id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
300
| title
stringlengths 1
208
| text
stringlengths 1
252k
| tokens
sequencelengths 1
79.5k
| ids
sequencelengths 1
79.5k
| attention_mask
sequencelengths 1
79.5k
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
413257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie%20Jones | Vinnie Jones | Vincent Peter Jones (born 5 January 1965) is a British actor, presenter, and former professional footballer.
Jones played professionally as a defensive midfielder from 1984 to 1999, notably for Wimbledon, Leeds United, Sheffield United, Chelsea, and Queens Park Rangers. He also played for and captained the Welsh national team, having qualified through a Welsh grandparent. Best remembered for his time at Wimbledon as a pivotal member of the famous "Crazy Gang", he won the 1988 FA Cup final with the London side, a club for which he played over 200 games during two spells between 1986 and 1998. He played 184 games in the Premier League, in which he scored 13 goals. Throughout his career, Jones gained a reputation for adding steel to a team, with his highly aggressive and physically uncompromising style of play, earning him a "hard man" image on and off the field, and on screen, where he is often typecast as violent criminals and thugs.
As an actor, his film and television career began with Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998), for his performance winning an Empire Award for Best Newcomer, then in Snatch (2000), he won the Empire Award for Best British Actor. Other notable credits include Gone in 60 Seconds (2000), Mean Machine (2001), The Big Bounce (2004), Extras (2005), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), The Riddle (2007), The Midnight Meat Train (2008), Year One (2009), The Cape (2011), Fire with Fire (2012), The Musketeers (2014), MacGyver (2016), NCIS: Los Angeles (2019) and Rise of the Footsoldier Origins (2021).
Early life
Vincent Peter Jones was born on 5 January 1965, in Watford, Hertfordshire, the son of Glenda (nΓ©e Harris) and gamekeeper Peter Jones. He attended schools in nearby Bedmond and Abbots Langley, and captained his school's football team, and played for his local football team in the village of Bedmond, in the Three Rivers District of Hertfordshire. One of his grandmothers was Irish from Dublin, and the other was Welsh, which later qualified him to play for Wales.
Football career
Club career
Wealdstone
Having begun playing as a teenager in local amateur football, a 19-year-old Jones was signed on semi-professional terms by Wealdstone of the Alliance Premier League in 1984. A young addition to the experienced Wealdstone team, which was soon to become the first ever club to achieve the non-league "double" in the 1984β85 season, he was a non-playing squad member in the club's victory at Wembley Stadium in the 1985 FA Trophy final. He combined playing football with working as a hod carrier on construction sites.
Loan to IFK Holmsund
He played one season on loan with Swedish club IFK Holmsund in 1986, helping to lead the team to the Division 3 Mellersta Norrland title.
Wimbledon
In the autumn of 1986, a 21-year-old Jones became a full-time professional footballer when he was signed by Wimbledon of the First Division, who paid Wealdstone Β£10,000 for him. He scored in only his second appearance for Wimbledon on 29 November 1986, in a 1β0 win over Manchester United. He was a member of the Wimbledon team which won the FA Cup in 1988, beating league champions Liverpool 1β0 in the final. Wimbledon cemented their status as a formidable First Division side during this time, with Jones making his name as an enthusiastic and uncompromisingly tough midfielder and a leading member of Wimbledon's famed Crazy Gang.
Leeds United
Jones was transferred from Wimbledon to Leeds United for a fee of Β£650,000 in June 1989, and played in all but one league games as Leeds finished as champions of the Second Division, winning promotion to the First Division in 1990. Jones proved he could thrive, and under the stewardship of Howard Wilkinson, he received only three yellow cards during the entire season.
Sheffield United
Jones left Leeds United early in the 1990β91 season after losing his regular first-team place to youngsters David Batty and Gary Speed. His former Wimbledon manager Dave Bassett signed him for Sheffield United in September 1990 for a transfer fee of Β£700,000. He played a total of 35 matches for The Blades in the First Division, scoring two goals.
Chelsea
Jones was then sold to Chelsea a year later on 30 August 1991, for a fee of Β£575,000. Jones made his Chelsea debut one day after his signing in the 4β1 win against Luton. On 18 September 1991, Jones scored his first goal for the club in the 2β0 win against Aston Villa. He went on to make 52 total appearances for Chelsea, scoring 7 goals and receiving only 3 yellow cards.
Return to Wimbledon
After just one season at Stamford Bridge, he was back with Wimbledon in the early stages of the 1992β93 season, when the Premier League had just been formed. He helped Wimbledon equal their best ever league finish in 1993β94, when they finished sixth in the Premier League. Three seasons later, he contributed to another strong season for the club, who reached the semi-finals of both the FA Cup and the League Cup, and finished eighth in the Premier League. That season he scored the winning goal as Wimbledon won 1β0 against Arsenal at Highbury.
Queens Park Rangers
His second exit from Wimbledon came when he became player/coach of QPR in early 1998, scoring on his debut against Huddersfield Town. He announced his retirement from football in late 1998 at the age of 34.
International career
In December 1994 Jones was named in the Welsh national squad, qualifying under FIFA rules via his Ruthin-born maternal grandfather. He had previously sought to play for the Republic of Ireland due to eligibility through a grandparent. He made his international debut under Mike Smith for Wales on 14 December 1994, in a 3β0 home defeat to Bulgaria in the Euro 96 qualifiers. When Smith was replaced as Wales manager by Jonesβs former Wimbledon manager Bobby Gould a few months later, he remained a regular member of the Welsh national squad. He was capped nine times for Wales, the last of which came on 29 March 1997 in a 2β1 defeat to Belgium in a World Cup qualifier, also at Cardiff Arms Park.
Jones' international call-up was however greeted with consternation by some and was even ridiculed by Jimmy Greaves, who said, "Well, stone me! We've had cocaine, bribery and Arsenal scoring two goals at home. But just when you thought there were truly no surprises left in football, Vinnie Jones turns out to be an international player!".
Playing style
Jones was known for his "hard man" image on the pitch. He was sent off 12 times in his career, as well as holding the record for the quickest ever booking in a football match, being booked after just five seconds for a foul on the opposition player Dane Whitehouse, in an FA Cup tie between Chelsea and Sheffield United in 1992. In his autobiography, he recalls: "I must have been too high, too wild, too strong or too early, because, after three seconds, I could hardly have been too bloody late!"
In an incident in October 1988, Jones was famously photographed covertly grabbing Paul Gascoigne by his testicles during a league game for Wimbledon against Newcastle United.
Controversies
He also was the presenter of the infamous Soccer's Hard Men video released in 1992, which featured archived footage of him and many other "hard men" of the game, and included advice for budding "hard men". After the release of the video, Jones was fined Β£20,000 and given a six-month ban (suspended for three years) for "bringing the game into disrepute". Wimbledon chairman Sam Hammam branded Jones a "mosquito brain". After this incident, Jones failed to stay out of trouble. After exceeding 40 disciplinary points that season, he was once again summoned to Lancaster Gate, the headquarters of The Football Association, but failed to appear. The FA banned Jones indefinitely. Jones explained that he had "mixed up" the date of the hearing, for which he received a four-match ban and was told by Football Association officials to "grow up". Jones commented later: "The FA have given me a pat on the back. I've taken violence off the terracing and onto the pitch" β an obvious reference to the football hooliganism problem which had blighted the English game during the 1970s and 1980s.
Other football activities
Jones made an appearance for Carlisle United, coming on as a second-half substitute in 2001 in a friendly against Irish team Shelbourne, teaming up with friend Roddy Collins who was manager at the time. In June 2010, he released a press statement stating that he was donating his 1988 FA Cup winners medal to the fans of AFC Wimbledon, wishing the club the best for the future. The medal is displayed at the club's stadium. He briefly served as club president of non-league Soham Town Rangers.
In 2020, Jones appeared on the ITV show Harry's Heroes, It featured former football manager Harry Redknapp attempting get a squad of former England international footballers back fit and healthy for one last game, vs a Germany Legends team. Despite playing for Wales during his professional career, Jones briefly took part in Season Two and played for the England legends in one of their warm up games against San Marino veterans.
Acting career
In 1998, Jones made his film debut in Guy Ritchie's crime comedy Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, in which he played a mob enforcer named Big Chris. For his performance, he won the Empire Award for Best Newcomer in 1999.
He has since been typecast in similar roles as criminals or villains, including the dapper gun-for-hire "Bullet-Tooth Tony" in Guy Ritchie's 2000 follow up Snatch, for which Jones won the Best British Actor at the 6th Empire Awards in 2001. Jones became known to American audiences in the 2000 film remake of Gone in 60 Seconds, in which he played Sphinx. Although this was a major role with significant screen time, he only had one line of dialogue because his character was a silent, tough brawler. He teamed up with director Dominic Sena again the following year for the thriller Swordfish, in which he played one of John Travolta's henchmen.
