(E\ref{item:errorbound2}) and (E\ref{item:errorbound3}). Each simulation setting was repeated 50 times. \subsection{Results} \label{sec:results_sim} Figure~\ref{fig:TPR} displays the true positive rates for different $\PFERmax$ bounds, the three assumptions (E\ref{item:errorbound1}) to (E\ref{item:errorbound3}) and for the two correlation schemes. Different sizes of the data set ($n$ and $p$) as well as different numbers of true positives ($p_{\text{infl}}$) were not depicted as separate boxplots. For each upper bound $\PFERmax$ and each data situation (uncorrelated/Toeplitz), the true positive rate (TPR) increased with stronger assumptions (E\ref{item:errorbound1}) to (E\ref{item:errorbound3}). The true positive rate was lower when the predictors were correlated. \input{fig_TPR} If the number of observations $n$ increased, the TPR increased as well with more extreme cases for uncorrelated predictors (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_n}). With very few observations ($n = 50$), the TPR was generally very small. Considering the size of the subsamples, which is equal to 25, this is quite natural. Recently, \cite{Schmid_etal_PAUC_2012} advocated to increase the sample size of the subsamples from $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ to larger values to avoid biased selection of base-learners due to too small samples. Yet, as discussed above, this is currently not possible, as one would need to derive a different error bound for that situation. Conversely, the TPR decreases with an increasing number of truly influential variables $p_{\text{infl}}$ (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_pinfl}). The threshold $\pi_{\text{thr}}$ is less important (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_cutoff}), as long as it is large enough to result in enough variables $q$ to be selected and not too large so that too many variables would be selected in each run (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:TPR_by_q_and_pinfl}). Note that the dependence on the threshold is stronger in the case with correlated observations. The number of false positives, which is bounded by the upper bound for the per-family error rate, is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:FP}. Overall, the error rate seemed to be well controlled with some violations of the less conservative bounds in the median settings. However, overall the error bound was violated in only 1.2 \% (4 cases) under the unimodality assumption and 4.0 \% (13 cases) under the r-concavity assumption. Especially the standard error bound (E\ref{item:errorbound1}) seemed to be conservatively controlled. The average number of false positives increased with increasing $\PFERmax$ and with stronger distributional assumptions on the simultaneous selection probabilities. In general, one should note that stability selection is quite conservative as it controls the $\PFER$. The given upper bounds for the $\PFER$ corresponded to per-comparison error rates between $0.05$ and $0.00005$. \input{fig_FP} If the number of observations $n$ increased, the number of false positives decreased on average but the variability increased as well (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:FP_by_n}). The number of false positives showed a tendency to decrease with an increasing number of truly influential variables $p_{\text{infl}}$ (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:FP_by_pinfl}). If the threshold $\pi_{\text{thr}}$ was larger, i.e., only highly frequently selected variables were considered to be stable, the number of false positives decreased (see Appendix; Figure~\ref{fig:FP_by_cutoff}). Yet, considering the corresponding number of selected variables per boosting run $q$ (which is inversely related to the threshold $\pi_{\text{thr}}$), one could see that not only large values of $q$ lead to low numbers of false positives but also small values (\ref{fig:FP_by_q_and_pinfl}). This observation is somehow contrary to the optimal choices of $q$ with respect to the true positive rate. However, an optimal true positive rate is more important than a low number of false positives as long as the error rate is controlled. \section{Case Study: Differential Phenotype Expression for ASD patients versus controls} \label{sec:data-analysis} We examined autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients \citep{Manning:ASD:

redpajama

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De Arena da Baixada, voorheen bekend als Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães en voor een korte periode Kyocera Arena genoemd, is een voetbalstadion in de Braziliaanse stad Curitiba in de deelstaat Paraná. Het stadion werd gebouwd in 1914 en daarna gerenoveerd in 1999. De Braziliaanse voetbalclub Atlético Paranaense heeft er zijn thuisbasis. Geschiedenis Oude stadion Met de bouw van in het oude stadion was men in 1912 begonnen. Het stadion werd genoemd naar Joaquim Américo Guimarães, de toenmalige voorzitter van de Internacional Futebol Clube, de voorloper van Atlético. De opening was twee jaar later op 6 september 1914 en de eerste wedstrijd die er gespeeld werd was een duel tussen Internacional en Flamengo, waarbij de thuisclub met 1-7 verloor van de tegenstander uit Rio. Tussen 1970 en 1984 lag het stadion braak en in 1995 en 1996 werd het afgebroken. Nieuwe stadion De bouw van het nieuwe stadion duurde van 1 december 1997 tot 20 juni 1999. Het werd geopend op 24 juni 1999 met een wedstrijd tussen Atlético en Cerro Porteño uit Paraguay, deze eindigde in een 2-1-overwinning voor de thuisploeg. De kosten voor het nieuwe stadion bedroegen zo'n 30 miljoen US$. Van maart 2005 tot april 2008 heette het stadion de Kyocera Arena naar het Japanse bedrijf Kyocera. WK 2014 Op 31 mei 2009 werd het stadion gekozen als een van de stadions voor het Wereldkampioenschap, dat in Brazilië zou plaatsvinden. Op dat moment had het een capaciteit van 25.180 toeschouwers, maar werd voor het wereldkampioenschap uitgebreid tot ruim 40.000. De bouwwerkzaamheden startten in 2011 maar door vertraging was de geplande opening in de zomer van 2013 uitgesteld tot later dat jaar. In januari 2014 dreigde de FIFA om de stad de WK-organisatie uit handen te nemen als het stadion niet snel af kwam. In april 2014, ruim twee maanden voor aanvang van het kampioenschap, stond de status te boek als niet gereed. Daar waar de deadline in november was, was in april 80% gereed van de voorbereidingen op het toernooi. Desondanks konden vier groepsduels in het stadion worden afgewerkt, met het duel tussen Australië en Spanje als best bezochte wedstrijd. Interlands Externe link Officiële site Baixada Voetbalstadion tijdens het Wereldkampioenschap voetbal 2014 Bouwwerk in Paraná (staat) Sport in Curitiba<|endoftext|>Mayor Karachi Waseem Akhtar proposed that Karachi Municipal Corporation (KMC) hospitals and health institutions expenses will be bear by Karachi businessmen and group of companies. He told that Karachi gave businessmen many things and now they will return to people of Karachi in the form of donation. The people of Karachi will get great facilities and reliefs after the completion of children emergency block in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital.. KMC hospitals administration and superintends should pay attention regarding facilities and house keeping. He was addressing a conference at the opening ceremony of children emergency department as a guest speaker. Metropolitan commissioner Dr. Saif Ur Rehman, Child life foundation Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Dr. Hussian Rabani, South Chairman Rehan Hashmi, Vice Chairman Syed Shakir Ali, medical committee chair person Naheed Fatima, Senior Director medical services Dr, Berbill, medical superindent Abbas Shaheed hospital Dr. Nadeem Rajput, Children Health Care Superintendent Dr. Professor Sultan Mustafa, other officers, health professors, doctors and students were also presented.<|endoftext|>this.primereact = this.primereact || {}; this.primereact.calendar = (function (exports, React, inputtext, button, core, PrimeReact) { 'use strict'; function _interopDefaultLegacy (e) { return e && typeof e === 'object' && 'default' in e? e : { 'default': e }; } var React__default = /*#__PURE__*/_interopDefaultLegacy(React); var PrimeReact__default = /*#__PURE__*/_interopDefaultLegacy(PrimeReact); function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); } function _typeof(obj) { "@babel/helpers - typeof"; if (typeof Symbol === "function" && typeof Symbol.iterator === "symbol") { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === "function" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj!== Symbol.prototype? "symbol" : typeof obj; }; } return _typeof(obj); } function _arrayLikeToArray$1(arr, len) { if (len == null || len > arr.length) len = arr.length; for (var i = 0, arr2 = new Array(len); i < len; i++) { arr2[i] = arr[i]; } return arr2; } function _arrayWithoutHoles(arr) { if (Array.isArray(arr)) return _arrayLikeToArray$1(arr); } function _iterableToArray(iter) { if (typeof Symbol!== "undefined" && iter[Symbol.iterator]!= null || iter["@@iterator"]!= null) return Array.from(iter); } function _unsupportedIterableToArray$1(o, minLen) { if (!o) return; if (typeof o === "string") return _arrayLikeToArray$1(o, minLen); var n = Object.prototype.toString.call(o).slice(8, -1); if (n === "Object" && o.constructor) n = o.constructor.name; if (n === "Map" || n === "Set") return Array.from(o); if (n === "Arguments" || /^(?:Ui|I)nt(?:8|16|32)(?:Clamped)?Array$/.test(n)) return _arrayLikeToArray$1(o, minLen); } function _nonIterableSpread() { throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to spread non-iterable instance.\nIn order to be iterable, non-array objects must have a [Symbol.iterator]() method."); } function _toConsumableArray(arr) { return _arrayWithoutHoles(arr) || _iterableToArray(arr) || _unsupportedIterableToArray$1(arr) || _nonIterableSpread(); } function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function"); } } function _defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if ("value" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } } function _createClass(Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) _defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) _defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; } function _assertThisInitialized(

redpajama

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Home People Elders palawther@gmail.com Peter joined Carrickfergus Baptist Church in 2013 when he became our Pastor. He brought his wife Joanne and three daughters, Josie, Ruby, and Mollie, all of whom ensure he knows more than he ever thought he would about teapots, eyeliner, and unicorns! Peter trained as a teacher at Stranmillis College, where he met Joanne. Following a stint as a teacher, he joined Baptist Youth, running the Amazing Journey programme, which has had a great impact on children in schools across… pauledsav@gmail.com Associate Pastor Paul is our newest addition, having joined CBC in the summer of 2016, along with his wife Emma and their son Patrick. They have welcomed the addition of Lydia to their family, and our wider church family in 2017. Paul was saved as a child at age 5 in his hometown of Donaghcloney (County Down, for those who were unsure!). He reports that he and his family have no pets, and no desire to have any! You can… Campbell Green campbell_green@hotmail.co.uk Campbell has been a part of CBC since 1979 when he and his wife, May (behind every great man…) moved to Carrickfergus from North Belfast, via Glengormley. He and May have three adult children, with whom he competes annually in the family Gingerbread House making competition (and usually loses). Campbell worked in the NHS until his retirement in 2011. Apparently he doesn’t miss it at all! Campbell came to faith on 15 March 1971, having grown up as a ‘Sunday… Stanley Spray stanley.spray@yahoo.co.uk Stanley and his wife Catherine began attending CBC in 1995, having been greatly involved, particularly in youth work at their previous church in Ballygomartin. Sadly Catherine was called home to glory in 2014 very suddenly. Stanley was elected an Elder in 2005. Having worked for the Fire Service for 33 years, through some of the darkest days in Northern Ireland’s history, he retired in 2003. He is a member of the Praise Team and enjoys playing guitar. He is an… Archie Thompson archiejnr@gmail.com Archie has been a part of CBC since 1982 and has served as Sunday School Teacher and Superintendent, as well as having been a Deacon, before being elected to the Eldership. Archie and his wife Elizabeth are parents to Sharon and Mark, grandparents to 5, and great-grandparents to 2! Sunday lunch is always a great deal of fun! Archie was baptised and added to a local church in 1970, having accepted the Lord Jesus Christ as his Saviour in 1958…<|endoftext|>Q: How to copy part of a Treeview to a Menu I am trying to copy part of a Treeview to a popup menu, and am not having any luck at all I just cannot seem to get recursion to work and I know I am probably doing it all wrong. Take this example image (which is a runtime screenshot from the code below): I need the menu to be created with the same relationship as the Treeview, but I do not want the Root item adding. This is what I want it to look like: Note the first item is not the settings icon (Root), and that they are in levels like the Treeview. This is the code I have: unit Unit1; {$mode objfpc}{$H+} interface uses Classes, SysUtils, FileUtil, Forms, Controls, Graphics, Dialogs, ComCtrls, Menus, StdCtrls, Buttons; type TForm1 = class(TForm) Button1: TButton; ImageList1: TImageList; MenuItem1: TMenuItem; PopupMenu1: TPopupMenu; TreeView1: TTreeView; procedure MyMenuItemClick(Sender: TObject); procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); private procedure TreeViewToMenu(TreeView: TTreeView; BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TMenu); public { public declarations } end; var Form1: TForm1; implementation {$R *.lfm} procedure TForm1.MyMenuItemClick(Sender: TObject); begin ShowMessage('You selected'+ TMenuItem(Sender).Name +'- Tag:'+ IntToStr(TMenuItem(Sender).Tag)); end; procedure TForm1.TreeViewToMenu(TreeView: TTreeView; BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TMenu); var I: Integer; MenuItem: TMenuItem; begin MenuItem := TMenuItem.Create(nil); with MenuItem do begin Caption := BaseNode.Text; ImageIndex := BaseNode.ImageIndex; OnClick := @MyMenuItemClick; end; for I := 0 to BaseNode.Count - 1 do begin MenuItem.Tag := I; TreeViewToMenu(TreeView, BaseNode[I], OutMenu); end; OutMenu.Items.Add(MenuItem); end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var Pt: TPoint; I: Integer; Node: TTreeNode; begin Pt.X := Button1.Left + 1; Pt.Y := Button1.Top + Button1.Height + 1; Pt := ClientToScreen(Pt); PopupMenu1.Items.Clear; TreeViewToMenu(TreeView1, TreeView1.Items[0], PopupMenu1); PopupMenu1.Popup(Pt.X, Pt.Y); end; end. I am also trying to add to the MenuItem Tag property so I can identify each menu item by its tag. I thought recursion basically meant calling the procedure again from within the procedure, so it repeats itself, either way I really could do with some help. Thanks. A: There's no problem with your understanding of a recursive call, but you don't want to append an item for the root node, so you should add an item and recurse for each child of any node that's passed to the procedure. Here's one sample implementation: type TForm1 = class(TForm) .. private procedure TreeViewToMenu(BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TComponent); .. procedure TForm1.TreeViewToMenu(BaseNode: TTreeNode; OutMenu: TComponent); var i: Integer; Node: TTreeNode; MenuItem: TMenuItem; begin for i := 0 to BaseNode.Count - 1 do begin Node := BaseNode.Item[i]; MenuItem := TMenuItem.Create(nil); MenuItem.Caption := Node.Text; MenuItem.ImageIndex := Node.ImageIndex; MenuItem.Tag := i; if Node.Count = 0 then MenuItem.OnClick := MyMenuItemClick; if OutMenu is TPopupMenu then TMenu(OutMenu).Items.Add(MenuItem) else if OutMenu is TMenuItem then TMenuItem(OutMenu).Add(MenuItem) else raise Exception.Create('Invalid class type'); TreeViewToMenu(Node, MenuItem); end; end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var .. begin .. TreeViewToMenu(TreeView1.Items[0], PopupMenu1); .. Note that I changed the declaration of TreeViewToMenu for (1) the TreeView is not used and (2) we are appending to items to either a TPopupMenu or a TMenuItem, hence I declared 'OutMenu' as TComponent which would accept both. A: Like Sertac says, you are adding all menu items to the root of the PopupMenu. You should add sub menu items to the last menu item created. Hereby an alternative approach, making use of TTreeNode.GetFirstChild and.GetNextSibling: procedure TForm1.TreeViewToMenu(Node: TTreeNode; Menu: TMenuItem); var MenuItem: TMenuItem; begin while Node <> nil do begin MenuItem := TMenuItem.Create(nil); MenuItem.Caption := Node.Text; MenuItem.ImageIndex := Node.ImageIndex; Menu.Add(MenuItem); if Node.HasChildren then TreeViewToMenu(Node.GetFirstChild, MenuItem) else MenuItem.OnClick := MyMenuItemClick; Node := Node.GetNextSibling; end; end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin PopupMenu1.Items.Clear; TreeViewToMenu(TreeView1.Items[1], PopupMenu1

redpajama

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я станциями «Курская», одна из которых располагается на Арбатско-Покровская линии, другая — на Кольцевой. Расположена в Басманном районе (ЦАО); названа по улице Чкалова, которой ещё до открытия станции было возвращено историческое название Земляной Вал. Открыта 28 декабря года в составе участка «Чкаловская» —. Пилонная трёхсводчатая станция глубокого заложения с одной островной платформой. История Станция открыта 28 декабря года в составе участка «Чкаловская» —, после открытия которого в Московском метрополитене стало 157 станций. Оформление Пилоны отделаны серо-голубым мрамором, пол выложен чёрным, серым и розовым гранитом. Путевые стены отделаны белым мрамором. На пилонах и своде станции расположены оригинальные светильники. Оформление посвящено авиации и Герою Советского Союза лётчику Валерию Чкалову (1904—1938). Когда станцию проектировали в середине 1980-х годов, расположенная в непосредственной близости от станции улица носила название улица Чкалова. В 1992 году улице было возвращено историческое название — улица Земляной Вал. Таким образом, географическая связь названия станции с объектом расположения была утрачена. Расположение, вестибюли и пересадки Расположена между станциями и, имеет пересадки на станции «Курская» Арбатско-Покровской линии (переход в северном торце центрального зала) и Кольцевой линии (через совмещённый подземный вестибюль в южном торце, с которым станция соединена эскалаторами). Последний также является единственным выходом в город со станции. В непосредственной близости от станции находятся Курский вокзал, конечная остановка «Курский вокзал» для трамвайных маршрутов Б, 20, 24 и торгово-развлекательный центр «Атриум». Подземный вестибюль был законсервирован вскоре после открытия станции (здесь сохранились два эскалатора). В 2015 году его планировали снести из-за строительства гостиничного комплекса. На конец 2019 года никакие работы по сносу не начинались, вестибюль находится на территории строящегося ЖК «Чкалов». Станция в цифрах Глубина заложения станции — 51 метр. Пассажиропоток по вестибюлям станции (на год), пересадочный пассажиропоток на Арбатско-Покровскую линию —, пассажиропоток на Кольцевую линию —. Путевое развитие За станцией расположена имеющая съезды с обоими главными путями служебная соединительная ветвь на Кольцевую линию, также используемая и для оборота составов. Наземный общественный транспорт Фотогалерея См. также Список станций Московского метрополитена Примечания Ссылки Станции Московского метрополитена Басманный район Станции метрополитена, построенные в 1995 году Пилонные станции Объекты, названные в честь Валерия Чкалова Здания и сооружения, построенные в 1995 году в Москве<|endoftext|>Q: Download pdf from downloadlink to my uploads folder PHP I'm trying to download invoices(loop) to my uploads folder so clients can download. I don't want to redirect. I've tried file get and put contents. Got empty pdfs. then tried curl: $ch = curl_init($pdfurl); $fp = fopen('../uploads/'. $invoice. '', 'wb'); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FILE, $fp); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); fclose($fp); Doesnt seem to work.. the pdfurl is a download link, it doesnt show pdf, it prompts u to download.. that might be the problem? header('Content-type: application/pdf'); // It will be called downloaded.pdf header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="$invoice.pdf"'); // The PDF source is in original.pdf readfile($pdfurl); This works. but I want to move the pdfs from loop to upload folder. A:...problem solved.. was on development server.. thats why i couldnt open the pdfs.. file_put_contents("../uploads/".$factuurnummer. ".pdf", fopen($pdfurl, 'r')); <|endoftext|> package org.grails.plugins.tomcat; import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException; import org.apache.catalina.startup.Tomcat; import java.io.IOException; import java.net.ServerSocket; /** * Allows the tomcat server to be killed by pinging a port one greater than the server port. * * @author Graeme Rocher * @since 2.1 */ public class TomcatKillSwitch implements Runnable { public static final String TOMCAT_KILL_SWITCH_ACTIVE = "TomcatKillSwitch.active"; protected Tomcat tomcat; protected int serverPort; public TomcatKillSwitch(Tomcat tomcat, int serverPort) { this.tomcat = tomcat; this.serverPort = serverPort; } public static boolean isActive() { return Boolean.getBoolean("TomcatKillSwitch.active"); } public void run() { System.setProperty("TomcatKillSwitch.active", "true"); int killListenerPort = serverPort + 1; ServerSocket serverSocket = createKillSwitch(killListenerPort); if (serverSocket!= null) { try { serverSocket.accept(); try { tomcat.stop(); tomcat.destroy(); System.setProperty(TOM

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evaluate $X(N,a)$ for $N \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$ \footnote{One could evaluate $X(7,a)$ as well \cite{FliSchmSchu}, but this does not appear necessary in view of the excellent convergence.}, $Y(N',a)$ could be calculated for every integer $N'$. We interpolated $Y(N',a)$ by a spline and defined the functions \begin{equation}\label{WNdef} W_N(a) = X(N,a) + Y(N-\frac{3}{2}, a) \quad. \end{equation} From the equations (\ref{prefac}, \ref{drop0-} -- \ref{WNdef}) \begin{equation} \label{LimWN} \lim_{N \rightarrow \infty} W_N(a) = \ln \left(U_0^4 \frac{\det''K}{\det K_0} \right) = - 2 \ln \left(\frac{A}{m_H(T)^4} \right) \end{equation} follows. While the $W_N(a)$'s are functions of $a$, the limit is not. This will give us a good criterion for the quality of convergence \cite{Laser}. For every critical bubble calculated above we have evaluated the functions $W_1(a)$, \ldots, $W_6(a)$. Figure 7 shows the typical behavior. If $a$ -- the squared mass pulled out -- is too small, there is no convergence at all. If $a$ is too big, the convergence is bad. But if $a$ is similar to the natural mass scale $U_0$, the functions converge quite well towards a constant, which is plotted as dashed line. There are several sources of error in the outlined procedure: numerical errors, ambiguities in interpolating $Y(N',a)$ and uncertainties in fixing the limit of the $W_N(a)$'s. We have estimated them to be less than 2\%. The values of $\ln(A/T^4)$ are listed in table 1 and plotted in figure 9 (dashed line). \subsection{The static prefactor and the effective action of the critical bubble} Up to now the static prefactor has usually been estimated from dimensional reasons as $T^4$ \cite{Linde}, or as $m_H(T)^4$ \cite{LiuMcLTu}. There are some other calculations of the prefactor, which take only into account the lowest eigenvalues of $K$ \cite{BuFoHeWa, CoKaMau}. The results of these calculations are somewhere between the two dimensional estimates. To compare our results with these values we have expressed $A$ in units of GeV. In figure 8 they are plotted together with these two estimates. One sees that the static prefactor calculated by us varies substantially from $y=0.1$ to $y=0.9$. On the side of the critical temperature $(y=0)$ it is much smaller than previous values. This results in a much smaller nucleation rate. In a recent paper \cite{BaKi} the fluctuation corrections to critical bubbles calculated from the usual model effective potential are discussed. The method is based on the solution of Schr\"odinger type eigenvalue equations and totally different from our procedure. Unfortunately the present results are hard to compare because in ref.~\cite{BaKi} the high-temperature limit is not taken and because the potential differs in detail. A comparison of the two methods in a common case would be very interesting. The logarithm of the rate $R/T^3$ defined in eq.~(\ref{R}) is \begin{equation} \ln \left( \frac{R}{T^3} \right) = \ln \left( \frac{1}{2\pi}\left(\frac{\bar{S}}{2\pi}\right)^{3/2} \frac{T}{\sqrt{|\lambda_-|}} \right) + \ln \left( \frac{A}{T^4} \right) - \bar{S} \quad. \end{equation} The different contributions are plotted in comparison in figure 9. One sees that the first one is small and nearly constant. The nucleation rate is determined by $-\bar{S}$ and $\ln(A/T^4)$. The comparison of these two values decides on the reliability of our results. $-\ln(A/T^4)$ is nothing but the one-loop correction to $\bar{S}$ coming from scalar loops. Therefore $|\ln(A/T^4)|\ll \bar{S}$ is required for consistency. Very close to the critical and the roll-over temperature it matters that the radiative corrections shift the values of $T_c$ and $T_{\rm ro}$. This effect should perhaps better be incorporated in the quasiclassical effective action. In our approach it causes an increase of the static prefactor near these temperatures. However, investigating the electroweak phase transition the interesting temperatures are well separated from $T_c$ and $T_{\rm ro}$, as we will see below. In Langer's theory the static prefactor $A$ takes the possibility into account that the phase transition may be started by a bubble which differs from the critical one. On the other hand the whole theory is based on a solution of the equations of motion in the neighborhood of the saddlepoint that corresponds to the critical bubble. From this reasoning one again gets that $|\ln(A/T^4)|\ll \bar{S}$ should be valid. This comparison is not unambiguous because $\bar{S}$ is dimensionless while $A$ is not. Expressing $A$ in $T$ seems to be appropriate because the temperature is the typical scale of the phase transition. Therefore the nucleation rate calculated by us is not reliable at temperatures near the roll-over temperature $y=1$. Taking estimates based on cosmological reasons however, the electroweak phase transition starts when $\ln(R/T^3)\approx 140$. \footnote{Here we have assumed that $\kappa={\cal O}(1)$.} The relative starting temperature is therefore $y_s=0.42$. At this temperature $|\ln(A/T^4)| \approx 0.3 \bar{S}$. This is an acceptable correction. However, with $z$ smaller than 1 we find according to eq.~(\ref{Sscaling}) an additional suppression of the leading term ($\bar{S}$), i.e. the the one-loop contribution becomes relatively more important, indicating a less convergent loop expansion. \subsection{Results for other Higgs masses} The numerical calculations presented have been done for the zero temperature Higgs masses $\tilde{m}_H=\frac{1}{2}\tilde{m}_W, \frac{3}{4}\tilde{m}_W$ and $\tilde{m}_W$. The results are listed in the tables 1, 2 and 3. The critical temperature $T_c$ and the roll-over temperature $T_{\rm ro}$ depend on the Higgs mass. One should compare values corresponding to different masses at the same relative temperature $y$ defined in eq.~(\ref{ydef}). The actions $\bar{S}$ of the critical bubbles depend strongly on the Higgs mass, while the Higgs mass dependence of the static prefactor is only small. Although the rates are quite different for the three masses the relative onset temperatures differ only moderately. This is due to the fact that the rates decrease rapidly when the temperature is lowered. We have listed the relative onset temperatures in table 4 together with the corresponding values of $\bar{S}$, $\ln(A/T^4)$ and the quotient of both. This quotient decides, as argued above, on the reliability of the nucleation rate formula (eq.~(\ref{rate})). One sees that the corrections get worse if the Higgs mass increases. \subsection{Comparison with the thin-wall approximation} If the temperature is just below the critical temperature $T_c$ the radius $R$ of the critical bubble is much larger than the size of the bubble wall $\Delta R$. In the limit $T \rightarrow T_c$ and $\Delta R \ll R$ the effective action of the critical bubble can be written as (for $z=1$) \begin{equation} \bar{S}_{\rm TW} = \frac{1}{g_3^2} \frac{16 \pi \sigma^3}{3 \epsilon^2} \end{equation} with the volume energy \begin{equation} \epsilon = - V_{\rm eff}(T,\varphi_A) \end{equation} and the surface tension \begin{equation} \sigma

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above them. One of the blasts had tossed a car onto the sidewalk, where it lay mangled and flipped on its back like a dead crab on a beach. The rain started to pick up, and I was quickly covered in the orange sand the rain was pulling from the sky. My notebook from that day was covered in so much wet sand that I had to wipe the pages clean with the back of my hand to read what I'd written. Later, I wrote in my journal what I'd seen. > March 26, 2003 > > > > I saw a man pick through the rubble. He uncovered a severed hand under a board. He picked it up by a finger and held it up over his head. Everyone started cheering, "Allahu Akhbar! Allahu Akhbar!" > > There were pools of blood in the mud beneath my feet. I was walking through the mud, trying to avoid stepping in the blood. I didn't want to offend people by walking in the blood. But I couldn't avoid it. > > I saw a nearly intact brain on the cement floor inside one of the shops. It was nauseating. The atmosphere was tense. It was in fact very tense. "This is the blood of Iraqi civilians! This is the blood of the Iraqi people," a man yelled in my face as I walked through the bloody pool mixed with mud. He bent down and put his hands in the blood and then shoved his hands in my face so I could see it close up. He was both crying and yelling at the same time. I tried to back away, but found myself surrounded by people cheering, "Allahu Akhbar!" Arabic for _God is Greatest._ The phrase is the heart of the prayers pious Muslims perform five times a day. It embodies everything Muslims believe, which is fundamentally that God—Allah—is greater than human existence and that a Muslim—a word that literally means in Arabic a person who "surrenders"—must submit to God's greater power. Calling out _Allahu Akhbar_ was a way for the crowd to try to overcome the tragedy—which they were powerless to prevent—by drawing strength from their faith. To call out _Allahu Akhbar_ meant—perhaps subconsciously—that they would not be defeated because God's power is greater than what had just happened, greater than death or American bombs. I'd seen Palestinians react similarly to death many, many times. Allahu Akhbar! Today you killed me, but remember, God is greatest. I tried to back out of the circle of people around me. "Why are the Americans bombing during the day?" one man yelled at me. "Bush promised not to target civilians, but these were all civilians! What did these people do?" The crowd continued to grow. People were all shouting at once. They knew I was a reporter because I was carrying a camera and a notebook. Luckily, no one knew I was an American. These people had just lost family members, neighbors and friends. I beefed up my Egyptian accent, making sure to pronounce my J's like G's and use colloquial expressions common in the Egyptian dialect, which all Iraqis recognize from Egyptian movies and TV sitcoms. "How could the Americans see what they were hitting through the sandstorm?" another man demanded that I explain to him. I think the most revealing question—which wasn't really a question, but was an example of the Arab use of rhetorical questions—was "If the Americans didn't want to hit civilians, why did they hit civilians?" I suggested that perhaps the bombing had been a mistake. Everyone around me emphatically shook his head to say "no way." People were convinced that what had happened could not have been a mistake, although they had no way of knowing that. I've found this attitude common in the Arab world. I believe it stems from a combination of the general mistrust of the American government with a reverence for, and faith in, American (and Israeli) technology. It was the same attitude I found in many Arab countries after the atrocities of September 11, 2001, which many people in the Middle East continue to believe were launched by a Jewish conspiracy. Many Arabs had such esteem for the CIA, the Mossad and American military gadgetry—their impressions reinforced by Hollywood action movies popular in the region—that they refused to believe the Americans could have let the World Trade Center and the Pentagon be attacked if they didn't want it to happen. It was the same attitude I was finding in Iraq. The Iraqis had seen American cruise missiles turn corners in mid-flight and destroy government ministry buildings without scratching the paint of adjacent homes and therefore believed President Bush's promise of a war that would target Saddam Hussein and spare the Iraqi people. Yet two missiles had just landed in the middle of a poor commercial area. The people wanted to know why. They concluded that the Americans must have planned it that way and felt they'd been lied to. I asked people in the huddle around me what interest the United States would have in bombing a civilian neighborhood. "They want to break the backs of the Iraqi people...to break our will. But we will never be broken!" one man shouted. People liked his answer and started cheering, "Allahu Akhbar, Allahu Akhbar!" The Pentagon later tried to distance itself from the al-Shaab bombing, saying "it did not target civilians" and that it was "quite possible" that the blasts could have been caused by Iraqi missiles. I don't know what caused the blasts. I do know, however, that the Iraqi government did capitalize on the attack for its propaganda. The next day, Iraqi newspapers published large color pictures of the casualties on both their front and back covers. The images were shockingly gruesome: closeups of severed limbs and nearly decapitated bodies. Forty-eight hours after the missile strikes in the al-Shaab district, two more missiles landed during the evening shopping hours in a poor open market in Baghdad. This time more than sixty Iraqi civilians were killed. I saw food stalls splattered with blood. Raw sewage was pouring out of broken pipes in the ground. My pants and shoes were covered in filth as I trudged through the aftermath. After the second attack, no one in Baghdad believed that only Saddam Hussein and his government were the targets of the American war. As I stood in the al-Shaola market—the scene of the second attack—a crowd gathered around me. Again, men were screaming in my ears. "The Americans have high-tech weapons," one man yelled. "They know what they hit. They wanted to hit us!" "This is not about Saddam Hussein," added another man. "Even if the Americans remove him we'll continue to fight. This is a war against Islam. A true Arab never bows his head to the enemy, but looks up to God." # CHAPTER SIX ON MARCH 29 IT FINALLY happened. The American and British forces—I always felt uncomfortable calling only two countries "a coalition"—bombed the Information Ministry in the middle of the night. I wasn't sorry to see it hit, but it did leave me without a place to work. The morning after the air strike, Ali and I drove to the press center—both out of curiosity and force of habit. We knew the building had become a target, but I was tied to it. The live TV cameras were still at the building, and so were the minders. The press center had become my "home away from home," although it seemed more like an orphanage run by a bunch of lackeys who worked for a hateful government. The Information Ministry building looked relatively intact when we pulled up to it. The building—like the Palestine—consisted of a tall tower that rose from a wider base, making it look something like a two-tiered wedding cake, albeit one designed in a stark, socialist architectural style. The press center had been in the bottom layer of the cake. The tower had housed the offices where information minister Uday al-Ta'e and the other spies worked and, I presume, played too. The American bombs had punched a hole in the middle of the tower's roof, shredding Iraqi TV satellite dishes that had perched there. The bomb had exploded after it was in the middle of the tower, blowing out the offices and ultimately shattering most of the windows. Parts of the building had evidently caught fire and there were black lick marks above many windows. Amazingly, the live TV cameras—located above the press center, on the flat of the first step of the "wedding cake"—were left relatively unscathed. Although the sandstorm had by now mostly dissipated, it had covered every surface with fine orange powder. The storm's ferocious winds had also thrown our tripods, tents, windscreens and other assorted gear every which way. I was plugged in to my live camera—weighted down by sandbags—waiting for my turn on _Good Morning America,_ when I heard a fighter jet rip through the sky overhead. It was an American jet. I say this with confidence because as far as I am aware, the Iraqi air force never got off the ground. In fact, Iraqi planes were found after the war buried in the desert, some wrapped in plastic, others simply covered in sand. The Iraqis either didn't want to lose their prized jets or thought it would have been suicide to go up in them. I tore off my microphone and ran out of the building, fearing the American jet was preparing to finish the work of the previous night and flatten the Information Ministry. All

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the thing that has confused me for a while. I expected these rational, intelligent people to have the answers as to why they voted to remain, and yet they didn’t. More often than not they had nothing but, ‘You’re wrong, you’re an idiot.’ End of argument. It reminded me of a very young and naive me, in my days of being a bit of a God-botherer. In that context, it almost feels like socialism has moved away from being the rationalist’s home to being the believer’s home. It’s become a religion. And many of the key issues of our day, including Brexit, climate change and veganism have also taken on the blind faith qualities of religion, with an anger to rival some of the fiercest fundamental Christians or Muslims. Strangely enough, I’m writing this on the train, and have just looked up to see a headline in the Evening Standard, ‘Now to we have a nasty left to match the nasty right?’ We need to find the middle ground again, and the start of that is proper, well informed, rational debate based on the latest techniques in data modelling and forecasting. Not only that, we need to start telling some proper stories to reflect the truth in these facts and figures. Time to bring on the actuaries? Tags Algorithm, Anger, Argument, Authority, Bret Victor, Climate change, Data modeling, Decision-making, Denialism, Friedrich Hayek, God, Intelligence, Intuition, Justice, Liberty, London Evening Standard, Loyalty, Morality, Rationality, Religion, Rhetoric, Rights, Socialism, The Righteous Mind, Veganism<|endoftext|>Michel Roux (22 de julio de 1929 – 2 de febrero de 2007) fue un actor y director teatral de nacionalidad francesa. Conocido actor de doblaje, prestó su voz a numeroso actores, siendo sobre todo conocido por doblar a Tony Curtis en la serie The Persuaders! y a Peter Sellers en el papel del Inspector Clouseau. Biografía Nacido en Colombes, Francia, su trayectoria, iniciada a los catorce años de edad, se desarrolló principalmente en el teatro, tanto como actor como director. Entre las obras más destacadas en la cuales actuó figura La jaula de las locas, que le dio una gran notoriedad, así como La cena de los idiotas, Le Canard à l'orange y Tromper n'est pas jouer. En los años 1970 y 1980, fue una de las estrellas recurrentes del programa televisivo Au théâtre ce soir, para el cual elaboró numerosas puestas en escena. También trabajó como actor en series como Les Cinq Dernières Minutes (1965). Gran figura del mundo del doblaje, fue conocido por dar voz a los actores Jack Lemmon y Peter Sellers, doblando entre otros muchos a Alec Guinness, Cary Grant (North by Northwest), Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lewis o Elvis Presley. Doblador de Tony Curtis en la serie televisiva The Persuaders!, contribuyó enormemente al inmenso éxito de dicha producción en Francia. Su última actuación teatral tuvo lugar en 2006 con Le Charlatan, de Robert Lamoureux, con escenografía de Francis Joffo, pieza que Michel Roux y Jacques Balutin interpretaron en el Théâtre Saint-Georges y en el Théâtre du Palais-Royal. Michel Roux falleció en el año 2007 en París, Francia, a causa de una dolencia cardiaca. Se celebró su funeral el 8 de febrero de ese año en Colombes, donde fue enterrado. Por su trayectoria artística, fue nombrado caballero de la Orden Nacional del Mérito Teatro Actor 1951 : La Belle Rombière, de Jean Clervers y Guillaume Hanoteau, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Teatro de la Huchette y Théâtre de l'Œuvre 1952 : Les Taureaux, de Alexandre Arnoux, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Teatro Montparnasse 1952 : La Petite Femme de Loth, de Tristan Bernard, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Teatro Montparnasse 1952 : Mobilette, con Suzy Delair y Mona Monick, Roger Lanzac, en l'Européen 1952 : Les Barbes nobles, de André Roussin, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Grand-Guignol 1953 : Le Ravageur, de Gabriel Chevallier, escenografía de Alfred Pasquali, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens 1955 : Ce diable d'ange, de Pierre Destailles y Charles Michel, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Comédie-Wagram 1956 : À la monnaie du Pape, de Louis Velle, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Gramont 1956 : Irma la Douce, de Alexandre Breffort y Marguerite Monnot, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Gramont 1959 : L'Effet Glapion, de Jacques Audiberti, escenografía de Georges Vitaly, Théâtre La Bruyère 1960 : La Petite Datcha, de Vasiliei Vasil'evitch Chkvarkin, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Daunou 1961 : La Dame et l'écureuil, de Robert Collon, escenografía de André Puglia, Théâtre Fontaine 1961 : Les Pupitres, de Raymond Devos, escenografía de l'auteur, Théâtre Fontaine 1963 : Sacré Léonard, de Jean Poiret y Michel Serrault, escenografía de André Puglia, Théâtre Fontaine 1964 : Les escargots meurent debout, de Francis Blanche, escenografía de Jean Le Poulain, Théâtre Fontaine 1965 : Du vent dans les branches de sassafras, de René de Obaldia, escenografía de René Dupuy, Théâtre Gramont 1966 : Laurette ou l'Amour voleur, de Marcelle Maurette y Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, escenografía de Pierre Fresnay, Théâtre de la Michodière 1967 : Comme au théâtre, de Françoise Dorin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre de la Michodière 1968 : Comme au théâtre, de Françoise Dorin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre des Célestins 1968 : Visitations, de Jean Giraudoux, Théâtre de la Michodière 1968 : C'est malin!, de Fulbert Janin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Espace Cardin 1968 : Opération Lagrelèche, de Jean Poiret y Michel Serrault, Théâtre Fontaine 1969 : Les Grosses Têtes, de Jean Poiret y Michel Serrault, escenografía de Jean Poiret y René Dupuy, Théâtre de l'Athénée 1969 : La Paille humide, de Albert Husson, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre de la Michodière 1970 : Un sale égoïste, de Françoise Dorin, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre Antoine 1973 : Un yaourt pour deux, de Stanley Price, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre Gramont 1975 : Le Tableau, de Eugène Ionesco, escenografía de Jacques Mauclair, Monfort-Théâtre 1977 : Féfé de Broadway, de Jean Poiret, escenografía de Pierre Mondy, con Jacqueline Maillan, Annick Alane, Jackie Sardou y Roger Carel, Théâtre des Variétés 1978 : La jaula de las locas, de Jean Poiret, con Jean-Jacques, William Sabatier y Claude Gensac, Théâtre des Variétés 1980 : L'Azalée, de Yves Jamiaque, escenografía de Michel Roux, Théâtre Marigny 1981 : Domino, de Marcel Achard, escenografía de Jean Piat, Théâtre Marigny 1983 : Le Vison voyageur, de Ray Cooney y John Chapman, escenografía de Patrick Guillemin, Théâtre de la Michodière 1985 : Silence, on tourne, de Michel Lengliney, Théâtre Daunou 1986 : Au sec

redpajama

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tuned to the $6^{th}$ harmonic of the seed ($43.5\,$nm); electron beam peak current $300\,$A, normalized transverse emittance $1\,$mm-mrad, relative energy spread $0.01\%$ and no linear chirp component. Solid line: $\chi_2=-10\,$MeV/ps$^2$; dashed line: $\chi_2=10\,$MeV/ps$^2$; dotted line: $\chi_2=50\,$Mev/ps$^2$.} \label{Figure_quadratic_energy_chirp_Perseo} \end{figure} \section*{Conclusion} \label{conclusion} We studied the mechanism leading to the generation of two spectrally- and temporally-separated radiation pulses for a seeded, harmonic upshift free-electron laser operating in the extreme ultra-violet spectral region. This mechanism, discovered and studied in detail at the FERMI@Elettra FEL facility, relies on the use of a high-power chirped seed pulse to produce strong, coherent overbunching in an electron beam; the presence of the chirp is the key element to producing a spectral splitting between the two temporal pulses. By changing either the seed laser power or the strength of the dispersive section, we demonstrated excellent control of both the temporal distance and the spectral separation between the generated pulses. We also found that for our particular operation regime, the onset of the pulse splitting and the control of the pulses properties are only slightly affected by temporal variations in electron beam properties such as the current. Quadratic energy chirps do affect the spectral bandwidths and separation between the two pulses, but have negligible effect on their temporal separations. In the limit that radiation/electron beam slippage effects are small, the temporal separation between pulses can be directly retrieved from the measurement of the FEL spectrum and from the knowledge of the seed chirp properties. Such information can be extremely important when exploiting this two-pulse configuration to carry out jitter-free, pump-probe user experiments. \section*{Acknowledgements} We gratefully acknowledge the valuable contribution of the FERMI@Elettra commissioning and operations team. We also profited from insightful discussions with F. Bencivenga, C. Callegari, F. Capotondi and M. Labat. This work was funded by the FERMI@Elettra project of Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, partially supported by the Ministry of University and Research under grant numbers FIRB-RBAP045JF2 and FIRB-RBAP06AWK3. The work of B. Mahieu, G. De Ninno and D. Gauthier has been partially supported by the CITIUS project, funded by the Program for cross-border cooperation Italy-Slovenia 2007-2013. <|endoftext|>The Macintosh Way was the first book written by former Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki. Subtitled "the art of guerrilla management", the book focused on technology marketing and management and includes many anecdotes culled from Kawasaki's experience during the early development of the Macintosh. The author wrote of the book on his website: "This book was my first child. I wrote it because I was bursting with idealistic and pure notions about how a company can change the world, and I wanted to spread the gospel." He re-acquired rights to it after it had gone out of print and released it online as a free download. The book features a foreword by Jean-Louis Gassée. Chapter listing First Blood Macintosh Days Environment Great Products Support Marketing User Groups Evangelism To Market, To Market The Printed Word Working with the Mothership How to Give Good Demo Presentation Manager Trade Show Mavenship How to Drive your (MS-DOS) Competitors Crazy The Macintosh Guide to Dating and Marriage Sayonara External links The Macintosh Way at Guy Kawasaki's site 1990 non-fiction books Organizational culture Books by computer and internet entrepreneurs Books about Apple Inc.<|endoftext|>Q: how to control on the position of toolbar Item in SWT? I have 3 ToolItem : text, item1, item2 I want that text item will be align to the left and item 1 and item 2 will be align to the right for example text item1,item2 This is the code ToolBar treeToolBar = new ToolBar(treeComposite, SWT.NONE); filterText = new Text(treeToolBar, SWT.BORDER); ToolItem textItem = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.SEPARATOR); textItem.setControl(filterText); textItem.setWidth(filterText.computeSize(SWT.DEFAULT, SWT.DEFAULT, true).x); Item1 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH | SWT.RIGHT); item2 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH | SWT.RIGHT); A: If you just want item1 and item2 somewhere in the middle, add a new item with style SWT.SEPARATOR and set the desired width to offset the two items. If you really want the two items to be at the right side of the toolbar, you have to compute dynamically the size of that separator. Basically you subtract from the size of the toolbar the size of the three items (one text and two push items). Here is a complete snippet where the text is aligned to the left and the buttons to the right. The toolbar.pack() call is necessary to compute also the space used between the items and the trimming. We have to take that also into account. public static void main(String[] args) { final Display display = new Display(); final Shell shell = new Shell(display); shell.setLayout(new FillLayout()); final Composite treeComposite = new Composite(shell, SWT.NONE); treeComposite.setLayout(new GridLayout()); final ToolBar treeToolBar = new ToolBar(treeComposite, SWT.NONE); treeToolBar.setLayoutData(new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, false)); final Text filterText = new Text(treeToolBar, SWT.BORDER); final ToolItem textItem = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.SEPARATOR); textItem.setControl(filterText); textItem.setWidth(filterText.computeSize(SWT.DEFAULT, SWT.DEFAULT, true).x); final ToolItem separator = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.SEPARATOR); separator.setWidth(0); final ToolItem item1 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH | SWT.RIGHT); item1.setImage(display.getSystemImage(SWT.ICON_WORKING)); final ToolItem item2 = new ToolItem(treeToolBar, SWT.PUSH | SWT.RIGHT); item2.setImage(display.getSystemImage(SWT.ICON_QUESTION)); treeToolBar.pack(); final int trimSize = treeToolBar.getSize().x - textItem.getWidth() - item1.getWidth() - item2.getWidth(); treeToolBar.addListener(SWT.Resize, new Listener() { @Override public void handleEvent(Event event) { final int toolbarWidth = treeToolBar.getSize().x; final int itemsWidth = textItem.getWidth() + item1.getWidth() + item2.getWidth(); final int separatorWidth = toolbarWidth - itemsWidth - trimSize; separator.setWidth(separatorWidth); } }); shell.open(); while (!shell.isDisposed()) { if (!display.readAndDispatch()) { display.sleep(); } } display.dispose(); } <|endoftext|>O Koreanosaurus (que significa "lagarto coreano") é o nome informal dado a um gênero de dinossauro terópode dromeosaurídeo que viveu em meados do período Cretáceo, há 110 e 100 milhões de anos entre o Aptiano e o Albiano, na Coreia do Sul. Por algum tempo foi referido como um Tyrannosauridae e Hypsilophodontidae. Com base em um fêmur solitário, a espécie tipo foi nomeada por Kim em 1979, que em 1993 decidiu incluí-lo como uma nova espécie do gênero. Deinonychus, o D. koreanensis. Foi relatada a presença de um quarto trocânter, que o distanciaria do Deinonychus e, possivelmente, da família Dromaeosauridae, embora isso não seja confirmado. Também já foi

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BDF or Bdf may refer to: Backward differentiation formula, a numerical method for solving ordinary differential equations Ballroom Dancers' Federation, a British organization for competitive ballroom dancers Bates Dance Festival, a yearly dance festival held at Bates College. Banca Dacia Felix (Dacia Felix Bank), a defunct Romanian bank Bedfordshire, a historic county in England, Chapman code Beiersdorf AG, a multinational corporation based in Hamburg, Germany Berlin Demography Forum, an annual international conference on demographic issues Board foot, unit of measure for volume of lumber Bois-des-Filion, Quebec, a town in Quebec, Canada Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (1894-1933), a defunct German women's organization Technology Building Distribution Frame, a type of distribution frame in telecommunications PCI BDF (bus/device/function), a range of configurable addresses in PCI configuration space Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format, a file format for storing bitmap fonts Military Bangladesh Forces, the combined forces of Bangladesh during its war of independence in 1971 Bahrain Defense Force, the military of Bahrain Barbados Defence Force, the military of Barbados Belize Defence Force, the military of Belize Botswana Defence Force, the military of Botswana<|endoftext|>Q: How to do case insensitive search in StringOperators.valueOf("field1").indexOf(txtSchStr)) I have a springdata mongodb aggregation where I use agg = Aggregation.newAggregation(BrkrBean.class, match(criteria), project("productId, "fullName").and( StringOperators.valueOf("areas").indexOf(searchString)).as("score")) This works fine, but how can I do case insensitive search for the searchString. There is no option for indexOf() method. A: It is not possible directly. You will have to do some kind of workaround by converting both field value and search string to same case. StringOperators.valueOf(StringOperators.valueOf("areas").toLower()) .indexOf(StringOperators.valueOf(searchString).toLower()) <|endoftext|>Love Over and Over is the fifth album by Kate & Anna McGarrigle, released in 1982. Following this album, the McGarrigles did not release an album of new material until Heartbeats Accelerating in 1990. The album contains a French-Canadian version of Bob Seger's You'll Accomp'ny Me. Track listing Side One "Move Over Moon" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:11 "Sun, Son (Shining on the Water)" (Anna McGarrigle) – 4:03 "I Cried for Us" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:23 "Love Over and Over" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle) – 4:07 "Star Cab Company" (Anna McGarrigle) – 3:30 "Tu vas m'accompagner" (Bob Seger; translated. by Anna McGarrigle) – 3:56 Side Two "On My Way to Town" (Kate McGarrigle) – 2:17 "Jesus Lifeline" (, Arranged by Anna McGarrigle) – 3:01 "Work Song" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:49 "St. Valentines Day, 1978 (Black Heart)" (Anna McGarrigle) – 3:17 "Midnight Flight" (Kate McGarrigle) – 5:42 Bonus tracks The 1997 Hannibal CD reissue contains two bonus tracks not found on the Polydor release: "A Place in Your Heart" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Pat Donaldson, Dane Lanken, Jane McGarrigle) – 3:07 "Babies If I Didn't Have You" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:34 (B-side on the single release of the title track "Love Over and Over") Personnel Kate McGarrigle : Piano, banjo, accordion, guitar, vocals Anna McGarrigle : Piano, accordion, vocals Alun Davies : Guitar Andrew Cowan : Guitar Chaim Tannenbaum : Guitar, banjo, mandolin, vocals Mark Knopfler - Guitar on "Love Over and Over" Scot Lang : Guitar, bass guitar Pat Donaldson : Bass guitar Paul Samwell-Smith : Bass guitar Jane McGarrigle : Organ, vocals Kenny Pearson : Piano, organ Gilles Losier : Piano Dane Lanken : Trumpet Gerry Conway : Drums Jean-Paul Robichaud : Drums, percussions Ted Jensen : Engineer at Sterling Sound, NYC - mastering References External links 1982 albums Kate & Anna McGarrigle albums Polydor Records albums<|endoftext|>\section{Introduction} \label{Sec:Introduction} Carbon nanotubes were first found in a form of multi-wall cylinders, each of which consists of a rolled graphene sheet.\cite{Iijima_1991a,Iijima_et_al_1992a} A single-wall nanotube, fabricated later,\cite{Iijima_and_Ichihashi_1993a,Bethune_et_al_1993a} has a unique electronic property that it changes critically from metallic to semiconducting depending on its tubular circumferential vector. This characteristic feature was first predicted by means of tight-binding models,\cite{Hamada_et_al_1992a,Mintmire_et_al_1992a,Saito_et_al_1992a,Dresselhaus_et_al_1992a,Dresselhaus_et_al_1992b,Jishi_et_al_1993a,Tanaka_et_al_1992a,Gao_and_Herndon_1992a,Robertson_et_al_1992a,White_et_al_1993a} and was successfully described in an effective-mass approximation.\cite{Ajiki_and_Ando_1993a,Ajiki_and_Ando_1996a,Ando_2005a_and_References} Experimental\cite{Chopra_et_al_1995b,Bourgeois_and_Bursill_1997a,Benedict_et_al_1998a,Liu_et_al_2002d,Li_et_al_2007a,Zhong_et_al_2012a,Kohno_et_al_2013a,Zhang_et_al_2012a,Martel_et_al_1998b,Hertel_et_al_1998a,Yu_et_al_2001d,Yu_et_al_2001b,Giusca_et_al_2007a,Giusca_et_al_2008a,Choi_et_al_2013a} as well as computational studies\cite{Crespi_et_al_1996a,Crespi_et_al_1998a,Lu_et_al_2003a,Liu_and_Cho_2004a,Tangney_et_al_2005a,Lammert_et_al_2000a,Mehrez_et_al_2005a,Lu_et_al_2005a,Tang_et_al_2005a,Zhang_et_al_2006b,Hasegawa_and_Nishidate_2006a,Xiao_et_al_2007a,Lu_et_al_2011a,Kim_et_al_2001e,Nishidate_and_Hasegawa_2008a,Shtogun_and_Woods_2009a,Hasegawa_and_Nishidate_2009a,Nishidate_and_Hasegawa_2010a,Shklyaev_et_al_2011a,Kou_et_al_2013a} have discovered that large diameter nanotubes have an additional stable flattened structure. The purpose of this work is to study electronic structure of collapsed carbon nanotubes for arbitrary chirality within the effective-mass approximation. \par The observation of fully collapsed multi-wall carbon nanotubes was reported in transmission electron microscopy,\cite{Chopra_et_al_1995b,Bourgeois_and_Bursill_1997a,Benedict_et_al_1998a,Liu_et_al_2002d,Li_et_al_2007a,Zhong_et_al_2012a,Kohno_et_al_2013a,Zhang_et_al_2012a} atomic force microscopy,\cite{Zhang_et_al_2012a,Martel_et_al_1998b,Hertel_et_al_1998a,Yu_et_al_2001d} and scanning tunneling microscopy.\cite{Giusca_et_al_2007a,Giusca_et_al_2008a,Yu_et_al_2001b} Multi-wall nanotubes was shown to exhibit structural deformations in FET devices.\cite{Martel_et_al_1998b} Recently, high-yield fabrication of high quality collapsed tubes was

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Q: default data in sonata_type_model I work with symfony 2.7, and I use SonataAdminBundle. I have 2 entities called (Produit) and (Correspondant) with OneToMany relation, One Produit can have Many Correspondant. in the create form for the (Produit) I have correspondants to add Many (Correspondant), and I like by default add all the Correspondants, for that I tried to do this : ProduitAdmin $query = $this->modelManager->getEntityManager(new User())->createQuery("SELECT s FROM UserBundle\Entity\User s WHERE s.type LIKE 'Correspondant'" ); $formMapper ->add('correspondants','sonata_type_model', array( 'class'=>'Devagnos\UserBundle\Entity\User', 'multiple'=> true, 'by_reference' => false, 'label'=>'Correspondants associés', 'data' => function() { $data = new ArrayCollection(); $r= $query->getResult(); foreach($r as $result) { $data->add($result->getId()); } return $data; }, 'query' => $query ), ) But this does not work, Someone can help me please? thanks A: You need to set data attribute and put the entities you want to be selected as default. $selected =... //fetch entities, e.g. from repository $formMapper ->add('field','sonata_type_model', array( 'your_settings' => '...', 'query' => '...', 'data' => $selected ) ); <|endoftext|>Q: Namespace and classes in php Why i receive error? the class in the same namespace.. php 5.3.0 namespace ExampleSystem\Core; class Test { public function __construct() { print 'Test ok'; } } // Fatal error: Class 'Test' not found in... $class_name = 'Test'; $obj = new $class_name; // Ok $class_name = 'ExampleSystem\Core\Test'; $obj = new $class_name; // Ok $obj = new Test; A: I can't find chapter and verse in the PHP manual, but the obvious explanation is that when you do: $obj = new $string then the value of $string is not mapped into the current namespace. This makes sense, when you consider that $string may have been passed in from somewhere else, where a different namespace may have been in effect. <|endoftext|>What do you do in cafes? Catch-up with old friends? Finish your homework? Community organizing doesn't have to take place in cramped office spaces or basement pubs. In fact, if we really want to reclaim public space as a spot in which to congregate and form movements, it's imperative to form inclusive community spaces. And catching up with old friends doesn't have to exist solitary from social justice events. We can be social as we organize. There is beauty in that. This is the sort of space the Rhizome Cafe is fostering. I spoke with Lisa Moore, co-founder of the Rhizome, located 317 E. Broadway near Kingsway. It's a spot in Vancouver where art, activism and social organizing all meet. Lisa explained how the space was founded by her and partner Vinetta in 2006 after they moved to Vancouver and recognized a noticeable gap between the various groups in the activist scene there. The space was formed with the goal of providing an "activist living room" for progressives to come in and cultivate the intersecting of issues as well as form relationships and trust. Lisa pointed out that the Rhizome was always going to be a community space before a restaurant. Vinetta had past experience working in a family restaurant and the Rhizome needed a way to sustain itself. Its mission was (and is) to operate as a place to support organizing and social justice work, provide a meeting space for activists and to host a multitude of related events. A critical component of the space lies in its acts of solidarity with all community members. Its pay-as-you-can lentil soup is an "act of community not charity," says Lisa. She went on to explain how the space is both formal and informal, so that folks can drop by without necessarily having a reason at first, only to have that curiosity bloom into active participation in local activism. "It's important to get to know each other on a human level..and know who is beside us when enraged," she said. And what better way to connect community members than through the blending of art and social justice work. The Rhizome has played host to everything from indigenous hip-hop shows, to queer-oriented board game nights, to fundraisers, and community forums. The fact social justice takes different forms is etched into the space and "different modes of expression are woven throughout." Recognizing the beauty in everyone's unique skills that they bring into organizing and appreciating the variance in a safe, inclusive, non-oppressive space is effective in heightening the scope of both community and activism in our cities. The reality that 150 community members came out to support the Rhizome, when they had started a method of financial support, "friends of the rhizome," due to the increasing cost of operation, is an example of how public space is the responsibility of everyone. While being underground may be important in a time of severe state repression, re-claiming public space as a place for the people to meet and form the type of neighbourhood, lacking in corporate-infused urban planning, is fundamental to a healthy activist community. Like the coffee shop meetings of radical organizers from my parents<|endoftext|>Q: How to specify _HANDLER in AWS Lambda Docker Image I am trying to create a docker image to run a shell script as aws lambda function. As far as I understood, I need a runtime and a handler. The default runtime (bootstrap) looks like this: #!/bin/sh set -euo pipefail # Handler format: <script_name>.<bash_function_name> # # The script file <script_name>.sh must be located at the root of your # function's deployment package, alongside this bootstrap executable. source $(dirname "$0")/"$(echo $_HANDLER | cut -d. -f1).sh" while true do # Request the next event from the Lambda runtime HEADERS="$(mktemp)" EVENT_DATA=$(curl -v -sS -LD "$HEADERS" -X GET "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next") INVOCATION_ID=$(grep -Fi Lambda-Runtime-Aws-Request-Id "$HEADERS" | tr -d '[:space:]' | cut -d: -f2) # Execute the handler function from the script RESPONSE=$($(echo "$_HANDLER" | cut -d. -f2) "$EVENT_DATA") # Send the response to Lambda runtime curl -v -sS -X POST "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/$INVOCATION_ID/response" -d "$RESPONSE" done The Dockerfile: FROM public.ecr.aws/lambda/provided:al2 COPY bootstrap ${LAMBDA_RUNTIME_DIR} COPY function.sh ${LAMBDA_TASK_ROOT} RUN … (install some dependencies) CMD ["function.handler"] From what I've read, your supposed to set CMD to the handler. However this does not seem to work as the $_HANDLER variable is not known inside of the container. A: I can't figure out what makes the difference, but this combination of Dockerfile and bootstrap works. #!/bin/sh set -euo pipefail source "$LAMBDA_TASK_ROOT"/"$(echo $_HANDLER | cut -d. -f1).sh" while true do # Request the next event from the Lambda runtime HEADERS="$(mktemp)" EVENT_DATA=$(curl -sS -LD "$HEADERS" -X GET "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next") INVOCATION_ID=$(grep -Fi Lambda-Runtime-Aws-Request-Id "$HEADERS" | tr -d '[:space:]' | cut -d: -f2) # Execute the handler function from the script RESPONSE=$($(echo "$_HANDLER" | cut -d. -f2) "$EVENT_DATA") # Send the response to Lambda runtime curl -sS -X POST "http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-

redpajama

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aries while it was Iraq that was trying to buy the loyalty of its own forces. The radio also quoted Uday Saddam Hussein as saying, "the wives and mothers of those Americans who fight us will cry blood instead of tears. They should not pretend that they will have a safe spot inside Iraq or outside of it!" I wondered why he said, "or outside of it." Was he threatening terrorism? After filing live broadcasts for much of the morning and afternoon for _Good Morning America,_ I headed to the Flowers Land to see Mohammed. I wanted to make sure he was still there. Instead I saw Zafar sitting on a couch in the lobby. "What are you doing here?" I screamed at him. "I'm paying you to be at the hotel! Why else did I get you a room?" "I didn't think you needed me anymore. I haven't heard from you in two days," he said, sulking. "And you won't hear from me. All I want you to do is stay there. Just sit there in case I need you. Can't you do that?" Zafar pursed his lips, lowered his head, and slunk out like a scolded child as I marched him back to his hotel. The policeman answered the door in an undershirt when we showed up. I couldn't smell the whiskey on his breath, but I could see his brain swimming behind his tired droopy eyes. And this was one of my safe houses. I rushed back to the Palestine to start filing for that night's broadcasts. I wasn't frightened at this stage by the war. In fact, I was emboldened by the first two nights. I thought that if what I'd seen was all the US had in mind for the war, I'd been worrying too much. > Day Three—Shock and Awe (March 22, 03) > > > > It was ten times the intensity of the first two nights. The palace complex on the west side of the river, Al-Kasr al-Jumhuri, was smashed. I could feel the heat and wind of the blasts against my face. I've gone three days almost without sleep. I've been on air almost 24 hours a day. Officials from the press center have been going through the hotel looking for sat phones. I'm keeping mine under the bed. It felt like an earthquake when the bombs were dropping. About half of the journalists slept in the shelter downstairs. The bombs were falling one after another. It was like lightning hitting the ground, the fury of Thor and Zeus crackling with explosions. From my perch it looked to me as if all of downtown Baghdad was being destroyed. There was no moon in the sky (the air campaign was timed to begin with the new moon to protect against anti-aircraft fire) and it was a perfectly clear black night, which made the explosions stand out in crisp contrast. The bombs had been close enough that I could feel their hot wind and the blast waves blew back my hair and pushed the air out of my lungs. The entire western bank of the city where government ministries were located was hit by what seemed like countless bombs and cruise missiles. I watched the area disappear in white smoke. It looked as if Baghdad were being eaten by a cloud. I cannot exaggerate how terrifying it was. I thought half the city was being flattened, leveled, eliminated. When I emerged from the hotel the next morning, I felt like I'd been out all night drinking, gotten into a bar fight, embarrassed myself, antagonized my friends and smacked a policeman. I was treading very lightly, worried the world was after me. My legs were weak and I was on my best behavior, like a child trying to avoid punishment. I didn't want to be caught. I didn't want to be seen. I didn't know what I'd find in Baghdad that morning, or what to say to the people I met. I didn't know if there were hundreds, or even thousands, of people who'd been killed overnight. I was greatly relieved to find Ali waiting for me downstairs in the hotel lobby with fresh bread, juice and cheese. He was remarkably calm. He also had the morning newspapers in hand. I was astonished that they'd managed to come out. It was a sign that Baghdad was still standing. The newspapers would continue to be published until the last day of the war. As we drove around I was stunned by how little damage I could actually see. I'd expected Baghdad to have become a moonscape. Several buildings had been reduced to dust, and most of the windows in the downtown area were shattered, but the city was still recognizable. I drove past several telephone exchanges that had been reduced to smoldering hills of crumpled concrete with yellow chunks of insulation hanging from twisted steel reinforcement bars. Most of the destruction, however, had taken place behind the high walls of presidential palaces and security compounds, which had taken an incredible beating. Ali was more shaken than he let on. He told me a cruise missile had soared over his house. He'd watched it go overhead. Ali's parents had fled Baghdad that morning to stay with relatives in a nearby rural village. After spending the afternoon broadcasting, I asked the network for a few hours off. I needed to collect my thoughts, eat a proper meal and reassure Ali that I wouldn't abandon him. I took Ali to Zafar's favorite restaurant, the one I remembered for its "Sauce" and wonderful _kouzi._ I didn't expect to find anyone inside, but the place was teeming with customers. The headwaiter had to look to find us a table in the back. While we were eating, the air campaign started up for the first time during the day. I could hear the thundering of the big firecrackers and missiles falling, destroying buildings and everything in them. But no one in the restaurant flinched. I tried to focus on the hum of conversations coming from other tables. People weren't even talking about the war unfolding around them. It was a bizarre moment. Bombs were exploding around us after a night of the most awesome air strikes Iraq had ever known, the government was under attack, American troops were advancing toward the capital, yet people were busy munching on meat, bread and hummos, seemingly oblivious to it all. I think the attitude was the result of the psychological trauma Iraqis had been subjected to during the decades of Saddam Hussein's misrule. Iraqis had been so beaten down that they'd become ambivalent, like those bureaucrats I'd encountered with stares like prisoners on death row. In Iraq, it was considered unpatriotic to notice the war, and treasonous to discuss it, let alone speculate about the outcome. It was safer to just pretend not to notice what was going on, keep your head down, and wait for the storm to blow over. I found it very sad to see what years of dictatorship can do to the human soul. # CHAPTER FIVE I WAS STANDING ON my balcony on the fourteenth floor of the Palestine Hotel when I saw the first plume of smoke emerge on the horizon like a black snake rising up from the desert. I thought a fire was roaring out of control about five miles away from me in the northern part of the city. It was mid-afternoon and the smoke was billowing hundreds of feet into the blue cloudless sky. US and British forces had already dropped dozens of bombs around the edges of Baghdad that day, creating a steady pounding sound. Unlike the bombs that occasionally fell close to the Palestine, the distant explosions didn't crackle or snap or shake the hotel. Instead, they sang in deep bass tones, like fists punching a slab of beef. I assumed the smoke was spewing from an Iraqi building, munitions dump or fuel depot that had been turned into a smoldering parking lot and didn't worry about it too much. In less than a week, my tolerance for fires and explosions had grown to alarming proportions. I would no longer telephone the ABC News desk every time the bombings started. I would have been on the sat phone all day long. The air raids would start, stop and start again all day and night. I was surprised at how quickly I'd become accustomed to the air campaign and the war in general. I'd seen Israelis and Palestinians both quickly acclimate to an environment of extreme violence, but until it happened to me, I didn't quite understand how easy it was. The last time I'd seen it was a year earlier among Palestinian boys in the West Bank. In March 2002, the Israeli army launched Operation Defensive Shield in response to the horrific Passover-night suicide attack in Netanya near Tel Aviv. Not only was it the bloodiest suicide attack yet of the new Palestinian intifada but it was carried out on a Jewish holiday. Israel had to respond. Operation Defensive Shield, however, was only defensive to those who believe that a strong offense is the best defense. Within days of its outset, the campaign grew into the largest military operation in the Palestinian territories since the 1967 Middle East War. Israeli troops recaptured every major city on the West Bank except for the tiny oasis of Jericho, which was already isolated from Israel by a deep valley and desert. Scores of Palestinians were killed each day, as were many Israeli soldiers, especially in the northern West Bank city of Jenin, where Palestinians accused Israeli forces of a massacre after they leveled a section of the city while people were still in their homes. Israel subsequently blocked a UN investigating team from carrying out fieldwork in the area. In response to Operation Defensive

