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"Cost Analysis",
"2012",
"2011",
"€m",
"€m",
"Cost of sales analysis",
" 8,086 ",
"Raw materials and goods for resale",
" 7,994 ",
" 1,960 ",
"Employment costs (note 6)",
" 1,791 ",
" 733 ",
"Energy conversion costs",
" 780 ",
" 425 ",
"Repairs and maintenance",
" 416 ",
" 590 ",
"Depreciation, amortisation and impairment (i)",
" 556 ",
"(100)",
"Change in inventory (note 20)",
"(69)",
" 1,868 ",
"Other production expenses (primarily sub-contractor costs and equipment rental)",
" 1,711 ",
" 13,562 ",
"Total",
" 13,179 ",
"Operating costs analysis",
" 2,984 ",
"Selling and distribution costs",
" 2,804 ",
" 1,204 ",
"Administrative expenses",
" 1,175 ",
" 70 ",
"Other operating expenses",
" 82 ",
"(6)",
"Other operating income",
"(30)",
" 4,252 ",
"Total",
" 4,031 ",
"(i)",
"Depreciation, amortisation and impairment analysis",
"Cost of sales",
"Operating costs",
"Total",
"2012",
"2012",
"2012",
"2011",
"2011",
"2011",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
" 569 ",
" 154 ",
" 723 ",
"Depreciation and depletion (note 14)",
" 556 ",
" 170 ",
" 726 ",
" 21 ",
" 4 ",
" 25 ",
"Impairment of property, plant and equipment (note 14)",
" -",
" 16 ",
" 16 ",
" -",
" 3 ",
" 3 ",
"Impairment of intangible assets (note 15)",
" -",
" 5 ",
" 5 ",
" -",
" 44 ",
" 44 ",
"Amortisation of intangible assets (note 15)",
" -",
" 38 ",
" 38 ",
"590",
"205",
"795",
"Total",
"556",
"229",
"785",
"4.",
"4.",
"Operating Profit Disclosures",
"Operating Profit Disclosures",
"2012",
"2011",
"€m",
"€m",
"Operating lease rentals*",
" 99 ",
"- hire of plant and machinery",
" 98 ",
" 192 ",
"- land and buildings",
" 173 ",
" 70 ",
"- other operating leases",
" 49 ",
" 361 ",
"Total",
" 320 ",
"Auditor’s remuneration*",
"In accordance with statutory requirements in Ireland, fees for professional services provided by the Group’s independent auditors in respect of each of the following ",
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"Audit of the",
"Other assurance ",
"Tax advisory",
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"Total",
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"services ",
"(i)",
"(ii)",
"2012",
"2012",
"2012",
"2012",
"2011",
"2011",
"2011",
"2011",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
"€m",
" 2 ",
" -",
" -",
" 2 ",
"E&Y Ireland (statutory auditor)",
" 2 ",
"1",
" -",
" 3 ",
" 12 ",
" 2 ",
" 1 ",
" 15 ",
"E&Y (network firms)",
" 11 ",
"1",
"1",
" 13 ",
" 14 ",
" 2 ",
" 1 ",
" 17 ",
"Total",
" 13 ",
"2",
"1",
" 16 ",
"(i)",
"Audit of the Group accounts includes Sarbanes-Oxley attestation, parent and subsidiary statutory audit fees, but excludes €1 million (2011: €2 million) paid to ",
"auditors other than E&Y.",
"(ii) Other assurance services includes attestation and due diligence services that are closely related to the performance of the audit.",
"* ",
"Figures include the Group’s proportionate share of amounts in joint ventures.",
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745,
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481
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846,
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900,
481
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469,
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496,
496
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[
569,
483,
596,
496
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[
665,
483,
692,
496
],
[
757,
483,
792,
496
],
[
866,
483,
900,
496
],
[
73,
483,
308,
496
],
[
306,
484,
315,
492
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[
461,
498,
496,
511
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561,
498,
596,
511
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657,
498,
692,
511
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757,
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792,
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858,
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293,
511
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291,
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507
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873,
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73,
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342,
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[
73,
529,
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461,
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561,
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[
657,
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[
757,
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[
858,
529,
900,
542
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[
73,
544,
383,
557
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[
469,
544,
496,
557
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[
569,
544,
596,
557
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[
665,
544,
692,
557
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[
765,
544,
792,
557
],
[
873,
544,
900,
557
],
[
937,
553,
949,
684
],
[
73,
559,
369,
572
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[
461,
559,
496,
572
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[
561,
559,
596,
572
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[
657,
559,
692,
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[
757,
559,
792,
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[
858,
559,
900,
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[
73,
574,
258,
587
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88,
589,
304,
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[
461,
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[
561,
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596,
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[
657,
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692,
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[
757,
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[
866,
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900,
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[
88,
604,
355,
617
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[
461,
604,
496,
617
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[
561,
604,
596,
617
],
[
653,
604,
692,
617
],
[
757,
604,
792,
617
],
[
866,
604,
900,
617
],
[
88,
621,
253,
634
],
[
461,
621,
496,
634
],
[
561,
621,
596,
634
],
[
657,
621,
692,
634
],
[
757,
621,
792,
634
],
[
866,
621,
900,
634
],
[
73,
637,
269,
650
],
[
88,
652,
304,
665
],
[
461,
652,
496,
665
],
[
561,
652,
596,
665
],
[
657,
652,
692,
665
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[
757,
652,
792,
665
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[
866,
652,
900,
665
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[
88,
667,
355,
680
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[
481,
667,
496,
680
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[
561,
667,
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680
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[
653,
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[
73,
715,
196,
728
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461,
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561,
715,
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715,
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715,
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739,
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73,
754,
396,
767
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82,
779,
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792
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787
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441,
805
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[
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[
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] | [
8,
10,
9,
9,
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9,
9,
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5
] | [
"NOTE 20 – quArTErlY FINANCIAl dATA",
"(Unaudited)",
"2011",
"1st",
"2nd",
"3rd",
"4th",
"Total",
"Net sales",
"$ 1,254.1 ",
"$ 1,329.6 ",
"$ 1,321.8 ",
"$ 1,264.7 ",
"$ 5,170.2 ",
" 333.3 ",
" 350.5 ",
" 343.3 ",
" 342.6 ",
" 1,369.7 ",
"Gross profit ",
"(1)",
" 1.1 ",
" 6.2 ",
" 1.2 ",
" 5.9 ",
" 14.4 ",
"Impairment and restructuring charges ",
"(2)",
"Income from continuing operations",
" 113.8 ",
" 122.3 ",
" 112.2 ",
" 108.3 ",
" 456.6 ",
"Net income",
" 113.8 ",
" 122.3 ",
" 112.2 ",
" 108.3 ",
" 456.6 ",
"Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling ",
" 1.1 ",
" 0.8 ",
" 1.2 ",
" (0.8)",
" 2.3 ",
"interests",
"Net income attributable to The Timken company",
" 112.7 ",
" 121.5 ",
" 111.0 ",
" 109.1 ",
" 454.3 ",
"Net income per share – basic:",
"Income from continuing operations",
" 1.15 ",
" 1.24 ",
" 1.13 ",
" 1.12 ",
" 4.65 ",
"Total net income per share",
" 1.15 ",
" 1.24 ",
" 1.13 ",
" 1.12 ",
" 4.65 ",
"Net income per share – Diluted:",
"Income from continuing operations",
" 1.13 ",
" 1.22 ",
" 1.12 ",
" 1.11 ",
" 4.59 ",
"Total net income per share",
" 1.13 ",
" 1.22 ",
" 1.12 ",
" 1.11 ",
" 4.59 ",
"Dividends per share",
" 0.18 ",
" 0.20 ",
" 0.20 ",
" 0.20 ",
" 0.78 ",
"Total",
"2010",
"1st",
"2nd",
"3rd",
"4th",
"Net sales",
"$",
"913.7",
"$ 1,011.4 ",
"$ 1,059.7 ",
"$ 1,070.7 ",
"$ 4,055.5 ",
"Gross profit",
" 222.7 ",
" 268.3 ",
" 265.1 ",
" 265. 6 ",
" 1,021.7 ",
" 5.5 ",
" 1.0 ",
" 2.9 ",
" 12.3 ",
" 21.7 ",
"Impairment and restructuring charges ",
"(3)",
" 28.7 ",
" 82.0 ",
" 72.2 ",
" 86.6 ",
" 269.5 ",
"Income from continuing operations ",
"(4)",
" 0.3 ",
" 4.2 ",
" (1.1)",
" 4.0 ",
" 7.4 ",
"Income (loss) from discontinued operations ",
"(5)",
"Net income",
" 29.0 ",
" 86.2 ",
" 71.1 ",
" 90.6 ",
" 276.9 ",
"Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests",
" 0.4 ",
" 0.6 ",
" 0.8 ",
" 0.3 ",
" 2.1 ",
"FINANCIAls ANd FOOTNOTEs",
"Net income attributable to The Timken Company",
" 28.6 ",
" 85.6 ",
" 70.3 ",
" 90.3 ",
" 274.8 ",
"Net income per share – Basic:",
"Income from continuing operations",
" 0.29 ",
" 0.84 ",
" 0.74 ",
" 0.89 ",
" 2.76 ",
"Income (loss) from discontinued operations",
" 0.01 ",
" 0.04 ",
" (0.01)",
" 0.04 ",
" 0.07 ",
"Total net income per share",
" 0.30 ",
" 0.88 ",
" 0.73 ",
" 0.93 ",
" 2.83 ",
"Net income per share – Diluted:",
"Income from continuing operations",
" 0.29 ",
" 0.84 ",
" 0.73 ",
" 0.87 ",
" 2.73 ",
"Income (loss) from discontinued operations",
" – ",
" 0.04 ",
" (0.01)",
" 0.04 ",
" 0.08 ",
"Total net income per share",
" 0.29 ",
" 0.88 ",
" 0.72 ",
" 0.91 ",
" 2.81 ",
"Dividends per share",
" 0.09 ",
" 0.13 ",
" 0.13 ",
" 0.18 ",
" 0.53 ",
"Earnings per share are computed independently for each of the quarters presented; therefore, the sum of the quarterly earnings per ",
"share may not equal the total computed for the year.",
" Gross profit for the second quarter of 2011 includes an inventory write-down of $3.2 million related to the Company’s decision to exit ",
"(1)",
"certain non-strategic aerospace aftermarket product lines.",
"certain non-strategic aerospace aftermarket product lines.",
"Impairment and restructuring charges for the second quarter of 2011 include exit costs of $5.6 million, impairment charges of $0.4 ",
"Impairment and restructuring charges for the second quarter of 2011 include exit costs of $5.6 million, impairment charges of $0.4 ",
"(2)",
"million and severance and related benefit costs of $0.2 million. Impairment and restructuring charges for the fourth quarter of 2011 ",
"include exit costs of $5.9 million.",
"include exit costs of $5.9 million.",
"Impairment and restructuring charges for the first quarter of 2010 include severance and related benefit costs of $5.0 million and exit ",
"Impairment and restructuring charges for the first quarter of 2010 include severance and related benefit costs of $5.0 million and exit ",
"(3)",
"costs of $0.5 million. Impairment and restructuring charges for the fourth quarter of 2010 include exit costs of $8.2 million, impairment ",
"charges of $2.7 million and severance and related benefit costs of $1.4 million.",
"charges of $2.7 million and severance and related benefit costs of $1.4 million.",
"Income from continuing operations for the first quarter of 2010 includes a charge of $21.6 million to record the deferred tax impact of ",
"Income from continuing operations for the first quarter of 2010 includes a charge of $21.6 million to record the deferred tax impact of ",
"(4)",
"the PPACA. Income from continuing operations for the fourth quarter of 2010 includes an income tax benefit of $19.8 million related ",
"to contributions to a VEBA trust.",
"to contributions to a VEBA trust.",
"Discontinued operations for 2010 reflects a working capital adjustment related to the sale of the NRB operations, net of tax. ",
"Discontinued operations for 2010 reflects a working capital adjustment related to the sale of the NRB operations, net of tax. ",
"(5)",
"85",
"THE TIMKEN COMPANY"
] | train |
|
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833
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[
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825,
476,
833
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836,
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933
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[
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161,
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] | [
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8,
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10,
10,
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8,
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1,
1,
2,
2,
2,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5
] | [
"Commitment",
"Fulfillment for Our People",
"We are committed to managing Capstone Infrastructure in the ",
"We foster a professional, safe work environment where our people ",
"best interests of our investors, which includes acting as a responsible ",
"have the tools and resources to excel and be successful and where ",
"corporate citizen in the communities where our businesses operate.",
"they are recognized for their service and contributions.",
"Teamwork",
"Highest Standards",
"As a team, we work cooperatively and constructively to build Capstone ",
"We strive for excellence, innovation and creativity in the management and ",
"Infrastructure and share a focus on achieving optimal performance.",
"growth of our business and seek to effectively manage and mitigate risk.",
"I",
"am optimistic about the tomorrow we are building for this ",
"Responsibly operating our businesses with concern ",
"company, and expect our strategy to deliver long-term income ",
"for all stakeholders",
"Our overall approach to managing our businesses is embedded ",
"and capital appreciation to shareholders in the years ahead.",
"in our commitment to corporate responsibility and the principles",
"Capstone is pursuing its strategy at a time of great global demand",
"of honesty, transparency and respect. Across our businesses, ",
"for new infrastructure spending fuelled by fiscal austerity, large ",
"workplace safety is a priority for all employees and contractors.",
"and growing government deficits, and demographic trends. ",
"Environmental and social consciousness is also an integral ",
"Global infrastructure requirements over the next 20 years ",
"element of our business strategy and fundamental to sustained ",
"are, in a word, staggering. With trillions of dollars needed, the ",
"operating performance. ",
"private sector has a vital role to play in improving and building ",
"Ensuring the safe and reliable operation of our businesses ",
"the new, more sustainable infrastructure that is required to ",
"is a complex and demanding task. Through hard work and ",
"unleash renewed economic growth and improved quality of life ",
"commitment, our businesses have earned strong safety and ",
"in Canada and internationally. For our shareholders, an investment ",
"environmental records. In 2014, we will continue to focus ",
"in Capstone affords access to the infrastructure asset class ",
"on ensuring the safety of our employees and the communities ",
"and the ability to benefit from its investment merits, such as ",
"where we operate while protecting the environment.",
"consistent demand, steady inflation-linked cash flow and a long, ",
"predictable life.",
"Our Outlook",
"I",
"would like to thank our Board of Directors for their continuing ",
"We are looking forward to a productive, successful year in ",
"guidance and counsel and our employees for their excellent ",
"2014. We expect annual Adjusted EBITDA to be $140 million ",
"work and commitment to Capstone. ",
"to $150 million, which reflects our expectation of continuing ",
"Finally, I would like to thank our shareholders for their investment",
"stable performance from our power assets, some growth from ",
"in Capstone and continuing support. We are committed to ",
"our utilities businesses, and a full year of contribution from the ",
"delivering results that reward your trust, and look forward to ",
"operating wind facilities we acquired from ReD",
". ",
"1",
"reporting our progress to you over 2014.",
"Our team worked exceptionally hard in 2013. While the outcome ",
"of our efforts has not yet been fully reflected in our share price, our ",
"Sincerely,",
"portfolio is sound operationally and our businesses are running ",
"well. Moreover, our strategy of portfolio diversifi cation has ",
"shifted the mix and cash flow characteristics of the businesses ",
"we own, creating a much stronger foundation for our company. ",
"MICHAEL BERNSTEIN",
"President and Chief Executive Officer",
"1",
"See page 20 for a description of various other material factors or assumptions ",
"underlying our outlook.",
"Our Business Code of Conduct outlines our commitment to respecting ",
"our stakeholders and to communicating with transparency. Read it ",
"2013 ANNUAL REPORT ",
"7",
"online at: ",
"www.capstoneinfrastructure.com/About/Governance.aspx"
] | train |
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"SELECTED ",
"ANNUAL INFORMATION",
"2014 ",
"2013 Change ",
"2012 Change",
"(52 weeks)",
"(Millions of dollars, unless otherwise indicated)",
"(52 weeks) ",
"%",
"(53 weeks)",
"%",
"Sales ",
"11,590.4 ",
"11,399.9",
"1.7",
"11,674.9",
"(2.4)",
"Net earnings attributable to equity holders of the parent ",
"447.1 ",
"695.2 (35.7) 470.9",
"47.6",
"Net earnings attributable to non-controlling interests ",
"9.1 ",
"8.7",
"4.6",
"7.5",
"16.0",
"Net earnings ",
"456.2 ",
"703.9 (35.2) 478.4",
"47.1",
"Basic net earnings per share ",
"5.11 ",
"7.33",
"(30.3)",
"4.76",
"54.0",
"Fully diluted net earnings per share ",
"5.07 ",
"7.28",
"(30.4)",
"4.73",
"53.9",
"Net earnings from continuing operations attributable to",
"447.1 ",
"689.0 (35.1) 471.8",
"46.0",
"equity holders of the parent",
"Net earnings from continuing operations attributable to",
"9.1 ",
"8.7",
"4.6",
"7.5",
"16.0",
"non-controlling interests",
"Net earnings from continuing operations ",
"456.2 ",
"697.7 (34.6) 479.3",
"45.6",
"Basic net earnings per share from continuing",
"5.11 ",
"7.27",
"(29.7)",
"4.77",
"52.4",
"operations",
"Fully diluted net earnings per share from continuing",
"5.07 ",
"7.22",
"(29.8)",
"4.74",
"52.3",
"operations",
"Adjusted net earnings from continuing operations",
"$^{(2)(4)}$ ",
"460.9 ",
"460.7",
"—",
"449.6",
"2.5",
"(based on 52 weeks in 2012)",
"Adjusted fully diluted net earnings per share from ",
"5.13 ",
"4.73",
"8.5",
"4.44",
"6.5",
"$^{(2)(4)}$ ",
"continuing operations",
"(based on 52 weeks in 2012)",
"Return on equity ",
"(%) ",
"16.6 ",
"26.4",
"—",
"19.4",
"—",
"Dividends per share ",
"1.1500 ",
"0.9650",
"19.2",
"0.8375",
"15.2",
"(Dollars) ",
"Total assets ",
"5,279.5 ",
"5,064.2",
"4.3",
"5,154.9",
"(1.8)",
"Current and non-current portions of debt ",
"1,057.1 ",
"662.4",
"59.6",
"986.0",
"(32.8)",
"Corporation sales were $",
"11,590.4 million ",
"in 2014",
", ",
"up 1.7",
"% ",
"from 2013 sales. Sales for 2013 were $",
"11,399.9 million, ",
"down 2.4",
"% ",
"from $",
"11,674.9 million ",
"in 2012",
". ",
"Excluding the 53",
"$^{rd}$ week in fiscal 2012, ",
"fiscal 2013 sales were down 0.5",
"%. ",
"After ",
"slowing slightly in the first two quarters of 2014, our sales improved in the second half of the year. Through disciplined ",
"investing, ",
"we lowered our retail prices to protect our market share and have seen encouraging sales momentum across ",
"all our banners. In 2013, fierce competition, especially in Ontario, impacted sales in our last two quarters due to an ",
"accelerated increase in competitive square footage. The absence of inflation in the food basket, the increase o",
"f ",
"promotional sales, the closure of a few unprofitable stores and temporary ef",
"ficiency",
"dif",
"ficulties",
"following the ",
"implementation of a new management system in our pharmaceutical warehouse also brought our sales down. Fiscal ",
"2012 sales were af",
"fected ",
"by modest inflation that was lower than the Consumer Price Index reported by Statistics ",
"Canada. ",
"Adonis stores and ",
"distributor ",
"Phoenicia, ",
"acquired that ",
"fiscal year, contributed ",
"$236.6 million to ",
"2012 sales. ",
"Net earnings for fiscal 2014 reached $",
"456.2 million, ",
"down 35.2",
"% ",
"from the previous fiscal year",
". ",
"Net earnings for fiscal ",
"2013 ",
"were $703.9 million, up 47.1% from $478.4 million in fiscal 2012. Fully diluted net earnings per share were $5.07",
"in 2014",
", ",
"a decrease of 30.4",
"% ",
"from the previous year",
". ",
"Fully diluted net earnings per share for 2013 were $",
"7.28",
" versus ",
"$",
"4.73",
"in ",
"fiscal ",
"2012, ",
"an ",
"increase ",
"of ",
"53.9%.",
"In ",
"the first quarter of fiscal 2013, we discontinued our foodservice operation and disposed of the Distagro division which ",
"supplied ",
"restaurant chains and convenience stores belonging to and operated by gas station chains. In fiscal 2013, we ",
"recorded ",
"net earnings ",
"of ",
"$6.2 million ",
"due ",
"chiefly to the gain ",
"on ",
"disposal ",
"versus ",
"net loss ",
"of ",
"$0.9 million ",
"in ",
"fiscal ",
"2012.",
"Net ",
"earnings from continuing operations for fiscal 2014",
"were $456.2 million, down 34.6% from the previous fiscal year. ",
"Net earnings from continuing operations for fiscal 2013 were $",
"697.7 million ",
"versus $",
"479.3 million ",
"in fiscal 2012",
", ",
"an ",
"increase ",
"of 45.6%. Fully diluted net earnings per share from continuing operations were $5.07",
"in fiscal 2014, a decrease ",
"of 29.8",
"% ",
"from the previous year",
". ",
"Fully diluted net earnings per share from continuing operations were $",
"7.22",
" in fiscal ",
"2013 ",
"versus $4.74in ",
"fiscal ",
"2012, ",
"an ",
"increase ",
"of ",
"52.3%.",
"$^{(1)}$ See table on \"Operating income before depreciation and amortization and associate's earnings adjustments\" ",
"$^{(1)}$ See table on \"Operating income before depreciation and amortization and associate's earnings adjustments\" ",
"$^{(2)}$ See table on \"Net earnings from continuing operations adjustments\"",
"$^{(2)}$ See table on \"Net earnings from continuing operations adjustments\"",
"$^{(2)}$ See table on \"Net earnings from continuing operations adjustments\"",
"$^{(3)}$ See section on \"Forward-looking information\"",
"$^{(3)}$ See section on \"Forward-looking information\"",
"$^{(3)}$ See section on \"Forward-looking information\"",
"$^{(4)}$ See section on \"IFRS and non-IFRS measurements\" ",
"$^{(4)}$ See section on \"IFRS and non-IFRS measurements\" ",
"$^{(4)}$ See section on \"IFRS and non-IFRS measurements\" ",
"$^{(5)}$ See table on \"Net earnings adjustments\"",
"$^{(5)}$ See table on \"Net earnings adjustments\"",
"16",
"-",
"- "
] | train |
|
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58,
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[
58,
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58,
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58,
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58,
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58,
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446,
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442,
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58,
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465,
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58,
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423
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[
58,
414,
417,
425
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[
500,
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436
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58,
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708
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721
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58,
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761
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768
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902,
774
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555,
932
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58,
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62,
928
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103,
959,
287,
967
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[
58,
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"MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS (CONT’D)",
"In the long-term, further enhancing policies related to ",
"These plants are also able to achieve a better yield on raw material ",
"sustainability, environmental and social compliance both within ",
"due to the use of more manual processes and they produce ",
"High Liner Foods and its supply chain may add to High Liner Foods’ ",
"excellent quality. Land-based seafood primary processing plants ",
"costs and reduce margins.",
"in developed countries, such as Norway, Iceland and Canada, have ",
"found it extremely difficult to compete with Asian processors, ",
"8.12",
"Industry Consolidation",
"especially when they compete with them for the raw material on ",
"global markets. We anticipated this trend ahead of our many ",
"Senior management accountability: Keith Decker, President and ",
"competitors. It was part of our rationale for exiting the primary ",
"COO; Mario Marino, President and COO, Canadian Operations",
"processing and fishing businesses, and the trend allowed us to ",
"Board oversight accountability: Board of Directors",
"develop opportunities that are now contributing to our growth ",
"strategy. We chose to work closely with selected Asian suppliers to ",
"Grocery retailers, wholesalers and food processors in North ",
"become an important customer, especially for cod and haddock ",
"America have consolidated and continue to consolidate. In Canada, ",
"suppliers. We have made it possible for these suppliers to meet our ",
"five major food retailers control, in aggregate, more than 72.5%",
" of ",
"2",
"exacting quality and manufacturing standards and in turn we ",
"the retail food sales market. In the U.S. retailers are also ",
"have access to the variety and volume of seafood products, ",
"consolidating. Ten retail operators now control approximately 66%",
"3",
"including a significant amount of wild-caught product from the ",
"of U.S. retail grocery sales. Grocery retailers typically charge ",
"Atlantic and Pacific oceans that we need to fulfill our brand ",
"suppliers listing or “slotting” fees for shelf space on a per product ",
"strategy. We have taken advantage of this trend and moved a ",
"basis for new products, and also require money to support product ",
"significant portion of our processed shrimp production from U.S. ",
"advertising and promotions. Arising out of these consolidations we ",
"co-packers to Asian suppliers. Although we have not seen this ",
"have experienced demands from customers for increased listing ",
"trend significantly affect products produced in our North American ",
"and promotional incentives and improved payment terms. ",
"plants, we continue to look at alternate options for the production of ",
"However, as a supplier of Canada’s leading frozen seafood brand ",
"highly labour intensive product.",
"and a leading supplier to the U.S. food service channel, we expect ",
"to remain an important supplier to grocery retailers and food ",
"8.14",
"Competition Risk",
"service distributors. We are focusing efforts on brand strength, ",
"new products, procurement activities, and superior customer ",
"Senior management accountability: Mario Marino, President and ",
"service to ensure we outperform competitors. Consolidation makes ",
"COO, Canadian Operations; Keith Decker, (Interim) President and ",
"it more important to achieve and maintain a brand leadership ",
"COO, High Liner Foods (USA)",
"position, as consolidators move towards centralized buying and ",
"Board oversight accountability: Board of Directors",
"streamlined procurement. We are in a good position to meet these ",
"High Liner Foods competes with a number of food manufacturers ",
"demands, since we offer quality, popular products under leading ",
"and distributors and its competition varies by distribution method, ",
"brands and have the ability to meet the customer service ",
"product category and geographic market. Some of High Liner ",
"expectations of the major retailers. Given our brand strategy, ",
"Foods’ competitors have greater financial and other resources than ",
"customer consolidation is an opportunity for High Liner Foods to ",
"it does and/or may have access to labour or other products that are ",
"grow in step with customer growth.",
"not available to High Liner Foods. In addition, High Liner Foods’ ",
"Consolidation of customers is expected to result in some ",
"competitors may be able to better withstand market volatility. ",
"consolidation of suppliers in the U.S. seafood industry. The supply ",
"There can be no assurance that High Liner Foods’ principal ",
"of seafood, especially in the U.S. food service market, is highly ",
"competitors will not be successful in capturing, or that new ",
"fragmented. Consolidation is needed to reduce costs and increase ",
"competitors will not emerge and capture, a share of the Company’s ",
"service levels to keep pace with the expectation of customers. We ",
"present or potential customer base and/or market share.",
"are always looking for acquisition opportunities to leverage our ",
"In addition, it is possible that some of High Liner Foods’ suppliers ",
"current strengths.",
"or customers could become competitors of High Liner Foods if they ",
"decide to distribute their own food products. Furthermore, if one or ",
"8.13",
"Increase in Seafood Production from Asia",
"more of High Liner Foods’ competitors were to merge or partner ",
"Senior management accountability: Paul Snow, Executive Vice ",
"with another of its competitors, the change in the competitive ",
"President Procurement",
"landscape could adversely affect High Liner Foods and its results. ",
"Board oversight accountability: Board of Directors",
"Competitors may also establish or strengthen relationships with ",
"parties with whom High Liner Foods has relationships, thereby ",
"For more than a decade, many seafood companies, including High ",
"limiting its ability to distribute certain products. Disruptions in ",
"Liner Foods, have diverted production of certain primary produced ",
"High Liner Foods’ business caused by such events could have a ",
"products to Asia, and China in particular. Asian processing plants ",
"material adverse effect on its results of operations and ",
"are able to produce many seafood products at a lower cost than is ",
"financial condition.",
"possible in North America and in other more developed countries. ",
"Market share is estimated by Nielsen",
" based from the Tl Grocery Composite.",
"2 ",
"®",
"According to “2012 Marketing Handbook”, published by Trade Dimensions International, Inc.",
"3",
"HIGH LINER FOODS INCORPORATED",
"50"
] | train |
|
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89,
845,
102
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104,
102,
166,
115
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128,
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183,
128
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585,
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622,
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756,
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853,
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893,
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128,
128,
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592,
128,
622,
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726,
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756,
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860,
128,
890,
140
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128,
141,
212,
153
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592,
141,
622,
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726,
141,
756,
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860,
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890,
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152,
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805,
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142,
235,
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95,
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278
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95,
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908,
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95,
368,
908,
382
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95,
382,
904,
396
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[
95,
397,
243,
411
],
[
95,
424,
105,
439
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[
113,
424,
224,
439
],
[
142,
450,
908,
464
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[
95,
466,
905,
480
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[
95,
481,
908,
495
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[
95,
496,
148,
511
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[
104,
522,
137,
535
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[
634,
522,
682,
535
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[
812,
522,
825,
535
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[
104,
537,
196,
549
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654,
537,
661,
549
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[
815,
537,
822,
549
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104,
553,
209,
565
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654,
553,
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565
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[
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553,
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565
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582
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654,
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104,
581,
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593
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104,
597,
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609
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654,
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609
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609
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104,
613,
184,
626
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[
654,
613,
661,
626
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613,
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626
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[
104,
629,
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642
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642
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658
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674
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654,
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678,
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690
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654,
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707
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654,
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104,
710,
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723
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654,
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104,
727,
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739
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654,
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739
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[
95,
770,
106,
784
],
[
128,
770,
623,
784
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[
52,
940,
85,
955
]
] | [
1,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
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9,
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6,
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9,
9,
9,
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9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"The following table is a breakdown of our employees from 2009 to 2011 on a non-consolidated basis. ",
"2009",
"2010",
"2011",
"Employees",
"Technical ",
"14,061",
"13,879",
"13,959 ",
"Operations ",
"9,133",
"9,189",
"9,336",
"Administrative ",
"1,474",
"1,406",
"1,369",
"Total ",
"24,668",
"24,474",
"24,664",
"As of December 31, 2011, approximately 73% of our employees had university, graduate or post-graduate degrees. To ",
"improve our operational efficiency by reducing personnel costs, we offered a number of voluntary retirement programs between June ",
"1, 2000 and December 31, 2011, which resulted in a reduction in our workforce of approximately 12,193 employees. ",
"As of December 31, 2011, approximately 99% of our employees on a non-consolidated basis were members of our principal ",
"labor union. Our collective agreement sets forth work rules, grievance procedures and provides for union participation in performance ",
"P",
"evaluations and promotion decisions. Our union members also occupy a majority of the seats on our employee welfare and pension ",
"AR",
"fund committees. In addition, we will continue to maintain a good relationship with our labor union. We strive to have good ",
"communication with our employees and the labor union by inviting representatives of our labor union to attend various meetings ",
"T",
"I",
"related to the performance of our employees. ",
"Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, our employees are entitled to 2% to 5% of the distributable earnings as employee ",
"bonuses. Our practice in the past to determine the amount of the bonus has been based on the operating results. In the fourth quarter ",
"of 2011, we distributed an aggregate bonus to our employees of NT$2.1 billion. Since the change in accounting regulations requiring ",
"bonuses in the form of stocks be recorded as an expense at their market value instead of their par value, we instead decided to ",
"distribute cash bonuses. ",
"E.",
"Share Ownership",
"As of March 31, 2012, our directors, supervisors and executive officers personally held an aggregate 593,078 shares of our ",
"common shares, representing around 0.01% of our outstanding common shares. The following table sets forth information with ",
"respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of March 31, 2012 by each of our directors, supervisors and executive ",
"officers. ",
"Name",
"Number",
"%",
"Shyue-Ching Lu ",
"*",
"*",
"Shaio-Tung Chang ",
"*",
"*",
"Shih-Peng Tsai ",
"*",
"*",
"Shu Yeh ",
"Chi-Mau Sheih ",
"*",
"*",
"Yen-Sung Lee ",
"*",
"*",
"Mu-Piao Shih ",
"*",
"*",
"Yuan-Kuang Tu ",
"*",
"*",
"Min-Hsuan Lin ",
"*",
"*",
"Chang-Rong Chen ",
"*",
"*",
"Fu-Kuei Chung ",
"*",
"*",
"Hsiu-Gu Huang ",
"*",
"*",
"Tai-Feng Leng ",
"*",
"*",
"* ",
"Stockholder beneficially owns less than 1.0% of our outstanding common shares. ",
"100"
] | train |
|
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"our leadership as the largest generator in the United States ",
"other adjustments, the net increase that a typical residential ",
"of renewable energy from the wind and the sun.",
"customer would pay is currently estimated at less than ",
"$2.50 per month, or about 8 cents per day. So even with ",
"We entered into long-term contracts for more than 1,600 ",
"the increase, we expect to continue to deliver the lowest ",
"MW of wind generation during 2011, with expected in-service ",
"typical residential bill in Florida.",
"dates through 2014. We added approximately 380 MW of ",
"wind generation during the year, and we remain on track to ",
"NextEra Energy Resources",
"add approximately 1,400 to 2,000 MW of new wind assets to ",
"NextEra Energy Resources reported 2011 net income on a ",
"our portfolio during the two years ending on Dec. 31, 2012.",
"GAAP basis of $774 million, or $1.85 per share, compared ",
"On the solar front, our company’s backlog of 940 MW of ",
"with $980 million, or $2.37 per share, in 2010. On an ",
"contracted solar projects includes our 50 percent portion ",
"adjusted basis, NextEra Energy Resources’ 2011 earnings ",
"of the recently announced Desert Sunlight project and 100 ",
"were $679 million, or $1.62 per share, compared with $800 ",
"percent of the recently announced McCoy photovoltaic ",
"million, or $1.93 per share, for the full year 2010.",
"4",
"project, both in California. Including all of the planned solar ",
"These results did not meet the expectations we set out for ",
"projects that are already under long-term contract, NextEra ",
"ourselves at the beginning of the year, for several reasons. ",
"Energy Resources plans to invest between $2.1 billion ",
"We were overly optimistic about the market environment for ",
"and $2.3 billion from 2011 through 2012, and between ",
"our proprietary trading activities, and so we have reduced ",
"$1.3 billion and $1.5 billion in 2013 and 2014 in solar ",
"our expectations for these activities to reflect softer market ",
"development projects. The backlog of contracted solar ",
"conditions. We had unplanned and extended outages at ",
"opportunities is expected to begin contributing meaningfully ",
"our Seabrook nuclear facility, which led to less availability ",
"to cash flow and earnings in 2013.",
"than we had anticipated. We were negatively impacted by ",
"In 2012, NextEra Energy is urging policymakers to extend ",
"the extreme heat in Texas in August, and since then we ",
"policy support for renewable energy, including through ",
"have made a number of operational changes to improve ",
"extension of the federal Production Tax Credit (PTC) ",
"our responsiveness and resilience should such extreme ",
"for wind energy. This incentive is a good deal for U.S. ",
"conditions recur. ",
"taxpayers, as it has encouraged tens of billions of dollars ",
"Finally, we had hoped to get a few more megawatts of ",
"of private investment in high-tech American manufacturing. ",
"new renewable projects in the ground by the end of 2011. ",
"Indeed, investment in new wind projects that would follow ",
"Instead, two projects were pushed into the first quarter of ",
"an extension of the PTC is projected to generate tax ",
"this year. The long-term financial impact on these projects ",
"revenues for federal, state and local governments that are ",
"will be minimal, as the projects are still expected to qualify ",
"larger than the cost of the extension itself. Over the past ",
"for relevant tax incentives.",
"three years, investment in wind technology has decreased ",
"the cost of wind energy by nearly one-third and increased ",
"Strong enterprises succeed despite their challenges, and ",
"its efficiency by more than 20 percent. We believe the ",
"that is what NextEra Energy Resources did in 2011. Our ",
"PTC has proven its value, and we are hoping that the past ",
"non-nuclear generating facilities performed exceptionally ",
"bipartisan consensus to support it will re-emerge.",
"well, with one of our lowest forced-outage rates on record. ",
"We had a banner year for development of new renewable ",
"Recognition of Excellence",
"energy projects, which created the largest backlog of new ",
"renewable energy projects in our history. We believe we are ",
"As NextEra Energy’s leadership position in the electric ",
"positioned well to grow in the years ahead, and to extend ",
"power industry has grown, so has our reputation. In 2011, ",
"$^{4 }$See page AR-6 for reconciliations of adjusted amounts to GAAP.",
"ANNUAL REPORT",
"AR-3"
] | train |
|
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"Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity ",
"Cardno Limited and its Controlled Entities for the year ended 30 June 2010 ",
"Share ",
"Retained ",
"Foreign ",
"Total ",
"Capital ",
"Earnings ",
"Translation ",
"Note ",
"Ordinary",
"Reserve ",
"$’000",
"$’000",
"$’000",
"$’000",
"BALANCE AT 1 JULY 2008 ",
"192,063 ",
"30,038 ",
"(4,035) ",
"218,066 ",
"-",
"34,153",
" -",
"34,153",
"Profit for the period ",
"Exchange differences on translation of ",
"- ",
"- ",
"(258) ",
"(258) ",
"foreign operations ",
"Total comprehensive income for the ",
"-",
"34,153",
"(258)",
"33,895",
"period ",
"Transactions with owners in their ",
"capacity as owners: ",
"23 ",
"Shares issued ",
"32,741",
"-",
"-",
"32,741",
"23 ",
"Notes converted to shares ",
"2,653",
"-",
"-",
"2,653",
"5 ",
"-",
"(21,434)",
"-",
"(21,434)",
"Dividends paid or provided ",
"35,394",
"(21,434)",
"-",
"13,960",
"BALANCE AT 30 JUNE 2009 ",
"227,457 ",
"42,757 ",
"(4,293) ",
"265,921 ",
"Profit for the period ",
"- ",
"37,597 ",
"- ",
"37,597 ",
"Exchange differences on translation of",
"foreign operations ",
"- ",
"- ",
"(4,214) ",
"(4,214) ",
"Total comprehensive income for the ",
"period",
"- ",
"37,597 ",
"(4,214) ",
"33,383 ",
"Transactions with owners in their ",
"capacity as owners: ",
"23",
"Shares issued ",
"24,623",
"-",
"-",
"24,623",
"Notes converted to shares ",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"5 ",
"Dividends paid or provided ",
"-",
"(23,955)",
"-",
"(23,955)",
"24,623",
"(23,955)",
"-",
"668",
"BALANCE AT 30 JUNE 2010 ",
"252,080",
"56,399 ",
"(8,507)",
"299,972 ",
"The statement of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with notes 1 to 38 which form part of the financial statements. ",
"Page 29 of 80 "
] | train |
|
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"PHARMACEUTICALS",
"Hope for Patients With",
"Infectious Diseases",
"A",
"s a researcher working on hepatitis C clinical ",
"trials around the world, Brian Woodfall, M.D., ",
"is only too aware of the challenges patients ",
"face. Many endure yearlong drug treatments ",
"only to have to undergo a liver transplant or even die from ",
"complications related to the blood-borne virus. ",
"review by the U.S. Food and Drug Admin-",
" “Many people don’t tolerate the",
"istration and the European Medicines ",
"current drugs very well and feel sick,”",
"Agency. TMC",
"435",
" is being evaluated globally ",
"says Woodfall, Vice President of Global ",
"in several large Phase III trials. ",
"Clinical Development for Tibotec ",
"“These drugs will potentially decrease ",
"Pharmaceuticals. “And at the end of the ",
"patients’ time away from work and family, ",
"treatment, so many people aren’t cured.” ",
"and get them back to improved health ",
"The current standard treatment may be ",
"faster,” Woodfall says. “Our research is ",
"successful in less than",
" 50",
" percent of ",
"driven by an intense commitment to save ",
"patients who have the most prevalent form ",
"lives and improve patients’ health on",
"of hepatitis C, and there are no alternative ",
"a day-to-day basis.” ",
"medicines for those who don’t respond.",
"About ",
"170",
" million people worldwide",
"are infected with hepatitis C, with",
"R&D EXPANDS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES",
"3",
" to ",
"4 ",
"million new cases each year, ",
"The hepatitis C medicines are among the ",
"according to the World Health ",
"treatments that the Infectious Diseases and ",
"Organization. It is a common cause of ",
"Vaccines Therapeutic Area is developing to ",
"cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer and",
"address high unmet medical needs globally. ",
"Already a world leader in HIV medicines,",
"liver transplants worldwide. ",
"the franchise is developing new treatments ",
"INNOVATIVE TREATMENTS AIM TO",
"development in infectious diseases,” he ",
"for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, and has part-",
"CURE MORE PATIENTS ",
"adds, “we will have a greater impact on ",
"nered with Crucell N.V. to develop an ",
"To meet this critical need, Tibotec ",
"improving human health globally with ",
"influenza treatment and vaccine. In February ",
"Pharmaceuticals is developing two new ",
"our expansion into prevention as we build ",
"2011",
", Johnson & Johnson completed its ",
"treatments for hepatitis C. The drugs,",
"our vaccines pipeline, particularly in ",
"tender offer for Crucell, which develops ",
"telaprevir and TMC",
"435",
"*, have the",
"emerging markets.” ",
"vaccines against infectious diseases world-",
"potential to cure significantly more people ",
"wide. As a result, Crucell will now operate",
"than currently available therapies and to ",
"as the center for vaccines within the ",
"BREAKTHROUGH TREATMENTS",
"halve patients’ treatment time, from ",
"12",
"One of the world’s oldest and most deadly ",
"Pharmaceuticals group. ",
"months to six. Telaprevir was named one of ",
"infectious diseases, tuberculosis kills",
"“We are developing more effective",
"the top ",
"10",
" medical innovations for",
" 2011",
" by ",
"1.8",
" million people a year. Company ",
"treatments for infectious diseases to ",
"the Cleveland Clinic. It is now undergoing ",
"researchers’ work in TB has been ground-",
"improve the lives of millions of people ",
"breaking, and for the first time in more ",
"around the world,” says Paul Stoffels, M.D., ",
"* Telaprevir is developed in collaboration",
"than ",
"40",
" years, a new class of drugs",
"Worldwide Chairman, Pharmaceuticals.",
"with Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; TMC",
"435 ",
"is ",
"potentially effective against TB has been ",
" “In addition to our growing research and ",
"developed in collaboration with Medivir AB.",
"6",
" JOHNSON & JOHNSON 2010 ANNUAL REPORT"
] | train |
|
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"ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND",
"RESULTS OF OPERATIONS",
"Management Overview",
"We are a global security and aerospace company principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture,",
"integration, and sustainment of advanced technology systems and products. We also provide a broad range of management,",
"engineering, technical, scientific, logistic, and information services. We serve both domestic and international customers",
"with products and services that have defense, civil, and commercial applications, with our principal customers being agencies",
"of the U.S. Government. In 2011, 82% of our $46.5 billion in net sales were from the U.S. Government, either as a prime",
"contractor or as a subcontractor (including 61% from the Department of Defense (DoD)), 17% were from international",
"customers (including foreign military sales (FMS) funded, in whole or in part, by the U.S. Government), and 1% were from",
"U.S. commercial and other customers. Our main areas of focus are in defense, space, intelligence, homeland security, and",
"information technology, including cyber security.",
"We have four business segments: Aeronautics, Electronic Systems, Information Systems & Global Solutions (IS&GS),",
"and Space Systems. We organize our business segments based on the nature of the products and services offered.",
"We are operating in an environment that is characterized by both increasing complexity in the global security",
"environment, as well as continuing economic pressures in the U.S. and globally. A significant component of our strategy in",
"this environment is to focus on core program execution, improving the quality and predictability of the delivery of our",
"products and services, and placing more security capability into the hands of our customers at affordable prices. Recognizing",
"that our U.S. Government customers are resource constrained, we are endeavoring to develop and extend our portfolio in a",
"disciplined manner with a focus on international and adjacent markets. Finally, we are focused on cost reduction, through",
"actions such as our workforce reductions in 2011 and programs like our Voluntary Executive Separation Program (VESP)",
"and facility reduction initiatives in 2010, to further enhance the value of our products and services.",
"We expect a slight decline in our 2012 consolidated net sales and segment operating profit as compared to 2011, as our",
"customers prepare to meet new security challenges without the benefit of increased resources. Our 2012 segment operating",
"margin is expected to remain above 11%. Despite the challenges we face, we have a strong balance sheet and we expect to",
"generate strong operating cash flows, which will allow us to continue to invest in technologies to fulfill new mission",
"requirements for our customers, invest in our people so that we have the professional and leadership skills necessary to be",
"1",
"to investors in the form of share repurchases and",
"successful in this environment, and to return at least 50% of free cash flow",
"dividends.",
"Industry Considerations",
"U.S. Government Business",
"Budget Priorities",
"The U.S. Government continues to focus on developing and implementing spending, tax, and other initiatives to",
"stimulate the economy, create jobs, and reduce the deficit. The Administration is attempting to balance decisions regarding",
"defense, homeland security, and other federal spending priorities in a greatly constrained fiscal environment imposed by the",
"enactment of the Budget Control Act of 2011 (Budget Act), which reduces defense spending by $487 billion over a ten-year",
"period starting in fiscal year 2012. Absent a significant redress of the structural disconnect between revenues and",
"expenditures that can only be addressed through major tax and mandatory spending program reforms, it is likely that",
"discretionary spending by the federal government will remain constrained for several years. Although some specific priorities",
"and initiatives may change from year to year, the investments and acquisitions we have made have been focused on aligning",
"our businesses to address what we believe are the most critical national priorities and mission areas. The possibility remains,",
"however, that one or more of our programs could be reduced, extended, or terminated as a result of the Administration’s",
"continuing assessment of priorities. Notably, should Congress and the Administration fail to change or delay a pending",
"sequestration of appropriations in fiscal year 2013 imposed by the Budget Act, our customers could see their budgets",
"1",
"We define free cash flow as cash from operations as determined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles",
"(GAAP), less the amount identified as expenditures for property, plant and equipment and capitalized internal-use",
"software as presented on our Statements of Cash Flows.",
"22"
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"49",
"Sales and distribution",
"Separate account group contracts are large group contracts that ",
"Most of Aegon the Netherlands’ pensions are sold through ",
"have an individually determined asset investment underlying the ",
"Sales and account management and Aegon’s intermediary ",
"pension contract. A guarantee usually consists of profit sharing, ",
"channel. Customers include individuals, company and industry ",
"and is the highest of either the market interest rate or the ",
"pension funds, and small, medium and large corporations. Aegon ",
"contractual interest rate, 3% or 4%. If profit sharing turns into ",
"the Netherlands is one of the country's leading providers of ",
"a loss, the minimum guarantee becomes effective, but the loss ",
"pensions",
". ",
"in any given year is carried forward to be offset against future ",
"1",
"surpluses. In general, the guarantee is dependent on the life of ",
"For the majority of company and industry customers, Aegon ",
"the insured so that their pension benefit is guaranteed. Large ",
"the Netherlands provides a full range of pension products ",
"group contracts also receive part of the technical results for ",
"and services. In addition, TKP Pensioen specializes in pension ",
"mortality risk and disability risk. The contract period is typically ",
"administration for company and industry pension funds and ",
"five years and the tariffs, cost loadings and risk premiums are ",
"provides defined contribution plans to corporate and institutional ",
"generally fixed over this period.",
"clients, Aegon PPI offers defined contribution plans for small and ",
"medium companies.",
"Separate account guaranteed group contracts provide ",
"a guarantee on the benefits paid. The longevity risk therefore ",
"Non-life",
"lies with Aegon the Netherlands. Non-guaranteed separate ",
"The Non-life business consists of general insurance and accident ",
"account group contracts provide little guarantee on the benefits. ",
"and health insurance. ",
"Aegon the Netherlands may not renew a contract at the end of ",
"a contract period.",
"Products",
"Aegon offers all customers a defined benefit product with ",
"General insurance",
"guaranteed benefits. The expected profit is paid to the customer ",
"Aegon the Netherlands offers general insurance products in the ",
"upfront, with the premium adjusted for anticipated investment ",
"corporate and retail markets. These include house, inventory, car, ",
"returns. Customers may contribute funds for future pension ",
"fire and travel insurance.",
"increases to a separate account. Aegon the Netherlands also ",
"offers defined contribution products with single and recurring ",
"Accident and health insurance",
"premiums to all customers. Profit sharing is based on investment ",
"Aegon the Netherlands offers disability and sick leave products to ",
"returns on specified funds, and all positive and negative risks, ",
"employers that cover sick leave payments to employees not covered ",
"such as investment risk and longevity risk, are attributed to the ",
"by social security and for which the employer bears the risk. ",
"employees. ",
"Sales and distribution",
"A decrease in the number of company and industry pension funds ",
"Aegon the Netherlands offers non-life insurance products ",
"in the Netherlands will continue over the next few years. By law, ",
"primarily through the Aegon intermediary channel, and through ",
"the assets and liabilities of a terminated pension fund must be ",
"the direct channel Aegon Online and strategic partnerships, such ",
"transferred to another pension provider. Aegon the Netherlands ",
"as with local retailer Kruidvat. Aegon also uses the co-assurance ",
"offers a pension fund buy-out product for its terminating pension ",
"market for the corporate sector, and Sales and account ",
"funds, for which it takes on the guaranteed or non-guaranteed ",
"management provides products for larger corporations in the ",
"liabilities, with or without annual pension increases, and receives ",
"Netherlands.",
"a lump-sum premium. All risks related to the transferred benefits ",
"Distribution",
"are carried by Aegon the Netherlands.",
"Unirobe Meeùs Group is the main distribution channel owned by ",
"Aegon the Netherlands, through which it offers financial advice ",
"to its customers, including the sale of insurance, pensions, ",
"mortgage loans, financing, savings and investment products. ",
"1",
"Source: DNB/CVS Reports 2012."