Jones played Danny Meehan in Mean Machine, a 2001 British remake of the Burt Reynolds film The Longest Yard. He played a former captain of the England national football team, who is sent to prison and subsequently takes control of a team of inmates who play against the prison guards' team. In the 2004 Japanese film Survive Style 5+, he played a hitman from Britain. He played another football role as Mad Maynard, the leader of a Manchester United football hooligan firm, in the 2004 film EuroTrip. His next role was in the 2006 film, X-Men: The Last Stand, as the comic book villain Juggernaut, alongside Halle Berry. He said that he would like to play Juggernaut in a spin-off. One of his lines in the film ("I'm the Juggernaut, bitch!") was based on a pre-existing Internet parody. The same year, he was featured in another football film, She's the Man, as the coach of the Illyria team. In 2007, he played McStarley in The Condemned, a film about death row inmates forced to fight to the death on a remote island.
Jones was a housemate on the reality television show Celebrity Big Brother 7 in 2010, and celebrated his 45th birthday while he participated. He received loud cheers as he entered the house and was the favourite to win going into the house, but he did not maintain popularity with the public; the crowd chanted "get Vinnie out" on the final night and booed him as he left the house after he finished in third place. Speaking of his experience on the show, he said: "It was like One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in there β and I was Jack Nicholson."
Jones played a professional killer in the Kazakhstani film Liquidator in 2011. His character is an elite assassin invited to eliminate the main character. Producers of the film dealt with the Kazakh-to-English language barrier by writing Jones' character as a mute who does not speak. In the same year, he played Zed in the movie Blood Out. He played a role in the Hungarian film The Magic Boys in 2012. That same year, he voiced Freddie the Dog in Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted. He co-starred alongside Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger in the action-thriller Escape Plan, released in 2013, and was featured with Danny Trejo in the 2014 horror-thriller Reaper.
In 2021, Jones competed in the third season of the Australian version of The Masked Singer as "Volcano". He was the first contestant eliminated.
Personal life
Having met Tanya Terry when they were both 12 years old and next-door neighbours in Watford, Jones later married her in 1994. Tanya had a daughter by her first husband, footballer Steve Terry. Jones has a son, Aaron Elliston-Jones, with his ex-girlfriend Mylene Elliston. Aaron was born in 1991.
In November 2013, Jones received treatment after finding signs of skin cancer below his eye. At some point, his wife was also diagnosed with skin cancer, which then spread to her brain by 2018. Jones was at her bedside during her death of cancer on 6 July 2019. He discussed her death during an appearance on Piers Morgan's Life Stories in September 2020, and said that he does not plan to remarry.
In 1998, Jones penned an autobiography called Vinnie: The Autobiography, which was later revised and reprinted to include information on his first film appearance. Since 2021, he has divided his time between Los Angeles and Petworth, West Sussex. He is a supporter of the Conservative Party and once described himself as "very proud of being British, very pro the monarchy, and very conservative".
Criminal charges
Jones was convicted in June 1998 of assault occasioning actual bodily harm and criminal damage against a neighbour in November 1997.
Jones was convicted in December 2003 of assault and threatening behaviour on an aircraft for an air rage incident, during which he slapped a passenger in the face and threatened to murder the cabin crew while drunk on an aircraft. He was fined Β£1,100 () and ordered to perform 80 hours of community service. As a result of the conviction, Hertfordshire police revoked Jones' firearms licence and seized the weapons listed on the licence.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Wealdstone
Alliance Premier League: 1984β85
IFK Holmsund
Division 3 Mellersta Norrland: 1986
Wimbledon
FA Cup: 1987β88
Leeds United
Football League Second Division: 1989β90
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Westlife - βBop Bop Babyβ (2002)
As Duke Vincent, the vilest man in the kingdom for money. The band members serve as Musketeers who are imprisoned in a dungeon by the Duke.
Steve Aoki & LOOPERS - "Pika Pika" (2018)
Originally filmed for Steve Aoki & Knife Party - "Piledriver", but the original video was unreleased and the footage was re-edited and reused
Discography
Studio albums
2002: Respect
Singles
"Wooly Bully" (1993)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Watford
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
English men's footballers
Welsh people of English descent
Welsh people of Irish descent
English people of Welsh descent
English people of Irish descent
20th-century Welsh male actors
21st-century Welsh male actors
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Men's association football midfielders
Chelsea F.C. players
Conservative Party (UK) people
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
English Football League players
English male film actors
English male singers
English people convicted of assault
English male television actors
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Hollywood United F.C. players
IFK Holmsund players
Leeds United F.C. players
Male actors from Hertfordshire
Musicians from Hertfordshire
National League (English football) players
People convicted of assault occasioning actual bodily harm
Premier League players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Sportspeople convicted of crimes
Telstar Records artists
Wealdstone F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players | [
"V",
"in",
"cent",
"Peter",
"Jones",
"(",
"born",
"5",
"January",
"1965",
")",
"is",
"a",
"British",
"actor",
",",
"present",
"er",
",",
"and",
"former",
"professional",
"footballer",
".",
"Jones",
"played",
"profess",
"ion",
"ally",
"as",
"a",
"def",
"ensive",
"mid",
"f",
"iel",
"der",
"from",
"1984",
"to",
"1999",
",",
"not",
"ably",
"for",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
",",
"Le",
"eds",
"United",
",",
"She",
"ff",
"ield",
"United",
",",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
",",
"and",
"Queens",
"Park",
"R",
"ang",
"ers",
".",
"He",
"also",
"played",
"for",
"and",
"cap",
"tained",
"the",
"Wel",
"sh",
"national",
"team",
",",
"having",
"qualified",
"through",
"a",
"Wel",
"sh",
"grand",
"par",
"ent",
".",
"Best",
"re",
"member",
"ed",
"for",
"his",
"time",
"at",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"as",
"a",
"p",
"iv",
