                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ____________

                                    No. 14-1175
                                   _____________

                     PAUL KAMINSKI; STEPHEN J. RUSSELL;
                      RICHARD T. ROSS; FRANK T. PALINO,
                                          Appellants

                                           v.

            TOWNSHIP OF TOMS RIVER; MICHAEL MASTRONARDY,
            Individually and in his official capacity; VINCENT PEDALINO;
              STEVEN GERDING, Individually and in his official capacity;
           RAYMOND MALONEY, Individually and in his official capacity;
              WILLIAM MORSCH, Individually and in his official capacity;
              MICHAEL MILLER, Individually and in his official capacity;
          CHRISTOPHER DUDZIK, Individually and in his official capacity;
        CHRISTOPHER ANDERSON, Individually and in his official capacity;
             PATRICK DELLANE, Individually and in his official capacity;
    SHAUN O'Keefe, Individually and in his official capacity; JEFFERY LENNOX,
            Individually and in his official capacity; MICHAEL BROSNAN,
Individually and in his official capacity; BRIAN NESTA, Individually and in his official
       capacity; GREGORY HOPPER, Individually and in his official capacity;
             INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE;
                JOHN DOES 1-5; Individually and in his official capacity
                                     ______________

                                     No. 14-1176
                                   ______________

                     PAUL KAMINSKI; STEPHEN J. RUSSELL;
                             FRANK T. PALINO,
                                     Appellants

                                           v.

           TOWNSHIP OF TOMS RIVER; MICHAEL MASTRONARDY,
     Individually and in his official capacity; GUY MAIRE; THEODORE GROB;
RONALD SERMARINI; RALPH STOCCO; SCOTT MOELLER; PETER SUNDACK;
  ROBERT RANKIN; KEITH DIEHL; DANIEL SYSOL; EUGENE BACHONSKI;
    CHRISTOPHER MCDOWELL; EDMUND MOONEY; JOHN DOES 1-5,
                 Individually and in their official capacity
                             ______________

           ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                    FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
                  (D.C. Civil Nos. 10-cv-02883 and 11-cv-4605)
                   District Judge: Honorable Michael A. Shipp
                                  ____________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  November 20, 2014
                                    ____________

               Before: SMITH, HARDIMAN and BARRY, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion Filed: December 23, 2014)
                                     ____________

                                        OPINION*
                                      ____________

BARRY, Circuit Judge

       These cases challenge the procedures used in 2006 and 2011 to promote police

officers to the ranks of sergeant and lieutenant in the Township of Toms River.

Plaintiffs, four Township police officers who were not promoted as a result of the

examinations, appeal the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

defendants, which include the Township and individuals associated with the police

department. We will affirm.



*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                             2
                                              I.

       As we write primarily for the parties, we note only the facts necessary for our

discussion of the issues before us. The Township, a non-civil service jurisdiction, uses a

“chief’s test” to promote police officers. Plaintiffs Paul Kaminski, Stephen J. Russell, and

Frank T. Palino took the examination for promotion to sergeant in 2006 and 2011, and

plaintiff Richard T. Ross took the lieutenant’s examination in 2006. They allege that the

process allowed promotions to be made on the basis of evaluators’ biases or favoritism,

and that they were victims of this process.

       On June 4, 2010, plaintiffs filed Kaminski I, the first of two actions, primarily

challenging the evaluation component of the 2006 sergeant’s and lieutenant’s exams.

They sued the Township; Michael Mastronardy, the police chief; Vincent Pedalino, the

deputy chief (now retired); Steven Gerding, a lieutenant (now retired); the International

Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), which was involved in preparing examination

materials and in exam administration; and eleven officers who were promoted or

promotion-eligible as a result of the 2006 exams. Plaintiffs’ operative complaint, filed

April 22, 2011, asserted, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that they were deprived of a fair,

transparent promotional process and were arbitrarily denied promotions in violation of

due process. Russell and Palino also claimed they received low scores in retaliation for

supporting a civil service system, in violation of their First Amendment rights.1