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Q: PHP Echo Styling output <?php if (in_array($key,$following)){ echo'<form id="follow" action= "action.php" method="GET" data-theme="a"> <input type="hidden" name="id" value="$key"/> <input type="submit" name="do" value="follow" data-theme="a"/> </form>'; ?> I am trying to style this echo section. I have it outputting to another PHP file that is framed in HTML div tags. How would I go about this? I have everything else on the page styled correctly except for this output. Edit** I edited the code, that's a form. But anyway, I have another php file that is referencing this php code and on the 2nd php file it is wrapped in html and the div tag on that page shows the echo from this page but I can't get the css to work on that other file. And I have tried #follow. no luck. A: create your own function: function myecho($text){ echo "<div class='your_css_class'>".$text."</div>"; } And when you want to echo something just write myecho("my message"); <|endoftext|>Q: How to disable(not-clickable) some of the items from popup window i have popupwindow in every items for recylcerview,but i want to disable some options from popupwindow depending upon the items in recyclerview. user should be able to see but not able to click. public void bind(Card addCard) { // onBind method of recylerview popupWindow = getPopupWindow(addCard); } public void onClick(View v) { // added onclick on image (item of recylcerview) if (popupWindow!= null) { popupWindow.showAsDropDown(v, 0, 0); popupWindow.showAtLocation(v, Gravity.NO_GRAVITY, -20, -10); } } public PopupWindow getPopupWindow(Card addCard) { String popUpContents[] = {"edit", "archive", "delete", "share"}; final PopupWindow popupWindow = new PopupWindow(context); ListView listOptions = new ListView(context); listOptions.setDivider(null); listOptions.setDividerHeight(0); listOptions.setAdapter(listOptionsAdapter(popUpContents, addCard)); listOptions.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() { @Override public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) { Card card = (Card) view.getTag(); switch (position) { case 0: cardsFragment.editCard(card); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; case 1: cardsFragment.archiveCard(card); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; case 2: cardsFragment.deleteCard(card); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; case 3: cardsFragment.shareCard(); popupWindow.dismiss(); break; } } }); // some other visual settings popupWindow.setFocusable(true); popupWindow.setWidth(250); popupWindow.setHeight(WindowManager.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT); popupWindow.setOutsideTouchable(true); if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) { popupWindow.setElevation(10); } // set the list view as pop up window content popupWindow.setContentView(listOptions); Drawable d = new ColorDrawable(Color.WHITE); popupWindow.setBackgroundDrawable(d); return popupWindow; } private ArrayAdapter<String> listOptionsAdapter(final String listoptions[], final Card addCard) { ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(context, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, listoptions) { @Override public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) { // setting the ID and text for every items in the list String item = getItem(position); // visual settings for the list item TextView listItem = new TextView(context); listItem.setTextColor(Color.BLACK); listItem.setText(item); listItem.setTag(addCard); listItem.setTextSize(20); if (position == 0) { listItem.setPadding(30, 20, 0, 20); } else { listItem.setPadding(30, 0, 0, 20); } if (addCard.isArchived) { if (position == 0 || position == 1 || position == 3) { listItem.setEnabled(false); // this one i have tried to disable click on certain items but not working } } return listItem; } @Override public int getCount() { return listoptions.length; } }; return adapter; } for Ex : if card if Archived i want to disable options like "edit, archive, share" below code i have tried but not working : if (addCard.isArchived) { if (position == 0 || position == 1 || position == 3) { listItem.setEnabled(false); // this one i have tried to disable click on certain items but not working } } <|endoftext|>This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 2004. Events 6 April - Cida dos Santos wins the fourth season of Big Brother Brasil. Debuts Television shows 1970s Turma da Mônica (1976–present) 1990s Malhação (1995–present) Cocoricó (1996–present) 2000s Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2001–2007) Big Brother Brasil (2002–present) FAMA (2002-2005) Ending this year Births Deaths See also 2004 in Brazil List of Brazilian films of 2004<|endoftext|>The Kwara State House of Assembly on Thursday passed 2019 Appropriation Bill of N157.8 billion. The News Agency of Nigeria reports that the budget was 0.19 per cent higher than N157.5 billion presented to the House by Governor AbdulFatah Ahmed on December 6. The capital expenditure of the budget is now N79.5 billion as against N79.7 billion proposed by the governor, representing 50.44 per cent of the total budget. The recurrent expenditure is put at N71.1 billion from N70.6 billion, representing 49.56 per cent of the total budget. As required law, the sum of N1.2 billion was allocated as one per cent of the state Consolidated Revenue Fund to the State Health Insurance Scheme. The measure, the News Agency of Nigeria reports, will ensure accessibility of residents to qualitative healthcare delivery. The Speaker, Dr. Ali Ahmad, directed the Clerk of the House, Hajia Halimat Kperogi, to prepare a clean copy of the budget for governor’s assent. Ahmad explained that with the passage of the budget, the house had demonstrated its commitment and high sense of patriotism. He, however, expressed displeasure of non-funding of the audit unit by the state government.<|endoftext|>The SPf66 vaccine was one of the first malaria vaccines to be tested extensively in endemic areas. SPf66 is a synthetic peptide vaccine containing antigens from the blood stages of malaria linked together with an antigen from the sporozoite stage. SPf66 has had 10 trials in Africa, Asia, and South America. Results were initially promising, but further trials showed only a small effect in some trials, and no effect in Africa. There is no evidence that SPf66 is effective enough to be introduced on a routine basis for prevention of malaria. There is no evidence for protection by SPf66 vaccines against P. falciparum in Africa. There is a modest reduction in attacks of P. falciparum malaria following vaccination with SPf66 in South America. There is no justification for further trials of SPf66 in its current formulation. Further research with SPf66 vaccines in South America or with new formulations of SPf66 may be justified. A malaria vaccine is badly needed. SPf66 was one of the earliest vaccines developed. It is a synthetic peptide vaccine containing antigens from the blood stages of malaria linked together with an antigen from the sporozoite stage, and is targeted mainly against the blood (asexual) stages. To assess the effect of SPf66 malaria vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale in preventing infection, disease, and death. We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register (March 2008), CENTR

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class, I left my phone in the office. It's Friday and the building will be locked until Monday morning. FML By notmyday - 25/02/2009 23:26 - United States Today, we were fooling around and I was just about to orgasm when she looks at my clock and says "I have to go LOST is on in 20 minutes." FML By Rob - 06/06/2012 16:02 - United States - Neoga Today, after having sex with my girlfriend, I jokingly held the condom above my mouth. Somehow, the condom busted, and everything went over my face. Worse still, we're now wondering just how safe this condom really was. FML Not now, Yoda By iwassoclose - 10/04/2013 16:32 - United States Today, I was having sex with my boyfriend, and I told him I was close to having an orgasm. He smirked and started talking like Yoda, saying, "Strong with the cum, this one is." Orgasm gone. FML By jseid2 - 15/01/2014 05:54 - United States - San Leandro Today, my students unanimously agreed, in front of me, that the only reason they take my course is to look at my ass. FML By ohman - 28/12/2012 03:06 - United Kingdom - Cardiff Today, after having sex for the first time with my girlfriend, I realised I was in love with her. I noticed she had an eyelash on her breast. After tugging it a few times I realised it was actually a single black nipple hair. She was so embarrassed, she kicked me out and now won't return my calls. FML By ssenmodnaR - 27/07/2016 16:30 Today, I learned that I'm in that special kind of relationship where my ex thinks we're still married, no matter how many times I tell him that we were divorced over a year ago. FML By Jacqueline H'ghar - 30/07/2016 08:56 - New Zealand Today, I missed my bus to the doctor's office for my scheduled pap test. I was so desperate, I called my deadbeat mom to ask for a ride. She said "Virgins don't need pap tests", laughed, then hung up on me. FML By LonnyLonnikins - 09/04/2009 05:07 - Canada Today, I went to pick up my sister's wedding cake. It was a nice day, the shop was close, and the cake wasn't too big so I walked. On my way back, I stepped aside for a kid on a bike, tripped over my shoelaces, and dumped my sister's expensive, custom-designed cake. The wedding is tomorrow. FML Scary story time! By KelseNM - 01/11/2019 00:01 Today, I had eye surgery to try and stop the progression of my eye disease. Being conscious for the surgery, I was given numbing drops before we began. My doctor started cutting my cornea before the drops took effect. FML By laurenraeee - 25/05/2010 05:18 - United States Today, I saw a video of me from over the weekend, naked, pretending to be a duck. What the fuck happened that night? FML By Anonymous - 09/02/2017 16:00 - United States - Lewistown Today, I am sick of watching my friend's dog while she is on vacation. In four days, this dog has shredded my mattress, peed on my couches, chewed my kitchen chairs, and attacked my dog while she slept. My friend won't answer her phone, but she does update Facebook non-stop. Ten days to go. FML Housemates from hell Today, my housemate saw some stuff in the barn, thought I surely wouldn’t be using it, so he stacked lots of lawn furniture on top. The “stuff” in question? Bales of hay. As in, daily food for my horses. FML By knock_out - 16/07/2010 01:12 - United States Today, my girlfriend won't have sex with me. Why? Because my mii knocked out her mii in Wii boxing. It wouldn't be as bad if she wasn't in one player mode. FML We were on a break! Today, it's been two weeks since my girlfriend of many years and I decided to take a short break from each other. We'd been fighting a lot and felt like some space would help the situation. I found out today that, at some point during those two weeks, she decided to go and have sex with my (now ex) best friend. FML By LC - 03/11/2009 07:06 - United States Today, I volunteered to be Auctioned off for Charity. I went for $3. FML By Gina - 02/04/2010 11:33 - Thailand Today, I was in the shops and the lights all of a sudden went out. I got really scared for no reason because it was pitch black and grabbed onto my mum's hand. When the light's got turned on I was holding on to a random guy's hand. FML DoubleCross 9 Sunday 6 January 2013 19:04 Then sue her I_iz_B_a_troll 23 Well it's not her fault her floors weren't waterproof, she just wanted to turn the place into a waterpark! You'll be thanking her once she lends you the slip 'n' slide. That's really stupid of her, she could in the least, claim responsible, and help pay for the damage if not all of it. CanWeMicrowaveIt 11 It could not be her fault and just a burst water pipe. Just saying that's a possibility before everyone rants she's awful havingalaugh 9 That's why you always get renters insurance!! You never know what someone else is going to do! 48Connor 10 Just take her to court. You'll win no doubt. blaackandprouud 20 Judge Judy to the rescue. gribbles 12 Definitely not necessarily her fault. There's so many variables involved. AND at the very least, why not have renters insurance? kate12345678901 15 Monday 7 January 2013 0:13 Maybe its really not her fault an your pipes weren't up to code. luhar 7 Wow that's such a mean lady!!! Sorry op, stuff like this would make me super mad. DEATHBYEX1LE 11 Thanks for that comment. RetardedPotato 6 Tuesday 8 January 2013 2:20 Especially when you fall on your ass and earn a spot on AFHV =D sheethapins 13 Agreed. I'm sure the lawyer's opinion on who's responsible will make more of a difference than hers. Glockinator 2 Comment moderated for rule-breaking. Show it anyway You can only sue if she did it on purposes and proving that wouldn't be that easy. It's called renters insurance! Get it people. Take accountability and think ahead provei 11 You can sue if someone damages your property and refuses to pay for the damages, regardless of whether they did it on purpose or not. isallwaysme 27 @glockinator, with your logic, if I accidentally hit you with my car and break your legs, you can't sue me because it wasn't on purpose. onlychildFTW 33 Move into a penthouse OP! Then there's no stupid people above you. beehardxcore 26 Yeah, but now look at all the free water you're getting! happle 21 Through the neighbor's yucky floor..? TheChiver 7 I don't know about you, but I wouldn't use that water in anyway... ElatedEarthling 15 I think you guys missed the sarcasm... Glad someone got it! cuponoodles34 10 It might have all come from her toilet ME00DOT 8 It depends how you approached her.. 5t3ff1k4h 44 It absolutely does not. The water came from her apartment so OP had every right to be angry. mario2012 18 I pretty sure OP approached her calmly otherwise it wouldn't be on FML. PenguinBitch 43 This is how OP approached her: "Well I woke up to get me a cold pop and then I thought somebody was taking a piss. I said oh lord Jesus it’s a flood. Then I ran out, I didn’t grab no shoes or nothin’ lord Jesus, I ran for my life. And then the water got me wet, I wasn't even horny....ain’t nobody got time for that." Pretty_reckless_fml 18 Good attempt penguinbitch :) close, but no cigar :/ kate714 12 Omg... Lol! I thought that was awesome, penguin :) tswizz 13 Penguin, I saved this to my favourites just so I can read that comment again. False_Stupidity 41 ROFL, your comment had me in stitches at work and now my co workers are looking at me funny.. Well Done! vintageemerald 10 That is ridiculous! Call a lawyer. lilhellian 26 Isn't it also the landlords responsibility? Just wondering, don't shoot the curious puppy! D:

redpajama

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Breaking News’ label The site first rolled out its 'Breaking News' indicator in a test run last November that included a small number of local and national publishers. Facebook is making another attempt to fine-tune the way its users consume news articles. Last November, the site gave a small group of local and national publishers the ability to include a “Breaking News” label on their stories. Starting today, Facebook is expanding its “Breaking News” label test run to more than 50 additional publishers in North America, Latin America, Europe and Australia. “If the expansion is successful, we may add more publishers,” writes Facebook product manager Joey Rhyu on the site’s news blog. According to the announcement, publishers with access to the label can include it on Instant Articles, mobile and web links and Facebook Live videos. Facebook says publishers can use the label once a day (but will have an extra pool of up to five indicators per month) and can choose to have it included on a story for up to six hours. The label comes with analytics so that publishers can see in their Page Insights how their “Breaking News” posts performed. Facebook says readers will also be able to mark whether or not they think a story is breaking news by clicking on the top right drop-down menu of a post. Based on feedback from sites with early access to the label, like The Washington Post, Facebook saw a 4 percent increase in click-through rates and comments, a 7 percent increase in likes, and an 11 percent increase in shares for posts with the “Breaking News” label posted between December 8, 2017, and January 14, 2018. “We’ve been pleased to collaborate with Facebook to elevate breaking news on their platform and are excited – but not surprised – to see readers respond the way they have,” says Dave Merrell, lead product manager for The Washington Post.<|endoftext|>Barsky (masculine), Barskaya (feminine), or Barskoye (neuter) may refer to: Barsky (surname) (Barskaya), a surname Barsky (rural locality) (Barskaya, Barskoye), several rural localities in Russia Barsky Forest, a forest in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia<|endoftext|>In February, everyone is invited to our largest fund raiser of the year, the Auction/Dinner Fundraiser. Close to 100 items including rods, reels, tackle and guided fishing trips are donated by our Sponsors and members. Proceeds from the auction fund the planting of rainbow trout for the Kid's Fishing Day held annually in May at Carrie Blake Park, Sequim and a natural resources scholarship fund for local students.<|endoftext|>Der Nanda Kot ist ein 6861 Meter hoher Berg im Himalaya in Indien. Der Berg befindet sich im Distrikt Pithoragarh in geringer Entfernung zum Nanda-Devi-Nationalpark. Der Berg Changuch befindet sich auf einem Bergkamm, der vom Nanda Kot nach Westen zum Nanda Khat und Nanda Devi führt. Nordöstlich des Nanda Kot befindet sich der Kuchela Dhura. Weblinks Einzelnachweise Berg im Himalaya Nanda-Devi-Gruppe Distrikt Pithoragarh<|endoftext|>Who can forget the iconic marriage scene from the Princess Bride? If you have never seen this family friendly movie, be sure to check it out. It is everything we want in a romantic comedy...danger, sword fights, a beautiful couple and plenty of bad guys. It is one of those old fashion love stories where the couple truly lives, happily ever after. Fast forward five years. Who is this person you married and what did they do with that one you fell so madly and deeply in love with? They leave their clothes on the floor, whiskers in the bathroom sink, the toilet seat up, squeeze the toothpaste the in the middle, and when they finally think to replace the toilet paper roll, they put it on the wrong way. They don't help around the house and you could count on one hand how many diapers they have changed. What happened to true love and the happily ever after? The last two weeks, I wrote about The Real Romance, and Why is Love so Hard? The first dealt with God's love for us and the second spoke more to our perspective on how trying to love in our own power is a very hard thing to do. I looked at 1 Corinthians 13 last week and I would like to take another look, in detail, at a few of those verses this week. Using these as a guide we can define what twoo wuv looks like. 1. Twoo wuv is patient. Patience is a virtue, as the saying goes, and it is essential in a loving relationship. Patience will cover many of those things that might irritate in a marriage, such as toothpaste tubes and toilet paper placement. If something about your significant other is irritating you, take a deep breath and let it go. 2. Twoo wuv is kind and is not jealous. I find it interesting that these two things are connected with a conjunction. Kindness is key in a loving relationship, just as is trust. I think it is very hard to be kind without the warm blanket of trust surrounding the relationship. There is no place for jealousy in a relationship. 3. Twoo wuv does not brag and is not prideful. My husband loves to talk about things he's done in the past, as well as when he does a good thing at work. When we were first married, I often thought this was a matter of boastfulness and pride. I have learned, however, that some families have a tradition of story telling, much like many cultures of the past sharing their conquests and victories. Oral tradition used to be the way to pass on a culture's identity and traditions. Bragging and arrogance often go hand in hand. When thrown into a relationship they soon become a source of bitterness and frustration. Let's face it, bragging and pride usually are self serving and being self serving in a marriage doesn't not epitomize true love. 4. Twoo wuv does not act ugly. I know all about acting ugly in a marriage. My hubby and I affectionately call our first year of marriage, "the year from hell." Yes indeed! I have always been an emotional person. While the years and menopause have done wonders to temper my emotions, the early years were not pretty. I always had mood swings when it was "that time of the month", but being on the birth control pill contributed to emotional rants that were extremely volatile. My poor spouse must have thought he had married an alien or that a demon had come in when I said the marriage vows and taken over my body. Allowing ourselves to be "ugly" to our spouses does not create an environment of trust, nor even one of desire. Acting unbecomingly does not foster true love. 5. Twoo wuv isn't selfish. We are all selfish by nature. The Bible, says none of us are righteous and we have all sinned and fall short of the glory of God. That sin nature expresses itself in the form of selfishness. If you think about all the bad stuff that happens in a marriage and even in our world we can probably link most, if not all, back to selfishness. Selfishness is basically the act or mentality of looking out for ourselves. There is a lot of talk these days about self love, and that is important, however, if self love becomes such a focus that it hurts and offends others, then it becomes selfish love. There is no place in a marriage for this type of love. Unfortunately, so many of us start out marriage thinking about what I am going to get from this other person, rather than being confident in our place with Christ and being a loving and gracious servant. 6. Twoo wuv doesn't hold a grudge. I put these two ideas as one because what causes a person to be provoked is probably going to be the same thing that causes that person to hold a grudge. The word provoke, according to Webster means to arouse a feeling or action, or to incite to anger. If true love is not provoked then it doesn't become angry at the object of its affection. How many times have you gotten angry at your spouse? My husband and I have had to learn this one the hard way, by doing it. Ha, ha. Truly, it is not funny. Provocation and holding a grudge are a death sentence in a marriage. Even if you stick it out, like we have, it is very damaging. My husband and I have been married for almost 31 years and we are just now beginning to repent and turn away from these unloving behaviors in our relationship. We have a long way to go, but true love is worth the effort. 7. Twoo wuv rejoices in the right things. What exactly does this mean? Certainly, there are all sorts of ways we or our spouses can be unrighteous. The goal is to not condone the things that we do or that we see in each other that are wrong. God wants us to be righteous and truthful, and even more as a couple, since many of us are examples to our children and grandchildren. I have found more recently that both my spouse and I have issues with wrong thinking. Meaning, we do not see ourselves truthfully, as God sees us, but as we think the world sees us, or as we see ourselves as coming up

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What Is Indiana's State Food? Indiana's cuisine echoes its Midwestern roots. Indiana is famous nationwide for its sports teams, and worldwide for the Indianapolis 500 race and its prestigious colleges. By contrast, the "Hoosier State" has a rather nondescript culinary identity, which reveals itself only under close investigation. Indiana packs in more than 62,000 farms covering some 14 million acres, and produces traditional agricultural staples, such as corn and soybeans. Out-of-state visitors might be hard-pressed distinguish Indiana’s cuisine from broader Midwestern fare, a situation not improved by the fact that the state has no official state food. Since Texas enshrined chili as its official state food in 1977, 33 states have named official dishes, snacks and beverages. While Indiana does not have an official state food, Senate resolution No. 5 – passed in 2009 – logged sugar cream pie as the state’s official pie, following hot on the heels of naming water its official beverage. Confusion arose when celebrity chef Bobby Flay claimed the corn dog on behalf of the state during the buildup to Indiana’s Super Bowl XLI appearance. However, while corn undoubtedly features prominently on the state’s culinary landscape, the corn dog’s status is purely unofficial. Unofficial but ubiquitous, the pork tenderloin sandwich crops up throughout Indiana’s restaurants and diners, having been introduced to the state as wiener schnitzel by German immigrants in the 19th century. Nick Freinstein sold the first breaded pork tenderloin in 1908 from a food cart in Huntingdon, laying the foundation for Nick’s Kitchen, which opened the same year and still stands today. "Gourmet" magazine called breaded pork tenderloin more popular than hamburgers in the state, while the Journal Gazette likens its close association with a particular location to New England’s clam chowder. Sugar cream pie, also known as Hoosier pie, is a simple but delicious amalgamation of sugar and cream, bound with flour or eggs and flavored with cinnamon, nutmeg and vanilla. The pie is a favorite in mom and pop restaurants, and Indiana Foodways even organizes a Hoosier Pie Trail. This frugal dessert possibly originated from the simple-living Amish and Shaker communities who settled Indiana in the 1850s. The pie is also nicknamed “desperation pie” because of its lack of ingredients from outside the basic pantry. Trying a sugar cream pie was listed as No. 2 of 50 things to do in the state by Indiana Insider. A scattering of well-known, much-loved American products can trace their roots to Indiana. VanCamp’s Pork and Beans, for example, was first sold from a grocery store in Indianapolis in 1861. By 1909, the brand was the No. 1 canned pork and beans in the country, although it has since been surpassed by Bush’s. Interestingly, the company that acquired VanCamp’s was the first to produce Gatorade, a sports drink more readily associated with Florida. Equally impressively, Indiana played a crucial role in the popularity of baking powder, after Hulman & Company developed Clabber Girl Baking Powder in the late 19th century. The brand remains one of the oldest American brands still in use.<|endoftext|>Wednesday 16th July 2014 SH (Editor) Planned improvement works at Filton Hill Primary School facing the chop South Gloucestershire councillors will be asked to vote next week on a report recommending a U-turn on a council commitment to fund building improvement works at Filton Hill Primary School. The £1.2m project at the school formed part of South Gloucestershire Council’s overall package of future school improvements agreed back in 2012. Filton Hill’s continued inclusion in the programme was confirmed in 2013, but next week the council’s Children and Young People’s Committee will be asked to ditch the project because of other demands on the funds, despite the covering report acknowledging a “historic commitment”. Filton’s Labour councillors, Roger Hutchinson, Adam Monk and Ian Scott, have reacted with anger and concern to the move. In a statement they said: “This project has been in the pipeline for many years and our community thought that our funding fight for the improvement work at Filton Hill Primary School had been won when the long-term capital programme was approved. We know that the council’s money is tight, but that is no excuse for moving the goalposts and dumping the scheme now.” “The report makes clear that the priority capital programme has been stopped as part of the austerity measures introduced by central government, so local parents will see that the promise to Filton Hill is now on the line because of government policy and cuts.” “However, the council made a clear commitment to the school and should stick to it. We urge the Children and Young People’s Committee to demonstrate that the council plays fair by upholding the decision to proceed with the improvement work at Filton Hill Primary.” The decision on whether to retain or abandon the planned work at Filton Hill Primary School will be made at the Children and Young People’s Committee meeting in Kingswood on Wednesday 23rd July. Source: Press release from South Gloucestershire Labour More information and related links: Agenda for the meeting on 23rd July 2014 “Review of Priorities” report to be presented at the meeting [PDF] Schools in Filton (The Journal) Filton HillFilton Hill primary School Previous Post:Sign up to save lives at Bristol Donor Centre Next Post:Appeal for witnesses following armed robbery at Filton Post Office SH (Editor) says: Thursday 24th July 2014 at 8:14am Communication from Cllr Roger Hutchinson: Yesterday the Children and Young People committee of South Gloucestershire Council broke an 8-year-old promise of a £1.2m improvement to Filton Hill First School, which included work to ensure that the school had a much need new kitchen and would therefore be able to supply hot meals to its young pupils cooked on the premises. This decision was taken collectively by the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, while Filton’s three Labour councillors had made a strong submission to the committee on behalf of Filton Hill and the three Labour councillors on the committee voted in support of retaining the investment in the school. Speaking after the meeting, Cllr Roger Hutchinson said: “I was actually a member of the cabinet at South Gloucestershire when the original decision to invest in Filton Hill was taken and this had been reinforced by its recent inclusion in the long-term capital programme. Filton Hill is in the priority ward, Conygre, in the Filton priority neighbourhood and you would expect that the need for these facilities would be clear. I, together with my colleagues Cllrs Adam Monk and Ian Scott are angry and disappointed with this decision that money has been snatched away from Filton Hill Primary School after years of patiently waiting. Labour councillors voted to honour the commitment but the other parties outvoted us and now the Council is a promise breaker.” Monday 18th August 2014 at 2:16pm Sounds like all of them are promise breakers now<|endoftext|>In the Valley of Lost Souls by Diana van Eyk Tina and Jess sat at Tina's kitchen table folding pamphlets and listening to reggae music. They'd promised their kids they'd help out with the campaign to stop the pipelines. “Three hundred and fifty down and two hundred and fifty to go!” laughed Jess, as she completed another pile of ten folders. “I think when we get these done we'll have earned a little treat at the Phoenix, don't you?” “Yup,” Tina answered, continuing with her folding. “How did our kids manage to get us involved with their environmental activities?” asked Jess. “I've got to hand it to them both, they're pretty smooth.” “Yes, they sure are. I bet those persuasive abilities will come in handy when they're all grown up,” Tina laughed. “Could be worse,” said Jess. “Our kids are saving the world and we're helping them, all the while listening to music and looking forward to a visit to the Phoenix as a reward.” The phone rang and Tina picked it up. “Hey, Velvet. What's up?” asked Tina, recognizing her number on the call display. “Mom, you and Jess can stop folding!” Velvet shouted into the phone, excitedly. It was hard to hear her over the cheering and laughter in the background. “What? I thought you said this was really important to you,” said Tina. “It was, and I'm so grateful for your and Jess's help, but everything's changed, and we won't need those brochures anymore,” Velvet laughed, “You won't believe it!” “Believe what?” exclaimed Tina, her skin beginning to prickle. “Mom, turn on the radio, OK? It's all over the news,” said Velvet, in that self-assured voice teenagers sometimes use towards their parents, before hanging up. Follow the stories of Dagmar and Ross: middle aged, newly homeless, and with no apparent options. Invited into a house that appears from the outside to be abandoned, they learn the survival skills needed to live in a society that treats people as disposable. They discover how some have adapted to living in the margins. As they tune in to the voice of Anima Mundi, the soul of our planet, they weave a path through the fabric of their community, exploring themes of pipelines, despair, loss, and recovery. Join them as they discover the healing power of caring, restoring our planet,

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(HOSTNAME) dhcp.update_lease('net_id', '192.168.1.1', 120) plug.assert_has_calls( [mock.call().update_lease_expiration( 'net_id', '192.168.1.1', 120)]) self.assertTrue(log.called) self.assertTrue(dhcp.needs_resync) def _test_sync_state_helper(self, known_networks, active_networks): with mock.patch('quantum.agent.dhcp_agent.DhcpPluginApi') as plug: mock_plugin = mock.Mock() mock_plugin.get_active_networks.return_value = active_networks plug.return_value = mock_plugin dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) attrs_to_mock = dict( [(a, mock.DEFAULT) for a in ['refresh_dhcp_helper', 'disable_dhcp_helper', 'cache']]) with mock.patch.multiple(dhcp, **attrs_to_mock) as mocks: mocks['cache'].get_network_ids.return_value = known_networks dhcp.sync_state() exp_refresh = [ mock.call(net_id) for net_id in active_networks] diff = set(known_networks) - set(active_networks) exp_disable = [mock.call(net_id) for net_id in diff] mocks['cache'].assert_has_calls([mock.call.get_network_ids()]) mocks['refresh_dhcp_helper'].assert_has_called(exp_refresh) mocks['disable_dhcp_helper'].assert_has_called(exp_disable) def test_sync_state_initial(self): self._test_sync_state_helper([], ['a']) def test_sync_state_same(self): self._test_sync_state_helper(['a'], ['a']) def test_sync_state_disabled_net(self): self._test_sync_state_helper(['b'], ['a']) def test_sync_state_plugin_error(self): with mock.patch('quantum.agent.dhcp_agent.DhcpPluginApi') as plug: mock_plugin = mock.Mock() mock_plugin.get_active_networks.side_effect = Exception plug.return_value = mock_plugin with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.LOG, 'exception') as log: dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) dhcp.sync_state() self.assertTrue(log.called) self.assertTrue(dhcp.needs_resync) def test_periodic_resync(self): dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.eventlet,'spawn') as spawn: dhcp.periodic_resync() spawn.assert_called_once_with(dhcp._periodic_resync_helper) def test_periodoc_resync_helper(self): with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.eventlet,'sleep') as sleep: dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) dhcp.needs_resync = True with mock.patch.object(dhcp,'sync_state') as sync_state: sync_state.side_effect = RuntimeError with testtools.ExpectedException(RuntimeError): dhcp._periodic_resync_helper() sync_state.assert_called_once_with() sleep.assert_called_once_with(dhcp.conf.resync_interval) self.assertFalse(dhcp.needs_resync) def test_populate_cache_on_start_without_active_networks_support(self): # emul dhcp driver that doesn't support retrieving of active networks self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.side_effect = NotImplementedError with mock.patch.object(dhcp_agent.LOG, 'debug') as log: dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.assert_called_once_with( dhcp.conf, cfg.CONF.root_helper ) self.assertFalse(dhcp.cache.get_network_ids()) self.assertTrue(log.called) def test_populate_cache_on_start(self): networks = ['aaa', 'bbb'] self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.return_value = networks dhcp = dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent(HOSTNAME) self.driver.existing_dhcp_networks.assert_called_once_with( dhcp.conf, cfg.CONF.root_helper ) self.assertEquals(set(networks), set(dhcp.cache.get_network_ids())) class TestLogArgs(base.BaseTestCase): def test_log_args_without_log_dir_and_file(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': False, 'log_dir': None, 'log_file': None} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) def test_log_args_without_log_file(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': True, 'log_dir': '/etc/tests', 'log_file': None} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug', '--verbose', '--log-file=log_file_name', '--log-dir=/etc/tests'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) def test_log_args_with_log_dir_and_file(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': False, 'log_dir': '/etc/tests', 'log_file': 'tests/filelog'} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug', '--log-file=log_file_name', '--log-dir=/etc/tests/tests'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) def test_log_args_without_log_dir(self): conf_dict = {'debug': True, 'verbose': False, 'log_file': 'tests/filelog', 'log_dir': None} conf = dhcp_agent.DictModel(conf_dict) expected_args = ['--debug', '--log-file=log_file_name', '--log-dir=tests'] args = config.get_log_args(conf, 'log_file_name') self.assertEqual(expected_args, args) class TestDhcpAgentEventHandler(base.BaseTestCase): def setUp(self): super(TestDhcpAgentEventHandler, self).setUp() cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp_agent.DeviceManager.OPTS) cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp_agent.DhcpLeaseRelay.OPTS) cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp.OPTS) cfg.CONF.set_override('interface_driver', 'quantum.agent.linux.interface.NullDriver') config.register_root_helper(cfg.CONF) cfg.CONF.register_opts(dhcp_agent.DhcpAgent.OPTS) self.plugin_p = mock.patch('quantum.agent.dhcp_agent.DhcpPluginApi') plugin_cls = self.plugin_p.start() self.plugin = mock.Mock() plugin_cls.return

redpajama

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US military officials say some members of the Republican Guard had evidently obeyed the leaflets the US air-dropped during the war in specially adapted "Rockeye bombs" normally designed to release cluster bombs. The leaflets told Iraqis how to position their weapons to tell the Americans they didn't want to fight. Other Republican Guards gave up once they saw that the Americans had already taken control of Baghdad and that people were celebrating their arrival. The swift fall of Baghdad shocked the Arab world. As I left Iraq on April 15, traveling back to the United States through Jordan, people I met seemed both disappointed and embarrassed that Baghdad—a fellow Arab and Islamic capital—had fallen to the Americans without a fight. When I traveled back to Baghdad ten weeks later, I found the same Jordanians celebrating the daily attacks against American soldiers in post-war Iraq. It was their way of saying, "See, I told you it would be difficult." # CHAPTER EIGHT I GRINNED TO MYSELF on July 2 when I saw US troops manning the checkpoint along the border between Jordan and Iraq where only five months earlier I'd spent so many nervous hours hiding reporting equipment, passing out bribes like lollipops and giving free rides to Iraqi intelligence officers so they'd look the other way at my illegal satellite phone and flak jacket. The GIs, including one very young-looking man who said he was from Florida and had chewing tobacco stuffed into his bulging lower lip, were dressed in camouflage vests and helmets. They were smiling and very affable. "Hey, he's American!" the soldier with dip in his lip yelled to his comrades at the gate, waving me through without inspecting my GMC Suburban. The troops couldn't have been more different from the sinister Iraqi crooks who had worked there before, many of whom—much to my surprise—still had jobs at the checkpoint. My driver leered at one of the former customs/intelligence officials who was acting as a translator/facilitator, according to the handwritten laminated badge pinned to his shirt. "I know that guy," my driver grumbled under his breath. "If the American soldiers weren't here, I'd kill him." My driver said that for years the customs official had extorted money from him, confiscating (read: stealing) music tapes from his car and demanding that he bring him pornographic CD-ROMs from Baghdad. My driver's rage was a harbinger of what I would soon find in Baghdad, where three decades of bitter scores were being settled one by one. It was also disturbing to see that the Americans were so dependent on Iraqis with shady pasts, although that was almost inevitable, because nearly anyone who had even a little authority under Saddam had created enemies. The alternative would have been for the Americans to have found new employees with no experience for nearly every job, which would have been a logistical nightmare. I'd never seen the border as crowded as it was on that hot, dusty day. There were hundreds of cars, trucks and trailers jockeying for position in the morning sun. The temperature was already pushing a hundred degrees at ten o'clock. Many of the vehicles trying to cram through the funnel of traffic at the border were window-sticker new, heading into Iraq for sale. It was encouraging because I took the traffic as a sign that the Iraqi economy—strangled by decades of international sanctions, neglect, corruption and mismanagement—was starting to flourish. I saw that small rusty oil tankers, which had formerly driven into Jordan every day full of cheap Iraqi fuel, were still actively engaged in the cross-border trade. From the border, it seemed like business in Iraq was booming. At the checkpoint, I also met an Iraqi American from the Midwest who was traveling to Baghdad for the first time, in search of his family. He didn't know how many people were alive or what had happened to them. All he had were a few names and an address in a town near Karbala where he thought his extended family lived. He also made me optimistic about Iraq's future, and I was genuinely excited to see what had happened in Iraq. I was upbeat despite what I'd heard about the growing frustration Iraqis were feeling toward the Americans and the increasing number of attacks against US forces. I figured it was just part of Iraq's growing pains. I still do. Little had visibly changed along the desert road between Jordan and Baghdad since I'd left just after the main battles ended. The burned-out carcasses of Iraqi armored vehicles, along with scores of charred and bullet-ridden civilian cars and buses, were still scattered along the highway like roadkill. When I pulled into Baghdad, however, it was obvious that much had changed in the ten weeks I'd been away. I saw TV satellite dishes, long forbidden by the Iraqi government, for sale on practically every major commercial street. Iraqis could now watch al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya (a new Arabic news channel that's even more controversial and politically charged than al-Jazeera) for the first time, in addition to pornographic movies from Eastern Europe. In Baghdad, stores sold Thuraya telephones, handheld satellite phones with GSM and GPS functions, which had once been the emblem of all that was verboten by the former government. Six people accused of spying were executed at the Abu Greib prison two days before the first bombs fell on Baghdad primarily because they'd been caught with Thuraya phones, according to a former prison guard. Iraq had been especially sensitive about the Thuraya because its calls are difficult to trace and because the phone's GPS locator makes it a useful targeting device. Driving into a chaotic Baghdad intersection, I also saw an old man hawking about a dozen newspapers pinned under his arm. He was desperately trying to make change before his customer sped away. I eagerly bought all the papers he had. They were all new and had optimistic, forward-looking titles like _The Dawn of Baghdad, The Renaissance_ and _The New Iraq._ Over the next few days, I discovered that nearly every Iraqi with the slightest bit of political ambition seemed to have opened a newspaper after Saddam's fall, including Mohammed al-Hamdani, whom I first met at one of the three pastry shops he owned, famous for its little barrel-shaped filo-dough sweets filled with cheese and smothered in honey. They're called women's upper arms because of their chunky, tube-like shape, much like al-Hamdani himself. Al-Hamdani's day job was still managing his pastry shops, but after hours he went to the office where he'd set up new computers and a dozen reporters. Al-Hamdani called his newspaper _Those Who Have Been Freed._ Like most of the new Iraqi newspapers, _Those Who Have Been Freed_ was tabloid size, opinionated and highly critical of everyone and everything. Most of the articles and editorials in the eight-page newspaper reflected a blend of fiery Iraqi nationalism, grassroots socialism and Islamic fundamentalism. This cocktail of political thinking seemed to be emerging as the most popular political outlook in post-war Iraq. If there had been a newspaper or political party called something like The Islamic Union of Conspiratorial Disgruntled Patriotic Iraqis, I think it would have been right on the money. Like most newspapers, _Those Who Have Been Freed_ denounced the American occupation authority and, even more vociferously, its competitors, the other new newspapers in Baghdad. The spite the new newspapers expressed for one another was venomous and they routinely accused one another of stealing stories, having links to the Baath party or simply of theft. Only a few months earlier, it would have been impossible for al-Hamdani—a proud man in his forties with an easy smile and a squat build—to have opened a newspaper. There had only been a handful of state-run newspapers under Saddam and all of their chief editors had been closely scrutinized by the Iraqi intelligence agencies. Now, there were several hundred completely unregulated newspapers. Al-Hamdani said it was impossible to know exactly how many newspapers there were because twenty were born each week while another ten closed. He told me that Iraq was going through what he called its _infitah_ or "opening"—Iraq's version of Glasnost, which opened the Soviet Union two decades earlier. I went with al-Hamdani to the press where each week he printed three thousand copies of his newspaper on a gorgeous, loud, foul-smelling, diesel-powered German machine—perfectly maintained since the 1970s—that printed single sheets at a time. Al-Hamdani had a pistol tucked in his belt, worried that hit men hired by the rival newspapers he slammed would try to kill him. Iraq certainly now had freedom of expression, but it was tainted with chaos. It's been said that freedom of expression does not include the freedom to yell "Fire!" in a crowded theater; Iraq now had _that_ kind of freedom of expression. Some of the newspapers were blatantly irresponsible, and there was even one that specialized in selling stolen property. I understood why the US administration in Iraq—at this stage led by Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III—closed down several newspapers after they'd printed what amounted to death threats against US and Iraqi officials. Iraqis had never had a free press before and had a lot of pent-up anger they wanted to release. The result was an explosion of printed words. The new freedom also meant Iraqis could learn about the abuses and excesses of their former government for the first time. There was a mob huddled around a television set outside a store selling

redpajama

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{at={(0.6,0.02)}, anchor=south, draw=none, font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont, cells={align=left} }, ] \addplot[ color = green, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = brown, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-b65-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = violet, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = blue, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-b65-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = cyan, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \addplot[ color = red, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}/1000000, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-b65-1m-bytespersec.csv}; \legend{ acks=0;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=0;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=65.54\,kB } \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \caption{Incoming MB/second - one-minute rate, configured 1,000K\,MPS} \label{fig:distrDataSize1m} \end{figure} Figure~\ref{fig:distrDataSize1m} shows the incoming data rate in MB/second, which is provided by Apache Kafka as the metric \textit{BytesInPerSec}. The chart fits the corresponding ingestion rates shown in Figure~\ref{fig:1mioack0}. The highest peaks are at about 90\,MB/second. The measured maximum network bandwidth between the Apache Kafka brokers is about 117.5\,MB/second, see Table~\ref{tab:system}. Therefore, if further network traffic is created, that is not captured by the \textit{BytesInPerSec} metric, the bandwidth of the employed commodity network could be a limiting factor in peak situations if data is sent from a remote host. As we executed the data sender on the node storing the corresponding topic partition, there was intra-node transfer and we used the loopback interface with its higher bandwidth of about 908\,MB/second, which is not a bottleneck. The determined write performance of about 70\,MB/second described in Table~\ref{tab:system} is even closer to the observed limits in Figure~\ref{fig:distrDataSize1m}. Depending on how optimized Apache Kafka writes to disk, the achievable performance might be higher. Nevertheless, the observations lead to the conclusion that the ingestion rate is likely to be disk-bound in the viewed benchmark setting. Figure~\ref{fig:sysload} shows the short-term system load of the broker containing the topic partition, which is the server where the data sender is executed. The system load gives an overview over the CPU and I/O utilization of a server, i.e., also reflecting performance limits regarding disk writes. It is defined as the number of processes demanding CPU time, specifically processes that are ready to run or waiting for disk I/O. Figure~\ref{fig:sysload} shows one-minute-averages of this KPI. As we are using servers with an eight-core CPU each, it is desirable that no node exceeds a system load of eight to do not over-utilize a machine. \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[ xlabel=Passed Time in Seconds, ylabel=Short-term System Load, y label style={at={(axis description cs:0.04,.5)}, font=\fontsize{7}{7}\selectfont}, axis y line*=left, axis x line*=bottom, axis lines = left, xmin=0, ymin=0, ymax=15.2, grid=both, grid style={line width=.1pt, draw=gray!25}, minor tick num=4, width=0.95\columnwidth, legend pos=south east, height=17em, x tick label style={font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont}, y tick label style={font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont}, x label style={font=\fontsize{8}{8}\selectfont}, legend columns=2, legend style= {at={(0.7,0.41)}, anchor=south, draw=none, font=\fontsize{6}{6}\selectfont, cells={align=left} }, ] \addplot[ color = green, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = brown, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack0-b65-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = violet, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = blue, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ack1-65b-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = cyan, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \addplot[ color = red, mark=x, mark size=1pt ] table [ y expr=\thisrow{Value}, x=Time, col sep=tab ] {perf_analysis/df-ackall-65b-1m-loadshortterm.csv}; \legend{ acks=0;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=0;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=1;\\batch=65.54\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=16.38\,kB, acks=all;\\batch=65.54\,kB } \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \caption{Short-term system load of the Apache Kafka broker containing the topic partition - one-minute rate, configured 1,000K\,MPS} \label{fig:sysload} \end{figure} Figure~\ref{fig:sysload} reveals that in all settings which led to a steady input rate, the broker node has a system load lower than eight and thus, seems to be not over-utilized from a system load perspective. The two remaining scenarios show the highest system loads with a value close to 15, which indicates an over-utilization that could limit the achievable ingestion rate. Interestingly, the system load is not proportional to the corresponding ingestion rates. At the

redpajama

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./output > NUL The slowest of five runs: real 0m1.116s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.109s which is still faster (1.116 seconds) than the fastest of C# runs (17.175 seconds). Some of the time for both versions is taken by loading / dynamic linking, initialisation etc.. I modified the C++ version to loop 10x more, and it still only took 9.327 seconds - about half the time C# needed for a tenth of the workload. (You could further tune the C++ version by setting a larger output buffer, but that's not normally needed). A: Your code is inefficient because: * *The C++ stream object is in sync with C's stdio by default which makes it slow. *You're using endl which is further making it slow. Fixing both these issues, you've this code: int main() { std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false); usigned long i = 0; while (i < 100000000000) { cout << i << '\n'; //use \n, not endl i++; } return 0; } Compile this as (must use optimization flag whatever compiler you're using): $ g++ main.cpp -O3 -o run.test $ time./run.test For explanation of both sync_with_stdio(false) and endl, read my answer here: * *Python faster than C++? How does this happen? Hope that helps. A: Tony D makes an excellent point about buffering in the comments. Add this to your C# code and time it again: static void main() { ulong i = 0; while (i < 100000000000) { Console.WriteLine(i); Console.Out.Flush(); i++; } } A: If you replace cout << i << endl; with printf("%d\n", i); the result will be close to.net WriteLine. In general, just a fact you are writing on C++ or C does not automatically mean that your code will be faster. Fast code is not only the language syntax. It also requires some of knowledge of underlying things like hardware and OS internals. I mean properly used C++ gives much better results, at least on not trivial tasks. <|endoftext|>Q: Custom Minecraft 1.8 spawners I am working on a minecraft 1.8 server and am trying to make a mob spawner that spawns items. This example:How can I make a spawner that summons Items? works on new versions of minecraft but not on 1.8. It seems that any mob spawners placed down by command blocks don't work. The following command: /setblock ~ ~1 ~ mob_spawner 0 replace {SpawnData:{id:zombie},Delay:299} Creates an empty mob spawner that does not spawn anything. I am using minecraft forge with worldedit but no other mods. How can I fix this? A: The below code is generated from mcstacker 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10 version. The following code should place a zombie spawner. /setblock ~ ~1 ~ minecraft:mob_spawner 0 replace {EntityId:Zombie,Delay:299} The next command should place a spawner that spawns diamonds. /setblock ~ ~1 ~ minecraft:mob_spawner 0 replace {EntityId:Item,SpawnData:{Item:{id:diamond,Count:1}},Delay:299} Try that. The command isn't tested, but mcstacker usually works for me. It may not for you because you are on a server. You can change it with mcstacker. I hope this helps. A: I don't believe that you can get custom mob spawners in Java Edition and that the only spawners you can get are Pig Spawners. They way you can obtain pig spawners is using the /give command. Example: /give @p 52 1 <|endoftext|>WHEN YOU FIND A FLORIST YOU LOVE. HOW DO YOU GREET PEOPLE AS AN EXPAT LIVING ABROAD? So last weekend in Australia, was fathers day, and we usually are not blessed with the opportunity of being all under one roof on this particular day, but instead spread across the globe (well at least the past few years anyway). So fathers day is extra special to our family, with breakfast in bed and then off to the football to watch my son play in his grand final. Wait! Let me start from the beginning!!! Our special weekend started early with a grand final win for my daughter on Saturday!<|endoftext|>There’s a fun article in the Winter 2007 AI Magazine about “Machine Ethics“. The basic argument is that as machines get more and more in control (e.g., planned army robots that would fire weapons), it is more and more important (to humans) that they behave in an ethical manner. 1) So it could explain why a particular action is right or wrong by appealing to an ethical principle. 3) So it could adjust to new situations, evolving the appropriate ethics. (1) is a red herring: explanation systems often appeal to principles they don’t understand in any sort of principled way. For instance, in our work on explanations for recommender systems some of the most effective (for humans) explanations were only loosely connected to the operation of the recommender. (2) is in contradiction with an argument the authors make later in the paper. They argue that even though computers won’t be conscious in the near term, they should be accepted as ethical agents if they act ethically. Agreed! So, then, all we need is that they act ethically. (3) is intriguing. On the one hand, it would be remarkable if an AI agent could evolve new ethical patterns for situations it has never seen, based on core ethical principles.On the other hand, the results of that evolution might be very surprising. For instance, if a military robot were to decide, based on ethical principles, that it ought to prevent an attack on Iran that a general wishes to carry out, how would that be perceived, by the military, by the loyal opposition, by the anti-war effort? What if the robot assassinates the general to prevent the war? Overall, given our track record in predicting the performance of complicated software systems, I have some doubts about this approach. I liked a later quote in the article, which says that ethical relativists cannot say that anything is absolutely good, even tolerance.<|endoftext|>Submitted by Alexandra (not verified) on 27 December, 2007 - 18:38. keep on trucking! Happy New Year! if you need people in Northern Quebec, that I have plenty of... otherwise contact Maja Kuzmanovic [email protected] for contacts of people doing projects in the Antartica. Submitted by molliec (not verified) on 26 December, 2007 - 19:16.<|endoftext|>Man is a rock band from Wales. Formed in November 1968 as a reincarnation of the Welsh vocal group the Bystanders, Man is renowned for the extended jams during their live performances. The Bystanders Man evolved out of the Bystanders, a successful close harmony pop group from Merthyr Tydfil who played in numerous club residencies in Wales, often playing at several clubs a night. The Bystanders issued eight singles, including "98.6" (No. 45 in UK Singles Chart in February 1967) which was played in the 2009 film The Boat That Rocked (although Keith's version was the bigger hit, reaching No. 24 in the UK) and "When Jesamine Goes", written by their manager Ronnie Scott and Marty Wilde under the pseudonyms of Frere Manston and Jack Gellar, which was later covered by the Casuals as "Jesamine" and got to No. 2 on the UK chart. They also recorded sessions of cover versions for the BBC as rules restricting needle time required "live" performances between the records during the 1960s; becoming regulars on the Jimmy Young Show, the David Symonds Show and others. When formed in 1962, the Bystanders included Owen Money, then known as Gerry Braden, but he was replaced by Vic Oakley, giving the classic line-up of Vic Oakley (vocals), Micky Jones (guitar), Clive John aka Clint Space (keyboards), Ray Williams (bass guitar) and Jeff Jones (drums). By 1968, the other members wanted to change musical direction to a more psychedelic/American west-coast guitar sound, so Oakley left, to be replaced by Deke Leonard, and the band changed its name to Man. Pye years Man was initially signed to Pye Records, for which it recorded its first two albums with John Schroeder producing Revelation (January 1969) noted for the simulated orgasm on "Erotica", which received a UK ban, and 2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle (September 1969). While mixing the second album, Leonard left and was replaced by Martin Ace from Leonard's previous band

redpajama

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ook and later by William Coe of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from 1957 to 1969. The Tikal Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site. In 1979, the Guatemalan government began a further archeological project at Tikal, which continued through to 1984. Filmmaker George Lucas used Tikal as a filming location for the first Star Wars film, Episode IV : A New Hope, released in 1977. Temple I at Tikal was featured on the reverse of the 50 centavo banknote. Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park. A site museum has been built at Tikal ; it was completed in 1964. = = Site description = = Tikal has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the government of Guatemala. It was one of the largest of the Classic period Maya cities and was one of the largest cities in the Americas. The architecture of the ancient city is built from limestone and includes the remains of temples that tower over 70 metres ( 230 ft ) high, large royal palaces, in addition to a number of smaller pyramids, palaces, residences, administrative buildings, platforms and inscribed stone monuments. There is even a building which seemed to have been a jail, originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors. There are also seven courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, including a set of 3 in the Seven Temples Plaza, a unique feature in Mesoamerica. The limestone used for construction was local and quarried on @-@ site. The depressions formed by the extraction of stone for building were plastered to waterproof them and were used as reservoirs, together with some waterproofed natural depressions. The main plazas were surfaced with stucco and laid at a gradient that channelled rainfall into a system of canals that fed the reservoirs. The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ), much of which has not yet been cleared, mapped, or excavated. A huge set of earthworks discovered by Dennis E. Puleston and Donald Callender in the 1960s rings Tikal with a 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) wide trench behind a rampart. The 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) area around the site core has been intensively mapped ; it may have enclosed an area of some 125 square kilometres ( 48 sq mi ) ( see below ). Population estimates place the demographic size of the site between 10 @,@ 000 and 90 @,@ 000, and possibly 425 @,@ 000 in the surrounding area. Recently, a project exploring the defensive earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is inconsequential as a defensive feature. In addition, some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system. The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought. = = = Causeways = = = By the Late Classic, a network of sacbeob ( causeways ) linked various parts of the city, running for several kilometres through its urban core. These linked the Great Plaza with Temple 4 ( located about 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) to the west ) and the Temple of the Inscriptions ( about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the southeast ). These broad causeways were built of packed and plastered limestone and have been named after early explorers and archaeologists ; the Maler, Maudslay, Tozzer and Méndez causeways. They assisted the passage everyday traffic during the rain season and also served as dams. The Maler Causeway runs north from behind Temple I to Group H. A large bas @-@ relief is carved onto limestone bedrock upon the course of the causeway just south of Group H. It depicts two bound captives and dates to the Late Classic. The Maudsley Causeway runs 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) northeast from Temple IV to Group H. The Mendez Causeway runs southeast from the East Plaza to Temple VI, a distance of about 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ). The Tozzer Causeway runs west from the Great Plaza to Temple IV. = = = Architectural groups = = = The Great Plaza lies at the core of the site ; it is flanked on the east and west sides by two great temple @-@ pyramids. On the north side it is bordered by the North Acropolis and on the south by the Central Acropolis. The Central Acropolis is a palace complex just south of the Great Plaza. The North Acropolis, together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south, is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area ; the Tikal Project excavated a massive trench across the complex, thoroughly investigating its construction history. It is a complex group with construction beginning in the Preclassic Period, around 350 BC. It developed into a funerary complex for the ruling dynasty of the Classic Period, with each additional royal burial adding new temples on top of the older structures. After AD 400 a row of tall pyramids was added to the earlier Northern Platform, which measured 100 by 80 metres ( 330 by 260 ft ), gradually hiding it from view. Eight temple pyramids were built in the 6th century AD, each of them had an elaborate roofcomb and a stairway flanked by masks of the gods. By the 9th century AD, 43 stelae and 30 altars had been erected in the North Acropolis ; 18 of these monuments were carved with hieroglyphic texts and royal portraits. The North Acropolis continued to receive burials into the Postclassic Period. The South Acropolis is found next to Temple V. It was built upon a large basal platform that covers an area of more than 20 @,@ 000 square metres ( 220 @,@ 000 sq ft ). The Plaza of the Seven Temples is to the west of the South Acropolis. It is bordered on the east side by a row of nearly identical temples, by palaces on the south and west sides and by an unusual triple ballcourt on the north side. The Mundo Perdido is to the west of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It is the largest ceremonial complex dating from the Preclassic period at Tikal. The complex was organized as a large E @-@ Group consisting of a pyramid aligned with a platform to the east that supported three temples. The Mundo Perdido complex was rebuilt many times over the course of its history. By AD 250 – 300 its architectural style was influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico, including the use of the talud @-@ tablero form. During the Early Classic period ( c. 250 – 600 ) the Mundo Perdido became one of the twin foci of the city, the other being the North Acropolis. From AD 250 to 378 it may have served as the royal necropolis. The Mundo Perdido complex was given its name by the archaeologists of the University of Pennsylvania ; it is centered upon the Lost World Pyramid and a small platform to the west of it. Group G lies just south of the Mendez Causeway. The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace @-@ type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at Tikal. It has two stories but most of the rooms are on the lower floor, a total of 29 vaulted chambers. The remains of two further chambers belong to the upper storey. One of the entrances to the group was framed by a gigantic mask. Group H is centered on a large plaza to the north of the Great Plaza. It is bordered by temples dating to the Late Classic. There are nine Twin @-@ Pyramid Complexes at Tikal, one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed. They vary in size but consist of two pyramids facing each other on an east – west axis. These pyramids are flat @-@ topped and have stairways on all four sides. A row of plain stelae is placed immediately to the west of the eastern pyramid and to the north of the pyramids, and lying roughly equidistant from them, there is usually a sculpted stela and altar pair. On the south side of these complexes there is a long vaulted building containing a single room with nine doorways. The entire complex was built at once and these complexes were built at 20 @-@ year ( or k 'atun ) intervals during the Late Classic. The first twin pyramid complex was built in the early 6th century in the East Plaza. It was once thought that these complexes were unique to Tikal but rare examples have now been found at other sites, such as Yaxha and Ixlu, and they may reflect the extent of Tikal's political dominance in the Late Classic. Group Q is a twin @-@ pyramid complex, and is one of the largest at Tikal. It was built by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in 771 in order to mark the end of the 17th K 'atun. Most of it has been restored and its monuments have been re @-@ erected. Group R is another twin @-@ pyramid complex, dated to 790. It is close to the Maler Causeway. = = = Structures = = = There are thousands of ancient structures at Tikal and only a fraction of these

wikitext_103

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= Horrible Bosses = Horrible Bosses is a 2011 American black comedy film directed by Seth Gordon, written by Michael Markowitz, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein, based on a story by Markowitz. It stars Jason Bateman, Charlie Day, Jason Sudeikis, Jennifer Aniston, Colin Farrell, Kevin Spacey, and Jamie Foxx. The plot follows three friends, played by Bateman, Day, and Sudeikis, who decide to murder their respective overbearing, abusive bosses, portrayed by Spacey, Aniston and Farrell. Markowitz's script was bought by New Line Cinema in 2005 and the film spent six years in various states of pre @-@ production, with a variety of actors attached to different roles. By 2010, Goldstein and Daley had rewritten the script, and the film finally went into production. The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30, 2011, and received a wide release on July 8, 2011. The film exceeded financial expectations, accruing over $ 28 million in the first three days, making it the number two film in the United States during its opening weekend, and going on to become the highest @-@ grossing black comedy film of all time in unadjusted dollars, breaking the record previously set by The War of the Roses in 1990. The film grossed over $ 209 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The film opened to positive critical reception, with several critics praising the ensemble cast, with each lead being singled out for their performances across reviews. The plot received a more mixed response ; some reviewers felt that its dark, humorous premise was explored well, while others felt the jokes were racist, homophobic, and misogynistic. A sequel, Horrible Bosses 2, was released on November 26, 2014. = = Plot = = Nick Hendricks ( Bateman ) and Dale Arbus ( Day ) are friends who despise their bosses. Nick works at a financial firm for the sadistic David Harken ( Spacey ), who implies the possibility of a promotion for Nick for months, only to award it to himself. Dale is a dental assistant being sexually harassed by his boss, Dr. Julia Harris ( Aniston ) ; she threatens to tell his fiancee Stacy ( Lindsay Sloane ) that he had sex with her unless he actually has sex with her. Nick and Dale's accountant friend Kurt Buckman ( Sudeikis ) enjoys working for Jack Pellitt ( Donald Sutherland ) at a chemical company, but after Jack unexpectedly dies of a heart attack, the company is taken over by Jack's cocaine @-@ addicted son Bobby ( Farrell ), whose apathy and incompetence threaten the future of the company. At night, over drinks, Kurt jokingly suggests that their lives would be happier if their bosses were no longer around. Initially hesitant, they eventually agree to kill their employers. In search of a hitman, the trio meet Dean " Motherfuckah " Jones ( Foxx ), an ex @-@ con who agrees to be their " murder consultant ". Jones suggests that Dale, Kurt and Nick kill each other's bosses to hide their motive while making the deaths look like accidents. The three reconnoiter Bobby's house, and Kurt steals Bobby's phone. They next go to Harken's house, where Kurt and Nick go inside while Dale waits in the car. Harken returns home and confronts Dale for littering, but then has an allergy attack from the peanut butter on the litter. Dale saves Harken by stabbing him with an EpiPen. Nick and Kurt think Dale is stabbing Harken to death and flee, with Kurt accidentally dropping Bobby's phone in Harken's bedroom. The next night, Kurt watches Julia's home, but she seduces and has sex with him. Nick and Dale reluctantly wait outside Bobby's and Harken's houses, respectively, to commit the murders, despite neither of them wanting to. Harken discovers Bobby's cellphone in his bedroom and uses it to find his address, suspecting his wife Rhonda ( Julie Bowen ) is having an affair. He drives over and kills Bobby, with Nick as a secret witness. Nick flees at high speed, setting off a traffic camera. The trio meet to discuss their reservations about continuing with their plan. They are arrested by the police, who believe the camera footage makes them suspects in Bobby's murder. Lacking evidence, the police are forced to let the trio go free. The trio consult with Jones again, but learn that he never actually killed anyone, having been imprisoned for bootlegging the film Snow Falling on Cedars. Jones suggests that they get Harken to confess and secretly tape it. The three accidentally crash Harken's surprise birthday party, where Nick and Dale get Harken to confess to the murder before realizing that Kurt, who has the audio recorder, is elsewhere having sex with Rhonda. Harken threatens to kill all three for attempting to blackmail him. They flee by car, but Harken gives chase and repeatedly rams their vehicle. Believing they have committed a crime, the car's navigation @-@ system operator remotely disables Kurt's car, allowing Harken to catch and hold them at gunpoint. Harken shoots himself in the leg as he boasts about his plan to frame them for murdering Bobby and attempting to kill him to get rid of the witness. The police arrest Nick, Dale and Kurt, but the navigation @-@ system operator, Gregory, reveals that it is his companies policy to record all conversations for quality assurance. Gregory plays the tape that has Harken confessing he murdered Pellitt. Harken is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison, while the friends get their charges waived. Nick is promoted to president of the company under a sadistic CEO, Kurt retains his job under a new boss, and Dale blackmails Julia into ending her harassment by convincing her to sexually harass a supposedly unconscious patient, while Jones secretly records the act. = = Cast = = Jason Bateman as Nick Hendricks An executive at a financial firm who is manipulated into jumping through hoops in order to get a promotion that his boss never intended to give him. Markowitz wrote the role specifically for Bateman. Charlie Day as Dale Arbus A dental assistant who is sexually harassed by his boss. Described as a " hopeless romantic " in love with his fiancée. Ashton Kutcher was in talks for the role at two different points in the lengthy production. Day was considered for the role following his co @-@ starring performance with Sudeikis in the 2010 film Going the Distance — Reuters reported that industry insiders believed his performance overshadowed the main stars. Jason Sudeikis as Kurt Buckman An account manager at a chemical company dealing with a new, drug @-@ addicted boss after his beloved former boss dies. Sudeikis was cast in May 2010. Jennifer Aniston as Dr. Julia Harris, D.D.S. Markowitz based the character on a former boss, claiming she was " very sexually aggressive with everybody ". When writing the script, Markowitz intended for the role to go to Aniston. He stated, " but [ the aforementioned boss ] looked more like Cruella de Vil. It was like flirting with a cobweb. So I decided for the sake of the movie, let ’ s go with Jennifer Aniston. ” The actress insisted on wearing a brown wig for the role, wanting to look different from other characters she had played. Colin Farrell as Bobby Pellitt Described as a " weaselly scion " and a " corrupt and incompetent jerk who's in charge of things but clearly has no idea what he's doing. " Farrell explained the motivation he gave to the character, stating " This guy thinks he's God's gift to women, God's gift to intellect, to humor, to the club scene, to everything. It's all part of his grandiose sense of self @-@ esteem, which is probably masking a deeper sense of being a disappointment to his father and being riddled with envy over the relationship his father had with Kurt, and all kinds of other things. With Pellit, Seth gave me complete license to act as pathologically screwed up as possible. " Farrell contributed significantly to the appearance of his character, suggesting the comb over hairstyle, pot @-@ belly and an affinity for Chinese dragons. Kevin Spacey as David Harken President of Comnidyne Industries. Tom Cruise, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Jeff Bridges had been approached by New Line Cinema to take the role, described as a psychopathic master manipulator with an attractive wife. Spacey signed up for the role in June 2010. The part was considered " integral " to the film. Gordon commented that the character was an amalgamation of several real bosses ( rather than one single person ) to avoid being sued. Jamie Foxx as Dean " Motherfuckah " Jones The character had the more " colorful " name " Cocksucker Jones ", but it was changed at Foxx's request, with producer Jay Stern commenting that Foxx felt it " was over the line ". The current name was said to be subject to further change, prior to the release of the film. Foxx contributed to his character's appearance, suggesting full @-@ scalp tattoos and a retro clothing style. Foxx described the appearance as " a guy who maybe went to jail for a minute and now he's living in his own time