"ot",
"al",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"famous",
"\"",
"C",
"ra",
"zy",
"G",
"ang",
"\",",
"he",
"won",
"the",
"1988",
"FA",
"Cup",
"final",
"with",
"the",
"London",
"side",
",",
"a",
"club",
"for",
"which",
"he",
"played",
"over",
"200",
"games",
"during",
"two",
"sp",
"ell",
"s",
"between",
"1986",
"and",
"1998",
".",
"He",
"played",
"184",
"games",
"in",
"the",
"Premier",
"League",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"scored",
"13",
"goals",
".",
"Through",
"out",
"his",
"career",
",",
"Jones",
"gained",
"a",
"re",
"put",
"ation",
"for",
"add",
"ing",
"ste",
"el",
"to",
"a",
"team",
",",
"with",
"his",
"highly",
"ag",
"gress",
"ive",
"and",
"phys",
"ically",
"un",
"com",
"prom",
"ising",
"style",
"of",
"play",
",",
"ear",
"ning",
"him",
"a",
"\"",
"hard",
"man",
"\"",
"image",
"on",
"and",
"off",
"the",
"field",
",",
"and",
"on",
"screen",
",",
"where",
"he",
"is",
"often",
"type",
"cast",
"as",
"viol",
"ent",
"crimin",
"als",
"and",
"th",
"ug",
"s",
".",
"As",
"an",
"actor",
",",
"his",
"film",
"and",
"television",
"career",
"began",
"with",
"L",
"ock",
",",
"Stock",
"and",
"Two",
"Sm",
"ok",
"ing",
"Bar",
"rel",
"s",
"(",
"1998",
"),",
"for",
"his",
"performance",
"winning",
"an",
"Empire",
"Award",
"for",
"Best",
"New",
"com",
"er",
",",
"then",
"in",
"S",
"n",
"atch",
"(",
"2000",
"),",
"he",
"won",
"the",
"Empire",
"Award",
"for",
"Best",
"British",
"A",
"ctor",
".",
"Other",
"notable",
"cred",
"its",
"include",
"G",
"one",
"in",
"60",
"Second",
"s",
"(",
"2000",
"),",
"Me",
"an",
"M",
"ach",
"ine",
"(",
"2001",
"),",
"The",
"Big",
"B",
"oun",
"ce",
"(",
"2004",
"),",
"Ex",
"tr",
"as",
"(",
"2005",
"),",
"X",
"-",
"Men",
":",
"The",
"L",
"ast",
"Stand",
"(",
"2006",
"),",
"The",
"R",
"id",
"dle",
"(",
"2007",
"),",
"The",
"Mid",
"night",
"Me",
"at",
"Tr",
"ain",
"(",
"2008",
"),",
"Year",
"One",
"(",
"2009",
"),",
"The",
"Cape",
"(",
"2011",
"),",
"Fire",
"with",
"Fire",
"(",
"2012",
"),",
"The",
"Mus",
"k",
"et",
"e",
"ers",
"(",
"2014",
"),",
"Mac",
"G",
"y",
"ver",
"(",
"2016",
"),",
"N",
"C",
"IS",
":",
"Los",
"Angeles",
"(",
"2019",
")",
"and",
"R",
"ise",
"of",
"the",
"F",
"oot",
"sold",
"ier",
"Or",
"ig",
"ins",
"(",
"2021",
").",
"Early",
"life",
"V",
"in",
"cent",
"Peter",
"Jones",
"was",
"born",
"on",
"5",
"January",
"1965",
",",
"in",
"Wat",
"ford",
",",
"Her",
"t",
"ford",
"shire",
",",
"the",
"son",
"of",
"Gl",
"end",
"a",
"(",
"n",
"Γ©e",
"Harr",
"is",
")",
"and",
"game",
"kee",
"per",
"Peter",
"Jones",
".",
"He",
"attended",
"schools",
"in",
"nearby",
"B",
"ed",
"mond",
"and",
"Ab",
"b",
"ots",
"L",
"ang",
"ley",
",",
"and",
"cap",
"tained",
"his",
"school",
"'",
"s",
"football",
"team",
",",
"and",
"played",
"for",
"his",
"local",
"football",
"team",
"in",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"B",
"ed",
"mond",
",",
"in",
"the",
"Three",
"R",
"ivers",
"District",
"of",
"Her",
"t",
"ford",
"shire",
".",
"One",
"of",
"his",
"grand",
"m",
"others",
"was",
"Irish",
"from",
"Dub",
"lin",
",",
"and",
"the",
"other",
"was",
"Wel",
"sh",
",",
"which",
"later",
"qualified",
"him",
"to",
"play",
"for",
"Wales",
".",
"Football",
"career",
"Club",
"career",
"We",
"ald",
"stone",
"H",
"aving",
"beg",
"un",
"playing",
"as",
"a",
"teen",
"ag",
"er",
"in",
"local",
"am",
"ateur",
"football",
",",
"a",
"19",
"-",
"year",
"-",
"old",
"Jones",
"was",
"signed",
"on",
"semi",
"-",
"professional",
"terms",
"by",
"We",
"ald",
"stone",
"of",
"the",
"All",
"iance",
"Premier",
"League",
"in",
"1984",
".",
"A",
"young",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"experi",
"enced",
"We",
"ald",
"stone",
"team",
",",
"which",
"was",
"soon",
"to",
"become",
"the",
"first",
"ever",
"club",
"to",
"ach",
"ieve",
"the",
"non",
"-",
"league",
"\"",
"double",
"\"",
"in",
"the",
"1984",
"β",
"85",
"season",
",",
"he",
"was",
"a",
"non",
"-",
"playing",
"squad",
"member",
"in",
"the",
"club",
"'",
"s",
"victory",
"at",
"W",
"emb",
"ley",
"Stadium",
"in",
"the",
"1985",
"FA",
"Tro",
"phy",
"final",
".",
"He",
"combined",
"playing",
"football",
"with",
"working",
"as",
"a",
"h",
"od",
"carr",
"ier",
"on",
"construction",
"sites",
".",
"Lo",
"an",
"to",
"I",
"F",
"K",
"Hol",
"ms",
"und",
"He",
"played",
"one",
"season",
"on",
"loan",
"with",
"Swedish",
"club",
"I",
"F",
"K",
"Hol",
"ms",
"und",
"in",
"1986",
",",
"help",
"ing",
"to",
"lead",
"the",
"team",
"to",
"the",
"Division",
"3",
"M",
"eller",
"st",
"a",
"Nor",
"r",
"land",
"title",
".",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"In",
"the",
"aut",
"umn",
"of",
"1986",
",",
"a",
"21",
"-",
"year",
"-",
"old",
"Jones",
"became",
"a",
"full",
"-",
"time",
"professional",
"footballer",
"when",
"he",
"was",
"signed",
"by",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"of",
"the",
"First",
"Division",
",",
"who",
"paid",
"We",
"ald",
"stone",
"Β£",
"10",
",",
"000",
"for",
"him",
".",
"He",
"scored",
"in",
"only",
"his",
"second",
"appearance",
"for",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"on",
"29",
"November",
"1986",
",",
"in",
"a",
"1",
"β",
"0",
"win",
"over",
"Manchester",
"United",
".",
"He",
"was",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"team",
"which",
"won",
"the",
"FA",
"Cup",
"in",
"1988",
",",
"be",
"ating",
"league",
"ch",
"ampions",
"L",
"iver",
"pool",
"1",
"β",
"0",
"in",
"the",
"final",
".",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"cement",
"ed",
"their",
"status",
"as",
"a",
"form",
"id",
"able",
"First",
"Division",
"side",
"during",
"this",
"time",
",",
"with",
"Jones",
"making",
"his",
"name",
"as",
"an",
"en",
"thus",
"i",
"astic",
"and",
"un",
"com",
"prom",
"ising",
"ly",
"to",
"u",
"gh",
"mid",
"f",
"iel",
"der",
"and",
"a",
"leading",
"member",
"of",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"'",
"s",
"fam",
"ed",
"C",
"ra",
"zy",
"G",
"ang",
".",
"Le",
"eds",
"United",
"Jones",
"was",
"transferred",
"from",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"to",
"Le",
"eds",
"United",
"for",
"a",
"fe",
"e",
"of",
"Β£",
"6",
"50",
",",
"000",
"in",
"June",
"1989",
",",
"and",
"played",
"in",
"all",
"but",
"one",
"league",
"games",
"as",
"Le",
"eds",
"finished",
"as",
"ch",
"ampions",
"of",
"the",
"Second",
"Division",
",",
"winning",
"promot",
"ion",
"to",
"the",
"First",
"Division",
"in",
"1990",
".",
"Jones",
"proved",
"he",
"could",
"thr",
"ive",
",",
"and",
"under",
"the",
"st",
"ew",
"ard",
"ship",
"of",
"How",
"ard",
"Wil",
"kin",
"son",
",",
"he",
"received",
"only",
"three",
"yellow",
"c",
"ards",
"during",
"the",
"entire",
"season",
".",
"She",
"ff",
"ield",
"United",
"Jones",
"left",
"Le",
"eds",
"United",
"early",
"in",
"the",
"1990",
"β",
"9",
"1",
"season",
"after",
"losing",
"his",
"regular",
"first",
"-",
"team",
"place",
"to",
"young",
"st",
"ers",
"David",
"Bat",
"ty",
"and",
"G",
"ary",
"Spe",
"ed",
".",
"His",
"former",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"manager",