] | train |
|
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44,
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88,
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193,
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128,
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88,
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147,
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527,
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604,
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732,
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789,
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866,
346,
912,
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517,
358,
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[
622,
358,
682,
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707,
358,
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854,
358,
909,
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[
88,
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164,
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[
88,
371,
290,
392
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[
88,
387,
262,
409
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457,
387,
465,
409
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[
549,
387,
574,
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[
645,
387,
661,
409
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[
758,
387,
782,
409
],
[
88,
403,
320,
425
],
[
537,
403,
574,
425
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[
634,
403,
682,
425
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[
745,
403,
782,
425
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[
88,
419,
243,
441
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[
112,
435,
220,
457
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[
549,
435,
574,
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[
655,
435,
682,
457
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[
758,
435,
782,
457
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[
112,
452,
149,
473
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[
549,
452,
574,
473
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[
655,
452,
682,
473
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[
758,
452,
782,
473
],
[
137,
469,
322,
490
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[
537,
469,
574,
490
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[
655,
469,
682,
490
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[
758,
469,
782,
490
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[
88,
485,
235,
506
],
[
112,
501,
251,
522
],
[
541,
501,
557,
522
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[
645,
501,
661,
522
],
[
749,
501,
766,
522
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[
112,
517,
244,
538
],
[
137,
534,
313,
555
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[
541,
534,
557,
555
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[
645,
534,
661,
555
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[
749,
534,
766,
555
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[
88,
550,
231,
571
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[
137,
567,
176,
588
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457,
567,
465,
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537,
567,
574,
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634,
567,
682,
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[
745,
567,
782,
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[
88,
584,
268,
606
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88,
600,
262,
622
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457,
600,
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622
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541,
600,
557,
622
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645,
600,
661,
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749,
600,
766,
622
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[
813,
600,
821,
622
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[
872,
600,
888,
622
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[
88,
616,
320,
638
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537,
616,
574,
638
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[
647,
616,
682,
638
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[
745,
616,
782,
638
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[
880,
616,
905,
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[
88,
632,
243,
654
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112,
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682,
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665,
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880,
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[
137,
682,
322,
703
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[
537,
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574,
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[
655,
682,
682,
703
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[
745,
682,
782,
703
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[
880,
682,
905,
703
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[
88,
698,
235,
719
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[
112,
714,
251,
735
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[
537,
714,
574,
735
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[
647,
714,
682,
735
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[
758,
714,
782,
735
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[
880,
714,
905,
735
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[
112,
730,
244,
751
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[
549,
730,
574,
751
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[
663,
730,
682,
751
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[
758,
730,
782,
751
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[
880,
730,
905,
751
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[
137,
747,
313,
768
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[
537,
747,
574,
768
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[
647,
747,
682,
768
],
[
745,
747,
782,
768
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[
880,
747,
905,
768
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[
88,
763,
231,
784
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[
541,
763,
557,
784
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645,
763,
661,
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749,
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872,
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634,
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813,
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821,
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780,
905,
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457,
807,
465,
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[
529,
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574,
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634,
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682,
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[
737,
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782,
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813,
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821,
828
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[
868,
807,
905,
828
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[
137,
807,
282,
828
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[
88,
831,
103,
848
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[
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103,
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[
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555,
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[
106,
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[
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[
106,
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727,
888
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[
106,
871,
727,
888
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[
116,
884,
311,
901
],
[
44,
966,
100,
984
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] | [
"Audited Financial Statements",
"Impaired loans",
"The following table presents details related to the Company’s impaired loans. Loans which have been fully charged-off ",
"do not appear in the following table. The related allowance generally represents the following components which correspond ",
"to impaired loans:",
"Individually evaluated impaired loans equal to or greater than $500,000 secured by real estate (nonaccrual ",
"•",
"construction and land development, commercial real estate, and residential real estate loans).",
"Individually evaluated impaired loans equal to or greater than $250,000 not secured by real estate (nonaccrual ",
"•",
"commercial and industrial and consumer loans).",
"The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Company’s impaired loans that were individually ",
"evaluated for impairment at December 31, 2011 and 2010.",
"December 31, 2011",
"Unpaid",
"Charge-offs",
"principal",
"and payments",
"Recorded ",
"Related ",
"balance (1)",
"applied (2)",
"investment (3)",
"allowance",
"(In thousands)",
"With no allowance recorded:",
"Commercial and industrial",
"$",
"216",
"—",
"216",
"Construction and land development",
"3,958",
"(1,572)",
"2,386",
"Commercial real estate:",
"Owner occupied",
"361",
"(11)",
"350",
"Other",
"655",
"(50)",
"605",
"Total commercial real estate",
"1,016",
"(61)",
"955",
"Residential real estate:",
"Consumer mortgages",
"—",
"—",
"—",
"Investment property",
"Total residential real estate",
"—",
"—",
"—",
"Consumer installment",
"Total ",
"$",
"5,190",
"(1,633)",
"3,557",
"With allowance recorded:",
"Commercial and industrial",
"$",
"—",
"—",
"—",
"$",
"—",
"Construction and land development",
"2,882",
"(173)",
"2,709",
"147",
"Commercial real estate:",
"Owner occupied",
"2,255",
"(29)",
"2,226",
"544",
"Other",
"1,242",
"(41)",
"1,201",
"264",
"Total commercial real estate",
"3,497",
"(70)",
"3,427",
"808",
"Residential real estate:",
"Consumer mortgages",
"1,707",
"(797)",
"910",
"103",
"Investment property",
"390",
"(7)",
"383",
"163",
"Total residential real estate",
"2,097",
"(804)",
"1,293",
"266",
"Consumer installment",
"—",
"—",
"—",
"—",
"Total ",
"$",
"8,476",
"(1,047)",
"7,429",
"$",
"1,221",
"$",
"13,666",
"(2,680)",
"10,986",
"$",
"1,221",
"Total impaired loans",
"(1)",
"(1)",
"Unpaid principal balance represents the contractual obligation due from the customer.",
"Unpaid principal balance represents the contractual obligation due from the customer.",
"(2)",
"(2)",
"Charge-offs and payments applied represents cumulative charge-offs taken, as well as interest payments that have been",
"Charge-offs and payments applied represents cumulative charge-offs taken, as well as interest payments that have been",
"applied against the outstanding principal balance.",
"applied against the outstanding principal balance.",
"(3)",
"(3)",
"Recorded investment represents the unpaid principal balance less charge-offs and payments applied; it is shown before",
"Recorded investment represents the unpaid principal balance less charge-offs and payments applied; it is shown before",
"any related allowance for loan losses.",
"page 57"
] | train |
|
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836,
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894,
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723,
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412
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[
73,
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[
813,
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858,
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[
900,
399,
945,
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[
710,
417,
766,
431
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[
73,
418,
678,
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[
801,
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854,
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[
888,
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[
714,
433,
771,
446
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[
73,
433,
673,
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[
813,
433,
858,
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[
900,
433,
945,
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688,
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[
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466
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[
801,
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854,
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888,
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[
58,
473,
622,
487
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[
688,
488,
697,
502
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[
736,
488,
766,
502
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[
73,
489,
673,
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[
825,
489,
854,
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[
912,
489,
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[
731,
503,
771,
517
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[
73,
504,
673,
517
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[
821,
504,
857,
517
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[
908,
504,
945,
517
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[
688,
522,
697,
536
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[
736,
522,
766,
536
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[
73,
523,
678,
536
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[
825,
523,
854,
536
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[
912,
523,
941,
536
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[
58,
544,
435,
558
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[
688,
559,
697,
572
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736,
559,
766,
572
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[
73,
559,
673,
573
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[
825,
559,
854,
573
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[
912,
559,
941,
573
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[
731,
574,
771,
588
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[
73,
574,
673,
588
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[
821,
574,
857,
588
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[
908,
574,
945,
588
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[
688,
593,
697,
607
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[
736,
593,
766,
607
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[
73,
593,
678,
607
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[
825,
593,
854,
607
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[
912,
593,
941,
607
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58,
615,
409,
629
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688,
630,
697,
643
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[
710,
630,
766,
643
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[
73,
630,
673,
644
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[
801,
630,
854,
644
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[
888,
630,
941,
644
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[
723,
645,
771,
658
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[
73,
645,
673,
659
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[
813,
645,
858,
659
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900,
645,
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659
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688,
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697,
677
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710,
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9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
2,
5,
5
] | [
"Consolidated Statements of Income",
"Years Ended December 31,",
"2010",
"2009",
"2008",
"(in thousands, except per share data)",
"$1,717,577",
"Totalrevenues(Notes4and22).............................................",
"1,677,483",
"1,711,534",
"1,201,012",
"Costofservices ........................................................",
"1,149,883",
"1,152,648",
"207,136",
"Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"183,574",
"176,624",
"—",
"Spin-relatedexpenses(Note25).............................................",
"—",
"11,140",
"309,429",
"Operatingincome.....................................................",
"344,026",
"371,122",
"(1,617",
"Nonoperating income (expenses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
")",
"(3,441)",
"5,772",
"Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in income of equity",
"307,812",
"investments........................................................",
"340,585",
"376,894",
"106,088",
"Incometaxes(Note20)...................................................",
"121,850",
"131,206",
"201,724",
"Income from continuing operations before equity in income of equity investments . . . . . . . .",
"218,735",
"245,688",
"7,142",
"Equity in income of equity investments, net of tax (Note 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"6,985",
"7,397",
"208,866",
"Income from continuing operations, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"225,720",
"253,085",
"(3,245)",
"(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"(6,544)",
"(1,409)",
"205,621",
"Netincome..........................................................",
"219,176",
"251,676",
"(11,674)",
"Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"(3,963)",
"(1,576)",
"$",
"193,947",
"Net income attributable to TSYS common shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"215,213",
"250,100",
"Basic earnings per share (EPS)* attributable to TSYS common shareholders (Note 27):",
"$",
"1.00",
"Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"1.12",
"1.27",
"(0.02)",
"Loss from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"(0.03)",
"(0.01)",
"$",
"0.99",
"Netincome..........................................................",
"1.09",
"1.26",
"Diluted EPS* attributable to TSYS common shareholders:",
"$",
"1.00",
"Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"1.12",
"1.27",
"(0.02)",
"Loss from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"(0.03)",
"(0.01)",
"$",
"0.99",
"Netincome..........................................................",
"1.09",
"1.26",
"Amounts attributable to TSYS common shareholders:",
"$",
"197,192",
"Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"221,757",
"251,509",
"(3,245)",
"Loss from discontinued operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
"(6,544)",
"(1,409)",
"$",
"193,947",
"Netincome..........................................................",
"215,213",
"250,100",
"* Note: Basic and diluted EPS amounts for continuing operations and net income may not total due to rounding.",
"See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements",
"29"
] | train |
|
[
[
95,
97,
624,
111
],
[
483,
121,
520,
135
],
[
95,
169,
907,
183
],
[
95,
184,
275,
198
],
[
503,
203,
698,
217
],
[
95,
239,
803,
253
],
[
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263,
847,
277
],
[
882,
263,
899,
277
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[
811,
264,
824,
276
],
[
869,
264,
882,
276
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[
95,
287,
908,
301
],
[
95,
302,
104,
316
],
[
108,
302,
411,
316
],
[
824,
326,
848,
340
],
[
887,
326,
899,
340
],
[
811,
327,
824,
339
],
[
865,
327,
878,
339
],
[
95,
350,
908,
364
],
[
95,
365,
908,
379
],
[
95,
381,
532,
395
],
[
824,
404,
847,
418
],
[
882,
404,
899,
418
],
[
811,
406,
824,
418
],
[
869,
406,
882,
418
],
[
95,
428,
903,
442
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[
95,
444,
908,
458
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[
95,
459,
782,
473
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[
828,
483,
851,
497
],
[
882,
483,
899,
497
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[
815,
485,
828,
496
],
[
869,
485,
882,
496
],
[
95,
507,
908,
521
],
[
95,
522,
683,
536
],
[
232,
546,
371,
560
],
[
441,
546,
548,
560
],
[
621,
546,
753,
560
],
[
371,
548,
385,
560
],
[
548,
548,
562,
560
],
[
753,
548,
767,
560
],
[
95,
570,
887,
584
],
[
185,
594,
242,
608
],
[
327,
594,
655,
608
],
[
723,
594,
756,
608
],
[
242,
596,
255,
607
],
[
756,
596,
770,
607
],
[
334,
609,
633,
623
],
[
633,
611,
646,
623
],
[
95,
635,
903,
649
],
[
95,
650,
284,
664
],
[
771,
674,
818,
688
],
[
854,
674,
899,
688
],
[
758,
676,
771,
688
],
[
840,
676,
854,
688
],
[
95,
698,
909,
712
],
[
95,
713,
237,
727
],
[
824,
737,
847,
751
],
[
882,
737,
899,
751
],
[
811,
739,
824,
751
],
[
869,
739,
882,
751
],
[
95,
785,
106,
799
],
[
138,
785,
894,
799
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2
] | [
"Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:",
"None ",
"Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period ",
"covered by the annual report. ",
"7,757,446,545 Common Shares ",
"Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.",
" Yes",
" No",
"",
"",
"If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section ",
"13",
"or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ",
" Yes",
"No",
"",
"",
"Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities ",
"Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), ",
"and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.",
" Yes",
" No",
"",
"",
"Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every ",
"Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during ",
"the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).",
" Yes",
" No",
"",
"",
"Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition ",
"of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): ",
"Large accelerated filer ",
"Accelerated filer ",
"Non-accelerated filer ",
"",
"",
"",
"Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: ",
"U.S. GAAP ",
"International Financial Reporting Standards as issued",
"Other ",
"",
"",
"by the International Accounting Standards Board ",
"",
"If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the ",
"registrant has elected to follow.",
" Item 17",
" Item 18",
"",
"",
"If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities ",
"Exchange Act of 1934).",
" Yes",
" No",
"",
"",
"* ",
"Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange of the American Depositary Shares "
] | train |
|
[
[
201,
29,
358,
43
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[
116,
30,
197,
43
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[
58,
30,
83,
43
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[
513,
98,
877,
110
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[
116,
98,
474,
110
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[
513,
113,
881,
125
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[
116,
113,
437,
125
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[
513,
128,
631,
140
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[
116,
128,
392,
140
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[
513,
158,
629,
170
],
[
116,
159,
445,
170
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[
513,
174,
854,
185
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[
116,
174,
446,
185
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[
513,
189,
884,
200
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[
116,
189,
466,
200
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[
513,
204,
680,
216
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[
685,
204,
691,
216
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[
116,
204,
456,
216
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[
680,
204,
685,
211
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[
116,
219,
446,
231
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[
513,
234,
814,
246
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[
116,
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252,
261
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513,
249,
860,
261
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513,
264,
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276
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264,
482,
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513,
294,
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306
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295,
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513,
310,
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321
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116,
310,
482,
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513,
325,
873,
337
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116,
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481,
337
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513,
340,
884,
352
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[
116,
340,
468,
352
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[
513,
355,
867,
367
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385,
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397
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385,
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401,
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412
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513,
415,
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427
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116,
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456,
427
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[
116,
431,
478,
442
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513,
431,
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442
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116,
446,
433,
457
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513,
446,
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461,
471,
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513,
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116,
463,
123,
469
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134,
476,
295,
488
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513,
476,
875,
488
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134,
491,
346,
503
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513,
491,
862,
503
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116,
493,
123,
499
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134,
506,
475,
518
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513,
506,
661,
518
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[
116,
508,
123,
514
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134,
521,
483,
533
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[
513,
535,
858,
548
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134,
537,
464,
548
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[
134,
552,
249,
563
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[
513,
552,
880,
563
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[
513,
567,
862,
578
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[
116,
582,
486,
594
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[
513,
582,
852,
594
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[
116,
597,
484,
609
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[
513,
597,
850,
609
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[
116,
612,
479,
624
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[
513,
612,
845,
624
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116,
627,
484,
639
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513,
627,
866,
639
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116,
642,
476,
654
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513,
642,
857,
654
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[
116,
658,
471,
669
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513,
658,
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258,
684
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513,
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513,
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513,
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748,
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[
116,
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[
513,
763,
863,
775
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116,
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481,
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[
513,
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[
513,
794,
877,
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[
116,
794,
480,
805
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[
513,
809,
881,
820
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[
116,
809,
488,
820
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[
513,
824,
849,
835
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[
116,
824,
305,
835
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[
513,
839,
816,
851
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[
116,
854,
438,
866
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[
116,
869,
420,
881
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[
116,
904,
122,
914
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[
125,
904,
529,
914
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[
116,
916,
122,
926
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[
125,
916,
763,
926
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[
195,
966,
317,
979
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6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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8,
10,
10,
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4,
10,
4,
4,
10,
4,
10,
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4,
10,
4,
4,
8,
4,
4,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
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2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Corporate governance",
"Governance ",
"110",
"Shareholders usually authorize the Executive Board to purchase ",
"to keep or restore its total stake to 32.6% of the voting rights, ",
"the company’s shares under terms and conditions determined by ",
"irrespective of the circumstances which caused the total ",
"the General Meeting.",
"shareholding to be or become lower than 32.6%.",
"Transfer of shares",
"To Aegon’s knowledge based on the filings made with the ",
"There are no restrictions on the transfer of common shares. ",
"Netherlands Authority for Financial Markets, the AFM, the ",
"Common shares B can only be transferred with the prior approval ",
"US-based investment management firm Dodge & Cox and the ",
"of Aegon’s Supervisory Board",
". ",
"US-based investment management firm FMR LLC each hold ",
"2",
"a capital and voting interest in Aegon N.V in excess of 3%.",
"Aegon has no knowledge of any agreement between ",
"Special control rights",
"shareholders that might restrict the transfer of shares or the ",
"voting rights pertaining to them.",
"As a matter of Dutch corporate law, the common shares and the ",
"common shares B offer equal",
" full voting rights, as they have ",
"1",
"Significant agreements and potential change of control",
"equal nominal value (EUR 0.12). The Voting Rights Agreement ",
"Aegon is not party to any significant agreements which would ",
"entered into between Vereniging Aegon and Aegon ensures that ",
"take effect, alter or terminate as a consequence of a change of ",
"under normal circumstances, i.e. except in the event of a Special ",
"control following a public offer for the outstanding shares of the ",
"Cause, Vereniging Aegon will no longer be allowed to exercise ",
"company, other than those customary in the financial markets ",
"more votes than is proportionate to the financial rights ",
"(for example, financial arrangements, loans and joint venture ",
"represented by its shares. This means that in the absence of ",
"agreements). ",
"a Special Cause Vereniging Aegon may cast one vote for every ",
"common share it holds and one vote only for every 40 common ",
"Exercise of option rights",
"shares B it holds. In the event of a Special Cause Vereniging ",
"Aegon may cast one vote for every common share and one vote ",
"Senior executives at Aegon companies and other employees ",
"for every common share B. A Special Cause may include:",
"have been granted share appreciation rights and share options. ",
"The acquisition by a third party of an interest in Aegon N.V. ",
"For further details, please see note 14 of the notes to Aegon’s ",
"■",
"amounting to 15% or more; ",
"consolidated financial statements of this Annual Report. Under ",
"A tender offer for Aegon N.V. shares; ",
"the terms of existing share plans Aegon cannot influence the ",
"■",
"A proposed business combination by any person or group of ",
"exercise of granted rights.",
"■",
"persons, whether acting individually or as a group, other than ",
"Appointing, suspending or dismissing Board members",
"in a transaction approved by the company’s Executive and ",
"Supervisory Boards. ",
"The General Meeting of Shareholders appoints members of both ",
"the Supervisory and Executive Boards, following nominations ",
"If Vereniging Aegon, acting at its sole discretion, determines that ",
"by the Supervisory Board. Providing at least two candidates ",
"a Special Cause has arisen, it must notify the General Meeting of ",
"are nominated, these nominations are binding. The General ",
"Shareholders. In this event, Vereniging Aegon retains full voting ",
"Meeting of Shareholders may cancel the binding nature of ",
"rights on its common shares B for a period limited to six months. ",
"these nominations with a majority of two-thirds of votes cast, ",
"Based on its current shareholding, Vereniging Aegon would, for ",
"representing at least one half of Aegon’s issued capital. The ",
"that limited period, command 32.6% of the votes at a General ",
"General Meeting may, in addition, bring forward a resolution to ",
"Meeting of Shareholders.",
"appoint someone not nominated by the Supervisory Board. Such ",
"a resolution also requires a two-thirds majority of votes cast ",
"Issue and repurchase of shares",
"representing at least one half of Aegon’s issued capital.",
"New shares may be issued up to the maximum of the company’s ",
"Members of Aegon’s Supervisory and Executive Boards may be ",
"authorized capital, following a resolution adopted by the General ",
"suspended or dismissed by the General Meeting of Shareholders ",
"Meeting of Shareholders. Shares may also be issued following ",
"with a two-thirds majority of votes cast, representing at least ",
"a resolution of the Executive Board, providing, and to the extent ",
"one half of Aegon’s issued capital, unless the suspension or ",
"that, the Board has been authorized to do so by the General ",
"dismissal has first been proposed by the company’s Supervisory ",
"Meeting of Shareholders. A resolution authorizing the Executive ",
"Board. A member of the Executive Board may also be suspended ",
"Board to issue new shares is usually presented at Aegon’s annual ",
"by the Supervisory Board, although the General Meeting of ",
"General Meeting of Shareholders.",
"Shareholders has the power to annul this suspension.",
"Aegon is entitled to acquire its own fully paid-up shares, ",
"providing it acts within existing statutory restrictions. ",
"1",
"The Voting Rights Agreement is published on Aegon’s corporate website (aegon.com).",
"2",
"For more details, please refer to clause 14A of Aegon’s Articles of Association or clause 10.6 of the 1983 Amended Merger Agreement.",
"Annual Report 2013"
] | train |
|
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[
102,
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] | [
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"Chairman’s Letter",
"“In these days of fierce competition, we are apt to disregard the old landmarks in the wild anxiety for business, but the",
"management of this Company are determined to be guided only by those sound and conservative principles which",
"can be the only basis of a",
"permanent",
"success; among them is the necessity of more solicitude for the",
"character",
"of its",
"business than for its mere",
"volume",
".”",
"—Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Annual Report, 1870",
"To my fellow shareholders:",
"One year ago in this space, I outlined the principles MetLife would follow in developing its new corporate strategy,",
"among them, that we would strike the right balance between growth, profitability and risk. So I was pleased to learn of the",
"above quote from the company’s founding era. Our managers then knew what we still know today—that compromising",
"on any one of these will defeat your chances for permanent success.",
"The task for the current management of MetLife is clear. We must ensure that we conduct business in a way that",
"creates value for our shareholders, customers, employees and the communities where we do business.",
"Our financial results and management actions in 2012 demonstrate that we are on the right path. For the year, we",
"grew operating earnings per share (EPS) by 21% over 2011. We achieved an operating return on equity of 11.3%. And",
"our operating premiums, fees and other revenues rose by 5% in the face of continuing economic headwinds.",
"1",
"Even more important than our strong 2012 financial results are the steps we took to position MetLife for long-term",
"profitable growth. In May of last year, we introduced our new corporate strategy to guide MetLife through the current",
"environment. We have made significant progress on each of the four cornerstone initiatives.",
"Refocus the U.S. Business",
"A top priority for MetLife is to shift our business mix from market-sensitive, capital-intensive products toward",
"protection-oriented, lower-risk products. To be clear, this does not mean that MetLife will stop providing customers with",
"long-term income solutions. But in a period of prolonged low interest rates and potentially higher capital requirements for",
"large life insurance companies, we must achieve the correct balance.",
"From a high-water mark of approximately $28 billion in 2011, MetLife managed its sales of variable annuity products",
"downward to $17.7 billion in 2012. For 2013, we plan to sell between $10 billion and $11 billion of variable annuities. We",
"believe our newest product, which includes a 4% roll-up rate and a 4% withdrawal rate, will improve the risk profile of our",
"variable annuity sales and generate a higher expected return on economic capital, while still helping customers meet their",
"retirement security goals.",
"Similarly, a new Voluntary and Worksite Benefits solution is consistent with our strategic shift toward low-capital-",
"intensity products. We are now cross-selling protection-oriented accident and health products in Group offerings for mid-",
"sized employers, which can generate revenue with lower risk. A dedicated team was established within our U.S.",
"business specifically to drive growth in this area.",
"Grow Emerging Markets",
"By capitalizing on an expanding global middle class, we expect to increase MetLife’s share of operating earnings from",
"emerging markets to more than 20% by 2016, up from 14% today. Our existing emerging-market businesses performed",
"well in 2012 and contributed to overall operating earnings growth of 18% in Asia, 13% in Latin America, and 8% in",
"Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA).",
"See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for non-",
"1",
"GAAP definitions and financial information."
] | train |
|
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"Note 9",
"Notes to the financial statements of Aegon N.V. ",
"300",
"Remeasurement ",
"Legal ",
"of defined ",
"Legal ",
"reserves ",
"Net ",
"Share ",
"Paid- in ",
"Revaluation ",
"benefit plans of ",
"reserves ",
"group ",
"Retained ",
"Treasury ",
"income/",
"capital",
"surplus",
"account",
"group companies",
"FCTR",
"companies",
"earnings",
"shares",
"(loss)",
"Total",
"310",
"8,787",
"3,634",
"-",
"(910)",
"3,285",
"5,277",
"(252)",
"869",
"21,000",
"At January 1, 2012",
"Changes in ",
"accounting policies ",
"relating to IFRS 10 ",
"and 11 ",
"-",
"-",
"17",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(139)",
"-",
"-",
"(122)",
"1)",
"Changes in ",
"accounting policies ",
"relating to IAS 19",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(979)",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"15",
"(964)",
"1)",
"At January 1, 2012 ",
"310",
"8,787",
"3,651",
"(979)",
"(910)",
"3,285",
"5,138",
"(252)",
"884",
"19,914",
"(restated)",
"Net income 2011 ",
"retained",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"884",
"-",
"(884)",
"-",
"Net income 2012",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"1,581",
"1,581",
"Total net income / ",
"(loss)",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"884",
"-",
"697",
"1,581",
"Foreign currency ",
"translation ",
"differences and ",
"movement in ",
"foreign investment ",
"hedging reserves",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(113)",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(113)",
"Changes in ",
"revaluation ",
"subsidiaries",
"-",
"-",
"2,573",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"2,573",
"Remeasurement of ",
"defined benefit ",
"plans of group ",
"companies",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(106)",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(106)",
"Transfer to legal ",
"reserve",
"-",
"-",
"193",
"-",
"-",
"189",
"(333)",
"-",
"-",
"49",
"Other",
"-",
"-",
"19",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(25)",
"-",
"-",
"(6)",
"Other ",
"comprehensive ",
"income / (loss)",
"-",
"-",
"2,785",
"(106)",
"(113)",
"189",
"(358)",
"-",
"-",
"2,397",
"Shares issued",
"2",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"2",
"Dividend common ",
"shares",
"7",
"(7)",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(148)",
"-",
"-",
"(148)",
"Dividend preferred ",
"shares",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(59)",
"-",
"-",
"(59)",
"Treasury shares",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(6)",
"9",
"-",
"3",
"Dividend withholding ",
"tax reduction",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"3",
"-",
"-",
"3",
"Coupons and ",
"premium on ",
"convertible core ",
"capital securities ",
"and coupon on ",
"perpetual ",
"securities, net of ",
"tax",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(195)",
"-",
"-",
"(195)",
"Other",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"-",
"(10)",
"-",
"-",
"(10)",
"At December 31, ",
"2012",
"319",
"8,780",
"6,436",
"(1,085)",
"(1,023)",
"3,474",
"5,249",
"(243)",
"1,581",
"23,488",
"1 ",
"Amounts have been restated for the changes in accounting policies as describes in note 2 of the consolidated financial statements.",
"Annual Report 2013"
] | train |
|
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"∀",
"∈ U",
"R$_{u,m}$θ$_{u,m}$",
"+",
"x$_{u,b}$R$_{u,b}$γ$_{u,b}$",
"[",
"z$_{u,m}$R",
", z$_{u,m}$R",
"]",
",",
"u",
".",
"u",
"u",
"∈B$_{m}$",
"b",
"(1)",
"maximization problem that adopts the weighted sum rate (WSR) system utility under per-user",
"∀",
"∈ U",
"w$_{u}$ >",
"0",
",",
"u",
"rate constraints. The WSR problem is posed in (1).",
"denotes any input weight",
"u",
"z$_{u,m}$",
"u",
"or priority assigned to user",
". In (1) the binary valued variable",
"is one if user",
"is associated",
"m",
"with macro TP",
"and zero otherwise, so that the first set of constraints in (1) ensures that each",
"user is associated with at-most one macro. Further, exploiting dual connectivity, each user that",
"B$_{m}$",
"m",
"is associated to the macro TP",
"is also associated with any one pico TP in",
". Indeed, the",
"x$_{u,b}$",
"u",
"b",
"indicator variable",
"is one if user",
"is associated to TP",
"and zero otherwise. Consequently,",
"{",
"}$_{u}$$_{∈U}$$_{,b}$$_{∈B}$$_{m}$",
"x$_{u,b}$",
"= 1",
"yields the user set such that each user in that set is associated to any one",
"B$_{m}$",
"{",
"}",
"m",
"γ$_{u,b}$, θ$_{u,m}$",
"TP in",
"as well with the macro TP",
". The continuous variables",
"are referred to",
"here as allocation fractions and their respective sums are upper bounded by unity for each macro",
"TP as well as each pico TP, as depicted in the second set of constraints. Although (1) does not",
"enforce that each user must be associated with a macro TP, it does enforce (in the third set of",
"constraints) that each user associated to any macro TP must be assigned at-least its minimum rate",
"1",
"but should not exceed a maximum rate. Notice also that (1) is always feasible.",
"The minimum",
"rate constraints are useful in enforcing that a minimum expected quality is provided to each",
"served user and are based on the observation that in many scenarios serving a user at a rate",
"below its minimum threshold is futile. On the other hand, the maximum rate limits can be used",
"to cap the rates of any set of users such as those that have subscribed to a lower tier of service.",
"∈ U",
"∈ B$_{m}$",
"x$_{u,b}$",
"= 1",
"u",
", b",
"$^{1}$Note that single-TP only association is subsumed by (1). Indeed, with",
"for some",
", by choosing",
"θ$_{u,m}$",
"= 0",
"γ$_{u,b}$",
"= 0",
"u",
"b",
"m",
"u",
"(",
") we can ensure that user",
"will receive data only from the pico node",
"(macro node",
"). Also, each user",
"∀",
"∈ B$_{m}$",
"∈ M",
"θ$_{u,m}$",
"= 0",
", γ$_{u,b}$",
"= 0",
",",
"b",
", m",
"that is not associated with any macro TP gets zero rate and must have",
"due to the third",
"set of constraints."