1
  Russell and Palino asserted this claim against the Township, Mastronardy, Pedalino,
and Gerding only. We note that although the complaint contained additional counts and
defendants, by the time the District Court ruled on the motions for summary judgment, all
                                             3
       On August 9, 2011, all but Ross filed a second action (“Kaminski II”), challenging

the 2011 sergeant’s exam. Their second amended complaint, filed March 9, 2012, named

the Township, Mastronardy, and twelve officers who were or would be promoted as a

result of the exam. They alleged a violation of due process and First Amendment

retaliation against the Township and Mastronardy. Specifically, plaintiffs again asserted a

claim under § 1983 for deprivation of their alleged “right to a fair and transparent process

of promotions,” and contended that they were arbitrarily and capriciously denied

promotions. (App. at 453.) They further claimed they “engaged in protected activity

when they spoke out about the 2006 Sergeant’s Examination and filed Kaminski I,” and

that Kaminski engaged in protected activity when he “spoke out” to Mastronardy about

the Township’s policies and Gerding’s (and others’) conduct. (App. at 457.) In return,

plaintiffs’ evaluation scores were purportedly manipulated to deny them promotions.

Plaintiffs also asserted a due process claim against the officers who were or would be

promoted under the 2011 exam.

       The exams included oral and written assessments and an evaluation of each

candidate by a panel. As noted, plaintiffs principally, though by no means exclusively,

challenge the latter component, which consisted of a three-person “review board” – two

static evaluators and a third chosen by the candidate; all were members of the department

– evaluating candidates (who were not present) on a one-to-seven scale in 44 categories.


that remained in Kaminski I were plaintiffs’ due process and First Amendment claims
against defendants other than the IACP. Plaintiffs’ arguments on appeal are likewise
confined to these claims.
                                          4
Plaintiffs contend that this evaluation component was structured and carried out in a way

that permitted manipulation such that evaluators and other, higher-ranking police

personnel could and did favor certain candidates over others.

       On December 31, 2013, the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of

defendants in both actions. The Court concluded that Kaminski I was barred by the

statute of limitations, and that neither the discovery rule nor equitable tolling saved it.

With respect to Kaminski II, the Court concluded the plaintiffs’ due process claims failed

as a matter of law because plaintiffs had “not shown that they have a protected procedural

or substantive right to a fair and transparent promotional process or the right to a

promotion (to the extent that they are claiming one).” (App. at 24-25.) As to the First

Amendment claim, the Court held that plaintiffs had not engaged in protected activity by

filing Kaminski I because they did not demonstrate that the action “addressed a matter of

public concern.” (App. at 28.) This appeal followed.2

                                            II.

                                            A.

       Plaintiffs’ primary substantive challenge on appeal is to the District Court’s

conclusion that they lacked the necessary property interest to succeed on their due


2
  The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343. We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of a grant of summary judgment is
plenary, and “we apply the same standard as the District Court in determining whether
summary judgment was appropriate.” Dique v. N.J. State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 185 (3d
Cir. 2010); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) (summary judgment is properly granted “if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law”).
                                             5
process claims. While conceding that they have no property interest in the promotions

themselves, they argue that they have a property interest in a “fair and unbiased

promotional examination.” (Appellants’ Br. 39.) We disagree.3

       The Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause prohibits States from

“depriv[ing] any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S.

Const. amend. XIV, § 1. To succeed on a procedural due process claim, a plaintiff must

prove that “(1) he was deprived of an individual interest that is encompassed within the

Fourteenth Amendment’s protection of ‘life, liberty, or property,’ and (2) the procedures

available to him did not provide ‘due process of law.’” Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455

F.3d 225, 233-34 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Alvin v. Suzuki, 227 F.3d 107, 116 (3d Cir.

2000)). “Property interests are ‘created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules

or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law—rules or

understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to those

benefits.’” Baraka v. McGreevey, 481 F.3d 187, 205 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Bd. of

Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972)). Additionally, to have a property interest of

constitutional dimension, a person must have “more than an abstract desire or need” for a

benefit and “more than a unilateral expectation of it”; he or she must have “a legitimate

claim of entitlement to it.” Roth, 408 U.S. at 577.