"D",
"ave",
"Bas",
"sett",
"signed",
"him",
"for",
"She",
"ff",
"ield",
"United",
"in",
"September",
"1990",
"for",
"a",
"transfer",
"fe",
"e",
"of",
"Β£",
"7",
"00",
",",
"000",
".",
"He",
"played",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"35",
"matches",
"for",
"The",
"Bl",
"ades",
"in",
"the",
"First",
"Division",
",",
"scoring",
"two",
"goals",
".",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
"Jones",
"was",
"then",
"sold",
"to",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
"a",
"year",
"later",
"on",
"30",
"August",
"1991",
",",
"for",
"a",
"fe",
"e",
"of",
"Β£",
"5",
"75",
",",
"000",
".",
"Jones",
"made",
"his",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
"debut",
"one",
"day",
"after",
"his",
"sign",
"ing",
"in",
"the",
"4",
"β",
"1",
"win",
"against",
"L",
"ut",
"on",
".",
"On",
"18",
"September",
"1991",
",",
"Jones",
"scored",
"his",
"first",
"goal",
"for",
"the",
"club",
"in",
"the",
"2",
"β",
"0",
"win",
"against",
"A",
"ston",
"Vill",
"a",
".",
"He",
"went",
"on",
"to",
"make",
"52",
"total",
"appearances",
"for",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
",",
"scoring",
"7",
"goals",
"and",
"rece",
"iving",
"only",
"3",
"yellow",
"c",
"ards",
".",
"Ret",
"urn",
"to",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"After",
"just",
"one",
"season",
"at",
"St",
"am",
"ford",
"Bridge",
",",
"he",
"was",
"back",
"with",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"st",
"ages",
"of",
"the",
"1992",
"β",
"9",
"3",
"season",
",",
"when",
"the",
"Premier",
"League",
"had",
"just",
"been",
"formed",
".",
"He",
"helped",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"equ",
"al",
"their",
"best",
"ever",
"league",
"finish",
"in",
"1993",
"β",
"9",
"4",
",",
"when",
"they",
"finished",
"sixth",
"in",
"the",
"Premier",
"League",
".",
"Three",
"seasons",
"later",
",",
"he",
"contribut",
"ed",
"to",
"another",
"strong",
"season",
"for",
"the",
"club",
",",
"who",
"reached",
"the",
"semi",
"-",
"finals",
"of",
"both",
"the",
"FA",
"Cup",
"and",
"the",
"League",
"Cup",
",",
"and",
"finished",
"e",
"ighth",
"in",
"the",
"Premier",
"League",
".",
"That",
"season",
"he",
"scored",
"the",
"winning",
"goal",
"as",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"won",
"1",
"β",
"0",
"against",
"Ar",
"sen",
"al",
"at",
"High",
"bury",
".",
"Queens",
"Park",
"R",
"ang",
"ers",
"His",
"second",
"ex",
"it",
"from",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"came",
"when",
"he",
"became",
"player",
"/",
"coach",
"of",
"Q",
"P",
"R",
"in",
"early",
"1998",
",",
"scoring",
"on",
"his",
"debut",
"against",
"H",
"ud",
"d",
"ers",
"field",
"Town",
".",
"He",
"announced",
"his",
"retire",
"ment",
"from",
"football",
"in",
"late",
"1998",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"34",
".",
"International",
"career",
"In",
"December",
"1994",
"Jones",
"was",
"named",
"in",
"the",
"Wel",
"sh",
"national",
"squad",
",",
"qual",
"ifying",
"under",
"FI",
"FA",
"rules",
"via",
"his",
"Ru",
"th",
"in",
"-",
"born",
"mater",
"n",
"al",
"grand",
"father",
".",
"He",
"had",
"previously",
"s",
"ought",
"to",
"play",
"for",
"the",
"Republic",
"of",
"Ireland",
"due",
"to",
"el",
"ig",
"ibility",
"through",
"a",
"grand",
"par",
"ent",
".",
"He",
"made",
"his",
"international",
"debut",
"under",
"Mike",
"Smith",
"for",
"Wales",
"on",
"14",
"December",
"1994",
",",
"in",
"a",
"3",
"β",
"0",
"home",
"defeat",
"to",
"Bulgar",
"ia",
"in",
"the",
"Eur",
"o",
"9",
"6",
"qual",
"if",
"iers",
".",
"When",
"Smith",
"was",
"replaced",
"as",
"Wales",
"manager",
"by",
"Jones",
"β",
"s",
"former",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"manager",
"Bob",
"by",
"G",
"ould",
"a",
"few",
"months",
"later",
",",
"he",
"remained",
"a",
"regular",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"Wel",
"sh",
"national",
"squad",
".",
"He",
"was",
"cap",
"ped",
"nine",
"times",
"for",
"Wales",
",",
"the",
"last",
"of",
"which",
"came",
"on",
"29",
"March",
"1997",
"in",
"a",
"2",
"β",
"1",
"defeat",
"to",
"Belg",
"ium",
"in",
"a",
"World",
"Cup",
"qual",
"if",
"ier",
",",
"also",
"at",
"Card",
"iff",
"Ar",
"ms",
"Park",
".",
"Jones",
"'",
"international",
"call",
"-",
"up",
"was",
"however",
"g",
"reet",
"ed",
"with",
"con",
"st",
"ern",
"ation",
"by",
"some",
"and",
"was",
"even",
"rid",
"ic",
"uled",
"by",
"Jim",
"my",
"Gre",
"aves",
",",
"who",
"said",
",",
"\"",
"Well",
",",
"stone",
"me",
"!",
"We",
"'",
"ve",
"had",
"c",
"oc",
"ain",
"e",
",",
"br",
"iber",
"y",
"and",
"Ar",
"sen",
"al",
"scoring",
"two",
"goals",
"at",
"home",
".",
"But",
"just",
"when",
"you",
"thought",
"there",
"were",
"tr",
"u",
"ly",
"no",
"sur",
"pr",
"ises",
"left",
"in",
"football",
",",
"V",
"inn",
"ie",
"Jones",
"turn",
"s",
"out",
"to",
"be",
"an",
"international",
"player",
"!",
"\".",
"Play",
"ing",
"style",
"Jones",
"was",
"known",
"for",
"his",
"\"",
"hard",
"man",
"\"",
"image",
"on",
"the",
"pitch",
".",
"He",
"was",
"sent",
"off",
"12",
"times",
"in",
"his",
"career",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"hold",
"ing",
"the",
"record",
"for",
"the",
"quick",
"est",
"ever",
"book",
"ing",
"in",
"a",
"football",
"match",
",",
"being",
"book",
"ed",
"after",
"just",
"five",
"second",
"s",
"for",
"a",
"f",
"oul",
"on",
"the",
"op",
"position",
"player",
"D",
"ane",
"White",
"house",
",",
"in",
"an",
"FA",
"Cup",
"t",
"ie",
"between",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
"and",
"She",
"ff",
"ield",
"United",
"in",
"1992",
".",
"In",
"his",
"au",
"to",
"b",
"iography",
",",
"he",
"re",
"call",
"s",
":",
"\"",
"I",
"must",
"have",
"been",
"too",
"high",
",",
"too",
"w",
"ild",
",",
"too",
"strong",
"or",
"too",
"early",
",",
"because",
",",
"after",
"three",
"second",
"s",
",",
"I",
"could",
"hard",
"ly",
"have",
"been",
"too",
"blood",
"y",
"late",
"!",
"\"",
"In",
"an",
"inc",
"ident",
"in",
"October",
"1988",
",",
"Jones",
"was",
"famous",
"ly",
"photograph",
"ed",
"cover",
"t",
"ly",
"gr",
"ab",
"b",
"ing",
"Paul",
"G",
"as",
"co",
"ig",
"ne",
"by",
"his",
"test",
"icles",
"during",
"a",
"league",
"game",
"for",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"against",
"New",
"castle",
"United",
".",
"Con",
"tro",
"vers",
"ies",
"He",
"also",
"was",
"the",
"present",
"er",
"of",
"the",
"in",
"famous",
"S",
"occer",
"'",
"s",
"Hard",
"Men",
"video",
"released",
"in",
"1992",
",",
"which",
"featured",
"arch",
"ived",
"foot",
"age",
"of",
"him",
"and",
"many",
"other",
"\"",
"hard",
"men",
"\"",
"of",
"the",
"game",
",",
"and",
"included",
"ad",
"vice",
"for",
"bud",
"ding",
"\"",
"hard",
"men",
"\".",
"After",
"the",
"release",
"of",
"the",
"video",
",",
"Jones",
"was",
"fin",
"ed",
"Β£",
"20",
",",
"000",
"and",
"given",
"a",
"six",
"-",
"month",
"ban",
"(",
"susp",
"ended",
"for",
"three",
"years",
")",
"for",
"\"",
"bring",
"ing",
"the",
"game",
"into",
"dis",
"re",
"p",
"ute",