] | train |
|
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],
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405,
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871,
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884
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80,
900,
930,
914
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[
94,
932,
820,
942
]
] | [
6,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
8,
10,
10,
2
] | [
"1",
"An",
"Intercell",
"Interference",
"Model",
"based",
"on",
"Scheduling",
"for",
"Future",
"Generation",
"Wireless",
"Networks",
"(Part",
"I",
"and",
"Part",
"II)",
"∗",
"Hina Tabassum",
"$^{∗}$, Ferkan Yilmaz$^{∗}$, Zaher Dawy",
"$^{⋆}$, Mohamed-Slim Alouini",
"arXiv:1206.2292v2",
"[cs.IT]",
"13",
"Jun 2012",
"Abstract",
"This technical report is divided into two parts. The first par",
"t of the technical report presents a novel framework",
"for modeling the uplink and downlink intercell interference (ICI) in a multiuser cellular network. The proposed",
"framework assists in quantifying the impact of various fading channel models and multiuser scheduling schemes",
"on the uplink and downlink ICI. Firstly, we derive a semi-analytical expression for the distribution of the location",
"of the scheduled user in a given cell considering a wide range of scheduling schemes. Based on this, we derive the",
"distribution and moment generating function (MGF) of the ICI considering a single interfering cell. Consequently,",
"we determine the MGF of the cumulative ICI observed from all interfering cells and derive explicit MGF expres-",
"sions for three typical fading models. Finally, we utilize the obtained expressions to evaluate important network",
"performance metrics such as the outage probability, ergodic capacity and average fairness numerically. Monte-Carlo",
"simulation results are provided to demonstrate the efficacyof the derived analytical expressions$^{1}$.",
"The second part of the technical report deals with the statistical modeling of uplink inter-cell interference (ICI)",
"considering greedy scheduling with power adaptation based on channel conditions. The derived model is utilized",
"to evaluate important network performance metrics such as ergodic capacity, average fairness and average power",
"preservation numerically. In parallel to the literature, we have shown that greedy scheduling with power adaptation",
"reduces the ICI, average power consumption of users, and enhances the average fairness among users, compared",
"to the case without power adaptation.",
"Part I of the Technical Report",
"I.",
"PART I: INTRODUCTION",
"Explosive growth in the demand of high quality wireless data services compel the network designers",
"to utilize spectrum more aggressively which on one side enhances the spectrum efficiency, whereas",
"$^{1}$The first part of the technical report is currently submittedto IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"
] | train |
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"estimator attains the same optimal rate with exponentially (resp. algebraically) beta-mixing regressors",
"for",
"p > d/",
"2",
"(resp.",
"p > d",
"(2 +",
"γ",
")",
"/",
"(2",
"γ",
")). It is interesting to note that for a smooth conditional mean",
"2",
"function, we obtain the optimal",
"L",
"convergence rates for these commonly used series LS estimators",
"with weakly dependent regressors without requiring the existence of higher-than-second unconditional",
"2",
"moments of the error terms. Previously, Newey (1997) derived the optimal",
"L",
"convergence rates of",
"series LS estimator under i.i.d. data and the restriction of",
"K",
"$^{2}$/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"for spline and trigonometric",
"series (and",
"K",
"$^{3}$/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"for power series), where",
"K",
"is the series number of terms. The restriction on",
"K",
"is relaxed to",
"K",
"(log",
"K",
")",
"/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"in Huang (2003a) for splines and in Belloni et al. (2014) for wavelets,",
"2",
"trigonometric and other series under i.i.d. data. We show that the optimal",
"L",
"convergence rates are",
"still attainable for splines, wavelets, trigonometric and other series under exponentially beta-mixing",
"and",
"K",
"(log",
"K",
")",
"$^{2}$/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1).",
"We also show that feasible asymptotic inference can be performed on a possibly nonlinear functional",
"̂",
"̂",
"f",
"(",
"h$_{0}$",
") using the plug-in series LS estimator",
"f",
"(",
"h",
"). We establish the asymptotic normality of",
"f",
"(",
"h",
") and",
"of the corresponding Student t statistic for weakly dependent data under mild low-level conditions.",
"√$_{n}$$_{-estimable) but sup-norm bounded}$",
"linear",
"When specializing to general irregular (i.e., slower than",
"functionals of spline or wavelet series LS estimators with i.i.d. data, we obtain the asymptotic normality",
"̂",
"of",
"f",
"(",
"h",
")",
"$^{√$_{n}$$_{(}$$_{f}$$_{(}$}$̂",
"$^{√$_{n}$$_{(}$$_{f}$$_{(}$}$̂",
"−",
"−",
"h",
"h",
")",
")",
"f",
"f",
"(",
"(",
"h$_{0}$",
"h$_{0}$",
"))",
"))",
"→",
"→",
"N",
"N",
"(0",
"(0",
",",
",",
"1)",
"1)",
"d",
"d",
"1",
"1",
"/",
"/",
"2",
"2",
"V",
"V",
"K",
"K",
"2",
"{|",
"|",
"}|",
"→",
"under remarkably mild conditions of (1) uniform integrability (sup$_{x}$$_{∈X}$",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"> ℓ",
"(",
"n",
")",
"X$_{i}$",
"=",
"x",
"]",
"0",
"i",
"√",
"−",
"p/d",
"→ ∞",
"→ ∞",
"for any",
"ℓ",
"(",
"n",
")",
"as",
"n",
"), and (2)",
"K",
"n/V$_{K}$",
"=",
"o",
"(1), (",
"K",
"log",
"K",
")",
"/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1), where",
"V$_{K}$",
"is the",
"sieve variance that grows with",
"K",
"for irregular functionals. These conditions coincide with the weakest",
"known conditions in Huang (2003b) for the pointwise asymptotic normality of spline LS estimators,",
"4",
"except we also allow for other irregular linear functionals of spline or wavelet LS estimators.",
"When",
"specializing to general irregular but sup-norm bounded",
"nonlinear",
"functionals of spline or wavelet series",
"̂",
"LS estimators with i.i.d. data, we obtain asymptotic normality of",
"f",
"(",
"h",
") (and of its t statistic) under",
"√",
"(2+",
"δ",
")",
"(2+",
"δ",
")",
"−",
"p/d",
"n/V$_{K}$",
"=",
"o",
"(1),",
"K",
"$^{/δ}$(log",
"n",
")",
"/n",
"1",
"(and",
"K",
"$^{/δ}$(log",
"n",
")",
"/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"for",
"conditions (1) and (3)",
"K",
"≲",
"2+",
"∈",
"|",
"|",
"∞",
"the t statistic) for",
"δ",
"(0",
",",
"2)",
"such that",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"$^{δ}$]",
"<",
". These conditions are much weaker than the",
"well-known conditions in Newey (1997) for the asymptotic normality of a nonlinear functional and its t",
"$^{4}$Most of the literature has focused on the case of i.i.d. or strictly stationary data. See Andrews (1991) for asymptotic",
"normality of linear functionals of series LS estimators with non-identically distributed data.",
"4"
] | train |
|
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] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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2,
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] | [
"Almost periodic solutions of retarded SICNNs with functional",
"response on piecewise constant argument",
"a,",
"Marat Akhmet",
"$^{∗}$, Mehmet Onur Fen",
"$^{b}$, Mokhtar Kiranec",
"$^{a}$Department of Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey",
"$^{b}$Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA",
"$^{c}$Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Image et Applications, Pôle Sciences et Technologies, Université de La",
"Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France",
"arXiv:1509.01079v1 [math.DS] 3 Sep 2015",
"Abstract",
"We consider a new model for shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks, retarded functional dif-",
"ferential equations with piecewise constant argument. The existence and exponential stability of almost",
"periodic solutions are investigated. An illustrative example is provided.",
"Shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks; Retarded functional differential equations;",
"Keywords:",
"Alternate constancy of argument; Bohr almost periodic solutions; Exponential stability",
"1",
"Introduction",
"Cellular neural networks ($_{CNNs}$) have been paid much attention in the past two decades [1]-[10]. Ex-",
"ceptional role in psychophysics, speech, perception, robotics, adaptive pattern recognition, vision, and",
"image processing is played by shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks ($_{SICNNs}$), which was in-",
"troduced by Bouzerdoum and Pinter [11]. One of the most attractive subjects for this type of neural",
"networks is the existence of almost periodic solutions. This problem has been investigated for models",
"with different types of activation functions [12]-[20]. In the present study, we investigate a new model of",
"$_{SICNNs}$by considering deviated as well as piecewise constant time arguments, and prove the existence",
"of exponentially stable almost periodic solutions. All the results are discussed for the general type of",
"activation functions, but they can be easily specified for applications.",
"Extended information about differential equations with generalized piecewise constant argument [21]",
"can be found in the book [22]. As a subclass, they contain differential equations with piecewise constant",
"argument ($_{EPCA}$) [23]-[30], where the piecewise constant argument is assumed to be a multiple of the",
"greatest integer function.",
"Differential equations with piecewise constant argument are very useful as models for neural networks.",
"This was shown in the studies [31]-[33], where the authors utilized",
"We propose to involve a",
"EPCA.",
"Corresponding Author Tel.: +90 312 210 5355, Fax: +90 312 210 2972, E-mail: [email protected]",
"∗",
"1"
] | train |
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"[",
"(",
")]",
"N",
"J",
"(",
")",
"∑",
"∑",
"max",
"min",
"$_{Ψ}$−",
"p$_{i}$",
"exp",
"−",
"αw$_{i}$",
"−",
"α",
"$_{=1}$x$_{j}$",
"A",
"−",
"A$_{ij}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"=1",
"i",
"j",
"j",
",",
"∈",
"ξ",
"x",
"p",
"such that",
"{",
"(",
")",
"}",
"N",
"N",
"p$_{i}$",
"N",
"×",
"∑",
"∑",
"(A)",
"Ψ =",
"p",
"∈",
"$^{1}$|",
"p",
"≥",
"0",
",",
"$_{=1}$p$_{i}$",
"= 1",
",",
"p$_{i}$",
"ln",
"≤",
"Ω",
"R",
"=1",
"i",
"i",
"q$_{i}$",
"(B)",
"≥",
"0",
"ξ",
"(8)",
"N",
"∑",
"(C)",
"$_{=1}$ξ$_{i}$",
"= 1",
"i",
"(E1)",
"∀",
"j",
"∈ {",
"1",
",",
"2",
", .., J",
"}",
",",
"(",
")",
"x$_{j}$",
"= 0",
"if",
"A",
"> B$_{j}$b$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"(E2)",
"∀",
"j",
"∈ {",
"1",
",",
"2",
", .., J",
"}",
",",
"(",
")",
"x$_{j}$",
"∈",
"[0",
", Q$_{j}$",
"]",
"if",
"A",
"=",
"B$_{j}$b$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"(E3)",
"∀",
"j",
"∈ {",
"1",
",",
"2",
", .., J",
"}",
",",
"(",
")",
"x$_{j}$",
"=",
"Q$_{j}$",
"if",
"A",
"< B$_{j}$b$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"= 0",
"for",
"∀",
"i",
". As the value",
"Suppose that the market maker holds zero inventory:",
"w$_{i}$",
"Proof.",
"See the Appendix.",
"The KPM may not be completely pari-mutuel in the sense that the market maker can lose money",
"with positive probability. However, Corollary 1 shows that the KPM subsumes a completely pari-",
"mutuel market. By adjusting the value of Ω, the market designer can fine-tune the extent to which",
"the market is close to being completely pari-mutuel. The larger the value of Ω, the more completely",
"pari-mutuel the market becomes.",
"For example, consider increasing the value of Ω. Problem (8) then models the auctioneer with",
"a large level of ambiguity aversion. The ambiguity-averse DM is very sensitive to the worst-case",
"scenario. Thus, the auctioneer clears the market such that he/she performs moderately even in the",
"worst-case scenario. In other words, the auctioneer does not want to lose too much money even",
"5",
"in the worst-case scenario.",
"In the extreme case in which Ω diverges to infinity, the auctioneer",
"becomes so conservative that he/she does not want to lose any money under any circumstances.",
"The market should become completely pari-mutuel.",
"4.3",
"The Market-Clearing Algorithm",
"Ω",
"−",
"αw$_{i}$",
"Before further discussion, we introduce new notations:",
"z$_{i}$",
"=",
"−",
"e",
"and",
"θ$_{i}$",
"=",
"q$_{i}$e",
"for each",
"i",
"∈",
"{",
"1",
",",
"2",
", ..., N",
"}",
". In addition, let",
"F",
"be the set of pairs (",
",",
"x",
") that satisfy the limit order logic constraints",
"ξ",
"(E1), (E2), and (E3).",
"$^{5}$The cost of this strategy is that the market maker may not be able to make a great deal of money on the upside.",
"13"
] | train |
|
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"scalability can be achieved because, under the conditional independence assumption, the Hessian",
"of the log posterior is sparse, with a predictable sparsity pattern.",
"4.1",
"Computing Log Posteriors, Gradients and Hessians",
"Under the conditional independence assumption, the log posterior density is the sum of the logs",
"of Equations 2 and 3, with a heterogeneous component",
"N",
"|$_{b}$$_{i}$",
"|$_{a}$",
"GLYPH<229>",
"$_{i}$($_{b}$$_{i}$",
")",
"f$_{i}$",
"y$_{i}$",
"log",
",",
"log",
"(17)",
"(",
"$_{a}$) +",
"p",
"i",
"$_{p}$($_{a}$",
")",
"and a homogeneous component log",
". This homogeneous component is the hyperprior on",
"N",
"the population-level parameters, so its computation does not depend on",
", while each additional",
"household adds another element to the summation in Equation 17. Therefore, computation of the",
"N",
"k",
"log posterior grows linearly in",
". In the subsequent text, let",
"be the number of elements in each",
"p",
"and let",
"be the number of elements in",
". Using the notation from Section 2,",
"is a vector that",
"b",
"a",
"q",
"i",
"concatenates all of the",
"together, along with",
".",
"b",
"a",
"i",
"There are two reasons why we might need to compute the gradient and Hessian of the log",
"posterior, namely to use in a derivative-based optimization algorithm to find the posterior mode,",
"3",
"and for estimating the precision matrix of an MVN proposal distribution.",
"Ideally, we would",
"derive the gradient and Hessian analytically, and write code to estimate it efficiently. For com-",
"plicated models, the required effort for coding analytic gradients may not be worthwhile. An",
"alternative would be numerical approximation through finite differencing. The fastest, yet least",
"accurate, method for finite differencing for gradients, using either forward or backward differ-",
"+",
"+",
"Nk",
"p",
"ences, requires",
"1",
"evaluations of the log posterior. Since the computational cost of the log",
"N",
"posterior also grows linearly with",
", computing the gradient this way will grow quadratically in",
"N",
"N",
". The cost of estimating a Hessian using finite differencing grow even faster in",
". Also, if the",
"Hessian is estimated by taking finite differences of gradients, and those gradients themselves were",
"finite-differences, the accumulated numerical error can be so large that the Hessian estimates are",
"useless.",
"$^{3}$We do not require either derivative-based optimization or using MVN proposals, but these are most likely reason-",
"able choices for differentiable, unimodal posteriors.",
"20"
] | train |
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] | [
"c$_{p}$",
"ln (",
"z$_{i}$$_{0}$",
")",
"−",
"h$_{i}$",
"−",
"c$_{p}$ > f$_{i}$$_{0}$.",
"Indeed, using the definition of",
"z$_{i}$$_{0}$",
"and the fact, established",
"c$_{p}$",
"$_{h$_{i}$}$,",
"we have",
"in OMH’s Lemma 11, that",
"f$_{i}$$_{0}$",
"=",
"−",
"c$_{p}$",
"−",
"(1",
"−",
"c$_{p}$",
") ln (1 +",
"h$_{i}$",
") +",
"c$_{p}$",
"ln",
"c$_{p}$",
"ln (",
"z$_{i}$$_{0}$",
")",
"−",
"h$_{i}$",
"−",
"c$_{p}$",
"−",
"f$_{i}$$_{0}$",
"= ln (1 +",
"h$_{i}$",
") +",
"c$_{p}$",
"ln (",
"c$_{p}$",
"+",
"h$_{i}$",
")",
"−",
"h$_{i}$",
"−",
"c$_{p}$",
"ln",
"c$_{p}$.",
"The right hand side of this equality equals 0 at",
"h$_{i}$",
"= 0 and has a non-negative",
"√",
"Therefore,",
"derivative with respect to",
"h$_{i}$",
"for all 0",
"≤",
"h$_{i}$",
"≤",
"c$_{p}$.",
"−",
"1",
"∣",
"∣",
"(",
")",
"h$_{i}$",
"∮",
"j",
"−",
"1",
"−",
"nf$_{i}$",
"(",
"z",
"j",
"−",
"−",
"e",
"$^{)}$g",
"(",
"z",
") d",
"z",
"<",
"2",
"(3",
"z$_{i}$$_{0}$",
")",
"n",
"3",
"$^{p}$e",
"$^{nf$_{i}$$_{0}$}$,",
"1",
"+",
"h$_{i}$",
"¯",
"K$_{i}$$_{2}$∪",
"K$_{i}$$_{2}$",
"¯",
"−",
"j",
"−",
"−",
"3",
"/",
"(",
"]",
"and thus, Ψ$_{3}$ =",
"e",
"$^{nf$_{i}$$_{0}$}$h",
"n",
"$^{2}$O$_{p}$",
"(1), uniformly in",
"h$_{i}$",
"∈",
"0",
",",
"h",
".",
"Combining this",
"i",
"with (43) and (47), we obtain (23).",
"□",
"Proof of Theorem 1",
"Proposition 2 and Lemma 3 imply that",
"(",
")$_{1}$$_{≤}$$_{i,j}$$_{≤}$$_{r}$",
"r",
"j",
"−",
"1",
"∑",
"k$_{1}$",
"exp",
"{−",
"n",
"$_{=1}$f$_{i}$$_{0}$",
"}",
"z",
"exp",
"{−",
"Δ$_{p}$ (",
"z$_{i}$$_{0}$",
")",
"}",
"O$_{p}$",
"(1)",
"i",
"0",
"i",
"det",
"L",
"(",
"h",
";",
"λ",
") =",
"+",
"j",
"r/",
"2",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"h",
"$_{i}$n",
"(2i)",
"$^{r}$(",
"πn",
")",
"f",
"i",
"2",
"¯",
"As is shown in OMH (see their Lemma 11 and (A8))",
"$^{3}$, for",
"h$_{i}$",
"≤",
"h",
",",
"c$_{p}$",
",",
"and",
"(49)",
"f$_{i}$$_{0}$",
"=",
"−",
"c$_{p}$",
"−",
"(1",
"−",
"c$_{p}$",
") ln (1 +",
"h$_{i}$",
") +",
"c$_{p}$",
"ln",
"h$_{i}$",
"2",
"h",
"i",
"f$_{i}$$_{2}$",
"=",
"−",
".",
"(50)",
"2",
"2",
"(1 +",
"h$_{i}$",
")",
"$^{2}$(",
"c$_{p}$",
"−",
"h",
"$_{i}$)",
"Moreover, by OMH’s Lemma A2, exp",
"{−",
"Δ$_{p}$ (",
"z$_{i}$$_{0}$",
")",
"}",
"=",
"O$_{p}$",
"(1)",
"uniformly in",
"h",
"∈",
"¯",
"(",
"]",
"0",
",",
"h",
"$^{r}$. Using these facts and the definition of",
"k$_{1}$",
"given in Proposition 2, we get",
"after some algebra",
"$^{3}$Note that the expressions given in OMH are half times the expressions given below because",
"the equivalent of",
"f$_{i}$",
"in the real-valued data case considered by OMH is",
"f$_{i}$/",
"2.",
"30"
] | train |
|
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[
172,
846,
182,
857
]
] | [
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"4.2",
"The Model",
"47",
"signatures.",
"We consider that these are the dominant contributions to the",
"curvature perturbation, so that the inflaton’s contribution can be ignored.",
"It should be noted that the first scenario is very similar to that in Ref. [30].",
"However, in that paper the authors use a modulated coupling constant rather",
"than a modulated mass.",
"Also, the treatment that has been given to the",
"work in this thesis is much more comprehensive.",
"One example of this is",
"in the consideration of the effect that the thermal fluctuation of the ther-",
"mal waterfall field has on the model (see Section 4.4.3.6). Another example",
"is the requirement that the thermal waterfall field is thermalized (see Sec-",
"tion 4.4.3.7). Also, there is no consideration given in Ref. [30] to requiring",
"a fast transition from thermal inflation to thermal waterfall field oscillation",
"(see Section 4.4.3.10), as detailed in Ref. [34], as this paper appeared after",
"Ref. [30].",
"Throughout this work, units are used where",
"=",
"=",
"= 1",
"and the re-",
"c",
"k$_{B}$",
"ℏ",
"18",
"duced Planck Mass is",
"=2",
"436",
"×",
"10",
"GeV.",
"M$_{P}$",
".",
"The potential that is considered in this model is",
"2",
"2",
"+4",
"α",
"n",
"(",
")",
"1",
"1",
"ψ",
"φ",
"2",
"2",
"2",
"2",
"(",
") =",
"+",
"−",
"+",
"$_{0}$+",
"(4.2)",
"$^{2}$+",
"V",
"φ, T, ψ",
"V$_{0}$",
"g",
"$^{2}$T 2",
"m",
"h",
"m",
"$_{ψ}$ψ",
"φ",
"λ",
"2",
"−",
"2",
"α",
"2",
"n",
"2",
"2",
"M",
"M",
"P",
"P",
"where",
"is the thermal waterfall scalar field,",
"is a light spectator scalar",
"φ",
"ψ",
"field,",
"is the temperature of the thermal bath,",
",",
"and",
"are dimensionless",
"T",
"g",
"h",
"λ",
"1",
"1",
"2",
"2",
"coupling constants,",
"≥",
"1",
"and",
"≥",
"1",
"are integers and the",
"−",
"and",
"α",
"n",
"$_{2}$m",
"$_{2}$m",
"0",
"ψ",
"2",
"4",
"terms come from soft SUSY breaking.",
"We do not include a",
"term, because",
"φ",
"the thermal waterfall field is a flaton, whose potential is stabilised by the",
"1",
"factor into",
"has a factorial term absorbed into it. Also, we are absorbing the",
"$^{2}$h",
"(2",
"+4)!",
"n",
".",
"λ"
] | train |
|
[
[
172,
110,
194,
124
],
[
211,
110,
300,
124
],
[
806,
110,
826,
124
],
[
431,
449,
566,
463
],
[
317,
478,
681,
492
],
[
202,
535,
492,
549
],
[
568,
576,
575,
585
],
[
584,
576,
602,
585
],
[
575,
576,
584,
585
],
[
631,
577,
641,
591
],
[
462,
577,
472,
591
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[
556,
578,
568,
591
],
[
660,
585,
667,
594
],
[
684,
585,
691,
594
],
[
609,
587,
624,
601
],
[
785,
587,
826,
601
],
[
322,
587,
329,
601
],
[
350,
587,
360,
601
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[
382,
587,
410,
601
],
[
440,
587,
455,
611
],
[
474,
587,
491,
601
],
[
491,
587,
538,
601
],
[
543,
587,
554,
601
],
[
643,
587,
660,
601
],
[
660,
587,
683,
601
],
[
306,
587,
317,
601
],
[
329,
587,
346,
601
],
[
360,
587,
381,
601
],
[
416,
587,
435,
601
],
[
582,
595,
589,
605
],
[
589,
596,
597,
604
],
[
462,
597,
472,
611
],
[
631,
597,
641,
611
],
[
561,
597,
580,
610
],
[
580,
604,
589,
613
],
[
172,
639,
374,
653
],
[
395,
639,
825,
653
],
[
383,
639,
395,
653
],
[
172,
667,
366,
681
],
[
592,
704,
598,
712
],
[
445,
710,
460,
746
],
[
553,
710,
581,
746
],
[
591,
712,
607,
719
],
[
583,
713,
591,
719
],
[
528,
713,
536,
722
],
[
489,
715,
526,
728
],
[
525,
722,
535,
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],
[
392,
724,
400,
748
],
[
411,
724,
419,
748
],
[
425,
724,
440,
738
],
[
785,
724,
826,
738
],
[
400,
725,
411,
738
],
[
445,
731,
460,
767
],
[
567,
731,
581,
767
],
[
462,
733,
479,
769
],
[
462,
733,
479,
769
],
[
479,
737,
496,
752
],
[
513,
737,
550,
752
],
[
496,
738,
508,
751
],
[
172,
769,
795,
780
],
[
172,
769,
795,
780
]
] | [
6,
6,
6,
7,
1,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2
] | [
"4.2",
"The Model",
"49",
"Arbitrary Units",
"Fig. 4.2: The potential given by Eq. (4.5).",
"The zero temperature potential is",
"2",
"+4",
"n",
"1",
"1",
"φ",
"2",
"2",
"+",
"(4.6)",
"(",
"0",
") =",
"−",
"m",
"$^{2}$φ$^{2}$+",
"λ",
"m",
"$_{ψ}$ψ",
"V",
"φ,",
", ψ",
"V$_{0}$",
"2",
"n",
"2",
"2",
"M",
"P",
"To obtain the VEV of",
", we find the minimum of the zero temperature",
"φ",
"potential. The VEV is",
"1",
"",
"$_{λ}$",
"+1",
"n",
"n",
"mM",
"P",
"〈",
"〉",
"=",
"(4.7)",
"φ",
"",
"",
"√",
"√",
"(2",
"+ 4)",
"n",
"background theory, such cosmic strings may well be unstable. Thus, we ignore them.",
"background theory, such cosmic strings may well be unstable. Thus, we ignore them."
