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Formal education describes the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum. | Formal education |
This kind of quantitative data — research collected in numerical form that can be counted — are easy to tabulate. | quantitative data |
The power in an oligarchy is held by a small, elite group. | an oligarchy |
The French king was executed in January 1793, and the next two years became known as the Terror, a period of extreme violence against perceived enemies of the revolutionary government. | the Terror |
Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus. | Behavior |
The cytochrome complex, an enzyme composed of two protein complexes, transfers the electrons from the carrier molecule plastoquinone( Pq) to the protein plastocyanin( Pc), thus enabling both the transfer of protons across the thylakoid membrane and the transfer of electrons from PSII to PSI. | The cytochrome complex |
The term personality refers loosely to one ’s stable, consistent, and distinctive way of thinking about, feeling, acting, and relating to the world. | personality |
The organic and inorganic material in which soils form is the parent material. | the parent material |
Our perceptions are based on perceptual hypotheses : educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information. | perceptual hypotheses |
But while a current in a circuit needs a complete path, an antenna has a varying charge distribution forming a standing wave, driven by the AC. | an antenna |
While the sympathetic nervous system is activated in stressful situations, the parasympathetic nervous system allows an animal to “ rest and digest. ” | the parasympathetic nervous system |
A firm ’s first sale of stock to the public is called an initial public offering( IPO). | an initial public offering IPO |
We experience congruence when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar — in other words, when our self - concept is accurate. | congruence |
In Müllerian mimicry, multiple species share the same warning coloration, but all of them actually have defenses. | Müllerian mimicry |
Animals communicate with each other using stimuli known as signals. | signals |
The occipital cortex is organized retinotopically, which means there is a close relationship between the position of an object in a person ’s visual field and the position of that object ’s representation on the cortex. | The occipital cortex retinotopically |
The basolateral complex has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. | The basolateral complex |
The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. | The molarity of a solution |
Recall that vectors are quantities that have both magnitude and direction.) | vectors |
Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as inflammatory pain. | inflammatory pain |
This process of cell division is called mitosis. | mitosis |
Still other viruses affect the plant by directly killing plant cells, a process known as cell necrosis. | cell necrosis |
The connection between the sister chromatids is closest in a region called the centromere. | the centromere |
Hearing is the perception of sound, just as vision is the perception of visible light. | Hearing vision |
Organs are collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. | Organs |
The metatarsals are the five bones of the foot. | The metatarsals |
Myopia( nearsightedness) occurs when an eyeball is elongated and the image focus falls in front of the retina. | Myopia |
As mentioned in the previous section, the cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior. | the cognitive revolution |
All healthy babies are born with newborn reflexes : inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation. | newborn reflexes |
When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. | correlated |
In fact, one of New York ’s first newspapers, the New York Weekly Journal, began under John Peter Zenger in 1733 with the goal of routing corruption in the colonial government. | the New York Weekly Journal |
The visible spectrum is the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see. | The visible spectrum |
The competitive exclusion principle states that two species can not occupy the same niche in a habitat. | The competitive exclusion principle |
The long - run equilibrium is shown in the figure at point Y, where the firm ’s perceived demand curve touches the average cost curve. | The long - run equilibrium |
The expenditure - output model, sometimes also called the Keynesian cross diagram, determines the equilibrium level of real GDP by the point where the total or aggregate expenditures in the economy are equal to the amount of output produced. | The expenditure - output model the Keynesian cross diagram |
This was followed by the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which required public schools to educate children with disabilities. | the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 |
When the income elasticity of demand is negative, the good is called an inferior good. The concepts of normal and inferior goods were introduced in Demand and Supply. | an inferior good |
A simplified theory of color vision is that there are three primary colors corresponding to the three types of cones. | A simplified theory of color vision |
Contour feathers are the feathers found on the body, and they help reduce drag produced by wind resistance during flight. | Contour feathers |