"\".",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"chairman",
"Sam",
"Ham",
"m",
"am",
"br",
"anded",
"Jones",
"a",
"\"",
"mos",
"qu",
"it",
"o",
"br",
"ain",
"\".",
"After",
"this",
"inc",
"ident",
",",
"Jones",
"failed",
"to",
"stay",
"out",
"of",
"tr",
"ou",
"ble",
".",
"After",
"ex",
"ceed",
"ing",
"40",
"disc",
"i",
"pl",
"inary",
"points",
"that",
"season",
",",
"he",
"was",
"once",
"again",
"sum",
"mon",
"ed",
"to",
"L",
"anc",
"aster",
"G",
"ate",
",",
"the",
"head",
"quarters",
"of",
"The",
"Football",
"Association",
",",
"but",
"failed",
"to",
"appear",
".",
"The",
"FA",
"b",
"ann",
"ed",
"Jones",
"in",
"defin",
"it",
"ely",
".",
"Jones",
"expl",
"ained",
"that",
"he",
"had",
"\"",
"mixed",
"up",
"\"",
"the",
"date",
"of",
"the",
"he",
"aring",
",",
"for",
"which",
"he",
"received",
"a",
"four",
"-",
"match",
"ban",
"and",
"was",
"told",
"by",
"Football",
"Association",
"officials",
"to",
"\"",
"grow",
"up",
"\".",
"Jones",
"comment",
"ed",
"later",
":",
"\"",
"The",
"FA",
"have",
"given",
"me",
"a",
"pat",
"on",
"the",
"back",
".",
"I",
"'",
"ve",
"taken",
"viol",
"ence",
"off",
"the",
"ter",
"racing",
"and",
"onto",
"the",
"pitch",
"\"",
"β",
"an",
"ob",
"vious",
"re",
"ference",
"to",
"the",
"football",
"ho",
"ol",
"igan",
"ism",
"problem",
"which",
"had",
"bl",
"ight",
"ed",
"the",
"English",
"game",
"during",
"the",
"1970s",
"and",
"1980s",
".",
"Other",
"football",
"activities",
"Jones",
"made",
"an",
"appearance",
"for",
"Carl",
"is",
"le",
"United",
",",
"coming",
"on",
"as",
"a",
"second",
"-",
"half",
"sub",
"stitute",
"in",
"2001",
"in",
"a",
"friend",
"ly",
"against",
"Irish",
"team",
"She",
"l",
"bourne",
",",
"team",
"ing",
"up",
"with",
"friend",
"Rod",
"dy",
"Col",
"lin",
"s",
"who",
"was",
"manager",
"at",
"the",
"time",
".",
"In",
"June",
"2010",
",",
"he",
"released",
"a",
"press",
"stat",
"ement",
"st",
"ating",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"don",
"ating",
"his",
"1988",
"FA",
"Cup",
"winners",
"medal",
"to",
"the",
"f",
"ans",
"of",
"A",
"FC",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
",",
"w",
"ish",
"ing",
"the",
"club",
"the",
"best",
"for",
"the",
"future",
".",
"The",
"medal",
"is",
"dis",
"played",
"at",
"the",
"club",
"'",
"s",
"st",
"adium",
".",
"He",
"brief",
"ly",
"served",
"as",
"club",
"president",
"of",
"non",
"-",
"league",
"So",
"ham",
"Town",
"R",
"ang",
"ers",
".",
"In",
"2020",
",",
"Jones",
"appeared",
"on",
"the",
"I",
"TV",
"show",
"Harry",
"'",
"s",
"Her",
"oes",
",",
"It",
"featured",
"former",
"football",
"manager",
"Harry",
"Red",
"kn",
"app",
"attempt",
"ing",
"get",
"a",
"squad",
"of",
"former",
"England",
"international",
"footballers",
"back",
"fit",
"and",
"health",
"y",
"for",
"one",
"last",
"game",
",",
"vs",
"a",
"Germany",
"Leg",
"ends",
"team",
".",
"Despite",
"playing",
"for",
"Wales",
"during",
"his",
"professional",
"career",
",",
"Jones",
"brief",
"ly",
"took",
"part",
"in",
"Season",
"Two",
"and",
"played",
"for",
"the",
"England",
"leg",
"ends",
"in",
"one",
"of",
"their",
"w",
"arm",
"up",
"games",
"against",
"San",
"Mar",
"ino",
"ve",
"ter",
"ans",
".",
"Act",
"ing",
"career",
"In",
"1998",
",",
"Jones",
"made",
"his",
"film",
"debut",
"in",
"Gu",
"y",
"R",
"itch",
"ie",
"'",
"s",
"crime",
"comedy",
"L",
"ock",
",",
"Stock",
"and",
"Two",
"Sm",
"ok",
"ing",
"Bar",
"rel",
"s",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"played",
"a",
"m",
"ob",
"en",
"for",
"cer",
"named",
"Big",
"Chris",
".",
"For",
"his",
"performance",
",",
"he",
"won",
"the",
"Empire",
"Award",
"for",
"Best",
"New",
"com",
"er",
"in",
"1999",
".",
"He",
"has",
"since",
"been",
"type",
"cast",
"in",
"similar",
"roles",
"as",
"crimin",
"als",
"or",
"vill",
"ains",
",",
"including",
"the",
"d",
"ap",
"per",
"gun",
"-",
"for",
"-",
"h",
"ire",
"\"",
"Bul",
"let",
"-",
"To",
"oth",
"Tony",
"\"",
"in",
"Gu",
"y",
"R",
"itch",
"ie",
"'",
"s",
"2000",
"follow",
"up",
"S",
"n",
"atch",
",",
"for",
"which",
"Jones",
"won",
"the",
"Best",
"British",
"A",
"ctor",
"at",
"the",
"6th",
"Empire",
"Awards",
"in",
"2001",
".",
"Jones",
"became",
"known",
"to",
"American",
"aud",
"iences",
"in",
"the",
"2000",
"film",
"rem",
"ake",
"of",
"G",
"one",
"in",
"60",
"Second",
"s",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"played",
"S",
"ph",
"in",
"x",
".",
"Although",
"this",
"was",
"a",
"major",
"role",
"with",
"significant",
"screen",
"time",
",",
"he",
"only",
"had",
"one",
"line",
"of",
"dial",
"ogue",
"because",
"his",
"character",
"was",
"a",
"sil",
"ent",
",",
"to",
"u",
"gh",
"br",
"aw",
"ler",
".",
"He",
"team",
"ed",
"up",
"with",
"director",
"Domin",
"ic",
"Sen",
"a",
"again",
"the",
"following",
"year",
"for",
"the",
"thr",
"iller",
"Sw",
"ord",
"fish",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"played",
"one",
"of",
"John",
"Tr",
"av",
"ol",
"ta",
"'",
"s",
"h",
"ench",
"men",
".",
"Jones",
"played",
"D",
"ann",
"y",
"Me",
"e",
"han",
"in",
"Me",
"an",
"M",
"ach",
"ine",
",",
"a",
"2001",
"British",
"rem",
"ake",
"of",
"the",
"Bur",
"t",
"Re",
"yn",
"old",
"s",
"film",
"The",
"Long",
"est",
"Y",
"ard",
".",
"He",
"played",
"a",
"former",
"captain",
"of",
"the",
"England",
"national",
"football",
"team",
",",
"who",
"is",
"sent",
"to",
"prison",
"and",
"subsequently",
"takes",
"control",
"of",
"a",
"team",
"of",
"in",
"m",
"ates",
"who",
"play",
"against",
"the",
"prison",
"gu",
"ards",
"'",
"team",
".",
"In",
"the",
"2004",
"Japanese",
"film",
"Sur",
"v",
"ive",
"St",
"yle",
"5",
"+",
",",
"he",
"played",
"a",
"hit",
"man",
"from",
"Britain",
".",
"He",
"played",
"another",
"football",
"role",
"as",
"Mad",
"May",
"n",
"ard",
",",
"the",
"leader",
"of",
"a",
"Manchester",
"United",
"football",
"ho",
"ol",
"igan",
"firm",
",",
"in",
"the",
"2004",
"film",
"Eur",
"o",
"Tr",
"ip",
".",
"His",
"next",
"role",
"was",
"in",
"the",
"2006",
"film",
",",
"X",
"-",
"Men",
":",
"The",
"L",
"ast",
"Stand",
",",
"as",
"the",
"com",
"ic",
"book",
"vill",
"ain",
"J",
"ugg",
"ern",
"aut",
",",
"alongside",
"Hal",
"le",
"Ber",
"ry",
".",
"He",
"said",
"that",
"he",
"would",
"like",
"to",
"play",
"J",
"ugg",
"ern",
"aut",
"in",
"a",
"sp",
"in",
"-",
"off",
".",
"One",
"of",
"his",
"lines",
"in",
"the",
"film",
"(\"",
"I",
"'",
"m",
"the",
"J",
"ugg",
"ern",
"aut",
",",
"b",
"itch",
"!",
"\")",
"was",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"pre",
"-",
"existing",
"In",
"ternet",
"par",
"ody",
".",
"The",
"same",
"year",
",",
"he",
"was",
"featured",
"in",
"another",
"football",
"film",
",",
"She",
"'",
"s",
"the",
"Man",
",",
"as",
"the",
"coach",
"of",
"the",
"Il",
"ly",
"ria",
"team",
".",
"In",
"2007",
",",
"he",
"played",
"Mc",
"Star",
"ley",
"in",
"The",
"Con",
"dem",
"ned",
",",
"a",
"film",
"about",
"death",
"row",
"in",
"m",
"ates",
"forced",
"to",
"fight",
"to",
"the",
"death",
"on",
"a",
"rem",
"ote",
"island",
".",
"Jones",
"was",
"a",
"house",
"m",
"ate",
"on",
"the",