] | train |
|
[
[
147,
151,
286,
170
],
[
486,
218,
496,
233
],
[
147,
222,
486,
241
],
[
147,
318,
187,
337
],
[
219,
318,
393,
337
],
[
147,
367,
876,
382
],
[
147,
397,
596,
412
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[
610,
397,
876,
412
],
[
147,
427,
876,
442
],
[
147,
458,
876,
473
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[
147,
488,
474,
503
],
[
175,
518,
876,
533
],
[
147,
548,
876,
563
],
[
147,
578,
876,
593
],
[
147,
608,
569,
624
],
[
175,
639,
876,
654
],
[
147,
669,
876,
684
],
[
147,
699,
345,
714
],
[
351,
699,
360,
714
],
[
360,
699,
876,
714
],
[
147,
729,
876,
744
],
[
147,
759,
876,
774
],
[
147,
790,
876,
805
],
[
147,
820,
876,
835
],
[
147,
850,
876,
865
],
[
174,
879,
380,
891
],
[
502,
940,
521,
955
]
] | [
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"Chapter 4",
"1",
"Nonasymptotic densities",
"4.1",
"Introduction",
"This work discusses the integral area invariant introduced by Manay et al. [30], par-",
"ticularly with regard to reconstructability of shapes.",
"This topic has been considered",
"previously by Fidler et al. [20] [21] for the case of star-shaped regions. Recent results",
"have shown local injectivity in the neighborhood of a circle [6] and for graphs in a",
"neighborhood of constant functions [8].",
"The present work does not assume a star-shaped condition but does make use of",
"a tangent-cone graph-like condition which is local to the integral area circle. We also",
"present an interpretation of the integral area invariant as a nonasymptotic density. This",
"is based on a poster presented by the authors [26].",
"Our tangentially graph-like and tangent-cone graph-like conditions (definitions 4.2.3",
"and 4.2.5 in section 4.2) restrict our attention to shapes with boundaries that can lo-",
"cally (i.e., within radius",
"r",
") be viewed as graphs of functions in a Cartesian plane in one",
"particular orientation (in the case of tangentially graph-like) or a particular set of ori-",
"entations (for tangent-cone graph-like). Intuitively, these conditions guarantee that the",
"boundary does not turn too sharply within the given radius and that working locally in",
"Euclidean space is the same as working locally on the boundary of our shapes (i.e., the",
"shape boundary does not pass through any given invariant circle multiple times, section",
"$^{1}$Previously published as [27]",
"78"
] | train |
|
[
[
98,
113,
251,
135
],
[
263,
113,
482,
135
],
[
495,
113,
615,
135
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[
628,
113,
783,
135
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796,
113,
901,
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429,
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131,
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230,
221,
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345,
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[
244,
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30,
290,
61,
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370,
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[
460,
296,
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92,
363,
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386,
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434,
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528,
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68,
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[
68,
599,
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68,
670,
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681
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[
84,
694,
522,
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[
533,
694,
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[
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716,
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68,
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924,
728
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846,
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68,
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68,
765,
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141,
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486,
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924,
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68,
812,
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68,
836,
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846
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[
125,
858,
143,
865
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[
847,
858,
853,
865
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[
68,
860,
125,
870
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[
155,
860,
847,
870
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[
861,
860,
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75,
891,
186,
899
],
[
75,
902,
233,
911
],
[
495,
950,
504,
961
]
] | [
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Real-time",
"beam-shaping",
"without",
"additional",
"optical",
"elements",
"∗",
"†",
"Felix Fries",
", Markus Fr¨",
"obel, Pen Yiao Ang, Simone Lenk, Sebastian Reineke",
"Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP),",
"arXiv:1703.02266v1 [physics.optics] 7 Mar 2017",
"Technische Universit¨",
"at Dresden, N¨",
"othnitzer Strasse 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany",
"Providing artificial light and enhancing the quality of the respective light sources is of continued interest in",
"the fields of solid state-, condensed matter, and semiconductor physics.",
"A lot of research has been done to",
"increase luminous efficiency, lifetime and colour stability of such devices. However, the emission characteristics of",
"a given light source don’t necessarily comply with today’s, often sophisticated applications. Here, beam-shaping",
"deals with the transformation of a given light distribution into a customized one. This is achieved by secondary",
"optical elements often sporting elaborate designs, where the actual light source takes up only a small fraction",
"of the system’s volume.",
"Such designs limit the final light source to one permanent operation mode, which",
"can only be overcome by employing mechanically-adjustable optical elements. Here, we show that organic light-",
"emitting diodes (OLEDs) make real-time regulation of a beam-shape possible, without relying on secondary optical",
"elements and without using any mechanical adjustment. For a red light-emitting two-unit OLED architecture, we",
"demonstrate the ability of continuous tuning between strongly forward and strongly sideward emission, where the",
"device efficiency is maintained at an application relevant level ranging between 6-8% external quantum efficiency",
"(EQE) for any setting chosen. In combination with additional optical elements, customizable and tunable systems",
"are possible, whereby the tuning stems from the light source itself rather than from the secondary optics.",
"Beam-shaping is a prominent topic in various fields of optics.",
"In laser physics, optical elements are commonly used to",
"1",
"transform the Gaussian-shaped TEM$_{00}$ mode into various spatial distributions that are defined by the application’s need.",
"2",
"In such developments, sophisticated theoretical analysis and elaborated designs of phase plates are utilized.",
"Inorganic",
"LEDs are point-sources in most settings and are therefore easily and effectively combined with secondary beam-shaping",
"3",
"4",
"5",
"systems,",
"metallic nanostructures or optical nanoantennas.",
"OLEDs, being area light sources with broad-band emission",
"and often Lambertian emission characteristics, have not been subject to serious beam-shaping designs. Rather, efforts in",
"developing elaborate optical concepts aim to increase the outcoupling efficiency, which for planar devices only ranges between",
"5,6",
"7",
"20-30%.",
"A few studies focus on OLED-based beam-shaping by moving away from the planar architecture,",
"employing",
"$^{∗}[email protected]",
"$^{†}[email protected]",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
204,
237,
794,
259
],
[
30,
302,
45,
695
],
[
46,
302,
51,
695
],
[
52,
302,
54,
695
],
[
54,
302,
61,
695
],
[
390,
304,
487,
321
],
[
487,
304,
824,
321
],
[
221,
347,
985,
364
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[
459,
466,
539,
478
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[
249,
506,
776,
517
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[
222,
538,
776,
550
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[
222,
570,
359,
582
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[
355,
602,
776,
614
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[
249,
602,
351,
614
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[
222,
634,
394,
646
],
[
172,
703,
189,
721
],
[
221,
703,
401,
721
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[
172,
769,
825,
783
],
[
172,
803,
825,
817
],
[
195,
830,
412,
841
],
[
196,
845,
429,
855
],
[
494,
878,
504,
892
]
] | [
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"On Dynamical Cournot Game on a Graph",
"arXiv:1208.4528v1",
"[cs.GT]",
"13",
"Jul 2012",
"E.Ahmed",
"$^{∗}$, M.I.Shehata$^{†}$and H.A.El-Saka‡",
"$^{∗†}$Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura 35516, EGYPT",
"Abstract",
"Cournot dynamical game is studied on a graph. The stability of the",
"system is studied. Prisoner’s dilemma game is used to model natural",
"gas transmission.",
"Dynamical Cournot game, graph; gas, water and elec-",
"Key words:",
"tricity transportation.",
"1",
"Introduction",
"Game theory [1] was first introduced by von Neumann and Morgenstern in",
"1944 as a mathematical model. It is the study of ways in which strategic",
"$^{∗}$E-mail: [email protected]",
"$^{‡}$E-mail: [email protected]",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
259,
237,
737,
260
],
[
29,
249,
43,
681
],
[
44,
249,
50,
681
],
[
51,
249,
52,
681
],
[
52,
249,
59,
681
],
[
217,
289,
779,
312
],
[
429,
341,
567,
364
],
[
605,
403,
613,
415
],
[
391,
405,
605,
423
],
[
345,
480,
651,
498
],
[
346,
518,
651,
536
],
[
412,
557,
584,
575
],
[
210,
659,
816,
672
],
[
202,
660,
209,
666
],
[
181,
674,
307,
687
],
[
731,
674,
816,
687
],
[
312,
675,
384,
686
],
[
376,
675,
621,
686
],
[
613,
675,
634,
686
],
[
626,
675,
724,
686
],
[
181,
689,
356,
702
],
[
493,
875,
503,
890
]
] | [
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Identification and well-posedness in",
"arXiv:1209.1588v1",
"[stat.ME]",
"7",
"Sep 2012",
"nonparametric models with independence",
"conditions",
"∗",
"Victoria Zinde-Walsh",
"McGill University and CIREQ",
"[email protected]",
"January 23, 2018",
"The support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada",
"∗",
"(SSHRC) and the",
"(FRQSC) is",
"Fonds qu´",
"ebecois de la recherche sur la soci´",
"et´",
"e et la culture",
"gratefully acknowledged.",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
241,
85,
759,
100
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[
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130
],
[
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130
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[
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[
121,
812,
879,
824
],
[
121,
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879,
848
],
[
121,
860,
634,
871
],
[
146,
883,
618,
892
],
[
139,
883,
145,
888
],
[
496,
941,
504,
952
]
] | [
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Unpredictable sequences and Poincaré chaos",
"1",
",",
"2",
"Marat Akhmet",
"$^{∗}$, Mehmet Onur Fen",
"$^{1}$Department of Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey",
"$^{2}$Basic Sciences Unit, TED University, 06420 Ankara, Turkey",
"Abstract",
"To make research of chaos more friendly with discrete equations, we introduce the concept of an",
"arXiv:1704.06963v1 [nlin.CD] 23 Apr 2017",
"unpredictable sequence as a specific unpredictable function on the set of integers. It is convenient to",
"be verified as a solution of a discrete equation. This is rigorously proved in this paper for quasilinear",
"systems, and we demonstrate the result numerically for linear systems in the critical case with respect",
"to the stability of the origin. The completed research contributes to the theory of chaos as well as to the",
"theory of discrete equations, considering unpredictable solutions.",
"Keywords:",
"Unpredictable sequences; Unpredictable solutions; Quasilinear systems; Poincaré chaos.",
"1",
"Introduction",
"In the instrumental sense, discreteness has been the main object in chaos investigation. To check this,",
"it is sufficient to recall definitions of chaos [1]-[3]. They are based on sequences and maps. One can say",
"that stroboscopic observation of a motion was the single way to indicate the irregularity in a continuous",
"dynamics. Embedding the research to the theory of differential equations requests definitions of chaos",
"for continuous dynamics, which are not related to discreteness [4]-[7]. The research as well as the origin",
"of the chaos [8] gave us strong arguments for the development of motions in classical dynamical systems",
"theory [9] by proceeding behind Poisson stable points to unpredictable points [10]. Then, the dynamics",
"has been specified such that a function that is bounded on the real axis is an unpredictable point [11]-",
"[13]. In the papers [11]-[13], we have demonstrated that unpredictable functions are easy to be analyzed",
"as solutions of differential equations. This paradigm is not completed, if one does not consider discrete",
"equations. This is the reason why in the present paper we deliver discrete analogues for unpredictable",
"functions calling them unpredictable sequences, and prove for the first time in the literature assertions on",
"the existence and uniqueness of unpredictable solutions of recurrent equations. The role of the novelty",
"cannot be underestimated for applications as well as for theoretical analysis, exceptionally for the modern",
"development of computer technologies, software, and robotics [14, 15].",
"Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +90 312 210 5355",
"∗",
"1"
] | train |
|
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672
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[
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[
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671
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[
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660,
634,
671
],
[
626,
660,
724,
671
],
[
181,
675,
356,
687
],
[
493,
875,
503,
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]
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6,
6,
6,
6,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Identification and well-posedness in a class of",
"arXiv:1010.2737v1",
"[math.ST]",
"13",
"Oct 2010",
"nonparametric problems",
"∗",
"Victoria Zinde-Walsh",
"McGill University and CIREQ",
"[email protected]",
"(514) 398 4834",
"May 30, 2018",
"The support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada",
"∗",
"(SSHRC) and the",
"(FRQSC) is",
"Fonds qu´",
"ebecois de la recherche sur la soci´",
"et´",
"e et la culture",
"gratefully acknowledged.",
"1"
] | train |
|
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
10,
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10,
10,
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2,
2,
5
] | [
"is the sample size. Suppose that the",
"a priori",
"probability of this upper limit",
"being no larger than",
"κ$_{0}$",
"is to be at least",
"β$_{0}$",
", where",
"β$_{0}$",
"would be specified. In",
"that case, valid",
"n",
"’s satisfy",
"≤",
"$^{}}$≥",
"Pr",
"$^{{}$u$_{1}$$_{−}$$_{α}$",
"(",
"X",
";",
"n",
")",
"κ$_{0}$",
"β$_{0}$",
"∼",
"where",
"X",
"Binom(",
"n, p$_{0}$",
").",
"−",
"There are several ways of constructing an approximate (1",
"α",
") confidence",
"1",
"interval for",
"p$_{0}$",
", reviewed in Brown",
"et al.",
"(2001).",
"We suggest what they",
"term the (unmodified) Jeffreys confidence interval, which is simply the equi-",
"−",
"tailed (1",
"α",
") credible interval for",
"p$_{0}$",
"with the Jeffreys prior, with a minor",
"modification. Using this confidence interval, Figure 1 shows the probability",
"5",
"for various choices of",
"n",
"with",
"κ$_{0}$",
"= 0",
".",
"005 and",
"p$_{0}$",
"=",
"κ$_{0}$/",
"2.",
"In this case,",
"n",
"= 10",
"seems to be a good choice, and this number is widely used in practice.",
"Panjer recursion.",
"The second approach is Panjer recursion; see Ross",
"(1996, Cor. 2.5.4) or Shevchenko (2010, sec. 5). This provides a recursive",
"calculation for Pr(",
"S$_{t}$",
"=",
"s",
") whenever each",
"X$_{i}$",
"is integer-valued, so that",
"S",
"itself is integer-valued. This calculation would often grind to a halt if ap-",
"plied literally, but can be used to provide an approximation if the ELT is",
"compressed, as discussed in section 6.1.",
"Perhaps the main difficulty with Panjer recursion, once it has been ef-",
"ficiently encoded, is that it does not provide any assessment of the error",
"which follows from the compression of the ELT. In this situation, a precise",
"$^{1}$It is not possible to construct an exact confidence interval without using an auxiliary",
"randomisation.",
"11"
] | train |
|
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124
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544,
858
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[
439,
848,
447,
858
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[
498,
848,
514,
858
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] | [
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"3.2",
"Cosmic Inflation",
"32",
"for the problem to be solved sufficiently, we require that the entire observable",
"Universe is well within the horizon,",
"≪",
", a long time before cosmological",
"aH",
"H$_{0}$",
"1",
"scales exit the horizon during inflation.",
"We now discuss the solution to the Relic Problem. Any relics that exist",
"before or during inflation will be rapidly diluted away by the inflation. They",
"will quickly become non-interacting as their number density decreases, due to",
"the rapid expansion, as the interaction rates quickly fall below",
". However,",
"H",
"we may still have relics that are produced thermally after the end of inflation.",
"This will depend mainly on the reheat temperature of the Universe after the",
"end of inflation. Therefore, to avoid specific types of relics that may be an",
"issue, for example in how they spoil BBN, any particular model of inflation",
"must have a reheat temperature low enough so as to not produce an unac-",
"ceptable amount of such relics. Alternatively, a second period of inflation,",
"known as Thermal Inflation (see Chapter 4), can affectively eradicate them.",
"Let us now discuss the Baryon Asymmetry Problem.",
"Inflation can ac-",
"commodate Baryogenesis mechanisms that produce the asymmetry between",
"matter and anti-matter.",
"In order to achieve Baryogenesis, we require the",
"following conditions, known as the",
"Sakharov Conditions",
"A)",
"Violation of",
"B",
"(Baryon Number) conservation",
"B)",
"Violation of",
"CP",
"symmetry",
"C)",
"Absence of thermal equilibrium",
"It is the last of these conditions that can be achieved during a period of",
"inflation.",
"$^{1}$We assume the current value of",
"being",
"=1.",
"a",
"a$_{0}$"
] | train |
|
[
[
117,
91,
129,
109
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[
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117,
137,
142,
152
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161,
137,
312,
152
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[
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174,
677,
188
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642,
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175,
694,
188
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[
756,
175,
784,
188
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785,
175,
793,
188
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[
677,
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686,
189
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[
117,
175,
433,
189
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[
449,
175,
638,
189
],
[
694,
175,
752,
189
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[
797,
175,
882,
189
],
[
437,
178,
445,
189
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[
186,
202,
199,
215
],
[
549,
202,
562,
215
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177,
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570,
203,
579,
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117,
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137,
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203,
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217
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[
212,
203,
493,
217
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[
506,
203,
545,
217
],
[
590,
203,
882,
217
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[
141,
206,
149,
216
],
[
497,
206,
505,
216
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[
117,
230,
198,
244
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[
480,
270,
493,
284
],
[
568,
270,
582,
284
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"2",
"Method details",
"2.1",
"Theoretical basis",
"|",
"$_{p}$($_{q}$",
")",
"$_{p}$($_{q}$",
")",
"y",
"The goal is to sample a parameter vector",
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", where",
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"q",
"|$_{q}$",
"L",
"(",
")",
"(",
")",
"f",
"y",
"y",
"on",
",",
"is the data likelihood conditional on",
", and",
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"q",
"q",
"Therefore,",
"|$_{q}$",
"D",
"(",
")$_{p}$($_{q}$)",
"($_{q}$",
")",
"f",
"y",
"y",
",",
"|",
"$_{p}$($_{q}$",
") =",
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"L",
"L",
"(",
")",
"(",
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"y",
"y",
"D",
"($_{q}$",
")",
"y",
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",",
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"density). In a marketing research context, under the conditional independence assumption, the",
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"N",
"|$_{b}$$_{i}$",
"|$_{q}$",
"GLYPH<213>",
"(",
") =",
"f$_{i}$",
"y$_{i}$",
"f",
"y",
",",
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"(",
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"=",
"i",
"1",
"1",
"i",
"y$_{i}$",
"where",
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"Each",
"is a vector of observed data, each",
"is a vector of hetero-",
"b",
"i",
"geneous parameters, and",
"is a vector of homogeneous population-level parameters. The",
"are",
"a",
"b",
"i",
"|$_{a}$",
"$_{p}$($_{b}$$_{i}$",
")",
"distributed across the population of households according to a mixing distribution",
", which",
"also serves as the prior on each",
"$_{i}$. The elements of",
"may influence either the household-level data",
"b",
"a",
"likelihoods, or the mixing distribution (or both). In this example,",
"includes all",
"$_{1}$. . .",
"and all",
"q",
"b",
"b",
"N",
"elements of",
". The prior itself can be factored as",
"a",
"N",
"|$_{a}$",
"×$_{p}$",
"GLYPH<213>",
"$_{p}$($_{q}$",
") =",
"$_{i}$($_{b}$$_{i}$",
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".",
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"=",
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"1",
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"D",
"|",
"L",
"($_{q}$",
")",
"$_{p}$($_{q}$",
")",
"(",
")",
"y",
"y",
"y",
"Let",
"be the mode of",
",",
", which is also the mode of",
", since",
"is a constant that does",
"q",
"not depend on",
". One will probably use some kind of iterative numerical optimizer to find",
"$^{∗}$,",
"q",
"q",
"D",
"=",
"($_{q}$",
")",
"c$_{1}$",
"y",
"such as a quasi-Newton line search or trust region algorithm. Define",
"$^{∗}$,",
", and choose a",
"($_{q}$)",
"=",
"($_{q}$",
"$^{∗}$)",
"g",
"c$_{2}$",
"g",
"proposal distribution",
"that also has its mode at",
"$^{∗}$. Define",
", and define the function",
"q",
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"f",
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"|",
"($_{q}$",
") =",
"y",
"(4)",
"F",
"·",
"($_{q}$)",
"g",
"c$_{1}$",
"$^{1}$For brevity, we use the term “household” to describe any heterogeneous unit.",
"4"
] | train |
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[
135,
496,
146,
510
],
[
146,
496,
153,
510
],
[
159,
496,
320,
510
],
[
145,
531,
341,
545
],
[
347,
531,
355,
545
],
[
357,
531,
364,
545
],
[
364,
531,
375,
545
],
[
375,
531,
620,
545
],
[
117,
566,
200,
580
],
[
209,
566,
277,
580
],
[
284,
566,
298,
580
],
[
298,
566,
582,
580
],
[
117,
591,
173,
605
],
[
187,
591,
333,
605
],
[
342,
591,
356,
605
],
[
364,
591,
565,
605
],
[
580,
591,
618,
605
],
[
626,
591,
637,
605
],
[
645,
591,
817,
605
],
[
826,
591,
840,
605
],
[
848,
591,
882,
605
],
[
117,
617,
202,
631
],
[
208,
617,
309,
631
],
[
317,
617,
537,
631
],
[
560,
654,
571,
663
],
[
539,
654,
553,
696
],
[
653,
654,
667,
696
],
[
593,
662,
599,
668
],
[
616,
664,
638,
674
],
[
592,
664,
615,
674
],
[
640,
664,
651,
674
],
[
553,
665,
579,
706
],
[
582,
668,
590,
682
],
[
332,
668,
346,
682
],
[
349,
668,
356,
682
],
[
356,
668,
477,
682
],
[
477,
668,
503,
682
],
[
508,
668,
518,
682
],
[
521,
668,
536,
682
],
[
850,
668,
882,
682
],
[
560,
687,
577,
697
],
[
555,
688,
559,
697
],
[
117,
740,
155,
754
],
[
161,
740,
172,
754
],
[
178,
740,
218,
754
],
[
224,
740,
238,
754
],
[
244,
740,
419,
754
],
[
425,
740,
525,
754
],
[
527,
740,
882,
754
],
[
117,
766,
300,
780
],
[
300,
766,
305,
780
],
[
625,
781,
637,
822
],
[
365,
781,
377,
822
],
[
576,
787,
584,
796
],
[
584,
787,
602,
796
],
[
400,
787,
407,
796
],
[
408,
787,
426,
796
],
[
473,
787,
480,
796
],
[
481,
787,
498,
796
],
[
530,
789,
545,
803
],
[
418,
796,
424,
803
],
[
461,
797,
509,
806
],
[
563,
797,
613,
806
],
[
401,
798,
418,
807
],
[
418,
803,
424,
809
],
[
625,
805,
637,
846
],
[
365,
805,
377,
846
],
[
400,
814,
407,
823
],
[
408,
814,
426,
823
],
[
473,
814,
480,
823
],
[
481,
814,
498,
823
],
[
576,
814,
584,
823
],
[
584,
814,
602,
823
],
[
530,
816,
545,
829
],
[
491,
823,
497,
829
],
[
389,
824,
436,
833
],
[
563,
824,
613,
833
],
[
473,
825,
490,
834
],
[
850,
828,
882,
841
],
[
491,
830,
497,
836
],
[
405,
843,
420,
856
],
[
625,
846,
637,
888
],
[
365,
846,
377,
888
],
[
625,
863,
637,
905
],
[
365,
863,
377,
905
],
[
473,
866,
480,
875
],
[
481,
866,
498,
875
],
[
576,
866,
584,
875
],
[
584,
866,
602,
875
],
[
400,
866,
407,
875
],
[
408,
866,
426,
875
],
[
530,
868,
545,
882
],
[
592,
876,
598,
882
],
[
387,
876,
438,
886
],
[
459,
876,
511,
886
],
[
575,
877,
591,
887
],
[
592,
883,
601,
889
],
[
131,
900,
354,
911
],
[
491,
936,
508,
950
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
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10,
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10,
10,
10,
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3,
3,
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3,
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3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
5
] | [
"To prove the lemma, it suffices to show that function",
"F",
"is convex. The Hessian is:",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"∂",
"$^{2}$F",
"∂",
"$^{2}$F",
"0",
"0",
"2",
"∂ω$_{i}$∂ζ$_{i}$",
"∂ω",
"∇",
"$^{2}$F",
"=",
"=",
"(71)",
"i",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"∂",
"$^{2}$F",
"∂",
"$^{2}$F",
"ζ$_{i}$",
"0",
"−",
"z$_{i}$e",
"2",
"∂ω$_{i}$∂ζ$_{i}$",
"∂ζ",
"i",
"Because",
"z$_{i}$",
"is negative,",
"∇",
"$^{2}$F",
"is positive semidefinite. Therefore,",
"F",
"is convex.",
"(",
")",
"i",
"N",
"∑",
"∑",
"The next step is to show that the objective function",
"µ",
"ln",
"$_{=1}$θ$_{i}$",
"e$^{ω}$",
"is convex. Define a new",
"µ",
"i",
"function.",
"N",
"N",
")",
")",
"(",
"(",
"i",
"∑",
"(72)",
"G",
"(",
"ω$_{1}$, ω$_{2}$, ..., ω$_{N}$ , µ",
") =",
"µ",
"ln",
"θ$_{i}$e$^{ω}$",
"µ",
"=1",
"i",
"Before proceeding with the proof, we present a very useful result from Boyd and Vandenberghe",
"(2004).",
"$^{11}$.",
"Lemma 4",
"Let the function",
"f",
"(",
"y",
")",
"be defined as (73) where",
"a$_{k}$",
",",
"y",
"∈",
"$^{n}$,",
"b$_{k}$",
"∈",
".",
"R",
"R",
"K",
"(",
")",
"T",
"∑",
"+",
"b$_{k}$",
"a",
"$_{k}$y",
"f",
"(",
"y",
") = ln",
"(73)",
"e",
"=1",
"k",
"f",
"(",
"y",
")",
"is a convex function.",
"Therefore, the Hessian of",
"f",
"(",
"y",
") must be positive semidefinite.",
"Lemma 5",
"Function",
"G",
", which is defined as (72), is convex.",
"Proof.",
"Note that function",
"G",
"can be expressed as (74).",
"With",
"µ",
"fixed, the structure of",
"G",
"as a",
"function of",
"ω$_{1}$, ω$_{2}$, ..., ω$_{N}$",
"is exactly analogous to (73).",
"N",
"(",
")",
"1",
"+ln",
"$_{µ}$ω$_{i}$",
"θ$_{i}$",
"∑",
"e",
"G",
"(",
"ω$_{1}$, ω$_{2}$, ..., ω$_{N}$ , µ",
") =",
"µ",
"ln",
"(74)",
"=1",
"i",
"With",
"µ",
"fixed,",
"G",
"is a convex function of",
"ω$_{1}$, ω$_{2}$, ..., ω$_{N}$",
". Hence all the principal minors of the matrix",
"in (75) are nonnegative",
".",
"",
"",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"...",
"2",
"∂ω$_{1}$∂ω$_{2}$",
"∂ω$_{1}$∂ω$_{N}$",
"∂ω",
"1",
"",
"",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"...",
"2",
"∂ω$_{2}$∂ω$_{1}$",
"∂ω$_{2}$∂ω$_{N}$",
"∂ω",
"(75)",
"2",
"...",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"∂",
"$^{2}$G",
"...",
"2",
"∂ω$_{N}$ ∂ω$_{1}$",
"∂ω$_{N}$ ∂ω$_{2}$",
"∂ω",
"N",
"$^{11}$See equation (4.44) on page 162",
"44"
] | train |
|
[
[
117,
94,
882,
108
],
[
117,
120,
882,
133
],
[
117,
145,
882,
159
],
[
117,
171,
882,
185
],
[
117,
197,
244,
210
],
[
145,
222,
681,
236
],
[
696,
222,
882,
236
],
[
117,
248,
374,
262
],
[
388,
248,
882,
262
],
[
117,
274,
882,
287
],
[
117,
299,
837,
313
],
[
851,
299,
882,
313
],
[
117,
325,
882,
339
],
[
117,
351,
882,
364
],
[
117,
376,
882,
390
],
[
117,
402,
882,
416
],
[
117,
428,
882,
441
],
[
117,
453,
320,
467
],
[
145,
479,
838,
493
],
[
851,
479,
882,
493
],
[
117,
504,
882,
518
],
[
581,
528,
588,
538
],
[
117,
530,
581,
544
],
[
598,
530,
882,
544
],
[
117,
556,
688,
570
],
[
704,
556,
882,
570
],
[
117,
581,
553,
595
],
[
145,
607,
688,
621
],
[
703,
607,
882,
621
],
[
117,
633,
882,
647
],
[
117,
658,
882,
672
],
[
117,
684,
347,
698
],
[
360,
684,
882,
698
],
[
117,
710,
186,
724
],
[
145,
735,
882,
749
],
[
117,
761,
882,
775
],
[
117,
787,
882,
801
],
[
117,
813,
882,
826
],
[
117,
838,
882,
852
],
[
138,
865,
387,
876
],
[
491,
936,
508,
950
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"forces. The first factor derives from the skewness in the pivot prior probability distribution. This",
"factor causes the market maker to want to accept orders #1, #2, or #3. According to the market",
"maker’s subjective probabilistic belief, he/she is very unlikely to be forced to pay money at the",
"time the securities mature. However, the factor causes the market maker to not want to accept",
"order #4 or #5.",
"This factor becomes weaker with an increasingly large value of Ω.",
"Suppose that the value",
"of Ω becomes increasingly large.",
"The set Ψ of probability distributions that the market maker",
"considers in his/her decision making becomes larger. As a result, the upper bound and the lower",
"bound on the probability of a particular outcome becomes higher and lower, respectively.",
"The",
"widening gap between the upper and lower bounds causes the market maker’s probabilistic belief",
"to be increasingly uninformative. For example, suppose that the value of Ω is extremely large. The",
"probability of a particular outcome can be as high as 1 and as low as 0. In such a case, it is as if",
"the market maker had no information about the event. In conclusion, a larger value of Ω causes",
"the market maker to further disregard the pivot prior distribution in making the decision, thereby",
"weakening the first factor.",
"The second factor derives from the market maker’s aversion to extreme downside risk.",
"The",
"price of any Arrow-Debreu security is between 0 and 1. Thus, the worst-case payoff of any Arrow-",
"7",
"Debreu security is typically negative for the market maker.",
"Fearing this worst-case scenario, the",
"ambiguity-averse market maker will not want to purchase the security.",
"This factor causes the",
"market maker to not want to fill any outstanding order.",
"The second factor becomes stronger with an increasing value of Ω.",
"Ω is a parameter that",
"captures the extent to which the market maker is ambiguity averse. The larger the value of Ω, the",
"more ambiguity averse the market maker. Ambiguity aversion causes the DM to become obsessed",
"with the worst-case scenario.",
"Therefore, a large value of Ω causes the second factor to become",
"stronger.",
"Figure 1 shows the simulation result. The result can be easily interpreted using the two coun-",
"teracting forces we just explained. First, consider the situation in which Ω is small. The first factor",
"dominates the second factor. As a result, the market maker accepts orders #1, #2 and #3 while",
"declining orders #4 and #5. Second, consider the case in which Ω is large. Here, the second factor",
"dominates the first factor. The market maker does not accept any order when Ω is larger than 0.4.",
"$^{7}$It is zero if and only if the price is 1.",
"25"
] | train |
|
[
[
511,
138,
735,
149
],
[
264,
146,
319,
157
],
[
566,
153,
606,
164
],
[
714,
153,
735,
164
],
[
264,
169,
394,
180
],
[
706,
169,
735,
180
],
[
577,
170,
606,
181
],
[
264,
184,
396,
195
],
[
577,
184,
606,
195
],
[
706,
184,
735,
195
],
[
264,
199,
470,
210
],
[
577,
199,
606,
210
],
[
706,
199,
735,
210
],
[
264,
214,
491,
225
],
[
577,
214,
606,
225
],
[
706,
214,
735,
225
],
[
264,
229,
431,
240
],
[
577,
229,
606,
240
],
[
706,
229,
735,
240
],
[
264,
244,
341,
256
],
[
577,
244,
606,
256
],
[
706,
244,
735,
256
],
[
264,
259,
342,
271
],
[
577,
259,
606,
271
],
[
706,
259,
735,
271
],
[
176,
287,
231,
297
],
[
243,
287,
823,
297
],
[
176,
301,
823,
311
],
[
176,
315,
245,
325
],
[
245,
315,
253,
325
],
[
258,
315,
477,
325
],
[
477,
315,
490,
325
],
[
495,
315,
644,
325
],
[
176,
355,
823,
367
],
[
176,
383,
823,
395
],
[
176,
410,
823,
422
],
[
176,
438,
547,
450
],
[
562,
438,
823,
450
],
[
176,
466,
823,
478
],
[
176,
493,
770,
505
],
[
204,
521,
823,
533
],
[
176,
549,
823,
561
],
[
176,
576,
580,
589
],
[
580,
576,
593,
589
],
[
176,
619,
221,
631
],
[
226,
619,
413,
631
],
[
204,
648,
823,
660
],
[
176,
676,
823,
688
],
[
176,
703,
823,
716
],
[
176,
731,
629,
743
],
[
204,
759,
823,
771
],
[
176,
786,
823,
799
],
[
196,
831,
611,
841
],
[
491,
891,
508,
904
]
] | [
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
9,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"Damerau–Levenshtein Distance",
"Dataset",
"Mean",
"SD",
"BPI2013.Incidents",
".199",
".563",
"BPI2013.Problems",
".616",
".177",
"BPI2012 (completion events)",
".659",
".203",
"BPI2012.W (completion events)",
".703",
".205",
"BPI2012.W (all events)",
".697",
".211",
"BPI2012.A",
".545",
".241",
"BPI2012.O",
".532",
".191",
"Table 8:",
"Mean and standard deviation of Damerau-Levenshtein distance between actual trace",
"remainders and those predicted from a prefix of length 5. Hallucinations produced using probability",
"sampling (",
"k",
"= 1) and element-wise feedback (",
"m",
"= 1); smaller is better.",
"hallucination is initialized with a trace prefix and then continued until it produces",
"an end-of-case indicator. The hallucination can then be compared with the actual",
"trace continuation using a string-edit distance. We train nets with 32 embedding",
"dimensions and 5 unroll steps for 100 epochs.",
"Using trace prefixes of length 5,",
"we produce hallucinations and compare them to the actual continuation using the",
"normed Damerau–Levenshtein distance, which ranges from 0 to 1 (Table 8).",
"The application of hallucinations might be interesting in other areas of process",
"mining as well, such as improving event log completeness in cases where particular",
"mining algorithms benefit from better or larger logs",
"$^{5}$.",
"6.6.2.",
"Hidden State Dynamics",
"Recent work on understanding RNNs also focuses on visualization. In particular,",
"visualizations of the embedding matrix, the state activation and the state dynamics",
"are useful in understanding how an RNN encodes knowledge (Karpathy et al., 2015;",
"Li et al., 2015; Yosinski et al., 2015; Strobelt et al., 2016).",
"We export embedding matrices after completion of training to create 2D t-SNE",
"plots (Maaten and Hinton, 2008). They are not included here as no significant or",
"$^{5}$We thank one of the anonymous reviewers for this suggestion.",
"27"
] | train |
|
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8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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3,
3,
3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"2.7",
"Field-operator Matching",
"O",
"We showed in the previous section that an operator",
"on the conformal",
"side corresponds to putting in a field",
"φ",
"on the gravity side.",
"The example canonically presented is to consider the action of a scalar",
"5",
"×",
"field,",
"φ",
", of mass",
"m",
"on the",
"AdS$_{5}$",
"S",
"side:",
"∫",
"√",
"(",
")",
"−",
"−",
"g",
"η",
"$^{µν}$∂$_{µ}$",
"φ∂$_{ν}$φ",
"m",
"$^{2}$φ2",
"(2.10)",
"S",
"=",
"d",
"$^{4}$x dr d",
"Ω$_{5}$",
"The simplest solution is obtained by assuming that",
"φ",
"is a function of",
"r",
", the",
"5",
"×",
"radial direction of the",
"AdS$_{5}$",
"S",
"space only. Then the solution is given by",
"$_{Ar}$−",
"−",
"$_{Br}$−",
"(4",
"Δ)",
"Δ",
"φ",
"(",
"r",
") =",
"+",
"(2.11)",
"∗",
"2",
"−",
"with",
"m",
"= Δ(Δ",
"4)",
".",
"2",
"In fact in general, a bulk scalar",
"φ",
"with mass",
"m",
"corresponds to a scalar",
"√$_{4 +}$$_{m}$",
"†",
"2",
"−",
"±",
". Solving",
"operator on the conformal side with dimension Δ =",
"2",
"−",
"−",
"−",
"Δ",
"4",
"Δ",
"4",
"∼",
"φ",
"= 0 gives two independent solutions,",
"r",
"and",
"r",
"$^{Δ}$:",
"φ",
"(",
"r",
")",
"Ar",
"+",
"✷",
"−",
"O",
"Br",
"$^{Δ}$.",
"We can then identify [55–58]",
"B",
"as the source of the operator",
"and",
"A",
"as the VEV for the same operator.",
"As discussed in the previous",
"section, the most natural way [55] to combine these quantities to form a",
"∫",
"∫",
"∫",
"∫",
"×",
"×",
"≡",
"≡",
"O",
"O",
"dimensionless quantity is",
"d",
"$^{4}$x",
"(",
"A",
"B",
")",
"d",
"$^{4}$x φ$_{0}$",
".",
"∫",
"∫",
"O",
"O",
"We also stated in the last section that",
"We also stated in the last section that",
"d",
"d",
"$^{4}$xφ$_{0}$",
"$^{4}$xφ$_{0}$",
"(",
"(",
"x",
"x",
")",
")",
"(",
"(",
"x",
"x",
") must be a singlet",
") must be a singlet",
"under all symmetries of the conformal field theory. Furthermore, it must",
"O",
"have mass dimension 0 since it is part of an exponential, so",
"φ$_{0}$",
"(",
"x",
")",
"(",
"x",
") must",
"have mass dimension 4. Clearly such a combination of",
"A",
"and",
"B",
"satisfies",
"these requirements.",
"2",
"−",
"−",
"$^{∗}$This formula can be generalized to",
"= (Δ",
")(Δ +",
"4)",
"in the more general",
"m",
"p",
"p",
"case of the action of a p-form [22]",
"$^{†}$Δ refers to the",
"dimension of the operator (i.e. classical + anomalous)",
"full",
"42"
] | train |
|
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[
493,
875,
503,
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] | [
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Nonparametric functionals as generalized",
"arXiv:1303.1435v1",
"[math.ST]",
"6",
"Mar 2013",
"functions",
"∗",
"Victoria Zinde-Walsh",
"McGill University and CIREQ",
"[email protected]",
"(514) 398 4834",
"February 22, 2018",
"The support of the",
"(FRQSC)",
"∗",
"Fonds qu´",
"ebecois de la recherche sur la soci´",
"et´",
"e et la culture",
"is gratefully acknowledged.",
"1"
] | train |
|
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138,
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884
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[
117,
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[
615,
886,
882,
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],
[
553,
887,
608,
897
],
[
117,
900,
612,
911
],
[
495,
936,
504,
950
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"ball, the person chooses a blue ball), and let",
"X",
"denote the set of consequences (e.g., the person",
"wins a dollar). Subsets of",
"S",
"are called events. Let Σ denote the algebra of subsets of the state space",
"X",
". We are interested in the decision maker’s preference over different",
"simple acts",
": A simple act is",
"a Σ-measurable function",
"f",
":",
"S",
"−→",
"X",
"that is finite-valued (Ghirardato e al, 2004). Let",
"F",
"denote",
"the set of all simple acts.",
"Suppose that the binary relations",
"and",
"≻",
"characterize the decision",
"≽",
"maker’s preference over different acts:",
"f",
"(",
"≻",
")",
"g",
"if and only if the decision maker (strictly) prefers",
"≽",
"the simple act",
"f",
"to the simple act",
"g",
". Finally, let",
"u",
":",
"X",
"→",
"denote the decision maker’s utility",
"R",
"function.",
"Theorem 1 (Decision Making under Ambiguity)",
"(Gilboa and Schmeidler, 1989; Ghi-",
"rardato et al., 2004)",
"The decision maker’s preference relation",
"satisfies the set of six behavioral",
"≽",
"2",
"axioms",
"if and only if there exists a unique set",
"Ψ",
"of probabilities on",
"(",
"S,",
"Σ)",
"such that (1) holds for",
"3",
"∀",
"f,g",
"∈",
"F",
". The set",
"Ψ",
"is weakly compact, convex and nonempty.",
"∫",
"∫",
"f",
"g",
"⇔",
"min",
"u",
"(",
"f",
")",
"dP",
"≥",
"min",
"u",
"(",
"g",
")",
"dP",
"(1)",
"≽",
"Ψ",
"Ψ",
"P",
"∈",
"P",
"∈",
"Proof.",
"See Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989) or Ghirardato et al. (2004)",
".",
"The set of probabilities Ψ in Theorem 1 encapsulates the decision maker’s (hereafter called the",
"DM) perception of ambiguity (Ghirardato et al., 2004). Recall that a DM facing ambiguity cannot",
"attach a single probability distribution to the unknown prospect.",
"Instead, the DM has a set of",
"candidates Ψ that he/she believes are fairly accurate predictions of the future (Ghirardato et al.,",
"2004). In other words, the DM has a set of multiple priors (Gilboa and Schmeidler, 1989). The size",
"of Ψ represents the extent to which the DM feels ambiguous toward the unrealized future outcome",
"(Ghirardato et al., 2004). A large size of Ψ implies that the DM cannot easily narrow down the set",
"of reasonable probability distributions because he/she is too ambiguous about the future outcome",
"(Ghirardato et al., 2004).",
"Among the set of multiple priors, the DM is exclusively concerned with the worst possible",
"∫",
"scenario. First, for each",
"P",
"∈",
"Ψ, the DM calculates the expected utility",
"u",
"(",
"f",
")",
"dP",
"from the unknown",
"prospect assuming that",
"P",
"is the true description of the future. Second, the DM finds the distribution",
"that results in the lowest level of utility. Third, when comparing one act with another, the DM",
"$^{2}$Please see Ghirardato et al. (2004) for the set of six behavioral axioms.",
"$^{3}$Ghirardato et al. (2004) presents three different versions of the theorem depending on the DM’s attitude toward",
"ambiguity. However, we only work with the version that assumes",
"to ambiguity. Please refer to Ghirardato",
"aversion",
"et al. (2004) for a more rigorous formal definition of aversion to ambiguity.",
"5"
] | train |
|
[
[
270,
169,
765,
192
],
[
369,
221,
666,
245
],
[
29,
237,
42,
688
],
[
43,
237,
50,
688
],
[
51,
237,
52,
688
],
[
53,
237,
59,
688
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[
781,
283,
789,
304
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[
254,
285,
781,
303
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[
431,
330,
603,
348
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[
478,
417,
556,
427
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250,
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467
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496
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524
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552
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580
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313,
609
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595,
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609
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313,
596,
399,
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[
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637
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224,
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665
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[
429,
652,
810,
665
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[
224,
680,
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694
],
[
224,
708,
810,
722
],
[
224,
736,
810,
750
],
[
224,
765,
811,
779
],
[
224,
793,
810,
807
],
[
224,
821,
811,
835
],
[
205,
850,
850,
862
],
[
842,
850,
858,
862
],
[
198,
851,
204,
857
],
[
176,
865,
428,
878
],
[
440,
865,
859,
878
],
[
176,
880,
392,
893
],
[
512,
926,
522,
941
]
] | [
11,
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Signal Detection in High Dimension:",
"The Multispiked Case",
"arXiv:1210.5663v1",
"[math.ST]",
"20",
"Oct 2012",
"∗",
"Alexei Onatski, Marcelo J. Moreira and Marc Hallin",
"October 31, 2018",
"Abstract",
"This paper deals with the local asymptotic structure, in the sense of",
"Le Cam’s asymptotic theory of statistical experiments, of the signal detec-",
"tion problem in high dimension. More precisely, we consider the problem",
"of testing the null hypothesis of sphericity of a high-dimensional covariance",
"matrix against an alternative of (unspecified) multiple symmetry-breaking",
"directions (",
"alternatives). Simple analytical expressions for the",
"multispiked",
"asymptotic power envelope and the asymptotic powers of previously pro-",
"posed tests are derived.",
"These asymptotic powers are shown to lie very",
"substantially below the envelope, at least for relatively small values of the",
"number of symmetry-breaking directions under the alternative. In contrast,",
"the asymptotic power of the likelihood ratio test based on the eigenvalues of",
"the sample covariance matrix is shown to be close to that envelope. These",
"results extend to the case of multispiked alternatives the findings of an ear-",
"lier study (Onatski, Moreira and Hallin, 2011) of the single-spiked case. The",
"Alexei Onatski: University of Cambridge, [email protected]. Marcelo J. Moreira: Funda¸c˜",
"ao",
"∗",
"Getulio Vargas, [email protected].",
"Marc Hallin: Universit´e libre de Bruxelles and Princeton",
"University, [email protected].",
"1"
] | train |
|
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5
] | [
"4.1.1",
"Number of Attractors",
"2",
"The",
"A",
"results for cases 1, 2, and 3 are shown as boxplots",
"in Figure 5. The primary result is that",
"higher values of",
"κ",
"yield more attractors. Detailed results (including means and standard deviations)",
"and",
"κ",
"values can be seen in Tables A.1, A.2, and A.3 in Appendix A. Notice that for",
"K$_{T}$",
"= 1, case",
"≥",
"2",
"has the highest",
"κ",
"= 1, since the restriction",
"K",
"= 1 implies",
"L",
"= 0. For",
"K$_{T}$",
"2, case 2 has the",
"≥",
"lowest",
"κ",
", and also the lowest",
"A",
". Case 3 has the highest",
"κ",
"for",
"K$_{T}$",
"2, and also the highest",
"A",
".",
"K=L",
"K=1",
"L=1",
"K=L",
"K=1",
"L=1",
"K=L",
"K=1",
"L=1",
"K=L",
"K=1",
"L=1",
"1000",
"500",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"Number of Attractors",
"●",
"●",
"100",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"50",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"10",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"●",
"5",
"1",
"1",
"2",
"3",
"4",
"K$_{T}$",
"Figure 5: Number of Attractors for different",
"K$_{T}$",
"for cases 1, 2 & 3 (",
"K",
"=",
"L",
",",
"K",
"= 1, and",
"L",
"= 1,",
"respectively). Notice logarithmic scale.",
"These results suggest that favoring intramodular (",
"K",
") over intermodular (",
"L",
") links results in a",
"⇒",
"higher number of attractors. This can be explained as follows: if there is a maximum",
"κ",
"= 1",
"L",
"= 0,",
"$^{2}$A boxplot is a non-parametric representation of a statistical distribution.",
"Each box contains the following",
"information: The median (",
"Q",
"2",
"=",
"x$_{0}$$_{.}$$_{50}$",
") is represented by the horizontal line inside the box. The lower edge of the",
"box represents the lower quartile (",
"Q",
"1",
"=",
"x$_{0}$$_{.}$$_{25}$",
") and the upper edge represents the upper quartile (",
"Q",
"3",
"=",
"x$_{0}$$_{.}$$_{75}$",
").",
"−",
"The interquartile range (",
"IQR",
"=",
"x$_{0}$$_{.}$$_{75}$",
"x$_{0}$$_{.}$$_{25}$",
") is represented by the height of the box.",
"Data which is less than",
"−",
"·",
"·",
"Q",
"1",
"1",
".",
"5",
"IQR",
"or greater than",
"Q",
"3+1",
".",
"5",
"IQR",
"is considered an “outlier”, and is indicated with circles. The “whiskers”",
"(horizontal lines connected to the box) show the smallest and largest values that are not outliers.",
"12"
] | train |
|
[
[
164,
95,
174,
108
],
[
773,
95,
905,
108
],
[
164,
142,
905,
155
],
[
164,
172,
905,
185
],
[
164,
202,
905,
215
],
[
164,
232,
184,
246
],
[
189,
232,
705,
246
],
[
712,
232,
905,
246
],
[
685,
261,
700,
276
],
[
164,
262,
680,
276
],
[
706,
262,
905,
276
],
[
164,
293,
905,
306
],
[
706,
320,
713,
330
],
[
164,
323,
185,
336
],
[
190,
323,
505,
336
],
[
519,
323,
706,
336
],
[
722,
323,
905,
336
],
[
310,
350,
317,
360
],
[
164,
353,
310,
366
],
[
324,
353,
537,
366
],
[
164,
404,
265,
418
],
[
265,
404,
905,
418
],
[
164,
435,
905,
448
],
[
164,
465,
905,
478
],
[
164,
495,
905,
508
],
[
164,
525,
905,
539
],
[
164,
555,
759,
569
],
[
164,
607,
245,
620
],
[
245,
607,
250,
620
],
[
264,
607,
905,
620
],
[
164,
637,
630,
650
],
[
646,
637,
905,
650
],
[
164,
667,
905,
681
],
[
164,
697,
905,
711
],
[
731,
725,
738,
735
],
[
164,
728,
731,
741
],
[
747,
728,
905,
741
],
[
164,
758,
430,
771
],
[
443,
758,
905,
771
],
[
336,
785,
343,
795
],
[
164,
788,
336,
801
],
[
352,
788,
905,
801
],
[
164,
818,
905,
832
],
[
186,
850,
905,
861
],
[
164,
865,
905,
876
],
[
164,
880,
477,
891
]
] | [
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"8",
"Rothkegel et al.",
"over the two saliency models and the human fixation map), the corresponding image was",
"classified as having left or right focus. After application of this criterion, we retained 23",
"images with focus close to the center (balanced images), 12 images with left focus, and",
"13",
"images with right focus among the set of object-based scenes",
"$^{1}$. For the presentation",
"×",
"during the experiment, images were converted to a size of 1200",
"960 pixels and displayed",
"in the center of the screen with gray borders extending 32 pixels to the top/bottom and",
"◦",
"40",
"pixels to the left/right of the image.",
"The image covered 31",
"of visual angle in the",
"◦",
"horizontal and 25",
"in the vertical dimension.",
"Participants",
". We recorded eye movements from 28 human participants with normal or",
"corrected-to-normal vision. The group of participants consisted of 20 female and 8 male",
"observers aged between 19 and 33 years; all were recruited from the University of Pots-",
"dam. Participants received credit points or a monetary compensation of 8 Euro for their",
"participation. The work was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.",
"Informed consent was obtained for experimentation by all participants.",
"Procedure",
".",
"Participants were instructed to position their heads on a chin rest in front",
"of a computer screen at a viewing distance of 70 cm.",
"Eye movements were recorded",
"binocularly using an Eyelink 1000 video-based eye tracking system (SR Research, Os-",
"goode/ON, Canada) with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Trials began with a black fixation",
"◦",
"cross presented on a grey background at the vertical meridian 5.6",
"away from the left",
"or right border of the monitor.",
"After successful binocular fixation in a quadratic area",
"◦",
"with a length of 2.2",
"an image appeared while the fixation cross remained present for",
"another second. Participants were instructed to keep their eyes on the fixation cross until",
"$^{1}$We originally chose the natural scenes to contain 16 images in each category. Because our subjective",
"categorization did not match the objective criterion for 7 of the images, an unequal number of images in",
"each category remained for further analysis."