3
  Although the District Court did not consider the merits of plaintiffs’ due process claims
in Kaminski I because it found that action barred by the statute of limitations, plaintiffs
have conceded that their procedural due process claims in both actions are “essentially
identical.” (Appellants’ Br. 41.) Our analysis pertains to both claims. See Nicini v.
Morra, 212 F.3d 798, 805 (3d Cir. 2000) (“We may affirm the District Court on any
grounds supported by the record.”).
                                            6
       Plaintiffs have targeted a broad array of alleged wrongs with the Township’s

promotional methods, using the umbrella term of a “fair” and “transparent” process to

describe the property interest they invoke. As authority for this interest, they point to a

state statute, local ordinances, and contracts between the Township and the IACP.

Review of these sources, however, reveals no language giving rise to a “legitimate claim

of entitlement” to a process with the specific features plaintiffs have described.

       N.J.S.A. 40A:14-129 provides that in non-civil service jurisdictions “a promotion

of any member or officer of the police department or force to a superior position shall be

made from the membership of such department or force.” Further, “[d]ue consideration

shall be given to the member or officer so proposed for the promotion, to the length and

merit of his service and preference shall be given according to seniority in service.” Id.

Toms River Ordinance 4294-10, which sets out the sergeant’s promotional process for

the 2011 exam, and according to plaintiffs “formally adopted” the police department’s

promotional policy (Appellants’ Br. 47), similarly provides that “[i]n accordance with

N.J.S.A. 40A:14-129, due consideration shall be given to the length and merit of service

and to seniority in service to any candidate for promotion to Sergeant.” (App. at 264.)

Under this ordinance, the Township was to announce the criteria for promotion and

weight of each criterion at least 120 days before testing began, and make evaluation

results “known to all applicants” at least 90 days before a written test was to be

scheduled. (Id.) The ordinance also specified the components of phases I and II: i.e.,




                                              7
longevity, a written test, a “tabletop” exercise, and an evaluation. (Id. at 264-65.)4

       Plaintiffs seize on the “due consideration” language in the statute and ordinance,

and argue that the ordinance “provides specific rules intended to provide a fair and

transparent promotional system.” (Appellants’ Br. 48.) They also rely on language

requiring that “due consideration” be given a candidate’s “merit of service.” The statute

and ordinance do set out certain requirements, including that merit of service be

considered. But plaintiffs have, without support, extrapolated a general intent that the

process be “fair and transparent,” and argue from this premise that they have an interest

in a host of other characteristics that they contend the process requires. They do not

provide authority for why the language in these provisions must be read to include the

features they want, or, more generally, for why their expectation that the process would

include those features was anything but unilateral. Cf. Stana v. Sch. Dist. of the City of

Pittsburgh, 775 F.2d 122, 126-27 (3d Cir. 1985) (finding property interest in “established

policy” communicated to candidates regarding eligibility list).5

       We similarly reject plaintiffs’ invocation of the contract between the Township


4
  The ordinance and code section applicable to the 2006 sergeant’s and lieutenant’s
promotional process were no more detailed and, for present purposes, were immaterially
different from Toms River Ordinance 4294-10.
5
  Plaintiffs’ closest citation, to Weber v. Borough of Glen Rock, 2008 WL 4681944 (N.J.
Super. Ct. App. Div. Oct. 23, 2008), an unpublished per curiam opinion, is unavailing. In
rejecting Weber’s due process claim, the court referenced “a right to participate in a fair
promotional process,” but did not tether it to either N.J.S.A. 40A:14-129 or the local
code, and rejected his attempt to read into those provisions requirements that were not
stated or supported by analogy to existing case law. See id. at *2-4.

                                              8
and the IACP relating to the IACP’s role in developing the 2011 test materials and

administering the examinations – specifically, the contract’s provision for “trained

evaluators,” “training for evaluators,” and “monitoring the evaluation of candidates.”