People who exist in the same place at the same time but who do not interact or share a sense of identity — such as a bunch of people standing in line at Starbucks — are considered an aggregate, or a crowd. | an aggregate a crowd |
The bank will be more willing to make what are called “ subprime loans, ” which are loans that have characteristics like low or zero down - payment, little scrutiny of whether the borrower has a reliable income, and sometimes low payments for the first year or two that will be followed by much higher payments after that. | subprime loans |
In contrast, a person who has psychological dependence has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. | psychological dependence |
In this process, known as confirmation bias, we seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes( Wason & Johnson - Laird, 1972). | confirmation bias |
Executive Order 9066, signed by Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, gave the army power to remove people from “ military areas ” to prevent sabotage or espionage. | Executive Order 9066 |
In the bacterial context, the fragment of DNA from the human genome( or the genome of another organism that is being studied) is referred to as foreign DNA, or a transgene, to differentiate it from the DNA of the bacterium, which is called the host DNA. | foreign DNA a transgene the host DNA |
Resistors are in series whenever the flow of charge, called the current, must flow through devices sequentially. | Resistors |
In transduction, bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria, sometimes also move short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another. | transduction |
A darkly staining area within the nucleus called the nucleolus( plural = nucleoli) aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are then transported out through the pores in the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm. | the nucleolus |
More specifically, the disturbances of waves are superimposed when they come together — a phenomenon called superposition. | superposition |
The innermost group of structures in the flower is the gynoecium, or the female reproductive component( s). | the gynoecium the female reproductive component ( s ) |
Sociologists distinguish subcultures from countercultures, which are a type of subculture that rejects some of the larger culture ’s norms and values. | countercultures |
A cohort is a group of people who share a statistical or demographic trait. | A cohort |
Nutrients that plants require in larger amounts are called macronutrients. | macronutrients |
In 2014, in the case of McCullen v. Coakley, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the law that created a buffer zone between protestors and clinic entrances. | the case of McCullen v. Coakley |
Dendritic cells are immune cells that process antigen material ; they are present in the skin( Langerhans cells) and the lining of the nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. | Dendritic cells |
Differences in breeding schedules, called temporal isolation, can act as a form of reproductive isolation. | temporal isolation |
Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. | Proteins |
In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists such as Parsons( 1961). | dynamic equilibrium |
Conflict theorists point to tracking, a formalized sorting system that places students on “ tracks ”( advanced versus low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. | tracking |
These gaps are called nodes of Ranvier and are sites where the signal is “ recharged ” as it travels along the axon. | nodes of Ranvier |
This is the percentage of adults in an economy who are either employed or who are unemployed and looking for a job. | This |
A species ’ life history describes the series of events over its lifetime, such as how resources are allocated for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. | A species ’ life history |
Merkel ’s disks respond to light pressure, while Ruffini corpuscles detect stretch( Abraira & Ginty, 2013). | Merkel ’s disks Ruffini corpuscles |
First, interstate commerce was interpreted broadly to mean “ commercial intercourse ” among states, thus allowing Congress to regulate navigation. | interstate commerce |
A thermal hazard is one where excessive electric power causes undesired thermal effects, such as starting a fire in the wall of a house. | A thermal hazard |
The point where the supply curve( S) and the demand curve( D) cross, designated by point E in, is called the equilibrium. | the equilibrium |
Parasitism describes a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits at the expense of the other. | Parasitism |
The Mexican Cession, as the conquest of land west of the Rio Grande was called, included the current states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and portions of Colorado and Wyoming. | The Mexican Cession |
A collision in which the objects stick together is sometimes called a perfectly inelastic collision because it reduces internal kinetic energy more than does any other type of inelastic collision. | a perfectly inelastic collision |
A commensal relationship occurs when one species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. | A commensal relationship |
Financial capital markets bridge this gap : that is, they find ways to take the inflow of funds from many separate suppliers of financial capital and transform it into the funds desired by demanders of financial capital. | Financial capital markets |