wikitext_103

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= First Mongol invasion of Burma = The first Mongol invasions of Burma ( Myanmar ) ( Burmese : မွန ် ဂို – မြန ် မာ စစ ် ( ၁၂၇၇ – ၁၂၈၇ ) ) were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287. The invasions toppled the 250 @-@ year @-@ old Pagan Empire, and the Mongol army seized Pagan territories in present @-@ day Dehong, Yunnan and northern Burma to Tagaung. The invasions ushered in 250 years of political fragmentation in Burma and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia. The Mongols first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271 – 72, as part of their drive to encircle the Song dynasty of China. When King Narathihapate refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273, again demanding tribute. It too was rejected. In 1275, the emperor ordered the Yunnan government to secure the borderlands in order to block an escape path for the Song, and permitted a limited border war if Pagan contested. Pagan did contest but its army was driven back at the frontier by the Mongol Army in 1277 – 78. After a brief lull, Kublai Khan in 1281 turned his attention to Southeast Asia, demanding tribute from Pagan, the Khmer Empire, Đại Việt and Champa. When the Burmese king again refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma. Two dry season campaigns ( 1283 – 85 ) later, the Mongols had occupied down to Tagaung and Hanlin, forcing the Burmese king to flee to Lower Burma. The Mongols organized northern Burma as the province of Zhengmian. Ceasefire negotiations began in 1285, and ended with Narathihapate finally agreeing to submit in June 1286. The Burmese embassy, received by the emperor in Beijing in January 1287, agreed to a treaty that acknowledged the suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty or the Mongol Empire over the Pagan Empire and annual payments in taxes to the Yunnan government in exchange for the evacuation of Mongol troops from northern Burma. But the treaty never really took effect as Narathihapate was assassinated in July 1287, and no authority who could honor the treaty emerged. The Mongol command at Yunnan now deemed the imperial order to withdraw void, and ordered an invasion of central Burma. They may not have reached Pagan, and even if they did, after having suffered heavy casualties, they returned to Tagaung. The Pagan Empire disintegrated and anarchy ensued. The Mongols, who probably preferred the situation, did nothing to restore order in the next ten years. In March 1297, they accepted the voluntary submission of King Kyawswa of Pagan although he controlled little beyond the capital city of Pagan ( Bagan ). But Kyawswa was overthrown nine months later, and the Mongols were forced to intervene, leading to their second invasion in 1300 – 01. Marco Polo reported the first invasions ( 1277 – 87 ) in his travelogue, Il Milione. The Burmese referred to the invaders as the Taruk ( after the central Asian Turkic troops that largely made up the Mongol invasion army ) ; today, the term Taruk ( တရုတ ် ) refers to the Han Chinese instead. King Narathihapate is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as Taruk @-@ Pye Min, ( " the King who Fled from the Taruk " ). = = Background = = = = = Pagan and Dali = = = In the 13th century, the Pagan Empire, along with the Khmer Empire, was one of the two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia. For much of its history, Pagan's neighbor to the northeast was not China but the independent Dali Kingdom and its predecessor Nanzhao, both with Dali as their capital city. Dali @-@ based kingdoms were a power in their own right, at times allying themselves with the Tibetan Empire to their west and at other times with China's Tang and Song dynasties. Indeed, Nanzhao's mounted armies ventured deep into what is today Burma and may have been behind the founding of the medieval city of Pagan and the Pagan Dynasty itself. Between the newly conquered Mongol territory and Pagan were a wide swath of borderlands stretching from present @-@ day Dehong, Baoshan and Lincang prefectures in Yunnan as well as the Wa and Palaung regions ( presumably in present @-@ day northern Shan State ), which Pagan and Dali had both claimed and exercised overlapping spheres of influence. Then as now, the borderlands mostly consist of forbidding terrains of high mountain ranges. = = = Mongol conquest of Dali = = = The Mongol Empire first arrived at the doorstep of the Pagan Empire in 1252 by invading the Dali Kingdom in its attempt to outflank Song China. The Mongol armies captured the capital, Dali, on 7 January 1253, and went on to pacify much of the kingdom by 1257. The arrival of the Mongols did not initially upset the existing order at the borderlands as the Mongols were intent on finishing off the Song. For the next dozen years, they consolidated their hold over the newly conquered land, which not only provided them with a base from which to attack the Song from the rear but also was strategically located on the trade routes from China to Burma and India. The Mongols set up military garrisons, manned mostly by Turkic @-@ speaking Muslims from Central Asia, in 37 circuits of the former Dali Kingdom. = = = Decline of Pagan = = = By then, the Pagan Empire, despite outward appearances of calm, had been in long and slow decline since the early 13th century. The continuous growth of tax @-@ free religious wealth had greatly reduced the tax base of the kingdom. The crown had lost resources needed to retain the loyalty of courtiers and military servicemen, inviting a vicious circle of internal disorders and external challenges. Although it was able to put down the first batch of serious rebellions in 1258 – 60 in South Arakan and Martaban ( Mottama ), the decline continued. On the eve of the Mongol invasions, between one and two @-@ thirds of Upper Burma's cultivable land had been donated to religion. The crown's ability to mobilize defenses was in serious jeopardy. = = Prelude to war = = = = = First Mongol mission ( 1271 – 72 ) = = = The period of calm for Pagan ended in the early 1270s. By then, the Song were on the ropes, and Emperor Kublai Khan, who officially founded the Yuan dynasty on 18 December 1271, sought to cut off the retreat of Song refugees in all directions. In Pagan's case, he had ordered the Mongol governor of Dali to tighten control of the borderlands, and in January 1271 to send a mission to Pagan to demand tribute. The tribute he demanded was nominal. Given his higher priority preoccupations elsewhere, the emperor was not looking to replace the regime at Pagan. At the border, the ruler of the Wa and Palaung regions submitted to the Mongols. When the Mongol envoys led by Qidai Tuoyin showed up, the Pagan court led by Chief Minister Ananda Pyissi was well aware of the military power of the Mongols and advised King Narathihapate to use diplomacy. The king was furious at the demand and kept the Mongol envoys waiting for weeks. The court finally devised a compromise : the envoys were sent back without ever seeing the king. Accompanying them was a Burmese envoy who carried a letter expressing friendly sentiments and the Burmese king's wish to one day worship a Buddha tooth at Beijing. The king then promptly ordered an expedition, which retook the rebellious borderland regions in April 1272. The rebel leader A @-@ Pi ( အပိ ) was brought back to Pagan. Dali relayed the news to Beijing but did not carry out any military action. = = = Second Mongol mission ( 1273 ) = = = At Beijing, Kublai Khan, who was preparing an invasion of Japan, decided against a war with Pagan — for the time being. On 3 March 1273, he sent a 4 @-@ member delegation led by an imperial ambassador, the First Secretary to the Board Rites, to Pagan. The delegation carried a letter from the emperor. The letter says : " If you have finally decided to fulfill your duties towards the All @-@ Highest, send one of your brothers or senior ministers, to show men that all the world is linked with Us, and enter into a perpetual alliance. This will add to your reputation, and be in your own interests ; for if it comes to war, who will be the victor? Ponder well, O

wikitext_103

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power in Germany in the 1930s, the present German state has committed itself to taking active steps to prevent the rise of any ideology that threatens the values enshrined in the German constitution. The BfV domestic intelligence service ( Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ) regards the aims of Scientology as running counter to Germany's free and democratic order, and has been monitoring Scientology since 1997, as have the Offices for the Protection of the Constitution in a number of German Länder. Minister for Family Policy Claudia Nolte instituted the surveillance, saying that the church had totalitarian tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all the means at her disposal. The German Church of Scientology has repeatedly challenged the legality of this surveillance in court. In December 2001, the Administrative Court in Berlin ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid informants. The court ruled that the use of informants was disproportionate. In 2003, the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report, given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution. At the federal level, Scientology lost a complaint against continued surveillance by the BfV in November 2004. The federal court based its opinion on its judgment that the aims of Scientology, as outlined by L. Ron Hubbard in his writings, were incompatible with the German constitution. Lawyers acting for the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution pointed out that Hubbard had written that civil rights, for example, should be restricted to Scientologists, and they asserted that the Scientology organization was taking systematic steps to infiltrate society and government institutions in order to prevent anti @-@ Scientology legislation. Opposing counsel acting for the Church of Scientology had contended that Scientology was non @-@ political, its aims were the liberation of the human being, and that Hubbard's instructions were valid only within the Church of Scientology and were subject to interpretation, and at any rate there was no effort to implement these instructions in Germany. The court disagreed and ruled that many sources, some of them not accessible to the general public, indicated that the aims of the Church of Scientology did include the abrogation of the principle of equality and other essential human rights. In Saarland, surveillance was stopped by a court as inappropriate in 2005, because there is no local branch of Scientology and few members. As of 6 May 2008, the Church of Scientology in Germany dropped the legal battle to prevent surveillance of its activities by the BfV after the North Rhine @-@ Westphalia Higher Administrative Court in Münster refused to hear an appeal on the matter. Being suspected of maintaining " ambitions against the free, democratic basic order ", the Scientology organization added a declaration on human rights and democracy to its bylaws. There is at least one example of surveillance of Scientology by the German intelligence services outside of Germany. In 1998, the Swiss government detained an agent of the German government, charging him with " carrying out illegal business for a foreign state, working for a political information service and falsifying identity documents ". The German government posted bail for the agent. He was eventually given a 30 @-@ day suspended jail sentence for spying on Scientology, and the German government apologized to Switzerland for the incident. = = " Sect filters " = = A " sect filter ", also known as a " protective declaration " ( Schutzerklärung ), is a document that requires prospective business partners or employees to acknowledge any association with a sect or new religious movement before entering a business or employment contract. Such sect filters, primarily used to screen out Scientologists, have been drafted by German government agencies for use by businesses. " Sect commissioner's " offices exist in Germany as part of regional or local government. A work instruction introduced in 1996 requires government staff in the Arbeitsämter – local employment agencies and social security offices operated by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs – to mark companies owned by Scientologists with the letter " S ". Where companies are suspected of having Scientologist staff, prospective employees are alerted to this fact by government staff. Government officials have publicised the names of individual Scientologists and conducted media campaigns against their businesses ; some businesspeople have placed advertisements in the press saying they are not Scientologists in order to avoid the associated stigma. Due to concerns about possible government infiltration by Scientologists, applicants for civil service positions in Bavaria are required to declare whether or not they are Scientologists, and a similar policy has been instituted in Hesse. Companies tendering for government contracts were likewise required to state they are not Scientologists ; in 2001, this requirement was changed, and firms are now asked to sign a form stating that " the technology of L. Ron Hubbard will not be used in executing the contract ". When it became known that Microsoft's Windows 2000 operating system included a disk defragmenter developed by Executive Software International ( a company headed by a Scientologist ), this caused concern among German government officials and clergy over data security and the potential for espionage. To assuage these concerns, Microsoft Germany agreed to provide a means to disable the utility. Following letters of complaint about discrimination from Scientology lawyers, some American companies such as General Electric, IBM and Ford Motor Company instructed their German subsidiaries to cease the use of protective declarations. The city @-@ state of Hamburg set up a full @-@ time office dedicated to opposing Scientology, the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority, under the leadership of Ursula Caberta. In 2005, in a case brought by a Scientologist, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany ordered the city of Hamburg to cease recommending the use of protective declarations to its business community, finding that the practice infringed religious freedom. In June 2008, the Hamburg Administrative Court fined the city of Hamburg 5 @,@ 000 Euros ( $ 7 @,@ 000 ) for not complying with court instructions banning the use of " sect filters. " Internet links to sample filters to be used by businesses had continued to remain available. Eileen Barker, a professor of sociology at the London School of Economics, has noted that " Germany has gone further than any other Western European country in restricting the civil rights of Scientologists. " The Hamburg task force was closed down in August 2010 as a result of budget cuts ; Caberta moved to a position within the Hamburg interior authority, where she continues her work on Scientology. Scientologists have been banned from joining major political parties in Germany such as the Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Union of Bavaria, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Free Democratic Party. Existing Scientologist members of these parties have been " purged ", according to Time Magazine. Scientologists have been prevented from running employment and au pair agencies in Germany ; Scientologists who were running such agencies had their permits revoked. In 1995, a sports scientist and former member of the German national fencing team was dismissed from his job at the German Olympic fencing centre after he stated in an interview that he had enjoyed reading books by L. Ron Hubbard and had participated in a course run by a Scientologist management and communication consultancy firm. Thomas Gottschalk, a German TV presenter, was falsely accused in 1993 of having taken part in Scientology courses ; Gottschalk responded by announcing that he had not, and that he would henceforth cease all contact with a friend who had links to Scientology. In 2007, Günther Oettinger, the Minister @-@ President of the German state of Baden @-@ Württemberg, expressed concern that Scientologist John Travolta was to appear on Gottschalk's programme, and asked the ZDF TV station to consider revoking the invitation ; the ZDF said that uninviting Travolta would cause greater damage, and that Scientology was not going to be discussed in the programme. In 2010, the Bavarian Administrative Court ruled that a woman working in a children's daycare centre, whose employment had been terminated when her ex @-@ husband identified her as a Scientologist, should be reinstated. The woman had demonstrated to the court's satisfaction that her Scientological beliefs were irrelevant to her work. According to the agreement that concluded the case, she promised not to use Scientology methods in her work, and to inform the children's parents of her membership in Scientology. = = Initiative to ban Scientology = = In March 2007, it was reported that German authorities were increasing their efforts to monitor Scientology in response to the opening of a new Scientology headquarters in Berlin. On December 7, 2007, German federal and state interior ministers expressed the opinion that the Scientology organization was continuing to pursue anti @-@ constitutional goals, restricting " essential basic and human rights like the dignity of man or the right to equal treatment ", and asked Germany's domestic intelligence agencies to collect and evaluate the information required for a possible judicial inquiry aimed at banning the organization. The move was criticized by German politicians from all sides of the political spectrum, with legal experts and intelligence agencies expressing concern that an attempt to ban the organization would likely fail in the courts. Sabine Weber, president of the Church of Scientology in Berlin, called the accusations " unrealistic " and " absurd " and said that the German interior ministers'evaluation was based on " a few sentences out of 500 @,@ 000 pages of Scientological literature ". She added, " I can also find hundreds of quotes in the Bible that are totalitarian but that doesn 't mean I will demand the ban of Christianity. " In November 2008, the government abandoned its attempts to ban Scientology, after finding insufficient

wikitext_103

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, when, following arbitration, the RFU relented and joined the IRFB. The absence of international matches was a factor in England agreeing to face the Natives on 16 February 1889. The line @-@ ups selected for the 16 February match were both strong, and close to full strength. Though 12 of the England side had not played internationally before, all were experienced at domestic level. The match was refereed by Rowland Hill, who had also officiated the Natives'first match in Britain, against Surrey. The opening of the first half was a scoreless affair, with much tackling and scrummaging on the heavy ground. Later in the half England scored two tries through Harry Bedford, but both were disputed by the Natives, who claimed that one of their players had grounded the ball in @-@ goal. England took the two @-@ try advantage into the second half. Early in the second half a third disputed try was scored by the English. The try and its aftermath caused controversy and a rift between the Natives and the RFU. Ellison attempted to tackle the English player Stoddart, and in the process ripped his shorts off. The Natives quickly formed a circle around Stoddart to allow him to replace his clothing without being seen. While this was happening one of the English players, Frank Evershed, picked up the ball and scored a try. The New Zealanders protested, believing that play had stopped after claiming Stoddart had called " dead ball " – but Hill awarded the try, prompting three of the Native players, Dick Taiaroa, Williams, and Sherry Wynyard, to leave the field in protest. The aggrieved players were eventually persuaded to return, but not before Hill had restarted play. Ellison was very critical of Hill, particularly because he was also Secretary of the RFU. Ellison wrote after the tour that " gross as these errors were, they were insignificant when compared with another that Mr Hill committed at the outset of the game, viz, refereeing at all in that game ". The disputed try was followed by a final try for the English, who ultimately won 7 – 0. The RFU, at Hill's instigation, promptly demanded an apology from the Natives'captain of the day, Edward McCausland, who had led the team as Joe Warbrick was injured. The English authorities of the time believed that the decision of a referee was above question, and that protesting a decision as the New Zealanders had done was unsportsmanlike. The RFU threatened to bar any of their affiliated players – in other words, the entire rugby playing population of England – from facing the Natives if they did not apologise. McCausland swiftly sent an apology by telegram, but this was deemed inadequate ; he therefore sent another, four days after the game : The London establishment that governed the game were disturbed by the New Zealanders'approach to the game ; reports of rough and over @-@ aggressive play by the Natives had steadily increased in frequency since their arrival in Britain. In the north of England, criticism of the visitors'sportsmanship was rarer ; the tourists were accepted as playing the game in the same spirit as their local opponents, which in the north was a more working class sport than in the south. Some of the Natives, including Joe Warbrick, accused the RFU and the English press of hypocrisy, claiming that they were quick to criticise the New Zealanders for rough play, yet tolerant of similar behaviour from their own players. = = Later matches and departure from England = = The Natives remained in London following the England international. They defeated London Welsh on 18 February, before losing first to Cambridge, then Oxford University. From there they travelled north and won two matches before losing to Leigh. After a win over Runcorn, there was a defeat to Oldham, played on a ground Eyton said was so frozen it was dangerous. After reversing their previous loss to Halifax with a 6 – 0 win, the Natives suffered a loss to Barrow and District on 7 March. The New Zealanders then had a run of seven straight wins before a 1 – 1 draw with Hull. Widnes were then defeated for the second time in two weeks in the tourists'last match in northern England. The team struggled to find an opponent for their final match in Britain. They eventually played Southern Counties, and beat them 3 – 1. This was their 74th match in the British Isles and their 49th victory. The authorities and press in London continued to view the team negatively, and the Natives boarded ship without a formal farewell. This perceived affront from the RFU provoked some criticism from the press outside London, as well as from the team manager Scott, who felt that with the team's official apology after the England match, the controversy should have put to rest. = = Australia = = The majority of the Natives left Plymouth on 29 March ( Eyton and Pie Wynyard followed a week later ). They arrived in Melbourne in May, where the team played mostly Victorian Rules football, hoping to make more money that way. Although the side had employed Jack Lawlor to coach them in Victorian Rules during their tour of the British Isles, the heavy schedule and high injury count had left little time and energy for such training. As a result, the Victorian Rules matches were a failure ; the players'unfamiliarity with the rules, combined with the fact that most of the Natives were rugby forwards ( and therefore less suited to the more open Victorian Rules ), ensured that they failed to perform well on the field and struggled to attract large crowds. The side played nine Victorian Rules matches in total, including one in New South Wales, but won only three of them, all against relatively weak opposition. The side's success in their rugby matches contrasted to their failure in Victorian Rules – the New Zealanders played three rugby matches while in Victoria : against Melbourne, a Navy selection, and Victoria. The matches were all won, with their game against Victoria a 19 – 0 victory. After this they left for Sydney for further rugby matches, and defeated New South Wales 12 – 9. After two further victories, the side again faced New South Wales, and won the match 16 – 12. Another two victories followed, before the team played their only association football matches of the tour – both defeats. The team travelled north to Queensland, where, as in New South Wales, rugby was the dominant code of football. Consequently, the team exclusively played rugby while in the region. The Natives faced Queensland at the Association Ground in Brisbane. The 8000 spectators witnessed the New Zealanders overwhelm the Queenslanders to win 22 – 0 ; the Natives did not exert themselves in the win, and the score did not reflect their dominance. After a further two matches, against Toowoomba and Ipswich ( both of whom were comfortably defeated ), the team returned to Brisbane for a rematch with Queensland. In contrast to their first meeting, the first @-@ half was a close affair, and the two sides were tied at the conclusion of the half. Billy Warbrick suffered a kick to the head, and had to retire early in the second @-@ half. Following the loss of Warbrick, the play of the Natives improved and they recovered to win 11 – 7. Not long after the game concluded rumours circulated that some of the players had been offered ₤ 50 by bookmakers to throw the game. Eyton later said : It was on the occasion of this match that four of our players were thought, in racing parlance, to be playing " stiff ", and that they had been got by some bookies ; at all events, when accused of it at half @-@ time and cautioned, they played a different game in the second half. The response from the team's management was to suspend four players. The team travelled to Toowoomba, where they defeated the locals 19 – 0. The Natives included a replacement player for only the second time, Charles Speakman, after the suspensions reduced the playing strength of the side. The team then travelled back to New Zealand, and arrived in Invercargill on 5 August. = = Return to New Zealand = = Two days after their return, the Natives faced Southland, who they defeated 5 – 1 in front of a crowd of 2 @,@ 000. The side suffered further injury, to Harry Lee, and recruited Southlander W. Hirst for their match against Mataura District on 8 August. Despite playing the match two players down, the Natives comfortably defeated Mataura 16 – 3. Following the side's return to New Zealand, the Otago Rugby Football Union demanded that the team's management explain the accusations levelled at them in Queensland. Eyton responded by insisting that the players had only been suspended while an investigation was conducted, and that the management was confident no wrongdoing had occurred. The Northern Rugby Union ( since renamed Queensland Rugby Union ) summarised the incident and aftermath in the 1889 Queensland Rugby Union Annual : ... it was apparent to a judge of the game that something was wrong with the Maori, as they were not showing their usual dash and combination. Four members of the team were suspended, a charge being made against them of attempting the sell the match. The matter was bought before the Otago Union, who passed the following resolution : That, having heard all available evidence regarding the charges against certain members of the Native Team, and having received an explicit denial of charges from the accused members and a satisfactory explanation from the management, we are of opinion that there are no facts before us justifying the allegations... It is unlikely, given the attitude of the Otago Rugby Union to the Natives before their departure, that they would have dismissed the allegations if incriminating

wikitext_103

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= Japanese battleship Asahi = Asahi ( 朝日, Asahi ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s. As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships itself, the ship was designed and built in the United Kingdom. Shortly after her arrival in Japan, she became flagship of the Standing Fleet, the IJN's primary combat fleet. She participated in every major naval battle of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 and was lightly damaged during the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima. Asahi saw no combat during World War I, although the ship participated in the Siberian Intervention in 1918. Reclassified as a coastal defence ship in 1921, Asahi was disarmed two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, after which she served as a training and submarine depot ship. She was modified into a submarine salvage and rescue ship before being placed in reserve in 1928. Asahi was recommissioned in late 1937, after the start of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War, and used to transport Japanese troops. In 1938, she was converted into a repair ship and based first at Japanese @-@ occupied Shanghai, China, and then Cam Ranh Bay, French Indochina, from late 1938 to 1941. The ship was transferred to occupied Singapore in early 1942 to repair a damaged light cruiser and ordered to return home in May. She was sunk en route by the American submarine USS Salmon, although most of her crew survived. = = Background = = Combat experience in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune École naval philosophy, which emphasized torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive heavily armoured ships. Therefore, Japan promulgated a ten @-@ year naval build @-@ up in early 1896, to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations, with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core. These ships were paid for from the £ 30 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino @-@ Japanese War. As with the earlier Fuji and Shikishima classes, Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships, and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme. Asahi, the fifth Japanese battleship to be built in Britain, was ordered from the Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Company shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland in the 1897 annual naval programme. = = Design and description = = Asahi's design was a modified version of the Formidable @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy, with two additional 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns. The ship had an overall length of 425 feet 3 inches ( 129 @.@ 6 m ), a beam of 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 9 m ), and a normal draught of 27 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ). She displaced 15 @,@ 200 long tons ( 15 @,@ 400 t ) at normal load. Asahi had a complete double bottom with 55 watertight compartments. Her hull was also subdivided into 223 watertight compartments. She was fitted as a flagship and her crew numbered about 773 officers and enlisted men, including the admiral's staff. The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines built by Humphrys, Tennant, each driving one propeller, using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers at a working pressure of 17 @.@ 03 bar ( 1 @,@ 703 kPa ; 247 psi ). The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 000 kW ), using forced draught, and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) although Asahi reached 18 @.@ 3 knots ( 33 @.@ 9 km / h ; 21 @.@ 1 mph ) from 16 @,@ 335 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 181 kW ) during her sea trials on 23 March 1900. She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 032 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 9 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 000 km ; 10 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ). The ship was fitted with three steam @-@ driven 4 @.@ 8 @-@ kilowatt ( 6 @.@ 4 hp ) dynamos. Asahi's main battery consisted of the same four Elswick Ordnance Company 40 @-@ calibre twelve @-@ inch guns used in all of Japan's preceding battleships. They were mounted in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The hydraulically powered mountings allowed the guns to be loaded at all angles of traverse, at a fixed elevation of + 13 @.@ 5 °. Each mount could traverse a total of 240 degrees. They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ). The ship's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 45 @-@ calibre 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns mounted in casemates. Eight of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other six guns were placed above them in the superstructure. They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ). Protection against torpedo @-@ boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns. The 12 @-@ pounders fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ), 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ). Lighter guns consisted of eight 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) three @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and four 47 @-@ millimetre 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns. The former were mounted in the superstructure and the latter in the fighting tops. The three @-@ pounder gun fired 3 @.@ 19 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 45 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 927 ft / s ( 587 m / s ), while the 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder fired 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ). The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. The waterline main belt of Asahi consisted of Harvey armour 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 44 m ) high, of which 3 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 11 m ) was above the waterline at normal load, and had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) for the middle 224 feet ( 68 @.@ 28 m ) of the ship. It was only 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six @-@ inch strake of armour that ran between the barbettes. The barbettes were 14 inches ( 356 mm ) thick, but only 10 inches ( 254 mm ) behind the upper armour strake. The barbette hoods were protected by 10 inches of armour on their face while their sides were 6 inches thick and the roof was 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick. Diagonal bulkheads connecting the barbettes to the side armour were 12 – 14 inches thick, but only 6 inches thick at the lower deck level. The frontal armour of the casemates protecting the secondary armament was also 6 inches thick with the rear protected by 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) armour plates. The flat portion of the deck armour was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick and 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick where it sloped down to the sides of the ship. The conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour. Asahi, like all the other Japanese battleships of the time, was fitted with four Barr and Stroud FA3 coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 8 @,@ 000 yards ( 7 @,@ 300 m ). The ships were also fitted with 24 @-@ power magnification telescopic gunsights. = = Construction and career = = Asahi, meaning " rising sun ", a poetic name for Japan from a stanza of waka poetry, was laid down on 1 August 1898 in Clydebank, Scotland, by the Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. and completed by John Brown & Company, which purchased the firm before Asahi was completed. She was launched on 13 March 1899 and completed on 31 July 1900. Her completion was delayed by about three months when her bottom plating required repairs after running aground off Southsea following sea trials. The ship departed England, after repairs in Portsmouth, on the day of her completion, and arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 23 October 1900. Asahi became flagship of the

wikitext_103

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adine was turned back to local control as far east as Garnet. From there east, it was numbered just M ‑ 48, removing US 2 from a concurrency. Another former section into Epoufette was added to extend M ‑ 117. The new highway was detoured around the Cut River Bridge until it was completed in 1946 after construction delays over steel shortages during World War II. The western end of US 2 took on two changes in the 1940s. M ‑ 28 was extended along US 2 to the state line at Ironwood from its western terminus at Wakefield. A similar extension was made from M ‑ 28's eastern terminus to Sault Ste. Marie in 1948. The M ‑ 54 designation was renumbered as Business US 2 by 1945. The eastern M ‑ 28 extension was reversed in 1950, and the western extension to the state line was shifted to a new location by 1952. = = = Interstate era = = = With the coming of the Interstate Highway System in Michigan, the MSHD planned to convert the eastern section of US 2 to a freeway between St. Ignace and Sault St. Marie. In planning maps from 1947, this highway corridor was included in the system that later became the Interstates. It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955, or Yellow Book after the cover color, that was released in 1955 as the federal government readied plans for the freeway system. The proposed number in 1958 was Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ). The first section of freeway was built in late 1957 or early 1958 between Evergreen Shores and M ‑ 123 north of St. Ignace. The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1, 1957 ; a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge. In 1961, another new freeway segment closed the gap between the Mackinac Bridge and Evergreen Shores sections. At the time, the I ‑ 75 designation supplanted US 27 on the bridge, and US 2 was shifted to follow I ‑ 75 along the freeways in the St. Ignace area. The former routing of US 2 in downtown St. Ignace was redesignated BL I ‑ 75. More sections of freeway were opened in 1962 immediately to the south of the newly constructed International Bridge in Sault Ste. Marie as well as between Dafter and Kinross. The last two sections opened in 1963 connected the northern end of the freeway at M ‑ 123 to Kinross, and the section between Dafter and Sault Ste. Marie. At this time, all of US 2's former routing became a county road known as Mackinac Trail ( H @-@ 63 ). The Department of State Highways expanded US 2 / US 41 into an expressway between Gladstone and Rapid River in 1971. The state built a new bridge over the Manistique River in 1983, bypassing downtown. MDOT disposed of the former routing of US 2 into downtown in two ways. The western half was initially an unnumbered state highway until it was later transferred to local control. An extension of M ‑ 94 replaced the remainder, including the Siphon Bridge, through downtown. In that same year, the department truncated US 2 to end in St. Ignace by removing it from the I ‑ 75 freeway. The last changes were made to US 2's routing through Iron River in 1998, bypassing the bridge that formerly carried the highway over the river in town. In 2011, MDOT raised the speed limit along the expressway section in Delta County from 55 to 65 mph ( 89 to 105 km / h ), although the speed limit for trucks remains 55 mph ( 89 km / h ). = = Memorial designations and tourist routes = = On July 1, 1924, the State Administrative Board named M ‑ 12, the predecessor to US 2 in Michigan, the Bohn Highway to honor Frank P. Bohn, a prominent local citizen who later served in Congress from 1927 to 1933. In 1929, the residents of Escanaba created a memorial to the veterans of World War I called Memory Lane. The project consisted of elm and maple trees planted along US 2 / US 41 west of town. The American Legion sold the trees to local businesses and individuals who could honor specific soldiers. Later in 1949, the Bessemer Women's Club created a tribute in the form of a permanent living memorial to the area veterans. Also called Memory Lane, the group planted 140 elms and 1 @,@ 840 evergreens, trees and shrubs as a landscaped parkway along 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) of US 2 east of Bessemer. Most of US 2, along with US 23 in the Lower Peninsula, was designated the United Spanish War Veterans Memorial Highway in 1949. To connect the gap in the routing where US 2 cuts through Wisconsin, M ‑ 95 and M ‑ 69 were used in place of US 2 between Iron Mountain and Crystal Falls. Signs marking the highway were not erected until 1968 when Governor George W. Romney had them installed. The Amvets Memorial Drive designation was created for the section of US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 between the northern Escanaba city limits and County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) in Delta County. The American Veterans ( AMVETS ) organization in Michigan petitioned the Michigan Legislature to grant this designation, which was assigned under Public Act 144 in 1959. Two sections of US 2 are part of the overall Great Lakes Circle Tour ( GLCT ) : the segment from the Wisconsin state line near Ironwood to the M ‑ 28 junction in Wakefield is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour ( LSCT ), and the segment from the southern M ‑ 35 junction in Escanaba to the eastern terminus in St. Ignace is part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour ( LMCT ). These two tours were created in May 1986 through a joint effort between MDOT and its counterparts in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario. The section of US 2 between Iron River and Crystal Falls has been named the Iron County Heritage Trail. This Pure Michigan Byway was designated to honor the " rich history of two industries that built a state and nation : mining and logging. " On August 26, 2007, MDOT announced that the section of US 2 that runs concurrently with M ‑ 35 in Delta County was being included in the UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail. = = Historic bridges = = There are six bridges along current or former sections of US 2 that MDOT has added to its listing of Michigan's Historic Bridges ; two of these are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ). A third bridge added to the NRHP in late 2012 has not been added to MDOT's listing however. The first of these historic bridges is the crossing of the Iron River, which has since been bypassed by a new bridge. The original structure, dating to 1918, is a 55 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 17 m ) spandrel arch span that was built by the MSHD as Trunk Line Bridge No. 191. The structure was listed on the NRHP on December 9, 1999, for its architectural and engineering significance. In December 2012, the National Park Service approved the listing of the Upper Twin Falls Bridge that crosses the Menominee River northwest of Iron Mountain. The structure is a single @-@ span, pin @-@ connected, camelback, through @-@ truss bridge, and it is the only known example of its type in Michigan. It was built between 1909 and 1910 because the Twin Falls Power Dam would flood an existing river crossing. The span cost $ 5 @,@ 106 ( equivalent to $ 780 @,@ 000 in 2015 ), paid equally by Dickinson and Florence counties. Until the 1930s, the Upper Twin Falls Bridge carried US 2 across the Menominee River. In 1934, a new bridge was built about a mile downstream, and the highway was rerouted over the new span. The bridge closed to automobile traffic in September 1971, and the nomination process for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places began in 2012. In 2003, MDOT replaced the Sturgeon River Bridge in Waucedah Township, Dickinson County. As of October 2011, even though the old bridge was demolished and replaced, MDOT retained it on their historic bridge list. It was built in 1929. Before 1983, US 2 used a different routing through Manistique and crossed the Manistique River on what is nicknamed the " Siphon Bridge ". Built as a part of a raceway flume on the river, the water level is actually higher than the road surface. This produces a siphon effect, giving the bridge its nickname. The Manistique Pulp and Paper Company was organized in 1916 and needed a dam on the Manistique River to supply their mill. This dam would require a large section of the city to be flooded, and shallow river banks meant difficulties in any bridge construction. Instead of expensive dikes, a concrete tank was built lengthwise in the river bed ; the sides of this tank provided man @-@ made banks higher than the natural banks. The Michigan Works Progress Administration described the bridge as having " concrete bulkheads, formed by the side spans of the bridge, [ that ] allow the mill to maintain the water level several feet above the roadbed. " The Manistique Tourism Council stated : " At one time, the bridge itself was partially supported by the water that was atmospherically forced under it, " and that the bridge has been featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not!. The eight @-@ span structure is 294 feet ( 90 m

wikitext_103

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evidence is that of Miroslav Rus, who was indicted in connection with disappearance of Miroslav Kříž, a vice @-@ chairman of the Czech Football Association. = = = Defense lawyers = = = Randy Blythe was represented by Prague lawyers Martin Radvan and Vladimír Jablonský. Radvan studied law at the Faculty of Law of Charles University and at the New York University. From 1990 to 1992, he served as external advisor of the then Prime Minister Marián Čalfa. A former partner at Baker & McKenzie, Radvan established Radvan & Co. in 1996. He is also a member of board of directors of Forum 2000. Jablonský gained fame as attorney of Yekta Uzunoglu, a Kurdish national who was first charged in 1994 with preparing to commit three murders and committing blackmail and torture. It became one of the longest criminal cases in the Czech history, as the witnesses and alleged victims gradually withdrew or changed their testimonies against Uzunoglu until he was exonerated by the Municipal Court in Prague in 2007. The court held that although the crimes did take place, there is no evidence that Uzunoglu took part in it. He was also defending judge Pavel Nagy, who was indicted of accepting a bribe. The proceedings ended with Nagy being found insane and criminally not liable. Jablonský also acted as a defense attorney in the case of a hairdresser of Czech VIPs indicted on charges of rape and torture. During the proceedings, the judge sent Jablonský to face the disciplinary commission of the Czech bar association for what he perceived as " behaviour bordering on contempt ". = = = Day 1 of the trial = = = The trial started on February 4, 2013. Blythe testified that when he wanted to see the club before the concert, Lamb of God's technician told him that the club was terrible and messy. According to Blythe, the technician went on, saying that the stage was small, there were too many people, and that it was rather dangerous. Blythe, who is nearsighted, took off his glasses before entering the stage, which together with the smoke and light effects allegedly left him half @-@ blind. Blythe said that people could easily reach the band members or climb up to the stage. One of the fans, who was identified as Milan Pořádek by Czech newspapers, and who was scheduled to testify later during the proceedings, managed to climb the stage twice without being stopped by security. Blythe testified that during the first attempt, Pořádek rushed the stage and started waving his arms before stage diving. The second time, he tried to put his arms around Blythe in an attempt to hug him. Blythe, who according to his own words perceived this as a danger, caught Pořádek's collar, pushed him on the ground, knelt on him and repeatedly told him to stop. He then led the fan by his hair to the edge of the stage, where the fan jumped off. It was only after watching a video of the incident that Blythe found out that a security officer was actually pushing the fan from back. Blythe further said that he saw Pořádek trying to reach the stage yet again before finally being stopped by security. Later, when another fan tried to climb the stage, Blythe thought that it was Pořádek again. Blythe testified that he approached the fan and pushed him with both hands out of the stage in the belief that the crowd would catch him, which it did not. Jiří Choroš, author of video which caught the previous incidents with Pořádek, testified that the fan was for a moment lying on the ground with nobody helping him. Blythe further commented that he saw the fan get up and that other fans showed him thumbs up. Blythe insisted that he never saw Nosek nor came into contact with him. It was not until the arrest two years later that he found out about Nosek's death. Blythe further testified that he was not under the influence of alcohol during the concert and that he had never used any drugs. Chris Adler, Lamb of God's drummer, testified that he had not seen anything from the back of the stage and further proclaimed that Blythe's aggressiveness is only a stage act. According to Adler, Blythe is a calm, moderate, and well @-@ read person. The defense also presented videos from various Lamb of God concerts in order to demonstrate that metal music is very energetic and that Blythe regularly cheers to the crowd, but not to encourage people to climb the stage. Blythe also alleged that after learning about Nosek's death, he had written a letter to the Nosek family, in which he offered help and a meeting in @-@ person. Daniel Nosek's father, however, testified that the family has not been contacted by anyone from the band nor by the defense team. Nosek's father confirmed that his son had been healthy up until the day of the incident. The Nosek family's representative brought a claim for damages in the amount of CZK 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( approx. US $ 530 @,@ 000 ). = = = Day 2 of the trial = = = Altogether, eight witnesses delivered their testimonies on February 5, 2013. Among them were friends of Daniel Nosek. Nosek and three friends had come to attend the concert from Vrchlabí, a town in mountains some 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) northwest of Prague. They described Nosek as a huge fan of Lamb of God who had been able to secure an autograph from a guitar player before the concert had started. Nosek's friend Jan Jebavý testified that Nosek climbed the stage, and as he turned around towards the crowd he was pushed by Blythe off the stage. He said he was " 100 % sure Blythe pushed Nosek with both hands. " He further said that Blythe's behavior deviated from all the concerts he had attended in the past, commenting that Blythe was visibly furious. He further claimed that Nosek was not the first person to be chased off the stage by Blythe, with another fan being kicked, choked and receiving a punch from Blythe. Jebavý corroborated Blythe's testimony that Blythe asked " Are you okay? " after Nosek fell and that the crowd gave him a positive reply. However, as Nosek fell sick after the concert, they called him an ambulance. According to Jebavý, the band had not warned the fans against getting on stage and the security guards did not pay much attention to it. Nosek's other friend Ondřej Vlach testified that Nosek's fall happened in a break between the end of concert and the encore. Nosek climbed the stage together with another fan as the band members were leaving to go backstage. According to him, Blythe ran into the two fans and pushed them both off. While the other fan was caught by a couple of fans remaining under the stage, Nosek fell directly on the ground. According to Vlach, there were fewer fans in front of the stage due to the break. Vlach further testified that after the fall, Nosek went to sit on a bench, where he was fetched a water bottle. Nosek began vomiting about half an hour after the fall and as his friends realized that he had a bulge at the back of his head, they called an ambulance for fear he might have a concussion. Vlach said that he understood Blythe's gesture in the break as an invitation to the stage. Another person to testify was Robert Havelka, who worked as a security guard the night of the incident. Havelka said that the guardrail was too close to the stage, but not so close as to make a platform for climbing the stage. He testified that he pulled one person off the stage and that another person fell off before he could be secured. He further said that the fan's fall might have been helped by someone else, perhaps the singer, though he did not see it precisely. Blythe's defense team attacked differences between the testimonies the witnesses gave after the incident in 2010 and at the court. Among other things, one of the witnesses originally alleged that Nosek and Blythe shook hands or that one of them offered hand to another on stage ; however, at the court hearing, he testified that there was no prior contact between them. Blythe also argued that video evidence shown in court refuted claims about his aggressive behavior. = = = Day 3 of the trial = = = Milan Pořádek, the fan whom Blythe admitted to shoving off the stage, testified on the third day of the trial. Pořádek said he climbed the stage twice in order to stage dive ; he changed his mind during the third attempt to get on stage. Pořádek testified that Blythe knocked him down, knelt on him and held him down for a moment, but Blythe definitely did not choke him. He also admitted that taking into account the fact that he ( Pořádek ) was drunk and the way he acted, Blythe's reaction was adequate. He commented that he grasped the fact that he was not wanted on stage. Another witness who had attended the concert at the rear of the

wikitext_103

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= Trout Creek Mountains = The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote, semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially in northern Nevada in the United States. The range's highest point is Orevada View Benchmark, 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level, in Nevada. Disaster Peak, elevation 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ), is another prominent summit in the Nevada portion of the mountains. The mountains are characteristic of the Great Basin's topography of mostly parallel mountain ranges alternating with flat valleys. Oriented generally north to south, the Trout Creek Mountains consist primarily of fault blocks of basalt, which came from an ancient volcano and other vents, on top of older metamorphic rocks. The southern end of the range, however, features many granitic outcrops. As a whole, the faulted terrain is dominated by rolling hills and ridges cut by escarpments and canyons. Most of the range is public land administered by the federal Bureau of Land Management. There is very little human development in the remote region — cattle grazing and ranching are the primary human uses — but former mines at the McDermitt Caldera produced some of the largest amounts of mercury in North America in the 20th century. Public lands in the mountains are open to recreation but are rarely visited. Vegetation includes large swaths of big sagebrush in addition to desert grasses and cottonwood and alder stands. Sage grouse and mountain chickadee are two bird species native to the range, and common mammals include pronghorn and jackrabbits. Despite the area's dry climate, a few year @-@ round streams provide habitat for the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout. Fish populations in the Trout Creek Mountains declined throughout much of the 20th century. In the 1980s, the effects of grazing allotments on riparian zones and the fish led to land @-@ use conflict. The Trout Creek Mountain Working Group was formed in 1988 to help resolve disagreements among livestock owners, environmentalists, government agencies, and other interested parties. The stakeholders met and agreed on changes to land @-@ use practices, and since the early 1990s, riparian zones have begun to recover. = = Geography = = The Trout Creek Mountains are in a very remote area of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada, in Harney and Humboldt counties. The nearest human settlements are the Whitehorse Ranch, about 20 miles ( 32 km ) directly north from the middle of the mountains ; Fields, Oregon, about 23 miles ( 37 km ) to the northwest ; Denio, Nevada, about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the west ; and McDermitt, Nevada – Oregon, about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east. The mountains are about 150 miles ( 240 km ) directly southwest of Boise, Idaho, and about 190 miles ( 310 km ) northeast of Reno, Nevada. The range and surrounding non @-@ mountainous areas cover an area of 811 square miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ). The mountains run 51 miles ( 82 km ) north to south and 36 miles ( 58 km ) east to west. More of the range is in Oregon ( 78 % ) than in Nevada ( 22 % ). The highest point in the range is Orevada View Benchmark, which is 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level and is located in Nevada about one mile south of the Oregon border. About two miles southeast of Orevada View is Disaster Peak, " a large, symmetrical butte that is visible throughout the region. " At 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ), Disaster Peak anchors the southern end of the mountains in a sub @-@ range called The Granites. The Oregon Canyon Mountains border the Trout Creek Mountains on the east along the Harney – Malheur county line ( according to the United States Geological Survey's definitions ), while the Pueblo Mountains are the next range west of the Trout Creek Mountains. The Bilk Creek Mountains in both Oregon and Nevada border the Trout Creek Mountains on the southwest ; the two ranges are separated by Log Cabin Creek and South Fork Cottonwood Creek. South of the Trout Creek Mountains is the Kings River Valley, which separates the Bilk Creek Mountains on the west from the Montana Mountains on the east. The terrain in the Trout Creek Mountains varies from broad, flat basins and rolling ridges to high rock escarpments cut by deep canyons. The canyons have steep walls with loose talus slopes at the bottoms. There are meadows around springs in the mountains, although most streams in the range do not flow year @-@ round. Major streams that flow off the north slopes of the mountains include ( from west to east ) Cottonwood Creek, Trout Creek, Willow Creek, and Whitehorse Creek. These streams all flow into endorheic basins in Harney County, Oregon. Trout Creek and Whitehorse Creek are the largest of the four. The Kings River and McDermitt Creek each drain an area on the south slopes of the Trout Creek Mountains. The Kings River begins in The Granites and flows south into Nevada, where it meets the Quinn River, which evaporates in the Black Rock Desert. McDermitt Creek begins in Oregon a few miles north of The Granites and flows generally east, crossing the Oregon – Nevada border five times before disappearing into the floor of the Quinn River Valley south of McDermitt. = = Geology = = The mountains lie within the Basin and Range Province or Great Basin of the Western United States, which is characterized by a series of parallel fault blocks that form long north – south mountain ranges separated by wide, high @-@ desert valleys. The Trout Creek Mountains are uplifted and tilted blocks with steep escarpments along the southern and eastern sides of the range. The southern area of the range, known as The Granites, has numerous outcroppings of Cretaceous age granite. These granite outcrops are commonly found in the eroded valleys below the volcanic ridgelines. The Trout Creek Mountains are composed mostly of basalt from a shield volcano that once stood where Steens Mountain is today. Crustal thinning and the Yellowstone hotspot, which was then beneath southeastern Oregon, induced eruptions from Steens and nearby vents about 17 million years ago, in the Miocene. The vents produced a series of lava flows that spread across the land now known as the Trout Creek Mountains. Eruptions from the Steens volcano lasted for about one million years, and at least 70 separate lava flows occurred. Under the resulting basalt rock lie much older metamorphic rocks that may be related to some of the Triassic age formations of the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon. Within these metamorphic rocks are diorite and granodiorite intrusive bodies which were presumably intruded during the Cretaceous Period. The broad McDermitt Caldera is a prominent geologic feature in the Trout Creek Mountains. The oval @-@ shaped caldera is a collapsed lava dome that straddles the Oregon – Nevada border on the eastern side of the range and south of the Oregon Canyon Mountains. It is about 28 miles ( 45 km ) long and 22 miles ( 35 km ) wide. The lava dome was created by volcanic eruptions in the early Miocene. A total of five large ash flows were produced along with a large rhyolite dome structure. The caldera formed when the dome collapsed about 16 million years ago. The caldera contains significant ore deposits, and mercury and uranium have been mined at eight or more sites in and around the caldera. Other areas in the caldera were mined for ores of antimony, cesium, and lithium. = = Climate = = The Trout Creek Mountains are semi @-@ arid because they are in the eastern rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west. When moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward over the Oregon and California coastal ranges and the Cascade Range, most precipitation falls in those mountains before reaching the Trout Creek Mountains. As a result, the average annual precipitation in the Trout Creek Mountains is only 8 to 26 inches ( 200 to 660 mm ) per year, with most areas receiving between 8 and 12 inches ( 200 and 300 mm ) annually. Much of the annual precipitation occurs between the beginning of March and the end of June. Most of the rest falls as snow during the fall and winter months. Snowpack at elevations below 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) usually melts by April ; however, at the higher elevations, snow can remain until mid @-@ June. Local flooding often occurs in the spring as the snowpack melts. The prevailing winds are from the west @-@ southwest, and they are normally strongest in March and April. Brief, intense thunderstorms are common between April and October. Thunderstorms in the summer months tend to be more isolated and often produce dry lightning strikes. = = Ecology = = = = = Flora = = = Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses. Other common shrubs include bitterbrush, snowberry, and Ceanothus. There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas. Common grass species include Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, cheatgrass, western needlegrass, Sandberg's bluegrass, Thurber's needlegrass, and bottlebrush

wikitext_103

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= Where the Streets Have No Name = " Where the Streets Have No Name " is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the opening track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album's third single in August 1987. The song's hook is a repeating guitar arpeggio using a delay effect, played during the song's introduction and again at the end. Lead vocalist Bono wrote the lyrics in response to the notion that it is possible to identify a person's religion and income based on the street on which they lived, particularly in Belfast. During the band's difficulties recording the song, producer Brian Eno considered erasing the song's tapes to have them start from scratch. " Where the Streets Have No Name " was praised by critics and became a commercial success, peaking at number thirteen in the US, number fourteen in Canada, number ten in the Netherlands, and number four in the United Kingdom. The song has remained a staple of their live act since the song debuted in 1987 on The Joshua Tree Tour. The song was performed on a Los Angeles rooftop for the filming of its music video, which won a Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video. = = Writing and recording = = The music for " Where the Streets Have No Name " originated from a demo that guitarist The Edge composed the night before the group resumed The Joshua Tree sessions. In an upstairs room at Melbeach House — his newly purchased home — The Edge used a four @-@ track tape machine to record an arrangement of keyboards, bass, guitar, and a drum machine. Realising that the album sessions were approaching the end and that the band were short on exceptional live songs, The Edge wanted to " conjure up the ultimate U2 live @-@ song ", so he imagined what he would like to hear at a future U2 show if he were a fan. After finishing the rough mix, he felt he had come up with " the most amazing guitar part and song of [ his ] life ". With no one in the house to share the demo with, The Edge recalls dancing around and punching the air in celebration. Although the band liked the demo, it was difficult for them to record the song. Bassist Adam Clayton said, " At the time it sounded like a foreign language, whereas now we understand how it works ". The arrangement, with two time signature shifts and frequent chord changes, was rehearsed many times, but the group struggled to get a performance they liked. According to co @-@ producer Daniel Lanois, " that was the science project song. I remember having this massive schoolhouse blackboard, as we call them. I was holding a pointer, like a college professor, walking the band through the chord changes like a fucking nerd. It was ridiculous. " Co @-@ producer Brian Eno estimates that half of the album sessions were spent trying to record a suitable version of " Where the Streets Have No Name ". The band worked on a single take for weeks, but as Eno explained, that particular version had a lot of problems with it and the group continued trying to fix it up. Through all of their work, they had gradually replaced each instrument take until nothing remained from the original performance. So much time had been spent on " screwdriver work " that Eno thought it would be best to start from scratch. His idea was to " stage an accident " and have the song's tapes erased. He said that this was not to force abandonment of the song, but rather that it would be more effective to start again with a fresh performance. At one point, Eno had the tapes cued up and ready to be recorded over, but this erasure never took place ; according to engineer Flood, fellow engineer Pat McCarthy returned to the control room and upon seeing Eno ready to erase the tapes, dropped the tray of tea he was carrying and physically restrained Eno. The studio version of the song was compiled from several different takes. It was one of several songs mixed by Steve Lillywhite in the final months of recording The Joshua Tree. Drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. later said of the song, " It took so long to get that song right, it was difficult for us to make any sense of it. It only became a truly great song through playing live. On the record, musically, it's not half the song it is live. " = = Composition = = " Where the Streets Have No Name " is played at a tempo of 126 beats per minute. The introduction and outro are played in a 3 / 4 time signature, while the remainder of the song is in a common 4 / 4 signature. The songs opens with an instrumental section, starting with chorale @-@ like sustained synthesiser notes. The guitar fades in after 42 seconds ; this part consists of a repeated " chiming " six @-@ note arpeggio. A " dotted eighth " delay effect is used to " play " each note in the arpeggio twice, thus creating a rich sound. The bass and drums enter at 1 : 10. The introduction, following a I – IV – I – IV – vi – V – I chord progression, creates a " wall of sound ", as described by Mark Butler, against which the vocals emerge after nearly two minutes. The guitar part played for the remainder of the song features The Edge strumming percussive sixteenth notes. The bass and drums continue in regular eighth and sixteenth notes, respectively, while Bono's vocal performance, in contrast, varies greatly in its timbre, ( " he sighs ; he moans ; he grunts ; he exhales audibly ; he allows his voice to crack " ) as well as timing by his usage of rubato to slightly offset the notes he sings from the beat. This development reaches a climax during the first chorus at the line " burning down love " ( A – G – F ♯ – D ) ; the melody progresses through a series of scale degrees that lead to the highest note in the song, the A4 at " burning ". In later choruses, Bono sings " blown by the wind " with the same melody, stretching the same note even longer. After the third chorus, the song's outro is played, the instrumentation reverting to the same state as it was in the introduction, with a six @-@ note guitar arpeggio played against sustained synthesiser notes. = = Lyrics = = The lyrics were inspired by a story that Bono heard about the streets of Belfast, Northern Ireland, where a person's religion and income are evident by the street they live on. He contrasted this with the anonymity he felt when visiting Ethiopia, saying : "... the guy in the song recognizes this contrast and thinks about a world where there aren 't such divisions, a place where the streets have no name. To me, that's the way a great rock'n'roll concert should be : a place where everyone comes together... Maybe that's the dream of all art : to break down the barriers and the divisions between people and touch upon the things that matter the most to us all. " Bono wrote the lyrics while on a humanitarian visit to Ethiopia with his wife, Ali Hewson ; he first wrote them down on an airsickness bag while staying in a village. According to him, the song is ostensibly about " Transcendence, elevation, whatever you want to call it. " Bono, who compared many of his lyrics prior to The Joshua Tree to " sketches ", said that "'Where the Streets Have No Name'is more like the U2 of old than any of the other songs on the LP, because it's a sketch — I was just trying to sketch a location, maybe a spiritual location, maybe a romantic location. I was trying to sketch a feeling. " The open @-@ ended nature of the lyrics has led to many interpretations. Journalist Michael Campbell believed the lyrics send " a message of hope " and wish for a " world that is not divided by class, wealth, race, or any other arbitrary criterion ". With regard to the place Bono was referring to in the song, he said, " I'm not sure, really, about that. I used to think it was Belfast... " Journalist Niall Stokes believes the title was influenced by Bono's and his wife Ali's visit to Ethiopia as volunteer aid @-@ workers. Bono has expressed mixed opinions about the open @-@ ended lyrics : " I can look at it now and recognize that [ the song ] has one of the most banal couplets in the history of pop music. But it also contains some of the biggest ideas. In a curious way, that seems to work. If you get any way heavy about these things, you don 't communicate. But if you're flip or throwaway about it, then you do. That's one of the paradoxes I've come to terms with. " = = Release = = Originally, the third single from The Joshua Tree was meant to be the song " Red Hill Mining Town ", but " Where the Streets Have No Name " was released instead, in August 1987. The single was released on 7 @-@ inch, 12 @-@ inch, cassette and CD single formats. Three B @-@ sides were featured on the single, including " Race Against Time ", " Silver and Gold ", and " Sweetest Thing ", except for the 7 @-@ inch release, which only featured the latter two tracks. The 12 @-@ inch single featured " Race Against Time " on side A of the record ( despite being a " B @-@ side "

wikitext_103

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king, Our words. " This time, the Burmese king received the imperial envoys but still refused to submit. ( The Burmese chronicles say that the king was so insulted that he had the envoys executed. But both Burmese inscriptional evidence and Yuan records indicate that the envoys were not executed. ) At any rate, the imperial envoys did not get back to Yunnan in due time. The newly formed Yunnan government sent another delegation to investigate the whereabouts of the delegation, but the delegation could not reach Pagan because of an ongoing rebellion en route. = = = Mongol consolidation of borderlands ( 1275 – 76 ) = = = Meanwhile, in 1274, the former Dali Kingdom was officially reorganized as the Province of Yunnan, with Sayyid Ajjal Shams al @-@ Din Omar as governor. In May 1275, the governor sent a report to the emperor stating that the embassy had not returned ; that the Burmese evidently had no intention of submitting ; and that war was the only way forward. But the emperor rejected an outright invasion. Just coming off a disastrous Japanese campaign, the emperor was unwilling to commit the central government troops to what he considered a low priority affair. He was now focused on delivering the final blow against the Song ; the emperor ordered the Yunnan provincial army to secure the borderlands in order to block the escape path of the Song refugees. He also sanctioned a limited border war if Pagan contested the takeover. As planned, the Yunnan army proceeded to consolidate the borderlands in 1275 – 76. ( Elsewhere, the main Mongol armies had captured most of the Song territory by 1276. ) By 1277, at least one Burmese vassal state named " Gold Teeth " ( modern Yingjiang ) had submitted to the Mongols. Like in 1272, the Burmese government responded by sending an army to reclaim the rebellious state ; but unlike in 1272, the Mongols had posted a sizable garrison there. Though it was ultimately under Mongol command, many of the officers and most of the soldiers of the garrison were Turkic @-@ speaking peoples or people from the further west : Turks from Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv and Nishapur, but also captive soldiers from the Persian Khwarazmid empire, the Kipchaks, and even Bulgars from the lower Volga. = = Border war ( 1277 – 78 ) = = What followed was a border war in 1277 – 78. It was reported mainly in the Yuan dynasty chronicle and the travelogue of Marco Polo. Although the Burmese chronicles have no record of the border war, a 1278 Burmese inscription mentions the army's defeat at Ngasaunggyan. The Mongol accounts of the border war contain certain errors of location and numbers although the overall narrative is probably accurate. = = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan = = = According to the Yuan dynasty chronicle and Marco Polo's accounts, a Burmese army " invaded " the Mongol territory of Gold Teeth, and was defeated by the Mongol army in April 1277. The battle took place either at the Vochang valley ( in present @-@ day Baoshan Prefecture ) or 110 km southwest at Kanngai ( present @-@ day Yingjiang, Dehong Prefecture ), which the Burmese called Ngasaunggyan. The Yuan Chronicle reports that only 700 men defeated a Burmese army of 40 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 with 10 @,@ 000 horses and 800 elephants. It also reports only one Mongol was killed, in trying to catch an elephant. According to Marco Polo, the Mongol army consisted of 12 @,@ 000 mounted archers, and the Burmese army numbered 60 @,@ 000 men with 2000 elephants, " on each of which was set a tower of timber, well @-@ framed and strong, and carrying from 12 to 16 well @-@ armed fighting men. " Even then, the 40 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 figures of the Burmese army strength were likely eye estimates and may still be too high ; the Mongols may have erred " on the side of generosity " not to " diminish their glory in defeating superior numbers. " According to Marco Polo's account, in the early stages of the battle, the Turkish and Mongol horsemen " took such fright at the sight of the elephants that they would not be got to face the foe, but always swerved and turned back, " while the Burmese forces pressed on. But the Mongol commander Huthukh did not panic ; he ordered his troops to dismount, and from the cover of the nearby treeline, aim their bows directly at the advancing elephants. The Mongol archers'arrows threw the animals into such pain that they fled. = = = Raid of Kaungsin = = = The Mongol army pressed on after the monsoon season. In the following dry season of 1277 – 78, c. December 1277, a Mongol army of 3800 led by Nasr al @-@ Din, son of Gov. Sayyid Ajjal, advanced to Kaungsin, which defended the Bhamo Pass. They occupied the fort and destroyed a large number of abandoned stockades. But they found the heat excessive and returned. = = Interlude ( 1278 – 83 ) = = Despite the Mongol military success, the control of the borderlands remained contested. Pagan did not relinquish its claim to the frontier regions, and the Burmese, apparently taking advantage of Mongol preoccupations elsewhere, rebuilt their forts at Kaungsin and Ngasaunggyan later in 1278, posting permanent garrisons commanded by Einda Pyissi. But their control was short @-@ lived. The Great Khan's attention turned to Southeast Asia once more in 1281. He had had mixed success : his vaunted forces had finished off the last of the Song in 1279 but had again failed to take Japan in 1281. That year, the Mongol emperor sent another mission to Pagan, demanding tribute yet again. The Burmese king was to send his ten senior ministers accompanied by one thousand cavalry officers to the emperor's court. ( With Champa, the emperor summoned the king of Champa himself to Beijing. ) At Pagan, Narathihapate deliberated with his court for an appropriate response but ultimately refused to submit. The Burmese court may have been counting on another limited border war but the emperor now ordered an invasion of northern Burma. ( He also ordered an invasion of Champa, whose king too had refused to submit. ) The Burmese king's troubles did not go unnoticed elsewhere in the kingdom. In the same year, a usurper named Wareru seized the southern port city of Martaban ( Mottama ) by killing its Pagan @-@ appointed governor. Although the king's three sons were viceroys of the nearby Lower Burma cities ( in Bassein ( Pathein ), Prome ( Pyay ), and Dala ), the king, preoccupied with much more serious threat in the north, did not ( or could not ) take any action on Martaban. Throughout 1282, the Mongol command made preparations for the upcoming invasions of Champa and northern Burma. The objective of the Burma campaign was to take over northern Burma but no further ; the emperor did not sanction an attack on Pagan itself. At least one army consisted of 14 @,@ 000 men of the erstwhile Persian Khwarezmid Empire under the command of Yalu Beg was sent to Yunnan to reinforce the Burma invasion force, which again was made up of Turks and other central Asians. On the Burmese side, the king managed to raise an army although given his low standing with his vassals, he probably could not have raised a large one. By mid @-@ 1283, a Burmese army led by generals Ananda Pyissi and Yanda Pyissi was deployed at a fort at Ngasaunggyan. = = Invasion ( 1283 – 85 ) = = = = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan ( 1283 ) = = = The invasion began on 22 September 1283. Prince Sangqudar was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the invasion force ; his deputies were Vice Governor Taipn, and commander Yagan Tegin. The Mongol armies marched to the border in two columns. One column advanced along the Taping River using over 200 boats ; the other proceeded by land and joined the first column at the Burmese fort at Ngasaunggyan. The Burmese chronicles report an overwhelming number of Mongol forces laying siege to the fort although their numbers are greatly exaggerated. ( The chronicles say that the Burmese army numbered 400 @,@ 000 men while the Mongol army numbered 20 million men and 6 million horses. ) The Burmese withstood the siege for over two months but the fort fell on 3 December 1283. = = = Invasion of northern Burma = = = The defeat at Ngasaunggyan broke the back of Burmese defenses. The Burmese army lost several thousand men as well as senior commanders. Kaungsin, the next fort inline, fell just six days later on 9 December 1283. The Mongol sources say that the