] | train |
|
[
[
117,
95,
882,
107
],
[
117,
122,
882,
135
],
[
117,
150,
882,
162
],
[
117,
178,
860,
190
],
[
866,
178,
881,
190
],
[
117,
205,
146,
218
],
[
151,
205,
166,
218
],
[
172,
205,
282,
218
],
[
287,
205,
300,
218
],
[
301,
205,
458,
218
],
[
463,
205,
478,
218
],
[
484,
205,
513,
218
],
[
518,
205,
533,
218
],
[
539,
205,
858,
218
],
[
863,
205,
875,
218
],
[
877,
205,
882,
218
],
[
605,
232,
618,
245
],
[
117,
233,
552,
245
],
[
558,
233,
569,
245
],
[
575,
233,
582,
245
],
[
582,
233,
599,
245
],
[
623,
233,
641,
245
],
[
641,
233,
882,
245
],
[
117,
261,
882,
273
],
[
117,
288,
290,
301
],
[
145,
316,
882,
328
],
[
117,
344,
882,
356
],
[
117,
371,
882,
384
],
[
117,
399,
208,
411
],
[
145,
427,
882,
439
],
[
117,
455,
882,
467
],
[
117,
482,
882,
494
],
[
117,
510,
882,
522
],
[
117,
538,
882,
550
],
[
117,
565,
198,
577
],
[
117,
620,
130,
636
],
[
157,
620,
507,
636
],
[
117,
664,
145,
677
],
[
167,
664,
228,
677
],
[
145,
701,
391,
714
],
[
416,
751,
426,
764
],
[
446,
751,
460,
764
],
[
476,
751,
492,
764
],
[
495,
751,
502,
764
],
[
502,
751,
545,
764
],
[
546,
751,
553,
764
],
[
556,
751,
561,
764
],
[
859,
751,
882,
764
],
[
539,
782,
552,
795
],
[
415,
783,
429,
795
],
[
446,
783,
460,
795
],
[
476,
783,
487,
795
],
[
489,
783,
494,
795
],
[
494,
783,
503,
795
],
[
506,
783,
513,
795
],
[
513,
783,
525,
795
],
[
527,
783,
534,
795
],
[
557,
783,
570,
795
],
[
572,
783,
577,
795
],
[
579,
783,
584,
795
],
[
117,
833,
163,
845
],
[
170,
833,
181,
845
],
[
192,
833,
435,
845
],
[
443,
833,
457,
845
],
[
465,
833,
853,
845
],
[
861,
833,
881,
845
],
[
117,
861,
509,
873
],
[
509,
861,
514,
873
],
[
521,
861,
550,
873
],
[
558,
861,
570,
873
],
[
579,
861,
882,
873
],
[
117,
901,
574,
911
],
[
495,
937,
504,
949
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
8,
8,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"is different from theirs: I use this condition to bound the counterfactual marginal distributions for",
"the whole population, while they use this condition to identify a particular structure in the outcome",
"equation for individuals who change their selection by variation in IV. Another type of restriction",
"that I discuss is conditional positive quadrant dependence (CPQD) for the dependence between",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"conditional on",
"U",
". CPQD means that",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"are positively dependent conditionally on",
"U",
".",
"≥",
"Finally, I consider monotone treatment response (MTR)",
"P",
"(",
"Y$_{1}$",
"Y$_{0}$",
") = 1, which assumes that each",
"individual benefits from the treatment. Unlike other two restrictions, MTR restricts the support",
"of potential outcomes.",
"Interesting conclusions emerge from the results of this paper. First, NSM has identifying power",
"on the marginal distributions only. CPQD improves the bounds on the joint distribution only. On",
"the other hand, MTR yields substantially tighter identification regions for all three distributional",
"parameters.",
"In the next section, I give a formal description of my problem, define the parameters of interest,",
"and discuss assumptions considered for the identification. In Section 3, I establish sharp bounds on",
"the distributional parameters. Section 4 discusses testable implications and considers bounds when",
"some of the restrictions are jointly imposed. Section 5 provides numerical examples to illustrate",
"the identifying power of each restriction and Section 6 concludes. Technical proofs are collected in",
"Appendix.",
"2",
"Basic Model and Assumptions",
"2.1",
"Model",
"Consider the triangular system:",
"Y",
"=",
"m",
"(",
"D, ε$_{D}$",
")",
",",
"(1)",
"≥",
"D",
"=",
"1",
"[",
"p",
"(",
"Z",
")",
"U",
"]",
",",
"where",
"Y",
"is an observed scalar outcome,",
"D",
"is a binary indicator for treatment participation,",
"ε$_{D}$",
"is a scalar unobservable in the outcome equation",
",",
"and",
"U",
"is a scalar unobservable in a selection",
"variable. However, his setting does not allow for the binary selection.",
"5"
] | train |
|
[
[
209,
162,
219,
176
],
[
228,
163,
480,
176
],
[
209,
205,
219,
219
],
[
228,
206,
375,
219
],
[
181,
248,
816,
262
],
[
181,
279,
722,
292
],
[
722,
279,
816,
292
],
[
181,
309,
816,
322
],
[
181,
339,
816,
352
],
[
181,
369,
816,
383
],
[
181,
399,
816,
413
],
[
181,
430,
599,
443
],
[
615,
430,
816,
443
],
[
181,
460,
439,
473
],
[
453,
460,
816,
473
],
[
181,
490,
647,
503
],
[
745,
518,
752,
527
],
[
209,
520,
745,
534
],
[
759,
520,
816,
534
],
[
181,
550,
816,
564
],
[
181,
581,
816,
594
],
[
181,
611,
816,
624
],
[
181,
641,
816,
654
],
[
181,
671,
816,
685
],
[
181,
701,
405,
715
],
[
405,
701,
816,
715
],
[
181,
731,
547,
745
],
[
547,
731,
560,
745
],
[
203,
777,
816,
788
],
[
489,
876,
508,
889
]
] | [
4,
4,
4,
4,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"•",
"CAO, San Pedro de Atacama;",
"•",
"Murrumbateman.",
"For these stations, we performed the astrometry with track and stack pro-",
"cedures, and corrected the astrometric positions by as much as 2",
"$^{′′}$. For each",
"image, we estimated the astrometric error from the image quality, following",
"a scale that assigned 1 pixel astrometric error to all the images where an",
"obvious star-like central condensation was visible, and 2 pixels to more prob-",
"lematic cases where the central condensation was either diffuse or blurred",
"(due to poor seeing conditions and/or tracking).",
"We evaluated a few in-",
"termediate cases at 1.5 pixels.",
"We set the data weights by conservatively",
"applying a scale factor 2 to the estimated uncertainties.",
"2",
"Figure 2 shows the right ascension (RA) and declination (DEC)",
"residu-",
"als against solution 102, which is our current best estimate for the comet’s",
"trajectory and is described in Sec. 3.4. It is clear how important the remea-",
"surement and observation selection process was: the selected and remeasured",
"astrometric observations have smaller errors than the excluded data. In par-",
"ticular, some of the observations we filtered out during our selection process",
"have residuals as large as 5",
"$^{′′}$, while the astrometric positions replaced by our",
"remeasurements have residuals as large as 2",
"$^{′′}$.",
"$^{2}$In this paper RA and DEC are always referred to the equatorial J2000 reference frame.",
"10"
] | train |
|
[
[
105,
85,
893,
99
],
[
105,
113,
893,
126
],
[
206,
137,
213,
147
],
[
517,
138,
524,
148
],
[
183,
140,
188,
164
],
[
201,
140,
206,
164
],
[
217,
140,
221,
164
],
[
305,
140,
322,
164
],
[
105,
140,
160,
154
],
[
164,
140,
177,
154
],
[
178,
140,
183,
154
],
[
188,
140,
200,
154
],
[
221,
140,
241,
154
],
[
247,
140,
261,
154
],
[
266,
140,
276,
154
],
[
276,
140,
281,
154
],
[
286,
140,
300,
154
],
[
328,
140,
501,
154
],
[
508,
140,
515,
154
],
[
515,
140,
575,
154
],
[
580,
140,
594,
154
],
[
599,
140,
608,
154
],
[
608,
140,
635,
154
],
[
133,
168,
893,
182
],
[
105,
196,
893,
209
],
[
186,
220,
203,
230
],
[
203,
220,
209,
230
],
[
163,
223,
168,
247
],
[
181,
223,
186,
247
],
[
214,
223,
219,
247
],
[
311,
223,
329,
247
],
[
427,
223,
440,
247
],
[
105,
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5
] | [
"rate by spline, local polynomial partition and wavelet series LS estimators for i.i.d. data. However,",
"de Jong (2002)’s result (20) is proved under the strong bounded conditional fourth moment condition",
"4",
"2",
"|",
"|",
"|",
"∞",
"of sup$_{x}$",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"X$_{i}$",
"=",
"x",
"]",
"<",
"and the side condition",
"ζ",
"$_{K,n}$K/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1).",
"Recently, Cattaneo and Farrell (2013) proved that a local polynomial partitioning regression esti-",
"mator can attain the optimal sup-norm rate under i.i.d. data and the conditional moment condition",
"2+",
"δ",
"|",
"|",
"|",
"∞",
"≥",
"sup$_{x}$",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"X$_{i}$",
"=",
"x",
"]",
"<",
"for some",
"δ",
"max(1",
", d/p",
"). Belloni et al. (2014) show that spline, local",
"polynomial partition and wavelet LS estimators attain the optimal sup-norm rate under i.i.d. data",
"2+",
"δ",
"7",
"|",
"|",
"|",
"∞",
"and the conditional moment condition sup$_{x}$",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"X$_{i}$",
"=",
"x",
"]",
"<",
"for some",
"δ > d/p",
".",
"By contrast, we",
"2+(",
"d/p",
"|",
"|",
"∞",
"require a weaker unconditional moment condition",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"$^{)}$]",
"<",
"for spline and wavelet LS estima-",
"tors to attain the optimal uniform convergence rate, allowing for both i.i.d. data and weakly dependent",
"8",
"regressors.",
"It remains an open question whether one could obtain the optimal sup-norm convergence",
"rate without imposing a finite higher-than-second unconditional moment of the error term, however.",
"2",
"L",
"2.4",
"A general sharp bound on",
"convergence rates",
"2",
"In this subsection, we present a simple but sharp upper bound on the",
"L",
"(or root mean square)",
"convergence rates of series LS estimators with an arbitrary basis and weakly dependent regressors.",
"˜",
"{",
"}",
"Recall that",
"B$_{K,w}$",
"=",
"clsp",
"b$_{K}$$_{1}$w$_{n}$, . . . , b$_{KK}$w$_{n}$",
"is a general weighted linear sieve space and",
"h",
"=",
"P$_{K,w,n}$h$_{0}$",
"is defined in (12). Let",
"h$_{0}$$_{,K}$",
"be the",
"L",
"$^{2}$(",
"X",
") orthogonal projection of the conditional mean",
"function",
"h$_{0}$",
"onto",
"B$_{K,w}$",
".",
"Lemma 2.5",
"Let Assumptions 1(i), 2(i)(ii), 4(iii) and 5 hold. Then:",
")",
"(√",
")",
"(",
"˜",
"̂",
"˜",
"‖",
"−",
"‖",
"‖",
"−",
"‖",
"‖",
"−",
"‖",
".",
"h$_{0}$",
"h$_{0}$$_{,K}$",
"K/n",
"and",
"h",
"h$_{0}$",
"=",
"O$_{p}$",
"h",
"h",
"=",
"O$_{p}$",
"L",
"$^{2}$(",
"X",
")",
"L",
"$^{2}$(",
"X",
")",
"L",
"$^{2}$(",
"X",
")",
"Lemmas 2.5, 2.1 and 2.2 immediately imply the following result.",
"$^{7}$Our result on sup-norm stability of wavelet basis is used by Belloni et al. (2014) for the optimal sup-norm rate of",
"the wavelet LS estimator.",
"$^{8}$Our proof strategy for the i.i.d. data case is similar to that in a draft note by Chen and Huang (2003), who applied",
"Huang (2003b)’s sup-norm stability of spline basis to obtain the optimal sup-norm rate for spline series LS estimator",
"2+",
"under the condition",
"E",
"[",
"|",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"|",
"$^{δ}$]",
"<",
"∞",
"for some",
"δ > d/p",
". The authors carelessly set",
"δ",
"= 2, but did not like the strong",
"condition",
"E",
"[",
"|",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"|",
"$^{4}$]",
"<",
"∞",
"and hence did not finish the paper. The note was circulated among some colleagues and former",
"students of the authors, and is available upon request.",
"16"
] | train |
|
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"equation.",
"This structure allows for general unobserved heterogeneity in potential outcomes and",
"selection on unobservables. The error term in the outcome equation represents unobserved factors",
"1",
"causing heterogeneity in potential outcomes among observationally equivalent individuals.",
"The",
"selection model with a latent index crossing a threshold has been widely used to model selection",
"−",
"into programs. In the model, the latent index",
"p",
"(",
"Z",
")",
"U",
"is interpreted as the net expected utility",
"from participating in the program.",
"?",
"showed that the model is equivalent to the local average",
"2",
"treatment effect (LATE) framework developed by",
"?",
".",
"In the literature, the identification method has relied on either the full support of IV or rank",
"similarity to consider the",
"entire",
"population.",
"The full support condition requires IV to change",
"3",
"the probability of receiving the treatment from zero to one.",
"As discussed in",
"?",
", and",
"?",
", however,",
"the applicability of the identification results is very limited because such instruments are difficult",
"to find in practice.",
"Rank similarity assumes that the distribution",
"ε$_{d}$",
"conditional on",
"U",
"does not",
"∈ {",
"}",
"depend on",
"d",
"for",
"d",
"0",
",",
"1",
". As a relaxed version of rank invariance, it allows for a random variation",
"4",
"between ranks with and without treatment.",
"However, rank similarity is invalid when individuals",
"select treatment status based on their potential outcomes, as in the Roy model.",
"The literature on identification in triangular systems has stressed marginal distributions more",
"than the joint distribution or the DTE.",
"?",
"point-identified marginal distributions relying on the",
"full support condition.",
"?",
"showed that the marginal distributions are point-identified for the entire",
"population under rank similarity. Without these conditions, most of the literature has focused on",
"local",
"identification for",
"compliers",
", to circumvent complications in considering the whole population.",
"?",
", and",
"?",
"showed that under LATE assumptions presented by",
"?",
", marginal distributions of potential",
"outcomes are point-identified for",
"compliers",
"who change their selection in a certain direction accord-",
"ing to the change in the value of IV.",
"?",
"contrasts with other work in the sense that his identification",
"is for the",
"entire",
"population without relying on the full support of IV and rank similarity.",
"He",
"$^{1}$Since it determines the relative ranking of such individuals in the distribution of potential outcomes, it is also",
"referred to as the rank variable in the literature. See",
"?",
".",
"$^{2}$The LATE framework consists of two main assumptions: independence and monotonicity. The former assumes",
"that the instrument is jointly independent of potential outcomes and potential selection at each value of the in-",
"strument, while the latter assumes that the instrument affects the selection decision in the same direction for every",
"individual. Since the contribution of",
"?",
", the selection structure has been widely recognized as the model which is not",
"only motivated by economic theory but also as weak as LATE assumptions.",
"$^{3}$This type of identification is also referred to as identification at infinity.",
"$^{4}$In this sense, rank similarity is also called",
"expectational",
"rank invariance. See",
"?",
".",
"?",
",",
"?",
",",
"?",
", and",
"?",
"made use of rank",
"similarity to identify average treatment effects for models with a binary outcome variable. Note that these results",
"are readily extended to identification of marginal distributions for continuous outcome variables.",
"3"
] | train |
|
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[
670,
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674,
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[
495,
848,
504,
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] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Inference with interference between units",
"in an fMRI experiment of motor inhibition",
"1",
"Xi Luo, Dylan S. Small, Chiang-shan R. Li, Paul R. Rosenbaum",
"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia",
"Abstract.",
"An experimental unit is an opportunity to randomly apply or withhold a treatment.",
"There is interference between units if the application of the treatment to one unit may also a⁄ect",
"arXiv:1110.6560v2",
"[stat.ME]",
"10",
"Jan 2017",
"other units.",
"In cognitive neuroscience, a common form of experiment presents a sequence of",
"stimuli or requests for cognitive activity at random to each experimental subject and measures",
"biological aspects of brain activity that follow these requests.",
"Each subject is then many",
"experimental units, and interference between units within an experimental subject is likely, in",
"part because the stimuli follow one another quickly and in part because human subjects learn",
"or become experienced or primed or bored as the experiment proceeds.",
"We use a recent fMRI",
"experiment concerned with the inhibition of motor activity to illustrate and further develop",
"recently proposed methodology for inference in the presence of interference.",
"A simulation",
"evaluates the power of competing procedures.",
"Keywords:",
"Attributable e⁄ects; interference between units; placements; randomized experi-",
"ment.",
"$^{1}$Address for correspondence:",
"Xi Luo is assistant professor in the Department of Biostatistics at Brown",
"University. Dylan S. Small is associate professor and Paul R. Rosenbaum is professor in the Department of",
"Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 473 Jon M. Huntsman Hall, 3730 Walnut Street,",
"Philadelphia, PA 19104-6340 US. Chiang-Shan R. Li is associate professor of psychiatry and neurobiology,",
"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, CMHC S103, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519 US. This",
"work was supported by grants from the Measurement, Methodology and Statistics Program of the U.S.",
"National Science Foundation.",
"Imaging data were collected under the support of NIH grants R01DA023248,",
"E-mail: [email protected]",
"K02DA026990 and R21AA018004. 11 August 2011",
".",
"1"
] | train |
|
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108,
781,
255,
793
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497,
894,
507,
909
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] | [
11,
11,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
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10,
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10,
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2,
2,
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5
] | [
"Entanglement Increases the Error-Correcting Ability of",
"Quantum Error-Correcting Codes",
"arXiv:1008.2598v2 [quant-ph] 13 Sep 2010",
"∗",
"Ching-Yi Lai",
"and",
"Todd Brun",
"October 8, 2018",
"Abstract",
"If entanglement is available, the error-correcting ability of quantum codes can be",
"increased. We show how to optimize the minimum distance of an entanglement-assisted",
"quantum error-correcting (EAQEC) code, obtained by adding ebits to a standard",
"quantum error-correcting code, over different encoding operators.",
"By this encoding",
"optimization procedure, we found several new EAQEC codes, including a family of",
"−",
"[[",
"1",
";",
"1]] EAQEC codes for",
"odd and code parameters [[7",
"1",
"5; 2]], [[7",
"1",
"5; 3]],",
"n,",
", n",
"n",
"n",
",",
",",
",",
",",
"[[9",
"1",
"7; 4]], [[9",
"1",
"7; 5]], which saturate the quantum singleton bound for EAQEC codes.",
",",
",",
",",
",",
"A random search algorithm for the encoding optimization procedure is also proposed.",
"quantum error-correcting codes, quantum stabilizer codes,",
"Index terms:",
"entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes.",
"The authors are with the Communication Sciences Institute of the Ming Hsieh Electrical Engineering",
"∗",
"Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA",
"(E-mails: [email protected]",
"and [email protected])",
"1"
] | train |
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2,
2
] | [
"{",
"(",
"∑",
"∑",
"∑",
"∑",
"∑",
"∑",
"−",
"∀",
"∈ U",
"max",
"x$_{u,b}$",
"ln (",
"R$_{u,b}$",
")",
"x$_{k,b}$$^{)}$",
"ln$^{(}$",
"x$_{k,b}$$^{)}}$",
"s",
".",
"t",
".",
"x$_{u,b}$",
"= 1",
",",
"u",
".",
"∈{",
"} ∀",
"∈U",
"∈S",
"x$_{u,b}$",
"0",
",",
"1",
"u",
",b",
"∈U",
"∈S",
"∈S",
"∈U",
"∈U",
"∈S",
"u",
"b",
"b",
"k",
"k",
"b",
"(28)",
"∈ B$_{m}$",
"∈ M",
"b",
"m",
"m",
"node",
"for any",
"are also connected to the macro",
". Further, each user associated",
"to a macro TP is also associated to a pico TP in the set of pico TPs assigned to that macro. Then,",
"the allocation fractions are optimized as described in Section III-B. The performance guarantee",
"≥",
"Π",
"0",
"of Algorithm III is established below, where we let",
"denote the (additive) guarantee",
"pertaining to the approach used to solve (28), i.e., the value yielded by the obtained output is",
"Π",
"Π = 0",
"no less than the corresponding optimal objective value of (28) minus",
"(so that",
"for the",
"optimal algorithm [5]). The key insight used in the proof is from Corollary 3 that for any valid",
"association, considering each macro and each pico assigned to that macro, optimal allocation",
"fractions entail only one user receiving a positive resource share from both that macro and pico.",
"Theorem 4.",
"Algorithm III provides an output that yields an objective value for (2) that is no",
"∑",
"{",
"|B$_{m}$|}",
"Π + min",
"K,",
"ln(2)",
"less than the optimal objective value of (2) minus",
".",
"∈M",
"m",
"γ$_{u,b}$θ$_{u,m}$",
"=",
"We first note that (28) is equivalent to (2) with the additional constraint that",
"Proof.",
"∀",
"∈ U",
"∈ B$_{m}$",
"∈ M",
"0",
",",
"u",
", b",
", m",
". Suppose that (28) is solved using an approach that offers a",
"2",
"Π",
"guarantee of",
".",
"Then, note that the obtained solution feasible for (2) and invoking Proposition",
"5",
"(once for each macro TP together with its assigned set of pico TPs and the users associated to",
"them) we can conclude that the attained objective value is no less than the optimal one minus",
"the claimed additive factor. The remaining steps of Algorithm III further improve the solution",
"at hand and hence further reduce the gap to optimal, which proves the theorem.",
"Π = 0",
"We remark that another way to view the performance guarantee of Algorithm III (when",
")",
"∑",
"{",
"|B$_{m}$|}",
"min",
"K,",
"2",
"is as follows. Let us scale all the peak rates of any set of",
"users by",
"and",
"∈M",
"m",
"obtain an output by Algorithm III. Then, the objective value in (2) yielded by the solution at",
"hand, will be no less than the one yielded by the optimal solution using the original peak rates.",
"$^{2}$Note that since the objective function in (28) and (2) can be negative, we can only offer additive guarantees instead of",
"multiplicative ones."
] | train |
|
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[
172,
110,
196,
124
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[
214,
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362,
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806,
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172,
159,
394,
173
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[
418,
159,
825,
173
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401,
160,
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483,
186,
490,
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172,
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460,
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496,
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466,
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493,
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519,
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781,
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485,
216,
511,
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762,
216,
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172,
244,
799,
258
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820,
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[
806,
245,
817,
258
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172,
273,
336,
287
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374,
273,
682,
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688,
273,
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708,
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301,
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662,
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[
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"4.1",
"Thermal Inflation",
"44",
"of the interaction between",
"and the thermal bath. This results in a thermal",
"φ",
"2",
"correction to the effective mass of",
"≃",
"m",
"g",
"$^{2}$T $^{2}$. Within the context of statisti-",
"T",
"cal mechanics, the interpretation of",
"is that of the free energy of",
"when",
"V$_{eff}$",
"φ",
"the field is in thermal equilibrium with the thermal bath at temperature",
",",
"T",
"with the minima in",
"defining the equilibrium states, with",
"〈",
"〉",
"representing",
"V$_{eff}$",
"φ",
"the thermal average, as opposed to the vacuum expectation value (VEV).",
"Let us take the following potential",
"6",
"1",
"φ",
")",
"(",
"2",
"$^{2}$+",
"(4.1)",
"(",
") =",
"+",
"−",
"m",
"φ",
"λ",
"V",
"φ, T",
"V$_{0}$",
"g",
"$^{2}$T 2",
"0",
"2",
"2",
"M",
"P",
"Initially, the temperature of the Universe will be sufficiently high that the",
"temperature term in the brackets will be greater than the mass term in the",
"brackets.",
"This will have the affect of holding the",
"field at",
"= 0",
".",
"When",
"φ",
"φ",
"the energy density of the Universe falls below the value of",
"in the thermal",
"V$_{0}$",
"inflation potential, the",
"term will come to dominate the energy density",
"V$_{0}$",
"of the Universe and thermal inflation will begin. It will continue until very",
"shortly after the point when the temperature term has become smaller than",
"the mass term, at which point spontaneous symmetry breaking will occur",
"and so",
"will start to roll down the potential towards either the positive or",
"φ",
"1",
"The shape of the potential in this scenario is displayed in",
"negative VEV.",
"Fig. 4.1.",
"This scenario is quite general and would not be particularly unexpected",
"in the early Universe. However, Thermal Inflation was originally proposed as",
"a solution to the moduli problem [47,48]. Moduli are scalar fields that arise",
"$^{1}$For ease of visualization and calculation, it is usually assumed that a scalar field rolls",
"down to the positive VEV."
] | train |
|
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"absurdum argument.",
"If",
"g",
"is small, we can approximate the beta function at these energies by",
"a Taylor series expansion:",
"2",
"β",
"(",
"g",
") =",
"A",
"+",
"B",
"g",
"¯",
"+",
"C",
"g",
"¯",
"+",
"D",
"g",
"¯",
"$^{3}$. . .",
"(1.9)",
"where ¯",
"g",
"is the deviation of",
"g",
"from its value at",
"p",
"=",
"M",
". We define the value",
"≡",
"of",
"g",
"at",
"p",
"=",
"M",
"as",
"g$_{R}$",
":",
"g$_{R}$",
"g",
"(",
"p",
"=",
"M",
").",
"Any perturbative deviation from",
"g$_{R}$",
"will involve some sort of interaction.",
"With each interaction, at least one power of the coupling constant will enter.",
"Hence we can set",
"A",
"= 0.",
"‡",
"B, C, D . . .",
"can be calculated quantitatively",
"; the method is detailed",
"in [14]. Here we are only concerned with the qualitative effects of the the",
"leading coefficient of (1.9). The first non-zero contribution to (1.9) is canon-",
"ically called",
"β$_{1}$",
". There are three possibilities:",
"1.",
"β$_{1}$ >",
"0",
"2.",
"β$_{1}$",
"= 0",
"3.",
"β$_{1}$ <",
"0",
"For",
"β$_{1}$",
"(",
"g",
")",
">",
"0, the coupling constant becomes small in the infrared region",
"of the theory. This is the case with QED, and allows us to successfully use",
"perturbation theory at every-day energies.",
"However, in the high energy,",
"ultraviolet regime, the coupling constant gets larger and larger, eventually",
"reaching the point where perturbation theory is no longer valid. Fortunately,",
"in QED, the energy level where this occurs is much much higher than any",
"reachable today.",
"Furthermore, new physics is expected to appear a long",
"time before we reach such energies.",
"7",
"−",
"$^{‡}$In QCD with 6 flavours of quark,",
"=",
"= 0 and",
"=",
"[14]",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"2",
"16",
"π",
"9"
] | train |
|
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3,
3,
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3,
3,
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2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
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2,
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5
] | [
"gluons with momentum",
"just correspond to the left- and right-moving sectors of the",
"k$_{N}$$_{+1}$",
"4",
"4",
"〈",
"1",
"〉",
"〈",
"1",
"〉",
"i",
"i",
"graviton",
"$^{3}$. Then",
"becomes",
"which is the",
"〈",
"12",
"〉〈",
"23",
"〉",
"〈",
"1",
"〉",
"〈",
"12",
"〉〈",
"23",
"〉",
"〈",
"+1",
"〉〈",
"+1",
"+1",
"〉",
"〈",
"+1",
"〉〈",
"+1",
"〉",
"〈",
"1",
"〉",
"...",
"N",
"...",
"r,N",
"N",
",r",
"...",
"t,N",
"N",
",t",
"...",
"N",
"MHV tree amplitude with",
"+ 2 gluons.",
"N",
"Thus, the amplitude can be considered as a sum of terms. In each term, there is an MHV",
"tree amplitude for",
"+ 2 gluons. Two of the",
"+ 2 gluons take the momentum",
". Then",
"N",
"N",
"k$_{N}$$_{+1}$",
"the amplitude satisfies the relation",
"−",
"+",
"−",
"+",
"+",
"A",
"(1",
"2",
"(",
"+ 1)",
"$_{h}$)",
",",
", ..., i",
", ..., N",
",",
"N",
"g",
"g",
"g",
"g",
"(21)",
"κ",
"(",
")",
"∑",
"∑",
"+2",
"−",
"2",
"N",
"N",
"=",
"A",
"$_{MHV}$(",
")",
"ig",
"s$_{l,N}$$_{+1}$",
"P",
",",
"2",
"P",
"∈{",
"$^{+}$}",
"l",
"g",
"Where for any given",
"in",
"{",
"$^{+}$}",
", we sum over permutations",
".",
"are the permutations in",
"l",
"g",
"P",
"P",
"which the relative position of the",
"gluons is 1$_{g}$, 2$_{g}$,...,",
", one gluon corresponding to",
"N",
"N$_{g}$",
"the graviton (",
"+ 1)$_{h}$ can be inserted at any position between 1$_{g}$ and",
", the other gluon",
"N",
"l$_{g}$",
"corresponding to the graviton can be inserted at any position between",
"and",
"(See Fig.",
"l$_{g}$",
"i$_{g}$",
"1(a) and (b)).",
"−",
"2",
"D$_{2}$",
"N",
"B.",
"relations for tree amplitudes with two positive helicity gravitons,",
"positive helicity gluons and two negative helicity gluons",
"The tree amplitude (15) and (16), with",
"= 2 can be reduced to",
"M",
"+",
"+",
"−",
"+",
"−",
"+",
"A",
"(1",
"2",
"(",
"+ 1)",
"(",
"+ 2)",
"$_{h}$) =",
"+",
"+",
"(22)",
",",
", ..., i",
", ..., N",
",",
"N",
"$_{h}$,",
"N",
"A",
"B",
"C",
",",
"g",
"g",
"g",
"g",
"3",
"In this section, we let the gluons corresponding to a graviton take the momentum of the graviton for",
"convenience. This is a little different from in the sections above where each gluon from a graviton take",
"1",
"half of the momentum of the graviton. However, a redefinition of the momentum",
"→",
"only contribute",
"k",
"$_{2}$k",
"a constant factor which does not affect our discussions.",
"15"
] | train |
|
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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] | [
"Existence of Unpredictable Solutions and Chaos",
"a,",
"a",
"∗",
"Marat Akhmet",
"and Mehmet Onur Fen",
"Department of Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey",
"a",
"$^{∗}$Corresponding Author Tel.: +90 312 210 5355, Fax: +90 312 210 2972, E-mail: [email protected]",
"Abstract",
"In paper [1] unpredictable points were introduced based on Poisson stability, and this gives rise to",
"arXiv:1602.02614v1 [nlin.CD] 8 Feb 2016",
"the existence of chaos in the quasi-minimal set. This time, an unpredictable function is determined as",
"an unpredictable point in the Bebutov dynamical system. The existence of an unpredictable solution",
"and consequently chaos of a quasi-linear system of ordinary differential equations are verified. This is",
"the first time that the description of chaos is initiated from a single function, but not on a collection of",
"them. The results can be easily extended to different types of differential equations. An application of",
"the main theorem for Duffing equations is provided.",
"Keywords:",
"Unpredictable point; Unpredictable function; Poisson stability; Bebutov dynamical system;",
"Quasi-linear differential equation; Unpredictable solution; Chaotic dynamics; Chaos control",
"1",
"Introduction",
"The row of periodic, quasi-periodic, almost periodic, recurrent, Poisson stable motions had been succes-",
"sively developed in the theory of dynamical systems. Then, chaotic dynamics started to be considered,",
"which is not a single motion phenomenon, since a prescribed set of motions is required for a definition",
"[2, 3]. Our manuscript serves for proceeding the row and involving chaos as a purely functional object in",
"nonlinear dynamics. In our previous paper [1], we introduced unpredictable motions based on Poisson",
"stability. This time, we introduce the concept of an unpredictable function as an unpredictable point in",
"the Bebutov dynamics [4].",
"It was proved in [1] that an unpredictable point gives rise to the existence of chaos in the quasi-minimal",
"set. Thus, if one shows the existence of an unpredictable solution of an equation, then the chaos exists.",
"The result of the present study as well as our previous paper concerning replication of chaos [5] support",
"the opinion of Holmes [6] that the theory of chaos has to be a part of the theory of differential equations.",
"Since the main body of the results on chaotic motions have been formulated in terms of differential and",
"difference equations, we may suggest that all these achievements have to be embedded and developed",
"Corresponding Author Tel.: +90 312 210 5355, Fax: +90 312 210 2972, E-mail: [email protected]",
"∗",
"1"
] | train |
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"Discovering findings that replicate from a primary study",
"of high dimension to a follow-up study",
"1",
"Marina Bogomolov and Ruth Heller",
"arXiv:1207.0187v3",
"[stat.ME]",
"24",
"May 2013",
"Technion and Tel-Aviv University",
"Abstract.",
"We consider the problem of identifying whether findings replicate from one",
"study of high dimension to another, when the primary study guides the selection of hy-",
"potheses to be examined in the follow-up study as well as when there is no division of roles",
"into the primary and the follow-up study. We show that existing meta-analysis methods",
"are not appropriate for this problem, and suggest novel methods instead. We prove that",
"our multiple testing procedures control for appropriate error-rates. The suggested FWER",
"controlling procedure is valid for arbitrary dependence among the test statistics within",
"each study. A more powerful procedure is suggested for FDR control. We prove that this",
"procedure controls the FDR if the test statistics are independent within the primary study,",
"and independent or have dependence of type PRDS in the follow-up study. For arbitrary",
"dependence within the primary study, and either arbitrary dependence or dependence of",
"type PRDS in the follow-up study, simple conservative modifications of the procedure",
"control the FDR. We demonstrate the usefulness of these procedures via simulations and",
"real data examples.",
"Keywords: False discovery rate; genome-wide association studies ; meta-analysis; multiple",
"comparisons; replicability analysis",
"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel-Aviv uni-",
"$^{1}$Address for correspondence:",
"versity, Tel-Aviv, Israel.",
"[email protected].",
"This work was supported by grant no.",
"E-mail:",
"2012896 from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF). The authors thank Yoav Benjamini, Daniel Yeku-",
"tieli, and the referees for helpful comments."