(Appellants’ Br. 48.)6 These phrases, again, do not impose general requirements on the

process beyond what they actually say, and surely do not confer an entitlement to a

promotional examination with features amounting to plaintiffs’ concept of what is “fair.”

                                              B.

         The only First Amendment argument before us on appeal is that “Russell and

Palino have . . . demonstrated their claim for First Amendment retaliation in the

Kaminski I and Kaminski II lawsuits,” based on their union activity and affiliation.

(Appellants’ Br. 64-65.) It is clear from our review of the record, however, that Russell

and Palino only asserted such a claim in Kaminski I,7 and we conclude the claim was

untimely.8

         In Kaminski I, Russell and Palino claimed they were scored lower in the 2006

exam in retaliation for supporting a civil service exam system, diminishing their chances


6
    The 2006 contract was not materially different.
7
  As previously noted, the First Amendment retaliation claim in Kaminski II, Count II of
the complaint, was based on plaintiffs’ “speaking out” about the 2006 exam and the filing
of Kaminski I, as well as on Paul Kaminski’s “speaking out” about Township policies
and Gerding’s and others’ conduct – not on Russell and Palino’s union activity.
8
  We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s “conclusion that [plaintiffs] failed
to assert [their] claims within the applicable limitations period.” Kach v. Hose, 589 F.3d
626, 633 (3d Cir. 2009).

                                              9
of promotion. The 2006 results were issued on March 1, 2007; on that date, Russell and

Palino “‘knew or should have known of the injury upon which [their] action is based’”;

i.e., their failure to attain promotion eligibility. Kach v. Hose, 589 F.3d 626, 634 (3d Cir.

2009) (quoting Sameric Corp. v. City of Philadelphia, 142 F.3d 582, 599 (3d Cir. 1998)).

They had two years from that date of accrual to bring their claims. See id.; see also

N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2; Dique, 603 F.3d at 185 (“[A] section 1983 claim arising in New Jersey

has a two-year statute of limitations.”). Kaminski I was filed in 2010, making their claim

untimely.

         Neither the discovery rule nor the doctrine of equitable tolling requires any other

conclusion. The former “‘postpones the accrual of a cause of action so long as a party

reasonably is unaware either that he has been injured, or that the injury is due to the fault

or neglect of an identifiable individual or entity.’” Kendall v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 36

A.3d 541, 551 (N.J. 2012) (quoting Caravaggio v. D’Agostini, 765 A.2d 182, 186 (N.J.

2001)).9 Stated differently, a plaintiff must be aware that he or she is injured, and that the

injury is caused by another person; awareness of the factual basis on which a legal claim

can be asserted is all that is needed. Lapka v. Porter Hayden Co., 745 A.2d 525, 530-31

(N.J. 2000). Russell and Palino admitted in their depositions that Gerding’s animosity

towards them based on the civil service proposal predated the 2006 exam, and this is the

same factual basis for their claim. Thus, the discovery rule does not delay the accrual date

of their retaliation claim.


9
    Generally, “state tolling principles . . . govern § 1983 claims.” Kach, 589 F.3d at 639.
                                                  10
       Equitable tolling stops the running of a limitations period applicable to an accrued

claim “because the plaintiff lacked vital information that was withheld by a defendant.”

Freeman v. State, 788 A.2d 867, 879 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2002). Russell and Palino

do not contend that they, specifically, were tricked into not filing in a timely manner, or

that some extraordinary circumstance prevented them from doing so. See id. at 879-80.10

Nor do they contend that they filed in the wrong forum or with a defective pleading. See

id. Rather, they rely more broadly on Kaminski’s experiences and on certain attributes of

the exam that resulted in information not being disclosed, and allege that there was no

way they could have or should have known until they talked to Kaminski. Even assuming

arguendo that is true of plaintiffs’ due process claims, it is not the case for the facts

supporting Russell and Palino’s First Amendment claim in Kaminski I. Summary

judgment was properly granted for defendants on this claim.

                                           IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting

summary judgment for defendants.




10
  The elements of federal equitable tolling are the same. See Lake v. Arnold, 232 F.3d
360, 370 n.9 (3d Cir. 2000).
                                           11