wikitext_103

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Australian battalion became part of the combined Canadian, British, Australian, New Zealand, and Indian 1st Commonwealth Division. The second major battle took place during Operation Commando and occurred after the Chinese attacked a salient in a bend of the Imjin River. The 1st Commonwealth Division counter @-@ attacked on 3 October, capturing a number of objectives including Hill 355 and Hill 317 during the Battle of Maryang San ; after five days the Chinese retreated. Australian casualties included 20 dead and 104 wounded. The belligerents then became locked in static trench warfare akin to the First World War, in which men lived in tunnels, redoubts, and sandbagged forts behind barbed wire defences. From 1951 until the end of the war, 3 RAR held trenches on the eastern side of the division's positions in the hills northeast of the Imjin River. Across from them were heavily fortified Chinese positions. In March 1952, Australia increased its ground commitment to two battalions, sending 1 RAR. This battalion remained in Korea for 12 months, before being replaced by 2 RAR in April 1953. The Australians fought their last battle during 24 – 26 July 1953, with 2 RAR holding off a concerted Chinese attack along the Samichon River and inflicting significant casualties for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded. Hostilities were suspended on 27 July 1953. 17 @,@ 808 Australians served during the war, with 341 killed, 1 @,@ 216 wounded and 30 captured. = = = Malayan Emergency, 1950 – 60 = = = The Malayan Emergency was declared on 18 June 1948, after three estate managers were murdered by members of the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ). Australian involvement began in June 1950, when in response to a British request, six Lincolns from No. 1 Squadron and a flight of Dakotas from No. 38 Squadron arrived in Singapore to form part of the British Commonwealth Far East Air Force ( FEAF ). The Dakotas were subsequently used on cargo runs, troop movement, as well as paratroop and leaflet drops, while the Lincoln bombers carried out bombing raids against the Communist Terrorist ( CT ) jungle bases. The RAAF were particularly successful, and in one such mission known as Operation Termite, five Lincoln bombers destroyed 181 communist camps, killed 13 communists and forced one into surrender, in a joint operation with the RAF and ground troops. The Lincolns were withdrawn in 1958, and were replaced by Canberra bombers from No. 2 Squadron and CAC Sabres from No. 78 Wing. Based at RAAF Base Butterworth they also carried out a number ground attack missions against the guerrillas. Australian ground forces were deployed to Malaya in October 1955 as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve. In January 1956, the first Australian ground forces were deployed on Malaysian peninsula, consisting of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment ( 2 RAR ). 2 RAR mainly participated in " mopping up " operations over the next 20 months, conducting extensive patrolling in and near the CT jungle bases, as part of 28th British Commonwealth Brigade. Contact with the enemy was infrequent and results small, achieving relatively few kills. 2 RAR left Malaysia October 1957 to be replaced by 3 RAR. 3 RAR underwent six weeks of jungle training and began driving MCP insurgents back into the jungle of Perak and Kedah. The new battalion extensively patrolled and was involved in food denial operations and ambushes. Again contact was limited, although 3 RAR had more success than its predecessor. By late 1959, operations against the MCP were in their final phase, and most communists had been pushed back and across the Thailand border. 3 RAR left Malaysia October 1959 and was replaced by 1 RAR. Though patrolling the border 1 RAR did not make contact with the insurgents, and in October 1960 it was replaced by 2 RAR, which stayed in Malaysia until August 1963. The Malayan Emergency officially ended on 31 July 1960. Australia also provided artillery and engineer support, along with an air @-@ field construction squadron. The Royal Australian Navy also served in Malayan waters, firing on suspected communist positions between 1956 and 1957. The Emergency was the longest continued commitment in Australian military history ; 7 @,@ 000 Australians served and 51 died in Malaya — although only 15 were on operations — and another 27 were wounded. = = = Military and Naval growth during the 1960s = = = At the start of the 1960s, Prime Minister Robert Menzies greatly expanded the Australian military so that it could carry out the Government's policy of " Forward Defence " in South East Asia. In 1964, Menzies announced a large increase in defence spending. The strength of the Australian Army would be increased by 50 % over three years from 22 @,@ 000 to 33 @,@ 000 ; providing a full three @-@ brigade division with nine battalions. The RAAF and RAN would also both be increased by 25 %. In 1964, conscription or National Service was re @-@ introduced under the National Service Act, for selected 20 @-@ year @-@ olds based on date of birth, for a period of two years'continuous full @-@ time service ( the previous scheme having been suspended in 1959 ). In 1961, three Charles F. Adams @-@ class destroyers were purchased from the United States to replace the ageing Q @-@ class destroyers. Traditionally, the RAN had purchased designs based on those of the Royal Navy and the purchase of American destroyers was significant. HMAS Perth and HMAS Hobart joined the fleet in 1965, followed by HMAS Brisbane in 1967. Other projects included the construction of six River @-@ class frigates, the conversion of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne to an anti @-@ submarine role, the acquisition of ten Wessex helicopters, and the purchase of six Oberon @-@ class submarines. The RAAF took delivery of their first Mirage fighters in 1967, equipping No. 3, No. 75 and No. 77 Squadrons with them. The service also received American F @-@ 111 strike aircraft, C @-@ 130 Hercules transports, P @-@ 3 Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft and Italian Macchi trainers. = = = Indonesia @-@ Malaysia Confrontation, 1962 – 66 = = = The Indonesia @-@ Malaysia confrontation was fought from 1962 to 1966 between the British Commonwealth and Indonesia over the creation of the Federation of Malaysia, with the Commonwealth attempting to safeguard the security of the new state. The war remained limited, and was fought primarily on the island of Borneo, although a number of Indonesian seaborne and airborne incursions onto the Malay Peninsula did occur. As part of Australia's continuing military commitment to the security of Malaysia, army, naval and airforce units were based there as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve. Regardless the Australian government was wary of involvement in a war with Indonesia and initially limited its involvement to the defence of the Malayan peninsula only. On two occasions Australian troops from 3 RAR were used to help mop up infiltrators from seaborne and airborne incursions at Labis and Pontian, in September and October 1964. Following these raids the government conceded to British and Malaysian requests to deploy an infantry battalion to Borneo. During the early phases, British and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the Malaysian / Indonesian border, and to protect population centres. However, by the time the Australian battalion deployed the British had decided on more aggressive action, crossing the border into Kalimantan to obtain information and conduct ambushes to force the Indonesians to remain on the defensive, under the codename Operation Claret. The fighting took place in mountainous, jungle @-@ clad terrain, and a debilitating climate, with operations characterised by the extensive use of company bases sited along the border, cross @-@ border operations, the use of helicopters for troop movement and resupply, and the role of human and signals intelligence to determine enemy movements and intentions. 3 RAR deployed to Borneo in March 1965, and served in Sarawak until the end of July, operating on both sides of the border. The battalion had four major contacts with Indonesian forces and several smaller ones — including at Sungei Koemba, Kindau and Babang during which they inflicted heavy casualties on the Indonesians — as well as suffering casualties in two mine incidents. 4 RAR served a less @-@ eventful tour between April and August 1966, and also operated over the border, successfully clashing with the Indonesians on a number of occasions. A squadron of the Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) was also deployed in 1965 and again in 1966, taking part in cross @-@ border operations and inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians, even though they were often tasked with covert reconnaissance. Other units included artillery and engineers, while a number of RAN ships were involved in shelling Indonesian positions in Borneo and in repelling infiltrators in the Singapore Strait. The RAAF played a relatively minor role, although it would have been used far more extensively had the war escalated. Operations in Borneo were extremely sensitive and they received little press coverage in Australia, while official acknowledgement of involvement in cross @-@ border missions only occurred in 1996. Following a military coup in Indonesia in early 1966 which brought General Suharto to power, a peace treaty was signed in August 1966 which ended the conflict. 3 @,@ 500 Australians served during Confrontation ; casualties included 16 dead, with seven killed in action and eight wounded. = = = Vietnam War, 1962 – 73 = = = Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast

wikitext_103

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AD 711. = = = Altars = = = Altar 5 is carved with two nobles, one of whom is probably Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. They are performing a ritual using the bones of an important woman. Altar 5 was found in Complex N, which lies to the west of Temple III. Altar 8 is sculpted with a bound captive. It was found within Complex P in Group H and is now in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City. Altar 9 is associated with Stela 21 and bears the sculpture of a bound captive. It is located in front of Temple VI. Altar 10 is carved with a captive tied to a scaffold. It is in the northern enclosure of Group Q, a twin @-@ pyramid complex and has suffered from erosion. Altar 35 is a plain monument associated with Stela 43. The stela @-@ altar pair is centrally located at the base of the stairway of Temple IV. = = = Lintels = = = At Tikal, beams of sapodilla wood were placed as lintels spanning the inner doorways of temples. These are the most elaborately carved wooden lintels to have survived anywhere in the Maya region. Lintel 3 from Temple IV was taken to Basel in Switzerland in the 19th century. It was in almost perfect condition and depicts Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil seated on a palanquin. = = = Stelae = = = Stelae are carved stone shafts, often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs. A selection of the most notable stelae at Tikal follows : Stela 1 dates to the 5th century and depicts the king Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II in a standing position. Stela 4 is dated to AD 396, during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin after the intrusion of Teotihuacan in the Maya area. The stela displays a mix of Maya and Teotihuacan qualities, and deities from both cultures. It has a portrait of the king with the Underworld Jaguar God under one arm and the Mexican Tlaloc under the other. His helmet is a simplified version of the Teotihuacan War Serpent. Unusually for Maya sculpture, but typically for Teotihuacan, Yax Nuun Ayiin is depicted with a frontal face, rather than in profile. Stela 5 was dedicated in 744 by Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil. Stela 6 is a badly damaged monument dating to 514 and bears the name of the " Lady of Tikal " who celebrated the end of the 4th K 'atun in that year. Stela 10 is twinned with Stela 12 but is badly damaged. It described the accession of Kaloomte'B 'alam in the early 6th century and earlier events in his career, including the capture of a prisoner depicted on the monument. Stela 11 was the last monument ever erected at Tikal ; it was dedicated in 869 by Jasaw Chan K 'awiil II. Stela 12 is linked to the queen known as the " Lady of Tikal " and king Kaloomte'B 'alam. The queen is described as performing the year @-@ ending rituals but the monument was dedicated in honor of the king. Stela 16 was dedicated in 711, during the reign of Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. The sculpture, including a portrait of the king and a hieroglyphic text, are limited to the front face of the monument. It was found in Complex N, west of Temple III. Stela 18 was one of two stelae erected by Yax Nuun Ayiin I to celebrate the k 'atun @-@ ending of AD 396. It was re @-@ erected at the base of Temple 34, his funerary shrine. Stela 19 was dedicated in 790 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II. Stela 20 was found in Complex P, in Group H, and was moved to the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City. Stela 21 was dedicated in 736 by Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil. Only the bottom of the stela is intact, the rest having been mutilated in ancient times. The surviving sculpture is of fine quality, consisting of the feet of a figure and of accompanying hieroglyphic text. The stela is associated with Altar 9 and is located in front of Temple VI. Stela 22 was dedicated in 771 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in the northern enclosure of Group Q, a twin @-@ pyramid complex. The face of the figure on the stela has been mutilated. Stela 23 was broken in antiquity and was re @-@ erected in a residential complex. The defaced portrait on the monument is that of the so @-@ called " Lady of Tikal ", a daughter of Chak Tok Ich 'aak II who became queen at the age of six but never ruled in her own right, being paired with male co @-@ rulers. It dates to the early 6th century. Stela 24 was erected at the foot of Temple 3 in 810, accompanied by Altar 7. Both were broken into fragments in ancient times, although the name of Dark Sun survives on three fragments. Stela 26 was found in the summit shrine of Temple 34, underneath a broken masonry altar. The monument had originally been erected at the base of the temple during the Early Classic period and was later broken, probably at the beginning of the Late Classic. Its remains were then interred within the temple shrine. Stela 29 bears a Long Count ( 8 @.@ 12 @.@ 14 @.@ 8 @.@ 15 ) date equivalent to AD 292, the earliest surviving Long Count date from the Maya lowlands. The stela is also the earliest monument to bear the Tikal emblem glyph. It bears a sculpture of the king facing to the right, holding the head of an underworld jaguar god, one of the patron deities of the city. The stela was deliberately smashed during the 6th century or some time later, the upper portion was dragged away and dumped in a rubbish tip close to Temple III, to be uncovered by archaeologists in 1959. Stela 30 is the first surviving monument to be erected after the Hiatus. Its style and iconography is similar to that of Caracol, one of the more important of Tikal's enemies. Stela 31 is the accession monument of Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II, also bearing two portraits of his father, Yax Nuun Ayiin, as a youth dressed as a Teotihuacan warrior. He carries a spearthrower in one hand and bears a shield decorated with the face of Tlaloc, the Teotihuacan war god. In ancient times the sculpture was broken and the upper portion was moved to the summit of Temple 33 and ritually buried. Stela 31 has been described as the greatest Early Classic sculpture to survive at Tikal. A long hieroglyphic text is carved onto the back of the monument, the longest to survive from the Early Classic, which describes the arrival of Siyah K 'ak'at El Peru and Tikal in January 378. It was also the first stela at Tikal to be carved on all four faces. Stela 32 is a fragmented monument with a foreign Teotihuacan @-@ style sculpture apparently depicting the lord of that city with the attributes of the central Mexican storm god Tlaloc, including his goggle eyes and tasselled headdress. Stela 39 is a broken monument that was erected in the Lost World complex. The upper portion of the stela is missing but the lower portion shows the lower body and legs of Chak Tok Ich 'aak, holding a flint axe in his left hand. He is trampling the figure of a bound, richly dressed captive. The monument is dated to AD 376. The text on the back of the monument describes a bloodletting ritual to celebrate a Katun @-@ ending. The stela also names Chak Tok Ich 'aak I's father as K 'inich Muwaan Jol. Stela 40 bears a portrait of Kan Chitam and dates to AD 468. Stela 43 is paired with Altar 35. It is a plain monument at the base of the stairway of Temple IV. = = = Burials = = = Burial 1 is a tomb in the Lost World complex. A fine ceramic bowl was recovered from the tomb, with the handle formed from three @-@ dimensional head and neck of a bird emerging from the two @-@ dimensional body painted on the lid. Burial 10 is the tomb of Yax Nuun Ayiin. It is located beneath Structure 34 in the North Acropolis. The tomb contained a rich array of offerings, including ceramic vessels and food, and nine youths were sacrificed to accompany the dead king. A dog was also entombed with the deceased king. Pots in the tomb were stuccoed and painted and many demonstrated a blend of Maya and Teotihuacan styles. Among the offerings was an incense @-@ burner in the shape of an elderly underworld god, sitting on a stool made of human bones and holding a severed head in his hands. The tomb was sealed with a corbel vault, then the pyramid

wikitext_103

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played against Westmorland County on 24 November, five had injuries. The squad comprised only 26 players, and the tourists were often struggling to field a side. Nevertheless, their heavy schedule continued ; on 30 November 1888 they left for Dublin, where a match had been organised against the Ireland national team. = = Ireland, further English matches, and Wales = = The Ireland fixture was played at Lansdowne Road, Dublin, on 1 December 1888. Both teams had a number of leading players out injured – the Irish were forced to make four changes to their original selection. Ireland led 3 – 0 at half @-@ time after scoring a converted try, but the Natives improved considerably in the second @-@ half, scoring four tries. Patrick Keogh scored the first two tries, and his play was praised by the local press. The third try scored was by Thomas Ellison after a counter @-@ attack by George Williams. The try was not converted, but the strong finish from the New Zealanders gave the visitors a 13 – 4 victory. The Irish press were surprised by the loss and strongly criticised their team, but Ireland did go on to defeat Wales two tries to nil in the 1889 Home Nations Championship. Following their defeat of Ireland, the Natives played Trinity College and then North of Ireland. The match against Trinity College was drawn 4 – 4, and despite Keogh not playing, the Native side played much better than their previous fixture. The team then travelled to Belfast, where they defeated North of Ireland 2 – 0 on 5 December ; scoring two tries to nil. After returning to England, the Natives faced Lancashire in Manchester, where they lost 1 – 0. Two days later they drew with Batley Bulldogs, despite their opposition scoring five tries. Their next match was against Yorkshire, who were one of the strongest counties in the country, and went on to win the inaugural County Championship that season. Yorkshire fielded a weakened team, and were subsequently defeated 10 – 6 by the Natives, who scored six tries. After a further two victories, the team travelled to Wales, where they lost 3 – 0 to Llanelli, before facing Wales on 22 December. At the start of the match the home crowd were fairly hostile towards the Welsh team due to fans of both Swansea and Llanelli feeling slighted by the lack of selection of their players. Four teams dominated Welsh international selection at the time, and out of the 15 @-@ man team only William Towers and William Bowen of Swansea and Dan Griffiths of Llanelli had been selected. The match was played in Swansea, and the lack of local players may have contributed to a poor crowd, with gate receipts of only £ 120 recorded. The crowd's hostility impacted on the players, and debutant Norman Biggs was " palpably nervous " at the start of the match. Biggs, aged 18 years and 49 days, became the youngest Welsh international player – a record he held until the debut of Tom Prydie in 2010. Despite the heckles aimed primarily at Biggs, Charlie Arthur and George Thomas, the Welsh team produced an excellent effort, especially from the forwards. Towers scored the first Welsh try, which was converted by Jim Webb. The Natives replied with a spirited run by Ellison, but he failed to break through the Welsh defence. The tourists trailed even further after George Thomas scored a breakaway try frrm the half @-@ way line, which went some way to silence the heckles from the crowd. Webb, playing in out of position at full @-@ back, missed the conversion and then failed at a long distance goal from a mark. The Natives continued to push, with Elliot coming within five @-@ yards of the try line, and when Ellison did manage to cross the line he was carried back into the 25 @-@ yard line before he could touch down. In the second half Wales continued to push their advantage when Alexander Bland dribbled the ball into the Natives'25 ; this was collected by Sydney Nicholls, who managed to get the ball across the try line, allowing Jim Hannan to score. Warbrick for the Natives and Stadden for Wales both subsequently came close to scoring tries, but there were no further scores in the game. The match was also of historical importance because of the Welsh tactics employed. In the 1886 Home Nations Championship Wales had trialled the four three @-@ quarter system, wherein the team would play with eight forwards rather than nine, and instead employ an extra centre three @-@ quarter. The system was deemed a failure and was particularly unpopular with star Welsh player Arthur Gould, whose formidable ability as a back allowed his club team Newport to retain the additional forward. With Gould working in the West Indies, Wales again tried the four three @-@ quarter system against the Natives, and its success saw the team permanently adopt the system. Within six years the other three Home Countries had adopted four three @-@ quarter style of play. Before they left Wales, the Natives played Swansea and two other local clubs, Newport, and Cardiff. They defeated Swansea for their first win in Wales, and followed this up with a victory over Newport in front of 8 @,@ 000 spectators. They finished their Welsh matches, and the year, with a 4 – 1 loss to Cardiff in front of a partisan crowd. = = Return to England = = The side entered 1889 having played 36 matches for 22 wins and three draws. The Natives'play had improved throughout November and December following poorer form in their October matches ; positive press reports reflected this improvement. The team would go on to play a further 17 matches before their 16 February international against England. January started with a 4 – 1 loss to Bradford, during which 25 police officers were required to keep many of the 12 @,@ 000 spectators, many of them non @-@ paying, in order. This was followed by victories over Leeds Parish Church, Kirkstall, Brighouse Rangers, and Huddersfield. Following further matches against Stockport, Castleford, and Warrington, where the team drew, lost, then won, the side faced Yorkshire for a second time. Yorkshire had been criticised in the press for fielding a weakened line @-@ up against the Natives when the sides first met in December. After the unexpected loss, Yorkshire were determined to make amends and a strong side was selected for the county, including Fred Bonsor, Richard Lockwood and John Willie Sutcliffe, all of whom would appear for England against the Natives later that season. Described as " knocked about " and " stale ", the Natives struggled to compete against such strong opposition, and Yorkshire scored three converted tries before a try to Ellison left the scores at 9 – 1 at half @-@ time. The second @-@ half was little better for the Natives ; they conceded a further two tries as well as a drop @-@ goal. The second of these tries was scored by Lockwood after he ran the ball from his own half. Ellison scored a converted try late in the match, but this didn 't prevent the Natives suffering their largest defeat of the tour : 16 – 4 to the Yorkshiremen. Ellison later described the match as " without a murmur, the biggest beating we received in our whole tour ". After a victory over Spen Valley District, the team travelled west to play Somersetshire, Devonshire, Taunton, and Gloucestershire, and won all five games. The victory over Somerset was the New Zealanders'largest of the tour ; they scored nine tries in a 17 – 4 victory. Half @-@ back Keogh played outstandingly for the Natives, while the entire side demonstrated superior passing and combination to their opposition. Devonshire and Tauton suffered heavy defeats by the New Zealanders, before a strong Gloucestershire side was dismissed. After defeating Midland Counties, the Natives returned to London. The team had two further matches before their international against England. The first was against one of the strongest clubs in England, Blackheath. Andrew Stoddart, who had toured New Zealand and Australia with the 1888 British Isles side, played for the club in their 9 – 3 defeat to the Natives. The New Zealanders won having scored four tries, including two by Keogh. Their next opposition was a United Services side mainly comprising Royal Navy players. The Natives were again victorious, this time 10 – 0. The match against Oxford University was postponed due to heavy frost, and so the team had a seven @-@ day break from playing – their longest of the tour. = = England international = = The match against England was causing the Natives'players and management problems before it had even begun. The team manager, Scott, was in dispute with the RFU over where the match should be played – the RFU were adamant that the match should take place at Blackheath's ground, but Scott wanted the game to proceed at The Oval, where a larger crowd, and therefore higher gate receipts, could be secured. The strictly amateur RFU establishment were already suspicious of the profit @-@ making motives of the Natives, and were unwilling to yield on the selection of venue. The RFU was also in dispute with the other Home Unions over the formation of the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ). Following a disputed try in an England – Scotland international match in 1888, the Scottish authorities had pushed for the establishment of an international body to oversee the game, but the RFU insisted that they would only join if they held a deciding vote, arguing that they deserved this as they were, they asserted, the senior body, and had the most member clubs. Ireland, Wales and Scotland consequently refused to play against England until 1891

wikitext_103

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= The Same Old Story = " The Same Old Story " is the second episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe. The episode was written by executive producer Jeff Pinkner and co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci. When developing the series, they sought to find a medium between serialized drama and the crime procedural. " The Same Old Story " was the first regular episode of Fringe, and journalists viewed it as an example of what they could expect from the series. It was directed by Paul A. Edwards. After a newborn baby rapidly ages into an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man, Fringe division agent Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) and consultants Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) investigate. They tie the case to the murders of young women, who have all had their pituitary glands removed. It is revealed that Dr. Claus Penrose ( Mark Blum ), an expert in progeria, is working to help his son Christopher ( Derek Cecil ) stay alive, as he suffers from rapid aging syndrome. " The Same Old Story " first aired in the United States on September 16, 2008 on Fox. An estimated 13 @.@ 272 million viewers watched the episode, a 45 percent increase from the series premiere. The episode received mixed reviews from television critics – reviewers thought it was an improvement from the previous episode but faulted it for containing plot contrivances. = = Plot = = A prostitute is abandoned by an unknown man at a hospital, dangerously in labor. She dies as the doctors perform a caesarean section, but the child ages rapidly in minutes, soon dead having aged to the likes of an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man. Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ), Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ), and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ), new members of the Fringe division, are called to investigate by division head Phillip Broyles ( Lance Reddick ), believing the case to be part of " The Pattern ", a string of mysterious incidents. The woman is identified as having recently left a local motel, and Olivia finds evidence that points to a past serial murder case she and her former partner John Scott were not able to solve. Olivia explains to Peter that their murderer would paralyze his victims, young women, then make an incision along their face to extract a piece of brain material, killing the victim in the process. Walter takes both corpses back to his lab and determines that the woman had only been pregnant minutes before giving birth, her child having accelerated aging disease. Walter is reminded of having previously done work in this field, and remembers where he stashed his car that contains the related files. Once they are retrieved, Olivia makes a connection to the pituitary gland which controls growth in humans, and informs Charlie Francis ( Kirk Acevedo ) to monitor recent cases where the victims'pituitary gland has been removed. Olivia and Peter turn to an expert in progeria, Dr. Penrose ( Mark Blum ), to trying to learn more about rapid aging, but Dr. Penrose cannot help them further, though Peter suspects he is hiding something. Unseen by the Fringe division, Dr. Penrose visits an abandoned warehouse and meets the murderer, Christopher ( Derek Cecil ), his son, who suffers from rapid aging syndrome. Penrose warns Christopher to be careful and that they only need one more woman to complete the process. By this time, Charlie has found a recent murder victim killed in the same fashion as Olivia's serial murderer. At Walter's lab, they identify the pituitary gland has been removed. They rationalize the murderer must extract hormones from the glands to slow down his own aging process. Walter hypothesizes they can discover the location of the crime by looking at the images left in the woman's optical nerves induced by the paralyzing sedative. Borrowing an electronic pulse camera from Massive Dynamic, they discover the image of a suspension bridge near Stoughton and identify the likely location from which it was viewed — the same warehouse that Dr. Penrose visited. The FBI converge on the building, and Olivia and Peter find Penrose about to cut into another victim. Olivia chases off after Christopher, who eventually succumbs to his rapid aging and dies, while Peter, after nicking Penrose with a bullet, confers with Walter to apply a makeshift defibrillator to bring the victim back to life. As they wrap up the case, Olivia, Peter, and Walter complete forms to finalize their position in the Fringe division. When Peter is out of earshot, Walter learns from Olivia that the FBI medical files on Peter's childhood are void of any details. = = Production = = Co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, and executive producer Jeff Pinkner wrote the episode. Paul A. Edwards served as the director, his first such credit for the series. In developing Fringe, the co @-@ creators did not want to make the series too serialized, as this was a complaint often directed at Abrams'television series Alias. They wanted to find a balance between standalone stories and serialized content, and studied procedural dramas such as Law and Order and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation for inspiration. Kurztman explained, " While we make sure that our episodes are self @-@ contained – have a beginning, a middle, and an end – the character stories can be serialized. They don 't have to resolve themselves over the course of one show. " " The Same Old Story " was Fringe's first regular episode, and some journalists viewed it as an example of how the series would be structured. The episode was based on actual recent research and involved much collaboration among the series'different departments. For the scene in which they remove the victim's eyeball, the special effects crew created a mold based on actress Elizabeth Stanley's head. Using plaster to make a prosthetic, they " drilled out the eyeball and sculpt [ ed ] it open and [ went ] through a series of molds. " Stanley stated that " it's really cool to see the head because it really does look just like me, even though it's very gruesome because the eyeball's popping out. " The prop department rigged a weapon which they called a " photon gun " ; according to prop master Peter Gelfman, this gun was based on real devices employed in airport security that look through people's clothing for concealed weapons. VFX Supervisor Christopher Scollard explained that for the eye's last vision, they used " a lot of actual photographic reference on the set and on the location, " which they then used to " take that imagery and composite it into the various computer monitors and displays in the lab. " " The Same Old Story " featured guest appearances by actors Derek Cecil as Christopher Penrose and Mark Blum as his father, Dr. Claus Penrose. Other guest actors included Betty Gilpin as Loraine " Amber " Daisy Alcott, Bernie McInerney as old Christopher Penrose, Carmen Goodine as Amy, Ty Jones as a doctor, and Karin Agstam as John Scott's sister. = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Same Old Story " was watched by 13 @.@ 272 million viewers in the United States, a 45 percent increase of four million from the pilot. Fox claimed that this ratings improvement was the best for any new network drama series in over five years. Its high @-@ rated lead @-@ in, House, helped boost Fringe's ratings for the night, as 93 percent of House's total audience and 95 percent of 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds stayed to watch Fringe. Fringe was also the highest rated program for male 18- to 54 @-@ year @-@ olds that evening. = = = Reviews = = = " The Same Old Story " received mixed reviews from television critics. TV Squad writer Jane Boursaw thought the episode seemed " all over the place ", and wasn 't sure what to think. She stated the two most interesting parts of the episode were when Walter removed the girl's eye in order to identity her killer, and the cliffhanger at the very end, when Walter states " If you've read my file, then you know the truth about Peter's medical history ". Travis Fickett of IGN thought it was better than the pilot ; though it was " laden with lots of clunky exposition and clichéd dialogue, " Fickett understood that it was needed to acquaint new viewers to the show. Fickett concluded his review by saying Fringe has the potential to be a " great show ", and he also praised the production level as " top notch ", and Torv's performance as " very good " as she " brings a unique presence to the show ". The A.V. Club critic Noel Murray gave the episode a C +, while Television Without Pity graded it with a B. Josh Jackson of Paste Magazine disliked the " deus ex machina " aspects that " neatly solved the puzzles of the first two episodes ", and also criticized perceived " plot contrivances " like how the serial murderer immediately began aging once interrupted from killing his last victim. Despite these flaws, Jackson said he would tune in next week because he would " rather have a show err on the side of unbelievable than unremarkable, and I'm interested to see if Abrams has any more tricks up his sleeve ". Erin Fox of TV Guide also liked " The Same Old Story " better than the pilot because she thought that it " had really cool special effects

wikitext_103

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Standing Fleet on 22 May 1901 and was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet when the Combined Fleet was re @-@ formed on 28 December 1903. At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War, Asahi, commanded by Captain Hikohachi Yamada, was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904, when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was, anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened, but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin, which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences. Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns. Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships, which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect. Although many ships on both sides were hit, Russian casualties numbered only 17, while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged. Asahi was not hit during the engagement. The ship participated in the action of 13 April, when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship Petropavlovsk. When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division, he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night. The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded, and Makarov was one of the 677 killed. Emboldened by his success, Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions, prompting the Russians to lay more minefields, which sank two Japanese battleships the following month. During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August, Asahi, now commanded by Captain Tsunaakira Nomoto, was second in line of the column of Japanese battleships, behind Mikasa, and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships. She was only hit by a single 12 @-@ inch shell that wounded two crewmen. Both guns in her aft 12 @-@ inch gun turret, however, were disabled by shells that detonated prematurely in their barrels. In turn she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships Poltava and Tsesarevich although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells, which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact. The ship made the critical hits of the battle, however, when two of her 12 @-@ inch shells struck the bridge of Tsesarevich, killing the Russian squadron commander, Vice Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, two of his staff officers and the ship's quartermaster. The ship's wheel was jammed to port by wreckage and then slowed to a halt which threw the rest of the Russian ships into total confusion. The second @-@ in @-@ command, Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky, eventually gained control of the remainder of the squadron and headed back to Port Arthur. Slightly more than two months later, on 26 October, Asahi struck a mine off Port Arthur while on blockade duty. Severely damaged, she was under repair at Sasebo Naval Arsenal from November 1904 to April 1905. Russian naval forces in the Far East had been destroyed or neutralized by this time and the Russians were forced to transfer ships from the Baltic Fleet that did not arrive until May. = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, Asahi again followed the battleship Mikasa into combat, this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons. Mikasa opened fire at the battleship Knyaz Suvorov, the Russian flagship, at 14 : 10, and was joined by Asahi and the armoured cruiser Azuma shortly afterwards. Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship, badly wounded the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, knocked out her rear 12 @-@ inch gun turret, and jammed Knyaz Suvorov's steering so that she fell out of formation. The Russian ships were concentrating their fire on Mikasa during the early part of the battle and Asahi was not damaged during this time. Tōgō was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons. Knyaz Suvorov's steering was later repaired, but she blundered between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and was heavily damaged. Asahi seems to have mostly engaged the battleships Borodino and Oryol in the late stages of the battle, although Fuji fired the shots that caused the Borodino's magazines to explode and sink her. Asahi fired more twelve @-@ inch shells, 142, than any other ship during the battle. In total, the ship was hit six times during the battle, but none of them damaged her significantly. While Asahi's casualties are not precisely known, the Japanese only lost 110 men killed and 590 wounded to all causes during the battle. The battle was a total Japanese victory with five Russian battleships captured and incorporated into the IJN. Captain W. C. Pakenham, the Royal Navy's official military observer under the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance, took notes of the battle's progress from a deck chair on Asahi's exposed quarterdeck. His report confirmed the superiority of Japanese training and tactics and publicized the victory in the West. = = = Later career = = = In 1908, Asahi was part of the Japanese fleet that escorted the American Great White Fleet through Japanese waters during its round @-@ the @-@ globe voyage. The ship was assigned to the 1st Fleet in 1908 and 1910 – 11. Asahi became a gunnery training ship in 1914, and was re @-@ armed in 1917 with Japanese guns replacing her original British @-@ made guns. The same year, she was assigned to the 5th Division of the 3rd Fleet. In 1918, Asahi became flagship of her division and participated in the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War. She escorted troop convoys to the Russian Far East and was guard ship at Kamchatka from January to August 1918. Asahi was reclassified as a first @-@ class coastal defence ship on 1 September 1921, and began disarmament in 1922 at Yokosuka in compliance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. She was reclassified as a training and submarine depot ship on 1 April 1923 and her disarmament was completed in July of that same year. Her displacement dropped to 11 @,@ 441 long tons ( 11 @,@ 625 t ) with the loss of her armour and guns, and her speed was limited to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ). The navy decided to convert Asahi into a submarine salvage ship and she began the first stage of her conversion with the installation of specialized salvage equipment from February to August 1925. From 1926 to October 1927, the ship's 25 Belleville boilers were replaced with four Kanpon Type RO boilers at Kure Naval Arsenal. One of her two funnels was also removed, and two large lifting frames were installed as part of the second stage of her conversion. The ship conducted experiments in submarine rescue using the old German submarine 0 @-@ 1 ( ex @-@ U @-@ 125 ). In May 1928, Asahi was fitted with a 62 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 19 m ) compressed @-@ air aircraft catapult on her forecastle and successfully launched an E2N1 Type 15 seaplane. After repeated accidents, the catapult was replaced by one powered by gunpowder. On the completion of testing in 1928, Asahi was placed in reserve. Reclassified as a repair ship on 16 August 1937, Asahi was taken out of reserve in November, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident that started the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War, and was used as a transport to land troops in an amphibious landing at Hangzhou Bay. Afterwards she began conversion at Kure, Japan, into a repair ship ; this was completed on 18 December 1938. Asahi was fitted with a dummy wooden main battery fore and aft to resemble an old battleship after her arrival in Shanghai on 29 December. In May 1939 she was modified to act as a torpedo depot ship and carried out patrols between 29 May and 7 November 1940. She was transferred to Camranh Bay, French Indochina, on 15 November 1940 and later transported the 11th Base Unit from Kure to Camranh Bay 19 November – 7 December 1941. From 13 March 1942, Asahi was stationed at Singapore, and in April her crew performed repairs on the light cruiser Naka, which had been torpedoed by the submarine USS Seawolf off Christmas Island. Departing Singapore for Kure on 22 May, escorted by the subchaser CH @-@ 9, Asahi was sighted by the submarine USS Salmon on the night of 25 / 26 May 1942, 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of Cape Padaran, Indochina. Of Salmon's four torped

wikitext_103

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= 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot = The 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot was a conspiracy by a group of high @-@ ranking followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( later known as Osho ) to assassinate Charles Turner, the then @-@ United States Attorney for the District of Oregon. Rajneesh's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command, Ma Anand Sheela ( Sheela Silverman ), assembled the group after Turner was appointed to investigate illegal activity at Rajneeshpuram. Turner investigated charges of immigration fraud and sham marriages, and later headed the federal prosecution of the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack in The Dalles, Oregon. The conspirators included : Ma Anand Sheela, Sally @-@ Anne Croft, Chief Financial Officer of Rajneeshpuram ; Susan Hagan, head of security at Rajneeshpuram, Catherine Jane Stork, who bought weapons and silencers and volunteered to be the actual murderer ; Ann Phyllis McCarthy, fourth @-@ in @-@ command of Rajneeshpuram ; and co @-@ conspirators Alma Potter, Carol Matthews, Phyllis Caldwell and Richard Kevin Langford. The conspirators obtained false identification to purchase handguns out @-@ of @-@ state, stalked Turner, and planned to murder him near his workplace in Portland, Oregon. The assassination plot was never carried out and was only discovered later, as a result of the investigation by federal law enforcement into the bioterror attack in The Dalles and other illegal acts by the Rajneeshpuram leadership. Prosecution of the conspirators began in 1990, when a federal grand jury brought indictments against several of the key players. Some had fled the country, and extradition proceedings against the perpetrators and subsequent prosecution and conviction was not completed for sixteen years. The final conspirator was convicted in 2006, when Catherine Jane Stork agreed to return to the United States from Germany in order to be allowed to visit her ill son in Australia. Eight perpetrators received sentences ranging from five years probation to five years in federal prison and an additional member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy. Rajneesh was never prosecuted in relation to the conspiracy, and left the United States after pleading guilty to immigration fraud and agreeing not to reenter the country without permission from the U.S. Attorney General. = = Planning = = = = = Hit list = = = Seven followers ( called Rajneeshees ) of charismatic leader Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( now known as Osho ), were convicted of a 1985 conspiracy to assassinate Charles Turner, and an additional unindicted eighth member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy. The perpetrators were high @-@ ranking followers within the Rajneeshee organization. Prosecutors in the case stated that the perpetrators had planned to murder Turner after he was appointed to head an investigation into the group's activities in Rajneeshpuram, Oregon. Turner's investigation focused on sham marriages organized by the group, as well as other illegal activities including immigration fraud, and he later headed the federal prosecution relating to the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack in The Dalles, Oregon. Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohnmayer was also involved in investigations of the group, working alongside Turner. In May 1985, Rajneesh's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command, Sheela Silverman ( Ma Anand Sheela ), gathered the leader's key followers and formed a group of conspirators in order to plan the assassination of Turner, as well as several dissidents among their organization. Sheela stated that Turner's grand jury investigation " threatened the existence of the commune ", and exposed Rajneesh and several of his disciples to criminal prosecution. Sheela hoped that by murdering Turner they would be able to thwart the federal immigration investigation which could have resulted in deportation of Rajneeshee leaders. Three former leaders of the commune including Ma Anand Sheela, Dianne Yvonne Onang ( Ma Anand Puja ), a registered nurse from the Philippines who managed the Rajneeshee medical corporation, and former treasurer of Rajneesh Foundation International and Catherine Jane Stork ( Ma Shanti Bhadra ) of Australia, put together a hit list which included U.S. Attorney Charles Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer. Susan Hagan ( Ma Anand Su ), a top official in the Rajneeshpuram hierarchy, was also a participant in the assassination conspiracy. Hagan was in charge of the security force at Rajneeshpuram, ran the Rajneesh Investment Corporation, and supervised construction on the commune. Other conspirators in the assassination plot included Ann Phyllis McCarthy ( Ma Yoga Vidya ), president of the Rajneesh commune, and Alma Potter ( Ma Dhyan Yogini ), Ma Anand Sheela's bodyguard and traveling companion. Potter was manager of the Hotel Rajneesh in Portland, Oregon, and a member of the commune's security force. The Oregonian reported that nine people were on the hit list, including : Turner, Frohnmayer, former assistant attorney general Karen H. Green, Wasco County planning director Daniel C. Durow, Wasco County commissioner James L. Comini, investigative journalist for The Oregonian Leslie L. Zaitz, former member Helen C. Byron ( Ma Idam Shunyo ), who had been awarded US $ 1 @.@ 7 million in a lawsuit against Rajneesh Foundation International, her daughter Barbara J. Byron ( Makima ), and Rajneesh's former secretary Laxmi Thakarsi Kuruwa ( Ma Yoga Laxmi ). = = = Weapons = = = Catherine Jane Stork volunteered to be the follower who would actually murder Turner, and bought guns and silencers. Stork was known to fellow followers as Ma Shanti Bhadra, and was also one of the three " Big Mammas " in Rajneeshpuram. Sally @-@ Anne Croft ( known by followers as Ma Prem Savita ), an accountant and the group's Chief Financial Officer, provided money for the purchase of weapons related to the plot. Phyllis Caldwell ( Ma Deva Ritka ) described in a federal affidavit how members of the murder conspiracy obtained handguns, referring to Catherine Jane Stork and Sally @-@ Anne Croft : " Shanti B went down to Jesus Grove, and Savita gave us several thousand dollars to use to buy guns. " Jesus Grove referred to a group of trailers where all the leaders of the Rajneesh commune resided, except for Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. Ma Anand Sheela and three other Rajneesh followers traveled to New York in the spring of 1985 to acquire false identification. According to a federal indictment, the perpetrators of the assassination plot used a false birth certificate to purchase guns. Two members of the group then traveled to Texas to purchase handguns. Caldwell stated she and Catherine Jane Stork flew to Texas to purchase guns there. They purchased five guns in Texas, but encountered difficulty purchasing handguns in Texas with out @-@ of @-@ state identification and traveled to New Mexico instead. Caldwell said they called back to the commune but the women were instructed " not to come back without the guns ". In New Mexico, they obtained false identification, and purchased several pistols. Their intention was to purchase guns which were difficult to trace. Caldwell said it was easy to obtain guns in New Mexico : " we found it was pretty easy to buy guns. All you had to do was show some identification and it was easy to get. " Caldwell said she and Stork went to a university library to find the identity " of someone dying very young ", next went " to public records and asked for a copy of a birth certificate " and described how " we got a rent receipt book and just made up a rent receipt ". " And then we were able to go to several different gun shops in Albuquerque with those two bits of identification and buy five different guns and bullets, " said Caldwell. They were able to obtain one Colt.38 @-@ caliber revolver, and four Ruger.357 @-@ caliber Security @-@ Six Magnum revolvers. The conspirators smuggled the guns into Oregon by packing them in luggage and putting the luggage on a Greyhound Lines bus. Caldwell said that she and Stork traveled by bus back to the Rajneesh commune so as to avoid airport metal detectors. = = = Surveillance = = = After obtaining guns the conspirators returned to Portland, Oregon. They rented out an apartment in Portland to serve as their base of operations for the assassination of Turner. Rajneesh follower Carol Matthews ( Ma Prem Samadhi ) used a fake name during the planning of the assassination plot, in an attempt to obtain the home address of Charles Turner. According to federal prosecutors Matthews obtained a college yearbook of Turner's, and learned his car's license plate number and his parking location. Court records state that Matthews and an unindicted co @-@ conspirator gave voter registration officials fake identities and told officials they were conducting " a voter survey on President Reagan's economic plan ", in order to obtain Turner's route number and post office box number. The two tried repeating the story with members of the U.S. Postal Service, but the postal officials did not give them Turner's address. They then drove around Turner's neighborhood and were able to find his home by locating a sign in front of

wikitext_103

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Pao @-@ ting Fu, where the Chinese government was believed to have found asylum after Peking was captured by western forces. The Victorians joined a force of 7 @,@ 500 men on a ten @-@ day march to the fort, once again only to find that it had already surrendered. The Victorians then garrisoned Tientsin and the New South Wales contingent undertook garrison duties in Peking. HMCS Protector was mostly used for survey, transport, and courier duties in the Gulf of Chihli, before departing in November. The naval brigades remained during the winter, unhappily performing policing and guard duties, as well as working as railwaymen and fire @-@ fighters. They left China in March 1901, having played only a minor role in a few offensives and punitive expeditions and in the restoration of civil order. Six Australians died from sickness and injury, but none were killed as a result of enemy action. = = Australian military forces at Federation, 1901 = = The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a result of the federation of the Australian colonies. Under the Constitution of Australia, defence responsibility was now vested in the new federal government. The co @-@ ordination of Australia @-@ wide defensive efforts in the face of Imperial German interest in the Pacific Ocean was one of driving forces behind federalism, and the Department of Defence immediately came into being as a result, while the Commonwealth Military Forces ( early forerunner of the Australian Army ) and Commonwealth Naval Force were also soon established. The Australian Commonwealth Military Forces came into being on 1 March 1901 and all the colonial forces — including those still in South Africa — became part of the new force. 28 @,@ 923 colonial soldiers, including 1 @,@ 457 professional soldiers, 18 @,@ 603 paid militia and 8 @,@ 863 unpaid volunteers, were subsequently transferred. The individual units continued to be administered under the various colonial Acts until the Defence Act 1903 brought all the units under one piece of legislation. This Act also prevented the raising of standing infantry units and specified that militia forces could not be used in industrial disputes or serve outside Australia. However, the majority of soldiers remained in militia units, known as the Citizen Military Forces ( CMF ). Major General Sir Edward Hutton — a former commander of the New South Wales Military Forces — subsequently became the first commander of the Commonwealth Military Forces on 26 December and set to work devising an integrated structure for the new army. In 1911, following a report by Lord Kitchener the Royal Military College, Duntroon was established, as was a system of universal National Service. Prior to federation each self @-@ governing colony had operated its own naval force. These navies were small and lacked blue water capabilities, forcing the separate colonies to subsidise the cost of a British naval squadron in their waters for decades. The colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901, when the Commonwealth Naval Force was created. This new force also lacked blue water capable ships, and ultimately did not lead to a change in Australian naval policy. In 1907 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and Creswell, while attending the Imperial Conference in London, sought the British Government's agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy. The Admiralty rejected and resented the challenge, but suggested diplomatically that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would be sufficient. Deakin was unimpressed, and in 1908 invited the American Great White Fleet to visit Australia. This visit fired public enthusiasm for a modern navy and in part led to the order of two 700 @-@ ton River @-@ class destroyers. The surge in German naval construction prompted the Admiralty to change their position however and the Royal Australian Navy was subsequently formed in 1911, absorbing the Commonwealth Naval Force. On 4 October 1913, the new fleet steamed through Sydney Heads, consisting of the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, three light cruisers, and three destroyers, while several other ships were still under construction. And as a consequence the navy entered the First World War as a formidable force. The Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) was established as part of the Commonwealth Military Forces in 1912, prior to the formation of the Australian Military Forces in 1916 and was later separated in 1921 to form the Royal Australian Air Force, making it the second oldest air force in the world. Regardless, the service branches were not linked by a single chain of command however, and each reported to their own minister and had separate administrative arrangements and government departments. = = First World War, 1914 – 18 = = = = = Outbreak of hostilities = = = When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War, the Australian government rapidly followed suit, with Prime Minister Joseph Cook declaring on 5 August 1914 that "... when the Empire is at war, so also is Australia " and reflecting the sentiment of many Australians that any declaration of war by Britain automatically included Australia. This was itself in part due to the large number of British @-@ born citizens and first generation Anglo @-@ Australians that made up the Australian population at the time. Indeed, by the end of the war almost 20 % of those who served in the Australian forces had been born in Britain. As the existing militia forces were unable to serve overseas under the provisions of the Defence Act 1903, an all @-@ volunteer expeditionary force known as the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) was formed and recruitment began on 10 August 1914. The government pledged 20 @,@ 000 men, organised as one infantry division and one light horse brigade plus supporting units. Enlistment and organisation was primarily regionally based and was undertaken under mobilisation plans drawn up in 1912. The first commander was Major General William Bridges, who also assumed command of the 1st Division. Throughout the course of the conflict Australian efforts were predominantly focused upon the ground war, although small air and naval forces were also committed. = = = Occupation of German New Guinea = = = Following the outbreak of war Australian forces moved quickly to reduce the threat to shipping posed by the proximity of Germany's Pacific colonies. The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( AN & MEF ), a 2000 @-@ man volunteer force — separate from the AIF — and consisting of an infantry battalion plus 500 naval reservists and ex @-@ sailors, was rapidly formed under the command of William Holmes. The objectives of the force were the wireless stations on Nauru, and those at Yap in the Caroline Islands, and at Rabaul in German New Guinea. The force reached Rabaul on 11 September 1914 and occupied it the next day, encountering only brief resistance from the German and native defenders during fighting at Bita Paka and Toma. German New Guinea surrendered on 17 September 1914. Australian losses were light, including six killed during the fighting, but were compounded by the mysterious loss offshore of the submarine AE1 with all 35 men aboard. = = = Gallipoli = = = The AIF departed by ship in a single convoy from Albany on 1 November 1914. During the journey one of the convoy's naval escorts — HMAS Sydney — engaged and destroyed the German cruiser SMS Emden at the Battle of Cocos on 8 November, in the first ship @-@ to @-@ ship action involving the Royal Australian Navy. Although originally bound for England to undergo further training and then for employment on the Western Front, the Australians were instead sent to British @-@ controlled Egypt to pre @-@ empt any Turkish attack against the strategically important Suez Canal, and with a view to opening another front against the Central Powers. Aiming to knock Turkey out of the war the British then decided to stage an amphibious lodgement at Gallipoli and following a period of training and reorganisation the Australians were included amongst the British, Indian and French forces committed to the campaign. The combined Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) — commanded by British general William Birdwood — subsequently landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915. Although promising to transform the war if successful, the Gallipoli Campaign was ill @-@ conceived and ultimately lasted eight months of bloody stalemate, without achieving its objectives. Australian casualties totalled 26 @,@ 111, including 8 @,@ 141 killed. For Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign came to symbolise an important milestone in the emergence of both nations as independent actors on the world stage and the development of a sense of national identity. Today, the date of the initial landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand and every year thousands of people gather at memorials in both nations, as well as Turkey, to honour the bravery and sacrifice of the original Anzacs, and of all those who have subsequently lost their lives in war. = = = Egypt and Palestine = = = After the withdrawal from Gallipoli the Australians returned to Egypt and the AIF underwent a major expansion. In 1916 the infantry began to move to France while the cavalry units remained in the Middle East to fight the Turks. Australian troops of the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division saw action in all the major battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, playing a pivotal role in fighting the Turkish troops that were threatening British control of Egypt. The Australian's first saw combat during the Senussi uprising in the Libyan Desert and the Nile Valley, during which the combined British forces successfully put down the primitive pro @-@ Turkish Islamic sect with heavy casualties. The Anzac Mounted Division subsequently saw considerable action in the Battle of Romani against the Turkish between 3 – 5 August 1916, with the Turks eventually pushed back. Following this victory the British forces went on the offensive

wikitext_103

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have been excavated, after decades of archaeological work. The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large pyramids, labelled Temples I - VI, each of which support a temple structure on their summits. Some of these pyramids are over 60 metres ( 200 feet ) high. They were numbered sequentially during the early survey of the site. It is estimated that each of these major temples could have been built in as little as two years. Temple I ( also known as the Temple of Ah Cacao or Temple of the Great Jaguar ) is a funerary pyramid dedicated to Jasaw Chan K 'awil, who was entombed in the structure in AD 734, the pyramid was completed around 740 – 750. The temple rises 47 metres ( 154 ft ) high. The massive roofcomb that topped the temple was originally decorated with a giant sculpture of the enthroned king, although little of this decoration survives. The tomb of the king was discovered by Aubrey Trik of the University of Pennsylvania in 1962. Among items recovered from the Late Classic tomb were a large collection of inscribed human and animal bone tubes and strips with sophisticated scenes depicting deities and people, finely carved and rubbed with vermilion, as well as jade and shell ornaments and ceramic vessels filled with offerings of food and drink. The shrine at the summit of the pyramid has three chambers, each behind the next, with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels fashioned from multiple beams. The outermost lintel is plain but the two inner lintels were carved, some of the beams were removed in the 19th century and their location is unknown, while others were taken to museums in Europe. Temple II ( also known as the Temple of the Mask ) it was built around AD 700 and stands 38 metres ( 125 ft ) high. Like other major temples at Tikal, the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels, only the middle of which was carved. The temple was dedicated to the wife of Jasaw Chan K 'awil, although no tomb was found. The queen's portrait was carved into the lintel spanning the doorway of the summit shrine. One of the beams from this lintel is now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Temple III ( also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest ) was the last of the great pyramids to be built at Tikal. It stood 55 metres ( 180 ft ) tall and contained an elaborately sculpted but damaged roof lintel, possibly showing Dark Sun engaged in a ritual dance around AD 810. The temple shrine possesses two chambers. Temple IV is the tallest temple @-@ pyramid at Tikal, measuring 70 metres ( 230 ft ) from the plaza floor level to the top of its roof comb. Temple IV marks the reign of Yik ’ in Chan Kawil ( Ruler B, the son of Ruler A or Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I ) and two carved wooden lintels over the doorway that leads into the temple on the pyramid ’ s summit record a long count date ( 9 @.@ 15 @.@ 10 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 ) that corresponds to CE 741 ( Sharer 1994 : 169 ). Temple IV is the largest pyramid built anywhere in the Maya region in the 8th century, and as it currently stands is the tallest pre @-@ Columbian structure in the Americas although the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan may originally have been taller, as may have been one of the structures at El Mirador. Temple V stands south of the Central Acropolis and is the mortuary pyramid of an as yet unidentified ruler. The temple stands 57 metres ( 187 ft ) high, making it the second tallest structure at Tikal - only Temple IV is taller. The temple has been dated to about AD 700, in the Late Classic period, via radiocarbon analysis and the dating of ceramics associated with the structure places its construction during the reign of Nun Bak Chak in the second half of the 7th century. Temple VI is also known as the Temple of the Inscriptions and was dedicated in AD 766. It is notable for its 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high roof @-@ comb. Panels of hieroglyphs cover the back and sides of the roof @-@ comb. The temple faces onto a plaza to the west and its front is unrestored. Temple 33 was a funerary pyramid erected over the tomb of Siyaj Chan K 'awiil I ( known as Burial 48 ) in the North Acropolis. It started life in the Early Classic as a wide basal platform decorated with large stucco masks that flanked the stairway. Later in the Early Classic a new superstructure was added, with its own masks and decorated panels. During the Hiatus a third stage was built over the earlier constructions, the stairway was demolished and another royal burial, of an unidentified ruler, was set into the structure ( Burial 23 ). While the new pyramid was being built another high ranking tomb ( Burial 24 ) was inserted into the rubble core of the building. The pyramid was then completed, standing 33 metres ( 108 ft ) tall. The final version of Temple 33 was completely dismantled by archaeologists in 1965 in order to arrive at the earlier stages of construction. Structure 34 is a pyramid in the North Acropolis that was built by Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II over the tomb of his father, Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The pyramid was topped by a three chambered shrine, the rooms situated one behind the other. Structure 5D @-@ 43 is an unusual radial temple in the East Plaza, built over a pre @-@ existing twin pyramid complex. It is built into the end of the East Plaza Ballcourt and possessed four entry doorways and three stairways, the fourth ( south ) side was too close to the Central Acropolis for a stairway on that side. The building has a talud @-@ tablero platform profile, modified from the original style found at Teotihuacan. In fact, it has been suggested that the style of the building has closer affinities with El Tajin and Xochicalco than with Teotihuacan itself. The vertical tablero panels are set between sloping talud panels and are decorated with paired disc symbols. Large flower symbols are set into the sloping talud panels, related to the Venus and star symbols used at Teotihuacan. The roof of the structure was decorated with friezes although only fragments now remain, showing a monstrous face, perhaps that of a jaguar, with another head emerging from the mouth. The second head possesses a bifurcated tongue but is probably not that of a snake. The temple, and its associated ballcourt, probably date to the reign of Nuun Ujol Chaak or that of his son Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I, in the later part of the 7th century. Structure 5C @-@ 49 possesses a clear Teotihuacan @-@ linked architectural style ; it has balustrades, an architectural feature that is very rare in the Maya region, and a talud @-@ tablero façade ; it dates to the 4th century AD. It is located near to the Lost World pyramid. Structure 5C @-@ 53 is a small Teotihuacan @-@ style platform that dates to about AD 600. It had stairways on all four sides and did not possess a superstructure. The Lost World Pyramid ( Structure 5C @-@ 54 ) is the largest structure in the Mundo Perdido complex. It lies in the southwest portion of Tikal ’ s central core, south of Temple III and west of Temple V. It was decorated with stucco masks of the sun god and dates to the Late Preclassic ; this pyramid is part of an enclosed complex of structures that remained intact and un @-@ impacted by later building activity at Tikal. By the end of the Late Preclassic this pyramid was one of the largest structures in the Maya region. It attained its final form during the reign of Chak Tok Ich 'aak in the 4th century AD, in the Early Classic, standing more than 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high with stairways on all four sides and a flat top that possibly supported a superstructure built from perishable materials. Although the plaza later suffered significant alteration, the organization of a group of temples on the east side of this complex adheres to the layout that defines the so @-@ called E @-@ Groups, identified as solar observatories. Structure 5D @-@ 96 is the central temple on the east side of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It has been restored and its rear outer wall is decorated with skull @-@ and @-@ crossbones motifs. Group 6C @-@ 16 is an elite residential complex that has been thoroughly excavated. It lies a few hundred metres south of the Lost World Complex and the excavations have revealed elaborate stucco masks, ballplayer murals, relief sculptures and buildings with Teotihuacan characteristics. The Great Plaza Ballcourt is a small ballcourt that lies between Temple I and the Central Acropolis. The Bat Palace is also known as the Palace of Windows and lies to the west of Temple III. It has two storeys, with a double range of chambers on the lower storey and a single range in the upper storey, which has been restored. The palace has ancient graffiti and possesses low windows. Complex N lies to the west of the Bat Palace and Temple III. The complex dates to

wikitext_103

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= Éva Gauthier = Éva Gauthier ( September 20, 1885 – December 20, 1958 ) was a Canadian @-@ American mezzo @-@ soprano and voice teacher. She performed and popularised songs by contemporary composers throughout her career and sang in the American premieres of several works by Erik Satie, Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky, including the title role in the latter's Perséphone. The niece of Lady Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who also were her patrons, she initially trained and performed in Europe. She then travelled to Java and for four years immersed herself in its native music, which she introduced to North American audiences on her return. She retired from performing in 1937, and opened a voice studio in New York, where she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists and served on its board of governors. Gauthier was praised for the many qualities her singing brought to music. The citation from the Campion Society of San Francisco, which she received in 1949, said : "... her rare open @-@ mindedness and unorthodox enthusiasm having been initially responsible for the recognition of many vital and important modern composers " = = Singing career = = Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Gauthier received musical lessons as a child, in harmony, voice, and piano. The custom of the time dictated that North American musicians travel to Europe for training if they desired a reputable professional career, and in July 1902, at the age of seventeen, Gauthier set out for Europe, financed by her aunt and uncle, Lady Zoé Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. = = = Training in Europe = = = Gauthier travelled to France, where she received private voice lessons from Auguste @-@ Jean Dubulle of the Paris Conservatory. Nodules on her vocal cords were problematic, but they were removed surgically. She later began training under Jacques Bouhy, whom she would later credit for her vocal technique. In 1906, Gauthier was retained by fellow Canadian singer Emma Albani to accompany her on a tour of England and her Canadian farewell tour. Albani provided a degree of mentorship to Gauthier during the 30 week tour of Canada. Lord Strathcona awarded Gauthier a scholarship in 1906 that allowed her to return to Europe and continue her vocal studies. She returned there and continued both to study and give performances. Her first operatic performance came in 1909 in Pavia, Italy as Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen. She landed a second operatic role as Mallika in Delibes'Lakmé, which was being performed by the London Covent Garden opera company. The opera opened in June 1910. Supposedly, Luisa Tetrazzini, the prima donna soprano of the company, feared that Gauthier's voice would outshine her own, and demanded that Gauthier be removed from the opera. The company's director acquiesced to Tetrazzini's demands, informing Gauthier on opening night that she would not be performing. Gauthier reacted badly, and quit opera entirely. = = = Move to Java = = = Disappointed by her blocked entry into the operatic scene, Gauthier departed Europe and travelled to Java. There, she met a Dutch importer and plantation manager named Frans Knoote. Gauthier and Knoote married on May 22, 1911. Gauthier studied the music of Java, and began to include this in her repertoire. Her accompanying pianist was Paul Seelig, who had previously been the conductor for the Kraton of Surakarta, which afforded Gauthier a number of opportunities. On permission of the Javanese court, she studied the gamelan, probably being the first western woman with a classical music education to be afforded this opportunity. While living in Java, Gauthier travelled extensively, giving performances in China, Japan, Singapore, Malaya, Australia, and New Zealand. She remained in Java for four years, but with the outbreak of World War I she decided to travel back to North America, arriving in New York City in the fall of 1915. = = = Return to North America = = = Arriving in New York, Gauthier struggled to find a niche in an already crowded music scene. She put on a performance in Vaudeville entitled Songmotion, which combined Javan music with dancers. New York was already home to many North American and European musical performers, so Gauthier focused on her Javan musical repertoire, which she combined with knowledge and skill in modernist western singing. Gauthier began giving annual recitals at Aeolian Hall, and in November 1917 her performance there caught the eye of many leading composers. She developed her own reputation quickly, known as a "... sensitive purveyor of interesting, untried songs ". She gave renditions of three songs by Maurice Ravel. Her performance then also included American premieres of Stravinsky's Three Japanese Lyrics and Griffes'Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan. The performance was a great success, and she began to receive invitations to perform premieres of songs by contemporary composers. Stravinsky arranged to have Gauthier to premiere all of his vocal pieces. Gauthier travelled to Paris in 1920 at the behest of the Music League of America. Sent there to arrange a tour of North America by Maurice Ravel, she struck up a friendship and professional correspondence not only with him, but also with Erik Satie and Les six. This led to more music being sent to her by various composers that she would premiere in concert. She accepted and premiered almost all works sent to her, the only exception being a refusal to perform Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg. Through this, Gauthier performed large amounts of contemporary French music across the United States. She also included American music in all of her concerts. Gauthier toured America frequently and returned to Europe in 1922, and again in 1923. She began to explore Jazz music in concert as well, earning her negative reviews by many musical critics. Her 1923 annual performance at Aeolian Hall entitled " Recital of Ancient and Modern Music for Voice " became a historic occasion when she presented the works of George Gershwin, the first time his works were performed by a classical singer in concert. The first half of the programme presented works considered serious music at the time. She performed both classical works by Vincenzo Bellini and Henry Purcell, mixing them with modernist and neoclassical works by Arnold Schoenberg, Darius Milhaud, Béla Bartók, and Paul Hindemith. The second half of her performance would upset the musical establishment, however. She opened with Alexander's Ragtime Band by Irving Berlin, then performed works by Jerome Kern and Walter Donaldson, and finally finished with three works by George Gershwin : I 'll Build a Stairway to Paradise, Innocent Ingénue Baby, and Swanee. Gershwin played the piano for these pieces. Important figures in the audience included Ernestine Schumann @-@ Heink, Virgil Thomson, and Paul Whiteman. Although some musical critics panned her decision to include Jazz music, the performance was overall a huge success, and provoked serious discussion among conservative audiences whether jazz music could be considered serious art. Gauthier continued to present music that was thought poorly of by conservative audiences. On some occasions, such as her performances of Gershwin in New York in 1923 and 1925, as well as in London in 1925, this was quite successful. A critic in Vienna welcomed her musical selection as a reprieve from the usual fare of classical performances - Schubert, Brahms, Wolf, Richard Strauss - while praising her skill with more classical choices. Other performances suffered – she was booed while performing works by Heitor Villa @-@ Lobos at the Festival of the International Society of Contemporary Music in Venice. She became a celebrity, and continued giving performances across the United States, Europe, and her native Canada. On the sixtieth anniversary of Canadian Confederation in 1927, she gave a performance in Ottawa which was the first transcontinental radio broadcast in Canada. Although she toured Canada from time to time, and attended performances of Canadian music in New York, she held a negative opinion of Canada's treatment of native musicians, saying " Canadians... would rather listen to foreigners than their own people. " = = = Retirement from the stage = = = Illness forced Gauthier to halt giving performances in the late 1920s, but she would return to the stage in 1931, giving a concert in Havana, Cuba. As time passed she began to engage more and more in teaching, and less and less in stage performing. Her income from teaching was substantially better than from touring. She retired from performing entirely in 1937, and opened a music studio in New York. There she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists, serving on its board of governors. She died on December 20, 1958. = = Views of critics and audiences = = Gauthier was a controversial musician in her time. Her choice of music for performance was often condemned, and often praised. The appropriateness of jazz music for a classically trained singer, combined with the performances taking place in concert halls lead some critics to cheer her for promoting otherwise overlooked music, and others to condemn her for taking lowbrow music into a highbrow venue. A May 1, 1917 review by the New York Times praised her natural talent, with some reservations about the unpolished quality of her voice. Her ability to capture the spirit