] | train |
|
[
[
706,
184,
716,
198
],
[
293,
188,
706,
208
],
[
589,
240,
607,
255
],
[
392,
241,
589,
255
],
[
29,
263,
42,
713
],
[
43,
263,
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713
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[
50,
263,
52,
713
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[
52,
263,
59,
713
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[
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270,
586,
284
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[
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284
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[
312,
302,
319,
313
],
[
324,
302,
687,
313
],
[
210,
331,
217,
342
],
[
222,
332,
481,
342
],
[
474,
332,
789,
342
],
[
428,
362,
571,
376
],
[
466,
432,
533,
442
],
[
213,
461,
809,
471
],
[
190,
484,
809,
494
],
[
190,
507,
809,
517
],
[
190,
530,
809,
540
],
[
190,
553,
659,
563
],
[
670,
553,
809,
563
],
[
190,
576,
809,
586
],
[
190,
599,
445,
609
],
[
150,
651,
163,
667
],
[
189,
651,
334,
667
],
[
150,
693,
849,
704
],
[
150,
718,
300,
729
],
[
313,
718,
789,
729
],
[
803,
718,
849,
729
],
[
150,
743,
849,
754
],
[
150,
768,
849,
779
],
[
167,
793,
849,
802
],
[
150,
805,
163,
814
],
[
163,
805,
244,
814
],
[
495,
849,
504,
860
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"∗",
"Modular Random Boolean Networks",
"†‡",
"Rodrigo Poblanno-Balp",
"arXiv:1101.1893v2",
"[nlin.CG]",
"18",
"Mar 2011",
"‡†",
"Carlos Gershenson",
"†",
"Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, M´exico",
"‡",
"Instituto de Investigaciones en Matem´",
"aticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, UNAM, M´exico",
"October 25, 2018",
"Abstract",
"Random Boolean networks (RBNs) have been a popular model of genetic regulatory net-",
"works for more than four decades. However, most RBN studies have been made with random",
"topologies, while real regulatory networks have been found to be modular. In this work, we",
"extend classical RBNs to define modular RBNs. Statistical experiments and analytical results",
"show that modularity has a strong effect on the properties of RBNs.",
"In particular, modu-",
"lar RBNs have more attractors and are closer to criticality when chaotic dynamics would be",
"expected, compared to classical RBNs.",
"1",
"Introduction",
"Random Boolean networks (RBN) have been a popular model of genetic regulatory networks",
"(GRNs) [25, 26, 16].",
"Most studies have been made on RBNs with random topologies.",
"Never-",
"theless, it has been found that topologies affect considerably the properties of RBNs. For example,",
"Aldana studied RBNs with a scale-free topology [1], discovering important differences with random",
"$^{∗}$A preliminary version of this work was presented at the ALife XII conference in Odense, Denmark on August",
"20",
"$^{th}$, 2010. [36]",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
267,
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[
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[
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[
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276,
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[
583,
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[
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[
428,
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[
668,
208,
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[
658,
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[
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[
420,
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[
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[
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[
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[
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],
[
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[
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735
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[
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792
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[
536,
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[
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656,
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[
668,
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234,
833,
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206,
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206,
862,
850,
874
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[
206,
876,
503,
888
],
[
513,
941,
543,
956
]
] | [
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"1",
"GLYPH<Slash1>",
"1",
"GLYPH<Slash1>",
"F$_{Ρ}$",
"$^{2}$GLYPH<Slash1>",
"MeV",
"F$_{Ρ}$",
"$^{2}$GLYPH<Slash1>",
"MeV",
"400",
"400",
"GLYPH<CapLambda>GLYPH<Equal>GLYPH<Infinity>",
"1940 MeV",
"GLYPH<CapLambda>GLYPH<Equal>",
"350",
"350",
"194 MeV",
"GLYPH<CapLambda>GLYPH<Equal>",
"300",
"300",
"776 MeV",
"272 MeV",
"GLYPH<CapLambda>GLYPH<Equal>",
"250",
"250",
"582 MeV",
"GLYPH<CapLambda>GLYPH<Equal>",
"388 MeV",
"GLYPH<CapLambda>GLYPH<Equal>",
"n",
"n",
"4",
"4",
"1",
"1",
"2",
"3",
"2",
"3",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"for different",
"ρ",
"excitations, plotted for",
"Figure 7.2: The decay constant",
"F",
"ρ",
"varying UV cutoffs",
"7.4",
"Anomalous Dimensions at the Cutoff Scale",
"There remains the possibility that the classical dimension of any operator is",
"not respected at the quantum level. Here we investigate possible effects to",
"∗",
"the operator ¯",
"qγ",
"$^{µ}$q",
". Classically is has dimension three, and this is encoded",
"in the gravity dual by fixing the UV boundary condition as",
"$_{r}$−",
"$_{f}$′",
"$_{r}$−",
"3",
"∼",
"∼ −",
"f$_{n}$",
"(",
"r",
")",
"$^{2}$,",
"$_{n}$(",
"r",
")",
"2",
"(7.5)",
"In general though we should write",
"$_{r}$−",
"$_{f}$′",
"$_{ωr}$−",
"−",
"ω",
"1",
"∼",
"∼ −",
"f$_{n}$",
"(",
"r",
")",
"$^{ω}$,",
"$_{n}$(",
"r",
")",
"(7.6)",
"and numerically investigate the preferred value of",
"ω",
". The result is that for",
"∞",
"all values of the cutoff, from",
"down to our tuned value of 194 MeV, the",
"preferred value of",
"ω",
"is two, so it appears that the classical value is conserved",
"at the quantum level.",
"However, this is a rather naive analysis: if one evaluates the derivative",
"of the flows",
"f$_{n}$",
"(",
"r",
") at finite values of",
"r",
"in the case of the model with an",
"infinite cutoff, the derivatives differ for each value of",
"n",
". Hence we should be",
"$^{∗}$There is a theorem [148] that says that conserved currents are forbidden from ac-",
"quiring anomalous dimensions. However this theorem is only true for theories that do",
"not contain vector mesons with the same quantum numbers as the conserved current,",
"hence the theorem is not applicable here",
"102"
] | train |
|
[
[
863,
135,
873,
162
],
[
136,
140,
863,
159
],
[
384,
206,
390,
216
],
[
575,
206,
581,
216
],
[
781,
206,
787,
216
],
[
218,
208,
384,
222
],
[
438,
208,
575,
222
],
[
629,
208,
781,
222
],
[
29,
227,
43,
693
],
[
44,
227,
50,
693
],
[
51,
227,
52,
693
],
[
53,
227,
59,
693
],
[
440,
250,
559,
264
],
[
464,
326,
535,
339
],
[
186,
359,
838,
371
],
[
162,
383,
838,
396
],
[
162,
408,
837,
420
],
[
162,
432,
837,
445
],
[
162,
456,
837,
469
],
[
162,
481,
837,
493
],
[
162,
505,
837,
518
],
[
162,
530,
838,
542
],
[
162,
554,
470,
567
],
[
483,
554,
837,
567
],
[
162,
579,
430,
591
],
[
145,
617,
224,
631
],
[
234,
617,
882,
631
],
[
117,
644,
203,
658
],
[
145,
672,
181,
686
],
[
181,
672,
311,
686
],
[
137,
817,
528,
828
],
[
539,
817,
882,
828
],
[
117,
831,
882,
842
],
[
117,
845,
882,
856
],
[
117,
859,
653,
870
],
[
138,
873,
674,
884
],
[
138,
887,
669,
898
],
[
138,
901,
478,
912
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"∗",
"Bootstrap-Based Inference for Cube Root Consistent Estimators",
"†",
"‡",
"§",
"Matias D. Cattaneo",
"Michael Jansson",
"Kenichi Nagasawa",
"arXiv:1704.08066v1",
"[math.ST]",
"26",
"Apr 2017",
"April 27, 2017",
"Abstract",
"This note proposes a consistent bootstrap-based distributional approximation for cube root",
"consistent estimators such as the maximum score estimator of Manski (1975) and the isotonic",
"density estimator of Grenander (1956). In both cases, the standard nonparametric bootstrap is",
"known to be inconsistent. Our method restores consistency of the nonparametric bootstrap by",
"altering the shape of the criterion function defining the estimator whose distribution we seek to",
"approximate. This modification leads to a generic and easy-to-implement resampling method for",
"inference that is conceptually distinct from other available distributional approximations based",
"on some form of modified bootstrap. We offer simulation evidence showcasing the performance",
"of our inference method in finite samples.",
"An extension of our methodology to general M-",
"estimation problems is also discussed.",
"Keywords:",
"cube root asymptotics, bootstrapping, maximum score estimation, isotonic density",
"estimation.",
"JEL",
": C12, C14, C21.",
"$^{∗}$We thank Andres Santos for very thoughtful discussions.",
"Cattaneo gratefully acknowledges financial support",
"from the National Science Foundation through grant SES-1459931, and Jansson gratefully acknowledges financial",
"support from the National Science Foundation through grant SES-1459967 and the research support of CREATES",
"(funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant no. DNRF78).",
"$^{†}$Department of Economics and Department of Statistics, University of Michigan.",
"$^{‡}$Department of Economics, University of California at Berkeley and CREATES.",
"$^{§}$Department of Economics, University of Michigan."
] | train |
|
[
[
147,
131,
852,
147
],
[
224,
153,
775,
168
],
[
320,
190,
341,
197
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[
146,
192,
320,
202
],
[
341,
192,
477,
202
],
[
477,
192,
578,
202
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[
569,
192,
594,
202
],
[
594,
192,
853,
202
],
[
368,
206,
443,
217
],
[
443,
206,
630,
217
],
[
112,
231,
887,
239
],
[
178,
242,
363,
250
],
[
355,
242,
821,
250
],
[
114,
253,
642,
262
],
[
635,
253,
885,
262
],
[
247,
265,
752,
273
],
[
180,
276,
819,
284
],
[
30,
278,
61,
771
],
[
221,
287,
778,
295
],
[
210,
298,
789,
307
],
[
143,
310,
856,
318
],
[
437,
321,
502,
329
],
[
494,
321,
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329
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[
108,
385,
182,
395
],
[
108,
415,
891,
426
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[
108,
439,
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450
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[
108,
463,
891,
473
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[
108,
486,
891,
497
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[
108,
510,
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521
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[
108,
534,
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544
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108,
557,
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108,
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[
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723
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[
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747
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[
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[
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891,
794
],
[
108,
807,
891,
818
],
[
126,
848,
270,
857
],
[
133,
860,
226,
868
],
[
394,
860,
553,
868
],
[
233,
860,
389,
868
],
[
108,
882,
306,
891
],
[
776,
882,
891,
891
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5,
5
] | [
"Dosimetric evidence confirms computational model of magnetic field",
"induced dose distortions of therapeutic proton beams",
"a,b,",
"Sonja M. Schellhammer",
"$^{∗}$, Sebastian Gantz",
"$^{a,b}$, Armin L¨",
"uhr",
"$^{a,b,c}$, Bradley M. Oborn$^{d,e}$, Michael",
"Bussmann",
"$^{f}$, Aswin L. Hoffmanna,b,g",
"$^{a}$OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav",
"Carus, Technische Universit¨",
"at Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany",
"$^{b}$Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, H¨",
"andelallee 26, 01309 Dresden, Germany",
"$^{c}$German Cancer Consortium DKTK, Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany",
"$^{d}$Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wolllongong NSW 2522, Australia",
"arXiv:1709.00373v2 [physics.med-ph] 6 Sep 2017",
"$^{e}$Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong NSW 2500, Australia",
"$^{f}$Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany",
"$^{g}$Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische",
"Universit¨",
"at Dresden",
"Abstract",
"Given the sensitivity of proton therapy to anatomical variations, this cancer treatment modality is expected",
"to benefit greatly from integration with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. One of the obstacles hindering",
"such an integration are strong magnetic field induced dose distortions. These have been predicted in simula-",
"tion studies, but no experimental validation has been performed so far. Here we show the first measurement",
"of planar distributions of dose deposited by therapeutic proton pencil beams traversing a one-Tesla transver-",
"sal magnetic field while depositing energy in a tissue-like phantom using film dosimetry. The lateral beam",
"deflection ranges from one millimeter to one centimeter for 80 to 180 MeV beams. Simulated and measured",
"deflection agree within one millimeter for all studied energies. These results proof that the magnetic field",
"induced proton beam deflection is both measurable and accurately predictable. This demonstrates the feasi-",
"bility of accurate dose measurement and hence validates dose predictions for the framework of MR-integrated",
"proton therapy.",
"With about half of all cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, this modality has become one of",
"the three pillars of modern cancer treatment next to chemotherapy and surgery [1].",
"Radiation therapy",
"makes use of ionising radiation, usually high-energetic photons, in order to irreversibly damage the DNA",
"and chromatin of clonogenic tumour cells, and thereby prevent these cells from proliferating. Over the last",
"two decades, the use of accelerated protons has emerged as an important treatment option, especially for",
"tumours of the central nervous system and for paediatric cases [2, 3]. As compared to conventional photon-",
"$^{∗}$Corresponding author",
"Email address:",
"(Sonja M. Schellhammer)",
"[email protected]",
"Preprint submitted to arXiv.org",
"September 7, 2017"
] | train |
|
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8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
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"Chapter 3",
"1",
"Flat norm decomposition of integral currents",
"3.1",
"Introduction",
"In geometric measure theory, currents represent a generalization of oriented surfaces",
"with multiplicities. Currents were developed in the context of Plateau’s problem and",
"have also found application in isoperimetric problems and soap bubble conjectures [32].",
"Given a",
"d",
"-dimensional current",
"T",
", we can consider decompositions",
"T",
"=",
"X",
"+",
"∂S",
"where",
"X",
"is a",
"d",
"-dimensional current and",
"S",
"is a (",
"d",
"+1)-dimensional current. Over all such",
"decompositions, the minimum total mass (volume) of the two pieces (i.e., M(",
"X",
")+M(",
"S",
"))",
"is the flat norm",
"(",
"T",
").",
"More recently, the",
"L",
"$^{1}$TV functional (introduced in the form",
"F",
"most relevant to us by Chan and Esedo¯",
"glu [9]) was shown to be related to the flat",
"norm [34]. This connection suggested the flat norm with scale (yielding the objective",
"M(",
"X",
") +",
"λ",
"M(",
"S",
") for any fixed scale",
"λ",
") and a geometric interpretation for the optimal",
"decompositions: varying",
"λ",
"controls the scale of features isolated in the decomposition.",
"One natural question: must currents in a particular regularity class (in this paper,",
"integral currents) have an optimal flat norm decomposition in the same class?",
"The",
"L",
"$^{1}$TV connection shows this is true for boundaries of codimension 1 (i.e., boundaries of",
"d",
"(",
"d",
"+ 1)-currents in",
"$^{+1}$) since the",
"L",
"$^{1}$TV functional applied to binary (or step function)",
"R",
"input is known to have binary (step function) minimizers [9]. This may be taken one step",
"further in the discretized problem where the boundary requirement can be dropped [24].",
"$^{1}$Based on [25]",
"51"
] | train |
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] | [
"n",
"{",
"F",
"}",
"F",
"Assumption 2",
"(i)",
"ϵ$_{i}$,",
"with",
"=",
"σ",
"(",
"X$_{i}$, ϵ$_{i}$$_{−}$$_{1}$, X$_{i}$$_{−}$$_{1}$, . . .",
")",
"is a strictly stationary martingale",
"i",
"−",
"1",
"i",
"−",
"1",
"i",
"=1",
"2",
"2+",
"|F",
"≥",
"|",
"|",
"difference sequence, (ii)",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ",
"$_{1}$]",
"is uniformly bounded for all",
"i",
"1",
", almost surely, (iii)",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"$^{δ}$]",
"<",
"i",
"−",
"i",
"∞",
"for some",
"δ >",
"0",
".",
"D",
"D",
"Let",
"N",
"(",
"$_{n}$, ϵ",
") denote the internal",
"ϵ",
"-covering number of",
"with respect to the Euclidean norm (i.e.",
"n",
"∈ D",
"the minimum number of points",
"x$_{1}$, . . . , x$_{m}$",
"such that the collection of",
"ϵ",
"-balls centered at each of",
"n",
"D",
"x$_{1}$, . . . , x$_{m}$",
"cover",
"$_{n}$).",
"D",
"D",
"⊆ D",
"Assumption 3",
"(i)",
"is compact, convex, has nonempty interior, and",
"for all",
"n",
", (ii)",
"n",
"n",
"n",
"+1",
"−",
"D",
"there exists",
"ν$_{1}$, ν$_{2}$ >",
"0",
"such that",
"N",
"(",
"$_{n}$, ϵ",
")",
"n",
"$^{ν$_{1}$}$ϵ",
"$^{ν$_{2}$}$.",
"≲",
"[",
"[",
"]",
"]",
"−",
"1",
"/",
"K",
"K",
"K",
"≡",
"‖",
"‖",
"≡",
"Define",
"ζ$_{K,n}$",
"sup$_{x}$",
"b",
"$_{w}$(",
"x",
")",
"and",
"λ$_{K,n}$",
"λ$_{min}$",
"(",
"E",
"[",
"b",
"$_{w}$(",
"X$_{i}$",
")",
"b",
"$_{w}$(",
"X$_{i}$",
")",
"$^{′}$])",
"$^{2}$.",
"K",
"K",
"≥",
"‖∇",
"‖",
"≥",
"ϖ$_{1}$",
"$^{ω$_{1}$}$K$^{ω$_{2}$}$, (ii) there exist",
"b",
"$_{w}$(",
"x",
")",
"n",
"Assumption 4",
"(i)",
"there exist",
"ω$_{1}$, ω$_{2}$",
"0",
"s.t.",
"sup$_{x}$$_{∈D}$$_{n}$",
"≲",
"K",
"K",
"λ$_{min}$",
"(",
"E",
"[",
"b",
"$_{w}$(",
"X$_{i}$",
")",
"b",
"$_{w}$(",
"X$_{i}$",
")",
"$^{′}$])",
">",
"0",
"for each",
"K",
"and",
"n",
".",
"$^{ϖ$_{1}$}$K$^{ϖ$_{2}$}$, (iii)",
"0",
", ϖ$_{2}$ >",
"0",
"s.t.",
"ζ$_{K,n}$",
"n",
"≲",
"Assumptions 1 and 2 trivially nest i.i.d. sequences, but also allow the regressors to exhibit quite",
"2",
"|",
"∞",
"general weak dependence. Note that Assumption 2(ii) reduces to sup$_{x}$",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ",
"X$_{i}$",
"=",
"x",
"]",
"<",
"in the",
"i",
"i.i.d. case. Suitable choice of",
"δ",
"in Assumption 2(iii) for attainability of the optimal uniform rate",
"{",
"}",
"will be explained subsequently. Strict stationarity of",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"in Assumption 2 may be dropped provided",
"2+",
"{|",
"|",
"$^{δ}$}",
"the sequence",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"is uniformly integrable. However, strict stationarity is used to present simple",
"̂",
"̂",
"sufficient conditions for the asymptotic normality of functionals of",
"h",
"in Section 3.",
"X",
"X",
"D",
"D",
"X",
"X",
"Assumption 3 is trivially satisfied when",
"Assumption 3 is trivially satisfied when",
"is compact and",
"is compact and",
"=",
"=",
"for all",
"for all",
"n",
"n",
". More generally,",
". More generally,",
"n",
"n",
"X",
"D",
"X",
"when",
"is noncompact and",
"is an expanding sequence of compact subsets of",
"as described above,",
"n",
"ν",
"D",
"Assumption 3(ii) is satisfied provided each",
"is contained in an Euclidean ball of radius",
"r$_{n}$",
"n",
"for",
"≲",
"n",
"6",
"some",
"ν >",
"0.",
"X",
"Assumption 4 is a mild regularity condition on the sieve basis functions. When",
"is compact and",
"rectangular this assumption is satisfied by all the widely used series (or linear sieve bases) with",
"λ$_{K,n}$",
"≲",
"√$_{K}$",
"1, and",
"ζ$_{K,n}$",
"for tensor-products of univariate polynomial spline, trigonometric polynomial or",
"≲",
"wavelet bases, and",
"ζ$_{K,n}$",
"K",
"for tensor-products of power series or orthogonal polynomial bases (see,",
"≲",
"$^{6}$By translational invariance we may assume that",
"D",
"is centered at the origin. Then",
"D",
"⊆ R",
"= [",
"−",
"r$_{n}$, r$_{n}$",
"]",
"$^{d}$. We can",
"n",
"n",
"n",
"$_{ϵ}$√$_{d}$$_{. Therefore,}$",
"d",
"cover",
"R",
"with (",
"r$_{n}$/ϵ",
")",
"ℓ",
"$^{∞}$-balls of radius",
"ϵ",
", each of which is contained in an Euclidean ball of radius",
"n",
"$_{(}$√$_{dr}$$_{n}$$_{)}$",
"d",
"−",
"−",
"N",
"(",
"D",
"$_{n}$, ϵ",
")",
"≤",
"$^{d}$ϵ",
"n",
"$^{νd}$ϵ",
"$^{d}$.",
"≲",
"9"
] | train |
|
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597,
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610,
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802,
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665,
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709,
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729,
644,
774,
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793,
644,
829,
658
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170,
644,
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544,
661,
551,
674
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566,
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552,
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564,
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228,
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255,
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283,
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310,
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339,
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394,
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421,
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506,
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544,
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645,
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683,
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709,
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747,
661,
774,
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802,
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829,
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170,
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199,
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"we set the expected path length to 16.",
"By implementing HMC ourselves, we can use the same",
"computer code to compute the log posterior, and its gradient, that we use with our method. This",
"allows the two methods to compete on a level playing field.",
"We ran four independent HMC chains for 700,000 iterations each, during a period of more than",
"three weeks. Searching for the posterior mode is considered, in general, to be “good practice” for",
"Bayesian inference, and especially with MCMC; see Step 1 of the “Recommended Strategy for",
"Posterior Simulation” in Section 11.10 of Gelman et al. (2003). Finding the mode of the log poste-",
"rior is the first step of our method anyway, so we initialized one chain there, and the other three",
"at randomly-selected starting values. Figure 4 is a trace plots of the log posterior density. The",
"chains begin to approach each other only after about 500,000 iterations. The panels in Figure 5,",
"are trace plots of the population-level parameters. Some parameter chains appear to have con-",
"verged to each other, with little autocorrelation, but others seem to make no progress at all. Table",
"1, summarizes the effective sample sizes for estimates of the marginal posterior distributions of",
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"eters, using the final 100,000 samples of HMC chains.",
"The convergence problems are even worse when we consider that each of the 16 steps in the",
"path length for iteration requires one evaluation for both the log posterior and its gradient. Us-",
"$^{2}$Shorter path lengths were less efficient, and longer ones frequently jumped so far from the regions of high posterior",
"mass that the computation of the log posterior would underflow. We had the same problem with the No U-Turn",
"Sampler (Hoffman et al. 2014), whether using Stan, or coding the algorithm ourselves. The HMC extensions in Girolami",
"and Calderhead (2011) are inappropriate for this problem because the Hessian is not guaranteed to be positive definite",
"for all parameter values.",
"16"
] | train |
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6,
6,
11,
8,
8,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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"Noname manuscript No.",
"(will be inserted by the editor)",
"Using Twitter to Learn about the Autism Community",
"Adham Beykikhoshk, Ognjen Arandjelovi´c,",
"Dinh Phung, Svetha Venkatesh, and Terry Caelli",
"the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later",
"arXiv:1506.00246v1",
"[cs.SI]",
"31",
"May 2015",
"Abstract",
"Considering the raising socio-economic burden of autism spectrum disorder (ASD),",
"timely and evidence-driven public policy decision making and communication of the latest",
"guidelines pertaining to the treatment and management of the disorder is crucial. Yet ev-",
"idence suggests that policy makers and medical practitioners do not always have a good",
"understanding of the practices and relevant beliefs of ASD-afflicted individuals’ carers who",
"often follow questionable recommendations and adopt advice poorly supported by scientific",
"data. The key goal of the present work is to explore the idea that Twitter, as a highly popular",
"platform for information exchange, could be used as a data-mining source to learn about",
"the population affected by ASD – their behaviour, concerns, needs etc. To this end, using",
"a large data set of over 11 million harvested tweets as the basis for our investigation, we",
"describe a series of experiments which examine a range of linguistic and semantic aspects",
"of messages posted by individuals interested in ASD. Our findings, the first of their nature",
"in the published scientific literature, strongly motivate additional research on this topic and",
"present a methodological basis for further work.",
"Centre for Pattern Recognition and Data Analytics (PRaDA)",
"School of Information Technology",
"Deaking University",
"Waurn Ponds Geelong 3216",
"VIC",
"Australia"
] | train |
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[
655,
770,
661,
780
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[
269,
788,
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801
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[
324,
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334,
801
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[
334,
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341,
801
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[
347,
788,
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[
373,
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801
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[
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[
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398,
801
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[
398,
788,
433,
801
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[
435,
788,
444,
801
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[
444,
788,
449,
801
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[
578,
788,
586,
829
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[
622,
788,
630,
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[
461,
789,
477,
803
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[
483,
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497,
803
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[
502,
789,
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[
545,
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556,
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[
586,
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[
642,
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695,
803
],
[
602,
790,
621,
802
],
[
630,
798,
636,
807
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[
818,
821,
826,
862
],
[
862,
821,
870,
862
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[
145,
822,
361,
836
],
[
367,
822,
374,
836
],
[
375,
822,
754,
836
],
[
759,
822,
775,
836
],
[
783,
822,
812,
836
],
[
826,
822,
841,
836
],
[
870,
822,
882,
836
],
[
841,
823,
861,
835
],
[
145,
874,
455,
887
],
[
470,
874,
882,
887
],
[
131,
900,
368,
911
],
[
394,
900,
612,
911
],
[
622,
900,
882,
911
],
[
372,
901,
389,
911
],
[
616,
901,
622,
911
],
[
491,
936,
508,
950
]
] | [
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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10,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Then, the objective function of (57) can be more succinctly represented as a function of",
"µ",
"N",
"N",
")",
"(",
")",
"(",
"d",
"d",
"i",
"i",
"−",
"−",
"∑",
"∑",
"=",
"µ",
"ln",
"q$_{i}$e",
"$^{Ω}$e",
"ℓ",
"(",
"µ",
")",
"=",
"µ",
"Ω +",
"µ",
"ln",
"q$_{i}$e",
"µ",
"µ",
"=1",
"=1",
"i",
"i",
"N",
"(",
")",
"d",
"i",
"−",
"∑",
"=",
"µ",
"ln",
"θ$_{i}$e",
"(59)",
"µ",
"=1",
"i",
"The optimization problem then becomes:",
")",
"(",
"d",
"i",
"−",
"N",
"∑",
"min",
"$_{d}$µ",
"ln",
"$_{=1}$θ$_{i}$",
"e",
"µ",
"i",
",",
",µ,",
"ξ",
"x",
"such that",
"[",
"(",
")]",
"J",
")",
"∑",
"(A)",
"d$_{i}$",
"=",
"z$_{i}$",
"exp",
"−",
"α",
"$_{=1}$x$_{j}$",
"A",
"−",
"A$_{ij}$",
"for",
"∀",
"i",
"∈ {",
"1",
", .., N",
"}",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"j",
"(60)",
"(B)",
"µ",
"≥",
"0",
"(C)",
"≥",
"0",
"ξ",
"N",
"∑",
"(D)",
"$_{=1}$ξ$_{i}$",
"= 1",
"i",
"(E)",
"(",
"x",
",",
")",
"∈",
"F",
"ξ",
"8.4.4",
"Linearization of Constraint (A)",
"J",
"(",
")",
"∑",
"Note that constraint (A) in (60) involves the quadratic terms",
"$_{=1}$x$_{j}$",
"A",
"$_{j}$. Therefore, in this",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"section, we suggest a way to linearize this constraint.",
"(",
")",
"A",
"is simply the market maker’s revenue from the",
"j",
"th order. Let",
"R$_{j}$",
"denote",
"Intuitively,",
"x$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"the market maker’s revenue from the",
"j",
"th order.",
"x$_{j}$",
"is the number of shares of the option traded.",
"(",
")",
"A",
"is the market-clearing price of the",
"j",
"th order.",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"To begin the transformation, we first consider the feasible set of",
"x",
"and",
". We say that the pair",
"ξ",
"(E1)",
"∀",
"j",
"∈ {",
"1",
",",
"2",
", .., J",
"}",
",",
"(",
")",
"x$_{j}$",
"= 0",
"if",
"A",
"> B$_{j}$b$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"(61)",
"(E2)",
"∀",
"j",
"∈ {",
"1",
",",
"2",
", .., J",
"}",
",",
"(",
")",
"x$_{j}$",
"∈",
"[0",
", Q$_{j}$",
"]",
"if",
"A",
"=",
"B$_{j}$b$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"(E3)",
"∀",
"j",
"∈ {",
"1",
",",
"2",
", .., J",
"}",
",",
"(",
")",
"x$_{j}$",
"=",
"Q$_{j}$",
"if",
"A",
"< B$_{j}$b$_{j}$",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"j",
"(",
")",
"We restrict attention to the",
"j",
"th order. Figure 4 shows the feasible set of pairs",
"x$_{j}$",
"and",
"A",
"$_{j}$.",
"$^{T}$ξ",
"Figure 5 is a three-dimensional graph.",
"The graph shows the market maker’s revenue as a",
"$^{10}$I can simply ignore cases for which",
"= 0. I can also simply remove the",
"th order from my optimization problem.",
"Q$_{j}$",
"j",
"39"
] | train |
|
[
[
247,
85,
753,
100
],
[
466,
122,
477,
130
],
[
654,
122,
659,
130
],
[
339,
124,
466,
135
],
[
478,
124,
654,
135
],
[
183,
156,
815,
165
],
[
273,
180,
720,
189
],
[
463,
239,
536,
250
],
[
121,
274,
879,
286
],
[
30,
274,
61,
711
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[
121,
298,
879,
309
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[
121,
321,
879,
333
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[
121,
345,
879,
357
],
[
121,
369,
879,
381
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[
121,
392,
879,
404
],
[
121,
416,
879,
428
],
[
121,
440,
879,
451
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[
121,
463,
217,
475
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[
217,
494,
874,
506
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[
121,
494,
209,
505
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[
121,
564,
134,
580
],
[
160,
564,
306,
580
],
[
121,
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879,
614
],
[
121,
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638
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[
121,
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879,
662
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[
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383,
686
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[
611,
674,
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686
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[
121,
674,
236,
686
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[
392,
674,
603,
686
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[
748,
674,
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686
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[
766,
674,
879,
686
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[
121,
697,
879,
709
],
[
140,
721,
251,
733
],
[
674,
721,
785,
733
],
[
121,
721,
134,
733
],
[
251,
721,
668,
733
],
[
793,
721,
879,
733
],
[
121,
745,
879,
756
],
[
121,
768,
879,
780
],
[
121,
792,
879,
804
],
[
121,
816,
879,
827
],
[
121,
839,
157,
851
],
[
169,
839,
879,
851
],
[
121,
863,
879,
875
],
[
146,
886,
768,
895
],
[
139,
886,
145,
891
],
[
496,
941,
504,
952
]
] | [
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Poincaré chaos and unpredictable functions",
"a,",
"b",
"Marat Akhmet",
"$^{∗}$, Mehmet Onur Fen",
"$^{a}$Department of Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey",
"$^{b}$Basic Sciences Unit, TED University, 06420 Ankara, Turkey",
"Abstract",
"The results of this study are continuation of the research of Poincaré chaos initiated in papers (Akhmet",
"arXiv:1608.07301v1 [nlin.CD] 25 Aug 2016",
"M, Fen MO. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2016;40:1–5; Akhmet M, Fen MO. Turk J Math,",
"doi:10.3906/mat-1603-51, accepted). We focus on the construction of an unpredictable function, con-",
"tinuous on the real axis. As auxiliary results, unpredictable orbits for the symbolic dynamics and the",
"logistic map are obtained. By shaping the unpredictable function as well as Poisson function we have",
"performed the first step in the development of the theory of unpredictable solutions for differential and",
"discrete equations. The results are preliminary ones for deep analysis of chaos existence in differential",
"and hybrid systems. Illustrative examples concerning unpredictable solutions of differential equations",
"are provided.",
"Poincaré chaos; Unpredictable function; Unpredictable solutions; Unpredictable sequence.",
"Keywords:",
"1",
"Introduction",
"It is useless to say that the theory of dynamical systems is a research of oscillations, and the latest",
"motion of the theory is the Poisson stable trajectory [1]. In paper [2] inspired by chaos investigation",
"we have introduced a new type of oscillation, next to the Poisson stable one, and called the initial",
"unpredictable point",
"unpredictable orbit",
"point for it the",
"and the trajectory itself the",
".",
"These novelties",
"make a connection of the homoclinic chaos and the latest types of chaos possible through the concept",
"unpredictability",
"Poincaré chaos",
"of",
", that is sensitivity assigned to a single orbit. Thus, the",
"concept has",
"been eventually shaped in our paper [2]. We have also determined the unpredictable function on the",
"real axis as an unpredictable point of the Bebutov dynamics in paper [3] to involve widely differential",
"and discrete equations to the chaos investigation. Nonetheless, we need a more precise description of",
"what one understands as unpredictable function. The present research is devoted to this constructive",
"duty.",
"One can say that the analysis became productive, since we have learnt that the unpredictable",
"functions can be bounded, and this is also true for Poisson functions, newly introduced in this paper.",
"Corresponding Author Tel.: +90 312 210 5355, Fax: +90 312 210 2972, E-mail: [email protected]",
"∗",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
159,
89,
840,
111
],
[
450,
117,
550,
139
],
[
618,
161,
625,
171
],
[
375,
163,
618,
178
],
[
210,
188,
789,
199
],
[
151,
206,
847,
218
],
[
29,
228,
43,
693
],
[
44,
228,
50,
693
],
[
51,
228,
52,
693
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[
53,
228,
59,
693
],
[
416,
232,
582,
247
],
[
286,
257,
713,
268
],
[
117,
341,
201,
356
],
[
117,
378,
882,
393
],
[
117,
408,
882,
423
],
[
117,
438,
882,
454
],
[
117,
469,
882,
484
],
[
117,
499,
882,
514
],
[
117,
529,
882,
544
],
[
117,
559,
882,
574
],
[
117,
589,
882,
605
],
[
117,
620,
173,
635
],
[
220,
643,
796,
658
],
[
117,
643,
202,
657
],
[
117,
673,
842,
688
],
[
117,
722,
133,
737
],
[
152,
722,
266,
737
],
[
146,
763,
882,
778
],
[
117,
793,
704,
808
],
[
722,
793,
882,
808
],
[
152,
839,
308,
851
],
[
144,
839,
151,
846
],
[
437,
854,
661,
866
],
[
152,
854,
270,
866
],
[
278,
856,
433,
866
],
[
667,
856,
856,
866
],
[
117,
869,
272,
882
],
[
144,
884,
882,
897
],
[
117,
899,
556,
912
],
[
117,
937,
314,
949
],
[
767,
937,
882,
949
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5,
5
] | [
"Flexible Bayesian Quantile Regression in Ordinal",
"Models",
"∗",
"Mohammad Arshad Rahman",
"Department of Economic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.",
"Office: Faculty Building 672, IITK, Kanpur. Phone: +91 512-259-7010. Fax: +91 512-259-7570.",
"arXiv:1609.00710v2",
"[math.ST]",
"14",
"Sep 2017",
"Shubham Karnawat",
"Risk Analyst, Model Risk Management, Credit Suisse, India",
"Abstract",
"The paper introduces an estimation method for flexible Bayesian quantile regression in ordi-",
"nal (FBQROR) models i.e., an ordinal quantile regression where the error follows a general-",
"ized asymmetric Laplace (GAL) distribution. The GAL distribution, unlike the asymmetric",
"Laplace (AL) distribution, allows to fix specific quantiles while simultaneously letting the",
"mode, skewness and tails to vary. We also introduce the cumulative distribution function",
"(necessary for constructing the likelihood) and the moment generating function of the GAL",
"distribution. The algorithm is illustrated in multiple simulation studies and implemented to",
"analyze public opinion on homeownership as the best long-term investment in the United",
"States.",
"Generalized asymmetric Laplace distribution, Gibbs sampling, Great",
"Keywords:",
"Recession, homeownership, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Metropolis-Hastings.",
"1.",
"Introduction",
"Quantile regression, proposed by Koenker and Bassett (1978), models the conditional",
"quantiles of the dependent variable as a function of the covariates.",
"Since its introduc-",
"Corresponding author",
"∗",
"(Mohammad Arshad Rahman),",
"Email addresses:",
"[email protected]",
"[email protected]",
"(Shubham Karnawat)",
"$^{1}$Shubham Karnawat worked on this paper while pursuing his M.S. degree in the Department of Economic",
"Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.",
"Preprint submitted to arXiv",
"August 27, 2018"
] | train |
|
[
[
221,
234,
776,
254
],
[
381,
279,
615,
299
],
[
29,
282,
44,
713
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[
45,
282,
51,
713
],
[
52,
282,
53,
713
],
[
53,
282,
59,
713
],
[
421,
330,
428,
340
],
[
295,
333,
421,
346
],
[
559,
333,
708,
346
],
[
244,
361,
472,
375
],
[
515,
361,
752,
375
],
[
273,
390,
443,
403
],
[
549,
390,
719,
403
],
[
423,
424,
573,
437
],
[
462,
490,
534,
501
],
[
250,
517,
747,
528
],
[
250,
541,
747,
552
],
[
250,
566,
747,
577
],
[
250,
590,
747,
601
],
[
250,
615,
747,
626
],
[
250,
639,
747,
650
],
[
250,
663,
747,
675
],
[
250,
688,
747,
699
],
[
250,
712,
747,
723
],
[
250,
737,
747,
748
],
[
250,
761,
732,
772
],
[
250,
791,
747,
800
],
[
250,
815,
590,
824
],
[
225,
837,
619,
847
],
[
494,
873,
503,
885
]
] | [
11,
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"Rapidly bounding the exceedance probabilities of",
"high aggregate losses",
"arXiv:1507.01853v1",
"[stat.AP]",
"7",
"Jul 2015",
"∗",
"Isabella Gollini",
"Jonathan Rougier",
"Department of Engineering",
"Department of Mathematics",
"University of Bristol",
"University of Bristol",
"November 5, 2018",
"Abstract",
"We consider the task of assessing the righthand tail of an insurer’s loss",
"distribution for some specified period, such as a year. We present and",
"analyse six different approaches: four upper bounds, and two approx-",
"imations. We examine these approaches under a variety of conditions,",
"using a large event loss table for US hurricanes. For its combination",
"of tightness and computational speed, we favour the Moment bound.",
"We also consider the appropriate size of Monte Carlo simulations, and",
"the imposition of a cap on single event losses. We strongly favour the",
"Gamma distribution as a flexible model for single event losses, for its",
"tractable form in all of the methods we analyse, its generalisability, and",
"because of the ease with which a cap on losses can be incorporated.",
"KEYWORDS: Event loss table, Compound Poisson process,",
"Moment bound, Monte Carlo simulation",
"$^{∗}$Corresponding author. email: [email protected]",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
152,
83,
498,
103
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[
505,
83,
529,
103
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[
531,
83,
863,
103
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[
152,
113,
620,
133
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[
748,
171,
755,
180
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[
159,
173,
748,
187
],
[
152,
246,
226,
260
],
[
244,
246,
858,
260
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[
29,
271,
43,
713
],
[
43,
271,
50,
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[
51,
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[
53,
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[
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[
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337,
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[
152,
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152,
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152,
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[
152,
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],
[
152,
639,
517,
652
],
[
152,
702,
233,
715
],
[
250,
702,
858,
715
],
[
152,
732,
392,
745
],
[
174,
832,
381,
843
],
[
390,
832,
858,
843
],
[
152,
847,
328,
859
],
[
348,
847,
396,
859
],
[
407,
847,
571,
859
],
[
591,
847,
858,
859
],
[
152,
863,
858,
874
],
[
152,
878,
858,
889
],
[
152,
893,
312,
904
]
] | [
11,
11,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"Consistent distribution-free",
"K",
"-sample and independence",
"tests for univariate random variables",
"1",
"Ruth Heller, Yair Heller, Shachar Kaufman, Barak Brill and Malka Gorfine",
"Abstract.",
"A popular approach for testing if two univariate random variables are statis-",
"arXiv:1410.6758v2",
"[stat.ME]",
"18",
"Jun 2015",
"tically independent consists of partitioning the sample space into bins, and evaluating a",
"test statistic on the binned data. The partition size matters, and the optimal partition",
"size is data dependent.",
"While for detecting simple relationships coarse partitions may",
"be best, for detecting complex relationships a great gain in power can be achieved by",
"considering finer partitions. We suggest novel consistent distribution-free tests that are",
"based on summation or maximization aggregation of scores over all partitions of a fixed",
"size. We show that our test statistics based on summation can serve as good estimators",
"of the mutual information.",
"Moreover, we suggest regularized tests that aggregate over",
"all partition sizes, and prove those are consistent too. We provide polynomial-time algo-",
"rithms, which are critical for computing the suggested test statistics efficiently. We show",
"that the power of the regularized tests is excellent compared to existing tests, and almost",
"as powerful as the tests based on the optimal (yet unknown in practice) partition size, in",
"simulations as well as on a real data example.",
"Keywords:",
"Bivariate distribution; Nonparametric test; Statistical independence; Mutual",
"information; Two-sample test.",
"$^{1}$Address for correspondence:",
"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel-Aviv uni-",
"versity, Tel-Aviv, Israel.",
"E-mail:",
"[email protected].",
"The work of Ruth Heller and Barak",
"Brill was supported by grant no. 2012896 from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), and the work of",
"Shachar Kaufman was supported by a fellowship from the Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics",
"at Tel-Aviv university."