The early portion of stage 1 sleep produces alpha waves, which are relatively low frequency( 8 – 13 Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity( waves) that become synchronized. | The early portion of stage 1 sleep |
A random sample is a subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. | A random sample |
A monopolistically competitive firm perceives a demand for its goods that is an intermediate case between monopoly and competition. | A monopolistically competitive firm |
Columbus ’s 1493 letter — or probanza de mérito( proof of merit) — describing his “ discovery ” of a New World did much to inspire excitement in Europe. | Columbus ’s 1493 letter probanza de mérito |
A Punnett square, devised by the British geneticist Reginald Punnett, can be drawn that applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross or mating and their expected frequencies. | A Punnett square Reginald Punnett |
Blood pressure pulsates because of the pumping action of the heart, reaching a maximum, called systolic pressure, and a minimum, called diastolic pressure, with each heartbeat. | systolic pressure diastolic pressure |
Digestion and AbsorptionDigestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments. | AbsorptionDigestion |
This process is called organogenesis. | organogenesis |
Early in development, when female mammalian embryos consist of just a few thousand cells( relative to trillions in the newborn), one X chromosome in each cell inactivates by tightly condensing into a quiescent( dormant) structure called a Barr body. | a Barr body |
Ballot fatigue occurs when someone votes only for the top or important ballot positions, such as president or governor, and stops voting rather than continue to the bottom of a long ballot. | Ballot fatigue |
This led to haze - effect cooling, a global phenomenon that occurs when dust, ash, or other suspended particles block out sunlight and trigger lower global temperatures as a result ; haze - effect cooling usually extends for one or more years. | haze - effect cooling |
Microphylls are present in the club mosses and probably preceded the development of megaphylls, or “ big leaves ”, which are larger leaves with a pattern of branching veins. | Microphylls big leaves |
The mitochondria - first hypothesis proposes that mitochondria were first established in a prokaryotic host( b), which subsequently acquired a nucleus, by fusion or other mechanisms, to become the first eukaryotic cell. | The mitochondria - first hypothesis |
Gene therapy is used to treat genetic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency( SCID), a heritable, recessive disease in which children are born with severely compromised immune systems. | severe combined immunodeficiency SCID |
The branch that enters the glomerulus is called the afferent arteriole. | the afferent arteriole |
Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time. | Community dynamics |
Three years later, national regulatory capacity was broadened by the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which made it illegal to monopolize or attempt to monopolize and conspire in restraining commerce( Figure 03_02_Commerce). | the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 |
This was long after the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, which granted citizenship to African Americans but not, the Supreme Court decided in Elk v. Wilkins( 1884), to Native Americans. | the Fourteenth Amendment |
Fluorescence is defined to be any process in which an atom or molecule, excited by a photon of a given energy, and de - excites by emission of a lower - energy photon. Fluorescence can be induced by many types of energy input. | Fluorescence |
Basal angiosperms are a group of plants that are believed to have branched off before the separation into monocots and eudicots because they exhibit traits from both groups. | Basal angiosperms |
The name laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, the process just described. | laser |
Wakefulness is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. | Wakefulness |
In politics and business, a quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present to vote on an issue. | a quorum |
The next year, Congress passed the Homeland Security Act, creating the Department of Homeland Security, which centralized control over a number of different government functions in order to better control threats at home. | the Homeland Security Act the Department of Homeland Security |
The microsporangia, which are usually bi - lobed, are pollen sacs in which the microspores develop into pollen grains. | The microsporangia |
Most mammals are diphyodonts, meaning that they have two sets of teeth in their lifetime : deciduous or “ baby ” teeth, and permanent teeth. | diphyodonts |
Reactions that have a negative ∆G and consequently release free energy are called exergonic reactions. | exergonic reactions |
Budding yeasts are able to participate in a process that is similar to sexual reproduction that entails two haploid cells( cells with one - half the normal number of chromosomes) combining to form a diploid cell( a cell with two sets of each chromosome, which is what normal body cells contain). | haploid cells a diploid cell |
The cnidarians perform extracellular digestion in which the food is taken into the gastrovascular cavity, enzymes are secreted into the cavity, and the cells lining the cavity absorb nutrients. | The cnidarians |