wikitext_103

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spy novel, and a moderate commercial success. In 2002 he made his stage debut as a celebrity guest in a West End theatre production of The Play What I Wrote, directed by Kenneth Branagh – who also appeared with him in the second Harry Potter film. In 2007 he appeared in the film December Boys, an Australian family drama about four orphans that was shot in 2005 and released to theatres in mid @-@ September 2007. Also in 2007, Radcliffe co @-@ starred with Carey Mulligan in My Boy Jack, a television drama film shown on ITV on Remembrance Day. The film received mostly positive reviews, with several critics praising Radcliffe's performance as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old who goes missing in action during a battle. Radcliffe stated, " For many people my age, the First World War is just a topic in a history book. But I've always been fascinated by the subject and think it's as relevant today as it ever was. " At age 17, in a bid to show people he was prepared for adult roles, he performed onstage in Peter Shaffer's play Equus, which had not been revived since its first run in 1973, at the Gielgud Theatre. Radcliffe took on the lead role as Alan Strang, a stable boy who has an obsession with horses. Advance sales topped £ 1 @.@ 7 million, and the role generated significant pre @-@ opening media interest, as Radcliffe appeared in a nude scene. Equus opened on 27 February 2007 and ran until 9 June 2007. Radcliffe's performance received positive reviews as critics were impressed by the nuance and depth of his against @-@ type role. Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph wrote that he " displays a dramatic power and an electrifying stage presence that marks a tremendous leap forward. " He added : " I never thought I would find the diminutive ( but perfectly formed ) Radcliffe a sinister figure, but as Alan Strang... there are moments when he seems genuinely scary in his rage and confusion. " The production then transferred to Broadway in September 2008, with Radcliffe still in the lead role. Radcliffe stated he was nervous about repeating the role on Broadway because he considered American audiences more discerning than those in London. Radcliffe's performance was nominated for a Drama Desk Award. = = = 2010 – present = = = After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons in late 2010, Radcliffe debuted as J. Pierrepont Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert Morse and Matthew Broderick. Other cast members included John Larroquette, Rose Hemingway and Mary Faber. Both the actor and production received favourable reviews, with USA Today commenting : " Radcliffe ultimately succeeds not by overshadowing his fellow cast members, but by working in conscientious harmony with them – and having a blast in the process. " Radcliffe's performance in the show earned him Drama Desk Award, Drama League Award and Outer Critics Circle Award nominations. The production itself later received nine Tony Award nominations. Radcliffe left the show on 1 January 2012. His first post @-@ Harry Potter project was the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black, adapted from the 1983 novel by Susan Hill. The film was released on 3 February 2012 in the United States and Canada, and was released on 10 February in the UK. Radcliffe portrays a man sent to deal with the legal matters of a mysterious woman who has just died, and soon after he begins to experience strange events and hauntings from the ghost of a woman dressed in black. He has said he was " incredibly excited " to be part of the film and described the script as " beautifully written ". In 2013, he portrayed American poet Allen Ginsberg in the thriller drama Kill Your Darlings, directed by John Krokidas. He also starred in an Irish @-@ Canadian romantic comedy film The F Word directed by Michael Dowseand written by Elan Mastai, based on TJ Dawe and Michael Rinaldi's play Toothpaste and Cigars and then he starred in an American dark fantasy horror film directed by Alexandre Aja Horns. Both of the films premiered at the 38th Toronto International Film Festival. Radcliffe also performed at the Noël Coward Theatre in the stage play revival of Martin McDonagh's dark comedy The Cripple of Inishmaan as the lead, Billy Claven, for which he won the WhatsOnStage Award for Best Actor in a Play. In 2015, Radcliffe starred as Igor in a science fiction horror film Victor Frankenstein directed by Paul McGuigan and written by Max Landis, which was based on contemporary adaptations of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein. In 2016, Radcliffe portrayed Manny, a talkative corpse, in the indie film Swiss Army Man. He is set to star as American reporter Jake Adelstein in Tokyo Vice. In November 2015 he joined the ensemble cast of Shane Carruth's third film, The Modern Ocean alongside Anne Hathaway, Keanu Reeves, Tom Holland, Chloë Grace Moretz, Asa Butterfield, Jeff Goldblum and Abraham Attah. = = Personal life = = In 2008, Radcliffe revealed that he has a mild form of the neurological disorder developmental coordination disorder. The motor skill disorder sometimes prevents him from doing simple activities, such as writing or tying his own shoelaces. " I was having a hard time at school, in terms of being crap at everything, with no discernible talent, " Radcliffe commented. In August 2010, he stopped drinking alcohol after finding himself becoming too reliant on it. In November 2007 Radcliffe published several poems under the pen name Jacob Gershon – a combination of his middle name and the Jewish version of his mother's maiden name Gresham – in Rubbish, an underground fashion magazine. He has a close friendship with his Harry Potter co @-@ stars Tom Felton and Emma Watson, and is tight @-@ knit with his family, whom he credits for keeping him grounded. Sources disagree about Radcliffe's personal wealth ; he was reported to have earned £ 1 million for the first Harry Potter film and around £ 15 million for the sixth. Radcliffe appeared on the Sunday Times Rich List in 2006, which estimated his personal fortune to be £ 14 million, making him one of the richest young people in the UK. In March 2009 he was ranked number one on the Forbes " Most Valuable Young Stars " list, and by April The Daily Telegraph measured his net worth at £ 30m, making him the 12th richest young person in the UK. Radcliffe was considered to be the richest teenager in England later that year. In February 2010 he was named the sixth highest paid Hollywood male star and placed at number five on Forbes's December list of Hollywood's highest @-@ grossing actors with a film revenue of US $ 780 million, mainly due to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows being released that year. Radcliffe maintains a home in the West Village of Lower Manhattan in New York City. As of October 2012, Radcliffe has been dating American Erin Darke, whom he met on the set of Kill Your Darlings. There were rumours and stories of a possible engagement in mid @-@ 2014, but Darke's father Ian Darke denied there were any such plans in December 2014. = = = Views and activism = = = Radcliffe is an atheist. He has been quoted as saying : " I'm an atheist, and a militant atheist when religion starts impacting on legislation ", and in a separate interview, he stated ; " I'm very relaxed about it [ being an atheist ]. I don 't preach my atheism, but I have a huge amount of respect for people like Richard Dawkins who do. Anything he does on television, I will watch ". Radcliffe is a supporter of the Labour Party. Until 2012 Radcliffe had publicly supported the Liberal Democrats, and before the 2010 general election Radcliffe endorsed Nick Clegg, the Lib Dem leader. In 2012, however, Radcliffe switched his allegiance to Labour, citing disappointment with the performance of Nick Clegg and the Lib Dems in government, and approving of the Labour leader, Ed Miliband. In September 2015, he endorsed Jeremy Corbyn in the 2015 leadership contest to succeed Miliband. He is a supporter of a British republic. At the age of sixteen, Radcliffe became the youngest non @-@ royal ever to have an individual portrait in Britain's National Portrait Gallery ( NPG ). On 13 April 2006 his portrait, drawn by Stuart Pearson Wright, was unveiled as part of a new exhibition opening at the Royal National Theatre ; it was then moved to the NPG where it resides. Speaking out against homophobia, Radcliffe began filming public service announcements in 2009 for The Trevor Project, promoting awareness of gay teen suicide prevention. He first learned of the organisation while working on Equus on Broadway in 2008 and has contributed financially to it. " I have always hated anybody who is not tolerant of gay men or lesbians or bisexuals. Now I am in the very fortunate position where I can actually help or do something about it, " he said in a 2010 interview. In the same interview, he spoke of the importance of public figures advocating for equal rights. Radcliffe considers his involvement to be one of the most important things in his career and, for his work for the organisation, he was given the " Hero Award " in 2011. Radcliffe has supported various charities. He designed the Cu @-@ Bed for Habitat's VIP Kids range

wikitext_103

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= Back Off Boogaloo = " Back Off Boogaloo " is a song by English musician Ringo Starr, released as a non @-@ album single in March 1972. Starr's former Beatles bandmate George Harrison produced the recording, which took place in London shortly after the two had appeared together at Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh shows in August 1971. The single was a follow @-@ up to Starr's 1971 hit song " It Don 't Come Easy " and continued his successful run as a solo artist. " Back Off Boogaloo " peaked at number 2 in Britain and Canada, and number 9 on America's Billboard Hot 100. It remains Starr's highest @-@ charting single in the United Kingdom. The title for the song was inspired by English singer @-@ songwriter Marc Bolan. Some commentators have suggested that the lyrics were directed at Paul McCartney, reflecting Starr's disdain for the music McCartney had made as a solo artist over the previous two years. " Back Off Boogaloo " demonstrates the influence of glam rock on Starr, who directed a documentary film, Born to Boogie ( 1972 ), about Bolan's band T. Rex around this time. Described by one author as a " high @-@ energy in @-@ your @-@ face rocker ", the song features a prominent slide guitar part by Harrison and contributions from musicians Gary Wright and Klaus Voormann. Starr re @-@ recorded " Back Off Boogaloo " for his 1981 album Stop and Smell the Roses, in a collaboration with American singer Harry Nilsson that incorporates lyrics from Beatles songs such as " With a Little Help from My Friends ", " Good Day Sunshine " and " Baby, You're a Rich Man ". The original version has appeared on Starr's compilation albums Blast from Your Past and Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr, and as a bonus track on his remastered 1974 studio album Goodnight Vienna. Since his return to touring in 1989, Starr has performed " Back Off Boogaloo " regularly in concert with the various incarnations of his All @-@ Starr Band. = = Background and composition = = Ringo Starr identified his initial inspiration for " Back Off Boogaloo " as having come from Marc Bolan, the singer and guitarist with English glam rock band T. Rex. In a 2001 interview with Mojo editor Paul Du Noyer, Starr described Bolan as " a dear friend who used to come into the office when I was running Apple Movies, a big office in town, and the hang @-@ out for myself, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon ". Over dinner one evening at Starr's home outside London, Bolan had used the word " boogaloo " so often that it stuck in Starr's mind, after which the beat and melody for the song came to him overnight. When discussing the composition on VH1 Storytellers in May 1998, Starr explained : " [ Bolan ] was an energised guy. He used to speak :'Back off boogaloo... ooh you, boogaloo.'' Do you want some potatoes?'' Ooh you, boogaloo!'" Starr also recalled having to take the batteries out of his children's toys that night, in order to power a tape recorder and make a recording of the new song. The lyrics to the middle eight of " Back Off Boogaloo " came to Starr while watching London Weekend Television's football show, The Big Match. The program's host, Jimmy Hill, often referred to a footballer's playing as " tasty ", a catchphrase that Starr incorporated into his song lyrics : Get yourself together now And give me something tasty Everything you try to do You know it sure sounds wasted. Commentators have interpreted the song, and particularly this statement, as an attack by Starr on his former Beatles bandmate Paul McCartney. Starr has denied any such interpretation, instead " claiming that the song was inspired by Bolan and nothing more ", Beatles biographer Robert Rodriguez writes. Starr had publicly criticised McCartney's solo albums McCartney ( 1970 ) and Ram ( 1971 ) on release, and author Bruce Spizer paraphrases the message of the middle eight as " a plea for Paul to produce better music ". The mention of " sound [ ing ] wasted " could also be a reference to McCartney's overindulgence with cannabis, Rodriguez suggests. A further example of Starr's allegedly anti @-@ McCartney message exists in the song's first verse : Wake up, meathead Don 't pretend that you are dead Get yourself up off the cart. The same commentators suggest that here Starr could be referring to the 1969 " Paul Is Dead " hoax. The latter rumour circulated during September and October of that year while McCartney hid away on his Scottish farm, disconsolate after John Lennon had told him and Starr that he wanted a " divorce " from the Beatles. In addition to these supposed messages in " Back Off Boogaloo ", observers have viewed the song title as Starr's rebuke to McCartney to abandon his legal stand against the Beatles and Apple Corps, which was placed in receivership in March 1971 after a High Court judge found in McCartney's favour. Author Keith Badman writes that " Boogaloo " had " long been cited as Paul's nickname " from his former bandmates Starr, Lennon and George Harrison. While acknowledging that in subsequent years Starr might have chosen to minimise any ill @-@ feeling towards McCartney, Rodriguez notes that the lyrics " just happened to fit perfectly into the'us vs. Paul'mindset " following the Beatles'break @-@ up, to the extent that " Back Off Boogaloo " was " as damning as'Early 1970'had been conciliatory ". When tailoring his 1970 composition " I'm the Greatest " for Starr to record on the album Ringo ( 1973 ), Lennon referenced the song title with the lines " Now I'm only thirty @-@ two / And all I want to do is boogaloo ". Although " T Rex devotees ", in the words of Starr biographer Alan Clayson, claimed that Bolan had ghost @-@ written " Back Off Boogaloo ", Starr later acknowledged that Harrison co @-@ wrote the song by adding some chords and finishing the melody. As on Starr's 1971 hit single " It Don 't Come Easy ", Harrison was not credited for his songwriting contribution. Starr originally offered " Back Off Boogaloo " to fellow Liverpudlian Cilla Black to record, but she declined, hoping instead to record another new Starr – Harrison composition, " Photograph ". = = Recording = = Having earmarked the song as his next single, Starr recorded " Back Off Boogaloo " in September 1971, following his appearance at the Harrison @-@ organised Concert for Bangladesh in New York. The sessions took place at Apple Studio in central London, with Harrison producing, as he had on " It Don 't Come Easy ". The recording reflects the influence of glam rock on Starr through what authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter term " its big drum sound and repetitious nature ", with a line @-@ up comprising Starr ( vocals, drums, percussion ), Harrison ( guitars ), Gary Wright ( piano ) and Klaus Voormann ( bass, saxophone ). Rodriguez describes Starr's " martial @-@ sounding opening " as a rare " showcase for his own drumming ", while Harrison biographer Simon Leng writes of " a roaring series of Harrison slide breaks that brought to mind Duane Allman ". Further overdubs included contributions from three backing vocalists, led by American soul singer Madeline Bell. = = = " Blindman " = = = For the single's B @-@ side, Starr had already written and recorded " Blindman ", the theme song for the Ferdinando Baldi @-@ directed Spaghetti Western of the same name, filming for which Starr had interrupted in order to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh. Starr produced the track with Voormann. The sessions for " Blindman " took place at Apple on 18 – 19 August, with Badfinger guitarist Pete Ham assisting Starr and Voormann. Like the film Blindman ( 1971 ), the song is held in low regard by critics ; Spizer describes it as " a muddy @-@ sounding dirge with little to recommend ". = = Release and reception = = Apple Records issued the single on 17 March 1972 in Britain, as Apple R 5944, with a US release taking place three days later, as Apple 1849. It was Starr's first release since " It Don 't Come Easy ", a year before. During this period, his priority had been to develop a career as an actor in films such as 200 Motels ( 1971 ) and Blindman. Further aligning himself with Britain's glam rock movement, Starr made his directorial debut with Born to Boogie ( 1972 ), a film starring Bolan that included Starr's footage of a T. Rex concert held at Wembley on 18 March. With " Back Off Boogaloo ", NME critic Bob Woffinden

wikitext_103

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There are three hospitals in Meridian, as well as many other healthcare @-@ related facilities. Jeff Anderson Regional Medical Center provides cardiovascular surgery, a Level II newborn intensive @-@ care unit, and a health and fitness center. Rush Foundation Hospital and the related Rush Health Systems operate a Specialty Hospital of Meridian, which offers long @-@ term care for non @-@ permanent patients who require more recovery time in a hospital setting. Riley Hospital has two centers for stroke treatment and rehabilitation services. Other healthcare facilities in Meridian include the Alliance Health Center and East Mississippi State Hospital, the latter of which has been in operation since 1882. Retail is another major employer in the county, with 5 @,@ 280 people employed in April 2010. Nearly $ 2 billion annually is spent on retail purchases in the city. The 633 @,@ 685 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 58 @,@ 871 m2 ) Bonita Lakes Mall offers over one hundred shopping venues, including department stores, specialty shops, restaurants, eateries, and United Artists Theatres. Phase I of the construction of Meridian Crossroads, a 375 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 34 @,@ 800 m2 ) shopping center in the Bonita Lakes area, was completed in November 2007, providing a major boost to retail in the area. Also, the shopping district on North Hills Street has continued to expand, and in March 2007, additional retail and office space was opened near the Highway 19 Walmart Supercenter. The area is also served by two military facilities, Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field, which supply over 4 @,@ 000 jobs to residents of the surrounding area. NAS Meridian provides training for naval carrier pilots and other enlisted personnel. Also housed at the base is the Regional Counter @-@ Drug Training Academy ( RCTA ), which provides narcotics training for law enforcement in many southeastern states. Containing the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state, the city is the leader in a nine county regional response team and a twenty @-@ nine county regional response task force. Key Field is the site of the famous flight by brothers Fred and Al Key, who set a world endurance flight record in 1935. Key Field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the 185th Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard. The site also contains an exhibit reviewing the history of aviation, and is the home of Meridian's Aviation Museum. The total manufacturing employment of Lauderdale County in April 2010 was 2 @,@ 850 people. Peavey Electronics Corporation, which has manufactured guitars, amplifiers, and sound equipment since 1965, operates its headquarters in the city. Other businesses in the area include Avery Dennison, Structural Steel Services, Sara Lee, Tower Automotive, and Teikuro Corporation. The city is also home to four industrial parks. In downtown, the MSU Riley Center provides revenue from tourism, arts, and entertainment sales. The Riley Center attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences, meetings, and performances. Loeb's Department Store on Front St has remained a Mississippi clothing landmark, having passed through four generations of family ownership. The store has been selling fine men's and women's clothing since 1887, when the store was first opened by Alex Loeb. = = Culture = = = = = Arts = = = Known for more than a century of arts, Meridian contains many art and cultural organizations and hosts many cultural events. One of the first art organizations in the city, The Meridian Art League, was established in February 1933. Art exhibitions were originally held in Lamar Hotel in downtown Meridian, but after a name change to Meridian Art Association in 1949, exhibitions were held at various locations around the city. After the Carnegie library at 25th Ave and 7th St was closed, the Art Association remodelled the building into the Meridian Museum of Art to serve as a permanent home for exhibits. The museum was opened in 1970 and has since featured rotating exhibitions as well as many educational programs for both students and adults. Over thirty exhibitions are held annually, ranging from traditional decorative arts to ethnographic and tribal materials, photography, crafts, and many other works of art. The collection also includes 18th and 19th century portraits, 20th century photography, and several sculptures. The Meridian Council for the Arts ( MCA ) was founded as Meridian's and Lauderdale County's official arts agency in 1978. MCA operates its Community Art Grants program, the annual Threefoot Festival, several workshops, and other special events each year. MCA is partnered with many arts organizations in the city and county including the Meridian Museum of Art, the Meridian Little Theatre, and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra. Meridian Little Theatre, one of the South's oldest subscription @-@ based community theatres, was built in 1932 and currently provides entertainment to residents of and visitors to Meridian and Lauderdale County, entertaining over 22 @,@ 000 guests each season, making it Mississippi's most @-@ attended community theatre. The Meridian Symphony Orchestra ( MSO ) – founded in 1961 – played its first concert in 1962 and its first full season in 1963. In 1965 the MSO booked its first international soloist, Elena Nikolaidi, to perform with the orchestra. The Orchestra helped the Meridian Public School District develop its own orchestra and strings programs and also helped develop the Meridian Symphony Chorus. The current conductor is Dr. Claire Fox Hillard, who has been with the orchestra since 1991. The MSO will celebrate its 50th anniversary in February 2011 with a performance from Itzhak Perlman. The city's former Grand Opera House was built in 1889 by two half brothers, Israel Marks and Levi Rothenberg. During its operation the opera house hosted many famous artists and works, the first being a German company's rendition of Johann Strauss II's " The Gypsy Baron ". After closing in the late 1920s due to the Great Depression, the opera house was abandoned for nearly 70 years. A $ 10 million grant in 2000 by the Riley Foundation, a local foundation chartered in 1998, sparked the building's restoration while $ 15 million came from a combination of city, county, and federal grants. The opera house's renovation was completed in September 2006 under the new name " Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts. " The Riley Center, which includes a 950 @-@ seat auditorium for live performances, a 200 @-@ seat studio theater, and 30 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 2 @,@ 787 m2 ) of meeting space, attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences, meetings, and performances. Meridian is rightly considered an architectural treasure trove being one the nations most intact cities from the turn of the last century. Architecture students from around the nation and Canada are known to visit Meridian in groups as part of their coursework due to numerous structures in the city having been designed by noted architects. The only home in the US south designed by noted Canadian born Architect Louis S. Curtiss, famous for inventing the glass curtain wall skyscraper, is extant on Highland Park. The Frank Fort designed Threefoot Building is generally considered one of the best Art Deco skyscrapers in the US and is often compared to Detroit's famed Fisher Building. Noted California Architect Wallace Neff designed a number of homes in Meridian as well as in the Alabama Black Belt which adjoins the city across the nearby Alabama State line. He had relatives in Meridian and Selma who were executives in the then thriving railroad industry and would take commissions in the area when commissions in California were lean. His work is mostly concentrated in the lower numbered blocks of Poplar Springs Drive where his 2516 Poplar Springs Drive is often compared to the similarly designed Falcon Lair, the Beverly Hills home in Benedict Canyon of Rudolph Valentino. One Neff work was lost to an expansion of Anderson Hospital in 1990 and another in Marion Park burned in the 1950s. The Meridian Post Office with its interior done entirely of bronze and Verde marble is also noteworthy as a very fine example of the type of Post Office structures built in thriving and well to do cities in the 1920s and originally had Lalique lighting which was removed sadly during a 1960s remodeling and which are now in private residences on Poplar Springs Drive and in North Hills. Meridian has also been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center ( MAEC ). The Mississippi Legislature approved the idea in 2001 and in 2006 promised $ 4 million in funding if private contributors could raise $ 8 million. The city donated $ 50 @,@ 000 to the cause in September 2007. The MAEC, as proposed, would be located on 175 acres ( 71 ha ) at Bonita Lakes and consist of an outdoor amphitheatre, an indoor concert hall, and a Hall of Fame honoring Mississippi artists. The Hall of Fame will be located downtown in the old Montana's building. That property and the adjacent Meridian Hotel building were acquired in July 2010 for $ 300 @,@ 000. In February 2009, the MAEC revealed its Walk of Fame outside of the Riley Center in an attempt to promote the planned Hall of Fame. The first star on the walk was dedicated to Jimmie Rodgers, a Meridian native. In September of the same year, the second star was revealed, recognizing B.B. King, a famous blues musician from Mississippi. On June 1, 2010, authors Tennessee Williams, Eudora Welty, and William Faulkner were added to the walk. Sela Ward was added to the walk on June 24, 2010. The MAEC plans

wikitext_103

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have twin fairs. US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 continues north on Lincoln Avenue past the campus of Bay de Noc Community College. The four @-@ lane highway crosses the Escanaba River just upstream from its mouth near the large Mead Paper Mill and shifts to run immediately next to Little Bay de Noc. The section here carried the highest traffic counts along all of US 2 in the state : an average of 23 @,@ 977 vehicles used this segment of roadway daily in 2011. The road turns inland again, and US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 passes to the west of downtown Gladstone. The highway through here is an expressway, four lanes divided by a central median and no driveway access. Unlike a freeway, the expressway has standard intersections and not interchanges. The highway intersects the eastern terminus of County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) and crosses the ELS Railroad south of the stoplight for 4th Avenue North, where M ‑ 35 separates from the US Highways and turns to the northwest. The expressway continues north parallel to the CN Railway, crossing the Days River. Through this area, the trunkline carries a speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) for car traffic. This is the only road in the UP with a speed limit higher than 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) besides I @-@ 75, which has a speed limit of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ). The expressway segment runs around the upper end of Little Bay de Noc before ending at Rapid River. In this location, US 41 separates to the north, and US 2 returns to an easterly track as a two @-@ lane road, crossing the Rapid and Whitefish rivers and turning southeast around the head of the bay. As US 2 crosses southern Delta County, it passes through the western unit of the Hiawatha National Forest. Near Garden Corners, the highway runs along the shore of Big Bay de Noc. After the intersection with the northern terminus of M ‑ 183, US 2 turns inland cutting across the base of the Garden Peninsula and enters Schoolcraft County. As the highway approaches Thompson, US 2 leaves the western unit of the Hiawatha National Forest and enters the Lake Superior State Forest. The roadway runs along Lake Michigan to Manistique, crossing the Manistique River. The trunkline turns inland approaching Gulliver and then turns north @-@ northeast to Blaney Park. The community there is a former logging town @-@ turned @-@ resort at the southern terminus of M ‑ 77 ; the resort was active from the late 1920s but declined by the 1980s. From Blaney Park, US 2 turns due east and crosses into Mackinac County west of Gould City. Where it intersects a former routing, the main highway crosses the CN Railway one last time and runs to the south of Engadine to follow the Lake Michigan shoreline through Naubinway. After passing the community of Epoufette, US 2 crosses the Cut River Bridge, 147 feet ( 45 m ) over the Cut River. The highway crosses into the eastern unit of the Hiawatha National Forest near Brevort, running between Lake Michigan and Brevort Lake in the process. The road continues along the Lake Michigan shoreline, passing Mystery Spot near Gros Cap and turning inland immediately west of St. Ignace. The US 2 designation ends at the highway's partial cloverleaf interchange with I ‑ 75. The roadway continues easterly into downtown St. Ignace as Business Loop I ‑ 75 ( BL I ‑ 75 ). = = History = = = = = Indian trail through auto trails = = = In 1701, the first transportation routes through what became the state of Michigan were the lakes, rivers and Indian trails. Two of these trails followed parts of the future US 2. The Sault – Green Bay Trail roughly followed the Lake Michigan shoreline routing of US 2 between Escanaba and St. Ignace. The Mackinac Trail connected St. Ignace with Sault Ste. Marie. In the age of the auto trail, the roads that later formed US 2 through the UP were given a few different highway names. When the original roadways between Ironwood and Iron River were completed in late 1915, the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau ( UPDB ) named the area Cloverland and the highway the Cloverland Trail. Later the name was extended over the highway to Escanaba, and to all highways in the area in the early 1920s ; the name was phased out by the UPDB completely in 1927. The roadways were also used for the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway, named for former US president Theodore Roosevelt after his death in 1919. Overall, this highway ran from Portland, Oregon, to Portland, Maine, by way of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario. Through the UP, the southern branch followed the immediate predecessors to US 2, including the section through Florence County, Wisconsin. The Great Lakes Automobile Route was established in 1917 by the UPDB. A predecessor of the Great Lakes Circle Tours by seventy years, the route followed " a circular journey along the banks of lakes Michigan and Superior and Green Bay... " This route followed the modern US 2 from Ironwood to the M ‑ 94 junction in Manistique, using the modern M ‑ 69 and M ‑ 95 to stay in Michigan. Branches of the route followed US 41 and M ‑ 35 between Powers and Escanaba. The route was originally intended to entice motorists to drive around Lake Michigan. The name fell out of use before its first anniversary because of World War I. One Canadian auto trail was routed through the UP as well. In 1920, the King's International Highway linked Vancouver, British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia, but there was no highway to carry it around the north side of Lake Superior. Motorists had to ship their cars by boat between Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and Thunder Bay or enter the United States to continue along the auto trail. The routings varied on the maps of the time, but its basic route used US 2 through the UP from Ironwood to Sault Ste. Marie until a highway north of Lake Superior was opened in 1960 ; by that time, the auto trail had taken on the Trans @-@ Canada Highway name. = = = State trunkline = = = The first state trunkline highway designated along the path of the modern US 2 was M ‑ 12, a designation that was in use by July 1, 1919, between Ironwood and Sault Ste. Marie. The first roadside park in the country was created by Herbert Larson near what is now US 2 near Iron River in 1919 – 20, although other sources state that the first was a picnic table alongside US 16 ( Grand River Avenue ) in 1929 south of Saranac. When the US Highway System was created on November 11, 1926, US 2 partially replaced M @-@ 12. Between Crystal Falls and Iron Mountain, US 2 was routed through Florence, Wisconsin. The former routing of M ‑ 12 from Crystal Falls to Sagola became a new M ‑ 69 when the former M ‑ 69 became US 102 ( now US 141 ). M ‑ 12 from Sagola south to Iron Mountain was made a part of an extended M ‑ 45, which is now M ‑ 95. By the next year, M ‑ 48 was added along US 2 from Rexton to Garnet as part of a larger extension. The first changes to the routing of US 2 itself were made in 1930 with a bypass of downtown Escanaba. A larger rerouting was completed in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste. Marie. The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste. Marie ; the former routing was given the M ‑ 121 designation. Another realignment in the Iron Mountain area shifted US 2 / US 141 to a new bridge over the Menominee River between 1932 and 1934. Downtown Ironwood was bypassed in 1934, and the former route was initially designated M ‑ 54. The Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) changed the routings and designations of the highways around Cooks, Thompson and Manistique in the mid @-@ 1930s. The agency rerouted US 2 between Cooks and M ‑ 149 in Thompson, turning the old road back to county control. The section between M ‑ 149 and M ‑ 125 was redesignated as an extension of M ‑ 149 to Thompson, and M ‑ 125 was replaced by a further extension of M ‑ 149. The last change was to route US 2 along its current alignment in the area, completing the changes on August 2, 1936. The MSHD started construction in 1936 on a new road that rerouted US 2 into St. Ignace for the first time. Between Brevort and Moran, US 2 previously followed Worth Road inland to the Tahquamenon Trail to meet the northern extension of US 31 into the Upper Peninsula. The new routing took US 2 along the lakeshore into St. Ignace. US 31 was truncated to the state ferry docks in Mackinaw City and US 2 was routed through St. Ignace along the former US 31 to Rogers Park ; the connection in St. Ignace to the state ferry docks became M ‑ 122. Further changes in the early 1940s straightened the roadway out near Watersmeet and Crystal Falls. Additional realignments were completed by the MSHD to move US 2 to its modern lakeshore routing between Gould City and Epoufette in 1941. The new highway traveled due east from Gould City to Naubinway and then along the lake to Epoufette. The former route through Eng

wikitext_103

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= Scientology in Germany = The Church of Scientology has been present in Germany since 1970. German authorities estimate that there are 4 @,@ 000 active Scientologists in Germany today ; the Church of Scientology gives a membership figure of around 12 @,@ 000. The Church of Scientology has encountered particular antagonism from the German press and government and occupies a precarious legal, social and cultural position in Germany. German courts have so far not resolved whether Scientology should be accorded the legal status of a religious or worldview community, and different courts have reached contradictory conclusions. The German domestic intelligence service has monitored the organization's activities. The German government does not recognize Scientology as a religion. It views it as an abusive business masquerading as a religion and believes that it pursues political goals that conflict with the values enshrined in the German constitution. This stance has been criticized, most notably by the U.S. government, which recognizes Scientology as a religion and has raised concerns about the violation of individual rights posed by sect filters. Scientologists in Germany face specific political and economic restrictions. They are barred from membership in some major political parties, and businesses and other employers use so @-@ called " sect filters " to expose a prospective business partner's or employee's association with the organization. German federal and state interior ministers started a process aimed at banning Scientology in late 2007, but abandoned the initiative a year later, finding insufficient legal grounds. Despite this, polls suggest that most Germans favor banning Scientology altogether. = = Background = = Scientology, founded in the early 1950s in the United States by L. Ron Hubbard and today claiming to be represented in 150 countries, has been a very controversial new religious movement. Its stated utopian aim is to " clear the planet ", to bring about an enlightened age in which every individual has overcome their psychological limitations. Scientology teaches that the source of people's unhappiness lies in " engrams ", psychological burdens acquired in the course of painful experiences, which can be cleared through a type of counselling called " auditing " made available by the Church of Scientology. The fact that Scientologists have to pay large fees for auditing and other Scientology services has brought controversy to Scientology throughout much of its history, with governments classing it as a profit @-@ making enterprise rather than as a religion. Critics maintain that Scientology is " a business @-@ driven, psychologically manipulative, totalitarian ideology with world @-@ dominating aspirations ", and that it tricks its members into parting with significant sums of money for Scientology courses. Scientology has fought innumerable lawsuits to defend itself against such charges and to pursue legal recognition as a religion. These efforts have been partly successful – Scientology has gained recognition as a tax @-@ exempt religious group in a number of countries, most notably in Australia in 1983 and the United States in 1993, and in 2007 won an important case at the European Court of Human Rights, which censured Russia for failing to register Scientology as a religion. The German government has said that it does not consider Scientology a religion, but a " commercial enterprise with a history of taking advantage of vulnerable individuals and an extreme dislike of any criticism " whose " totalitarian structure and methods may pose a risk to Germany's democratic society ". Accordingly, the German government has taken a very strong stance against the organization. Germany is not alone in opposing Scientology ; in France, the Church of Scientology was convicted of organized fraud in October 2009, after a court found that members had been manipulated into paying large sums for Scientology products, and the Church only narrowly escaped being banned altogether. Scientology is similarly controversial in Belgium, Greece and the UK. On the subject of Scientology's status as a religion, the German government has pointed to a 1995 decision by the Federal Labor Court of Germany. That court, noting Hubbard's instruction that Scientologists should " make money, make more money – make other people produce so as to make more money ", came to the conclusion that " Scientology purports to be a'church'merely as a cover to pursue its economic interests ". In the same decision, the court also found that Scientology uses " inhuman and totalitarian practices ". Given the lessons of Germany's 20th @-@ century history, in which the country came to be dominated by a fascist movement that started from similarly small beginnings, Germany is very wary of any ideological movement that might appear to be seeking a position of absolute power. References in Scientology writings to the elimination of " parasites " and " antisocial " people who stand in the way of progress towards Scientology's utopian world " without insanity, without criminals and without war " evoke uncomfortable parallels with Nazism, and have led to Scientology being classified as an " extremist political movement ". To further justify its stance, the German government has also pointed to the long history of U.S. court cases involving Scientology, including the conviction of 11 top Scientologists in 1979 and 1980 for a conspiracy involving the infiltration of U.S. government agencies, wiretapping and the theft of government documents, a 1994 U.S. Supreme Court finding that Scientology practices took place in a " coercive environment ", and Scientology's track record of pursuing its critics through malicious court cases and private investigators. In examining the potential threat posed by Scientology the German government has noted that Scientology organizations are " structured so as to make the individual psychologically and financially dependent on a Scientology system ", and that members often abandon contact with friends and family. = = History = = = = = Scientology presence in Germany = = = Scientology first became active in Germany in 1970. By 2007, there were ten major centres ( " Scientology Churches " ), as well as fourteen minor centres ( " Scientology Missions " ) in Germany. The German Scientology Churches are located in the big cities – Munich, Hamburg, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hanover and Stuttgart. Of the Scientology Missions, nine are in Baden @-@ Württemberg, and three in Bavaria. Following German re @-@ unification, Scientology proved unable to gain significant numbers of followers in the territories of the former German Democratic Republic ; most adherents are found in Baden @-@ Württemberg, Bavaria and North @-@ Rhine Westphalia. Scientology is represented by a large number of independent associations or Vereine in Germany ; their umbrella organisation is the Scientology Kirche Deutschland e.V. Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz ( BfV, or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ), estimates that there are 4 @,@ 000 Scientologists in Germany, down from earlier estimates of 5 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 000. The Church of Scientology reported around 30 @,@ 000 members from the mid @-@ 1990s onwards ; this number remained stable for many years. However more recently Scientology has said it has only 12 @,@ 000 members. Discrepancies in Scientology membership numbers arise because the Church of Scientology applies more inclusive criteria in establishing its figures, essentially including anyone who has purchased a book or participated in courses, regardless of their subsequent involvement. The number of contractually bound Scientology staff members working in German Scientology organizations is unlikely to exceed a few hundred. Scientology formulated a " Clear Germany " strategy in 1994 – similar to equivalent strategies pursued by Scientology in other countries and regions of the world – with the long @-@ term aim of transforming German society in line with the Scientological ideal : a non @-@ pluralist society in which Scientology enjoys overriding influence. The programme sought to address Scientology's image problems in Germany, to identify weak points in Germany that could be exploited for political gain, such as Germany's National Socialist history, and to increase both membership figures and political influence in German society, with a special emphasis on manoeuvring Scientologists into key positions in industry and government. As most religions seek to widen their influence in society, such a programme could of course also be defended as a missionary effort, much like those many religions engage in. However, according to the BfV, the strategy has not had any significant success. By 1998, 90 government officials had been suspected of being Scientologists and in 48 cases the suspicions were confirmed, but apart from some isolated cases, most of the officials concerned had not used their positions to advertise Scientology. According to Fifka & Sydora ( 2009 ), it is unknown to what degree the " Clear Germany " programme is still being pursued. = = = Public opposition = = = German public discourse does not regard Scientology as a religion, but generally characterizes it as a Sekte ( cult or sect ), or as an exploitative profit @-@ making venture preying on vulnerable minds. Public concerns about the potential dangers posed by cults date back to the early 1970s, when widespread debate took place about " youth religions " such as the Unification Church, ISKCON, Children of God, and the Divine Light Mission. The most prominent critics of these new religious movements were the " sect commissioners " ( Sektenbeauftragte ) of Germany's Protestant Churches, who also actively promoted the establishment of private " initiatives of parents and concerned persons ". Aktion Bildungsinformation ( " Educational Information Campaign " ) became an important organization dedicated to opposing Scientology ; taking an activist stance, it warned people not to get involved with Scientology, filed successful lawsuits against the Church of Scientology over its proselytizing in public places, and published an

wikitext_103

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= Homarus gammarus = Homarus gammarus, known as the European lobster or common lobster, is a species of clawed lobster from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Black Sea. It is closely related to the American lobster, H. americanus. It may grow to a length of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and a mass of 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ), and bears a conspicuous pair of claws. In life, the lobsters are blue, only becoming " lobster red " on cooking. Mating occurs in the summer, producing eggs which are carried by the females for up to a year before hatching into planktonic larvae. Homarus gammarus is a highly esteemed food, and is widely caught using lobster pots, mostly around the British Isles. = = Description = = Homarus gammarus is a large crustacean, with a body length up to 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) and weighing up to 5 – 6 kilograms ( 11 – 13 lb ), although the lobsters caught in lobster pots are usually 23 – 38 cm ( 9 – 15 in ) long and weigh 0 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 2 kg ( 1 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 9 lb ). Like other crustaceans, lobsters have a hard exoskeleton which they must shed in order to grow, in a process called ecdysis ( moulting ). This may occur several times a year for young lobsters, but decreases to once every 1 – 2 years for larger animals. The first pair of pereiopods is armed with a large, asymmetrical pair of claws. The larger one is the " crusher ", and has rounded nodules used for crushing prey ; the other is the " cutter ", which has sharp inner edges, and is used for holding or tearing the prey. Usually, the left claw is the crusher, and the right is the cutter. The exoskeleton is generally blue above, with spots that coalesce, and yellow below. The red colour associated with lobsters only appears after cooking. This occurs because, in life, the red pigment astaxanthin is bound to a protein complex, but the complex is broken up by the heat of cooking, releasing the red pigment. The closest relative of H. gammarus is the American lobster, Homarus americanus. The two species are very similar, and can be crossed artificially, although hybrids are unlikely to occur in the wild since their ranges do not overlap. The two species can be distinguished by a number of characteristics : The rostrum of H. americanus bears one or more spines on the underside, which are lacking in H. gammarus. The spines on the claws of H. americanus are red or red @-@ tipped, while those of H. gammarus are white or white @-@ tipped. The underside of the claw of H. americanus is orange or red, while that of H. gammarus is creamy white or very pale red. = = Life cycle = = Female H. gammarus reach sexual maturity when they have grown to a carapace length of 80 – 85 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 in ), whereas males mature at a slightly smaller size. Mating typically occurs in summer between a recently moulted female, whose shell is therefore soft, and a hard @-@ shelled male. The female carries the eggs for up to 12 months, depending on the temperature, attached to her pleopods. Females carrying eggs are said to be " berried " and can be found throughout the year. The eggs hatch at night, and the larvae swim to the water surface where they drift with the ocean currents, preying on zooplankton. This stage involves three moults and lasts for 15 – 35 days. After the third moult, the juvenile takes on a form closer to the adult, and adopts a benthic lifestyle. The juveniles are rarely seen in the wild, and are poorly known, although they are known to be capable of digging extensive burrows. It is estimated that only 1 larva in every 20 @,@ 000 survives to the benthic phase. When they reach a carapace length of 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ), the juveniles leave their burrows and start their adult lives. = = Distribution = = Homarus gammarus is found across the north @-@ eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the Azores and Morocco, not including the Baltic Sea. It is also present in most of the Mediterranean Sea, only missing from the section east of Crete, and along only the north @-@ west coast of the Black Sea. The northernmost populations are found in the Norwegian fjords Tysfjorden and Nordfolda, inside the Arctic Circle. The species can be divided into four genetically distinct populations, one widespread population, and three which have diverged due to small effective population sizes, possibly due to adaptation to the local environment. The first of these is the population of lobsters from northern Norway, which have been referred to as the " midnight @-@ sun lobster ". The populations in the Mediterranean Sea are distinct from those in the Atlantic Ocean. The last distinct population is found in the Netherlands : samples from the Oosterschelde were distinct from those collected in the North Sea or English Channel. Attempts have been made to introduce H. gammarus to New Zealand, alongside other European species such as the edible crab, Cancer pagurus. Between 1904 and 1914, one million lobster larvae were released from hatcheries in Dunedin, but the species did not become established there. = = Ecology = = Adult H. gammarus live on the continental shelf at depths of 0 – 150 metres ( 0 – 492 ft ), although not normally deeper than 50 m ( 160 ft ). They prefer hard substrates, such as rocks or hard mud, and live in holes or crevices, emerging at night to feed. The diet of H. gammarus mostly consists of other benthic invertebrates. These include crabs, molluscs, sea urchins, starfish and polychaete worms. The three clawed lobster species Homarus gammarus, H. americanus and Nephrops norvegicus are hosts to the three known species of the animal phylum Cycliophora ; the species on H. gammarus has not been described. Homarus gammarus is susceptible to the disease gaffkaemia, caused by the bacterium Aerococcus viridans. Although it is frequently found in American lobsters, the disease has only been seen in captive H. gammarus, where prior occupation of the tanks by H. americanus could not be ruled out. = = Human consumption = = Homarus gammarus is traditionally " highly esteemed " as a foodstuff and was mentioned in " The Crabfish " a seventeenth century English folk song. It may fetch very high prices and may be sold fresh, frozen, canned or powdered. Both the claws and the abdomen of H. gammarus contain " excellent " white meat, and most of the contents of the cephalothorax are edible. The exceptions are the gastric mill and the " sand vein " ( gut ). The price of H. gammarus is up to three times higher than that of H. americanus, and the European species is considered to have a better flavour. Lobsters are mostly fished using lobster pots, although lines baited with octopus or cuttlefish sometimes succeed in tempting them out, to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand. In 2008, 4 @,@ 386 t of H. gammarus were caught across Europe and North Africa, of which 3 @,@ 462 t ( 79 % ) was caught in the British Isles ( including the Channel Islands ). The minimum landing size for H. gammarus is a carapace length of 87 mm ( 3 @.@ 4 in ). Aquaculture systems for H. gammarus are under development, and production rates are still very low. = = Taxonomic history = = Homarus gammarus was first given a binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, published in 1758. That name was Cancer gammarus, since Linnaeus'concept of the genus Cancer at that time included all large crustaceans. H. gammarus is the type species of the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, as determined by Direction 51 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Prior to that direction, confusion arose because the species had been referred to by several different names, including Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 and Homarus vulgaris H. Milne @-@ Edwards, 1837, and also because Friedrich Weber's description of the genus had been overlooked until rediscovered by Mary Rathbun, rendering any prior assignments of type species ( for Homarus H. Milne @-@ Edwards, 1837 ) invalid for Homarus Weber, 1795. The type specimen of Homarus gammarus was a lectotype selected by Lipke Holthuis in 1974. It came from 57 ° 53 ′ N 11 ° 32 ′ E, near Marstrand, Sweden ( 48 kilometres or 30 miles northwest of Gothenburg ), but both it and the paralectotypes have since been lost. The common name for H. gammarus preferred by the Food and Agriculture Organization is "

wikitext_103

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= Slammiversary ( 2008 ) = Slammiversary ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on June 8, 2008 at the DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven, Mississippi. It was the fourth event under the Slammiversary name and the sixth event in the 2008 TNA PPV schedule. Seven professional wrestling matches and one dark match were featured on the event's card, three of which were for championships. The event commemorated TNA's six year anniversary. The main event was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended against Booker T, Christian Cage, Rhino, and Robert Roode. Joe won the match to retain the title. The card also featured a bout pitting A.J. Styles against Kurt Angle, which Styles won. The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) at the event. LAX was the victors in the contest to retain the championship. A Six Woman Tag Team match was won by the team of Gail Kim, ODB, and Roxxi over The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) and Moose on the undercard. Slammiversary is remembered for Joe being the first to retain a championship in a King of the Mountain match. The reported figure of purchasers for the event was 20 @,@ 000, as reported by The Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Slammiversary had an attendance of 2 @,@ 000 people. Jon Waldman of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show a 7 out of 10, which was lower than the 8 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Jason Clevett. After the event, an accident occurred which resulted in the death of one man and the injury of another. = = Production = = = = = Background = = = The fourth installment in the Slammiversary name was announced in January 2008 to take place on June 8. In March 2008, it was reported that Slammiversary would be held outside the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. In late @-@ March 2008, Slammiversary was expected to be held in Tennessee. TNA issued a press release in April 2008 advertising Slammiversary on June 8 at the DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven, Mississippi, although TNA promoted the event as being held in the Memphis area. It also announced that the annual King of the Mountain match would be held at the event. Tickets for Slammiverary went on sale on April 25. Slammiversary celebrates TNA's six year anniversary, after it formed on June 19, 2002. TNA created a section covering the event on their website. TNA released a poster to promote the event prior featuring the tagline " In a town where legends are made, one strives to reach immortality " and Booker T, Christian Cage, Rhino, Samoa Joe, and Tomko. Release the Flood by Dust for Life was used as the official theme for the show. Promotional material advertising the return of Abyss at the event was featured on TNA's television program TNA Impact!. The scripted wedding of Jay Lethal and SoCal Val was promoted for Slammiversary. This was announced on the May 15 episode of Impact!, when Lethal proposed and Val accepted in the storyline. American singer Ace Young was advertised take part in the segment on the May 22 episode of Impact!. On the May 29 episode of Impact!, Lethal asked Sonjay Dutt to be his best man, to which Dutt agreed. Lethal's groomsmen were announced on the June 5 episode as George Steele, Kamala, Koko B. Ware, and Jake Roberts. = = = Storylines = = = Slammiversary featured seven professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The main event at Slammiversary was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended the title against four other competitors. On the May 15 episode of Impact!, Joe announced the encounter would take place at Slammiversary as well that an agreement had been made between Management Director Jim Cornette and himself on who would compete in the bout. The arrangement entailed that qualifying matches would take place leading to the event between four wrestlers he chose and four wrestlers Cornette chose. Cornette's four wrestlers were James Storm, Matt Morgan, Robert Roode, and Tomko, while Joe's four were A.J. Styles, Booker T, Christian Cage, and Rhino. The qualifying matches were held on the May 22 and May 29 episodes of Impact!. Roode defeated Morgan in the first qualifier, while Booker T defeated Styles in the second, both on the May 22 episode of Impact!. The last two qualification matches were held on the May 29 episode of Impact!, with Rhino defeating Storm and Cage defeating Tomko. Kevin Nash, who played Joe's mentor in the storyline, requested to be made the Special Guest Ringside Enforcer for the bout, which he was granted by Cornette on the May 29 episode of Impact!. The predominate storyline heading into the event was the rivalry between A.J. Styles and Kurt Angle, both members of The Angle Alliance group. On the February 14 episode of Impact!, TNA held the scripted wedding of Angle's real @-@ life wife Karen Angle and Styles despite Angle and Karen still being married on @-@ screen. Afterwards, Karen and Angle separated in the storyline on the March 13 episode of Impact!. TNA continued to build the situation with Angle attempting to reconcile with Karen on the May 15 episode of Impact!. Karen refused Angle's request on the May 22 episode of Impact!, leading to Angle turning on and assaulting Styles later in the episode due to his jealousy of the affection Karen showed for Styles. On the May 29 episode of Impact!, Cornette announced Angle versus Styles for the event. Angle sustained a severe neck injury in early May with several TNA officials believing Angle would not recover in time to perform at the show. Angle was still in pain a few days prior to Slammiversary but was expected to perform normally despite some officials feeling it was too soon to compete. The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended at Slammiversary by then @-@ champions The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ). At TNA's previous PPV event Sacrifice on May 11, LAX defeated Team 3D in the final round of the Deuces Wild Tag Team Tournament for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship. On the May 15 episode of Impact!, Team 3D attacked and was scripted to injure LAX's manager Héctor Guerrero, thus starting a rivalry between the two. Cornette announced a rematch from Sacrifice for the championship to take place at the show on the May 29 episode of Impact!. TNA held a Six Woman Tag Team match pitting The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) and Mickie Knuckles against Gail Kim, ODB, and Roxxi at Slammiversary. This was the main storyline in TNA's women's division which started at Sacrifice where TNA held a Ten Woman TNA Knockouts Makeover Battle Royal to become number @-@ one contender to the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. The rules of the contest involved the winner getting a championship match while the runner @-@ up had her head shaven. Love cost Roxxi — then known as Roxxi Laveaux — the match, resulting in her head being shaven. Kim won the bout and went on to have her title opportunity on the May 15 episode of Impact!, which she lost after interference from Love. On the June 5 episode of Impact!, Knuckles made her TNA debut aligning with The Beautiful People in assaulting Kim, ODB, and Roxxi. = = Event = = TNA held a match to warm – up the crowd known as a dark match prior to the show pitting The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) against the team of Lance Hoyt and Johnny Devine. The Motor City Machine Guns won the encounter. = = = Miscellaneous = = = Slammiversary featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches. Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast, with Frank Trigg providing for the A.J. Styles versus Kurt Angle bout only. Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event. Andrew Thomas, Earl Hebner, Rudy Charles, and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters. Lauren Thompson and Borash were used as interviewers during the event. Besides those who competed at the event, Abyss, Ace Young, Eric Young, George Steele, Héctor Guerrero, Jake Roberts, Jay Lethal,

wikitext_103

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rd congressional district, represented by Gregg Harper ( R ), who has been in office since 2009. Lauderdale County, home to Meridian, has voted for the Republican candidate in every United States presidential election since 1972. Prior to the shift to the Republican Party, white area voters supported Democratic Party candidates, as for decades since the late nineteenth century, it was a one @-@ party state. = = Demographics = = The city's growth has reflected the push and pull of many social and economic factors. The total population increased in each census from the city's founding until 1970, although varying from rates as high as 165 % to as low as 0 @.@ 2 %. In the 1970 census the population decreased, then slightly increased by 1980, after which the population slowly declined, increasing again since the turn of the 21st century. Between 1980 and 2000, the population declined more than 14 %. As of the census of 2000, the city's population was 39 @,@ 968, and the population density was 885 @.@ 9 inhabitants per square mile ( 342 @.@ 0 / km2 ). In 2008, the city was the sixth largest in the state. The population increased as of 2010. Meridian is the principal city in the Meridian micropolitan area, which as of 2009 consisted of three counties – Clarke, Kemper, and Lauderdale – and had a population of 106 @,@ 139. There is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius. While the overall population growth of the city has varied, there has been a steady growth in the number and percentage of non @-@ white residents. The only decline in this group was between 1960 and 1970, when the city's overall population declined markedly. In the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of the city was 61 @.@ 55 % African American, 35 @.@ 71 % White, 0 @.@ 9 % Asian, 0 @.@ 2 % Native American, < 0 @.@ 02 % Pacific Islander, 0 @.@ 59 % from other races, and 0 @.@ 89 % from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 @.@ 75 % of the population. According to the 2000 Census, of the 17 @,@ 890 housing units inside city limits, 15 @,@ 966 were occupied, 10 @,@ 033 of them by families. 31 @.@ 1 % of occupied households had children under the age of 18, 36 @.@ 2 % were married couples living together, 23 @.@ 3 % consisted of a female householder with no husband present, and 37 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families. 33 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 @.@ 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2 @.@ 39 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 06. The average household size has steadily decreased since 1970, when it was 3 @.@ 04. Meridian's median age has increased from 30 @.@ 4 in 1970 to 34 @.@ 6 in 2000. The median income for a household in the city was $ 25 @,@ 085, and the median income for a family was $ 31 @,@ 062. Males had a median income of $ 29 @,@ 404 versus $ 19 @,@ 702 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15 @,@ 255. About 24 @.@ 6 % of families and 28 @.@ 6 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 40 @.@ 8 % of those under age 18 and 22 @.@ 0 % of those age 65 or over. = = = Religion = = = The population of Meridian and its surrounds is fairly observant, with 65 @.@ 2 % of Lauderdale County identifying as affiliated with some type of religious congregation, compared with the national average of 50 @.@ 2 %. Of the affiliated in 2000, 30 @,@ 068 ( 59 @.@ 0 % ) were in the Southern Baptist Convention, 9 @,@ 469 ( 18 @.@ 6 % ) were with the United Methodist Church, and 1 @,@ 872 ( 3 @.@ 7 % ) were associated with the Catholic Church. Immigrant Jews from Germany and eastern Europe were influential in commercial development of the city, building businesses and services. Congregation Beth Israel was founded in 1868, just before the city's " Golden Age. " Meridian once had the largest Jewish community in the state, with 575 Jewish people living in the city in 1927. Today, fewer than 40 Jews live in Meridian, most of whom are elderly. = = Geography and climate = = Meridian is located in the North Central Hills region of Mississippi in Lauderdale County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 45 @.@ 9 sq mi ( 119 km2 ), of which 45 @.@ 1 sq mi ( 117 km2 ) is land and 0 @.@ 8 sq mi ( 2 @.@ 1 km2 ) is water. Along major highways, the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson, Mississippi ; 154 mi ( 248 km ) west of Birmingham, Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana ; 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis, Tennessee ; and 297 mi ( 478 km ) west of Atlanta, Georgia. The area surrounding the city is covered with cotton and corn fields along with oak and pine forests, and its topography consists of clay hills and the bottom lands of the head waters of the Chickasawhay River. The natural terrain of the area has been modified in the urban core of the city by grading, but it maintains its gentle rolling character in the outlying areas. Numerous small creeks are found throughout the city and small lakes and woodlands lie in the northern and southern portions of the city. Sowashee Creek runs through the southern portion of the city and branches off into Gallagher's Creek, which flows through the center of the city. Loper's Creek runs through the far @-@ western part of the city while smaller creeks including Shearer's Branch, Magnolia Creek, and Robbins Creek are dispersed throughout the city. Meridian is in the humid subtropical climate zone. The average high temperature during summer ( June through August ) is around 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and the average low is around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ). In winter ( December through February ) the average maximum is around 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and minimum 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ). The warmest month is July, with an average high of 92 @.@ 9 ° F ( 33 @.@ 8 ° C ), and the coldest month of the year is January with an average low of 34 @.@ 7 ° F ( 1 @.@ 5 ° C ). The average annual precipitation in the city is 58 @.@ 65 in ( 1 @,@ 490 mm ). Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and the wettest month of the year is March, in which an average of 6 @.@ 93 in ( 176 mm ) of rain falls. Much rainfall is delivered by thunderstorms which are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year. Severe thunderstorms - which can produce damaging winds and / or large hail in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain - occasionally occur. These are most common during the spring months with a secondary peak during the Fall months. These storms also bring the risk of tornadoes. = = Economy = = Early on, the economy depended greatly upon the railroads in the area. The city was the largest in Mississippi around the start of the 20th century, with five major rail lines and 44 trains coming in and out daily. The city's economy not only depended on the rails but the goods, such as timber and cotton, transported on them. With these rail @-@ based industries, the city was a great economic power in the state and region from about 1890 through 1930. Though its economy slowed with the decline of the railroading industry in the 1950s, the city has adapted, moving from a largely rail @-@ based economy to a more diversified one, with healthcare, military, and manufacturing employing the most people. Along with Lauderdale County and the city of Marion, Meridian is served by the East Mississippi Business Development Corporation, which was formed in 1996 by a group of business leaders from the area. While as of April 2010, the city's civilian labor force was only 15 @,@ 420 people, there is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius, of which 104 @,@ 600 and 234 @,@ 200 people respectively are in the labor force. The city thus serves as a hub of employment, retail, health care, and culture activities. Eighty percent of Lauderdale County's workers reside in the county while 90 % live within 45 miles. In April 2010, there were 6 @,@ 260 people employed in the healthcare field in Lauderdale County. Rush Hospital is the largest healthcare organization in the region, employing 2 @,@ 610 people, followed by East Mississippi State Hospital with 1 @,@ 500 and Anderson Hospital with 1 @,@ 475.

wikitext_103

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the next morning. Engineers were brought forward, as was a bulldozer, and the gap was bridged. Amidst heavy fighting, the Australians forced their way across the creek. By the time that the position had been taken in the afternoon and the infantry had advanced to the line of exploitation 400 yd ( 370 m ) beyond the creek, 37 Japanese had been killed for the loss of seven Australians killed and 19 wounded. After this, the Australians continued their advance towards Sindou Creek, which was a further 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the southeast. In response, the Japanese launched a number of determined counterattacks over the course of the following week, although these were turned back. During this time, the Australians sent a number of patrols out in front of their forward elements, one of which managed to slip through the Japanese defensive positions either side of the Buin Road and carried out a reconnaissance of the Hongorai River about 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) south of the main crossing. Further patrols were carried out, as well as a number of ambushes, before the advance was resumed on 26 April. Resuming their advance, the Australians were supported by three squadrons of Corsairs from the Royal New Zealand Air Force — Nos. 14, 22 and 26 Squadrons — which bombed and strafed the ground in front of the advancing infantry, as well as a creeping barrage of artillery and mortar fire. With such strong support the Japanese offered little resistance and over the course of two days the 24th Infantry Battalion covered almost a third of the distance to the Hongorai, for just one man wounded. Further progress was made over the next week, but on 4 May the advance was slowed when they encountered a roadblock defended by a field gun along with a machine gun, mines and other improvised explosive devices. After this, the 15th Brigade's engineer support were called upon to regularly carry out route clearance and proving operations as the Japanese became increasingly desperate to destroy the Australian armour, to the extent that they were prepared to sacrifice an artillery piece in order to lure the Australian tanks into a trap where they could be destroyed by mines. The Japanese began to adapt their tactics in other ways also. To negate the effectiveness of the Australian tanks, the Japanese began to position themselves off the roads, forcing the infantry to fight without their armoured support. Additionally, the Japanese began to concentrate their artillery with increasing accuracy upon the advancing infantry, which they kept under constant observation and fire. Meanwhile, the previous day, 3 May, the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion had begun operating along the parallel Commando Road to the north. Here they had a number of encounters and suffered casualties due to their inexperience in patrolling, which resulted in them being ambushed. They also kept up a steady advance and eventually beat the main force in reaching, and crossing the river, arriving there on 6 May. On 5 May, along the Buin Road, the 24th Infantry Battalion had pressed forward again. Advancing with a tank troop in support, they came up against a concealed field gun defended by approximately 100 Japanese. After the lead Matilda's machine gun jammed, the field gun opened fire on it, damaging it and wounding its crew. Moving around the stricken tank, the second Matilda, armed with a howitzer, opened fire and destroyed the field gun before sweeping the Japanese defenders from the position. That night, the Japanese artillery opened up on the Australian position with a heavy barrage, and the following morning put in a company @-@ sized counter @-@ attack. The fighting lasted for over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours, but when it was over the Australians remained in possession of the position having repulsed the attack. In doing so, they suffered one killed and nine wounded, while the attacking Japanese had suffered heavily, losing 58 men killed. It was the biggest loss since the action at Slater's Knoll and it spelt the end of their attempt to defend the Hongorai. After this, the Australians were able to resume their advance to the river on 7 May without further opposition. The previous three weeks in which they had advanced 7 @,@ 000 yd ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) to the Hongorai had been costly for them, however, with the Australian 24th Infantry Battalion losing 25 killed and 95 wounded. Against this, the Japanese had lost at least 169 killed. = = = Crossing the Hongorai = = = Following the advance to the Hongorai, there was a pause of about a week as the Australians had to wait for roads to be improved and supplies to be brought up, before attempting to cross the Hongorai en masse. This allowed Savige to re @-@ evaluate the situation and to issue new orders for the advance towards the Hari and Mivo Rivers. As they waited for the advance to resume, the Australians carried out reconnaissance patrols deep into Japanese held territory and there were a couple of significant engagements during this time. As a part of these, the 24th Infantry Battalion sent a company across the Hongorai and subsequently located a strong Japanese position on a feature that became known as Egan's Ridge, which, due to its location, commanded the main Australian axis of advance. The main crossing was planned for 20 May, with the 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion on the right tasked to cut the Buin Road and the Aitara Track to the east of the river, while on the left the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion would divert the attention of the Japanese off the 24th Infantry Battalion which would make the main frontal assault from the centre of the Australian line, crossing at the Pororei ford, advancing straight up the Buin Road. Preliminary moves began before this, and on 15 May a platoon from the 24th Infantry Battalion along with two tanks attempted to carry out an attack on Egan's Ridge. After one of the tanks was held up and knocked out by a Japanese field gun, they were forced to withdraw. Meanwhile, the RNZAF Corsair squadrons — now reinforced by No. 16 Squadron — began an eight @-@ day aerial campaign, attacking along the length of the Buin and Commando Roads. During this period, the New Zealanders flew 381 sorties, while artillery and mortars fired " thousands of rounds ". Two days later, on 17 May, the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion began its diversionary move on the left flank, crossing the Hongorai inland and advancing along the Commando Road with 32 Corsairs and two batteries of artillery in support. Crossing 500 yd ( 460 m ) north of the ford, the centre company carried out an attack along the far bank of the river without its armoured support which had been unable to negotiate the crossing. Nevertheless, shortly before noon they had secured the crossing and began to fan out, carrying out further flanking moves before establishing a firm base to receive supplies and from where it began patrolling operations on 20 May. In the centre, the main attack along the Buin Road began at 08 : 30 on 20 May after 20 minutes of strafing by New Zealand Corsairs had prepared the ground. Advancing under a creeping barrage, and with mortar and machine gun support, the 24th Infantry Battalion moved forward with three companies up front and one held back in reserve, along with two troops of Matilda tanks. Mostly the forward companies reached their objectives, but one of the companies was halted just short of their objective and was forced to dig @-@ in overnight after coming under heavy small arms and artillery fire and losing four killed and five wounded. The attack was resumed the following day, and the Australians were able to advance to the Pororei ford ; however, they were prevented from moving any further as the Japanese were still concentrated in large numbers further to the west where an Australian patrol encountered 70 Japanese and were forced to go to ground. Finally, a company from the 24th Infantry Battalion was able to move on to the high ground on Egan's Ridge, which they found to be heavily mined and booby trapped. Engineers and assault pioneers were called up to clear the feature. On the right flank, the 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion carried out a wide flanking move along a track that had been carved out of the west bank of the Hongorai by bulldozer. Beginning their move two days earlier, a number of patrols had had contacts with the Japanese. Meanwhile, using tractors to drag the tanks through the mud, the Australian armour had crossed the river also and by 16 : 00 on 20 May the battalion had managed to establish itself in an assembly area to the east of the river, unbeknown to the Japanese. The following day, the battalion left the line of departure and began to advance on its primary objective, which it reached in the early afternoon despite being held up while the tanks attempted to affect a creek crossing, and further delayed by stiff resistance. Later, after one of the battalion's patrols came under heavy fire, the tanks moved up and attacked a Japanese gun position which the defenders quickly abandoned, leaving behind a 70 mm gun and a large amount of ammunition. By 22 May, although there were still a number of Japanese in the area which continued to harass and ambush their line of communications, most of the Australian objectives had been secured and mopping up operations began. The last remaining defensive location before the Hongorai was Egan's Ridge, where the Japanese were sheltering in tunnels. A heavy aerial and artillery bombardment devastated the position and forced them to abandon the ridge. It was subsequently occupied by a company of Australian infantry. Within a short period of time the Buin Road was subsequently opened, providing the Australians with the means with which to bring up supplies for the next stage