] | train |
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222
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231,
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681
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50,
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[
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726,
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[
726,
761,
882,
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[
117,
794,
150,
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[
415,
794,
676,
807
],
[
156,
795,
406,
806
],
[
293,
809,
734,
821
],
[
117,
809,
285,
821
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[
117,
824,
882,
836
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[
117,
839,
882,
851
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[
117,
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882,
866
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[
117,
869,
882,
882
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[
117,
884,
679,
897
],
[
496,
901,
503,
909
]
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11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"LIPSCHITZ GAMES",
"YARON AZRIELI AND ERAN SHMAYA",
"The",
"of a finite normal–form game is the maximal change",
"Abstract.",
"Lipschitz constant",
"arXiv:1107.1520v2",
"[math.CO]",
"1",
"Aug 2012",
"in some player’s payoff when a single opponent changes his strategy. We prove that games",
"with small Lipschitz constant admit pure",
"-equilibria, and pinpoint the maximal Lipschitz",
"ϵ",
"constant that is sufficient to imply existence of pure",
"-equilibrium as a function of the",
"ϵ",
"number of players in the game and the number of strategies of each player. Our proofs use",
"the probabilistic method.",
"1.",
"introduction",
"The use of mixed strategies in game theory is often criticized, since one is reluctant to",
"view rational decisions as based on coin tossing (see, e.g., Rubinstein’s discussion [19, Section",
"3]). Thus the long tradition in the literature of identifying classes of games that admit pure",
"equilibrium [14, 15, 18]. Pure Nash equilibria do not suffer from the conceptual difficulty of",
"mixed strategies, which make this solution concept more appealing.",
"This paper identifies a new class of games that admit pure",
"ϵ",
"-equilibrium. We call these",
"games",
"Lipschitz games",
", since their characterizing property is that the payoff of a player",
"does not change much when a single opponent changes his strategy; thus, each player’s",
"payoff function is Lipschitz in her opponents’ strategy profile. More precisely, we define the",
"Lipschitz constant of a game",
"to be the maximal change in some player’s payoff when a single",
"opponent changes his strategy. If the Lipschitz constant is",
"o",
"(1",
"/n",
") when the number of players",
"n",
"grows, then any game with sufficiently many players admits a pure",
"ϵ",
"-equilibrium, since",
"2010",
"Primary: 91A10. Secondary: 05D40.",
"Mathematics Subject Classification.",
"Pure equilibrium, Purification, Lipschitz games, Large games.",
"Key words and phrases.",
"Thanks to Joyee Deb and Ehud Kalai for helpful discussions about large games, to Ezra Einy for informing",
"us about the Shapley-Folkman Theorem, to Roger Myerson for Remark 2.9, to Ron Peretz for comments",
"on a previous version of the manuscript, to Marcin Peski for suggesting the network games application, to",
"David Schmeidler for suggesting the current proof of Theorem 6.1 (which is simpler than our original proof)",
"and to Rakesh Vohra for informing us about Gale-Berlekamp Switching Game.",
"1"
] | train |
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860
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[
176,
863,
275,
876
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[
512,
926,
522,
941
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
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10,
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10,
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10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"(2)",
"2",
"integer.",
"The importance of finding “serviceable approximations” to",
"$_{0}$F",
"(",
"A, B",
")",
"0",
"has been recently emphasized by Johnstone (2007, p.322). Since in applications",
"that rely on the spiked covariance matrix framework",
"r",
"is typically much smaller",
"(2)",
"(2)",
"than",
"p",
", analyzing",
"$_{0}$F",
"(",
"A",
",",
"Z",
") is much easier than analyzing",
"$_{0}$F",
"(",
"A, B",
"), and the",
"0",
"0",
"established contour integral representation of the latter may be of the welcomed",
"service to practitioners.",
"(",
"α",
")",
"For",
"α",
"= 2",
",",
"1",
"and 1",
"/",
"2",
",",
"function",
"$_{0}$F",
"(",
"A, B",
") has an integral representation",
"0",
")",
"(",
"1",
"−",
"tr",
"AGBG",
"(",
"α",
"∫",
"$_{)}$e",
"(d",
"G",
")",
",",
"where",
"G",
"$^{)}$(",
"p",
") is the orthogonal group",
"O",
"(",
"p",
") for",
"α",
"= 2,",
"(",
"α",
"G",
"$^{)}$(",
"p",
"the unitary group",
"U",
"(",
"p",
") for",
"α",
"= 1, and the compact symplectic group",
"S",
"p",
"(",
"p",
") for",
"α",
"=",
"(",
"α",
"1",
"/",
"2",
",",
"and where (d",
"G",
") is the normalized Haar measure over",
"G",
"$^{)}$(",
"p",
"). Such integrals",
"have various important applications in mathematics and physics, where they are",
"referred to as Harish-Chandra/Itzykson-Zuber (HCIZ) integrals (Zinn-Justin and",
"Zuber, 2003).",
"The HCIZ integrals with rank-deficient",
"A",
"have been used in the",
"analysis of spin glasses (Marinari et al, 1994), wireless communication systems",
"(Muller et al, 2008), statistical tests for signal detection (Bianchi et al, 2010, and",
"Onatski et al, 2012), distribution of the largest sample covariance eigenvalue (Mo,",
"2011, and Wang, 2012), and spiked Wishart",
"β",
"-ensembles (Forrester, 2011). Their",
"asymptotic behavior as",
"p",
"→ ∞",
"has been studied in Guionnet and Ma¨ıda (2005)",
"´",
"and Collins and",
"Sniady (2007). We hope that the reduction of HCIZ integrals over",
"(",
"α",
"(",
"α",
"large group",
"G",
"$^{)}$(",
"p",
") to those over smaller group",
"G",
"$^{)}$(",
"r",
") that follows from (1) will",
"be useful in a wide spectrum of applications.",
"The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we derive explicit",
"formulae for the likelihood ratios. Section 3 establishes relationship (1). Section 4",
"uses (1) to derive contour integral representations for the likelihood ratios. Section",
"5",
"applies Laplace approximations to the contour integrals in the derived represen-",
"$^{2}$For cases where",
"β",
"is odd, we require that",
"p",
"−",
"r",
"+ 1 be even. For even",
"β,",
"such a requirement",
"is not needed.",
"6"
] | train |
|
[
[
172,
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194,
124
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[
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534,
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491,
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[
172,
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439
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572,
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[
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[
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479,
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],
[
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503
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409,
479,
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825,
545
],
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299,
574
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559,
327,
574
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559,
378,
574
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397,
559,
826,
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384,
560,
397,
573
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[
172,
588,
740,
602
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588,
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588,
825,
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602
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588,
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601
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825,
630
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644,
458,
659
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[
473,
644,
825,
659
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[
172,
673,
194,
687
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218,
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253,
673,
825,
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673,
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[
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[
636,
702,
668,
715
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[
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730,
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[
526,
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533,
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487,
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503,
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[
775,
758,
826,
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[
526,
758,
533,
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[
462,
758,
481,
772
],
[
509,
758,
520,
772
],
[
520,
765,
527,
774
],
[
195,
787,
826,
797
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[
188,
800,
188,
820
],
[
188,
801,
307,
812
],
[
172,
801,
182,
812
]
] | [
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
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3,
3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
10,
10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"4.2",
"The Model",
"50",
"4",
"= 0",
"at the VEV.",
"is obtained by inserting the VEV into the zero",
"V",
"V$_{0}$",
"temperature potential and then looking along the",
"=0",
"direction. We obtain",
"ψ",
"1",
"2",
"+4",
"n",
"2",
"n",
"(",
")",
"m",
"M",
"+1",
"n",
"0",
"P",
"∼",
"(4.8)",
"V$_{0}$",
"λ",
"We use the Friedmann equation",
"2",
"2",
"∼",
"(4.9)",
"M",
"$_{P}$H",
"V$_{0}$",
"TI",
"giving the energy density of the Universe during thermal inflation to obtain",
"the Hubble parameter during thermal inflation as",
"1",
"+2",
"n",
")",
"(",
"m",
"+1",
"n",
"0",
"√$_{λM}$$_{P}$",
"(4.10)",
"∼",
"H$_{TI}$",
"Within this model, we will consider two cases regarding the decay rate",
"of the inflaton,",
"Γ$_{ϕ}$",
", with",
", the inflaton, being the field driving the period of",
"ϕ",
"primordial inflation prior to thermal inflation. Firstly, the case that",
"Γ$_{ϕ}$",
",",
"≳",
"H$_{TI}$",
"i.e. that reheating from primordial inflation occurs before or around the time",
"of the start of thermal inflation.",
"Secondly, we will consider the case that",
"Γ$_{ϕ}$",
"≪",
", i.e. that reheating from primordial inflation occurs at some time",
"H$_{TI}$",
"after the end of thermal inflation. In the case of",
"Γ$_{ϕ}$",
", thermal inflation",
"≳",
"H$_{TI}$",
"will begin at a temperature",
"1",
"∼",
"(4.11)",
"4",
"T$_{1}$",
"V",
"0",
"$^{4}$We are ignoring a cosmological constant as it is negligible. Considering it would give",
"̸",
"=0 at the VEV.",
"V"
] | train |
|
[
[
642,
92,
649,
102
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[
117,
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642,
108
],
[
145,
120,
881,
133
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[
117,
145,
882,
159
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[
117,
171,
882,
185
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[
117,
197,
756,
210
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[
117,
241,
145,
256
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167,
241,
460,
256
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[
117,
277,
882,
291
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[
307,
300,
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117,
303,
307,
316
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323,
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316
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117,
328,
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342
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117,
354,
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368
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[
117,
379,
882,
393
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[
117,
405,
358,
419
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[
145,
431,
882,
445
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[
117,
456,
882,
470
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[
117,
482,
778,
496
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[
792,
482,
882,
496
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[
117,
508,
882,
522
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117,
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547
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117,
585,
130,
603
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[
157,
585,
283,
603
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117,
628,
882,
641
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117,
653,
882,
667
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[
117,
679,
882,
692
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117,
704,
882,
718
],
[
117,
730,
707,
744
],
[
145,
756,
882,
769
],
[
117,
781,
882,
795
],
[
117,
807,
881,
821
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[
117,
833,
882,
847
],
[
138,
859,
882,
871
],
[
117,
873,
230,
885
],
[
138,
887,
847,
899
],
[
491,
936,
508,
950
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"8",
"allows the pari-mutuel market to better mitigate counterparty risk.",
"Second, the auction performs better than other trading platforms, particularly in a low-liquidity",
"environment. The auction aggregates liquidity dispersed in multiple individual markets into the",
"common pool. Lastly, having the common market maker in multiple markets improves price effi-",
"ciency (Lange and Economide, 2005). Please see the Appendix for further details.",
"6.3",
"Potential Areas of Application",
"The KPM is expected to be useful for options markets in which delta hedging the market maker’s",
"9",
"inventory is not feasible.",
"The KPM solves an optimization that is robust to worst-case scenarios.",
"In particular, Corollary 1 shows that the KPM can become almost completely pari-mutuel when",
"the value of Ω is very large. If the market is completely pari-mutuel, the market maker does not",
"lose any money regardless of what happens at maturity. Therefore, the inability to delta hedge the",
"inventory becomes less critical.",
"There are two specific options markets for which delta hedging may be particularly infeasible.",
"The first example is options for which the underlying asset is not tradable (e.g., the market for",
"economic derivatives written on U.S. non-farm payrolls) (Baron and Lange, 2007).",
"The second",
"example is options with extremely short time to maturity because the delta fluctuates too much",
"(Baron and Lange, 2007).",
"7",
"Conclusion",
"In this paper, we first show that the market-clearing strategy of the Convex Pari-mutuel Call",
"Auction Mechanism (CCPAM) is asymptotically equivalent to that of the market maker with",
"extreme ambiguity aversion for the future contingent event. Because the CPCAM is closely related",
"to other notable pari-mutuel auctions in the literature, we regard this conclusion as a basis for",
"arguing that pari-mutuel auctions are closely related to ambiguity aversion.",
"With this understanding, we design a new market for trading contingent claims, the Knightian",
"Pari-mutuel Mechanism (KPM). The main optimization problem of the KPM is what the market",
"maker should solve if he/she adheres to the theory of decision making under ambiguity aversion.",
"The algorithm clears the market while controlling for the market maker’s level of risk and ambiguity",
"$^{8}$Duffie and Zhu (2011) show that counterparty risk can be better managed if the same CCP is involved in more",
"than one market.",
"$^{9}$Baron and Lange (2007) also argue that the PDCA is suitable for markets where delta hedging is difficult.",
"30"
] | train |
|
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154
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675,
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43,
693
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[
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803,
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149,
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[
129,
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[
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[
276,
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[
347,
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879
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[
383,
869,
454,
879
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[
467,
869,
515,
879
],
[
526,
869,
597,
879
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[
609,
869,
642,
879
],
[
653,
869,
719,
879
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[
732,
869,
749,
879
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[
760,
869,
801,
879
],
[
827,
869,
870,
879
],
[
129,
893,
267,
902
],
[
495,
927,
504,
941
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Stopping time property of thresholds of Storey-type FDR",
"procedures",
"∗",
"†",
"arXiv:1510.04351v3",
"[math.ST]",
"28",
"Jun 2016",
"Xiongzhi Chen",
"and Rebecca W. Doerge",
"Abstract",
"For multiple testing, we introduce Storey-type FDR procedures and the concept of “reg-",
"ular estimator of the proportion of true nulls”. We show that the rejection threshold of a",
"Storey-type FDR procedure is a stopping time with respect to the backward filtration gener-",
"ated by the p-values and that a Storey-type FDR estimator at this rejection threshold equals",
"the pre-specified FDR level, when the estimator of the proportion of true nulls is regular.",
"These results hold regardless of the dependence among or the types of distributions of the",
"p-values. They directly imply that a Storey-type FDR procedure is conservative when the",
"null p-values are independent and uniformly distributed.",
"Keywords",
":",
"False discovery rate, rejection threshold, stopping time property, Storey-type",
"FDR procedure.",
"MSC 2010 subject classifications",
": Primary 62C25, 62M99.",
"1",
"Introduction",
"To control false discovery rate (FDR, Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995) in multiple testing, it",
"is crucial to show the conservativeness of an FDR procedure, i.e., that the FDR of an FDR",
"procedure is no larger than a pre-specified level.",
"To show the conservativeness of their FDR",
"procedures, Storey et al. (2004) used the stopping time property (STP) of the rejection threshold",
"that was claimed in their Lemma 4, and Liang and Nettleton (2012) quoted this lemma as their",
"$^{∗}$Corresponding author. Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative",
"Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. Email:",
".",
"[email protected]",
"$^{†}$Departments",
"of",
"Statistics",
"and",
"Agronomy,",
"Purdue",
"University,",
"West",
"Lafayette,",
"IN",
"49707.",
"Email:",
"[email protected].",
"1"
] | train |
|
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] | [
"negative stochastic monotonicity (NSM) between each outcome unobservable and the selection",
"unobservable, and show how identification regions improve under the additional restriction. Third,",
"I",
"consider conditional positive quadrant dependence (CPQD) as a restriction between two outcome",
"unobservables",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"conditional on the selection unobservable",
"U",
".",
"I",
"also explore identifying",
"−",
"power of this restriction on each parameter, when it is imposed on top of",
"M.",
"1",
"M.",
"4.",
"Lastly, I",
"consider monotonicity between two potential outcomes as a different type of restriction. Henceforth,",
"I",
"call this monotone treatment response (MTR). I derive sharp bounds under MTR in addition to",
"−",
"M.",
"1",
"M.",
"4.",
"First, I present the definition of NSM, CPQD, and MTR. I also illustrate them using a toy",
"model and discuss the underlying intuition with economic examples.",
"NSM (Negative Stochastic Monotonicity)",
"Both",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"are first order stochastically non-",
"≤",
"|",
"∈",
"∈$_{R}$",
"increasing in",
"U.",
"That is,",
"P",
"(",
"ε$_{d}$",
"e",
"U",
"=",
"u",
") is nondecreasing in",
"u",
"(0",
",",
"1)",
"for any",
"e",
"and",
"∈ {",
"}",
"d",
"0",
",",
"1",
".",
"CPQD (Conditional Positive Quadrant Dependence)",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"are positively quadrant de-",
"∈$_{R}$ ×$_{R}$",
"∈",
"pendent conditionally on",
"U.",
"That is, for (",
"ε$_{0}$, ε$_{1}$",
")",
"and",
"u",
"(0",
",",
"1)",
",",
"≤",
"≤",
"|",
"≥",
"≤",
"|",
"≤",
"|",
"P",
"[",
"ε$_{0}$",
"e$_{0}$, ε$_{1}$",
"e$_{1}$",
"U",
"=",
"u",
"]",
"P",
"[",
"ε$_{0}$",
"e$_{0}$",
"U",
"=",
"u",
"]",
"P",
"[",
"ε$_{1}$",
"e$_{1}$",
"U",
"=",
"u",
"]",
".",
"To better understand these restrictions, consider a particular case where",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"have a one-factor",
"∈ {",
"}",
"structure as follows: for",
"d",
"0",
",",
"1",
"ε$_{d}$",
"=",
"ρ$_{d}$U",
"+",
"ν$_{d}$,",
"(2)",
"⊥",
"where (",
"ν$_{0}$, ν$_{1}$",
")",
"U.",
"Here",
"U",
"is the unobservable in the selection equation, while",
"ν$_{0}$",
"and",
"ν$_{1}$",
"represent",
"9",
"treatment specific heterogeneity.",
"In this setting, NSM requires that",
"ρ$_{0}$",
"and",
"ρ$_{1}$",
"be nonpositive. Note that the direction of the sign",
"of the monotonicity is not crucial because my identification strategy can be applied to negative",
"stochastic monotonicity. Intuitively, NSM implies that as the level of",
"U",
"increases, both",
"ε$_{0}$",
"and",
"ε$_{1}$",
"decrease or stay constant. This condition is plausible in many empirical applications. In job training",
"$^{9}$This one-factor structure has been discussed in the context of the effects of employment programs in the literature",
"including",
"?",
"and",
"?",
".",
"8"
] | train |
|
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"n",
"{",
"}",
"(a)",
"(",
"X$_{i}$, Y$_{i}$",
")",
"is i.i.d.;",
"i",
"=1",
"˜",
"˜",
"˜",
"˜",
"n",
"′",
"−",
"1",
"/",
"{",
"}",
"‖",
"−",
"‖",
"(b)",
"X$_{i}$",
"is weakly dependent: Assumption 8 holds, and",
"B",
"B$_{w}$/n",
"I$_{K}$",
"=",
"o$_{p}$",
"(",
"K",
"$^{2}$)",
".",
"w",
"i",
"=1",
"We now consider the special case of irregular but sup-norm bounded linear or nonlinear functionals",
"We now consider the special case of irregular but sup-norm bounded linear or nonlinear functionals",
"as discussed in Remark 3.1. The sup-norm convergence rates for series LS estimators in Section 2",
"are employed to derive asymptotic normality of plug-in estimators of such functionals under weak",
"conditions. To save space, for the weakly dependent case we only present sufficient conditions for",
"̂",
"asymptotic normality of",
"f",
"(",
"h",
") when the regression error has no more than a finite 4th absolute moment",
"2+",
"d",
"|",
"|",
"∞",
"≤",
"≤",
"X",
"(i.e.,",
"E",
"[",
"ϵ$_{i}$",
"$^{δ}$]",
"<",
"for some 0",
"δ",
"2). We also take",
"= [0",
",",
"1]",
"and",
"w$_{n}$",
"= 1 for all",
"n",
"for simplicity.",
"Corollary 3.1",
"Let",
"f",
"be an irregular but sup-norm bounded linear functional, and let Assumptions 1",
"X",
"(with",
"= [0",
",",
"1]",
"$^{d}$), 2(i)(ii)(iv)(v), 6, and 7 hold. Then",
"$^{√$_{n}$$_{(}$$_{f}$$_{(}$}$̂",
"−",
"h",
")",
"f",
"(",
"h$_{0}$",
"))",
"→",
"N",
"(0",
",",
"1)",
"d",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"V",
"K",
"→ ∞",
"as",
"n, K",
"provided that either (a), (b) or (c) is satisfied:",
"√$_{nV}$",
"−",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"n",
"−",
"p/d",
"{",
"}",
"(a)",
"(",
"X$_{i}$, Y$_{i}$",
")",
"is i.i.d.:",
"K",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"and",
"(",
"K",
"log",
"K",
")",
"/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
";",
"i",
"=1",
"K",
"√$_{nV}$",
"−",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"n",
"−",
"p/d",
"{",
"}",
"(b)",
"(",
"X$_{i}$, Y$_{i}$",
")",
"is exponentially",
"β",
"-mixing: Assumption 2(iii) also holds,",
"K",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
",",
"i",
"=1",
"K",
"(2+",
"δ",
")",
"≤",
"and",
"K",
"$^{/δ}$(log",
"n",
")",
"$^{2}$/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"with",
"δ",
"2",
";",
"√$_{nV}$",
"−",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"−",
"p/d",
"n",
"{",
"}",
"K",
"=",
"is algebraically",
"β",
"-mixing at rate",
"γ",
": Assumption 2(iii) also holds,",
"(c)",
"(",
"X$_{i}$, Y$_{i}$",
")",
"i",
"=1",
"K",
"(2+",
"δ",
")",
"γ/",
"(1+",
"γ",
")",
"≤",
"o",
"(1)",
", and",
"K",
"$^{/δ}$(log",
"K",
")",
"/n",
"=",
"o",
"(1)",
"with",
"δ",
"2",
".",
"Corollary 3.1 part (a) extends the weakest known result on pointwise asymptotic normality of",
"spline LS estimators in Huang (2003b) to general sup-norm bounded linear functionals of spline or",
"9",
"wavelet series LS estimators.",
"Corollary 3.2",
"Let",
"f",
"be an irregular but sup-norm bounded nonlinear functional, and let Assumptions",
"X",
"1",
"(with",
"= [0",
",",
"1]",
"$^{d}$), 2, 6, 7 and 9(i’)(ii’)(iii’) hold. Then",
"$^{√$_{n}$$_{(}$$_{f}$$_{(}$}$̂",
"−",
"h",
")",
"f",
"(",
"h$_{0}$",
"))",
"→",
"N",
"(0",
",",
"1)",
"d",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"V",
"K",
"$^{9}$Under the assumption of empirical identifiability (see equation (30)) and other conditions similar to the ones listed",
"in Corollary 3.1 part (a), Chen and Huang (2003) derived the asymptotic normality of plug-in spline LS estimators of",
"sup-norm bounded linear functionals (see their Theorem 4).",
"22"
] | train |
|
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11,
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10,
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"High precision comet trajectory estimates: the Mars",
"flyby of C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)",
"D.",
"Farnocchia",
"$^{a}$, S. R. Chesley$^{a}$, M. Micheli$^{b,c,d}$, A. Delamere$^{e}$, R. S. Heyd$^{f}$,",
"D.",
"J. Tholen",
"$^{g}$, J. D. Giorgini$^{a}$, W. M. Owen$^{a}$, L. K. Tampparia",
"arXiv:1507.01980v1",
"[astro-ph.EP]",
"7",
"Jul 2015",
"$^{a}$Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109,",
"USA",
"$^{b}$ESA NEO Coordination Centre, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy",
"$^{c}$SpaceDyS s.r.l., 56023 Cascina (PI), Italy",
"$^{d}$INAF-IAPS, 00133 Roma (RM), Italy",
"$^{e}$Delamere Support Services, Boulder, CO 80304, USA",
"$^{f}$Planetary Image Research Laboratory, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of",
"Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA",
"$^{g}$Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA",
"Abstract",
"The Mars flyby of C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) represented a unique opportu-",
"nity for imaging a long-period comet and resolving its nucleus and rotation",
"period.",
"Because of the small encounter distance and the high relative ve-",
"locity, the goal of successfully observing C/2013 A1 from the Mars orbiting",
"spacecrafts posed strict accuracy requirements on the comet’s ephemerides.",
"These requirements were hard to meet, as comets are known for being highly",
"unpredictable: astrometric observations can be significantly biased and non-",
"gravitational perturbations affect comet trajectories. Therefore, even prior",
"to the encounter, we remeasured a couple of hundred astrometric images ob-",
"tained with ground-based and Earth-orbiting telescopes. We also observed",
"Email address:",
"(D. Farnocchia)",
"[email protected]",
"Preprint"
] | train |
|
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"obvious clustering of events is discernible for any of our datasets.",
"We use LSTMVis (Strobelt et al., 2016), which is motivated by earlier work by",
"Karpathy et al. (2015), to examine the activation of hidden state cells for different",
"inputs",
"$^{6}$. The visualization assists in identifying cells that are active for some input",
"but not others (the ”hypothesis selection process”, Strobelt et al., 2016), and then",
"confirming such hypotheses by comparing activation patterns against similar input",
"(the ”matching process”, Strobelt et al., 2016).",
"Figure 10 shows the tool in use with hidden states on the first level of the",
"trained RNN for the BPI2012 dataset with 16 embedding dimensions. The event",
"sequence ”ADECLINED [EOC]” is selected in the timeline (top part of figure). The",
"inputs that match the activation pattern of the selected event sequence are sequences",
"of the same two events, shown at the bottom of the image.",
"This cell appears",
"to represent the ending of cases with declined loan applications.",
"In some cases,",
"another event occurs in between the ”ADECLINED” and ”[EOC]” and this input is",
"represented by the same cell activation pattern. Other hidden state cells represent",
"the events ”WNABELLENOFFERTES”, ”WCOMPLETERENANVRAAG”, and",
"the sequence ”AACCEPTED AFINALIZED OSELECTED”.",
"7.",
"Discussion and Conclusion",
"This paper introduced the use of deep learning for process prediction.",
"Our",
"approach does not rely on explicit process models and can be applied when models",
"do not exist or are difficult to obtain. Our results, surpassing or close to the state-",
"of-the-art and with cross-validated precision in excess of 80% on many problems,",
"demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of this approach.",
"$^{6}$Because LSTMVis provides an interactive visualization for exploring state dynamics, it is dif-",
"ficult to provide in static form in this paper.",
"The fully interactive visualization is available at",
"http://rnnprocess.evermann.ca",
"28"
] | train |
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529,
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[
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[
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506,
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466,
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[
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513,
229
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[
206,
254,
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269
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[
463,
281,
466,
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[
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283,
443,
297
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[
451,
283,
462,
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[
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283,
475,
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[
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283,
497,
297
],
[
497,
283,
545,
297
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[
545,
283,
565,
297
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[
565,
283,
584,
297
],
[
598,
283,
669,
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[
677,
283,
688,
297
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[
689,
283,
708,
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[
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311,
850,
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262,
354
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455,
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[
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[
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521,
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[
521,
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840,
838
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853
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866
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307,
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698,
881
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[
287,
869,
298,
881
],
[
518,
941,
538,
956
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
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3,
3,
3,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"∫",
"2",
"The normalization condition is also the same:",
"(",
"dz/z",
")",
"ψ",
"= 1. Similarly,",
"a",
"1",
"the decay constant",
"F$_{a}$$_{1}$",
"is given by (5.16), but with",
"ρ",
"replaced by",
"a$_{1}$",
":",
"1",
"(",
")",
"2",
"$_{ψ}$′",
"2",
"$_{1}$(",
"ϵ",
")",
"/ϵ",
"(5.22)",
"F",
"=",
"a",
"a",
"2",
"g",
"1",
"5",
"The pion can be found by solving (5.19) and (5.20) simultaneously, subject",
"′",
"to the boundary conditions",
"φ",
"(",
"z$_{m}$",
") = 0",
", φ",
"(0)",
"= 0 and",
"π",
"(0)",
"= 0. The pion",
"decay constant can be found by considering the axial current correlator of",
"(1.36):",
"〈",
"|",
"|",
"〉",
"0",
"A$_{µ}$",
"(0)",
"π",
"(",
"q",
")",
"=",
"if$_{π}$q$_{µ}$",
"(5.23)",
"2",
"2",
"−",
"According to (5.23), Π$_{A}$(",
"q",
"$^{2}$) will have a pole at",
"q",
"=",
"m",
"$_{π}$. In the limit",
"m$_{π}$",
"=",
"2",
"−",
"∼ −",
"0, Π$_{A}$(",
"q",
"$^{2}$)",
"f",
"$_{π}$/q",
"$^{2}$. Hence, on comparison with (5.16), we conclude",
"∂$_{z}$A",
"(0",
", ϵ",
")",
"1",
"2",
"−",
"(5.24)",
"f",
"=",
"π",
"2",
"g",
"ϵ",
"5",
"5.4",
"Results",
"∗",
"From this simple model we can predict six quantities",
": the mass and decay",
"constants of the",
"ρ",
"mesons, the pions, and the",
"a$_{1}$",
"mesons.",
"We still have",
"three inputs: the quark condensate, the quark mass, and the position of",
"the infrared cutoff.",
"Performing a best-fit analysis gives a rms error of 9",
"∑",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"%.(Note",
"ϵ$_{rms}$",
"=",
"$_{O}$((",
"δO/O",
")",
"$^{2}$/n",
")",
"with",
"O",
"the observable and",
"n",
"equal to",
"the number of predictions minus the number of inputs, so here",
"n",
"= 3).The",
"results are displayed in table 5.2.",
"−",
"$^{∗}$in [2] they claim to predict seven quantities; the seventh being the",
"coupling,",
"π",
"ρ",
"3",
". However this term would presumably receive an important contribution from",
"g$_{ρππ}$",
"F",
"terms in the holographic action, which haven’t been included. It could be argued, though,",
"that a good agreement between the prediction for",
"and its experimental value in the",
"g$_{ρππ}$",
"3",
"absence of",
"terms indicates that these terms have little influence",
"F",
"79"
] | train |
|
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182,
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852,
746
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[
147,
763,
852,
776
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[
147,
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807
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[
147,
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147,
853,
852,
867
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[
169,
882,
776,
893
],
[
495,
918,
504,
931
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"Variational inference for large-scale models of",
"discrete choice",
"Michael Braun",
"Jon McAuliffe",
"MIT Sloan School of Management",
"Statistics Department",
"arXiv:0712.2526v3",
"[stat.ME]",
"15",
"Jan 2008",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"University of Pennsylvania",
"Cambridge, MA 02142",
"Wharton School",
"Philadelphia, PA 19104",
"GLYPH<3>",
"6",
"January 2008",
"Abstract",
"Discrete choice models are commonly used by applied statisticians in numerous",
"fields, such as marketing, economics, finance, and operations research. When agents",
"in discrete choice models are assumed to have differing preferences, exact inference",
"is often intractable. Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques make approximate infer-",
"ence possible, but the computational cost is prohibitive on the large data sets now",
"becoming routinely available. Variational methods provide a deterministic alternative",
"for approximation of the posterior distribution. We derive variational procedures for",
"empirical Bayes and fully Bayesian inference in the mixed multinomial logit model of",
"discrete choice. The algorithms require only that we solve a sequence of unconstrained",
"optimization problems, which are shown to be convex. Extensive simulations demon-",
"strate that variational methods achieve accuracy competitive with Markov chain Monte",
"Carlo, at a small fraction of the computational cost. Thus, variational methods permit",
"inferences on data sets that otherwise could not be analyzed without bias-inducing",
"modifications to the underlying model.",
"1",
"Introduction",
"Discrete choice models have a long history in statistical analysis, appearing in applications",
"as varied as the analysis of consumer choice data (Guadagni and Little 1983; Fader and",
"Hardie 1996), transportation planning (Theil 1969; McFadden 1974; Ben-Akiva and Ler-",
"man 1985), economic demand estimation (Train et al. 1987; Revelt and Train 1998), new",
"product development (Moore et al. 1999), portfolio analysis (Uhler and Cragg 1971) and",
"$^{GLYPH<3>}$The authors gratefully acknowledge research assistance from Sandy Spicer and Liz Theurer.",
"1"
] | train |
|
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[
244,
137,
755,
153
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[
398,
177,
409,
186
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[
270,
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398,
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180,
585,
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585,
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728,
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287,
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661,
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520
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[
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533,
256,
545
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[
273,
533,
784,
545
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[
176,
560,
376,
573
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[
176,
608,
191,
621
],
[
208,
608,
315,
621
],
[
204,
647,
823,
660
],
[
176,
675,
488,
687
],
[
501,
675,
823,
687
],
[
176,
703,
823,
715
],
[
176,
730,
823,
743
],
[
176,
758,
823,
770
],
[
176,
786,
823,
798
],
[
196,
830,
348,
840
],
[
203,
844,
300,
854
],
[
435,
844,
555,
854
],
[
307,
845,
430,
854
],
[
176,
893,
491,
903
],
[
720,
893,
823,
903
]
] | [
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5,
5
] | [
"Predicting Process Behaviour using Deep Learning",
"a,",
"Joerg Evermann",
"$^{∗}$, Jana-Rebecca Rehse",
"$^{b,c}$, Peter Fettkeb,c",
"$^{a}$Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada",
"$^{b}$German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Saarbr¨",
"ucken, Germany",
"$^{c}$Saarland University, Saarbr¨",
"ucken, Germany",
"arXiv:1612.04600v2",
"[cs.LG]",
"22",
"Mar 2017",
"Abstract",
"Predicting business process behaviour is an important aspect of business process",
"management.",
"Motivated by research in natural language processing, this paper",
"describes an application of deep learning with recurrent neural networks to the",
"problem of predicting the next event in a business process.",
"This is both a novel",
"method in process prediction, which has largely relied on explicit process models,",
"and also a novel application of deep learning methods. The approach is evaluated on",
"two real datasets and our results surpass the state-of-the-art in prediction precision.",
"Keywords:",
"Process management, Runtime support, Process prediction, Deep",
"learning, Neural networks",
"1.",
"Introduction",
"Being able to predict the future behaviour of a business process is an important",
"business capability (Houy et al., 2010).",
"As an application of predictive analytics",
"in business process management, process prediction exploits data on past process",
"instances to make predictions about current ones (Breuker et al., 2016). Example",
"use cases are customer service agents responding to inquiries about the remaining",
"time until a case is resolved, production managers predicting the completion time",
"$^{∗}$Corresponding author",
"Email address:",
"(Joerg Evermann)",
"[email protected]",
"Preprint submitted to Decision Support Systems",
"March 23, 2017"
] | train |
|
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291,
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30,
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463,
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294
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879,
328
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371,
352
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352
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694,
375
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879,
375
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641,
399
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415,
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429
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[
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[
121,
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879,
873
],
[
121,
883,
879,
897
],
[
146,
907,
768,
916
],
[
139,
907,
145,
912
],
[
496,
938,
504,
952
]
] | [
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Replication of Li-Yorke Chaos Near a Homoclinic Orbit",
"a,",
"Marat Akhmet",
"$^{∗}$, Michal Fečkan",
"$^{b,c}$, Mehmet Onur Fen$^{a}$, Ardak Kashkynbayeva",
"Department of Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey",
"a",
"Department of Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Mathematics, Comenius University in Bratislava,",
"b",
"Mlynská dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia",
"Mathematical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Štefánikova 49, 814 73 Bratislava, Slovakia",
"c",
"arXiv:1602.08634v1 [nlin.CD] 27 Feb 2016",
"Abstract",
"We prove the presence of chaos near a homoclinic orbit in the modified Li-Yorke sense [10] by im-",
"plementing chaotic perturbations.",
"A Duffing oscillator is considered to show the effectiveness of our",
"technique, and simulations that support the theoretical results are depicted.",
"Ott-Grebogi-Yorke and",
"Pyragas control methods are used to stabilize almost periodic motions.",
"Li-Yorke chaos; Homoclinic orbit; Duffing oscillator; Almost periodic solutions",
"Keywords:",
"1",
"Introduction",
"The investigations of chaos theory for continuous-time dynamics started due to the needs of real world",
"applications, especially with the studies of Poincaré, Cartwright and Littlewood, Levinson, Lorenz, and",
"Ueda [16, 33, 36, 42, 48]. Chaotic dynamics has high effectiveness in various fields such as the analysis",
"of electrical processes of neural networks, weather phenomena, mechanical systems, optimization and",
"self-organization problems in robotics, and brain dynamics.",
"The reason for that is the opportunities",
"provided by the dynamical structure of chaos.",
"To explain the extension procedure of our paper, let us give the following information. It is known",
"that if one considers the evolution equation",
"where",
"is a linear operator with spectra",
"′",
"u",
"=",
"L",
"[",
"u",
"] +",
"I",
"(",
"t",
")",
",",
"L",
"[",
"u",
"]",
"placed out of the imaginary axis of the complex plane, then a function",
"being considered as an input",
"I",
"(",
"t",
")",
"with a certain property (boundedness, periodicity, almost periodicity) produces through the equation the",
"output, a solution with a similar property, boundedness/periodicity/almost periodicity. In particular, in",
"our paper, we solved a similar problem when the linear system has eigenvalues with negative real parts",
"and input is considered as a chaotic set of functions with a known type. Our results are different in the",
"sense that the input and the output are not single functions, but",
". In other words,",
"a collection of functions",
"we prove that both the input and the output are",
"of the same type for the discussed equation. The",
"chaos",
"way of our investigation is arranged in the well accepted traditional mathematical fashion, but with a",
"new and a more complex way of arrangement of the connections between the input and the output. The",
"Corresponding Author Tel.: +90 312 210 5355, Fax: +90 312 210 2972, E-mail: [email protected]",
"∗",
"1"
] | train |
|
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[
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142,
901,
157,
911
],
[
164,
901,
882,
911
],
[
495,
937,
504,
949
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"5",
"obtained the identification region for the marginal distributions under IV conditions.",
"The joint",
"distribution and the DTE have not been investigated in these studies.",
"The literature on identification of the joint distribution and the DTE is relatively small.",
"?",
"established sharp bounds on the joint distribution and the DTE in semiparametric triangular",
"systems using Fr´",
"echet-Hoeffding bounds and Makarov bounds, respectively.",
"Their identification",
"is for the entire population under the full support of IV. Also,",
"?",
"point-identified the DTE based",
"on a random coefficients specification for the selection equation. To do this, they also relied on",
"the full support of the IV.",
"?",