"re",
"ality",
"television",
"show",
"C",
"ele",
"br",
"ity",
"Big",
"Bro",
"ther",
"7",
"in",
"2010",
",",
"and",
"celebr",
"ated",
"his",
"45",
"th",
"birth",
"day",
"while",
"he",
"participated",
".",
"He",
"received",
"l",
"oud",
"che",
"ers",
"as",
"he",
"entered",
"the",
"house",
"and",
"was",
"the",
"fav",
"our",
"ite",
"to",
"win",
"going",
"into",
"the",
"house",
",",
"but",
"he",
"did",
"not",
"maintain",
"popular",
"ity",
"with",
"the",
"public",
";",
"the",
"c",
"row",
"d",
"ch",
"anted",
"\"",
"get",
"V",
"inn",
"ie",
"out",
"\"",
"on",
"the",
"final",
"night",
"and",
"bo",
"o",
"ed",
"him",
"as",
"he",
"left",
"the",
"house",
"after",
"he",
"finished",
"in",
"third",
"place",
".",
"Spe",
"aking",
"of",
"his",
"experience",
"on",
"the",
"show",
",",
"he",
"said",
":",
"\"",
"It",
"was",
"like",
"One",
"Fle",
"w",
"Over",
"the",
"C",
"uck",
"oo",
"'",
"s",
"N",
"est",
"in",
"there",
"β",
"and",
"I",
"was",
"Jack",
"N",
"ich",
"ol",
"son",
".\"",
"Jones",
"played",
"a",
"professional",
"kill",
"er",
"in",
"the",
"K",
"az",
"akh",
"st",
"ani",
"film",
"Li",
"qu",
"id",
"ator",
"in",
"2011",
".",
"His",
"character",
"is",
"an",
"el",
"ite",
"ass",
"ass",
"in",
"inv",
"ited",
"to",
"elimin",
"ate",
"the",
"main",
"character",
".",
"Pro",
"duc",
"ers",
"of",
"the",
"film",
"deal",
"t",
"with",
"the",
"K",
"az",
"akh",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"English",
"language",
"b",
"arr",
"ier",
"by",
"writing",
"Jones",
"'",
"character",
"as",
"a",
"m",
"ute",
"who",
"does",
"not",
"spe",
"ak",
".",
"In",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"he",
"played",
"Z",
"ed",
"in",
"the",
"movie",
"Bl",
"ood",
"Out",
".",
"He",
"played",
"a",
"role",
"in",
"the",
"Hungarian",
"film",
"The",
"Mag",
"ic",
"Boy",
"s",
"in",
"2012",
".",
"That",
"same",
"year",
",",
"he",
"vo",
"iced",
"Fred",
"die",
"the",
"D",
"og",
"in",
"Mad",
"ag",
"as",
"car",
"3",
":",
"Europe",
"'",
"s",
"Most",
"W",
"anted",
".",
"He",
"co",
"-",
"starr",
"ed",
"alongside",
"Sy",
"l",
"ves",
"ter",
"St",
"all",
"one",
"and",
"Ar",
"n",
"old",
"Sch",
"war",
"z",
"ene",
"g",
"ger",
"in",
"the",
"action",
"-",
"thr",
"iller",
"E",
"sc",
"ape",
"Plan",
",",
"released",
"in",
"2013",
",",
"and",
"was",
"featured",
"with",
"D",
"ann",
"y",
"Tre",
"jo",
"in",
"the",
"2014",
"hor",
"ror",
"-",
"thr",
"iller",
"Re",
"aper",
".",
"In",
"2021",
",",
"Jones",
"competed",
"in",
"the",
"third",
"season",
"of",
"the",
"Australian",
"version",
"of",
"The",
"M",
"asked",
"Sing",
"er",
"as",
"\"",
"Vol",
"can",
"o",
"\".",
"He",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"contest",
"ant",
"elimin",
"ated",
".",
"Personal",
"life",
"H",
"aving",
"met",
"T",
"any",
"a",
"Ter",
"ry",
"when",
"they",
"were",
"both",
"12",
"years",
"old",
"and",
"next",
"-",
"door",
"neigh",
"b",
"ours",
"in",
"Wat",
"ford",
",",
"Jones",
"later",
"married",
"her",
"in",
"1994",
".",
"T",
"any",
"a",
"had",
"a",
"daughter",
"by",
"her",
"first",
"husband",
",",
"footballer",
"Steve",
"Ter",
"ry",
".",
"Jones",
"has",
"a",
"son",
",",
"A",
"ar",
"on",
"El",
"list",
"on",
"-",
"Jones",
",",
"with",
"his",
"ex",
"-",
"girl",
"friend",
"My",
"l",
"ene",
"El",
"list",
"on",
".",
"A",
"ar",
"on",
"was",
"born",
"in",
"1991",
".",
"In",
"November",
"2013",
",",
"Jones",
"received",
"treatment",
"after",
"find",
"ing",
"sign",
"s",
"of",
"sk",
"in",
"cancer",
"below",
"his",
"e",
"ye",
".",
"At",
"some",
"point",
",",
"his",
"wife",
"was",
"also",
"di",
"agn",
"os",
"ed",
"with",
"sk",
"in",
"cancer",
",",
"which",
"then",
"spread",
"to",
"her",
"br",
"ain",
"by",
"2018",
".",
"Jones",
"was",
"at",
"her",
"bed",
"side",
"during",
"her",
"death",
"of",
"cancer",
"on",
"6",
"July",
"2019",
".",
"He",
"discuss",
"ed",
"her",
"death",
"during",
"an",
"appearance",
"on",
"P",
"iers",
"M",
"organ",
"'",
"s",
"Life",
"St",
"ories",
"in",
"September",
"2020",
",",
"and",
"said",
"that",
"he",
"does",
"not",
"plan",
"to",
"re",
"marr",
"y",
".",
"In",
"1998",
",",
"Jones",
"p",
"enn",
"ed",
"an",
"au",
"to",
"b",
"iography",
"called",
"V",
"inn",
"ie",
":",
"The",
"Au",
"to",
"b",
"iography",
",",
"which",
"was",
"later",
"re",
"vised",
"and",
"re",
"prin",
"ted",
"to",
"include",
"information",
"on",
"his",
"first",
"film",
"appearance",
".",
"Since",
"2021",
",",
"he",
"has",
"divided",
"his",
"time",
"between",
"Los",
"Angeles",
"and",
"Pet",
"worth",
",",
"West",
"Sus",
"sex",
".",
"He",
"is",
"a",
"sup",
"por",
"ter",
"of",
"the",
"Conserv",
"ative",
"Party",
"and",
"once",
"described",
"himself",
"as",
"\"",
"very",
"pr",
"oud",
"of",
"being",
"British",
",",
"very",
"pro",
"the",
"mon",
"arch",
"y",
",",
"and",
"very",
"conserv",
"ative",
"\".",
"Cr",
"imin",
"al",
"charg",
"es",
"Jones",
"was",
"conv",
"icted",
"in",
"June",
"1998",
"of",
"ass",
"ault",
"occas",
"ion",
"ing",
"act",
"ual",
"b",
"od",
"ily",
"h",
"arm",
"and",
"crimin",
"al",
"damage",
"against",
"a",
"neigh",
"bour",
"in",
"November",
"1997",
".",
"Jones",
"was",
"conv",
"icted",
"in",
"December",
"2003",
"of",
"ass",
"ault",
"and",
"threat",
"ening",
"beh",
"avi",
"our",
"on",
"an",
"aircraft",
"for",
"an",
"air",
"r",
"age",
"inc",
"ident",
",",
"during",
"which",
"he",
"sl",
"ap",
"ped",
"a",
"pass",
"enger",
"in",
"the",
"face",
"and",
"threat",
"ened",
"to",
"murder",
"the",
"cab",
"in",
"crew",
"while",
"dr",
"unk",
"on",
"an",
"aircraft",
".",
"He",
"was",
"fin",
"ed",
"Β£",
"1",
",",
"100",
"()",
"and",
"ordered",
"to",
"perform",
"80",
"hours",
"of",
"community",
"service",
".",
"As",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"the",
"conv",
"iction",
",",
"Her",
"t",
"ford",
"shire",
"police",
"rev",
"ok",
"ed",
"Jones",
"'",
"fire",
"arms",
"lic",
"ence",
"and",
"se",
"ized",
"the",
"weap",
"ons",
"listed",
"on",
"the",
"lic",
"ence",
".",
"Career",
"statistics",
"Club",
"International",
"Hon",
"ours",
"We",
"ald",
"stone",
"All",
"iance",
"Premier",
"League",
":",
"1984",
"β",
"85",
"I",
"F",
"K",
"Hol",
"ms",
"und",
"Division",
"3",
"M",
"eller",
"st",
"a",
"Nor",
"r",
"land",
":",
"1986",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"FA",
"Cup",
":",
"1987",
"β",
"88",
"Le",
"eds",
"United",
"Football",
"League",
"Second",
"Division",
":",
"1989",
"β",
"90",
"Film",
"ography",
"Film",
"Television",
"Music",
"v",
"ide",
"os",
"West",
"life",
"-",
"β",
"B",
"op",
"B",
"op",
"Ba",
"by",
"β",
"(",
"2002",
")",
"As",
"Duke",
"V",
"in",
"cent",
",",
"the",
"v",
"il",
"est",
"man",
"in",
"the",
"king",
"dom",
"for",
"money",
".",
"The",
"band",
"members",
"serve",
"as",
"Mus",
"k",
"et",
"e",
"ers",
"who",
"are",
"im",
"prison",
"ed",
"in",
"a",
"d",
"un",
"ge",
"on",
"by",
"the",
"Duke",
".",
"Steve",
"A",
"ok",
"i",
"&",
"L",
"O",
"O",
"P",
"ER",
"S",
"-",
"\"",
"P",
"ika",
"P",
"ika",
"\"",
"(",
"2018",
")",
"Origin",
"ally",
"film",
"ed",
"for",
"Steve",
"A",
"ok",
"i",
"&",
"Kn",
"ife",
"Party",
"-",
"\"",
"P",
"iled",