wikitext_103

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ian Special Air Service soldiers and senior officers from other military units. Smith and several government ministers also attended, including P K van der Byl, the co @-@ Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dean John de Costa gave a sermon damning what he described as a " deafening silence " from overseas. " Nobody who holds sacred the dignity of human life can be anything but sickened at the events attending the Viscount, " he said. " But are we deafened with the voice of protest from nations who call themselves civilised? We are not! Like men in the story of the Good Samaritan, they pass by on the other side... The ghastliness of this ill @-@ fated flight from Kariba will be burnt upon our memories for years to come. For others, far from our borders, it is an intellectual matter, not one which affects them deeply. Here is the tragedy! " = = = Smith – Nkomo talks halted = = = The talks between Smith and the ZAPU leader that had been progressing so promisingly were immediately halted by Salisbury. Smith himself called Nkomo a " monster ". Cilliers comments that the ending of the Smith – Nkomo talks at this time was " potentially the most serious result of the Viscount massacre ", as the talks had been progressing well before the incident. He surmises that an agreement between the two " at this critical stage " might have helped the transitional Rhodesian government to secure international recognition. On 10 September, the Prime Minister announced to the nation that certain areas of the country would be placed under a variation of martial law, which he said would be applied in particular regions as and when needed. He declared Rhodesia's intent to " liquidate the internal workings of those organisations associated with terrorism ", and warned neighbouring countries to prepare for " any defensive strikes we might undertake " against guerrilla bases in their respective territories. He claimed that the war had escalated because Britain and the United States were supporting the Patriotic Front. William Irvine, the co @-@ Minister of Transport, warned the guerrillas that Rhodesia " w [ ould ] not let these innocents go unavenged ". = = Rhodesia strikes back = = = = = Operation Snoopy ; Rhodesia hits New Chimoio = = = Because ZAPU and ZIPRA were based in Zambia, many Rhodesians clamoured for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in that country, but the first external target hit by the security forces following the Viscount shootdown was the prominent cluster of ZANLA bases around Chimoio in Mozambique. The Rhodesian military had struck these bases extensively in November 1977 during Operation Dingo, destroying much of the ZANLA presence there, but the insurgents had since built a complex called " New Chimoio ", slightly to the east ; the new camps were distributed across a far larger area than the originals. In a combined airborne @-@ ground assault called Operation Snoopy, the Rhodesian Air Force, Rhodesian Light Infantry and Special Air Service wiped out much of New Chimoio on 20 September 1978. Mozambique sent armour to ZANLA's aid in the form of nine Soviet @-@ made T @-@ 54 tanks and four Russian BTR @-@ 152 armoured personnel carriers, but the former were routed and one of the latter destroyed by the Rhodesian security forces. According to Rhodesian figures, there were " several hundred " guerrillas killed, while the security forces lost only two soldiers, one of whom was accidentally killed by a friendly air strike. = = = Operation Gatling ; the " Green Leader " raid = = = Rhodesia then attacked ZIPRA's bases in Zambia, in what Group Captain Peter Petter @-@ Bowyer later described as " payback time " for Flight 825. Operation Gatling, launched on 19 October 1978, was another joint @-@ force operation between the Air Force and the Army, which contributed Special Air Service and Rhodesian Light Infantry paratroopers. Gatling's primary target, just 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) north @-@ east of central Lusaka, was the formerly white @-@ owned Westlands Farm, which had been transformed into ZIPRA's main headquarters and training base under the name " Freedom Camp ". ZIPRA presumed that Rhodesia would never dare to attack a site so close to Lusaka. About 4 @,@ 000 guerrillas underwent training at Freedom Camp, with senior ZIPRA staff also on site. The Rhodesian operation's other targets were Chikumbi, 19 kilometres ( 12 miles ) north of Lusaka, and Mkushi Camp ; all three were to be attacked more or less simultaneously in a coordinated sweep across Zambia. Assaulting targets deep inside Zambia was a first for the Rhodesian forces ; previously only guerrillas near the border had been attacked. Led by Squadron Leader Chris Dixon, who identified himself to Lusaka Airport tower as " Green Leader ", a Rhodesian Air Force group flew into Zambia at very low altitudes ( thereby avoiding Zambian radar ) and took control of the country's airspace for about a quarter of an hour during the initial assault on Westlands Farm, informing Lusaka tower that the attack was against " Rhodesian dissidents, and not against Zambia ", and that Rhodesian Hawker Hunters were circling the Zambian airfields under orders to shoot down any fighter that attempted to take off. The Zambians obeyed all of Green Leader's instructions, made no attempt to resist and temporarily halted civil air traffic. Using Rufunsa airstrip in eastern Zambia as a forward base, the Rhodesian military suffered only minor casualties during the three @-@ day operation, and afterwards claimed to have killed over 1 @,@ 500 ZIPRA personnel, as well as some Cuban instructors. Historians Paul Moorcraft and Peter McLaughlin write that this exaggerated considerably the actual number of guerrillas killed, as most of Nkomo's army, then numbering about 10 @,@ 000 fighters, had not been touched. On the other hand, unarmed refugees often camped in or around insurgent positions, and hundreds of these had been killed in the Rhodesian raid. Moorcraft and McLaughlin comment that for the Rhodesian airmen, it would have been " impossible to distinguish innocent refugees from young ZIPRA recruits. " Sibanda describes Freedom Camp as " a refugee camp for boys ", and says " 351 boys and girls " were killed. He claims that the Red Cross and the UN Refugee Agency " confirmed ZAPU's claim that Smith's forces struck at defenseless, civilian trainees ". = = Aftermath = = The Rhodesian attacks on ZANLA and ZIPRA bases did much to restore white morale following the Viscount incident, though they had not actually made much impact on the respective guerrilla campaigns. Nkomo and the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda all the same requested further military aid and better weapons from the Soviets and the British respectively. Martial law was quickly extended across Rhodesia's rural areas, and covered three @-@ quarters of the country by the end of 1978. Air Rhodesia, meanwhile, began developing anti @-@ Strela shielding for its Viscounts. Before this work was completed, ZIPRA shot down a second Viscount, Air Rhodesia Flight 827, on 12 February 1979. This time there were no survivors. Following the second shootdown, Air Rhodesia created a system whereby the underside of the Viscounts would be coated with low @-@ radiation paint, with the exhaust pipes concurrently shrouded. According to tests conducted by the Air Force, a Viscount so treated could not be detected by the Strela's targeting system once it was over 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ). There were no further Viscount shootdowns in Rhodesia. In the elections held the following year under the Internal Settlement terms, boycotted by ZANU and ZAPU, Muzorewa won a majority, and became the first Prime Minister of the reconstituted, majority @-@ ruled state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 1 June 1979. This new order failed to win international acceptance, however, and in December 1979 the Lancaster House Agreement was agreed in London by Zimbabwe Rhodesia, the UK government and the Patriotic Front, returning the country to its former colonial status. The UK government suspended the constitution and took direct control for an interim period. Fresh elections were won by Mugabe, who took power in April 1980, concurrently with the country's recognised independence as Zimbabwe. = = Legacy and memorial = = In modern Zimbabwe, it is not the Viscount shootdowns but rather the retributory Rhodesian strikes against nationalist guerrilla camps that endure predominantly in the cultural memory. State media in Zimbabwe, prominently the Herald newspaper, often claim that Rhodesian forces indiscriminately and deliberately slaughtered thousands of helpless refugees during such operations. ZIPRA's downing of civilian planes is meanwhile portrayed as a legitimate act of war on the grounds that the guerrillas might have believed them to have military personnel or equipment on board. The massacre of surviving Flight 825 passengers at the crash site is often omitted or attributed to forces other than ZIPRA ; in his 1984 memoirs Nkomo repeated his claim that ZIPRA fighters had helped the survivors, and wrote simply that " I truly have no idea how the ten died ". A monument to those killed in the Rhodesian attack on

wikitext_103

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his residence that said " Turner ". Matthews had pictures of Turner's residence developed ; these were later obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) during an investigation of the Rajneesh commune, and verified after being shown to Turner. Members of the group of conspirators watched Turner's office, home and car, and discussed methods to assassinate him, hoping that his death would hinder the efforts of the federal investigation into Rajneeshpuram. Their plan was to shoot Turner in the garage of the federal office building where he worked, in Portland, Oregon, but the conspirators also debated whether to murder Turner in downtown Portland or closer to his home. After spending multiple nights watching Turner's house, the conspirators decided on the parking garage because they felt it would be too risky to murder him on the drive to or from work, or in front of his home. Turner had a reserved parking spot in a federal garage underneath Terry Schrunk Plaza in Portland, Oregon. In an affidavit given to the FBI, conspirator Alma Peralta described how the perpetrators decided on the federal parking garage as the location : " Shanti Bhadra [ Catherine Jane Stork ] said this seems like a good place to bump this fellow off. " The conspirators practiced different ways of murdering Turner. According to informant statements to law enforcement, one of the conspirators was to pretend there was car trouble, and the others would then approach Turner with their guns. Informants later told law enforcement officials that the conspirators intended to hide out at an international network of Rajneesh communes if the plan was successful. According to The Oregonian the assassinations were not carried out because Ma Anand Sheela became distracted by political power plays within the Rajneesh commune and other members of the organization who were trying to remove her from her position within the group. = = Prosecutions = = = = = Investigation = = = On February 28, 1985, Congressman James H. Weaver gave a speech in the United States House of Representatives in which he asserted that the Rajneeshees were involved in the bioterror attack in Oregon. At a series of press conferences in September 1985, Rajneesh accused several of his recently departed lieutenants of involvement in this and other crimes, including the poisoning of Mike Sullivan, a Jefferson County district attorney, and asked state and federal authorities to investigate his allegations. The assassination plot was uncovered by federal law enforcement as a result of the ensuing investigation into activities at Rajneeshpuram. Turner was never physically harmed, and had retired by 1995. The Oregonian was informed in October 1985 by federal law enforcement officials that Leslie L. Zaitz, an investigative journalist who had written a 20 @-@ part series on the Rajneesh movement in Oregon, was on a " hit list " which also included Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer. Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Weaver prosecuted the case ; the charges were first detailed at an October 1985 bond hearing in North Carolina after Rajneesh and his followers were arrested at an airport in Charlotte. Weaver said in court that followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh had plotted to assassinate Turner and Frohnmayer. He said these allegations were reasons why releasing Rajneesh and his followers from jail would be " a clear and present danger to public officials ". The guns purchased by the Rajneesh followers for the assassination plot had reportedly been dumped in a lake at Rancho Rajneesh ; the lake was searched by U.S. Navy divers. Scuba divers searched the lake for two days but did not find the guns. Joseph Greene, a U.S. immigration agent, testified in court that FBI agents had learned of the assassination plot from a member of the organization who was in a witness protection program. Greene said that members involved in the assassination plot included Ma Anand Sheela, Dianne Yvonne Onang, and Alma Peralta. The assassination plot was investigated by the FBI and the Oregon State Police. Informants told law enforcement that Ma Anand Sheela hoped Turner's death would prevent an Immigration and Naturalization Service investigation which she thought could lead to Rajneesh's arrest and deportation from the United States. Weaver stated " These attempts to assassinate public officials were because they were presenting an immigration case that might result in imprisonment " of Rajneesh. " There were not simply plans, but at least one ( assassination ) attempt, " said Weaver at the hearing. A grand jury investigation led by Turner brought charges of " widespread immigration fraud " against members of Rajneeshpuram. Wiretapping crimes were discovered after Ma Anand Sheela had fled the commune in September 1985. In December 1985, 21 followers of Rajneesh were indicted on wiretapping charges. = = = Arrests and convictions = = = Chief criminal assistant U.S. attorney Baron C. Sheldahl was assigned to prosecute the charges of federal wiretapping, and a special team from the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division was tasked with prosecuting the murder conspiracy charges. Four of the perpetrators were arrested in September 1990. Catherine Jane Stork and Richard Kevin Langford were arrested in West Germany, Ann Phyllis McCarthy was arrested in South Africa, and Susan Hagan was arrested in England. In September 1990, Alma Peralta pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder. Peralta, who had served as Ma Anand Sheela's bodyguard and confidante, agreed to testify against the other defendants in the murder conspiracy. Under the terms of Peralta's plea agreement she received a sentence of two years in federal prison. Carol Matthews was arrested in Baden @-@ Baden, Germany in October 1990 on charges of wiretapping and conspiracy to murder Turner, where she was held along with three other Rajneeshees. At the time of her arrest, Matthews was found in possession of a false British passport, and had been traveling under the fake name of " Daphene Fosberry ". Indictments were brought against Ma Anand Sheela and six other co @-@ conspirators by a federal grand jury in November 1990. In April 1991, Carol Matthews and Richard Kevin Langford ( Swami Anugiten ) were extradited from Germany to the United States in order to appear in federal court in Portland, Oregon. Law enforcement officials from the United States Marshals Service traveled to Frankfurt, Germany and took custody of the Matthews and Langford at Rhine Main Airport. On April 15, 1991, Matthews and Langford appeared in federal court in Oregon, and both pleaded innocent to charges of conspiracy to commit murder and carrying out wiretapping. On April 25, 1991, Richard Kevin Langford pleaded guilty in federal court to participating in the murder conspiracy plot against Turner, and in exchange he received a sentence of five years in federal prison and the dismissal of other charges against him relating to firearms and wiretapping. Langford agreed to testify against the other members of the murder conspiracy. Langford wrote on his plea agreement form : " In 1985, meetings were held at the Rancho Rajneesh... at which time the possible killing of the United States Attorney for Oregon was discussed. I participated in a number of these meetings and agreed with others to work toward that object. " Prosecutor Timothy J. Reardon III stated that Langford had been a member of the Rajneesh commune in Oregon since it began in 1981, and that the government was able to prove he joined the murder conspiracy at a point in time after May 25, 1985. Reardon said that Langford was a member of a group called the " Circle of 38 ", which was the personal security force that guarded Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and that he had served as a weapons instructor and policeman at the commune. Langford told U.S. District Judge Malcom F. Marsh that he had suggested that guns for the murder conspiracy could be bought in Texas, instructed the conspiractors about silencers, took responsibility for the weapons while they were in the commune, and disposed of them when members of the murder conspiracy decided to flee the U.S. for Europe. In July 1991, Carol Matthews entered a guilty plea and was convicted in federal court, she was sentenced to five years in prison. Catherine Jane Stork was convicted of the attempted murder of Rajneesh's physician Dr. George Meredith ( Swami Devaraj ) in 1986, and served almost three years in jail. After her release, agents from the FBI uncovered the plot to assassinate Turner, but Stork had already fled to Germany. She was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1990. In 1991, the German government refused to extradite Stork back to the United States. In June 1991, U.S. prosecutors filed affidavits in the murder conspiracy case with the Higher Regional Court in Karlsruhe, Germany, as part of an attempt to extradite Catherin Jane Stork from Germany to the U.S. The affidavits stated that all of the members in the murder conspiracy plot also belonged to a group of Rajneesh followers at the Oregon commune known as " the 38 ", and were trained in " commando tactics using Uzi semiautomatic rifles and handguns ". David Berry Knapp ( known to Rajneesh followers as Swami Krishna Deva ) stated in an FBI affidavit that the murder conspiracy was motivated by Ma Anand Sheela's " tremendous anger " towards Turner. Ma Anand Sheela served 29 months in a minimum security federal prison for charges related to assault, attempted murder, arson, wiretapping and the 1984 bioterror attack in The Dalles, and moved to Switzerland after her release from prison in 1988. The assassination conspiracy was discovered after Sheela had left the United States, and as of 1999 she was still wanted by federal law

wikitext_103

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= Tikal = Tikal ( / tiˈkäl / ) ( Tik ’ al in modern Mayan orthography ) is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala. Ambrosio Tut, a gum @-@ sapper, reported the ruins to La Gaceta, a Guatemalan newspaper, which named the site Tikal. After the Berlin Academy of Sciences'magazine republished the report in 1853, archeologists and treasure hunters began visiting the forest. Today tourism to the site may help protect the rainforest. It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre @-@ Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala. Situated in the department of El Petén, the site is part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya. Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC, Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period, c. 200 to 900 AD. During this time, the city dominated much of the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily, while interacting with areas throughout Mesoamerica such as the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico. There is evidence that Tikal was conquered by Teotihuacan in the 4th century AD. Following the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned. These events were coupled with a gradual population decline, culminating with the site ’ s abandonment by the end of the 10th century. Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities, with a long dynastic ruler list, the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments, temples and palaces. = = Etymology = = The name Tikal may be derived from ti ak 'al in the Yucatec Maya language ; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning " at the waterhole ". The name was apparently applied to one of the site's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region. It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning " the place of the voices " in the Itza Maya language. Tikal, however, is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s. Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the ruins refer to the ancient city as Yax Mutal or Yax Mutul, meaning " First Mutal ". Tikal may have come to have been called this because Dos Pilas also came to use the same emblem glyph ; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name. The kingdom as a whole was simply called Mutul, which is the reading of the " hair bundle " emblem glyph seen in the accompanying photo. Its precise meaning remains obscure. = = Location = = The closest large modern settlements are Flores and Santa Elena, approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) by road to the southwest. Tikal is approximately 303 kilometres ( 188 mi ) north of Guatemala City. It is 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of the contemporary Maya city of Uaxactun and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of Yaxha. The city was located 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southeast of its great Classic Period rival, Calakmul, and 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) northwest of Calakmul's ally Caracol, now in Belize. The city has been completely mapped and covered an area greater than 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) that included about 3 @,@ 000 structures. The topography of the site consists of a series of parallel limestone ridges rising above swampy lowlands. The major architecture of the site is clustered upon areas of higher ground and linked by raised causeways spanning the swamps. The area around Tikal has been declared as the Tikal National Park and the preserved area covers 570 square kilometres ( 220 sq mi ). The ruins lie among the tropical rainforests of northern Guatemala that formed the cradle of lowland Maya civilization. The city itself was located among abundant fertile upland soils, and may have dominated a natural east – west trade route across the Yucatan Peninsula. Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic kapok ( Ceiba pentandra ) the sacred tree of the Maya ; tropical cedar ( Cedrela odorata ), and Honduras mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ). Regarding the fauna, agouti, white @-@ nosed coatis, gray foxes, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, howler monkeys, harpy eagles, falcons, ocellated turkeys, guans, toucans, green parrots and leafcutter ants can be seen there regularly. Jaguars, jaguarundis, and cougars are also said to roam in the park. For centuries this city was completely covered under jungle. The average annual rainfall at Tikal is 1 @,@ 945 millimetres ( 76 @.@ 6 in ). One of the largest of the Classic Maya cities, Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored in ten reservoirs. Archaeologists working in Tikal during the 20th century refurbished one of these ancient reservoirs to store water for their own use. The Tikal National Park covers an area of 575 @.@ 83 square kilometres ( 222 @.@ 33 sq mi ). It was created on 26 May 1955 under the auspices of the Instituto de Antropología e Historia and was the first protected area in Guatemala. = = Population = = Population estimates for Tikal vary from 10 @,@ 000 to as high as 90 @,@ 000 inhabitants, with the most likely figure being at the upper end of this range. The population of Tikal began a continuous curve of growth starting in the Preclassic Period ( approximately 2000 BC – AD 200 ), with a peak in the Late Classic with the population growing rapidly from AD 700 through to 830, followed by a sharp decline. For the 120 square kilometres ( 46 sq mi ) area falling within the earthwork defenses of the hinterland, the peak population is estimated at 517 per square kilometer ( 1340 per square mile ). In an area within a 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) radius of the site core, peak population is estimated at 120 @,@ 000 ; population density is estimated at 265 per square kilometer ( 689 per square mile ). In a region within a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) radius of the site core and including some satellite sites, peak population is estimated at 425 @,@ 000 with a density of 216 per square kilometer ( 515 per square mile ). These population figures are even more impressive because of the extensive swamplands that were unsuitable for habitation or agriculture. However, some archaeologists, such as David Webster, believe these figures to be far too high. = = Rulers = = The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers. = = History = = = = = Preclassic = = = There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC, in the Middle Preclassic. A cache of Mamon ceramics dating from about 700 @-@ 400 BC were found in a sealed chultun, a subterranean bottle @-@ shaped chamber. Major construction at Tikal was already taking place in the Late Preclassic period, first appearing around 400 – 300 BC, including the building of major pyramids and platforms, although the city was still dwarfed by sites further north such as El Mirador and Nakbe. At this time, Tikal participated in the widespread Chikanel culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time – a region that included the entire Yucatan Peninsula including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize. Two temples dating to Late Chikanel times had masonry @-@ walled superstructures that may have been corbel @-@ vaulted, although this has not been proven. One of these had elaborate paintings on the outer walls showing human figures against a scrollwork background, painted in yellow, black, pink and red. In the 1st century AD rich burials first appeared and Tikal underwent a political and cultural florescence as its giant northern neighbors declined. At the end of the Late Preclassic, the Izapan style art and architecture from the Pacific Coast began to influence Tikal, as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the acropolis and early murals at the city. = = = Early Classic = = = Dynastic rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal. According to later hieroglyphic records, the dynasty was founded by Yax @-@ Moch @-@ Xoc, perhaps in the 3rd century AD. At the beginning of the Early Classic, power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and Calakmul, in the core of the Maya heartland. Tikal may have benefited from the collapse of the large Preclassic states such as El Mirador. In the Early Classic T

wikitext_103

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= J. C. W. Beckham = John Crepps Wickliffe Beckham ( August 5, 1869 – January 9, 1940 ) was the 35th Governor of Kentucky and a United States Senator from Kentucky. He was the state's first popularly elected senator following passage of the Seventeenth Amendment. Descended from a prominent political family, Beckham was chosen as Democrat William Goebel's running mate in the gubernatorial election of 1899 despite the fact that he was not yet of legal age to serve as governor if called to do so. Goebel lost the election to Republican William S. Taylor, but the Kentucky General Assembly disputed the election results. During the political wrangling that followed, an unknown assassin shot Goebel. A day later the General Assembly invalidated enough votes to give the election to Goebel, who was sworn into office on his deathbed. Taylor claimed the election had been stolen by the Democratic majority in the General Assembly and a legal fight ensued between him and Beckham over the governorship. Beckham ultimately prevailed and Taylor fled the state. Following his term as governor, Beckham made a bid to become a U.S. Senator. His stance in favor of prohibition cost him the votes of four legislators in his own party and the seat went to Republican William O. Bradley. Six years later Beckham secured the seat by popular election, but he lost his re @-@ election bid largely because of his pro @-@ temperance views and his opposition to women's suffrage. Though he continued to play an active role in state politics for another two decades, he never returned to elected office, failing in his gubernatorial bid in 1927 and his senatorial campaign in 1936. He died in Louisville on January 9, 1940. = = Early life = = J. C. W. Beckham was born at Wickland, near Bardstown in Nelson County, Kentucky, son of William Netherton and Julia Tevis ( Wickliffe ) Beckham. His maternal grandfather, Charles A. Wickliffe, was governor of Kentucky from 1839 to 1840 and served as postmaster general in the administration of John Tyler. His uncle, Robert C. Wickliffe, served as governor of Louisiana. Beckham obtained his early education at Roseland Academy in Bardstown. In 1881 he served as a page in the Kentucky House of Representatives at the age of 12. Later, he enrolled at Central University ( now Eastern Kentucky University ) in Richmond, Kentucky but was forced to quit school at the age of 17 to support his widowed mother. Two years later, he became principal of Bardstown public schools, serving from 1888 to 1893. Concurrently, he studied law at the University of Kentucky, where he earned his law degree in 1889. He was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Bardstown in 1893. He also served as president of the Young Democrats'Club of Nelson County. = = Political career = = Beckham's political career began in 1894 when he was elected without opposition to the Kentucky House of Representatives. He served four consecutive terms and was Speaker of the House in 1898, his final year in the House. He also served as a delegate to every Democratic National Convention from 1900 to 1920. = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = Democrat William Goebel chose Beckham as his running mate in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899. Goebel was hesitant about the selection because he wanted someone who could deliver the vote of his home county in the general election, and Beckham's native Nelson County was already committed to a rival candidate. But friends of Goebel assured him that Beckham would be loyal to Goebel's reform agenda, whereas the two other men Goebel was considering as running mates would " stack the Senate committees against him. " Beckham was not yet 30, the minimum age to serve as governor, at the time of his selection. Goebel lost a close election to Republican William S. Taylor. When the General Assembly's session opened on January 2, 1900, the election results were immediately challenged. With Democrats in control of both houses of the Assembly, the results seemed sure to be reversed. The Assembly was still deliberating on January 30, 1900, when Goebel was shot by an unknown assailant as he entered the state capitol building. The following day, as Goebel was being treated for his wounds at a local hotel, the General Assembly invalidated enough votes to give him the election. He was sworn into office from his bed the same day. Three days later Goebel died, never having risen from the bed. Legislative chaos ensued as Taylor refused to acknowledge the Assembly's decision and vacate the governorship. The Republicans in the legislature obeyed Taylor's orders, while the Democrats ignored Taylor and followed the orders of their leadership. Finally, on February 21, 1900, Taylor and Beckham agreed to let the courts settle the matter. The case first went before the Louisville Circuit Court, which found in favor of Beckham. Republicans appealed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals, at that time the court of last resort in the state. On April 6, 1900, the Court of Appeals upheld the ruling of the lower court. Taylor appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which declined to hear the case on May 21, 1900. Taylor's only supporter on the court was Kentuckian John Marshall Harlan. Following the Supreme Court ruling, Taylor fled to Indianapolis, Indiana, fearing he would be implicated in Goebel's assassination. Beckham became acting governor, but because of the unusual circumstances surrounding the election, a special election was held November 6, 1900, to determine who would complete Goebel's unexpired term. Beckham ( now of age ) won the election over Republican John W. Yerkes by fewer than 4 @,@ 000 votes. Shortly following the special election, Beckham married Jean Raphael Fuqua of Owensboro. The couple had two sons. As governor Beckham sought to unite his party and the state. As part of this effort he supported changes to the blatantly partisan Goebel Election Law, authored by his late running mate while the latter was a member of the General Assembly. He stressed non @-@ controversial issues such as improvements to roads and the state's educational system. He recommended passage of a law to set uniform school textbook prices, a reform both he and Goebel had advocated during the gubernatorial campaign. However, his passive leadership ensured that the General Assembly did little to address his agenda. The only major pieces of legislation passed during Beckham's term were a tax increase that added a half million dollars to the state's revenue and a child labor law that forbade children under 14 to work without their parents'consent. = = = Second term = = = Although the Kentucky Constitution prohibited governors from serving consecutive terms, Beckham announced he would seek a full term as governor in 1903. His candidacy was challenged in court, but the court ruled Beckham had not served a full first term and was eligible to run. Due to his record of reconciliation and supporting non @-@ controversial reforms, he had no significant opposition in winning his party's nomination. His record also deprived his Republican opponent, Morris B. Belknap, of any significant campaign issue in the general election. Beckham defeated Belknap and three minor candidates. In his message to the legislature in 1904, Beckham again raised the issue of a uniform school textbook law, which had not passed during his first term. The law was one of few significant reforms that passed during the 1904 session. During the session funds were approved for building a new capitol building and a memorial to the late Governor Goebel. In March 1904, Beckham signed the Day Law mandating racial segregation of all schools in Kentucky. Berea College, a private college in eastern Kentucky that had been integrated since the 1850s, immediately filed suit to challenge the law. The substance of the law was upheld in the circuit court and the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Berea appealed to the Supreme Court, and in 1908 the court handed down an 8 – 1 decision against the college. Only John Marshall Harlan dissented. Near the close of the 1904 session, legislators approved the creation of Beckham County from parts of Carter, Elliott, and Lewis counties. Olive Hill was made the county seat. Soon the county's existence was challenged in court on grounds that it fell short of the 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) required by the state constitution and that it reduced the counties it was carved from to less than 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ). Carter County joined the lawsuit, claiming the border of Beckham County passed too close to Grayson, the seat of Carter County, and Vanceburg, the seat of Lewis County. The state constitution forbade county borders to pass within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of a county seat. On April 29, 1904, the Kentucky Court of Appeals found in favor of the plaintiffs and dissolved Beckham County. During the 1906 legislative session, Beckham urged investigation and prosecution of corrupt insurance companies, following the lead of New York attorney Charles Evans Hughes. In particular, he recommended reducing the practice of deferred dividends, which allowed the insurance companies to keep large stores of cash on @-@ hand for illegal purposes. He further advocated that insurance companies doing business in the state be required to invest a certain percentage of their earnings in Kentucky, bolstering the its economy and providing policyholders some protection against fraud. Beckham refused to send troops into the western part of the state to quell the ongoing Black Patch Tobacco Wars. He cited constitutional reasons for his refusal, but more probably his reasons were political – the Democrats were dominant in this region and he didn 't want

wikitext_103

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= Military history of Australia = The military history of Australia spans the nation's 220 @-@ year modern history, from the early Australian frontier wars between Aboriginals and Europeans to the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan in the early 21st century. Although this history is short when compared to that of many other nations, Australia has been involved in numerous conflicts and wars, and war and military service have been significant influences on Australian society and national identity, including the Anzac spirit. The relationship between war and Australian society has also been shaped by the enduring themes of Australian strategic culture and its unique security dilemma. As British offshoots, the Australian colonies participated in Britain's small wars of the 19th century, while later as a federated dominion, and then an independent nation, Australia fought in the First World War and Second World War, as well as in the wars in Korea, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam during the Cold War. In the Post @-@ Vietnam era Australian forces have been involved in numerous international peacekeeping missions, through the United Nations and other agencies, including in the Sinai, Persian Gulf, Rwanda, Somalia, East Timor and the Solomon Islands, while more recently they have also fought as part of multi @-@ lateral forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. In total, nearly 103 @,@ 000 Australians died during the course of these conflicts. = = War and Australian society = = For most of the last century military service has been one of the single greatest shared experiences of white Australian males, and although this is now changing due to the professionalisation of the military and the absence of major wars during the second half of the 20th century, it continues to influence Australian society to this day. War and military service have been defining influences in Australian history, while a major part of the national identity has been built on an idealised conception of the Australian experience of war and of soldiering, known as the Anzac spirit. These ideals include notions of endurance, courage, ingenuity, humour, larrikinism, egalitarianism and mateship ; traits which, according to popular thought, defined the behaviour of Australian soldiers fighting at Gallipoli during the First World War. The Gallipoli campaign was one of the first international events that saw Australians taking part as Australians and has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity. The relationship between war and Australian society has been shaped by two of the more enduring themes of Australian strategic culture : bandwagoning with a powerful ally and expeditionary warfare. Indeed, Australian defence policy was closely linked to Britain until the Japanese crisis of 1942, while since then an alliance with the United States has underwritten its security. Arguably, this pattern of bandwagoning — both for cultural reasons such as shared values and beliefs, as well as for more pragmatic security concerns — has ensured that Australian strategic policy has often been defined by relations with its allies. Regardless, a tendency towards strategic complacency has also been evident, with Australians often reluctant to think about defence issues or to allocate resources until a crisis arises ; a trait which has historically resulted in unpreparedness for major military challenges. Reflecting both the realist and liberal paradigms of international relations and the conception of national interests, a number of other important themes in Australian strategic culture are also obvious. Such themes include : an acceptance of the state as the key actor in international politics, the centrality of notions of Westphalian sovereignty, a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a guarantor of security, and the proposition that the status quo in international affairs should only be changed peacefully. Likewise, multilateralism, collective security and defence self @-@ reliance have also been important themes. Change has been more evolutionary than revolutionary and these strategic behaviours have persisted throughout its history, being the product of Australian society's democratic political tradition and Judaeo @-@ Christian Anglo @-@ European heritage, as well its associated values, beliefs and economic, political and religious ideology. These behaviours are also reflective of its unique security dilemma as a largely European island on the edge of the Asia @-@ Pacific, and the geopolitical circumstances of a middle power physically removed from the centres of world power. To be sure, during threats to the core Australia has often found itself defending the periphery and perhaps as a result, it has frequently become involved in foreign wars. Throughout these conflicts Australian soldiers — known colloquially as Diggers — have often been noted, somewhat paradoxically, for both their fighting abilities and their humanitarian qualities. = = Colonial era = = = = = British Forces in Australia, 1788 – 1870 = = = From 1788 until 1870 the defence of the Australian colonies was mostly provided by British Army regular forces. Originally Marines protected the early settlements at Sydney Cove and Norfolk Island, however they were relieved of these duties in 1790 by a British Army unit specifically recruited for colonial service, known as the New South Wales Corps. The New South Wales Corps subsequently was involved in putting down a rebellion of Irish convicts at Castle Hill in 1804. Soon however shortcomings in the corps convinced the War Office of the need for a more reliable garrison in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Chief of these shortcomings was the Rum Rebellion, a coup mounted by its officers in 1808. As a result, in January 1810 the 73rd ( Perthshire ) Regiment of Foot arrived in Australia. By 1870, 25 British infantry regiments had served in Australia, as had a small number of artillery and engineer units. Although the primary role of the British Army was to protect the colonies against external attack, no actual threat ever materialised. The British Army was instead used in policing, guarding convicts at penal institutions, combating bushranging, putting down convict rebellions — as occurred at Bathurst in 1830 — and to suppress Aboriginal resistance to the extension of European settlement. Notably British soldiers were involved in the battle at the Eureka Stockade in 1854 on the Victorian goldfields. Members of British regiments stationed in Australia also saw action in India, Afghanistan, New Zealand and the Sudan. During the early years of settlement the naval defence of Australia was provided by detached Royal Navy units of the East Indies Station, based in Sydney. However, in 1859 Australia was established as a separate squadron under the command of a commodore, marking the first occasion that Royal Navy ships had been permanently stationed in Australia. The Royal Navy remained the primary naval force in Australian waters until 1913, when the Australia Station ceased and responsibility handed over to the Royal Australian Navy ; the Royal Navy's depots, dockyards and structures were given to the Australian people. = = = Frontier warfare, 1788 – 1934 = = = The reactions of the native Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden arrival of British settlers in Australia were varied, but were inevitably hostile when the settler's presence led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of the indigenous inhabitants'lands. European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation. By and large neither the British nor the Aborigines approached the conflict in an organised sense and conflict occurred between groups of settlers and individual tribes rather than systematic warfare. At times, however, the frontier wars did see the involvement of British soldiers and later mounted police units. Not all Aboriginal groups resisted white encroachment on their lands, while many Aborigines served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes. Fighting between Aborigines and Europeans was localised as the Aborigines did not form confederations capable of sustained resistance. As a result, there was not a single war, but rather a series of violent engagements and massacres across the continent. Organised or disorganised however, a pattern of frontier warfare emerged with Aboriginal resistance beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the early 20th century. This warfare contradicts the popular and at times academic " myth " of peaceful settlement in Australia. Faced with Aboriginal resistance settlers often reacted with violence, resulting in a number of indiscriminate massacres. Among the most famous is the Battle of Pinjarra in Western Australia in 1834. Such incidents were not officially sanctioned however, and after the Myall Creek massacre in New South Wales in 1838 seven Europeans were hanged for their part in the killings. However, in Tasmania the so @-@ called Black War was fought between 1828 and 1832, and aimed at driving most of the island's native inhabitants onto a number of isolated peninsulas. Although it began in failure for the British, it ultimately resulted in considerable casualties amongst the native population. It may be inaccurate though to depict the conflict as one sided and mainly perpetrated by Europeans on Aborigines. Although many more Aborigines died than British, this may have had more to do with the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by the Europeans. Aboriginal tactics varied, but were mainly based on pre @-@ existing hunting and fighting practices — using spears, clubs and other primitive weapons. Unlike the indigenous peoples of New Zealand and North America, on the main Aborigines failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans. Although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms, this was not widespread. The Aborigines were never a serious military threat to European settlers, regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them. On occasions large groups of Aborigines attacked the settlers in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued, during which the Aborigines would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage. This could sometimes be effective, with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents, waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their spears while the settlers reloaded. However, such open

wikitext_103

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warfare usually proved more costly for the Aborigines than the Europeans. Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms. However, the advantages afforded by firearms have often been overstated. Prior to the late 19th century, firearms were often cumbersome muzzle @-@ loading, smooth @-@ bore, single shot muskets with flint @-@ lock mechanisms. Such weapons produced a low rate of fire, while suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres ( 160 ft ). These deficiencies may have initially given the Aborigines an advantage, allowing them to move in close and engage with spears or clubs. Yet by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage, with the six @-@ shot Colt revolver, the Snider single shot breech @-@ loading rifle and later the Martini @-@ Henry rifle, as well as rapid @-@ fire rifles such as the Winchester rifle, becoming available. These weapons, when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of Aborigines, often proved successful. The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast @-@ moving, often hidden enemies. Tactics employed included night @-@ time surprise attacks, and positioning forces to drive the natives off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks. The conflict lasted for over 150 years and followed the pattern of British settlement in Australia. Beginning in New South Wales with the arrival of the first Europeans in May 1788, it continued in Sydney and its surrounds until the 1820s. As the frontier moved west so did the conflict, pushing into outback New South Wales in the 1840s. In Tasmania, fighting can be traced from 1804 to the 1830s, while in Victoria and the southern parts of South Australia, the majority of the violence occurred during the 1830s and 1840s. The south @-@ west of Western Australia experienced warfare from 1829 to 1850. The war in Queensland began in the area around Brisbane in the 1840s and continued until 1860, moving to central Queensland in the 1850s and 1860s, and then to northern Queensland from the 1860s to 1900. In Western Australia, the violence moved north with European settlement, reaching the Kimberley region by 1880, with violent clashes continuing until the 1920s. In the Northern Territory conflict lasted even later still, especially in central Australia, continuing from the 1880s to the 1930s. One estimate of casualties places European deaths at 2 @,@ 500, while at least 20 @,@ 000 Aborigines are believed to have perished. Far more devastating though was the effect of disease which significantly reduced the Aboriginal population by the beginning of the 20th century ; a fact which may also have limited their ability to resist. = = = New Zealand Wars, 1861 – 64 = = = = = = = Taranaki War = = = = In 1861, the Victorian ship HMCSS Victoria was dispatched to help the New Zealand colonial government in its war against Māori in Taranaki. Victoria was subsequently used for patrol duties and logistic support, although a number of personnel were involved in actions against Māori fortifications. One sailor died from an accidental gunshot wound during the deployment. = = = = Invasion of the Waikato = = = = In late 1863, the New Zealand government requested troops to assist in the invasion of the Waikato province against the Māori. Promised settlement on confiscated land, more than 2 @,@ 500 Australians ( over half of whom were from Victoria ) were recruited to form four Waikato Regiments. Other Australians became scouts in the Company of Forest Rangers. Despite experiencing arduous conditions the Australians were not heavily involved in battle, and were primarily used for patrolling and garrison duties. Australians were involved in actions at Matarikoriko, Pukekohe East, Titi Hill, Ōrākau and Te Ranga. Fewer than 20 were believed to have been killed in action. The conflict was over by 1864, and the Waikato Regiments disbanded in 1867. However, many of the soldiers who had chosen to claim farmland at the cessation of hostilities had drifted to the towns and cities by the end of the decade, while many others had returned to Australia. = = = Colonial military forces, 1870 – 1901 = = = From 1870 until 1901, each of the six colonial governments was responsible for their own defence. The colonies had gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890, and while the Colonial Office in London retained control of some affairs, the Governor of the each colony was required to raise their own colonial militia. To do this, they were granted the authority from the British crown to raise military and naval forces. Initially these were militias in support of British regulars, but when military support for the colonies ended in 1870, the colonies assumed their own defence responsibilities. The colonial military forces included unpaid volunteer militia, paid citizen soldiers, and a small permanent component. They were mainly infantry, cavalry and mounted infantry, and were neither housed in barracks nor subject to full military discipline. Even after significant reforms in the 1870s — including the expansion of the permanent forces to include engineer and artillery units — they remained too small and unbalanced to be considered armies in the modern sense. By 1885, the forces numbered 21 @,@ 000 men. Although they could not be compelled to serve overseas many volunteers subsequently did see action in a number conflicts of the British Empire during the 19th century, with the colonies raising contingents to serve in Sudan, South Africa and China. Despite a reputation of colonial inferiority, many of the locally raised units were highly organised, disciplined, professional, and well trained. During this period, defences in Australia mainly revolved around static defence by combined infantry and artillery, based on garrisoned coastal forts. However, by the 1890s, improved railway communications between the mainland eastern colonies led Major General James Edwards — who had recently completed a survey of colonial military forces — to the belief that the colonies could be defended by the rapid mobilisation of brigades of infantry. As a consequence he called for a restructure of defences, and defensive agreements to be made between the colonies. Edwards argued for the colonial forces to be federated and for professional units — obliged to serve anywhere in the South Pacific — to replace the volunteer forces. These views found support in the influential New South Wales Commandant, Major General Edward Hutton, however suspicions held by the smaller colonies towards New South Wales and Victoria stifled the proposal. These reforms remaining unresolved however, and defence issues were generally given little attention in the debate on the political federation of the colonies. With the exception of Western Australia, the colonies also operated their own navies. In 1856, Victoria received its own naval vessel, HMCSS Victoria, and its deployment to New Zealand in 1860 during the First Taranaki War marked the first occasion that an Australian warship had been deployed overseas. The colonial navies were expanded greatly in the mid @-@ 1880s and consisted of a number of gunboats and torpedo @-@ boats for the defence of harbours and rivers, as well as naval brigades to man vessels and forts. Victoria became the most powerful of all the colonial navies, with the ironclad HMVS Cerberus in service from 1870, as well as the steam @-@ sail warship HMS Nelson on loan from the Royal Navy, three small gunboats and five torpedo @-@ boats. New South Wales formed a Naval Brigade in 1863 and by the start of the 20th century had two small torpedo @-@ boats and a corvette. The Queensland Maritime Defence Force was established in 1885, while South Australia operated a single ship, HMCS Protector. Tasmania had also a small Torpedo Corps, while Western Australia's only naval defences included the Fremantle Naval Artillery. Naval personnel from New South Wales and Victoria took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, while HMCS Protector was sent by South Australia but saw no action. The separate colonies maintained control over their military and naval forces until Federation in 1901, when they were amalgamated and placed under the control of the new Commonwealth of Australia. = = = Sudan, 1885 = = = During the early years of the 1880s, an Egyptian regime in the Sudan, backed by the British, came under threat from rebellion under the leadership of native Muhammad Ahmad ( or Ahmed ), known as Mahdi to his followers. In 1883, as part of the Mahdist War, the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt, but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of extracting their forces. The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan, and sent General Charles Gordon to co @-@ ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed in January 1885. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses. The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers, and an artillery battery of 212 men and sailed from Sydney on 3 March 1885. The contingent arrived in Suakin on 29 March and were attached to a brigade that consisted of Scots, Grenadier and Coldstream Guards. They subsequently marched for Tamai in a large " square " formation made up of 10 @,@ 000 men. Reaching the village, they burned huts and returned to Suakin : three Australians were wounded in minor fighting. Most of the contingent was then sent to work on a railway line that was being laid across the desert towards Berber, on the Nile. The Australians were then assigned to guard duties, but soon a camel corps was raised

wikitext_103

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who was accused of corruption in the 1299 document and was later called ‘ dominus de Papay ’. ( The story of his unfortunate daughter is referred to above. ) The remains of Duke Hakon's thirteenth @-@ century house are still visible near Housa Voe. = = = Scots rule and fishing = = = In 1469 Shetland came under nominal Scottish control, although the Norse'Lairds of Norway'kept their Papa Stour estates until the 17th century. In the 16th century merchants from Bremen and Hamburg were operating a summer trading booth to buy fish from the local fleet. By the 18th century, two Scottish lairds, Thomas Gifford of Busta, and Arthur Nicolson of Lerwick, owned the island. They maintained a prosperous Haaf ( Old Norse :'deep sea') fishing industry, undertaken in the summer months using six @-@ oared boats known as sixareens. In addition to the leper colony on Brei Holm there may have been another at Hilla Fielle overlooking Hamna Voe. A recent archaeological survey was inconclusive but suggests the site may be much older than the supposed 18th century colony. The island church, which overlooks Kirk Sand in the bay of Fore Wick, was founded in 1806. 300 metres from the present church there may be an older chapel site of Sneeans or Snøyans on the headland between the west end of Kirk Sand and the bay of Tusselby. It is called the'ald kirk'by locals and referred to by the Ordnance Survey as " the site of a Romish chapel belonging to about the twelfth century ". There is a tradition that the work there was interfered with by supernatural powers and that each day's work on the building was destroyed during the night. Eventually the cornerstones were moved overnight by these unearthly agencies to the present site of the church and work was re @-@ commenced there successfully. Excavations in 2004 found little besides large blocks of rhyolite and a piece of whalebone rib, suggesting that the oral tradition may have some truth to it. In the 19th century the Crabbaberry fishing station in West Voe was opened and the island had a population of 360 people or more. However, fuel shortages and a decline in fishing due to the introduction of steam drifters saw a fall in population from the 1870s on. At this time another duel entered the history of Papa Stour. Edwin Lindsay, an Indian army officer and the son of the 6th Earl of Balcarres, was declared insane and sent to the island in disgrace after refusing to fight in one. He spent 26 years as a prisoner before the Quaker preacher Catherine Watson arranged for his release in 1835. Lindsay's Well is a spring at the south of the island where he was allowed to bathe. There are good examples of horizontal water mills, also known as Norse or Clack Mills, around Dutch Loch. Originally these were two story buildings with turf roofs, built into banks to give access to the upper floor where the mill @-@ stone was sited. Inside the building there was a fixed lower millstone, and a rotating upper millstone driven by the water falling onto the paddles below. Some were still in use on Papa Stour in the early years of the 20th century, and there is still a working example of one of these mills on the Burn of Clumlie, at Troswick in the south Mainland of Shetland. = = = 20th and 21st centuries = = = In common with many small Scottish islands, Papa Stour's population peaked in the 19th century and has experienced a significant decline since then ( see e.g. Mingulay ). By 1970 the island school had closed and the population had declined to sixteen'fairly elderly'residents, but an advertisement in Exchange and Mart reversed the decline. A croft and five sheep were offered free of charge to incomers which brought a flood of applicants. By 1981 the census recorded a population of 33. However, by 2005 the population had fallen to 20 after serious discord between islanders led to several court cases. A number of people left the island and the school closed. By early 2008 the population had dropped to just nine after a family of seven left. The 2011 census recorded a usually resident population of 15 - during the decade 2011 @-@ 11 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702. Overview of population trends = = = Shipwrecks = = = The coasts around Papa Stour have claimed numerous wrecks. In Hamnavoe, Tiptans Skerry alone has sunk Dutch, French, German and Norwegian ships. The Aberdeen trawler Ben Doran A178, foundered on the Ve Skerries 3 miles northwest of Papa Stour, on the evening of 28 March 1930 while on her way to the village of Scalloway to land her catch. When she grounded weather conditions were fairly good but it was not until the following day that a passing trawler saw, and reported the wreck. By the time that various rescue attempts were launched by the coastguard and local volunteers ( there being no lifeboat in Shetland at that time ), weather conditions had deteriorated to the point where it was impossible to approach the skerries. A request had been made for the Stromness lifeboat from Orkney, only 120 miles away, to launch, but the request was made too late to be of help. All 9 crew perished in the wreck. Only 3 bodies were recovered, that of James Mitchell, which was returned to Aberdeen, and the bodies of J. Cormack and J.R. Insh, which were buried in Scalloway. The cargo ship SS Highcliffe ran aground in fog on Forewick Holm in February 1940. On this occasion the conditions were clement and only the ship and cargo were lost. In 1967 the Aberdeen trawler Juniper ran aground in Lyra Sound at the bottom of the 60 metres ( 200 feet ) cliffs. The 12 man crew were rescued by the Aith lifeboat, the coxswain being awarded the RNLI silver medal for this rescue. Papa Stour's most recent shipwreck occurred on 9 December 1977 when the Aberdeen trawler Elinor Viking A278, skipper Alec Flett, foundered on the Ve Skerries. The Aith Lifeboat came to the scene but was unable to get near enough to rescue the crew because of the sea conditions. At the request of Alec Webster, Coastguard Station Officer, Lerwick, a volunteer crew in a British Airways Sikorsky S61N helicopter from Sumburgh Airport was scrambled. They managed to winch all the boat's crew to safety within hours of the grounding, despite the storm force winds. The helicopter crew later received a number of awards for bravery. There was no loss of life, but this incident prompted the building of a lighthouse on the skerries in 1979, and may also have been the example required for the formation of the present Search and Rescue helicopter unit, based at Sumburgh Airport. = = Economy & Transport = = Crofting is the mainstay of island life. Sheep form the backbone of the agricultural economy but a diversity livestock are kept, including cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, ducks and geese. Vegetable are grown too, often in the shelter of circular walls, such plots being known as'plantie scrubs '. Fishing is still conducted but on a relatively small scale. There is a post office at the pier, but no shop. Mains electricity only came to the island at the close of the twentieth century. The Papa Stour Project is a Christian supported housing service offering accommodation to men with drug and alcohol issues. Ferries now sail across the Sound of Papa to West Burrafirth on the Shetland Mainland. The crossing takes 45 minutes, and although the Snolda carries cars, there is only one short road on the island.For visiting yachts the four main voes provide good shelter, but the strong tides in both the Sound of Papa and to the north west require considerable care. = = = Airstrip = = = There is an airstrip which caters for regular flights from Tingwall. = = Culture and the arts = = The Papa Stour sword dance may be of Norse origin and bears similarities to the long sword dance of the north east of England. A description of the dance appears in The Pirate by Sir Walter Scott. The writer and journalist John Sands lived on Papa Stour and Foula for a while during the late nineteenth century. The writer, folklorist and musician, George P. S. Peterson was brought up on Papa Stour. It is also the'Papa'of Vagaland's poem Da Sang o da Papa men, now adopted as part of the folksong tradition, as set to music by T.M.Y. Manson. The insistent chorus chant,'Rowin Foula Doon! ', is particularly striking. " Oot bewast da Horn o Papa, Rowin Foula doon! Owir a hidden piece o water, Rowin Foula doon! Roond da boat da tide @-@ lumps makkin, Sunlicht trowe da cloods is brakkin ; We maan geng whaar fish is takkin, Rowin Foula doon! " " Rowin Foula doon

wikitext_103

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= Tim Richmond = Tim Richmond ( June 7, 1955 – August 13, 1989 ) was an American race car driver from Ashland, Ohio. He competed in IndyCar racing before transferring to NASCAR's Winston Cup Series ( now Sprint Cup Series ). Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to NASCAR stock cars full @-@ time, which has since become an industry trend. He won the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award and had 13 victories during eight NASCAR seasons. Richmond achieved his top NASCAR season in 1986 when he finished third in points. He won seven races that season, more than any other driver on the tour. When he missed the season @-@ opening Daytona 500 in February 1987, media reported that he had pneumonia. The infection most likely resulted from his compromised immune system, which was weakened by AIDS. Despite the state of his health, Richmond competed in eight races in 1987, winning two events and one pole position before his final race in August of that year. He attempted a comeback in 1988 before NASCAR I banned him for testing positive for excessive OTC ( over the counter ) drugs, Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine ; NASCAR later announced they gave Tim Richmond a new test and tested negative. Tim Richmond filed a lawsuit against NASCAR after NASCAR insisted they wanted access to his entire medical record before they would reinstate him, after losing the lawsuit, Richmond withdrew from racing. NASCAR later stated their original test was a " Bad Test. " Richmond grew up in a wealthy family and lived a freewheeling lifestyle, earning him the nickname " Hollywood ". In describing Richmond's influence in racing, Charlotte Motor Speedway president Humpy Wheeler said : " We've never had a race driver like Tim in stock car racing. He was almost a James Dean @-@ like character. " When Richmond was cast for a bit part in the 1983 movie Stroker Ace, " He fell right in with the group working on the film, " said director Hal Needham. Cole Trickle, the main character in the movie Days of Thunder, played by Tom Cruise, was loosely based on Richmond and his interaction with Harry Hyde and Rick Hendrick. = = Early life = = Richmond grew up in Ashland, Ohio. His parents, Al and Evelyn ( née Warner ) Richmond, met in the course of their work. Al was a welder for pipe construction companies and Evelyn was a field office manager. Noticing that highway crews had to dig up the entire highway to lay pipe, Al designed a machine to bore underneath the highway. To market this invention, he founded Richmond Manufacturing, which eventually exported machines worldwide. Tim's driving days started as a toddler when he was given a go @-@ kart that he often drove inside buildings and across his lawn. He later raced the kart at tracks in Moreland and New Pittsburg. Richmond grew up in a well @-@ to @-@ do family, and was sometimes therefore treated differently by his classmates, so his parents enrolled him in Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida. During his years in Miami, Tim and his mother moved to Florida and his father stayed in Ohio. While home in Ohio over a summer break, he met local drag racer Raymond Beadle through lifelong friend Fred Miller. When Richmond reached age 16, his parents purchased him a Pontiac Trans Am, a speedboat and a Piper Cherokee airplane for his birthday. Yet his mother Evelyn often worried about spoiling her only son. She once said, " Tim was lazy... ", and "... I did everything for him. I ruined him, I admit it. He was my whole life. " Richmond excelled in sports ; he set a conference record in high hurdles and his high school football career was stellar enough that the academy retired his sports jersey after his gridiron days were over. Miami Military Academy named him Athlete of the Year in 1970. Richmond's other interests included flying, and he earned his private pilot license at age 16. Following high school graduation, Richmond attended Ashland University for about one year before dropping out. = = Racing career = = = = = Open wheel racing = = = A friend of Richmond's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker. In 1976, 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto Lakeville Speedway at Lakeville, Ohio for some practice laps. " Somebody put a stopwatch on me, " Richmond said. " I was running laps faster than Dave had been. It was the first time I had ever driven a race car. " Richmond and his father found a red, white and blue @-@ colored No. 98 car in Pennsylvania, which was the same number and paint scheme that Richmond used on model cars as a child. In his first competition at the track, officials placed Richmond in the slowest heat. He passed several cars before spinning out and breaking an axle. Although he made several attempts to get the car pointed in the right direction, the broken axle prevented the car from driving straight. After being towed to the pits, he parked the car for the rest of the event. Later that season, they towed the car to Eldora Speedway, only to have Richmond crash the car again. In response, Richmond's father fired him as the driver. The next season, Al Richmond bought a SuperModified better suited to his son's driving style. In 1977 Tim Richmond became both Sandusky Speedway's Rookie of the Year and the SuperModified class track champion. Richmond returned to racing sprint cars in the United States Automobile Club's ( USAC ) national sprint car tour in 1978. Competing in 12 races, he finished 30th in points as the series'Rookie of the Year. That year he attended Jim Russell's road racing school at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park, setting a student course record. Richmond raced in a 1978 Mini Indy car event at Phoenix International Raceway, winning the Formula Super Vee support event in a Lola T620. The win attracted sponsors and attention from major owners like Roger Penske. He also competed in USAC's Silver Crown series. Richmond's father bought an Eagle Indy Car chassis and an Offenhauser engine for the 1979 race at Michigan International Speedway. Richmond qualified 21st fastest with a 175 @.@ 768 mph ( 282 @.@ 871 km / h ) lap, significantly slower than Bobby Unser's 203 @.@ 879 mph ( 328 @.@ 111 km / h ) pole position speed. The race ended for him when his motor blew up on the fourth lap, and he finished last ( 23rd ). Owner Pat Santello was looking for a driver to replace Larry Rice for his CART team at the following race at Watkins Glen International, so he gave Richmond a test at Willow Spring where he had previously set the student record. Santello hired Richmond, who then qualified 15th fastest for the event and finished in eighth place, the best of his IndyCar career. Richmond raced in three more events that season. After crashing during the first day of qualifying for the 1980 Indianapolis 500, Richmond nevertheless obtained the 19th starting position in the race. He worked his way up to the top 10 during the race, led a lap, and finished ninth as he ran out of fuel at the end of the race. To the delight of the crowd, winner Johnny Rutherford gave him a ride back to the pits. He was named the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year. " I busted up a few Indy cars right after that, " he said. " Milwaukee, Mid @-@ Ohio... at Michigan I cut one in two. I was afraid my racing career would come to a halt. So when I got an offer to drive stock cars, I took it, and it turned out I liked driving them better. " = = = NASCAR = = = Pocono Raceway President Joseph Mattioli III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the NASCAR circuit. Richmond made his first NASCAR start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award. He debuted at the Coca @-@ Cola 500 at Pocono on July 27, 1980, finishing 12th in a D. K. Ulrich @-@ owned Chevrolet. That season, he competed in five events, with two DNFs ( did not finish ) and three 12th @-@ place finishes. Overall, he finished the 1980 season 41st in points. Richmond raced for three teams in 1981. He started the season by competing in 15 events for Ulrich. He had his first career top 10 finish, taking sixth place at Talladega Superspeedway, soon followed by a seventh @-@ place finish at Texas World Speedway. After Kennie Childers hired him away from Ulrich mid @-@ season, Richmond had top 10 finishes at Pocono and Bristol. For the final seven races of the season, he drove for Bob Rogers and had a top 10 finish at Dover International Speedway. Overall for the season, Richmond had six top 10 finishes to place 16th in season points. Richmond started 1982 without a ride before getting a one @-@ race deal to drive for Billie Harvey at the Rockingham track. Richmond completed 112 laps of the 492 @-@ lap event to finish 31st, retiring from the race with engine problems. For the following event, Richmond was hired to drive J.D. Stacy's No. 2 car. In his first race for the team, Richmond earned his first career top 5 finish when he placed fifth at Darlington Raceway. Returning to Pocon

wikitext_103

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= U.S. Route 2 in Michigan = US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) is a component of the United States Numbered Highway System that connects Everett, Washington, to the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan, with a separate segment that runs from Rouses Point, New York, to Houlton, Maine. In Michigan, the highway runs through the UP in two segments as a part of the state trunkline highway system, entering the state at Ironwood and ending at St. Ignace ; in between, US 2 briefly traverses the state of Wisconsin. As one of the major transportation arteries in the UP, US 2 is a major conduit for traffic through the state and neighboring northern Midwest states. Two sections of the roadway are included as part of the Great Lakes Circle Tours, and other segments are listed as state @-@ designated Pure Michigan Byways. There are several memorial highway designations and historic bridges along US 2 that date to the 1910s and 1920s. The highway runs through rural sections of the UP, passing through two national and two state forests in the process. The route of what became US 2 was used as part of two Indian trails before European settlers came to the UP, and as part of the Michigan segments of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway and the King's International Highway auto trails in the early 20th century. The state later included these trails as part of M ‑ 12 when the first state highway trunklines were designated in 1919. Most of M ‑ 12 was redesignated as part of US 2 when the US Highway System was created on November 11, 1926. Since the 1930s, several changes have reshaped the highway's routing through the UP. One such alteration eventually created a business loop that connected across the state line with Hurley, Wisconsin, and others pushed an originally inland routing of US 2 closer to the Lake Michigan shoreline. With the creation of the Interstate Highway System, part of US 2 was rerouted to coincide with the new Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ), though in the 1980s, the U.S. Highway was truncated and removed from the I ‑ 75 freeway, resulting in today's basic form. = = Route description = = According to a 2006 regional planning committee report, US 2 is a key highway for Michigan, providing its main western gateway. The roadway plays " an important role in the transportation of goods across the northern tier of states in the Midwest ", and is listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) for its entire length. The NHS is a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. Together with M ‑ 28, US 2 is part of a pair of primary trunklines that bridge the eastern and western sides of the UP. The 305 @.@ 151 miles ( 491 @.@ 093 km ) of roadway in Michigan is divided into a 109 @.@ 177 @-@ mile ( 175 @.@ 703 km ) western segment and a 195 @.@ 974 @-@ mile ( 315 @.@ 390 km ) eastern segment, interrupted by a section that runs for 14 @.@ 460 miles ( 23 @.@ 271 km ) in the state of Wisconsin. = = = Western segment = = = US 2 enters Michigan from Wisconsin for the first time north of downtown Hurley, Wisconsin, and Ironwood, Michigan, over the state line that runs along the Montreal River. The highway crosses the river into Gogebic County and passes a welcome center on the way into a commercial district north of downtown. Running along Cloverland Drive, US 2 meets its only business route in Michigan at Douglas Boulevard. The business route was previously a full loop that ran west through downtown Ironwood and crossed the border into Hurley and back to the main highway. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation has removed the signage on their side of the border, which reduced the loop to a business spur that ends at the state line. US 2 continues eastward through UP woodlands to the city of Bessemer. While bypassing the community of Ramsay, the highway crosses a branch of the Black River. The roadway enters Wakefield on the south side of Sunday Lake, meeting M ‑ 28 at a stoplight in town. As the US Highway leaves Wakefield, it turns southeasterly through the Ottawa National Forest, crossing Jackson Creek and two branches of the Presque Isle River. US 2 and M ‑ 64 merge and run concurrently over the second branch of the Presque Isle in the community of Marenisco. This concurrency has the lowest traffic volume along the entire length of the highway within the state ; in 2010 the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) recorded a daily average usage along the stretch of 770 vehicles, compared to the overall average of 5 @,@ 188 vehicles for the highway. At the end of the concurrency, M ‑ 64 turns northerly to run along Lake Gogebic. The highway continues parallel to the state line from the Marensico area through the national forest toward Watersmeet. That unincorporated community is the home of the Watersmeet High School Nimrods, the basketball team featured on a series of ESPN commercials and a documentary series on the Sundance Channel. The area is also where the waters meet ; the rolling hills drain to Lake Superior via the Ontonagon River, to Lake Michigan via the Brule and Menominee rivers, or to the Gulf of Mexico via the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers. Also located in the area are the Sylvania Wilderness, and the Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation, which includes the Lac Vieux Desert Casino and Resort. The highway travels southeasterly from Watersmeet around the many lakes and streams in the area and crosses into rural Iron County. US 2 intersects Federal Forest Highway 16 ( FFH 16 ) near Golden Lake in Stambaugh Township in the middle of the national forest. The trunkline then runs along the Iron River as it approaches the city of the same name and meets M ‑ 73. In town, US 2 intersects M ‑ 189 before crossing the river and turning northeast out of the city. US 2 leaves the Ottawa National Forest at Iron River, and the highway continues eastward through forest lands near several small lakes to Crystal Falls, the county seat of Iron County. On the west side of town, US 2 meets US 141 ; the two highways run concurrently along Crystal Avenue. The combined highway turns south onto 5th Street and meets M ‑ 69's eastern terminus at the intersection between 5th Street and Superior Avenue next to the county courthouse at the top of the hill. US 2 / US 141 runs south out of Crystal Falls to the west of, and parallel to, the Paint River. The roadway passes Railroad, Kennedy and Stager lakes and leaves the state of Michigan at the Brule River, crossing into Florence County, Wisconsin for about 14 miles ( 23 km ). = = = Eastern segment = = = US 2 / US 141 re @-@ enters Michigan where it crosses the Menominee River and subsequently meets M ‑ 95 in Breitung Township north of Iron Mountain and Kingsford. The highways merge in a triple concurrency and run south on Stephenson Avenue into Iron Mountain along the west side of Lake Antoine, parallel to a branch line of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad ( ELS Railroad ). The road crosses through a retail corridor and over a flooded pit of the Chapin Mine. In downtown Iron Mountain at Ludington Street, M ‑ 95 turns west off Stephenson Avenue to run across town to Kingsford. US 2 / US 141 exits downtown and turns east along a second retail corridor near the Midtown Mall. The highway re @-@ enters Breitung Township where US 141 separates to the south to re @-@ enter Wisconsin. US 2 continues eastward parallel to a branch of the Canadian National Railway ( CN Railway ). Both road and rail travel through the community of Quinnesec, where they pass near the largest paper mill in the UP. The trunkline runs along the main street of Norway, where the highway meets the eastern terminus of US 8. Then US 2 continues east through rural Dickinson County to Vulcan, passing north of Hanbury Lake through the Copper Country State Forest, before crossing the Sturgeon River in Loretto and passing into Menominee County. In Menominee County, the environment takes on a more agricultural character along US 2. The highway passes through the edge of the community of Hermansville before entering Powers. US 2 comes to a three @-@ way intersection and turns northeast merging onto US 41. The concurrent highway runs from Powers through the communities of Wilson and Spaulding on the south side of the CN Railway. At Harris, the trunkline enters the Hannahville Indian Community. Harris is on the Menominee County side of the reservation, but as the highway continues east, it crosses over to Bark River on the Delta County side. The county line in between not only separates the two communities, but also serves as the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones. East of Bark River, the highway crosses the community's namesake waterway before intersecting the eastern terminus of M ‑ 69. The roadway crosses the Ford River prior to turning due east into the outskirts of Escanaba. US 2 / US 41 widens to four lanes along Ludington Street, which forms the east – west axis of the Escanaba street grid. Near downtown, the highway meets M ‑ 35, which runs along the city's north – south axis, Lincoln Avenue. The trunklines merge and run north, bypassing the traditional central business district for a different business corridor. Lincoln Avenue runs north carrying four lanes of traffic past the Upper Peninsula State Fairgrounds, site of one of the two state fairs for the state of Michigan, the only state to