"studied identification of the joint distribution and the DTE in the",
"6",
"extended Roy model, a particular case of triangular systems.",
"Although he point-identified the",
"joint distribution and the DTE by taking advantage of the particular structure of the extended",
"Roy model, his identification only applies to the group of compliers.",
"?",
",",
"?",
", and Aakvik et al. (2005)",
"considered factor structures in outcome unobservables and assumed the presence of additional",
"proxy variables to identify the joint distribution.",
"?",
"considered Roy models with a binary outcome",
"variable. They derived sharp bounds on the marginal distributions and the joint distribution of the",
"potential outcomes. Although they did not assume the full support of IV and rank similarity, for",
"the joint distribution bounds they focused on a one-factor structure, as proposed in",
"?",
".",
"The main contribution of this paper is to partially identify the joint distribution and the DTE",
"as well as marginal distributions for the entire population without the full support condition of IV",
"and rank similarity. To avoid strong assumptions and impose plausible information on the model, I",
"consider weak restrictions on dependence between unobservables and between potential outcomes.",
"First, I obtain sharp bounds on the distributional parameters for the worst case, which only assumes",
"the latent index model of",
"?",
". Next, I explore three different types of restrictions to tighten the worst",
"bounds and investigate how each restriction contributes to improving the identification regions of",
"these parameters.",
"The first restriction that I consider is negative stochastic monotonicity (NSM) between",
"ε$_{d}$",
"and",
"U",
"∈ {",
"}",
"∈ {",
"}",
"for",
"d",
"0",
",",
"1",
". NSM means that",
"ε$_{d}$",
"increases as U increases for",
"d",
"0",
",",
"1",
". This assumption has been",
"7",
"adopted in the literature including",
"?",
"for its plausibility in practice.",
"The role of NSM in my paper",
"$^{5}$The IV restrictions that he considers are (i) IV independence of each potential outcome, (ii) IV joint independence",
"of the pair of potential outcomes, and (iii) LATE restrictions.",
"$^{6}$The extended Roy model models individual self-selection based on the potential outcomes and observable char-",
"acteristics without allowing for any additional selection unobservables.",
"$^{7}$?",
"also considered stochastic monotonicity to identify triangular systems with a multivalued discrete endogenous",
"4"
] | train |
|
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[
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806
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[
281,
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494,
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[
495,
877,
503,
890
]
] | [
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
10,
5
] | [
"Radial power-law position-dependent mass;",
"arXiv:1104.1353v1",
"[quant-ph]",
"7",
"Apr 2011",
"Cylindrical coordinates, separability, and spectral",
"signatures",
"Omar Mustafa",
"Department of Physics, Eastern Mediterranean University,",
"G Magusa, North Cyprus, Mersin 10,Turkey",
"E-mail: [email protected],",
"Tel: +90 392 630 1314,",
"Fax: +90 392 3651604",
"March 4, 2018",
"Abstract",
"We discuss the separability of the position-dependent mass Hamilto-",
"nian in cylindrical coordinates in the framework of a radial power-law",
"position-dependent mass.",
"We consider two particular radial mass set-",
"tings; a harmonic oscillator type, and a Coulombic type.",
"We subject",
"the radial harmonic oscillator type mass to a radial harmonic oscillator",
"potential and the radial Coulombic mass to a radial Coulombic poten-",
"tial. Azimuthal symmetry is assumed and spectral signatures of various",
"-dependent interaction potentials are reported.",
"z",
"PACS codes: 03.65.Ge, 03.65.Ca",
"1"
] | train |
|
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825,
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[
172,
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575,
858
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[
494,
881,
504,
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]
] | [
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Chapter 2",
"Concordance Model of",
"Cosmology —",
"CDM",
"Λ",
"th",
"At the beginning of the 20",
"century, the field of Cosmology was devoid of",
"General Relativity, proof of the existence of other galaxies and that the Uni-",
"verse was expanding, evidence of the Cosmic Microwave Background, here-",
"after referred to as the CMB, as well as the Big Bang Theory, or indeed any",
"theory of the genesis of the Universe that was scientifically based. By the",
"th",
"end",
"of the 20",
"century however, a consistent and hugely successful model of",
"the entire history of the Universe (save for the very first moments after the",
"creation of spacetime, if indeed even such a creation occurred) was firmly",
"established.",
"Several hundred years ago, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus",
"proposed an alternative to the Ptolemaic view, which stated that the Earth",
"1",
"Copernicus stated that it was the Sun",
"was at the centre of the Universe.",
"$^{1}$The Heliocentric system was originally proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd",
"century BC, whom Copernicus was aware of and cited.",
"3"
] | train |
|
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"$^{g}$∗",
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"such a pole at 10",
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"beta function. If the beta function of QED has a non-trivial zero, then the",
"Landau pole would not exist.",
"Explicitly, near the fixed point of figure 1.3(a), the",
"β",
"function can be",
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"B",
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"p",
"$^{2}$, but instead it is",
"$^{§}$A Landau pole means that the coupling constant becomes infinite at finite energy.",
"∼",
"Technically QCD has a Landau pole at",
"Λ$_{QCD}$, but the phrase is usually used to refer",
"to non-asymptotically free theories only",
"16"
] | train |
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"THE DETERMINACY OF INFINITE GAMES WITH EVENTUAL",
"PERFECT MONITORING",
"ERAN SHMAYA",
"An infinite two-player zero-sum game with a Borel winning set, in which the",
"Abstract.",
"arXiv:0902.2254v2",
"[math.LO]",
"5",
"Jul 2011",
"opponent’s actions are monitored eventually but not necessarily immediately after they are",
"played, is determined.",
"The proof relies on a representation of the game as a stochastic",
"game with perfect information, in which Chance operates as a delegate for the players and",
"performs the randomizations for them, and on Martin’s Theorem about determinacy of such",
"games.",
"1.",
"Setup",
"(",
")",
"Consider an infinite two-player zero-sum game that is given by a triple",
"A,",
"(",
"P$_{n}$",
")$_{n}$$_{∈}$$_{N}$",
", W",
"n",
"∈",
"where",
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",",
"P$_{n}$",
"is a partition of",
"A",
"for every",
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", the",
"actions",
"information",
"N",
"N",
"⊆",
"n",
", and",
"W",
"A",
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"of player 1. The game is",
"partition of stage",
"winning set",
"∈",
"∈",
"played in stages: player 1 chooses an action",
"a$_{0}$",
"A",
"; then player 2 chooses an action",
"a$_{1}$",
"A",
";",
"∈",
"then player 1 chooses an action",
"a$_{2}$",
"A",
", and so on, ad infinitum. Before choosing",
"a$_{n}$",
", the",
"player who plays at stage",
"n",
"receives some information about the actions of previous stages:",
"Let",
"h",
"= (",
"a$_{0}$, a$_{1}$, . . ., a$_{n}$$_{−}$$_{1}$",
") be the",
"that consists of the actions played before stage",
"finite history",
"n",
"; then before choosing",
"a$_{n}$",
", the player who plays at stage",
"n",
"observes the atom of",
"P$_{n}$",
"that",
"contains",
"h",
". Player 1 wins the game if the",
"(",
"a$_{0}$, a$_{1}$, . . .",
") is in",
"W",
". When the",
"infinite history",
"action set and information partitions are fixed, I denote the game by Γ(",
"W",
").",
"{",
"→",
"}$_{n}$$_{=0}$$_{,}$$_{2}$$_{,}$$_{4}$$_{,...}$",
"A",
"x",
"= (",
"x$_{n}$",
")$_{n}$$_{∈}$",
"of player 1 is a sequence",
"x$_{n}$",
":",
"P$_{n}$",
"Δ(",
"A",
")",
"behavioral strategy",
"N",
"of functions: At stage",
"n",
", after observing the finite history",
"h",
"= (",
"a$_{0}$, a$_{1}$, . . . , a$_{n}$$_{−}$$_{1}$",
"), player 1",
"Date",
": May 31, 2018.",
"2000",
"Mathematics Subject Classification.",
"Primary: 91A15, 03E75. Secondary: 03E15, 91A60.",
"Key words and phrases.",
"Infinite games, determinacy, stochastic games, imperfect monitoring.",
"Thanks to to the anonymous referee for helpful suggestions and comments, and also to Chris Chambers,",
"Tzachi Gilboa, John Levy, Ehud Lehrer, Wojciech Olszewski, Phil Reny, Eilon Solan, Bill Sudderth and",
"Rakesh Vohra.",
"1"
] | train |
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[
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[
117,
782,
882,
796
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[
117,
812,
882,
826
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[
117,
843,
882,
856
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[
696,
871,
703,
880
],
[
117,
873,
696,
886
],
[
711,
873,
882,
886
],
[
139,
899,
605,
910
],
[
495,
936,
504,
949
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
5
] | [
"In this study, we extend these digital evolution models to explore the conditions under",
"which collective vigilance favors the evolution of gregarious foraging behavior. We assume",
"that vigilance has benefits (e.g., communicating the presence of a predator via alarm signals)",
"but also costs (e.g., reduced foraging rates by watching for the predator). Under the many",
"eyes hypothesis, grouping is beneficial because it reduces the cost of vigilance by sharing the",
"cost of vigilance among the group, but it may have additional costs that must be consid-",
"ered, e.g., increased predation rates on larger groups [37]. Furthermore, this benefit would",
"be diluted if some individuals can freeload on the vigilance of others (as in heterogeneous",
"groups), but magnified if the group members are highly related.",
"The benefits and costs",
"would also be affected by the life history of the prey, in particular whether their reproduc-",
"tion is iteroparous (i.e., repeated) or semelparous (i.e., all at once): Vigilance may be more",
"beneficial in semelparous prey because a predation event can completely prevent them from",
"reproducing, whereas iteroparous prey are more likely to have reproduced at least once prior",
"to experiencing a predation event. To explore these issues, we manipulate the genetic relat-",
"edness and reproductive strategy of groups of prey that are under predation and observe the",
"resulting behavior after thousands of generations of digital evolution have taken place. A",
"preliminary investigation of this work was published in the ALIFE 14 conference [38], and",
"has been significantly extended in this paper.",
"2",
"Methods",
"Figure 1 depicts our model of predator-prey interactions in a disembodied model, wherein",
"prey must balance the trade-offs between foraging and vigilance [33].",
"In an embodied",
"model [39], every animat is situated in the world, perceives the world via its sensors, and",
"can act on the world via behavioral or other responses. While embodied models offer more",
"detail, they are also sensitive to implementation-specific details of the sensors and actuators,",
"1",
"which can skew results. We therefore focus on a disembodied model",
"for the remainder of",
"$^{1}$Model code: https://github.com/phaley/eos/tree/non-embodied",
"5"
] | train |
|
[
[
181,
163,
365,
176
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[
379,
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816,
176
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193,
626,
207
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284,
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284,
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297
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[
677,
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381
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[
181,
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388
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[
693,
374,
816,
388
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[
181,
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581,
418
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[
581,
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594,
418
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[
610,
404,
816,
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[
181,
435,
816,
448
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181,
465,
816,
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[
181,
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508
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[
181,
525,
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539
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[
181,
555,
816,
569
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[
181,
586,
383,
599
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[
383,
586,
396,
599
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[
209,
616,
816,
629
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[
181,
646,
816,
659
],
[
181,
676,
816,
690
],
[
181,
706,
469,
720
],
[
469,
706,
816,
720
],
[
181,
737,
816,
750
],
[
181,
767,
816,
780
],
[
203,
812,
950,
823
],
[
203,
827,
497,
838
],
[
489,
876,
508,
889
]
] | [
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"metric measurements.",
"To minimize the error from coma asymmetries, we",
"used a small 2-pixel astrometric aperture in all cases.",
"Because of the high quality of the HST images, the uncertainties of the",
"astrometric positions were within 0.05",
"$^{′′}$. However, when fitting these data",
"we found residuals as large as 0.25",
"$^{′′}$. The cause of these larger residuals is",
"the limited accuracy of the HST ephemeris. The geocentric coordinates of",
"HST that we used are obtained from JPL’s Horizons system (Giorgini et al.,",
"4",
"1996) and are derived from the Two-Line Element (TLE)",
"orbit solutions",
"provided by the Joint Space Operation Center",
"$^{5}$.",
"TLEs are not Keplerian",
"elements and are fits to a particular dynamical model called SGP4 (Hoots",
"and Roehrich, 1980). We analyzed the day-to-day variations by comparing",
"the ephemerides of the HST TLE releases between 2014 October 2 and 17.",
"The difference between the analyzed solutions suggest that the accuracy of",
"the HST ephemeris is no better than tens of km. Therefore, we weighted the",
"HST observations at 0.3",
"$^{′′}$.",
"To extend the observed arc and include astrometry after the Mars flyby,",
"we observed C/2013 A1 from the Mauna Kea observatory from February to",
"April 2015. While the astrometric positions we reported to the Minor Planet",
"Center are from a 2.0 pixel (0.88",
"$^{′′}$) radius aperture, here we adopted the",
"same linear extrapolation of the trend to a theoretical zero-sized aperture",
"to compute the position of the cometary nucleus as desciribed in Sec. 2.1.",
"$^{4}$http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/SSapplications/Post/JavaSSOP/SSOP Help/tle def.html",
"$^{5}$https://www.space-track.org/auth/login",
"20"
] | train |
|
[
[
111,
147,
888,
167
],
[
323,
194,
676,
213
],
[
282,
257,
289,
266
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[
430,
257,
436,
266
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[
601,
257,
607,
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[
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257,
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[
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[
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[
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324,
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[
437,
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[
608,
260,
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[
29,
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719
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[
44,
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[
50,
262,
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719
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[
52,
262,
59,
719
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[
278,
298,
721,
308
],
[
472,
392,
527,
402
],
[
155,
439,
866,
449
],
[
133,
462,
866,
472
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[
133,
485,
866,
495
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[
133,
508,
866,
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[
133,
531,
866,
541
],
[
133,
554,
866,
564
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[
133,
577,
866,
587
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[
133,
600,
866,
610
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[
133,
623,
866,
634
],
[
133,
646,
866,
657
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[
133,
670,
866,
680
],
[
133,
693,
451,
703
],
[
92,
770,
104,
786
],
[
127,
770,
255,
786
],
[
92,
837,
907,
848
],
[
92,
862,
907,
873
],
[
109,
884,
148,
893
],
[
152,
884,
387,
892
],
[
109,
896,
148,
905
],
[
152,
897,
340,
905
],
[
109,
909,
148,
918
],
[
152,
909,
332,
917
],
[
109,
921,
148,
930
],
[
152,
922,
332,
929
],
[
495,
957,
504,
968
]
] | [
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Leveraging Contact Network Information in Clustered Observational",
"Studies of Contagion Processes",
"∗",
"†",
"‡",
"§",
"1",
"Patrick Staples",
"$^{1}$, M´",
"elanie Prague",
"$^{1}$, Victor De Gruttola",
"$^{1}$, and Jukka-Pekka Onnela",
"arXiv:1610.00039v2",
"[stat.AP]",
"28",
"Aug 2018",
"$^{1}$Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA",
"Abstract",
"In an observational study, obtaining unbiased estimates of an exposure effect requires adjusting for all potential con-",
"founders. When this condition is met, leveraging additional covariates related to the outcome may produce less variable",
"estimates of the effect of exposure. For contagion processes operating on a contact network, transmission can only occur",
"through ties that connect exposed and unexposed individuals; the outcome of such a process is known to depend intimately",
"on the structure of the network. In this paper, we investigate the use of contact network features as both confounders and",
"efficiency covariates in exposure effect estimation. Using doubly-robust augmented generalized estimating equations (GEE),",
"we estimate how gains in efficiency depend on the network structure and spread of the contagious agent or behavior. We apply",
"this approach to estimate the effects of two distinct exposures, the proportion of leaders in a village and the proportion of",
"households participating in a self-help program, for the spread of a microfinance program in a collection of villages in Kar-",
"nataka, India. We compare these results to simulated observational trials using a stochastic compartmental contagion model",
"on a collection of model-based contact networks and compare the bias and variance of the estimated exposure effects using an",
"assortment of network covariate adjustment strategies.",
"1",
"Introduction",
"Contact networks capture the structure of possible pairwise transmissions (represented by network edges or ties) in a popu-",
"lation of actors (represented by network nodes) for various types of contagion processes, which may describe the spread of",
"$^{∗}$email:",
"[email protected]",
"$^{†}$email:",
"[email protected]",
"$^{‡}$email:",
"[email protected]",
"$^{§}$email:",
"[email protected]",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
156,
161,
843,
181
],
[
312,
206,
687,
226
],
[
29,
241,
43,
681
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[
43,
241,
50,
681
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[
51,
241,
52,
681
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[
52,
241,
59,
681
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[
463,
257,
470,
267
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[
633,
257,
653,
267
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[
353,
260,
463,
271
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[
470,
260,
633,
271
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[
464,
337,
535,
348
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[
186,
369,
837,
381
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[
162,
393,
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406
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[
162,
417,
837,
430
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[
162,
442,
837,
454
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[
162,
466,
837,
479
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[
162,
491,
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[
374,
491,
837,
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[
162,
515,
837,
528
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[
162,
540,
837,
552
],
[
162,
564,
413,
577
],
[
286,
588,
838,
601
],
[
186,
589,
272,
600
],
[
162,
613,
287,
625
],
[
137,
792,
725,
803
],
[
138,
807,
882,
817
],
[
117,
820,
725,
831
],
[
138,
835,
712,
845
],
[
138,
849,
882,
859
],
[
117,
863,
477,
873
],
[
484,
863,
596,
873
],
[
495,
898,
504,
912
]
] | [
11,
11,
6,
6,
6,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"Using decomposed household food acquisitions as inputs of a",
"Kinetic Dietary Exposure Model.",
"arXiv:0704.0517v1",
"[math.ST]",
"4",
"Apr 2007",
"∗",
"†‡§",
"Olivier Allais",
"and Jessica Tressou",
"Abstract",
"Foods naturally contain a number of contaminants that may have different and long term",
"toxic effects. This paper introduces a novel approach for the assessment of such chronic food",
"risk that integrates the pharmakokinetic properties of a given contaminant. The estimation of",
"such a Kinetic Dietary Exposure Model (KDEM) should be based on long term consumption",
"data which, for the moment, can only be provided by Household Budget Surveys such as the",
"SECODIP panel in France.",
"A semi parametric model is proposed to decompose a series of",
"household quantities into individual quantities which are then used as inputs of the KDEM.",
"As an illustration, the risk assessment related to the presence of methylmercury in seafoods is",
"revisited using this novel approach.",
"household surveys, individualization, linear mixed model, risk assessment,",
"Keywords:",
"spline-estimation.",
"$^{∗}$INRA-CORELA, Laboratoire de recherche sur la consommation, Ivry sur Seine, France.",
"$^{†}$INRA-M´et@risk, M´ethodologies d’analyse des risques alimentaires, Paris, France and Hong Kong University of",
"Science and Technology, Department of Information and Systems Management, Hong Kong.",
"$^{‡}$The second author research is in part supported by Hong Kong RGC Grant #601906.",
"$^{§}$Corresponding author: Dr Jessica Tressou; Mail address: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,",
"ISMT, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Email:",
"[email protected].",
"1"
] | train |
|
[
[
29,
228,
43,
699
],
[
43,
228,
50,
699
],
[
51,
228,
52,
699
],
[
53,
228,
59,
699
],
[
721,
353,
730,
366
],
[
268,
355,
721,
376
],
[
397,
428,
497,
442
],
[
497,
428,
601,
442
],
[
420,
475,
579,
489
],
[
139,
839,
882,
852
],
[
117,
854,
511,
867
],
[
139,
869,
868,
882
],
[
139,
884,
882,
897
],
[
117,
899,
416,
912
]
] | [
6,
6,
6,
6,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
] | [
"arXiv:1509.07155v4",
"[q-fin.TR]",
"10",
"Nov 2015",
"1",
"Market Making with Model Uncertainty",
"Hee Su Roh",
"$^{2}$, Yinyu Ye3",
"November 10, 2015",
"$^{1}$We thank the participants of the seminar held in 2015 at the Department of Management Science and",
"Engineering, Stanford University for helpful comments.",
"$^{2}$Research Scientist, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. Email: [email protected]",
"$^{3}$K.T.Li Chair Professor of Engineering, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford",
"University. Email: [email protected]"
] | train |
|
[
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[
806,
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[
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[
820,
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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179,
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337,
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[
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[
475,
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] | [
"the most difficult step.",
"(",
"n",
")",
"in",
"Let us consider the bare connected n-point correlation function, Γ",
"B",
"†",
"4",
"φ",
"theory",
". It is defined as",
"(",
"n",
")",
"≡ 〈",
"|",
"|",
"〉",
"Γ",
"(",
"x$_{1}$, x$_{2}$, ..., x$_{n}$",
")",
"0",
"T φ$_{0}$",
"(",
"x$_{1}$",
")",
"φ$_{0}$",
"(",
"x$_{2}$",
")",
"...φ$_{0}$",
"(",
"x$_{n}$",
")",
"0",
"(1.2)",
"B",
"where",
"φ$_{0}$",
"(",
"x",
") refers to the bare fields, before renormalization.",
"They are",
"1",
"/",
"2",
"related to the renormalized fields by a rescaling:",
"φ$_{0}$",
"(",
"x",
") =",
"Z",
"φ",
"(",
"x",
").",
"The",
"φ",
"(",
"n",
")",
"bare quantity, Γ",
"is a function of the bare coupling constant,",
"g$_{0}$",
", and some",
"B",
"(",
"n",
")",
"is a function of the renormalized",
"cutoff, Λ. The renormalized quantity, Γ",
"R",
"coupling constant",
"g",
"and the renormalization scale",
"M",
".",
"(",
"n/",
"2)",
"(",
"n",
")",
"(",
"n",
"Γ",
"$^{)}$(",
"k$_{i}$",
";",
"g, M",
") =",
"Z",
"Γ",
"(",
"k$_{i}$",
";",
"g$_{0}$,",
"Λ)",
"(1.3)",
"φ",
"B",
"The bare theory is independent of the renormalization scale,",
"M",
", so we can",
"write",
")(",
")(",
"(",
"(",
")",
"d",
"−",
"(",
"n/",
"2)",
"(",
"n",
"Γ",
"$^{)}$(",
"k$_{i}$",
";",
"g, M",
")",
"= 0",
"(1.4)",
"Z",
"M",
"φ",
"dM",
"It is easy to show that this equation can be rewritten as",
"[",
"]",
"∂",
"∂",
"n",
"(",
"n",
"−",
"M",
"+",
"β",
"γ",
"Γ",
"$^{)}$(",
"k$_{i}$",
";",
"g, M",
") = 0",
"(1.5)",
"∂M",
"∂g",
"2",
"with the definitions",
"∂g",
"(1.6)",
"β",
"=",
"M",
"∂M",
"∂M",
"∂",
"∂",
"ln",
"ln",
"Z$_{φ}$",
"Z$_{φ}$",
"(1.7)",
"γ",
"=",
"M",
"∂M",
"4",
"theory is one of the simplest examples of an interacting quantum field theory.",
"$^{†}$φ",
"1",
"1",
"λ",
"2",
"2",
"L",
"−",
"−",
"Its Lagrangian is",
"=",
"$_{2}$(",
")",
"$^{4}$.",
"More details can be found in [14].",
"∂$_{µ}$φ",
"$_{2}$m$^{2}$φ",
"$_{4!}$φ",
"However, its exact nature is unimportant here. We use it because its renormalization",
"group equation is particularly simple.",
"7"
] | train |
|
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10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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2,
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] | [
"Oscillation of a Class of Impulsive Differential",
"Equations with Continuous and Piecewise Constant",
"Arguments",
"1",
"Fatma KARAKOC",
"¸",
"arXiv:1603.01030v1 [math.CA] 3 Mar 2016",
"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara University, Turkey",
"Abstract",
"A class of first order linear impulsive differential equation with continuous and",
"piecewise constant arguments is studied.",
"Sufficient conditions for the oscillation of the",
"solutions are obtained.",
"Keywords",
": Oscillation; Delay; Piecewise constant argument; impulse.",
"34K11, 34K45.",
"AMS Subject Classification:",
"1.",
"Introduction",
"In this paper, we consider an impulsive differential equation with continuous and",
"piecewise constant arguments of the form",
"x",
"$^{′}$(",
"t",
") +",
"a",
"(",
"t",
")",
"x",
"(",
"t",
") +",
"b",
"(",
"t",
")",
"x",
"(",
"t",
"−",
"τ",
") +",
"c",
"(",
"t",
")",
"x",
"([",
"t",
"−",
"1]) = 0",
", t",
"̸",
"=",
"t$_{i}$, t",
"≥",
"t$_{0}$ >",
"0",
",",
"(1)",
"Δ",
"x",
"(",
"t$_{i}$",
") =",
"b$_{i}$x",
"(",
"t$_{i}$",
")",
", i",
"= 1",
",",
"2",
", ...,",
"(2)",
"+",
"where",
"a",
"∈",
"C",
"([0",
",",
"∞",
")",
",",
")",
",",
"b, c",
"∈",
"C",
"([0",
",",
"∞",
")",
",",
"[0",
",",
"∞",
")),",
"τ",
"∈",
"is a fixed constant, [",
".",
"]",
"R",
"R",
"denotes the greatest integer function,",
"{",
"t$_{i}$",
"}",
"is a sequence of real numbers such that",
"+",
"(",
")",
"0",
"< t$_{0}$ < t$_{1}$ < t$_{2}$ < ... < t$_{j}$ < t$_{j}$$_{+1}$ < ...,",
"and lim",
"$_{→∞}$t$_{i}$",
"=",
"∞",
",",
"Δ",
"x",
"(",
"t$_{i}$",
") =",
"x",
"t",
"−",
"i",
"i",
"+",
"−",
"−",
"(",
")",
"(",
")",
"(",
")",
"x",
"t",
", x",
"t",
"= lim",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
", x",
"t",
"= lim",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
", b$_{i}$",
"̸",
"= 1,",
"i",
"= 1",
",",
"2",
", ...,",
"are constants.",
"i",
"i",
"i",
"+",
"t",
"t",
"t",
"t",
"→",
"→",
"−",
"i",
"i",
"$^{1}$Corresponding Author: [email protected]",
"Phone: +90(312)2126720",
"Fax: +90(312)2235000",
"1"
] | train |
|
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"Instead, we can turn to automatic differentiation (AD, also sometimes known as algorithmic",
"differentiation). A detailed explanation of AD is beyond the scope of this paper, so we refer the",
"reader to Griewank et al. (2008), or Section 8.2 in Nocedal and Wright (2006). Put simply, AD treats",
"a function as a composite of subfunctions, and computes derivatives by repeatedly applying the",
"chain rule. In practical terms, AD involves coding the log posterior using a specialized numerical",
"library that keeps track of the derivatives of these subfunctions. When we compile the function",
"that computes the log posterior, the AD library will “automatically” generate additional functions",
"4",
"that return the gradient, the Hessian, and even higher-order derivatives.",
"The remarkable feature of AD is that computing the gradient of a scalar-valued function takes",
"regardless of the number of parameters",
"no more than five times as long as computing the log posterior,",
"N",
"(Griewank et al. 2008, p. xii). If the cost of the log posterior grows linearly in",
", so will the cost of",
"the gradient.",
"R",
"In most statistical software packages, like",
", the default storage mode for any matrix is in",
"a “dense” format; each element in the matrix is stored explicitly, regardless of the value. For a",
"2",
"n",
"n",
"model with",
"variables, this matrix consists of",
"numbers, each consuming eight bytes of mem-",
"=",
"=",
"N",
"k",
"p",
"ory at double precision. If we have a dataset in which",
"10000,",
"5",
"and",
"is relatively small,",
"+",
"p",
"the Hessian for this model with 50, 000",
"variables will consume more than 20GB of RAM. Fur-",
"thermore, the computational effort for matrix-vector multiplication is quadratic in the number of",
"columns, and matrix-matrix multiplication is cubic. To the extent that either of these operations is",
"used in the mode-finding or sampling steps, the computational effort will grow much faster than",
"the size of the dataset. Since multiplying a triangular matrix is roughly one-sixth as expensive as",
"multiplying a full matrix, we could gain some efficiency by working with the Cholesky decompo-",
"sition of the Hessian instead. However, the complexity of the Cholesky decomposition algorithm",
"N",
"itself will still be cubic in",
"(Golub and Van Loan 1996, Ch. 1).",
"For our purposes, the source of scalability is in the sparsity of the Hessian. If the vast majority",
"of elements in a matrix are zero, we do not need to store them explicitly. Instead, we need to store",
"only the non-zero values, the row numbers of those values, and the index of the values that be-",
"$^{4}$There are a number of established AD tools available for researchers to use for many different programming envi-",
"C++",
"CppAD",
"ADOL-C",
"ronments. For",
", we use",
"(Bell 2013), although",
"(Walther and Griewank 2012) is also popular. We call",
"C++",
"R",
"Rcpp",
"our",
"functions from",
"(R Development Core Team 2014) using the",
"package (Eddelbuettel and François 2011;",
"Python",
"Matlab",
"CppAD",
"ADMAT",
"Bates and Eddelbuettel 2013).",
"is also available for",
".",
"users have access to",
"(Coleman and",
"Verma 2000), among other options.",
"21"
] | train |
|
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"uses the probability distribution associated with the worst scenario. The DM chooses the act whose",
"worst-case scenario is better than the worst-case scenarios of the other acts. See the Appendix for",
"a numerical example.",
"In practical modeling and implementation, the specification of the set Ψ of the DM becomes",
"another issue. Hansen and Sargent (2008) presents a useful solution in the context of modeling in",
"macroeconomics. We first introduce Kullback’s cross-entropy function (Cover and Thomas, 2012)",
"to quantify the extent to which two probability distributions differ from one another.",
"Definition 1",
"(Kullback’s Cross-Entropy Function)",
"Suppose that there are two probability",
"distributions",
"p",
"and",
"q",
"with the common support set",
"S.",
"Suppose that",
"q",
"is the prior density over the",
"set",
"S",
". Then, the Kullback’s cross-entropy function is defined as (2) (Cover and Thomas, 2012). A",
"large value of",
"S",
"(",
"p, q",
")",
"implies that",
"p",
"and",
"q",
"are very different from one another.",
"[",
"]",
"p",
"(",
"x",
")",
"∫",
"p",
"(",
"x",
") ln",
"S",
"(",
"p, q",
") =",
"dx",
"(2)",
"q",
"(",
"x",
")",
"S",
"Hansen and Sargent (2008) use cross-entropy to restrict the set of probability distributions",
"considered by the DM. Given the prior distribution",
"q",
"and a parameter",
"η",
", the DM’s set Π includes",
"all probability distributions",
"p",
"for which",
"S",
"(",
"p, q",
")",
"≤",
"η",
". As long as the probability distributions are",
"not too different from",
"p",
", in which case",
"S",
"(",
"p, q",
")",
"> η",
", the DM considers those probability distributions",
"to be equally acceptable.",
"4",
"A large value of the parameter",
"η",
"quantifies the DM’s strong ambiguity aversion.",
"With a larger",
"value of",
"η",
", the DM regards a larger set of probability distributions as candidates for accurate",
"descriptions of the world. Hence, a large",
"η",
"is equivalent to saying that the DM is more ambiguous",
"about the real world.",
"3",
"The Microeconomic Analysis of the Convex Pari-mutuel Call",
"Auction Mechanism (CPCAM)",
"3.1",
"The Market Setting",
"The CPCAM allows the common market maker to simultaneously handle different types of contin-",
"gent claims as long as the claims are written on the same uncertain event (e.g., the outcome of the",
"$^{4}$Illeditsch (2011) also uses the size of the set of possible models under the DM’s consideration as a proxy for the",
"DM’s level of ambiguity aversion.",
"6"
] | train |
|
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798,
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187,
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117,
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853
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857,
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[
117,
872,
366,
883
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[
490,
936,
509,
950
]
] | [
10,
10,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
] | [
"users to examine cycling potential at a very local level (e.g. just a few streets) or at a",
"more regional level (e.g. across a large metropolitan area).",
"•",
"Public accessibility of results and code. The tool is freely available online and developers",
"are encouraged to modify the PCT (e.g. to create alternative scenarios) by provision of",
"the source code underlying the PCT under the open source AGP License.",
"•",
"The presentation of estimated health economic and carbon impacts under future",
"scenarios, providing an evidence base that could be used in business cases for investment.",
"As with any tool, the PCT’s utility depends on people knowing how to use it. For that reason",
"training materials and a user manual are being developed to show how the tool can be used",
"(see the ‘Manual’ tab in Figure 3 and pct.bike/manual.html).",
"3",
"Data and methods",
"This section describes the data and methods that generate the scenario data for the PCT, as",
"summarised in Figure 1. The details of the model, which models the proportion of trips made",
"by cycling per OD pair as a function of hilliness and distance, are described the Appendix.",
"The scenario-generation method is not included in the main text of the paper because it",
"is the most context-specific aspect of the PCT: as outlined in the Discussion, we envision",
"future uses of the PCT using different model parameters and even different functional forms",
"relating distance, hilliness and other variables to the level of cycling, to generate scenarios",
"of use for new contexts beyond the English case study described here. Central to the PCT",
"approach is origin-destination (OD) data recording the travel flow between administrative",
"2",
"zones.",
"Combined with geographical data on the coordinates of the population-weighted",
"$^{2}$The size and uniformity of these depend on the country in question. In the UK the primary areal units",
"for statistical data are output areas (OA), lower layer super output areas (LSOA) and middle layer super",
"output areas (MSOA) (see webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk). The version of the PCT presented in this",
"paper operates at the MSOA level.",
"10"
] | train |
|
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8,
6,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
8,
8,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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3,
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3,
2,
2,
2,
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"NEW SIMULTANEOUS METHODS FOR FINDING ALL ZEROS OF A",
"POLYNOMIAL",
"A,$_{∗}$",
"JUN-SEOP SONG",
"$^{A}$COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, YONSEI UNIVERSITY, SEOUL, REPUBLIC OF KOREA",
"arXiv:1501.05033v1 [math.NA] 21 Jan 2015",
"The purpose of this paper is to present three new methods for finding all",
"Abstract.",
"simple zeros of polynomials simultaneously.",
"First, we give a new method for finding",
"simultaneously all simple zeros of polynomials constructed by applying the Weierstrass",
"method to the zero in the trapezoidal Newton’s method, and prove the convergence",
"of the method.",
"We also present two modified Newton’s methods combined with the",
"derivative-free method, which are constructed by applying the derivative-free method",
"to the zero in the trapezoidal Newton’s method and the midpoint Newton’s method,",
"respectively.",
"Finally, we give a numerical comparison between various simultaneous",
"methods for finding zeros of a polynomial.",
"I.",
"Introduction",
"With a typical iteration method such as Newton’s method, an initial approximation of a",
"zero converges to a specific zero, but the Weierstrass method (or Durand-Kerner method)",
"approximates all simple (real or complex) zeros of polynomial simultaneously (see [2, 4]).",
"n",
"n",
"1",
"−",
"Let",
"P",
"(",
"z",
") =",
"z",
"+",
"a$_{1}$z",
"+",
"· · ·",
"+",
"a$_{n}$$_{−}$$_{1}$z",
"+",
"a$_{n}$",
"be a polynomial of degree",
"n",
"having simple",
"zeros with constants",
"a$_{1}$, a$_{2}$, . . . , a$_{n}$",
".",
"Let",
"r$_{1}$, . . . , r$_{n}$",
"be the distinct zeros of",
"P",
"(",
"z",
") and let",
"distinct complex numbers",
"z$_{1}$, . . . , z$_{n}$",
"be their approximations.",
"The",
"Weierstrass method",
"(Durand-Kerner method) is defined as",
"m",
"P",
"(",
"z",
")",
"i",
"m",
"+1",
"m",
",",
"(1)",
"z",
"=",
"z",
"−",
"i",
"i",
"m",
"m",
"∏",
")",
"−",
"z",
"$_{i}$(",
"z",
"j",
"i",
"j",
"=",
"̸",
"2010",
"65H04, 65H05.",
"Mathematics Subject Classification.",
"Polynomial zeros, Simultaneous methods, Weierstrass method, Convergence,",
"Key words and phrases.",
"Newton’s method.",
"*Corresponding author.",
"1"
] | train |
|
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"of this set is considered as a chaotic function. Both a set of functions and a single function can serve as",
"an input (as well as an output), and we will use both types of inputs and outputs in this study.",
"We consider base-systems of two kinds: (i) systems with asymptotically stable equilibria, (ii) systems",
"with limit cycles. In the former case, we will talk about attraction of chaos by equilibria, and in particular,",
"attraction of cyclic chaos by equilibria. If the base-system admits a limit cycle, then we talk about the",
"entrainment by chaos of limit cycles or just about entrainment by chaos [9].",
"If the limit cycle in a",
"base-system is the result of a Hopf bifurcation [43], we will also talk about the bifurcation of the cyclic",
"chaos.",
"In our previous papers [2, 5, 6, 7, 8] we analyzed the extension of chaos when the base system possesses",
"an asymptotically stable equilibrium. The present paper focuses mostly on the generation of cyclic chaos",
"through unilateral coupling of multiple systems.",
"The main source of chaos in theory are difference and differential equations.",
"For this reason we",
"consider in our manuscript, inputs, which are solutions of some systems of differential or discrete equations",
"equations. These systems will be called",
".",
"2",
"generators",
"Thus, we consider the following system of differential equations,",
"(2.3)",
"′",
"x",
"=",
"G",
"(",
"t, x",
")",
",",
"where the function",
"is continuous in all of its arguments. We assume that system",
"m",
"m",
"G",
": [0",
",",
"∞",
")",
"×",
"→",
"R",
"R",
"(2.3) possesses a chaotic attractor, and we call this system a",
". If",
"is a solution of the system",
"generator",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"from the chaotic attractor, then we take",
"I",
"(",
"t",
") =",
"εψ",
"(",
"x",
"(",
"t",
"))",
",",
"and use the function",
"in equation (2.2). Here,",
"is a non-zero real number and the function",
"m",
"I",
"(",
"t",
")",
"ϵ",
"ψ",
":",
"→",
"R",
"is continuous. Since we use",
"as a perturbation in the network (2.2), we call it a",
".",
"n",
"chaotic solution",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"R",
"The chaotic solutions may be irregular as well as regular (periodic and unstable) [30, 33, 77, 78]. In this",
"study we will utilize also the logistic map [30] as a generator.",
"System (2.3) is called sensitive if there exist positive numbers",
"and",
"such that for an arbitrary",
"ϵ$_{0}$",
"Δ",
"positive number",
"and for each chaotic solution",
"of (2.3), there exist a chaotic solution",
"of the",
"δ$_{0}$",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"same system and an interval",
"with a length no less than",
"such that",
"and",
"J",
"⊂",
"[0",
",",
"∞",
")",
",",
"Δ",
",",
"‖",
"x",
"(0)",
"−",
"x",
"(0)",
"‖",
"< δ$_{0}$",
"for all",
"‖",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"−",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"‖",
"> ϵ$_{0}$",
"t",
"∈",
"J.",
"For a given chaotic solution",
"of (2.3), let us denote by",
"the solution of (2.2)",
"x",
"(",
"t",
")",
"η$_{x}$$_{(}$$_{t}$$_{)}$",
"(",
"t, y$_{0}$",
")",
", y$_{0}$",
"∈",
"$^{n}$,",
"R",
"with",
"System (2.2) replicates the sensitivity of (2.3) if there exist positive numbers",
"η$_{x}$$_{(}$$_{t}$$_{)}$",
"(0",
", y$_{0}$",
") =",
"y$_{0}$.",
"ϵ$_{1}$",
"$^{2}$In future work, economic time series that have been tested for the presence of deterministic chaos may be considered",
"(see [21, 23, 29, 68, 86].)",
"6"
] | train |
|
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757
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759,
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[
493,
875,
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6,
6,
6,
6,
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
10,
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10,
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"Wald tests when restrictions are locally",
"arXiv:1312.0569v1",
"[math.ST]",
"2",
"Dec 2013",
"∗",
"singular",
"†",
"‡",
"Jean-Marie Dufour",
"Eric Renault",
"§",
"Victoria Zinde-Walsh",
"December 3, 2013",
":nonlinear restriction; deficient rank; singular covariance ma-",
"Key words",
"trix; Wald test",
"nonstandard asymptotic theory; bound.",
";",
"Journal of Eco-",
"C3.",
"nomic Literature classification:",
"$^{∗}$This work was supported by the Willam Dow Chair in Political Economy (McGill",
"University), the Bank of Canada Research Fellowship, The Toulouse School of Economics",
"Pierre-de-Fermat Chair of Excellence, A Guggenheim Fellowship, Conrad-Adenauer Fel-",
"lowship from Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation, the Canadian Network of Centres of",
"Excellence program on Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems, the",
"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Social Sciences and",
"Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Fonds de recherche sur la soci´et´e et la",
"culture (Qu´ebec). The authors also thank the research centres CIREQ and CIRANO for",
"providing support and meeting space for the joint work. We thank Purevdorj Tuvaandorj",
"for very useful comments.",
"$^{†}$William Dow Professor of Economics, McGill University, Centre interuniversitaire",
"de recherche en analyse des organisations (CIRANO) and Centre interuniversitaire de",
"recherche en ´economie quatative (CIREQ).",
"$^{‡}$Brown University",
"$^{§}$McGill University and CIREQ",
"1"
] | train |