Changes in American Children's Time, 1997-2003

International Journal of Time Use Research, 6(1):26-47.

Abstract

Over the six-year period between 1997 and 2003 broad social changes occurred in the United States: welfare
rules changed, the nation’s school policies were overhauled, America was attacked by terrorists, and American
values shifted in a conservative direction. Changes in children’s time were consistent with these trends.
Discretionary time declined. Studying and reading increased over the period, whereas participation in sports
declined, suggesting that the increased emphasis on academics at the school level has altered children’s behavior
at home as well. Increased participation in religious and youth activities and declines in outdoor activities may
reflect changes in parental values and security concerns. The results suggest continuation of the upward trend in
reading and studying from the 1980s and early 1990s, but increased religious attendance and youth group
participation rather than increased participation in sports characterized this recent period.