wikitext_103

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), and the cassette single featured all four tracks on both sides of the tape. Although not as successful as the album's first two singles, the song did chart well. In the U.S., the song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the Album Rock Tracks charts. The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, and it topped the Irish Singles Chart. = = = Music video = = = The video begins with an aerial shot of a block in Los Angeles, and clips of radio broadcasts are heard with disc jockeys stating that U2 is planning on performing a concert downtown and expecting crowds of 30 @,@ 000 people. Police show up to the set and inform the band's crew of the security issue that the film shoot is causing, due to the large number of people who are coming to watch the performance. Two minutes into the video, U2 are seen on the roof of a liquor store at the corner of 7th Ave. and S. Main St., and perform " Where the Streets Have No Name " to a large crowd of people standing in the streets surrounding the building. Towards the end of the song, the police tell the crew that the performance is about to be shut down, and eventually police walk onto the roof while the crowd are booing the police. The video for " Where the Streets Have No Name " was directed by Meiert Avis and produced by Michael Hamlyn and Ben Dossett. The band attracted over 1 @,@ 000 people during the video's filming, which took place on the rooftop of a liquor store in Downtown Los Angeles on 27 March 1987. The band's performance on a rooftop in a public place was a reference to The Beatles'final concert, as depicted in the film Let It Be. During the shoot U2 played an eight @-@ song set, which included four performances of " Where the Streets Have No Name ". Prior to filming, a week was spent reinforcing the roof of the liquor store to ensure it would not collapse if it were to be intruded by a group of fans. A backup generator was put on the roof so the shooting could continue in the event that the authorities shut off the power on the primary generator, which happened during filming. The depiction of the police attempting to shut down the video shoot due to safety concerns actually happened during filming, just as seen in the video. Hamlyn was almost arrested following a confrontation with the police. According to Avis, the events depicted in the video show what actually happened that day " almost in real time ", and that " getting busted was an integral part of the plan. " Band manager Paul McGuinness revealed in 2007 that much of the confrontation with the police was exaggerated ; the group were hoping to get shut down by the authorities in order to dramatize the music video, but the police continually gave them extensions for shooting the video. In the background of the video is a sign for The Million Dollar Hotel, which was rebuilt to create some interest, in case no one showed up at the film shoot. Although the video is of a live performance, the audio used is from the studio @-@ recorded version of the song. The video won the Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video at the 1989 Grammy Awards. = = = B @-@ sides = = = " Race Against Time " was released on the 12 @-@ inch, cassette, and CD versions of the single. The song developed from the band's interest in urban funk, and was described by The Edge as " a kind of Afro @-@ rhythmic piece " and " a study in rhythm. " The bass riff in the song, inspired by the bodhrán, was played by The Edge, but stemmed from some of Clayton's unused bass parts. Mullen's drum part was recorded in a single take. The song is primarily an instrumental piece but does contain some lyrics inspired by Bono's trip to Ethiopia after Live Aid and his witnessing firsthand the famine in occurrence ; these lyrical references include Bono singing in an Ethiopian language and following it with the phrase " Race against time ". Bono said of the song, " It reminds me of the desert. The desert is so empty, but it aches with a strange kind of fullness. " John Hutchinson of Musician magazine described the song as having an " African flavour " and as being reminiscent of Peter Gabriel. The track was used in the Miami Vice episode " Child's Play ", and is the only one of the single's B @-@ sides that was never played live. " Silver and Gold " was written in support of the Artists United Against Apartheid project, which protested the South African apartheid. In 1985, Bono participated in Steven Van Zandt's anti @-@ apartheid Sun City project and spent time with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones. When Richards and Jagger played blues, Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre, as most of U2's musical knowledge began with punk rock in their youth in the mid @-@ 1970s. Bono realised that U2 " had no tradition ", and he felt as if they " were from outer space ". This inspired him to write the blues @-@ influenced song " Silver and Gold ", which he recorded with Richards and Ronnie Wood. It was re @-@ recorded by U2 for the " Where the Streets Have No Name " single while the band returned to Dublin during in May 1987 during a break between the first and second legs of The Joshua Tree Tour. The song was described by Musician as " tough and raw, with Bono in husky and confident voice, underpinned by a sinuous bass line, and with The Edge demonstrating his newfound prowess in blues @-@ based guitar. " " Silver and Gold " was played live on The Joshua Tree Tour several times, one performance of which was featured on the band's 1988 album and rockumentary, Rattle and Hum. Both the studio recording and the Sun City versions were later featured on the bonus disc of the 20th anniversary edition of The Joshua Tree. The studio version was also included on the limited edition B @-@ sides bonus disk of the band's first compilation album, The Best of 1980 – 1990. " Sweetest Thing " was written by Bono as an apology to his wife for forgetting her birthday. The song opens with a short piano piece before the rest of the band begins to play. Some of Bono's lyrics have been described as reminiscent of John Lennon. The Edge described it as " a beautiful song... which is pop as it should be — not produced out of existence, but pop produced with a real intimacy and purity ", also noting that " It's very new for us. " It was re @-@ recorded with some lyrical alterations and released in 1998 as a single in its own right for The Best of 1980 – 1990. Hot Press editor Niall Stokes stated that this track, along with " Race Against Time ", is " an indicator of what U2 might have made instead of The Joshua Tree. " = = Critical reception = = Upon the release of The Joshua Tree, critics praised " Where the Streets Have No Name ". Steve Morse of The Boston Globe noted the " bell @-@ like tones from the Edge fram [ e ] a search for heaven " and along with the subsequent track on the album, " I Still Haven 't Found What I'm Looking For ", these songs showed how the group were " pilgrims still on a quest ; not preachers who claim to have found answers ". The Bergen Record echoed these sentiments, saying the tracks demonstrated how the band was on a personal and spiritual quest. Rolling Stone called it " assertive rock " in their review of The Joshua Tree. The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune said of " Where the Streets Have No Name ", " the music charges, like someone fleeing for life ". The Washington Post said the track is " a bit oblique lyrically, but the implications are clear in Bono's resolute delivery, Dave ( the Edge ) Evan's quavering guitar, Adam Clayton's cathedral bass and Larry Mullen's rolling thunder drums ". NME lauded the song as the opening track by saying the album " starts by spitting furiously ". The publication praised Bono's impassioned singing and The Edge's guitar playing, which transformed the instrument into " something more than an endlessly abused piece of wood ". The review commented that the " last ten seconds are breathtakingly beautiful ". The Rocket wrote that the song builds a " wall of sound " that Bono's vocals cut through with a " wail of desperation, as the lyrics agonize the need for personal spirituality ". The reviewer compared the opening riff to Simple Minds'" Ghostdancing ". Reviewing The Joshua Tree, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song an " epic opener ". The service's Steve Huey, in a review of the song, praised its " insistent, propulsive rhythmic drive and anthemic chorus ", qualities he singled out for making it a fan favorite. He called the song the " perfect album @-@ opener ", crediting the " slow build of its arrangement toward a climactic peak ". Huey also called Bono's delivery " passionate and grandiose " and " his commitment to the material unshakable ". He believed the combination of his vocals and the band's " sonic power " is what gave U2 its " tremendous force ". = = Live

wikitext_103

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Burmese lost 10 @,@ 000 men at Kaungsin. The Mongol armies pushed farther south into the Irrawaddy valley. They took the ancient Burmese capital of Tagaung, about 380 km north of Pagan on 5 February 1284. There, the invaders paused their advance. They found the heat of the searing Irrawaddy valley excessive, and evacuated Tagaung, allowing the Burmese to return to Tagaung on 10 May 1284. But the Mongol army renewed their offensive in the following dry season. They retook Tagaung, and defeated another Burmese stand south of Tagaung, probably near Hanlin, on 26 January 1285, opening the way to Pagan, about 270 km south. After the defeat, the king panicked, and fled to Lower Burma. The evacuation proved premature. The Mongol forces did not advance on Pagan as it was not part of their invasion plan. The country fell into chaos. In Lower Burma, the king found himself isolated, let alone plan a counterattack. Although his sons ruled the key Lower Burma ports ( Prome, Dala and Bassein ), the king did not trust any of them, and he and his court settled at Hlegya, west of Prome. Without the full support of his sons, the presence of the king and his small army impressed no one. The governor of Pegu revolted that same year. The king managed to send two small expeditions to Pegu but they both failed. Now, the entire eastern half of Lower Burma ( Pegu and Martaban ) was in open revolt. = = Peace negotiations ( 1285 – 87 ) = = = = = Ceasefire = = = Given his precarious position, Narathihapate decided to buy time, and sue for peace with the Mongols. In November / December 1285, the king ordered his generals Ananda Pyissi and Maha Bo to enter into ceasefire negotiations. The Mongol commanders at Hanlin, who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named Zhengmian ( Chinese : 征緬 ; Wade – Giles : Cheng @-@ Mien ), agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission. They repeated their 1281 demand that the Burmese king send a formal delegation to the emperor. The two sides had reached a tentative agreement by 3 March 1286, which calls for a full submission of the Pagan Empire, and central Burma to be organized as the province of Mianzhong ( Chinese : 緬中 ; Wade – Giles : Mien @-@ Chung ). After a long deliberation, the king agreed to submit but wanted the Mongol troops to withdraw. In June 1286, he sent an embassy led by Shin Ditha Pamauk, a learned monk, to the emperor's court. = = = Treaty of Beijing = = = In January 1287, the embassy arrived at Beijing, and was received by the Yuan emperor. The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom, and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country. ( Indeed, the tribute was no longer nominal. ) In exchange, the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops. For the emperor, the Burma campaign was the only bright spot ; his other Southeast Asian expeditions had gone badly. He did not want to invest more troops pacify the rest of the kingdom. He preferred a vassal ruler. The Burmese embassy arrived back at Hlegya in May 1287, and reported the terms to the king. = = = Breakdown = = = But the agreement broke down a month later. In late June, the defeated king and his small retinue left their temporary capital for Pagan. But on 1 July 1287, the king was captured en route and assassinated by his second son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome. Anarchy ensued. Each region in the country which had not revolted broke away. No successor to Narathihapate, who could honor and enforce the terms of the treaty of Beijing, emerged. Indeed, a king would not emerge until May 1289. = = Mongol intervention ( 1287 ) = = Given the chaos, the governor of Yunnan ignored the imperial orders of evacuation. The Mongol army commanded by Prince Ye @-@ sin Timour, a grandson of the emperor, marched south toward Pagan. According to mainstream traditional ( British colonial era ) scholarship, the Mongol army ignored the imperial orders to evacuate ; fought its way down to Pagan with the loss of 7000 men ; occupied the city ; and sent out detachments to receive homage, one of which reached south of Prome. But not all colonial period scholars agreed with the assessment as none of the contemporary Mongol / Chinese records specifically mentioned the conquest of Pagan or the temporary completeness of the conquest. Recent research shows that the Mongol forces most probably never reached Pagan. They were held at bay by the Burmese defenses led by commanders Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu, and probably never got closer than 160 km north of Pagan. ( An inscription dated 16 February 1293 by the three brothers claimed that they defeated the Mongol army. ) Even if the Mongols did reach Pagan, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal. At any rate, the Mongol army suffered heavy casualties, and retreated north to Tagaung. They remained there as the treaty was now void. = = Aftermath = = The disintegration of the Pagan Empire was now complete. But the Mongols refused to fill in the power vacuum they had created. They would send no more expeditions to restore order. The emperor apparently had no interest in committing troops that would be required to pacify the fragmented country. Indeed, his real aim all along may have been " to keep the entire region of Southeast Asia broken and fragmented. " It would be another two years until one of Narathihapate's sons, Kyawswa, emerged as king of Pagan in May 1289. But the new " king " controlled just a small area around the capital, and had no real army. The real power in central Burma now rested with the three commander brothers. The uneasy arrangement would persist until 1297. The Mongols continued to occupy northern Burma to Tagaung as the province of Zhengmian ( Cheng @-@ Mien ) but ended the fictional central Burma province of Mianzhong on 18 August 1290. Meanwhile, the power struggle in central Burma continued with the three brothers blatantly consolidating support. To check their rising power, Kyawswa submitted to the Mongols in January 1297, and was recognized by the Yuan emperor Temür Khan as King of Pagan on 20 March 1297. The emperor also gave Chinese titles to the brothers as subordinates of Kyawswa. The brothers resented the new arrangement as it directly reduced their power. On 17 December 1297, the three brothers overthrew Kyawswa, and founded the Myinsaing Kingdom. The dethronement forced the Mongol government to intervene again, leading to the second Mongol invasion of Burma ( 1300 – 01 ). The invasion failed. Two years later, on 4 April 1303, the Mongols abolished the province of Zhengmian ( Cheng @-@ Mien ), evacuated Tagaung, and returned to Yunnan. = = Legacy = = The war was one of several near simultaneous wars waged by the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century. Though it was never more than a minor frontier war to the Mongols, the war set off a series of enduring developments in Burma. The invasions ushered in a period of political fragmentation, and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia. = = = Age of political fragmentation = = = The immediate result of the war was the collapse of the Pagan Empire. However, the war merely accelerated the collapse but did not cause it. Pagan's disintegration was " in fact more prolonged and agonized. " The kingdom had been in long gradual decline since the early 13th century. Had Pagan possessed a stronger central government, the collapse could have been temporary, and the country “ could have risen again ”. But the dynasty could not recover, and because the Mongols refused to fill the power vacuum, no viable center emerged in the immediate aftermath. As a result, several minor states fought it out for supremacy for the better part of the 14th century. It was only in the late 14th century that two relatively strong powers emerged in the Irrawaddy basin, restoring some semblance of normalcy. The vast region surrounding the Irrawaddy valley would continue to be made up of several small Tai @-@ Shan states well into the 16th century. = = = Rise of Tai @-@ Shan states = = = Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the Mongol invasions was the emergence of Tai @-@ Shan states in mainland Southeast Asia. The Tai @-@ Shan people who came down with the Mongol invasions stayed. By the early 14th century, several Tai @-@ Shan states had come to dominate a vast region from present @-@ day Assam to northern and eastern Myanmar to northern and central Thailand and Laos. Their rise was encouraged by the Mongols, who viewed the states as a useful buffer between Yunnan and the rest of Southeast Asia. The Mongols, who were still trying to incorporate Yunnan into the central administration,

wikitext_103

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influential book, The Sect of Scientology and its Front Organizations. In 1981, the organization's founder, Ingo Heinemann, became the director of Aktion für geistige und psychische Freiheit ( " Campaign for Intellectual and Psychic Freedom " ), Germany's most prominent anti @-@ cult organization. Warnings from sect experts about the influence of new religious movements gained media attention which put political pressure on the government to deal with the situation ; as the movements were not doing anything illegal, the government resorted to issuing a range of leaflets and public statements giving general warnings about religious sects, the earliest of these publications appearing in 1979. Fueled by events such as the Waco Siege in 1993, the murders and suicides associated with the Order of the Solar Temple, and the 1995 Aum Shinrikyo incidents in Japan, German fears and concerns about new religious movements gained in intensity in the 1990s, with Scientology attracting particular attention. Perceptions that Scientology had a totalitarian character were reinforced when Robert Vaughn Young, an American ex @-@ Scientologist and former PR official in the Church of Scientology, visited German officials in late 1995 and wrote an article in Der Spiegel, a widely @-@ read weekly magazine, describing Scientology as a totalitarian system operating a gulag – the Rehabilitation Project Force – for members of Scientology's Sea Org found guilty of transgressions. From the mid @-@ 1990s onward, press articles, reports and essays on Scientology appeared on an almost daily basis, accompanied by books and television programmes that reached a mass audience. As noted by the religious scholar Hubert Seiwert, Scientology came to be seen as a " serious political danger that not only threatened to turn individuals into will @-@ less zombies, but was also conspiring to overthrow the democratic constitution of the state ". This view of Scientology as a public enemy, Seiwert adds, " became a matter of political correctness " : senior political figures became involved in launching campaigns against Scientology, and being suspected of any association with it resulted in social ostracism. Stephen A. Kent, writing in 1998, noted that officials at all levels of German government shared the insistence that Scientology should be suppressed. Scientology was viewed as " a totalitarian, business @-@ driven organization [... ] guilty of significant human rights abuses. " Officials examining primary and secondary sources, legal documents, and the testimony of former members, concluded that the organization was " antithetical to a democratic state ". Federal ministries and state governments were asked to use all legal means at their disposal to check the activities of Scientology. Government publications on the dangers of sects increased between 1996 and 1998, and a significant number of them dealt with the Church of Scientology. The German courts had approved such publications in 1989, seeing them as part of the government's responsibility to keep the public informed, and finding that they did not interfere with religious freedom. In 1996, the German parliament launched an Enquete ( Enquiry ) Commission to investigate sects and similar groups, in large part because of public concerns about Scientology. Its final report, published in June 1998, concluded that Scientology, alone among new religious movements, required monitoring by Germany's domestic intelligence services. An area of widespread concern in the German media has been the alleged " infiltration " of businesses by Scientologists, in line with Scientology's declared aim to penetrate society, politics and business in preparation for world domination. Attempts to infiltrate businesses have reportedly been most successful among small and medium @-@ size companies, such as estate agents, management consultants and management @-@ training companies. Management @-@ consultancy firms led by Scientologists often conceal their association with Scientology ; once they have recruited members of their clients'upper management, these managers may send employees to Scientology trainers, as part of company education and training programmes, without informing them as to the origin of the training methods used. An expensive commercial version of Scientology's Oxford Capacity Analysis, usually offered free as part of Scientology proselytizing in public places, temporarily entered some major German companies ( who were unaware of its provenance ) via such a management @-@ consultancy firm. In the mid @-@ 2000s, German sect experts expressed concerns that Scientologists were becoming active in the German after @-@ school tutoring market. These concerns arose because customers of around 20 after @-@ school tutoring centres operated by Scientologists in Frankfurt, Hamburg, Stuttgart and elsewhere might be unaware that their children were being taught by Scientologists, using Scientology methods. Brochures advertising the tutoring services would at most mention the name of L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, but not Scientology itself. In early 2008, Thomas Gandow, Sect Commissioner of the German Lutheran Church in Berlin and Brandenburg, and the historian Guido Knopp both likened the Scientologist Hollywood actor Tom Cruise to Goebbels, the Nazi propaganda minister. Gandow and Knopp cited a leaked Scientology video in which Cruise was seen asking the audience whether Scientologists should " clean up " the world, the audience responding with enthusiastic cheers – cheers which Gandow and Knopp felt were reminiscent of the audience's response to Goebbels'famous question, " Do you want total war? " Gandow's and Knopp's comments found few critics in Germany. Most Germans consider Scientology a subversive organization. In 1997, Time reported that 70 % of Germans favoured banning Scientology ; a poll conducted in September 2008 by Der Spiegel found 67 % support for a ban. German scholars such as Brigitte Schön and Gerald Willms have commented that rhetoric dominates public discourse around Scientology in Germany : in their view, efforts to " frame " information in such a way as to shape opinion have long been more important than the underlying realities. In Schön's words, this includes both the " efforts of German politicians to enhance their popularity with strong @-@ worded statements " and " Scientology's efforts to present itself as the victim of unjust persecution " ; commenting on foreign reporting on Scientology in Germany, she adds that " the American press may prefer sensationalist news to boring investigation and may frame the issue according to American stereotypes ". Both Willms and Schön assert that the situation is compounded by the general paucity of scientific studies of Scientology. Schön as well as Irving Hexham, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary in Canada, have remarked in particular on the lack of academic studies by German scholars. Hexham attributes this situation to the strong influence of the Christian churches in Germany, which has made German academics wary of approaching the subject, because they fear repercussions for their research funding and for their prospects of future employment if they involve themselves in the debate. In 2010 a German public broadcaster, ARD, showed the film Until Nothing Remains, a dramatized account of the effect Scientology had on one German family. Said to be based on a true story, the film attracted widespread media attention and a viewership of 8 @.@ 69 million. = = Legal status = = While there have been calls for Scientology to be banned, the Church of Scientology remains legal in Germany and is allowed to operate there. Its precise legal status however is unresolved. Two points are contested : first, whether or not the teachings of Scientology qualify as a " religion or worldview " ( Religion or Weltanschauung ; these are equal before German law ), and secondly, whether or not these teachings are only used as a pretext for purely commercial activity ; if the latter were the case, this would most likely imply that Scientology would not qualify for protection as a " religious or worldview community " ( Religions- oder Weltanschauungsgemeinschaft ) under Article 4 of the German constitution, which guarantees the freedom of belief, religion and worldview. Status as a " religious or worldview community " also affects a broad range of other issues in Germany, such as taxation and freedom of association. The Federal Court of Justice of Germany has not yet made an explicit decision on the matter, but implicitly assumed in 1980 that Scientology represented a religious or worldview community. The Upper Administrative Court in Hamburg explicitly asserted in 1994 that Scientology should be viewed as a worldview community. In 1995, the Federal Labor Court of Germany decided that the Church of Scientology merely pursued commercial aims and did not represent a religious or worldview community entitled to protection under Article 4 of the German Constitution, although another decision by the same court left the question open again in 2003. In another 2003 decision, the Administrative Court of Baden @-@ Württemberg in Mannheim said there were no indications that the teachings of Scientology merely served as a pretext for commercial activity. In 2005, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany explicitly granted a Scientologist protection under Article 4 @.@ 1 of the German Constitution, which declares the freedom of religion and worldview inviolate. Many courts have declined to assess the religious status of Scientology, finding that the question was irrelevant to deciding the case at hand. The Federal Administrative Court for example ruled in 1997 that the question whether or not Scientology was a religion was irrelevant, and that its legal status should be judged by its business activities. The German government does not consider the Church of Scientology to be a religious or worldview community and asserts that Scientology is a profit @-@ making enterprise, rather than a religion. Recent years have seen a number of court decisions in Scientology's favour, despite the very widespread negative attitude to Scientology among politicians and the general public. = = Government surveillance = = Given the history of Nazism's rise to

wikitext_103

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= Randy Blythe manslaughter case = The Randy Blythe manslaughter case was a court case in the Czech Republic, stemming from a 2010 Lamb of God concert in Prague, wherein 19 @-@ year @-@ old fan Daniel Nosek sustained head injuries leading to a coma and subsequent death. During the investigation, Czech police unsuccessfully asked United States authorities for cooperation. When the band returned to the Czech Republic for another concert two years later, its vocalist Randy Blythe was arrested, charged with causing Nosek's death, and remanded in custody for five weeks. According to a verdict delivered by the Municipal Court in Prague on March 5, 2013, it was proven that Blythe had thrown Nosek offstage and thus had moral responsibility for his death. However, due to the circumstances, Blythe was not held criminally liable, and most of the blame lay with promoters and security members. The acquittal was upheld by the Prague High Court on June 5, 2013. = = 2010 concert incident = = During a concert on May 24, 2010, in the Prague club, Abaton, Blythe was involved in an incident that resulted in the death of Daniel Nosek, a 19 @-@ year @-@ old attending fan. According to eyewitness statements cited by the Czech online daily newspaper aktuálně.cz following Blythe's arrest, Blythe was chanting " Come on up " between songs, which, the newspaper stated, may have been intended to invite applause from the audience and not a direct invitation to fans. The newspaper went on to report that the fan tried to climb onstage and was thrown by the singer from the stage, falling backwards directly on his head. According to the same paper, Nosek was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, suffered serious brain trauma, fell into a coma, and died weeks later from his injuries. A report about the concert at issue released on May 26, 2010 by topzine.cz stated that " one of the things that was unexpected was the behavior of the singer Randall Blythe, who on a few occasions struck some fans in a relatively brutal way off the stage. " The article also contains pictures, one of them showing Blythe holding a fan down on the ground. Meanwhile, another report released two days after the concert by metalopolis.net alleged that " Randy in a totally uncompromising way took down an impertinent fan, who has climbed the podium several times. The front @-@ man clearly showed that it is his territory, he struck the intruder down, punched him a couple of times and sent him through the air off the podium, without even stopping singing (! ) " On May 28, 2010, the report by marastmusic.com stated that " some broken head was a testimony to the fact that the band does not like anybody on the stage ", while abysszine.com stated that " the only negative thing about the concert was, to say it mildly, disputable approach of the band towards the stage @-@ divers... when somebody tried to climb the stage, he was brutally swept down. " Following Blythe's arrest, Tomáš Fiala, a promoter of the concert, said that there was no fight between the fan and Blythe, and that " it was an unfortunate incident which happened during the concert when someone climbed onto the stage where he was not supposed to be. " According to the Lamb of God publicist Adrenaline PR, " [ the ] incident deals with a fan that three times during the concert jumped the barricade and rushed Randy during the performance. It is alleged that the third time, security was not able to reach him and that Randy pushed him back into the audience where supposedly he fell and hit his head. " However, it was revealed during the trial that it was a different fan who previously got into contact with Blythe than Nosek. Guitarist Willie Adler said, " I can 't recall that particular show, let alone a fan being beaten on the stage. I think I would've noticed something like that considering the Dime thing. " According to Blythe's attorney Martin Radvan, the police launched an investigation following the death of Nosek, about a month after the concert and following a coma. After interviewing several eyewitnesses from the concert, the police asked the United States Department of Justice to take part in the investigation ; however, they refused to cooperate and, moreover, did not notify anyone from Lamb of God or its management. = = Arrest and charges = = On June 27, 2012, Blythe was arrested by the Czech police on suspicion of manslaughter. Lamb of God was prepared to play in Prague on June 28, 2012, but Blythe's arrest upon arrival at Ruzyně Airport caused the concert to be canceled. According to TV Nova, Blythe stated that he had not been aware of Nosek's death and expressed his remorse. A police spokesperson stated on June 29, 2012 that the police had formally charged Blythe under section 146 ( 4 ) of the Czech Criminal Code, which contains intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death ( i.e. manslaughter ). He faced 5 – 10 years of imprisonment if found guilty. Randy's brother Mark Blythe said the charge was " bogus and outrageous and will be dropped immediately. " = = Court remand and bail = = On June 30, 2012, the State Attorney brought a motion to remand Blythe in pre @-@ trial detention, as he considered Blythe a flight risk. During a hearing conducted the same day, judge Petr Fassati of the Prague 8 District Court ruled that Blythe will be held on remand, with the possibility of a bail of CZK 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 200 @,@ 000 ), Blythe's alleged annual income ; Blythe was held in Pankrác Prison. Bail was deposited in the court's bank account on mid @-@ day of July 3, 2012. After this, the State Attorney had three working days to either accept the bail or to challenge it by filing a complaint. Due to public holidays it was not until July 9, 2012, that the State Attorney filed his complaint, which was to be dealt with by appellate court, the Prague Municipal Court. On July 17, 2012, Prague Municipal Court's panel of three judges headed by judge Luboš Vrba overturned the bail decision by doubling the bail amount to CZK 8 million ( ~ US $ 400 @,@ 000 ). After this, the State Attorney challenged the conditions of release, trying to achieve that the bail is subject to Blythe staying in the country and / or Blythe having to report at a given police station regularly until the criminal proceedings are finished. On August 2, 2012, the appellate court rejected the State Attorney's second complaint and ordered Blythe's immediate release. Blythe left the Czech Republic the next day, claiming in an interview with TV Nova that he would return for the trial. = = Indictment and trial = = On November 13, 2012, the spokesperson of the Prague State Attorney's Office announced that the police had formally closed their investigation and proposed to the State Attorney to indict Blythe. After reviewing the case file, the State Attorney indicted Blythe on the aforementioned charges on November 30, 2012. Two weeks later, a judge set the trial to commence on February 4, 2013, with a plan to conduct the hearings in four consecutive days. Blythe was summoned to attend the hearing in person. The case was heard by a panel of the Prague Municipal Court, consisting of presiding professional judge Tomáš Kubovec and two lay judges. Trials in the Czech Republic are public. In general, the court is bound to decide on the deed as stated in the indictment ; however, it is not bound by its legal assessment by the State Attorney. Both the defendant and the State Attorney may appeal the decision ; the appeal would be heard by a panel of the Prague High Court, consisting of three professional judges. A decision of second instance court is final and enforceable. Nevertheless, an extraordinary appeal may be lodged by the defendant or the Supreme State Attorney, which would be heard by the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic in Brno ; an extraordinary appeal may, however, rest only on issues of law and does not provide for full review of the case. After exhausting all of these remedies, the defendant may also lodge a petition to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The petition may be based on allegation of violation of rights under the Czech Constitution and Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. = = = State Attorney Vladimír Mužík = = = Indictment against Blythe was brought by State Attorney Vladimír Mužík. Mužík had tried a number of murderers, such as Luboš Mika ( life in prison ), Roman Fidler ( life imprisonment at 1st instance, 25 years on appeal ), Maria Zolotukinová ( 13 years imprisonment ) and Petr Procházka ( 11 years imprisonment ). He also tried a case against Andranik Soghojan, an alleged head of Russian mafia, requesting 25 years in prison for ordering a murder. The Municipal Court in Prague acquitted Soghojan due to lack of evidence ; however, the decision was repealed on appeal by the High Court, and the case will be heard again by a different tribunal of the Municipal Court. Another of Mužík's murder cases which ended in acquittal due to insufficient

wikitext_103

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I have never felt so disappointed and helpless. " Twelve U.S. Marines were killed ; Japanese casualties are unknown but perhaps somewhat greater. Although both Oka in the west and the Kuma unit in the east tried to attack the Marine lines that night, they failed to make contact and halted near the Marine lines at dawn. At first light on 13 September, Cactus Air Force aircraft and Marine artillery fired into the area just south of the ridge, forcing any Japanese out in the open to seek cover in the nearby jungle. The Japanese suffered several casualties, including two officers from Watanabe's battalion. At 05 : 50, Kawaguchi decided to regroup his forces for another attack that night. = = = Second night's action on the ridge = = = Expecting the Japanese to attack again that night, Edson directed his troops to improve their defenses on and around the ridge. After a failed attempt by two companies to retake the ground on the Marine right flank lost to Kokusho the night before, Edson repositioned his forces. He pulled his front back about 400 yd ( 370 m ) to a line that stretched 1 @,@ 800 yd ( 1 @,@ 600 m ), starting at the Lunga River and crossing the ridge about 150 yd ( 140 m ) south of Hill 123. Around and behind Hill 123 he placed five companies. Any Japanese attackers surmounting Hill 80 would have to advance over 400 yd ( 370 m ) of open terrain to close with the Marine positions at Hill 123. With only a few hours to prepare, the Marines were only able to construct rudimentary and shallow fortifications. They were low on ammunition, with one or two grenades for each Marine. Vandegrift ordered a reserve force consisting of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment ( 2 / 5 ) to move into a position just to the rear of Edson's troops. In addition, a battery of four 105mm howitzers from the 11th Marine Regiment moved to a location from where it could provide direct fire onto the ridge, and a forward artillery observer was placed with Edson's front line units. Late in the afternoon, Edson stepped onto a grenade box and addressed his exhausted troops, saying, You men have done a great job, and I have just one more thing to ask of you. Hold out just one more night. I know we've been without sleep a long time. But we expect another attack from them tonight and they may come through here. I have every reason to believe that we will have reliefs here for all of us in the morning. Edson's speech " raised the spirits " of the Raiders and helped them prepare mentally for the night ahead. As the sun set on 13 September, Kawaguchi faced Edson's 830 Marines with 3 @,@ 000 troops of his brigade, plus an assortment of light artillery. The night was pitch black, with no moon. At 21 : 00, seven Japanese destroyers briefly bombarded the ridge. Kawaguchi's attack began just after nightfall, with Kokusho's battalion assaulting Raider Company B on the Marine right flank, just to the west of the ridge. The force of the assault caused Company B to fall back to Hill 123. Under Marine artillery fire, Kokusho reassembled his men and continued his attack. Without pausing to try to " roll @-@ up " the other nearby Marine units, whose flanks were now unprotected, Kokusho's unit surged forward through the swampy lowlands between the ridge and the Lunga River, heading for the airfield. Kokusho's men came upon a pile of Marine supplies and rations. Not having eaten adequately for a couple of days, they paused to " gorge themselves " on the " C " and " K " rations. Kokusho ordered his men to continue the attack. At about 03 : 00, he led them against the Marine units around the northern portion of the ridge, just short of the airfield, as well as Hill 123. In the heavy fighting that followed, Kokusho and around 100 of his men were killed, ending that attack. Meanwhile, Kawaguchi's 2nd Battalion, under Major Masao Tamura, assembled for their planned assault against Hill 80 from the jungle south of the ridge. Marine observers spotted Tamura's preparations and called in artillery fire. At about 22 : 00, a barrage from twelve 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns hit Tamura's position. In response, two companies of Tamura's troops — numbering about 320 men — charged up Hill 80 with fixed bayonets behind their own barrage of mortar fire and grenades. Tamura's attack hit Company B of the Marine Parachute battalion and also Raider Company B, pushing the Parachutists off the east side of the ridge into a draw below the ridgeline. To protect the exposed Raider Company B, Edson immediately ordered them to pull back onto Hill 123. At the same time, a Japanese company from Watanabe's battalion infiltrated through a gap between the east side of the ridge and Parachute Company C. Deciding that their positions were now untenable, Parachute Companies B and C climbed onto the ridge and retreated to a position behind Hill 123. In the darkness and confusion of the battle, the retreat quickly became confused and disorganized. A few Marines began yelling that the Japanese were attacking with poison gas, scaring other Marines who no longer possessed their gas masks. After arriving behind Hill 123, some of the Marines continued on towards the airfield, repeating the word " withdraw " to anyone within earshot. Other Marines began to follow them. Just at the moment that it appeared that the Marines on the hill were about to break and head for the rear in a rout, Edson, Major Kenneth D. Bailey from Edson's staff, and other Marine officers appeared and, with " vivid " language, herded the Marines back into defensive positions around Hill 123. As the Marines formed into a horseshoe @-@ shaped line around Hill 123, Tamura's battalion began a series of frontal assaults on the hill, charging up the saddle from Hill 80 and up from below the east side of the ridge. Under the light of parachute flares dropped by at least one Japanese floatplane, the Marines repulsed the first two attacks by Tamura's men. Tamura's troops hoisted a 75 mm ( 2 @.@ 95 in ) " regimental " gun to the top of Hill 80 in an effort to fire it directly at the Marines. This gun, which " could have turned the tide in favor of the Japanese, " however, was disabled by a faulty firing pin. At midnight, during a short lull in the fighting, Edson ordered Parachute Companies B and C to advance from behind Hill 123 to strengthen his left flank. With fixed bayonets, the Paramarines swept forward, killing Japanese soldiers who had overrun the Marine lines and were apparently preparing to roll up the Marine lines from the flank, and took position on the east side of the hill. Marines from other units, as well as members of Edson's command staff, including Major Bailey, took ammunition and grenades under fire to the Marines around Hill 123, who were running critically low. Said Marine participant Captain William J. McKennan, " The Japanese attack was almost constant, like a rain that subsides for a moment and then pours the harder... When one wave was mowed down - and I mean mowed down - another followed it into death. " The Japanese hit Edson's left flank just after the Parachutists took position but were again stopped by Marine rifle, machine @-@ gun, mortar, and grenade fire. Marine 105 mm and 75 mm artillery was also taking a heavy toll on the attacking Japanese. A captured Japanese soldier later said that his unit was " annihilated " by the Marine artillery fire, which only 10 % of his company survived. By 04 : 00, after withstanding several more assaults, some of which resulted in hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting, and severe sniper fire from all sides, Edson's men were joined by troops from the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, who helped repulse two more Japanese attacks before dawn. Throughout the night, as Kawaguchi's men came close to overrunning the Marine defenses, Edson remained standing about 20 yd ( 18 m ) behind the Marine firing line on Hill 123, exhorting his troops and directing their defensive efforts. Said Marine Captain Tex Smith, who was in position to observe Edson for most of the night, " I can say that if there is such a thing as one man holding a battalion together, Edson did it that night. He stood just behind the front lines – stood, when most of us hugged the ground. " During the heavy fighting, portions of three Japanese companies, including two from Tamura's and one from Watanabe's battalions, skirted the Marine defenses on the ridge, while suffering heavy losses from Marine gunfire, and reached the edge of " Fighter One ", a secondary runway of Henderson Field. A counterattack by the Marine engineers stopped one Japanese company's advances and forced it to retreat. The other two companies waited at the edge of the jungle for reinforcements to arrive before attacking into the open area around the airfield. When no reinforcements joined them, both companies went back to their original positions south of the ridge after daybreak. Most of the rest of Watanabe's battalion did not participate in the battle because they lost contact

wikitext_103

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. Meridian later honored Chaney by renaming a portion of 49th Avenue after him and holding an annual memorial service. Starting in the 1960s and following the construction of highways that made commuting easier, residents began to move away from downtown in favor of new housing subdivisions to the north. After strip commercial interests began to move downtown, the city worked to designate several areas as historic districts in the 1970s and 80s to preserve the architectural character of the city. The Meridian Historic Districts and Landmarks Commission was created in 1979, and the Meridian Main Street program was founded in 1985. Meridian Main Street organized several projects to revitalize downtown, including the construction of a new Amtrak Station in 1997 based on the design of the historic train station used during Meridian's Golden Age ; it had been demolished. Other projects included the renovation of the Rosenbaum Building in 2001 and Weidmann's Restaurant in 2002, as well as support for integrated urban design. Meridian Main Street, along with The Riley Foundation, helped renovate and adapt the historic Grand Opera House in 2006 for use as the " Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and the Performing Arts. " After ownership of the Meridian Main Street was transferred to the Alliance for Downtown Meridian in late 2007, the two organizations, along with the Meridian Downtown Association, spearheaded the downtown revitalization effort. The Alliance serves as an umbrella organization, allowing the other two organizations to use the its support staff and housing, and in turn the Alliance serves as a liaison between the organizations. Plans were underway to renovate the Threefoot Building, but newly elected Mayor Cheri Barry killed the plans in early 2010. Today, the Alliance helps to promote further development and restoration downtown ; its goal is to assist businesses such as specialty shops, restaurants, and bars because these help downtown become more active during the day and at night. The Meridian Downtown Association is primarily focused on increasing foot traffic downtown by organizing special events, and the Meridian Main Street program supports existing businesses downtown. = = = Hotels = = = Given Meridian's site as a railroad junction, its travelers have attracted the development of many hotels. Even before Meridian reached its " Golden Age, " several large hotels, including the Great Southern and the Grand Avenue hotels, were built before the start of the 20th century. With the growth of the railroads and the construction of the original Union Station in 1906, many hotels were constructed for passengers and workers. The Elmira Hotel was constructed in 1905, and the Terminal Hotel was constructed in 1910. Hotel Meridian was constructed in 1907, and Union Hotel was built in 1908. Union Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and both Hotel Meridian and Grand Avenue Hotel were listed as contributing properties to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District. As the city grew, the hotels reflected ambitions of the strong economy, as evidenced by the eleven @-@ story skyscraper Lamar Hotel built in 1927. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the Lamar Hotel was adapted for use as a county annex building. In 1988 it was listed as a Mississippi Landmark. The E.F. Young Hotel was built in 1931. A staple in the African @-@ American business district that developed west of the city's core, the hotel was one of the only places in the city during the years of segregation where a traveling African American could find a room. As the city suburbs developed in the 1960s and'70s, most hotels moved outside of downtown. Rehabilitation of the Riley Center in 2006 has increased demand and a push for a new downtown hotel. The Threefoot Building has been proposed for redevelopment for this purpose, but restoration efforts stalled with a change in city administrations. The Threefoot Preservation Society was formed in 2013 to raise public awareness and support for the building's renovation, featuring tours of the first floor and anniversary events. = = = Historic districts = = = Meridian has nine historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Meridian Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts, the Meridian Urban Center Historic District and the Union Station Historic District. Many architectural styles are present in the districts, most from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Italianate, Art Deco, Late Victorian, and Bungalow. The districts are : 1 East End Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th St, 11th Ave, 14th St, 14th Ave, 5th St, and 17th Ave. 2 Highlands Historic District — roughly bounded by 15th St, 34th Ave, 19th St, and 36th Ave. 3 Meridian Downtown Historic District — runs from the former Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad north to 6th St between 18th and 26th Ave, excluding Ragsdale Survey Block 71. 4 Meridian Urban Center Historic District — roughly bounded by 21st and 25th Aves, 6th St, and the railroad. 5 Union Station Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th and 19th Aves, 5th St, and the railroad. 6 Merrehope Historic District — roughly bounded by 33rd Ave, 30th Ave, 14th St, and 8th St. 7 Mid @-@ Town Historic District — roughly bounded by 23rd Ave, 15th St, 28th Ave, and 22nd St. 8 Poplar Springs Road Historic District — roughly bounded by 29th St, 23rd Ave, 22nd St, and 29th Ave. 9 West End Historic District — roughly bounded by 7th St, 28th Ave, Shearer's Branch, and 5th St. = = Government and infrastructure = = Meridian has operated under the mayor @-@ council or " strong mayor " form of government since 1985. A mayor is elected every four years by the population at @-@ large. The five members of the city council are elected every four years from each of the city's five wards, considered single @-@ member districts. The mayor, the chief executive officer of the city, is responsible for administering and leading the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of city government. The city council is the legislative arm of the government, setting policy and annually adopting the city's operating budget. City Hall, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located at 601 23rd Avenue. The current mayor is Percy Bland. Members of the city council include Dr. George M. Thomas, representative from Ward 1, Kenneth Dustin Markham, representative from Ward 2, Barbara Henson, representative from Ward 3, Kim Houston, representative from Ward 4, and Randy Hammon, representative from Ward 5. The council clerk is Pam McInnis. In total, the city employs 570 people. The city established a Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) shortly after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, becoming the only local DHS in the state. The team oversees an area of nine counties. Upon receiving $ 2 @.@ 5 million in grants from the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency and other organizations, the department began training law enforcement offices from other Southern states in passenger rail rescue as well as offering civilian classes in basic handguns, Boy Scout first aid and hunting, and firearms training. The DHS helps during times of crisis such as Hurricane Ivan in September 2005, when the department helped establish and support shelters for 700 evacuees. The city now serves as the leader of one of the task forces in the Mississippi DHS, a combination of three nine @-@ county teams. Headed by police chief Lee Shelbourn since 2009, the Meridian Police Department consists of 115 full @-@ time officers as well as part @-@ time and reserve staff available. In 2009, the department's Criminal Investigations Division responded to 4000 cases, 2000 of which were felonies. In 2000, 2094 crimes were reported, up slightly from 2008 crimes the preceding year. Meridian has been described as " the safest city in Mississippi with more than 30 @,@ 000 people. " The East Mississippi Correctional Facility is located in unincorporated Lauderdale County, near Meridian. It is operated by the GEO Group on behalf of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The chief of the Meridian Fire Department is Anthony Clayton. The fire department responded to more than 1600 calls in 2009, including 123 structural fires and 609 emergency service calls. The Mississippi Department of Mental Health operates the East Mississippi State Hospital in Meridian. The United States Postal Service operates the Meridian, North Meridian, and the West Meridian Station post offices. In state politics, the Mississippi Senate district map divides the city into three sections. The northern tip of the city is in the 31st State Senate District and seats Terry Clark Burton ( R ). A strip of the city from the southwest corner up to the northeast corner comprises part of the 32nd State Senate District and seats Sampson Jackson, II ( D ). The western and southeastern portions of the city lie in the 33rd State Senate District and seats Videt Carmichael ( R ). In the Mississippi House of Representatives districts, the city is divided into four districts. The southern and eastern portions of the city reside in House District 81 and are represented by Steven A. Horne ( R ). The city's core makes up the entirety of House District 82 and is represented by Wilbert L. Jones ( D ). Surrounding House District 82 is House District 83, represented by Greg Snowden ( R ). The western section of the city, along with a small section in the north, lie in House District 84 and are represented by Tad Campbell ( R ). On the national level, the city is located in Mississippi's 3

wikitext_103

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= 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team = The 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2011 – 12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan at Crisler Center for the 45th consecutive year. It had a seating capacity of 12 @,@ 721. It was also the team's 95th straight season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Fifth @-@ year head coach John Beilein led the team, alongside All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway, Jr. and Zack Novak. Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year and was Michigan's first Associated Press All @-@ American honoree since 1998. The team's season began with a preseason media day and practices in October 2011. In February 2012, Michigan hosted ESPN's College GameDay for the first time in a game against Ohio State. It was the eighth time a Big Ten team hosted the show, which began in 2005. The team was in the national rankings all season and ended as the 2011 – 12 Big Ten co @-@ champion with Michigan State and Ohio State. It had three victories over teams ranked in the top 10 at the time of the meeting ( eighth @-@ ranked Memphis, ninth @-@ ranked Michigan State and sixth @-@ ranked Ohio State ). The team was undefeated at home until its last home game of the season. Michigan lost in the semifinals of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Tournament and bowed out in the second round of the 2012 NCAA Tournament to end the season with a 24 @-@ 10 record. The team won the school's first Big Ten Conference Championship since the 1985 – 86 season and had the school's best Big Ten record ( 13 – 5 ) since the 1993 – 94 season. = = Preseason = = = = = 2011 – 12 incoming team members = = = Before the season began, point guard Darius Morris, the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010 @-@ 11 season, left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers. The incoming class included Carlton Brundidge and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke. Both Brundidge and Burke were among Scout.com's top 100 players of the 2011 class ; Brundidge ranked 98th and Burke ranked 94th. Max Bielfeldt committed to Michigan in April despite his family's ties to the Illinois Fighting Illini. Illinois University's Bielfeldt Athletic Administration Building was endowed by his family. Sai Tummala, who along with Bielfeldt was recruited by Ivy League schools, rounded out the incoming class. Tummala earned an academic scholarship and was considered a walk @-@ on candidate for the basketball team. Tim Hardaway, Jr., son of former NBA All @-@ Star Tim Hardaway, returned to the team. He was coming off a freshman season in which he was a unanimous Big Ten All @-@ Freshman, All @-@ Big Ten honorable mention, Collegeinsider.com Freshmen All @-@ America and Team USA FIBA U19 honoree. Jordan Dumars, the son of Detroit Pistons All @-@ Star Joe Dumars, left the team, citing nagging knee issues. = = = 2011 – 12 team recruits = = = = = Roster = = Former team captains Travis Conlan ( 1996 – 97 and 1997 – 98 ) and C.J. Lee ( 2008 – 09 ) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist, respectively. Peter Kahler was the team's video coordinator. = = Schedule and results = = Michigan announced its 14 @-@ game non @-@ conference schedule on August 1, 2011. The team began the season in a renovated Crisler Arena : new seats and a high @-@ definition scoreboard were added, but seating capacity was reduced to 12 @,@ 721 from 13 @,@ 751 in the previous 10 seasons. Michigan came in third place in the three @-@ game 2011 Maui Invitational Tournament between November 21 – 23. The team defeated the eighth @-@ ranked Memphis Tigers 73 – 61, lost to the sixth @-@ ranked Duke Blue Devils 82 – 75, and defeated the Pac @-@ 12 favorite UCLA Bruins 79 – 63. Tim Hardaway, Jr. was named the Big Ten Player of the Week, and Trey Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week. In an ACC – Big Ten Challenge game in late November, Michigan lost to Virginia 70 – 58. In its next game, Michigan defeated Iowa State 76 – 66. On December 10, 2011, Michigan beat Oakland 90 – 80, its highest @-@ scoring game since beating Northern Michigan 97 @-@ 50 on November 14, 2009. It was also Michigan's first game since 2002 with three 20 @-@ point scorers ( Hardaway, Burke and Evan Smotrycz ). Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season @-@ high 20 points and nine assists in the game. On the same day, Michigan was the highest @-@ rated Big Ten team in the Ratings Percentage Index, although the team trailed several schools in the national polls. In the final two non @-@ conference games of the season, Smotrycz scored his first two double @-@ doubles against Alabama A & M and Bradley on December 17 and December 22. Heading into the Big Ten Conference schedule, both of the teams Michigan had lost to were ranked ( Duke was 7th and 5th in the AP and Coaches'polls and Virginia was 23rd and 24th ). On December 29, Michigan won its first Big Ten Conference opener since 2006 – 07, beating Penn State as Smotrycz extended his double @-@ double streak to three games. On January 2, Burke earned his first Big Ten Conference Player of the Week honor and his third Freshman of the Week honor for his 40 points in Michigan's first two conference games. On December 29 against Penn State he posted 13 points, seven assists, five rebounds and no turnovers. On January 1, 2012, he added a career @-@ high 27 points on 8 @-@ for @-@ 11 shooting with three rebounds and three assists against Minnesota to earn Big Ten Conference Player of the Week the following day. On January 19, Michigan became the leader in the conference with a 5 – 2 record, thanks to conference wins over ranked Wisconsin and Michigan State teams. Michigan remained in first place until losing to Ohio State ten days later. The team went 5 @-@ 2 in conference in February, including wins over ranked Indiana and Ohio State teams. Michigan lost its final home game of the season to Purdue on February 25 to finish with a 15 – 1 home record. On March 1, the team defeated Illinois for their first road win in Illinois since 1995. During the game, Michigan's 30th of the season, Trey Burke broke Gary Grant's school freshman assists record, set over the course of 30 games in the 1984 @-@ 85 season, by pushing his total to 143. In the first game of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament against Minnesota, Burke led the team to victory with a career @-@ high 30 points. Burke's total was a school record for the Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. In the semifinal contest, however, Michigan was eliminated by Ohio State for the third year in a row. Michigan entered the 2012 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament seeded fourth, but lost to the thirteenth @-@ seeded Ohio Bobcats 65 – 60. Burke became Michigan's first Associated Press All @-@ American honoree since Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock in 1998. Stu Douglass concluded the season as the school's all @-@ time leader in games played, with 136. He surpassed Loy Vaught, who played in 135 games. Novak set the school record in career minutes played with 4 @,@ 357, surpassing Louis Bullock, who played 4 @,@ 356 minutes. Burke had a school record @-@ setting freshman season in assists, ending the year with 156. = = Statistics = = The team posted the following statistics : = = Rankings = = = = Watchlists and awards = = = = = Preseason = = = Five of the 30 nominees for the men's basketball Lowe's Senior CLASS Award were from the Big Ten, including Michigan's Zack Novak. = = = In @-@ season = = = Trey Burke was one of nearly 60 Bob Cousy Award candidates named in December 2011. On January 4, Burke was one of 20 finalists. On January 25, Novak was named one of ten finalists for the Lowe's Senior CLASS Award along with three other Big Ten athletes. He was also one of four Big Ten men's basketball players named Academic All @-@ District, putting him among the 40 finalists for the 15 @-@ man Academic All @-@ America team. Novak was named a third team Academic All @-@ American. = = = Accolades and honors = = = Trey Burke CBSSports.com Second Team All @-@ American Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Big Ten media ) Co @-@ Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Sporting News ) All @-@ Big Ten ( second team, coaches and media ) All @-@ Freshman

wikitext_103

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Oka, departed the northern coast of Santa Isabel Island on 2 September. On 4 – 5 September, aircraft from Henderson Field attacked the barge convoy, killing about 90 of the soldiers in the barges and destroying much of the unit's heavy equipment. Most of the remaining 1 @,@ 000 troops were able to land near Kamimbo ( 9 ° 15 ′ 32 ″ S 159 ° 40 ′ 18 ″ E ), west of the Lunga perimeter over the next few days. By 7 September, Kawaguchi had 5 @,@ 200 troops at Taivu Point and 1 @,@ 000 west of the Lunga perimeter. Kawaguchi was confident enough that he could defeat the Allied forces facing him that he declined an offer from the 17th Army for delivery of one more infantry battalion to augment his forces. Kawaguchi believed that there were only about 2 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal. During this time, Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter. Between 21 August and 3 September, he relocated three Marine battalions — including the 1st Raider Battalion, under U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson ( Edson's Raiders ), and the 1st Parachute Battalion — from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal. These units added about 1 @,@ 500 troops to Vandegrift's original 11 @,@ 000 men defending Henderson Field. The 1st Parachute battalion, which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu @-@ Tanambogo in August, was placed under Edson's command. = = Battle = = = = = Prelude = = = Kawaguchi set the date for his attack on the Lunga perimeter for 12 September and began marching his forces west from Taivu towards Lunga Point on 5 September. He radioed 17th Army and requested that it carry out air strikes on Henderson Field beginning on 9 September, and that naval warships be stationed off Lunga Point on September 12 to " destroy any Americans who attempted to flee from the island. " On 7 September, Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to " rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield. " Kawaguchi's plan called for his forces to split into three, approach the Lunga perimeter inland, and launch a surprise night attack. Oka's force would attack the perimeter from the west while Ichiki's Second Echelon — renamed the Kuma Battalion — would attack from the east. The main attack would be by Kawaguchi's " Center Body ", numbering 3 @,@ 000 men in three battalions, from the south of the Lunga perimeter. By 7 September, most of Kawaguchi's troops had started marching from Taivu towards Lunga Point along the coastline. About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade's supply base at Taivu. Meanwhile, native island scouts — directed by British government official and officer in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force, Martin Clemens — told the Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu, near the village of Tasimboko, about 17 mi ( 27 km ) east of Lunga. Edson launched a raid against the Japanese troops at Taivu. Destroyer transports USS McKean and Manley and two patrol boats took 813 of Edson's men to Taivu in two trips. Edson and his first wave of 501 troops landed at Taivu at 05 : 20 ( local time ) on 8 September. Supported by aircraft from Henderson Field and gunfire from the destroyer transports, Edson's men advanced towards Tasimboko village but were slowed by Japanese resistance. At 11 : 00, the rest of Edson's men landed. With this reinforcement and more support from the Henderson Field aircraft, Edson's force pushed into the village. The Japanese defenders, believing a major landing was underway after observing the concurrent approach of an Allied supply ship convoy heading towards Lunga Point, retreated into the jungle, leaving behind 27 dead. Two Marines were killed. In Tasimboko, Edson's troops discovered the supply base for Kawaguchi's forces, including large stockpiles of food, ammunition and medical supplies, and a shortwave radio. The Marines seized documents, equipment and food supplies, destroyed the rest, and returned to the Lunga perimeter at 17 : 30. The quantities of supplies and intelligence from the captured documents revealed that at least 3 @,@ 000 Japanese troops were on the island and apparently planning an attack. Edson and Colonel Gerald Thomas, Vandegrift's operations officer, believed that the Japanese attack would come at the Lunga Ridge, a narrow, grassy, 1 @,@ 000 m ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) long, coral ridge ( 9 ° 26 ′ 39 ″ S 160 ° 2 ′ 50 ″ E ) parallel to the Lunga River just south of Henderson Field. The ridge offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield, commanded the surrounding area and was almost undefended. Edson and Thomas tried to persuade Vandegrift to move forces to defend the ridge, but Vandegrift refused, believing that the Japanese were more likely to attack along the coast. Finally, Thomas convinced Vandegrift that the ridge was a good location for Edson's Raiders to " rest " from their actions of the preceding month. On 11 September, the 840 men of Edson's unit — including the 1st Raiders and the Paramarines — deployed onto and around the ridge and prepared to defend it. Kawaguchi's Center Body of troops was planning to attack the Lunga perimeter at the ridge, which they called " the centipede " ( mukade gata ) because of its shape. On 9 September, Kawaguchi's troops left the coast at Koli Point. Split into four columns, they marched into the jungle towards their predesignated attack points south and southeast of the airfield. Lack of good maps, at least one faulty compass, and thick, almost impenetrable jungle caused the Japanese columns to proceed slowly and zigzag, costing a lot of time. At the same time, Oka's troops approached the Lunga perimeter from the west. Oka had some intelligence on the Marine defenses, extracted from a U.S. Army pilot captured on 30 August. During the day of 12 September, Kawaguchi's troops struggled through the jungle toward their assembly points for that night's attacks. Kawaguchi wanted his three Center Body battalions in place by 14 : 00, but they did not reach their assembly areas until after 22 : 00. Oka was also delayed in his advance towards the Marine lines in the west. Only the Kuma battalion reported that they were in place on time. Despite the problems in reaching the planned attack positions, Kawaguchi was still confident in his attack plan because a captured U.S. pilot disclosed that the ridge was the weakest part of the Marine defenses. Japanese bombers attacked the ridge during daytime on 11 – 12 September, causing a few casualties, including two killed. = = = First night's action = = = The Americans knew of the approach of the Japanese forces from reports from native scouts and their own patrols, but did not know exactly where or when they would attack. The ridge around which Edson deployed his men consisted of three distinct hillocks. At the southern tip and surrounded on three sides by thick jungle was Hill 80 ( so named because it rose 80 ft ( 24 m ) above sea level ). Six hundred yards north was Hill 123 ( 123 ft ( 37 m ) high ), the dominant feature on the ridge. The northernmost hillock was unnamed and about 60 ft ( 18 m ) high. Edson placed the five companies from the Raider battalion on the west side of the ridge and the three Parachute battalion companies on the east side, holding positions in depth from Hill 80 back to Hill 123. Two of the five Raider companies, " B " and " C ", held a line between the ridge, a small, swampy lagoon, and the Lunga River. Machine @-@ gun teams from " E " Company, the heavy weapons company, were scattered throughout the defenses. Edson placed his command post on Hill 123. At 21 : 30 on 12 September, the Japanese cruiser Sendai and three destroyers shelled the Lunga perimeter for 20 minutes and illuminated the ridge with a searchlight. Japanese artillery began shelling the Marine lines, but did little damage. At the same time, scattered groups of Kawaguchi's troops began skirmishing with Marines around the ridge. Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion — led by Major Yukichi Kokusho — attacked the Raider's " C " company between the lagoon and the Lunga River, overrunning at least one platoon and forcing the Marine company to fall back to the ridge. Kokusho's unit became entangled with troops from Kawaguchi's 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Kusukichi Watanabe, who were still struggling to reach their attack positions, and the resulting confusion effectively stopped the Japanese attack on the ridge that night. Kawaguchi, who was having trouble locating where he was in relation to the U.S. Marine lines as well as coordinating his troops'attacks, later complained, " Due to the devilish jungle, the brigade was scattered all over and was completely beyond my control. In my whole life

wikitext_103

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= Butterfly World Tour = The Butterfly World Tour was the third concert tour by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey. The tour promoted Carey's album at the time, Butterfly ( 1997 ), and included songs from several of her previous albums. The tour visited Asia, Australia and the United States, with rehearsals taking place in December 1997. Starting on January 11, 1998 the tour spanned five shows in Asia, six in Australia, and one in Hawaii, US. Throughout the tour, Carey varied hairstyles and outfits, as well as song selections. The Butterfly World Tour was very successful ; the four dates at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome, sold out in under one hour, equaling over 200 @,@ 000 tickets, breaking the previous record she held at the stadium for show sell @-@ outs. The tour was recorded in VHS format, and was titled Around the World. The video featured live performances of Carey at different worldwide venues including New York, Japan, Hawaii and Brisbane. Other scenes are included in the video such as a conversation between Carey and Brenda K. Starr prior to her performance of " I Still Believe ". Prior to the performances in Australia, a scene of Carey swimming with dolphins is shown. Additionally, Olivia Newton @-@ John makes a cameo appearance during their joint performance of Newton @-@ John's song, " Hopelessly Devoted to You ". The video was commercially successful, being certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ). = = Background = = Since her debut in 1990, Carey had not journeyed on a large or extensive tour. In fact, she had not embarked on a tour until her third studio effort, Music Box ( 1993 ), when she performed six arena shows in the United States during the Music Box Tour. The opening night of the tour received scathing reviews, mostly aimed at Carey's deemed " obvious " stage @-@ fright and failure to make a connection with the crowd. Succeeding nights were more favorably reviewed, with critics raving about Carey's vocals. Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote regarding Carey's live vocals, " Beyond any doubt, Ms. Carey's voice is no studio concoction. Her range extends from a rich, husky alto to dog @-@ whistle high notes ; she can linger over sensual turns, growl with playful confidence, syncopate like a scat singer. " However, after the strong media attention, Carey did not visit the US on her succeeding Daydream World Tour in 1996, visiting only Europe and Asia. The tour in contrast, received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike, as well as breaking ticket sale records. Carey's three shows at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome, sold out in under three hours, equaling in over 150 @,@ 000 tickets, setting the record of fastest show sellouts in Japan's history. On the Butterfly World Tour, Carey broke the record, selling 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour. During 1997, after the commercially and critically successful release of Butterfly, Carey had not planned to tour once again, due to the long travel times and strain on her voice. However, due to overwhelming demand by fans, Carey agreed to perform in Asia once again, only extending the tour to Taiwan and Australia, as well as one last show in the United States. Rehearsals for the show began shortly after Christmas 1997, extending for a period of two weeks. = = Concert synopsis = = The show began with Carey standing on a small elevated centerpiece on stage, surrounded by several long draped curtains. Carey featured three background vocalists throughout the tour, Trey Lorenz, Melodie Daniels and Kelly Price. As the introduction began with " Emotions ", each of the curtains were slowly draped, revealing Carey atop the platform, dressed in a beige mini @-@ dress and matching sheer blouse and stiletto heels. As she began performing " Emotions ", the platform was lowered so Carey could access the other sections of the stage throughout the song's performance. After an intimate performance with dimmed lights for " The Roof ( Back in Time ) ", Carey was joined on @-@ stage by a Peruvian guitar player, who played the Latin @-@ inspired guitar melodies during her performance of " My All ". Afterwards, Carey sang " Close My Eyes ", the only sitting performance of the show. During the song, several male backup dancers performed slow and ample dance routines behind Carey on a higher level of the stage. For the second part of the show, Carey had the second costume change of the evening, donning a long sequined black gown and semi @-@ teased hair. For the performance of " Dreamlover ", Carey was joined by three female back @-@ up dancers, who mimicked her light dance routines during the song. The next song on the set @-@ list was " Hero ", which featured Carey alone on @-@ stage, without any vocal back @-@ up. After the song's performance, Carey was joined on @-@ stage by Lorenz, who performed " I 'll Be There " alongside her. Next came " Make It Happen ", a song which accompanied yet another wardrobe change for Carey. She donned a short mini @-@ skirt, alongside a sleeveless white blouse and loose golden curls. On @-@ stage, Carey was joined by a full church choir, all dressed in long black garments. After the song's recital, Carey performed " One Sweet Day ", alongside a previously recorded video of Boyz II Men during their live performance of the song with Carey at Madison Square Garden in 1995. After completing the song, Carey changed to a pair of leg @-@ hugging blue jeans and a tank top. Her next performance was the " Fantasy " remix, featuring Ol'Dirty Bastard on a large projection screen behind the stage, as Carey performed light chair dance @-@ routines alongside several male dancers. The performance featured the most intricate choreography Carey performed on the tour. After a low @-@ key performance of " Babydoll ", or " Whenever You Call " in other countries, Carey was once again joined by several male dancers, as she sang " Honey ", while re @-@ enacting the music video during a small skit. Carey once again changed to a beige ensemble similar to her first outfit before performing her debut single, " Vision of Love ". The final song on the tour was " Butterfly ", which featured large stills of butterflies and flowers projected onto the large screen behind Carey. She donned a long brown sequined gown for the performance, being joined on stage once again by her trio of back @-@ up singers. During the shows in Japan, Carey performed her holiday classic " All I Want for Christmas Is You ", alongside various male and female dancers on stage who performed light dance routines alongside Carey. During the song, Carey donned a Santa suit and matching hat, while being carried on a large stage prop by the dancers. = = Critical reception = = Virtually the entire tour was an instant sell @-@ out ; the four shows at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome, broke Carey's previous ticket @-@ sales record, selling out all 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour. Additionally, the entire Australian leg sold out within hours, leading Carey to extend the tour one more date in the United States. The show at Hawaii's 50 @,@ 000 capacity Aloha Stadium sold out as well, making her one of the few acts in the stadiums history to sell out the entire venue. Aside from its commercial success, fans and critics raved about the show's visuals, as well as Carey's vocal delivery. = = Broadcasts and recordings = = During the tour, several bits and performances were filmed and later edited into a VHS and DVD entitled Around the World. The VHS featured performances from Tokyo Dome, Aloha Stadium as well as few other skits and scenes that were later compiled into the video. The film first begins with performances in Hawaii, where the song's recitals are cut into halves, excluding the second verses and bridge to shorten the bulk length of the video. Afterwards, Carey's performance of " My All " is shown in inter @-@ cut scenes from Japan and Taipei. After the conclusion of the song, scenes of Carey conversing with Brenda K. Starr are shown, which eventually lead to a tribute to her at a small and intimate New York club, where Carey performs " I Still Believe ". Soon after, Carey's performance in Japan with Lorenz for " I 'll Be There " is shown, leading to scenes of Carey swimming with dolphins in Australia. the next title on the video is Carey's live rendition of " Hopelessly Devoted To You ", where she is joined by Olivia Newton @-@ John on stage in Melbourne. A scene of a fans gathering outside of a New York City studio is shown, following a performance of " Honey, " and " Hero " at Aloha Stadium. The VHS was a commercial success, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ), denoting shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 units. The video was also certified gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ). = = Set list = =