"river",
"\",",
"but",
"the",
"original",
"video",
"was",
"un",
"released",
"and",
"the",
"foot",
"age",
"was",
"re",
"-",
"ed",
"ited",
"and",
"re",
"used",
"Dis",
"co",
"graphy",
"Stud",
"io",
"albums",
"2002",
":",
"Res",
"pect",
"Sing",
"les",
"\"",
"W",
"o",
"ol",
"y",
"Bul",
"ly",
"\"",
"(",
"1993",
")",
"Awards",
"and",
"nomin",
"ations",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"1965",
"births",
"Living",
"people",
"Football",
"ers",
"from",
"Wat",
"ford",
"Wel",
"sh",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"footballers",
"Wales",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"international",
"footballers",
"English",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"footballers",
"Wel",
"sh",
"people",
"of",
"English",
"descent",
"Wel",
"sh",
"people",
"of",
"Irish",
"descent",
"English",
"people",
"of",
"Wel",
"sh",
"descent",
"English",
"people",
"of",
"Irish",
"descent",
"20th",
"-",
"century",
"Wel",
"sh",
"male",
"actors",
"21st",
"-",
"century",
"Wel",
"sh",
"male",
"actors",
"20th",
"-",
"century",
"English",
"male",
"actors",
"21st",
"-",
"century",
"English",
"male",
"actors",
"Men",
"'",
"s",
"association",
"football",
"mid",
"field",
"ers",
"C",
"hel",
"sea",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players",
"Conserv",
"ative",
"Party",
"(",
"UK",
")",
"people",
"English",
"expatriate",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"footballers",
"English",
"expatriate",
"sportspeople",
"in",
"Sweden",
"English",
"expatriate",
"sportspeople",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"English",
"Football",
"League",
"players",
"English",
"male",
"film",
"actors",
"English",
"male",
"sing",
"ers",
"English",
"people",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"ass",
"ault",
"English",
"male",
"television",
"actors",
"Ex",
"patriate",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"footballers",
"in",
"Sweden",
"Ex",
"patriate",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"s",
"occer",
"players",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Holly",
"wood",
"United",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players",
"I",
"F",
"K",
"Hol",
"ms",
"und",
"players",
"Le",
"eds",
"United",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players",
"M",
"ale",
"actors",
"from",
"Her",
"t",
"ford",
"shire",
"Music",
"ians",
"from",
"Her",
"t",
"ford",
"shire",
"National",
"League",
"(",
"English",
"football",
")",
"players",
"People",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"ass",
"ault",
"occas",
"ion",
"ing",
"act",
"ual",
"b",
"od",
"ily",
"h",
"arm",
"Premier",
"League",
"players",
"Queens",
"Park",
"R",
"ang",
"ers",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players",
"She",
"ff",
"ield",
"United",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players",
"Sportspeople",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"cr",
"imes",
"Tel",
"star",
"Records",
"artists",
"We",
"ald",
"stone",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players",
"W",
"imb",
"led",
"on",
"F",
".",
"C",
".",
"players"
] | [
58,
24581,
24804,
26638,
27902,
12,
25049,
25,
25352,
27495,
13,
24593,
69,
25320,
27032,
16,
25126,
24582,
16,
24596,
25346,
26350,
27507,
18,
27902,
25350,
25739,
24602,
24904,
24594,
69,
25808,
26574,
25884,
74,
25025,
24795,
24672,
26812,
24601,
26082,
16,
24809,
26729,
24618,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
16,
24843,
26311,
24994,
16,
25079,
25078,
25194,
24994,
16,
39,
25280,
27362,
16,
24596,
28496,
25840,
54,
24822,
24629,
18,
24736,
24762,
25350,
24618,
24596,
25238,
27067,
24585,
28397,
24690,
25743,
25036,
16,
26296,
29959,
25172,
69,
28397,
24690,
27254,
25041,
24609,
18,
26279,
24600,
25537,
24588,
24618,
24684,
24978,
24590,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
24594,
69,
84,
24622,
24643,
24591,
25537,
24595,
24585,
28211,
6,
39,
24840,
27953,
43,
24822,
25243,
24607,
25400,
24585,
26637,
26668,
25782,
25738,
24651,
24585,
25712,
25615,
16,
69,
25559,
24618,
24763,
24607,
25350,
24752,
24706,
25736,
25104,
24907,
24878,
24731,
87,
25142,
26801,
24596,
26167,
18,
24736,
25350,
26422,
25736,
24581,
24585,
28623,
25375,
16,
24581,
24763,
24607,
27116,
25143,
27666,
18,
29749,
24767,
24684,
25513,
16,
27902,
29546,
69,
24600,
25837,
24626,
24618,
25301,
24599,
25541,
24613,
24601,
69,
25036,
16,
24651,
24684,
29328,
24638,
25955,
24723,
24596,
26694,
25686,
24631,
24665,
25810,
26388,
25698,
24595,
24755,
16,
24717,
25925,
25047,
69,
6,
26937,
24710,
6,
29344,
24584,
24596,
24894,
24585,
25401,
16,
24596,
24584,
27567,
16,
25072,
24607,
24593,
26133,
26747,
25688,
24594,
26869,
24609,
28365,
24702,
24596,
24580,
24880,
87,
18,
24906,
24583,
27032,
16,
24684,
24932,
24596,
25780,
25513,
25623,
24651,
48,
25467,
16,
29537,
24596,
27068,
25995,
24834,
24599,
25497,
25050,
87,
12,
26167,
24758,
24618,
24684,
26957,
27099,
24583,
27498,
25482,
24618,
26279,
24871,
24665,
24582,
16,
25115,
24581,
55,
82,
25229,
12,
25807,
24758,
24607,
25400,
24585,
27498,
25482,
24618,
26279,
25320,
37,
25158,
18,
26594,
29178,
26727,
24783,
25915,
43,
24748,
24581,
26366,
26832,
87,
12,
25807,
24758,
25443,
24583,
49,
24769,
24734,
12,
25933,
24758,
24627,
27381,
38,
24661,
24648,
12,
25783,
24758,
24889,
24664,
24594,
12,
25710,
24758,
60,
17,
26385,
30,
24627,
48,
24745,
28709,
12,
25562,
24758,
24627,
54,
24630,
26393,
12,
25557,
24758,
24627,
26344,
26540,
25443,
24590,
25024,
24667,
12,
25505,
24758,
26099,
25954,
12,
25531,
24758,
24627,
29694,
12,
25476,
24758,
29078,
24651,
29078,
12,
25512,
24758,
24627,
26583,
79,
24645,
73,
24629,
12,
25590,
24758,
26365,
43,
93,
24735,
12,
25600,
24758,
50,
39,
27155,
30,
26870,
27292,
12,
25655,
13,
24596,
54,
25279,
24595,
24585,
42,
24922,
26090,
25092,
25156,
24628,
25080,
12,
25785,
24874,
26580,
25372,
58,
24581,
24804,
26638,
27902,
24625,
25049,
24584,
25,
25352,
27495,
16,
24581,
29529,
25579,
16,
25503,
88,
25579,
26249,
16,
24585,
24951,
24595,
25899,
24725,
69,
12,
82,
28966,
26886,
24593,
13,
24596,
25436,
29087,
24726,
26638,
27902,
18,
24736,
27446,
26799,
24581,
28852,
38,
24588,
27629,
24596,
25762,
70,
26392,
48,
24822,
25145,
16,
24596,
25238,
27067,
24684,
25228,
11,
87,
25128,
25036,
16,
24596,
25350,
24618,
24684,
25763,
25128,
25036,
24581,
24585,
25879,
24595,
38,
24588,
27629,
16,
24581,
24585,
28336,
54,
24877,
25730,
24595,
25503,
88,
25579,
26249,
18,
25954,
24595,
24684,
27254,
81,
26662,
24625,
27133,
24672,
28414,
24823,
16,
24596,
24585,
24858,
24625,
28397,
24690,
16,
24763,
25163,
29959,
25047,
24601,
24755,
24618,
27244,
18,
26178,
25513,
26188,
25513,
25472,
26624,
27195,
44,
25723,
26426,
24631,
26628,
24594,
69,
26796,
24638,
24582,
24581,
25763,
24611,
29736,
25128,
16,
69,
24617,
17,
24854,
17,
24867,
27902,
24625,
26477,
24584,
29207,
17,
26350,
28188,
24647,
25472,
26624,
27195,
24595,
24585,
25361,
28110,
28623,