wikitext_103

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.1M ), the second highest @-@ grossing opening weekend for an original R @-@ rated comedy, again behind Bad Teacher ( $ 31.6M ), and the highest @-@ grossing opening weekend ever for a dark / black comedy film, overtaking the 2004 The Stepford Wives ( $ 21.4M ). The opening weekend audience was 51 % male, and 64 % of the audience were over 25 years of age. The second weekend ( 15 – 17 July ) saw a further 94 theaters added, for a total of 3 @,@ 134. Box office revenue dropped by a " respectable " 38 %, taking $ 17.6M for a total gross of $ 60M in ten days. The film ranked third for the weekend. It remained in the top five films during its third week, dropping 33 % and leaving thirty theaters from the previous weekend, to take in $ 11.9M for a gross of $ 82.6M in 17 days. On July 28, 2011, with $ 87.6M after 20 days, Horrible Bosses surpassed The War of the Roses ( $ 86.8M ) to become the highest grossing dark / black comedy film in unadjusted dollars. Other territories Horrible Bosses was released on July 7, 2011, in the United Arab Emirates ( $ 258 @,@ 108 ), and on July 8 in Estonia ( $ 24 @,@ 471 ), Latvia ( $ 15 @,@ 750 ), Lebanon ( $ 36 @,@ 316 ) and Lithuania ( $ 13 @,@ 676 ), grossing $ 348 @,@ 321 for the opening weekend and accruing a total of $ 855 @,@ 009 in the first 17 days. On the weekend of July 21 – 24, the film opened in the United Kingdom ( $ 3 @,@ 386 @,@ 876 ), Greece ( $ 367 @,@ 845 ), Israel ( $ 200 @,@ 372 ), South Africa ( $ 193 @,@ 632 ), Norway ( $ 109 @,@ 252 ) and East Africa ( $ 7 @,@ 324 ). = = = Critical reception = = = Horrible Bosses received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 68 %, based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10. The site's critical consensus reads, " It's nasty, uneven, and far from original, but thanks to a smartly assembled cast that makes the most of a solid premise, Horrible Bosses works. " Review aggregate Metacritic gave the film a score of 57 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating " mixed or average reviews ". Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four, calling it " well @-@ cast " and commending it for playing to each actor's strengths. Ebert gave particular praise to Spacey, labeling him " superb ", and Aniston, judging her performance to be a " surprise " and a return to form, stating " she has acute comic timing and hilariously enacts alarming sexual hungers ". Ebert called Horrible Bosses " cheerful and wicked ". Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly reacted positively, calling the film " a bouncy, well @-@ built, delightfully nasty tale of resentment, desperation, and amoral revenge " and complimented the casting of the protagonists and antagonists. The A.V. Club's Nathan Rabin also praised the cast, stating that the picture " succeeds almost entirely on the chemistry of its three leads, who remain likeable even while resorting to homicide ", adding the " acting more than compensates for the film's other failings. " Rabin singled out Day's performance as " a potent illustration of how a brilliant character actor with a spark of madness can elevate a ramshackle lowbrow farce into a solid mainstream comedy through sheer force of charisma. " Edward Douglas of ComingSoon.net credited director Seth Gordon with having assembled " the perfect cast ", claiming " the six leads kill in every scene ", but echoed Nathan Rabin's sentiments that Day is the " real standout ". Douglas summarized the picture as " dark fun that works better than expected due to a well @-@ developed script, an impeccable cast and a director who knows how to put the two together ". A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated " the timing of the cast... is impeccable " and appreciated that the script did not attempt " to cut its coarseness with a hypocritical dose of sweetness or respectability ". The review concluded that " in the ways that count and even when it shouldn ’ t, Horrible Bosses works. " USA Today's Scott Bowles awarded the film three out of four stars, labeling it a " surprising comedy that rivals Bridesmaids as the funniest film of the summer, if not the year. " Bowles added that " the characters are so likable ", giving particular credit to Sudeikis though also adding praise for the performances of Bateman and Day. The dialogue was also lauded by Bowles, which commented that " Seth Gordon has a deft touch with water @-@ cooler talk — even when the water cooler might be spiked with poison. " Leonard Maltin of indieWire considered Day to have had the " breakout role " and offered praise to the performances of the cast, but lamented the lack of screen time for Farrell's character. Maltin concluded " the movie has just enough raunchiness to identify it as a 2011 comedy, just enough cleverness to admire, and just the right camaraderie among its three male stars, which turns out to be the movie ’ s greatest strength. " Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave kudos to the " killer cast ", with specific credit given to Bateman and Day, but was critical of the movie, stating " it wussies out on a sharp premise " and that it is a " hit @-@ and @-@ miss farce that leaves you wishing it was funnier than it is " The Guardian's Philip French called Horrible Bosses " a lumbering, misogynistic affair ", but admitted " I laughed frequently, probably to the detriment of my self @-@ respect. " Nicholas Barber of The Independent gave a positive review, complimenting Gordon for not allowing the actors'improvisation to be detrimental to the pacing, but felt the movie was not as " dark " as its premise required, saying " what edginess the film does have comes instead from the inordinate quantity of swearing, plus a smattering of homophobia and misogyny. " Salon's Andrew O 'Hehir offered a mixed response, characterizing the film as a " lot funnier in theory than in practice, but it won 't ruin your Saturday night ". Salon appreciated the " effortless comic chemistry " between Sudeikis, Bateman and Day and singled out Bateman, Aniston and Spacey for their performances. O 'Hehir was however critical of the perceived homophobia, sexism and racism. The Hollywood Reporter's Kirk Honeycutt responded negatively, stating the jokes failed to be funny, stating " Seth Gordon shows no flair for turning the absurdities and cartoonish characters in the script... into anything more than a collection of moments in search of laughs. " Karina Longworth of The Village Voice was critical of the premise, which she felt lacked any legitimate " rage " against the characters'bosses, stating "... there's every sign that, even without these particular emasculators, Dale, Kurt and Nick would still be — for lack of a better word — total pussies. " Longworth felt that the humor was " rarely actually laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny, and never truly dark or daring ". She particularly criticized the all @-@ white, male protagonists and a plot she deemed racist and filled with " stereotypes ". Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of the ensemble cast, but considered the plot to be " predictably moronic, vulgar and juvenile ". Chang echoed the sentiments of The Village Voice in lamenting that the film failed to pursue the premise to " darker, more daring territory " and faulted it for falling back on " over @-@ the @-@ top comic exaggeration ". = = = Accolades = = = The film received several award nominations, including a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor for Colin Farrell, and three nominations from the 2012 Comedy Awards, including Comedy Actor for Bateman, Comedy Actress for Aniston, and best Comedy Film. Farrell and Aniston were both nominated for Best On @-@ Screen Dirt Bag at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards, with Aniston claiming the award. Farrell also received a nomination for Best On @-@ Screen Transformation. = = = Home media = = = On July 26, 2011, FX obtained the rights to the network premiere of the film. Horrible Bosses was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on October 11, 2011. The DVD version sold an estimated 400 @,@ 682 units in the United States during its first week, earning approximately $ 6 @.@ 1 million. It was the number 2 best selling DVD of the week, finishing behind Green Lantern, and the number 3 Blu @-@ ray disc film behind Green Lantern and The Lion King. As of November 2012, it has sold an estimated 1 @.@ 3 million units and earned $ 18 @.@ 3 million. The DVD contains the

wikitext_103

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= Ward Churchill = Ward LeRoy Churchill ( born 1947 ) is an American author and political activist. He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1990 until 2007. The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government. His work features controversial and provocative views, written in a direct, often confrontational style. In January 2005, Churchill's work attracted controversy because of the circulation of a 2001 essay, " On the Justice of Roosting Chickens ", in which he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful US foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century ; the essay is well known for Churchill's use of the phrase " little Eichmanns " to describe the " technocratic corps " working in the World Trade Center. In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct ; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so. Churchill was fired on July 24, 2007, leading to a claim by some scholars that he was fired because of the " Little Eichmanns " comment. Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment. In April 2009 a Denver jury found that Churchill was wrongly fired, awarding him $ 1 in damages. In July 2009, a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill's request to order his reinstatement, deciding the university has " quasi @-@ judicial immunity ". In February 2010, Churchill appealed the judge's decision. In November 2010, the Colorado Court of Appeals upheld the lower @-@ court's ruling. In September 10, 2012, the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the lower courts'decisions in favor of the University of Colorado. On April 1, 2013, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case. In a February 2014 interview, Churchill commented that after living more than forty years in the northern plains / Colorado region, he had relocated to Atlanta, Georgia in 2013. Churchill also stated that he had a half @-@ dozen uncompleted books which he intended to finish and publish in the next three years. = = Early life and education = = Churchill was born in Urbana, Illinois, to Jack LeRoy Churchill and Maralyn Lucretia Allen. His parents divorced before he was two, and he grew up in Elmwood, where he attended local schools. In 1966, he was drafted into the United States Army. On his 1980 resume, he said he served as a public @-@ information specialist who " wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases. " In a 1987 profile on Churchill, the Denver Post reported that he was drafted, went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for Vietnam, where he served a 10 @-@ month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( LRRP ), one of a six @-@ man team sent out to track down the enemy. The Post article also reported that Churchill was politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam. Churchill told the Post that he had spent some time at the Chicago office of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) in the late 1960s, and briefly taught members of the Weather Underground how to build bombs and fire weapons. In 2005, the Denver Post reported that Churchill's military records show he was trained as a film projectionist and light truck driver, but they do not reflect paratrooper school or LRRP training. The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill having been a member of the unit, or a LRRP team. Churchill received his B.A. in technological communications in 1974 and M.A. in communications theory in 1975, both from Sangamon State University, now the University of Illinois at Springfield. = = Career = = In 1978, Churchill began working at the University of Colorado Boulder as an affirmative action officer in the university administration. He also lectured on American Indian issues in the ethnic studies program. In 1990, the University of Colorado hired him as an associate professor, although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position. The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department, without the usual six @-@ year probationary period, after having been declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments. He has long been interested in issues associated with the Dawes Act, which broke up the communal reservation lands and assigned plots to individual households. Connected with that was the federal government's first use of " blood quantum " to define individual membership in tribes, for what became known as the Dawes Rolls. Since re @-@ establishing self @-@ governments, federally recognized tribes have established their own criteria for enrollment as members, often related to descent from recognized historical lists, but less often requiring proofs of blood quantum. Some of his published works address these issues, which he has interpreted as part of the federal government's policy of genocide against Native Americans. In 1995 Churchill discussed his views with David Barsamian in an interview : You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in Ibero @-@ America. But in Anglo @-@ America, while there was some preoccupation with it, it was not formalized until the passage of the General Allotment Act, mid @-@ 1880s. At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was demonstrably and documentably of at least one @-@ quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group. You couldn 't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth Arapaho and be an Indian. You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter Arapaho or hopefully a quarter and a quarter. The reason for this was quite clear. They were identifying Indians for purposes of allotting them individual parcels of land in the existing reservation base at that point. If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such, then the rest of the land would be declared surplus. So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of Indianness that would minimize the number of Indians that were available. It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to Indianness in the first place. It's become increasingly so ever since. " ( David Barsamian ( December 1995 ). " Interview with Ward Churchill : Historical and Current Perspectives ". Z Magazine. ) In 1996, Churchill moved to the new Ethnic Studies Department of the University of Colorado. In 1997, he was promoted to full professor. He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002. In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9 / 11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year. On May 16, 2006, the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic misconduct, specifically plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for academic misconduct in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado's Board of Regents. = = Genealogy and Tribal affiliation = = In 2003, Churchill stated, " I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. " In 1992, Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one @-@ eighth Creek and one @-@ sixteenth Cherokee. In 1993, Churchill told the Colorado Daily that " he was one @-@ sixteenth Creek and Cherokee. " Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three @-@ sixteenths Cherokee. In a statement dated May 9, 2005, and posted on its website, the United Keetoowah Band initially said, " The United Keetoowah Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill IS NOT a member of the Keetoowah Band and was only given an honorary'associate membership'in the early 1990s because he could not prove any Cherokee ancestry. " The tribe said that all of Churchill's " past, present and future claims or assertions of Keetoowah'enrollment,'written or spoken, including but not limited to ; biographies, curriculum vitae, lectures, applications for employment, or any other reference not listed herein, are deemed fraudulent by the United Keetoowah Band. " Two days later, the United Keetoowah Band replaced its statement and acknowledged Churchill's " alleged ancestry " of being Cherokee : " Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry, and his willingness to assist the UKB in promoting the tribe and its causes, he was awarded an'Associate Membership'as an honor, " the tribe's website now said. " However, Mr. Churchill may possess eligibility status for Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, since he claims 1 / 16 Cherokee. " The tribe's spokesperson, Lisa Stopp, stated the tribe enrolls only members with certified one @-@ quarter American Indian blood. The website statement further clarified that Churchill " was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a'Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood ( CDIB ) ", and the associate membership did not entitle an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe. Churchill has never asked for CDIB certification, and finds the idea of being " vetted " by the US government offensive. In June 1994, the United Keetoowah Band had voted to stop awarding associate memberships. Such honorary associate membership recognizes an individual's assistance to the tribe, but it has nothing to do with Indian ancestry

wikitext_103

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in the Sinai, although the pace of the advance was governed by the speed by which the railway and water pipeline could be constructed from the Suez Canal. Rafa was captured on 9 January 1917, while the last of the small Turkish garrisons in the Sinai were eliminated in February. The advance entered Palestine and an initial, unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Gaza on 26 March 1917, while a second and equally unsuccessful attempt was launched on 19 April. A third assault occurred between 31 October and 7 November and this time both the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division took part. The battle was a complete success for the British, over @-@ running the Gaza @-@ Beersheba line and capturing 12 @,@ 000 Turkish soldiers. The critical moment was the capture of Beersheba on the first day, after the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade charged more than 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ). The Turkish trenches were overrun, with the Australians capturing the wells at Beersheeba and securing the valuable water they contained along with over 700 prisoners for the loss of 31 killed and 36 wounded. Later, Australian troops assisted in pushing the Turkish forces out of Palestine and took part in actions at Mughar Ridge, Jerusalem and the Megiddo. The Turkish government surrendered on 30 October 1918. Units of the Light Horse were subsequently used to help put down a nationalist revolt in Egypt in 1919 and did so with efficiency and brutality, although they suffered a number of fatalities in the process. Meanwhile, the AFC had undergone remarkable development, and its independence as a separate national force was unique among the Dominions. Deploying just a single aircraft to German New Guinea in 1914, the first operational flight did not occur until 27 May 1915 however, when the Mesopotamian Half Flight was called upon to assist in protecting British oil interests in Iraq. The AFC was soon expanded and four squadrons later saw action in Egypt, Palestine and on the Western Front, where they performed well. = = = Western Front = = = Five infantry divisions of the AIF saw action in France and Belgium, leaving Egypt in March 1916. I Anzac Corps subsequently took up positions in a quiet sector south of Armentières on 7 April 1916 and for the next two and a half years the AIF participated in most of the major battles on the Western Front, earning a formidable reputation. Although spared from the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme, within weeks four Australian divisions had been committed. The 5th Division, positioned on the left flank, was the first in action during the Battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916, suffering 5 @,@ 533 casualties in a single day. The 1st Division entered the line on 23 July, assaulting Pozieres, and by the time that they were relieved by the 2nd Division on 27 July, they had suffered 5 @,@ 286 casualties. Mouquet Farm was attacked in August, with casualties totalling 6 @,@ 300 men. By the time the AIF was withdrawn from the Somme to re @-@ organise, they had suffered 23 @,@ 000 casualties in just 45 days. In March 1917, the 2nd and 5th Divisions pursued the Germans back to the Hindenburg Line, capturing the town of Bapaume. On 11 April, the 4th Division assaulted the Hindenburg Line in the disastrous First Battle of Bullecourt, losing over 3 @,@ 000 casualties and 1 @,@ 170 captured. On 15 April, the 1st and 2nd Divisions were counter @-@ attacked near Lagnicourt and were forced to abandon the town, before recapturing it again. The 2nd Division then took part in the Second Battle of Bullecourt, beginning on 3 May, and succeeded in taking sections of the Hindenburg Line and holding them until relieved by the 1st Division. Finally, on 7 May the 5th Division relieved the 1st, remaining in the line until the battle ended in mid @-@ May. Combined these efforts cost 7 @,@ 482 Australian casualties. On 7 June 1917, the II Anzac Corps — along with two British corps — launched an operation in Flanders to eliminate a salient south of Ypres. The attack commenced with the detonation of a million pounds ( 454 @,@ 545 kg ) of explosives that had been placed underneath the Messines ridge, destroying the German trenches. The advance was virtually unopposed, and despite strong German counterattacks the next day, it succeeded. Australian casualties during the Battle of Messines included nearly 6 @,@ 800 men. I Anzac Corps then took part in the Third Battle of Ypres in Belgium as part of the campaign to capture the Gheluvelt Plateau, between September and November 1917. Individual actions took place at Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle and Passchendaele and over the course of eight weeks fighting the Australians suffered 38 @,@ 000 casualties. On 21 March 1918 the German Army launched its Spring Offensive in a last @-@ ditched effort to win the war, unleashing sixty @-@ three divisions over a 70 miles ( 110 km ) front. As the Allies fell back the 3rd and 4th Divisions were rushed south to Amiens on the Somme. The offensive lasted for the next five months and all five AIF divisions in France were engaged in the attempt to stem the tide. By late May the Germans had pushed to within 50 miles ( 80 km ) of Paris. During this time the Australians fought at Dernacourt, Morlancourt, Villers @-@ Bretonneux, Hangard Wood, Hazebrouck, and Hamel. At Hamel the commander of the Australian Corps, Lieutenant General John Monash, successfully used combined arms — including aircraft, artillery and armour — in an attack for the first time. The German offensive ground to a halt in mid @-@ July and a brief lull followed, during which the Australians undertook a series of raids, known as Peaceful Penetrations. The Allies soon launched their own offensive — the Hundred Days Offensive — ultimately ending the war. Beginning on 8 August 1918 the offensive included four Australian divisions striking at Amiens. Using the combined arms techniques developed earlier at Hamel, significant gains were made on what became known as the " Black Day " of the German Army. The offensive continued for four months, and during Second Battle of the Somme the Australian Corps fought actions at Lihons, Etinehem, Proyart, Chuignes, and Mont St Quentin, before their final engagement of the war on 5 October 1918 at Montbrehain. The AIF was subsequently out of the line when the armistice was declared on 11 November 1918. In all 416 @,@ 806 Australians enlisted in the AIF during the war and 333 @,@ 000 served overseas. 61 @,@ 508 were killed and another 155 @,@ 000 were wounded ( a total casualty rate of 65 % ). The financial cost to the Australian government was calculated at £ 376 @,@ 993 @,@ 052. Two referendums on conscription for overseas service had been defeated during the war, preserving the volunteer status of the Australian force, but stretching the reserves of manpower available, particularly towards the end of the fighting. Consequently, Australia remained one of only two armies on either side not to resort to conscription during the war. The war had a profound effect on Australian society in other ways also. Indeed, for many Australians the nation's involvement is seen as a symbol of its emergence as an international actor, while many of the notions of Australian character and nationhood that exist today have their origins in the war. 64 Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross during the First World War. = = Inter @-@ war years = = = = = Russian Civil War, 1918 – 19 = = = The Russian Civil War began after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in October 1917. Following the end of the First World War, the western powers — including Britain — intervened, giving half @-@ hearted support to the pro @-@ tsarist, anti @-@ Bolshevik White Russian forces. Although the Australian government refused to commit forces, many Australians serving with the British Army became involved in the fighting. A small number served as advisors to White Russian units with the North Russian Expeditionary Force ( NREF ). Awaiting repatriation in England, about 150 Australians subsequently enlisted in the British North Russia Relief Force ( NRRF ), where they were involved in a number of sharp battles and several were killed. The Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS Swan was also briefly engaged, carrying out an intelligence gathering mission in the Black Sea in late 1918. Other Australians served as advisers with the British Military Mission to the White Russian General, Anton Denikin in South Russia, while several more advised Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia. Later, they also served in Mesopotamia as part of Dunsterforce and the Malleson Mission, although these missions were aimed at preventing Turkish access to the Middle East and India, and did little fighting. Although the motivations of those Australian's that volunteered to fight in Russia can only be guessed at, it seems unlikely to have been political. Regardless, they confirmed a reputation for audacity and courage, winning the only two Victoria Crosses of the land campaign, despite their small numbers. Yet Australian involvement was barely noticed at home at the time and made little difference to the outcome of the war. Total casualties included 10 killed and 40 wounded, with most deaths being from disease during operations in Mesopotamia. = = = Malaita, 1927

wikitext_103

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= Battle of the Hongorai River = The Battle of the Hongorai River took place during the Second World War and involved Australian, New Zealand and Japanese forces. Part of the wider Bougainville Campaign of the Pacific theatre, the battle was fought in the southern sector of Bougainville Island. Coming after the Battle of Slater's Knoll in which a strong Japanese counterattack was defeated, the battle occurred in two distinct periods between 17 April and 22 May 1945, as elements of the Australian 15th Brigade advanced south along the Buin Road. The initial phase saw the Australians advance towards the Hongorai River. Following the end of the early fighting, the Australian advance towards the main Japanese concentration at Buin continued as they struck out towards the Hari and Mivo Rivers. This continued until torrential rain and flooding brought the advance to a halt short of the objective, washing away many bridges and roads upon which the Australians relied for supplies. As the Australian advance stalled, the Japanese began harassing the Australian line of communications, and as the rain stopped and the flooding subsided in late @-@ July and into August, the Australians began making preparations to resume the advance towards Buin again. Ultimately, though, the war came to an end before the final Australian advance began, bringing the campaign to an end. = = Background = = = = = Strategic situation = = = Japanese forces had landed on Bougainville in early 1942, capturing it from the small force of Australians garrisoning the island. They had subsequently developed several airbases on the island, using it to conduct operations in the northern Solomon Islands and to attack the Allied lines of communication between the United States, Australia and the Southwest Pacific Area. These bases also helped protect Rabaul, the major Japanese garrison and naval base in Papua New Guinea, and throughout 1943, Allied planners determined that Bougainville was vital for neutralising the Japanese base around Rabaul. US Marines conducted an amphibious landing at Cape Torokina, on the western coast of the island, north of Empress Augusta Bay, in November 1943. After an initial counter @-@ attack, the US Marines had been replaced by a garrison of US Army troops who began consolidating their position around Torokina, establishing a strong perimeter. In March 1944, the Japanese launched a heavy counter @-@ attack, which was turned back with heavy casualties. After this, the situation on Bougainville became largely static, as the Japanese focused primarily on subsistence, and the US forces chose to adopt a mainly defensive posture focused on maintaining the perimeter around Torokina. In late 1944, as part of plans to free US troops up for the Philippines campaign, the Australian II Corps — consisting of mainly Militia troops under the command of Lieutenant General Stanley Savige — took over responsibility for Allied operations on Bougainville from the American XIV Corps. Australian forces began arriving on the island between November and December 1944, initially establishing themselves around the US base at Torokina. Due to inaccurate intelligence, Savige mistakenly believed that the Japanese forces on the island numbered just 17 @,@ 500 men, and he consequently decided that the Australians would pursue an aggressive campaign to clear the Japanese from Bougainville in order to free their troops for subsequent operations elsewhere, rather than maintaining the defensive posture the US forces had adopted. However, Allied estimates of Japanese strength were later found to be grossly inaccurate and after the war it was found that the number of Japanese on the island at this time was closer to 40 @,@ 000. The campaign that Australian planners developed entailed three separate drives : in the north, it was planned that Japanese forces would be forced into the narrow Bonis Peninsula and contained ; in the centre the seizure of Pearl Ridge would give the Australians control of the east – west avenues of approach, as well as affording them protection against further counter @-@ attacks, while also opening the way for a drive to the east coast ; and the main campaign in the south, where the bulk of the Japanese forces were concentrated around Buin. = = = Preliminary moves = = = Following the capture of Pearl Ridge in December 1944, the Australian 7th Brigade had been moved south and allocated to the drive towards Buin. In late March and early April 1945, they had fought the Battle of Slater's Knoll after which a brief lull followed as the Australians paused to shorten their supply lines. Meanwhile, the survivors of the Japanese force, heavily demoralised by their defeat, withdrew towards the Hongorai River. The Australian 3rd Division was then ordered to resume its advance south, being tasked with capturing the Hari River, while the Hongorai was also included as an " intermediate objective ". Japanese strength in the southern sector was estimated by the Australians at about 10 @,@ 500 men, of which 2 @,@ 300 were believed to be directly opposing the 3rd Division. The 15th Brigade was considered to be the most experienced of the Australian units on Bougainville at the time and was moved up to relieve the 7th Brigade, which was in need of rest. Under the command of Brigadier Heathcote Hammer the 15th Brigade consisted of three infantry battalions as well as two troops of tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment, engineers from the 15th Field Company, a battery of 155 @-@ mm guns from'U'Heavy Battery, field artillery from the 2nd Field Regiment, and a number of smaller support units. The 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion took over responsibility for Slater's Knoll replacing the 25th Infantry Battalion while the 24th Infantry Battalion took up a position across the Buin Road. The brigade's third battalion — the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion — did not join them until the beginning of May, and so the 7th Brigade's 9th Infantry Battalion continued patrolling operations north of the Huio River, in the Rumiki area, until the 57th / 60th could dispatch elements to relieve them. Further inland, the 2 / 8th Commando Squadron advanced in a wide arc to the south @-@ east, defending the brigade's left, or eastern, flank. The Japanese forces opposing the Australians belonged to the 6th Division, under the command of Lieutenant General Tsutomu Akinaga. Akinaga had been ordered to delay the Australian advance between the Hongorai and the Hari for as long as possible, and with these orders in mind he had installed a number of strong points along the Australian's expected line of advance. The division's infantry had suffered heavily in the previous battle around Slater's Knoll and as a consequence, several units had to be reorganized or amalgamated. The front line positions were assigned to the 6th Field Artillery Regiment, while the 13th Infantry Regiment was to hold five strongpoints to their rear along and astride the Buin Road, designated'A'through to'E '. The 6th Field and 4th Field Heavy Artillery Regiments both held strongpoints further back, designated'F'and'G '. The 23rd Infantry Regiment was placed in the rear, where it was being reconstituted following losses suffered during the attack on Slater's Knoll. = = Battle = = = = = Advance to the Hongorai = = = The 15th Brigade took over the forward positions from the 7th Brigade on 17 April. Initial dispositions had the 24th Infantry Battalion on the Buin Road around Kero Creek, with the 58th / 59th around Barara, north @-@ east of Slater's Knoll, and the 57th / 60th, when it arrived to relieve the 9th, would be positioned further east astride a secondary, parallel track known to the Australians as the Commando Road. Two days later, Hammer received the order to commence the advance towards the Hongorai from Savige, who offered him the support of the 29th Brigade as a mobile reserve in case of sudden counter @-@ attack. In a change to the tactics that the Australians had previously employed prior to the fighting around Slater's Knoll, from early May they advanced on a two @-@ battalion front, instead of one. The 24th Infantry Battalion was in the van, moving along the Buin Road with the 58th / 59th protecting its flank and rear ; while 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) further inland the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion, commencing on 3 May, advanced along the Commando Road from Rumiki, after taking over from the 9th Infantry Battalion. Moving forward under a creeping barrage as they moved beyond Tokinotu, the 24th Infantry Battalion was the first to contact the Japanese, carrying out an attack against Japanese positions around Dawe's Creek on 17 April. Supported by a troop of Matilda tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment, an artillery barrage which fired over 700 shells, two infantry companies —'C'and'D'— from the 24th attacked the position while another —'A'Company — carried out a flanking manoeuvre to cut another track further north towards Kindara and Hatai. The left forward company —'D'Company — reached its objective without trouble ; however,'C'Company — on the right along with the troop of tanks — came up against stiff Japanese resistance and became bogged down.'A'Company also became embroiled in heavy fighting along the Hatai track. In support of'A'Company, Matilidas came forward and raked the jungle, hacking through the undergrowth to reveal several Japanese pillboxes, which were destroyed by the Australian armour. As night fell,'C'Company dug in before resuming the attack

wikitext_103

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= New Jersey Route 29 = Route 29 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 34 @.@ 76 mi ( 55 @.@ 94 km ) from an interchange with Interstate 295 ( I @-@ 295 ) in Hamilton Township in Mercer County, where it continues as I @-@ 195, to Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ) in Frenchtown, Hunterdon County. Between the southern terminus and I @-@ 95, the route is a mix of freeway and four @-@ lane divided highway that runs along the Delaware River through Trenton. This section includes a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that was built along the river near historic houses and Riverview Cemetery. North of I @-@ 95, Route 29 turns into a scenic and mostly two @-@ lane highway. North of the South Trenton Tunnel, it is designated the Delaware River Scenic Byway, a New Jersey Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway, that follows the Delaware River in mostly rural sections of Mercer County and Hunterdon County. The obsolete Delaware & Raritan Canal usually stands between the river and the highway. Most sections of this portion of Route 29 are completely shaded due to the tree canopy. Route 29 also has a spur, Route 129, which connects Route 29 to U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in Trenton. Route 29 was initially designated in 1927 to run from downtown Trenton to Newark, following present @-@ day Route 179 and US 202 between Lambertville and Somerville and US 22 between Somerville and Newark. The route between Lambertville and Frenchtown was originally Route 29A. In 1953, Route 29 was shifted to follow the alignment of Route 29A to avoid the concurrencies with the U.S. Routes. Route 29 between South Warren Street in Trenton and I @-@ 95 in Ewing Township was upgraded to a four @-@ lane highway, with a portion of freeway, in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1995, the southern freeway part of Route 29 between I @-@ 195 / I @-@ 295 and Route 129 in Hamilton Township was completed. This freeway section was linked to the rest of Route 29 by a tunnel completed in 2002. A realignment of Route 29 in Lambertville by the 2000s made the route concurrent with the entire length of 0 @.@ 26 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 42 km ) Route 165. = = Route description = = = = = Mercer County = = = Route 29 begins at a modified cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 195 and Interstate 295 in Hamilton Township, and it serves as the western continuation of Interstate 195, heading to the northwest as a six @-@ lane freeway. The route interchanges with Route 129, a spur of Route 29 which connects to U.S. Route 1, at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance. Route 29 narrows to four lanes past this interchange and crosses into Trenton. The route comes to a southbound exit and entrance for Lamberton Road. At this point, Route 29 becomes the Delaware River Scenic Byway, a state scenic byway that was also designated a National Scenic Byway in 2009. Route 29 runs along the bank of the Delaware River and enters a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that passes by historic houses and Riverview Cemetery. Within this tunnel, Route 29 features a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lalor Street. The route emerges from the tunnel as the John Fitch Parkway, passes by Arm & Hammer Park, and comes to a traffic light at Thunder Road / Cass Street where it widens back to six lanes. Route 29 meets South Warren Street at another traffic light. The median widens and it passes under the Morrisville @-@ Trenton Railroad Bridge, which carries the Amtrak Northeast Corridor over the Delaware River. Route 29 passes under the Trenton @-@ Morrisville Toll Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 1 over the Delaware River. Access to U.S. Route 1 southbound is provided by ramps from Route 29 while access to Route 29 from northbound U.S. Route 1 is provided by South Warren Street. Route 29 passes under the Lower Trenton Bridge and the median narrows again. It interchanges with Market Street, which provides access to Route 33, and then features an interchange which provides access to the New Jersey State House with a northbound exit and southbound entrance. Route 29 crosses the Assunpink Creek and features an interchange which provides access to South Warren Street with exits in both directions but only a northbound entrance. Route 29 continues to a cloverleaf interchange with Calhoun Street ( County Route 653 ), which provides access to the Calhoun Street Bridge over the Delaware River. Riverside Avenue exits as a frontage road paralleling the northbound lanes of Route 29 before the road features a northbound exit for Hermitage Avenue. Route 29 comes to a partial interchange with Parkside Avenue, with a northbound exit and southbound entrance, and then features a northbound exit for South Eastfield Avenue. The freeway portion of Route 29 ends at the intersection with Lee Avenue and it continues northwest along the Delaware River as a four @-@ lane divided highway. The route meets the southern terminus of County Route 579 ( Sullivan Way ). The median widens again and then narrows as the route meets the southern terminus of Route 175, a former alignment of Route 29 that currently serves as a frontage road. Route 29 crosses into Ewing Township and becomes the Daniel Bray Highway. It passes under the West Trenton Railroad Bridge, which carries CSX and SEPTA ’ s West Trenton Line over the Delaware River. Route 29 intersects Route 175 again and then comes to a complex interchange with Interstate 95, with the ramps within the median of Route 29, just to the east of the Scudder Falls Bridge. Upon crossing the Delaware and Raritan Canal, Route 29 narrows down to a two @-@ lane undivided road called River Road. It continues along the Delaware River, next to the Delaware and Raritan Canal, which runs between Route 29 and the river. The route intersects the northern terminus of Route 175. Farther north, Route 29 enters Hopewell Township and continues into a more rural setting shaded with trees. Route 29 heads to Washington Crossing State Park, where it intersects County Route 546, which heads east on Washington Crossing @-@ Pennington Road, and the approach to the Washington Crossing Bridge, which continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 532. Route 29 continues north along the Delaware River through Titusville, passing by Washington Crossing State Park. = = = Hunterdon County = = = Route 29 crosses into West Amwell Township in Hunterdon County. It enters Lambertville, where Route 29 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway. At the intersection of South Main Street, Route 29 becomes concurrent with Route 165. The route becomes an undivided highway again and meets the western terminus of County Route 518 ( Brunswick Street ). It meets Route 179 ( Bridge Street ), where Route 165 ends and Route 29 turns west for a one @-@ block wrong @-@ way concurrency with the two @-@ lane, undivided Route 179, lasting to the intersection of Main Street, where Route 29 turns north on Main Street. Route 29 follows Main Street north through Lambertville, crossing into Delaware Township. It comes to an interchange with U.S. Route 202 just east of the New Hope @-@ Lambertville Toll Bridge, with access to northbound U.S. Route 202 and from southbound U.S. Route 202 provided by way of Alexauken Creek Road. Route 29 continues along the Delaware River and enters Stockton. The route intersects Bridge Street, which crosses the Delaware River on the Centre Bridge @-@ Stockton Bridge and continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 263. Shortly after that intersection, Route 29 intersects the southern terminus of County Route 523 ( Stockton @-@ Flemington Road ). Route 29 crosses back into Delaware Township, where it meets the southern terminus of County Route 519 ( Kingwood @-@ Stockton Road ). Route 29 makes a sharp left turn and heads west along the river as a rural road, crossing into Kingwood Township, where the name of the road changes from Main Street to Daniel Bray Highway. Here, it intersects with County Route 651 ( Byram @-@ Kingwood Road ). The route bends to the north and continues along the Delaware River for several miles, crossing into Frenchtown, where the route becomes Trenton Road. Upon entering Frenchtown, an end shield for northbound Route 29 is posted to mark the end of state maintenance, which officially ends at the Washington Street intersection, where maintenance is transferred to the county. Despite this, Route 29 officially continues farther north along Trenton Road to its northern terminus at Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ), a short distance east of Route 12 ’ s western terminus at the Uhlerstown @-@ Frenchtown Bridge. The southern terminus of County Route 513 is located a block north of the northern terminus of Route 29 along Route 12. = = History = = The current route was originally legislated in 1911 as part of the Delaware River Drive, a named state highway that was proposed to run from along the Delaware River from Trenton to the New York border in Montague Township. Route 29 was originally defined in 1927 to run from Trenton to Newark. The original route ran from downtown Trenton along State Street and Sanhican Drive. From there, it followed its current alignment to Lambertville, where it followed present @-@ day Route 179 to Ringoes to present @-

wikitext_103

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= Shikamaru Nara = Shikamaru Nara ( 奈良シカマル, Nara Shikamaru ) is a fictional character in the Naruto manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. In the anime and manga, Shikamaru is a ninja affiliated with the village of Konohagakure. He is a member of Team 10, a group of ninja consisting of himself, Choji Akimichi, Ino Yamanaka, and team leader Asuma Sarutobi. Shikamaru is portrayed as a lazy character, unwilling to apply his prodigious intelligence ; Kishimoto has noted that he likes Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature. Outside of the Naruto anime and manga, Shikamaru has appeared in four of the feature films in the series, as well as several other media relating to the series, including video games and original video animations. Numerous anime and manga publications have commented on Shikamaru's character. Many reviewers commented on his laziness and intelligence, and noted his transformation into a leader ; Anime News Network celebrated Shikamaru's emergence as " an unlikely hero " in the Naruto storyline. Shikamaru has also been highly popular with the Naruto reader base, placing high in several popularity polls. Merchandise based on Shikamaru has been released, including action figures, key chains, and patches. = = Creation and conception = = Masashi Kishimoto has noted that he likes Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature despite being a genius, and contrasted him against Sasuke Uchiha's intelligent but abrasive personality. Kishimoto also comically remarked that he would marry Shikamaru if he were a girl, noting that Shikamaru would likely be successful in life. When designing Shikamaru's Part II appearance, Kishimoto wanted to give Shikamaru a unique appearance despite drawing him with a vest that several other ninja wear in the series. As a result, he drew his forehead protector on his arm in order to not obscure his hair. = = Appearances = = = = = In Naruto = = = Shikamaru first major appearance in the series is during the Chunin Exams, bi @-@ yearly exams for ninja who wish to advance in rank. He is part of Team 10 alongside Choji Akimichi and Ino Yamanaka. He is a highly unenthusiastic person, and he attempts to go through life with minimum effort. Contrary to his lazy tendencies, Shikamaru is extremely intelligent ; his teacher, Asuma Sarutobi, determined that Shikamaru's IQ was over 200. Shikamaru's abilities are based on the Shadow Imitation Technique ( 影真似の術, Kagemane no Jutsu, English TV : " Shadow Possession Jutsu " ), the signature technique of his clan, with which he merges his shadow with an opponent's shadow, making them immobilized and forced to mimic Shikamaru's movements. As the series progresses, Shikamaru becomes able to manipulate his shadow in new ways. By Part II of the series, Shikamaru is capable of utilizing multiple shadow @-@ based techniques at once and can lift his shadow from the ground in order to interact with physical objects ; for instance, he can pierce enemies with the shadow tendrils or use them to throw weapons. Shikamaru approaches the exams with a sense of apathy ; when he battles the Sunagakure ninja Temari, he defeats her but forfeits his match to her, due to his chakra being low. Despite this loss, he is the only ninja among his peers to be promoted to the rank of Chunin, as the overseers of the exams were impressed by the insight and intelligence he demonstrated against Temari. As a Chunin, Shikamaru is appointed the leader of a team to prevent Sasuke Uchiha from defecting to the village of Otogakure. Although Shikamaru's team manages to defeat the Otogakure ninja barring their way, Sasuke manages to escape. In Part II of the series, Shikamaru is assigned the task of locating two members of the criminal organization Akatsuki. While his team manages to find their targets, the immortal Akatsuki member Hidan kills Asuma Sarutobi during the course of the battle despite Shikamaru's best efforts. After Asuma's funeral, Shikamaru sets out with the surviving members of Team 10 to avenge their mentor with the aid of Kakashi Hatake. As the other deal with Hidan's partner Kakuzu, Shikamaru avenges Asuma by defeating Hidan and making sure the Akatsuki member's body is never found. Following the fight, Shikamaru vows to protect Kurenai Yuhi and Asuma's newborn daughter. He is later assigned to the Fourth Division alongside Temari and Chōji. He is named a proxy general under Gaara. In the series epilogue, stating his personal desire during the series of final battles, Shikamaru becomes advisor to the Seventh Hokage Naruto after marrying Temari and gaining a son in Shikadai Nara. = = = Appearances in other media = = = Besides the Naruto anime and manga, Shikamaru is featured in seven of the featured films in the series : in the second film, he aids Naruto Uzumaki and Sakura Haruno in fighting against Haido, a utopian idealist seeking to rule the world with a power called Gelel ; in the fourth, Shikamaru appears in a brief sequence, fighting against a large group of stone soldiers ; in the fifth, Shikamaru is sent alongside Kakashi and Sai in search of the base of the Land of Sky, who plans to invade Konoha ; in the sixth, Shikamaru, alongside Sakura and Sai battle the chimera beast summoned by Hiruko ; in the eight, Shikamaru participates in the battle against the demon Satori ; in the ninth, the Limited Tsukuyomi universe presents a portly Shikamaru, the exact opposite of his teammate, Choji, who becomes the team strategist instead ; and in the tenth, Shikamaru leads the team consisting of himself, Naruto, Sakura, Sai, and Hinata Hyuga that is sent to rescue Hinata's younger sister, Hanabi, who was kidnapped by Toneri Otsutsuki. He is also present in the third original video animation, in which he participates in a tournament. Shikamaru is a playable character in nearly all Naruto video games, including the Clash of Ninja series and the Ultimate Ninja series. In some games, he utilizes variations of his Shadow Imitation Technique not seen in the anime or manga. Naruto Shippūden : Gekitō Ninja Taisen! EX 2 marks the first appearance of Shikamaru in his Part II appearance in a video game. A light novel titled Shikamaru Hiden : A Cloud Drifting in Silent Darkness, written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kishimoto, stars Shikamaru as the main character and narrator. The novel is set two years after the Fourth Ninja War, focusing on Shikamaru's assignment as organizer of the newly formed Shinobi Union to capture a rogue ninja who rules over the distant Land of Silence and attempts to establish a new world order ruled by the common people. It also explores his growing relationship with Temari, culminating in him struggling to name his child with her, years after the end of the novel. = = Reception = = Shikamaru has ranked highly in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series, continuously placing in the top ten and reaching fourth place in one poll. The last such poll was in 2011, in which Shikamaru was in ninth place, behind Sasori and ahead of Hinata. Merchandise based on Shikamaru has also been released, including action figures, key chains, and patches in both his Part I and Part II appearance. NTT customers voted him as their sixteenth favorite black haired male anime character. CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama referred to Shikamaru as one of his favorite characters from Naruto. Several publications for manga, anime, video games, and other related media have commented on Shikamaru's character. IGN stated that Shikamaru was one of their favorite characters in the series, and referred to him as " the poster child for any card @-@ carrying member of Generation X " due to his general lack of enthusiasm and his unwillingness to utilize his potential. In a review of episode 110, IGN praised how Shikamaru managed to transcend his lazy nature in order to take on the mantle of a leader when assigned to lead a team in order to retrieve Sasuke Uchiha and agreed that the decision to make him Chunin was fair. Anime News Network also commented on this development, calling Shikamaru's emergence as " an unlikely hero " one of the highlights of the arc. In a subsequent review of episode 135, in which the mission to retrieve Sasuke has failed and the members of Shikamaru's team were critically injured, IGN lauded the

wikitext_103

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K 'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four, in 635, and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal. Roughly twenty years later Dos Pilas was attacked by Calakmul and was soundly defeated. B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was captured by the king of Calakmul but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re @-@ instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy, and attacked Tikal in 657, forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak, the then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. For some reason, B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal ; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas. Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil into an exile that lasted five years. Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas and Caracol. In 682, Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I erected the first dated monument at Tikal in 120 years and claimed the title of kaloomte ', so ending the hiatus. He initiated a programme of new construction and turned the tables on Calakmul when, in 695, he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered. After this, Calakmul never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory. = = = = Tikal after Teotihuacán = = = = By the 7th century, there was no active Teotihuacan presence at any Maya site and the center of Teotihuacan had been razed by 700. Even after this, formal war attire illustrated on monuments was Teotihuacan style. Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I and his heir Yik 'in Chan K 'awiil continued hostilities against Calakmul and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around Tikal, extending as far as the territory around Lake Petén Itzá. These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today. In 738, Quiriguá, a vassal of Copán, Tikal's key ally in the south, switched allegiance to Calakmul, defeated Copán and gained its own independence. It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of Calakmul to bring about the collapse of Tikal's southern allies. This upset the balance of power in the southern Maya area and lead to a steady decline in the fortunes of Copán. In the 8th century, the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis. By the late 8th century and early 9th century, activity at Tikal slowed. Impressive architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers. = = = Terminal Classic = = = By the 9th century, the crisis of the Classic Maya collapse was sweeping across the region, with populations plummeting and city after city falling into silence. Increasingly endemic warfare in the Maya region caused Tikal's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself, accelerating the use of intensive agriculture and corresponding environmental decline. Construction continued at the beginning of the century, with the erection of Temple 3, the last of the city's major pyramids and the erection of monuments to mark the 19th K 'atun in 810. The beginning of the 10th Bak 'tun in 830 passed uncelebrated, and marks the beginning of a 60 @-@ year hiatus, probably resulting from the collapse of central control in the city. During this hiatus, satellite sites traditionally under Tikal's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the Mutal emblem glyph, with Tikal apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence. In 849, Jewel K 'awiil is mentioned on a stela at Seibal as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of Tikal but he is not recorded elsewhere and Tikal's once great power was little more than a memory. The sites of Ixlu and Jimbal had by now inherited the once exclusive Mutal emblem glyph. As Tikal and its hinterland reached peak population, the area suffered deforestation, erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels. Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost the majority of its population during the period from 830 to 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly. There is not much evidence from Tikal that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic, although an influx of refugees from the Petexbatún region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources. In the latter half of the 9th century there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much diminished city of Tikal, as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan K 'awiil II in 869. This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence. The former satellites of Tikal, such as Jimbal and Uaxactun, did not last much longer, erecting their final monuments in 889. By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal's population had deserted the city, its royal palaces were occupied by squatters and simple thatched dwellings were being erected in the city's ceremonial plazas. The squatters blocked some doorways in the rooms they reoccupied in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non @-@ utilitarian items such as musical instruments. These inhabitants reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities far removed from those of the royal dynasty that had erected them. Some monuments were vandalized and some were moved to new locations. Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared, with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for jade and the easier to find tombs being looted. After 950, Tikal was all but deserted, although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins. Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the rainforest claimed the ruins for the next thousand years. Some of Tikal's population may have migrated to the Peten Lakes region, which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century. The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is overpopulation and agrarian failure. The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic Maya civilization, the city having been at the forefront of courtly life, art and architecture for over a thousand years, with an ancient ruling dynasty. However, new research regarding paleoenvironmental proxies from the Tikal reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of Tikal. = = = Modern history = = = In 1525, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés passed within a few kilometres of the ruins of Tikal but did not mention them in his letters. After Spanish friar Andrés de Avendaño became lost in the Petén forests in early 1696 he described a ruin that may well have been Tikal. As is often the case with huge ancient ruins, knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region. It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s. Some second- or third @-@ hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in the 17th century, continuing through the writings of John Lloyd Stephens in the early 19th century ( Stephens and his illustrator Frederick Catherwood heard rumors of a lost city, with white building tops towering above the jungle, during their 1839 @-@ 40 travels in the region ). Because of the site's remoteness from modern towns, however, no explorers visited Tikal until Modesto Méndez and Ambrosio Tut, respectively the commissioner and the governor of Petén, visited it in 1848. Artist Eusebio Lara accompanied them and their account was published in Germany in 1853. Several other expeditions came to further investigate, map, and photograph Tikal in the 19th century ( including Alfred P. Maudslay in 1881 @-@ 82 ) and the early 20th century. Pioneering archaeologists started to clear, map and record the ruins in the 1880s. In 1951, a small airstrip was built at the ruins, which previously could only be reached by several days'travel through the jungle on foot or mule. In 1956 the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area. From 1956 through 1970, major archaeological excavations were carried out by the University of Pennsylvania Tikal Project. They mapped much of the site and excavated and restored many of the structures. Excavations directed by Edwin M. Sh

wikitext_103

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= Raid on Manila ( 1798 ) = The Raid on Manila of January 1798 was a Royal Navy false flag military operation during the French Revolutionary Wars intended to scout the strength of the defences of Manila, capital of the Spanish Philippines, capture a Manila galleon and assess the condition of the Spanish Navy squadron maintained in the port. Spain had transformed from an ally of Great Britain in the War of the First Coalition into an enemy in 1796. Thus the presence of a powerful Spanish squadron at Manila posed a threat to the China Fleet, an annual convoy of East Indiaman merchant ships from Macau in Qing Dynasty China to Britain, which was of vital economic importance to Britain. So severe was this threat that a major invasion of the Spanish Philippines had been planned from British India during 1797, but had been called off following the Treaty of Campo Formio in Europe and the possibility of a major war in India between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore. To ensure the safety of the merchant ships gathering at Macau in the winter of 1797 – 98, the British commander in the East Indies, Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier, sent a convoy to China escorted by the frigates HMS Sybille and HMS Fox and commanded by Captain Edward Cooke. After completing his mission Cooke decided to investigate the state of readiness of Spanish forces in Manila himself. He was also intrigued by reports that a ship carrying treasure was due to sail from Manila, which would make a valuable prize. Sailing in Sybille and accompanied by Captain Pulteney Malcolm in Fox, Cooke reached the Spanish capital on 13 January 1798. Anchored in Manila Bay, Cooke pretended that his ships were French vessels and successfully lured successive boatloads of Spanish officials aboard, taking them prisoner in turn. Once he had determined from his captives the state of defences in Manila, that the treasure ship had been unloaded at Cavite and that the Spanish squadron was undergoing extensive repairs and thus unavailable for operations, he sent a raiding party against a squadron of gunboats in the mouth of the Pasig River. Capturing the gunboats in a bloodless attack, Cooke then released his prisoners and sailed southwards, unsuccessfully assaulting Zamboanga before returning to Macau. = = Background = = In 1796, after three years of the French Revolutionary Wars, Spain and the French Republic signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso. The secret terms of this treaty required Spain to renounce its alliance with Great Britain and subsequently to declare war on its former ally. In the East Indies this shift of political allegiance meant that the dominant British forces in the region were faced with the threat of attack from the Spanish Philippines to the east. Britain dominated the East Indies in 1796, controlling the trade routes through the Indian Ocean from the ports of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. Dutch Ceylon, the Dutch Cape Colony and parts of the Dutch East Indies had been captured in 1795, and the French presence in the region had been confined to Île de France and a few subsidiary islands in the Western Indian Ocean. Some of the most important trade routes began at Canton and Macau in Qing Dynasty China. Early in each year a large convoy known as the " China Fleet ", composed of large East Indiaman merchant ships in the employ of the British East India Company, sailed westwards to Europe from Macau laden with tea and other commercial cargo. This convoy was economically significant to Britain : one convoy in 1804 was valued at over £ 8 million ( the equivalent of £ 600 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ). In January 1797 the convoy had been attacked by the French squadron in the East Indies, comprising six frigates commanded by Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey. In the ensuing Bali Strait Incident the commander deceived Sercey into believing that the unescorted convoy contained disguised ships of the line and the French admiral retreated, only learning of his error on his return to Île de France. There was considerable concern in India that Sercey might try again in 1798, or that the Spanish, who maintained a powerful squadron at Cavite, might make an attempt of their own. Rainier's initial impulse on learning in November 1796 of the impending declaration of war between Britain and Spain was to draw up plans for a major invasion of the Philippines, centred on Manila in repetition of the successful British capture of Manila in 1762. Co @-@ operating with the Governor @-@ General of India Sir John Shore and Colonel Arthur Welleley among others, a substantial naval and military forces were earmarked for the operation which was in the advance planning stages, when unexpected news arrived in India in August 1797 announcing the Treaty of Campo Formio which brought the War of the First Coalition to an end. Britain now faced France and Spain alone, while emissaries from the Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore, an old opponent of Britain in Southern India, were seeking French assistance with a renewed outbreak of hostilities. The resources planned for the operation against Manila were therefore retained in India and the operation cancelled, but the protection of the China Fleet was still essential and Rainier diverted some of his squadron eastwards to China. A number of merchant ships had gathered at Bombay in the spring of 1797 in preparation for the trip to Macau to load trade goods and join the China Fleet. To escort this force, Rainier provided the 40 @-@ gun frigate HMS Sybille, captured from the French at the Battle of Mykonos in 1794, and the 50 @-@ gun HMS Centurion, which sailed with the convoy in July, taking passage through the Straits of Malacca, joined there by the ships of the line HMS Victorious and HMS Trident and the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Fox under Captain Pulteney Malcolm for the final voyage to Macau. The convoy arrived without incident on 13 December 1797, although the crews had been substantially weakened by tropical illnesses. = = Cooke's raids = = = = = Reconnaissance of Manilla = = = With his convoy safely at anchor in Macau and the China Fleet several weeks from sailing, Cooke decided to reconnoitre Manila and make observations on the port and the Spanish squadron based there. As an added motivation, rumours in Macau suggested that the annual Manila galleon was due to arrive. This ship brought up to two million Spanish silver dollars from Acapulco across the Pacific Ocean stopping at Guam on its way to Manila. Depositing its dollars in the Philippines, the ship then loaded trade goods from the East Indies for the return journey to New Spain. This round trip was essential to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies, which operated at an enormous financial loss only mitigated by the substantial subsidy from New Spain. Spanish dollars were the accepted currency across most of the East Indies, and disruption of this financial system could have profound effects on regional trade ; but British sailors had nevertheless been attacking the Manila galleons since Thomas Cavendish in 1587. Leaving the heavier warships at Macau, Cooke sailed on 5 January 1798 only with Sybille and Fox, the latter carrying a Mr. Bernard, an experienced linguist. Passing Luzon, Cooke's ships encountered a small Spanish merchant vessel, which was lured towards the frigates, which were flying French tricolors. Seizing the Spanish vessel, Cooke closely questioned the captain and learned that most of the Spanish squadron in Manila were undergoing extensive repairs at Cavite and were unfit to sail. Cooke rewarded the captain by releasing his vessel with its cargo intact, although he did remove 3 @,@ 900 silver dollars. The Spanish squadron had suffered badly in a typhoon in April 1797 and much of the damage had still not been repaired by the time Cooke's small squadron arrived off Manila. Cooke had taken precautions to disguise his ships as French vessels, modelling Sybille on the powerful 40 @-@ gun Forte and Fox on the smaller Prudente. = = = Dinner on Sybille = = = Late in the afternoon of 13 January 1798, Sybille and Fox arrived in Manila Bay, slipping unchallenged past the fortress of Corregidor and then sailing across the bay on the morning of 14 January, anchoring between Manila and Cavite. From his vantage point Cooke could see the Spanish squadron dismasted and under repair in Cavite, the ships of the line San Pedro, Europa and Montañés and the frigates Maria de la Cabeya and Luisa in dock and unfit for action. To Cooke's disappointment he could also see the Manila galleon, Marquesetta being unloaded at the Cavite docks and another valuable merchant ship Rey Carlos aground in the harbour. The Spanish had learned only shortly before Cooke's arrival that the British frigate HMS Resistance under Captain Edward Pakenham was in Philippine waters and had decided to remove the valuable cargo from the treasure ship rather than risk an attack. Fox was the first British ship into the anchorage, and was consequently approached by the guardboat, whose crew came aboard. Malcolm, like Cooke, spoke French fluently and with Bernard translating was able to persuade the officer in charge that the new arrivals were Forte and Prudente seeking supplies and Spanish reinforcements for commerce raiding operations. The officer offered supplies but cautioned that none of the Spanish ships would be in a position to sail until March at the earliest. Cooke then joined the party on the deck of Fox, claiming

wikitext_103

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violations of international law. The original essay takes the " roosting chickens " of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech, in which Malcolm X linked the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence which Kennedy perpetuated as " merely a case of chickens coming home to roost. " Churchill's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries. In Kill the Indian, Save the Man : The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools ( 2004 ), Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools ( in Canada ) or Indian boarding schools ( in the USA ) as part of government policies ( 1880s – 1980s ) which he regards as genocidal. = = Activism on Native American issues = = Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co @-@ director of the Denver @-@ based American Indian Movement of Colorado, now an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders, including Russell Means, Glenn T. Morris, Robert Robideau, and David Hill, broke with the national AIM leadership, including Dennis Banks and the brothers Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The AIM Grand Governing Council is based in Minneapolis and retains the name of the national group. It says that the schism arose when Means, Churchill, Glenn T. Morris and others openly supported the Miskito Indian group Misurasata, who were allied with the anti @-@ revolutionary, CIA @-@ backed Contras. Journalists such as Harlan McKosato attributed the split to Means and other AIM members dividing over opposition to the Bellecourt brothers because of their alleged involvement in the execution of Anna Mae Aquash in December 1975, who was then the highest @-@ ranking woman in AIM but had been suspected of being an informant. It was a year in which other FBI informants had been discovered in AIM. On November 3, 1999, Means held a press conference in Denver, Colorado in which he accused the Bellecourt brothers of complicity in Aquash's death, and named three lower @-@ level AIM members involved in her death : Arlo Looking Cloud, John Graham, and Theda Nelson Clark. This was the first time that an AIM leader active at the time of the Aquash murder had publicly accused AIM of having been involved. Looking Cloud and Graham were convicted of murder in 2004 and 2010, by federal and South Dakota state juries, respectively. By then Clark was being cared for in a nursing home and was not indicted. Means attributed the split in AIM to divisions in the aftermath of Aquash's murder. The journalist Harlan McKosato said in 1999, "... her [ Aquash's ] death has divided the American Indian Movement... " The schism continued, with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders, such as Churchill, are tools of the U.S. government used against other American Indians. The leaders of the national AIM organization, now called AIM Grand Governing Council, claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter @-@ intelligence source for the U.S. government, for example the FBI, and local, non @-@ Indian, police forces, to subvert the national AIM organization. Specifically, they refer to a 1993 Boulder, Colorado interview with Jodi Rave, a former columnist for the Denver Post, in which Churchill stated that he " was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement. " In addition, Vernon Bellecourt accused Churchill of having'fraudulently represented himself as an Indian'to bolster his credentials. Bellecourt said he complained to the University of Colorado about this as early as 1986. Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. Colorado AIM's leadership has come into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community, the main supporters of the parade. As early as 2004, Churchill had claimed that such parades are unconstitutional, arguing that the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution provides Native Americans with a right not to be subjected to such displays, overriding the First Amendment rights of non @-@ Native Americans. = = 9 / 11 essay controversy = = Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of Roosting Chickens. In it, he argued that the September 11 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy. He compared the role of financial workers at the World Trade Center in " ongoing genocidal American imperialism " to the role played by Adolf Eichmann in organizing the Holocaust. In 2005, this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak. This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter @-@ accusations of McCarthyism by Churchill and supporters. Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano said, " While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9 / 11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public. " A documentary called Shouting Fire : Stories from the Edge of Free Speech, broadcast on HBO, prominently features Churchill's case in addressing the issues of free speech and First Amendment rights. = = Research misconduct investigation = = The controversy attracted increased academic attention to Churchill's research, which had already been criticized by the legal scholar John LaVelle and historian Guenter Lewy. Additional critics were the sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work, and the historians R.G. Robertson and Russell Thornton, who claimed that Churchill had misrepresented their work. In 2005, University of Colorado Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of research misconduct, including three allegations of plagiarism, and four allegations of fabrication or falsification regarding the history of the Dawes Act, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and statements that smallpox was intentionally spread to Native Americans by John Smith in 1614 and by the United States Army at Fort Clark in 1837 ( not to be confused with the well @-@ documented use of smallpox @-@ infected blankets at Fort Pitt in 1764 ). On May 16, 2006 the University released their findings ; the Investigative Committee agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in " serious research misconduct ", including falsification, fabrication, and two of the three allegations of plagiarism. The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions. The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct accepted the findings of the Investigative Committee but also disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed. Churchill's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University's Privilege and Tenure Committee, which found that two of the seven findings of misconduct did not constitute dismissible offences. Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year's suspension without pay, while two favored dismissal. On July 24, 2007, the University regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct, overruling the recommendation of Privilege and Tenure panel that two be dismissed. By a vote of eight to one, the regents determined to fire Churchill. The next day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for his expressing politically unpopular views. The jury in Churchill's suit for reinstatement weighed the university's claims of academic misconduct per jury instructions it received in the case. As Stanley Fish said, " It was the jury ’ s task to determine whether Churchill ’ s dismissal would have occurred independently of the adverse political response to his constitutionally protected statements. " The jury found that the alleged misconduct would not have led to Churchill's firing and rejected the university's academic misconduct claim as the grounds for dismissal. On April 1, 2009, a Colorado jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired, and awarded $ 1 in damages. As one of the jurors said later in a press interview, " it wasn 't a slap in his face or anything like that when we didn 't give him any money. It's just that [ Churchill's attorney ] David Lane kept saying this wasn 't about the money, and in the end, we took his word for that. " Churchill's counsel asked Chief Judge Larry J. Naves of the Denver District Court to order reinstatement in light of the verdict. On July 7, 2009, Judge Naves found that the defendants ( university ) were entitled to quasi @-@ judicial immunity as a matter of law, vacated the jury verdict and determined that the University did not owe Churchill any financial compensation. Naves denied Churchill's request for reinstatement at CU. Churchill appealed both decisions. On November 24, 2010, a three @-@ judge panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's decision. In February 2011, Churchill filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court. In late May 2011, the Colorado Supreme Court agreed to hear his case. Court records indicate that oral arguments began June 7, 2012. On September 10, 2012, the court ruled that the University had " quasi @-@ judicial immunity ", upholding the trial court's ruling. On April 1, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from Churchill. = = Honors = = 1992, Alfred University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. = = Works = = Books, as editor Marxism and Native Americans. Boulder CO : South End Press. 1984. ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @

wikitext_103

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months due to the delay of his planned move to the United States by the outbreak of the Gulf War, but was engrossed in the project for nearly a year. His designs for levels were intended to attract both hardcore and casual gamers by integrating occasional challenging set pieces into the mostly accessible level design. The game's color scheme was influenced by the work of pop artist Eizin Suzuki, and the aesthetics of Green Hill were influenced by the geography of California. In designing the game mechanics, Naka was inspired by Shigeru Miyamoto, whose games he had enjoyed playing years earlier. Admiring the simplicity of Miyamoto's mechanics in complex environments, Naka decided that Sonic would be controlled with only a directional pad for movement and a single button for jumping. He also wanted his creation to be more action @-@ oriented than the Mario series ; while playing Super Mario Bros., he had wondered why the levels could not be cleared more quickly. Due to the need to demonstrate the Genesis'technological prowess, the developing game underwent extensive testing and redesign, a process taking over six months. The developers'efforts were rewarded ; according to Yuji Naka, the game had the fastest @-@ ever character speed in a video game and a rotation effect in the special stages that was considered impossible on the console. The team intended to add a two @-@ player mode displayed via split @-@ screen, but Naka's programming knowledge was insufficient to implement this feature. However, such a mode would later appear in sequel Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ( 1992 ), where the second player would control Sonic's best friend Miles " Tails " Prower. Naka, Oshima, and Yasuhara worked 19 hours a day on the project for several months. Naka's relationship with Sega of Japan was tenuous during this time ; he received little credit for his involvement in the game. He left the company shortly after the game's release, although Sega of America hired him later. Before leaving, however, he defied Sega of Japan's prohibition of developer credits by displaying a few names in black text on a black background, identifiable only by looking at the game's code. = = = Music = = = The music for Sonic the Hedgehog was composed and produced by Masato Nakamura, bassist and lead songwriter of the J @-@ pop band Dreams Come True. The game uses onboard Yamaha YM2612 and SN76489 programmable sound generators to produce a variety of stereo sound effects and music. It was originally intended to have a sound test menu with animations of Sonic breakdancing to the music of a " Sonic Band " of Sharps Chicken on guitar, Max Monkey on bass, Mach Rabbit on drums, and Vector the Crocodile on keyboard. The playable Vector became a recurring character in the series, also appearing in Knuckles'Chaotix, Sonic Heroes, and Sonic Free Riders. The development schedule scrapped the feature, and Yuji Naka replaced the test with the " Se @-@ ga! " chant used in TV commercials ( which reportedly used one @-@ eighth of the memory of the four @-@ megabit cartridge ). On October 19, 2011, twenty years after the game's release, a three @-@ disc compilation of music from Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was released in Japan. The first disc features original tracks from both games, the second contains Masato Nakamura's demo recordings and the third comprises songs by Dreams Come True and their Akon remixes. = = = Packaging and release = = = Game @-@ package illustrator Akira Watanabe said that his goal was to make the characters " colorful ", using clear lines and gradation to " finish them neatly ". According to Watanabe, the developers asked him to create a package design " similar to pop art... without being particular to conventional packages " – something " original " and " stylish ". The game was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on June 23, 1991, and in Japan on July 26. Sega of America packaged it with American Genesis consoles, replacing Altered Beast. Genesis owners who bought their consoles before the switch could request free copies of Sonic the Hedgehog by mail. Sega of America created a large @-@ scale marketing campaign to promote the game and Sonic as a mascot for the company. = = Alternate versions and ports = = = = = 8 @-@ bit version = = = A version of Sonic the Hedgehog was developed by Ancient and released in 1991 for Sega's 8 @-@ bit consoles, the Master System and Game Gear. Its plot and gameplay mechanics are similar to the 16 @-@ bit version, with different level themes and digital assets. The level design is flatter, with no vertical loops, and Sonic cannot re @-@ collect his rings after being hit. The game has a different soundtrack, composed by chiptune musician Yuzo Koshiro and including his compositions and adaptations of music from the 16 @-@ bit version. It was the final game released for the Master System in North America. The Master System version was re @-@ released for Wii's Virtual Console service in North America on August 4, 2008, and in Europe on August 8. The Game Gear version was re @-@ released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on June 13, 2013, and included as an unlockable game in Sonic Adventure DX : Director's Cut for GameCube and Windows and Sonic Mega Collection Plus for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Windows. = = = Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis = = = A port, Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis, was released for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) on November 14, 2006 in United States to mark the game's fifteenth anniversary. It included several new features, such as the ability to save game progress, a level select option, and an Anniversary Mode with the Spin Dash move ( not originally implemented until Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ). Its screen is slightly zoomed in, and adapted to the GBA's widescreen aspect ratio. The game received poor reviews, with a Metacritic score of 33 percent ; the chief complaints concerned its poor conversion to the Game Boy Advance ( resulting in a slow frame rate ), remixed chunky music, and poor preservation of the original gameplay. = = = Compilation releases = = = With its sequels for the Genesis, Sonic the Hedgehog has been ported for a wide range of home and handheld consoles and personal computers. It has appeared in Sonic Compilation ( 1995 ) for the Genesis, Sonic Jam ( 1997 ) for the Sega Saturn and Game.com, Sonic Mega Collection ( 2002 ), Sonic Mega Collection Plus ( 2004 ), Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection ( 2009 ) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, and Sonic Classic Collection ( 2010 ) for the Nintendo DS. Additionally, the game is an unlockable reward in the console versions of Sonic Generations. = = = Downloadable releases = = = Sonic the Hedgehog has been available for all three major seventh @-@ generation video game consoles. It was part of the Wii Virtual Console at the service's 2006 introduction, and was released for the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network shortly afterwards. The game was released for the iPod Classic, iPod video, and video @-@ capable iPod Nano models in 2007 and for Apple's iOS service ( compatible iPhone and iPod touch models ) in April 2009. Sonic the Hedgehog became available on GameTap in September 2009. In October 2010, it was released as a Microsoft Windows download which was ported to Steam. The game was ported to two online app services ( Google Play and the Amazon Appstore ) in December 2012. A remastered mobile port, created using Christian Whitehead's Retro Engine previously used in the 2011 rerelease of Sonic CD, was released on iOS, replacing the original port, on May 15, 2013 with an Android version released the following day. The port features widescreen graphics, the optional ability to spin dash, a time attack mode, and the unlockable option to play as Tails or Knuckles the Echidna. The game was also released as part of the Nintendo 3DS 3D Classics line in May 2013 in Japan, and worldwide in December. = = Reception = = Sonic the Hedgehog was critically praised at its release and in retrospective reviews, with an 86 @-@ percent approval rating at the review aggregator GameRankings based on nine reviews. The game rivaled the Mario series, particularly Super Mario World ( which was recently released for Genesis rival Super Nintendo Entertainment System ). Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games compared the two in depth and characterized Sonic the Hedgehog as being faster, with brighter colors, and Super Mario World as having more " depth of play ". Reviewers noted the game's colorful, detailed graphics. Rand called its color scheme " lively, but never garish ", praising the interaction of color with detail in the sprites, backgrounds, and animations and describing its graphics as the best available for the Genesis. Reviewer Boogie Man of GamePro called the intricate backgrounds " eye @-@ popping " and " gorgeous ", which was echoed by Mean Machines. According to the Lessers ( Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk ) of Dragon, " The graphics and animation in Sonic the Hedgehog make this a serious contender for the best video game of

wikitext_103

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