25375,
24581,
26812,
18,
37,
26181,
26012,
24601,
24585,
27008,
27150,
25472,
26624,
27195,
25036,
16,
24763,
24625,
27778,
24601,
26326,
24585,
24818,
25034,
25559,
24601,
24769,
28281,
24585,
25946,
17,
26425,
6,
28605,
6,
24581,
24585,
26812,
4992,
28593,
25042,
16,
24607,
24625,
69,
25946,
17,
26628,
27864,
25537,
24581,
24585,
25559,
11,
87,
27996,
24590,
59,
25184,
25145,
28847,
24581,
24585,
26849,
26668,
28399,
28249,
25738,
18,
24736,
29570,
26628,
25128,
24651,
26609,
24594,
69,
76,
24694,
26262,
25092,
24584,
26715,
28581,
18,
27224,
24583,
24601,
45,
42,
47,
26083,
25865,
25324,
24736,
25350,
24748,
25042,
24584,
29411,
24651,
28165,
25559,
45,
42,
47,
26083,
25865,
25324,
24581,
26801,
16,
26709,
24599,
24601,
25246,
24585,
25036,
24601,
24585,
26141,
23,
49,
29845,
24606,
69,
25011,
86,
24775,
26063,
18,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
24657,
24585,
26505,
25818,
24595,
26801,
16,
69,
25004,
17,
24854,
17,
24867,
27902,
25244,
69,
26453,
17,
24978,
26350,
27507,
25091,
24607,
24625,
26477,
24647,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
24595,
24585,
26204,
26141,
16,
24831,
29465,
25472,
26624,
27195,
130,
24975,
16,
25348,
24618,
25047,
18,
24736,
27116,
24581,
25089,
24684,
25179,
27775,
24618,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
24584,
25633,
25406,
26801,
16,
24581,
69,
21,
4992,
20,
25857,
24752,
29901,
24994,
18,
24736,
24625,
69,
25537,
24595,
24585,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
25036,
24763,
25400,
24585,
26668,
25782,
24581,
26637,
16,
24636,
25105,
26425,
24610,
27887,
48,
25140,
28278,
21,
4992,
20,
24581,
24585,
25738,
18,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
29534,
24588,
24862,
28259,
24594,
69,
24839,
24630,
24914,
26204,
26141,
25615,
25104,
24927,
24978,
16,
24651,
27902,
26521,
24684,
25364,
24594,
24583,
24587,
27335,
77,
29105,
24596,
24631,
24665,
25810,
26388,
24633,
24601,
89,
24743,
25884,
74,
25025,
24795,
24596,
69,
27000,
25537,
24595,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
11,
87,
25107,
24588,
39,
24840,
27953,
43,
24822,
18,
24843,
26311,
24994,
27902,
24625,
28717,
24672,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
24601,
24843,
26311,
24994,
24618,
69,
24828,
73,
24595,
130,
26,
25681,
16,
25348,
24581,
25347,
26626,
16,
24596,
25350,
24581,
24663,
24835,
24748,
26425,
25736,
24594,
24843,
26311,
26888,
24594,
24610,
27887,
24595,
24585,
26832,
26141,
16,
27099,
26284,
24602,
24601,
24585,
26204,
26141,
24581,
26490,
18,
27902,
27260,
24607,
25803,
25093,
24723,
16,
24596,
25016,
24585,
24606,
24774,
24695,
24929,
24595,
27390,
24695,
26049,
27645,
24951,
16,
24607,
25774,
25089,
25151,
29904,
71,
25598,
25104,
24585,
27239,
25042,
18,
25079,
25078,
25194,
24994,
27902,
25475,
24843,
26311,
24994,
25551,
24581,
24585,
26490,
4992,
29,
21,
25042,
24942,
29745,
24684,
26861,
24818,
17,
25036,
25468,
24601,
26181,
24606,
24629,
26148,
29348,
24819,
24596,
43,
24713,
28071,
24588,
18,
25496,
25346,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
27750,
40,
24820,
27609,
26304,
26477,
25047,
24618,
25079,
25078,
25194,
24994,
24581,
25322,
26490,
24618,
69,
27129,
24828,
73,
24595,
130,
27,
24799,
16,
25348,
18,
24736,
25350,
69,
26238,
24595,
26400,
27752,
24618,
24627,
25241,
27345,
24581,
24585,
26204,
26141,
16,
29587,
24907,
27666,
18,
39,
25280,
27362,
27902,
24625,
25115,
26090,
24601,
39,
25280,
27362,
69,
24854,
25163,
24584,
25402,
25313,
26487,
16,
24618,
69,
24828,
73,
24595,
130,
25,
27183,
16,
25348,
18,
27902,
25167,
24684,
39,
25280,
27362,
26097,
24748,
25058,
24942,
24684,
25314,
24599,
24581,
24585,
24,
4992,
21,
25857,
25296,
48,
24660,
24584,
18,
24964,
24722,
25322,
26487,
16,
27902,
27116,
24684,
24818,
26891,
24618,
24585,
25559,
24581,
24585,
22,
4992,
20,
25857,
25296,
37,
26427,
26988,
69,
18,
24736,
26003,
24584,
24601,
26127,
28774,
26238,
28357,
24618,
39,
25280,
27362,
16,
29587,
27,
27666,
24596,
25325,
25113,
25089,
23,
29904,
71,
25598,
18,
28432,
24935,
24601,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
25302,
25871,
24748,
25042,
24590,
24709,
24611,
25579,
28965,
16,
24607,
24625,
25152,
24651,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
24581,
24585,
25551,
24606,
25434,
24595,
24585,
26362,
4992,
29,
23,
25042,
16,
25091,
24585,
28623,
25375,
24798,
25871,
24948,
25648,
18,
24736,
28477,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
25999,
24591,
24862,
26066,
25034,
26425,
27652,
24581,
26437,
4992,
29,
24,
16,
25091,
25002,
26888,
29908,
24581,
24585,
28623,
25375,
18,
28336,
27353,
25163,
16,
24607,
27391,
24588,
24601,
26054,
26707,
25042,
24618,
24585,
25559,
16,
24831,
27375,
24585,
29207,
17,
28373,
24595,
25379,
24585,
26668,
25782,
24596,
24585,
25375,
25782,
16,
24596,
26888,
73,
29850,
24581,
24585,
28623,
25375,
18,
27910,
25042,
24607,
27116,
24585,
27099,
26891,
24594,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
25400,
21,
4992,
20,
25296,
24780,
25948,
24591,
24590,
25626,
27769,
18,
28496,
25840,
54,
24822,
24629,
25496,
25179,
24707,
24598,
24672,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
26206,
25091,
24607,
25244,
25811,
19,
26015,
24595,
53,
52,
54,
24581,
25551,
26167,
16,
29587,
24584,
24684,
26097,
25296,
44,
24711,
72,
24629,
25401,
26278,
18,
24736,
26091,
24684,
29594,
24718,
24672,
25128,
24581,
26075,
26167,
24590,
24585,
24754,
24595,
26844,
18,
25731,
25513,
24657,
25422,
26360,
27902,
24625,
25533,
24581,
24585,
28397,
24690,
25743,
27864,
16,
26597,
28421,
25016,
27927,
26668,
29232,
26851,
24684,
27436,
24580,
24581,
17,
25049,
26804,
82,
24591,
27254,
25919,
18,
24736,
24798,
27408,
87,
26001,
24601,
24755,
24618,
24585,
26681,
24595,
26779,
25769,
24601,
24613,
24628,
27866,
25172,
69,
27254,
25041,
24609,
18,
24736,
25167,
24684,
26101,
26097,
25016,
28725,
26825,
24618,
27244,
24584,
25129,
25422,
26360,
16,
24581,
69,
23,
4992,
20,
25664,
28826,
24601,
29598,
24677,
24581,
24585,
25362,
83,
29,
26,
26597,
24692,
26306,
18,
26098,
26825,
24625,
27196,
24594,
27244,
27750,
24647,
27902,
4998,
87,
25346,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
27750,
27698,
24647,
43,
24900,
69,
26375,
26969,
25163,
16,
24607,
27093,
69,
26861,
25537,
24595,
24585,
28397,
24690,
25743,
27864,
18,
24736,
24625,
25238,
25437,
28139,
26418,
24618,
27244,
16,
24585,
25812,
24595,
24763,
26206,
24584,
25633,
25317,
26252,
24581,
69,
22,
4992,
21,
28826,
24601,
29888,
25394,
24581,
69,
25166,
25782,
26597,
24692,
25092,
16,
24762,
24590,
28245,
26925,
24780,
25865,
25840,
18,
27902,
11,
26101,
25230,
17,
24772,
24625,
26537,
75,
25874,
24588,
24651,
24652,
24606,
25369,
24626,
24647,
25191,
24596,
24625,
26142,
27307,
24597,
29615,
24647,
27547,
25148,
28202,
26625,
16,
24831,
25860,
16,
6,
28655,
16,
27195,
24885,
5,
25472,
11,
24961,
24798,
71,
24670,
24667,
73,
16,
24816,
29067,
93,
24596,
24780,
25948,
24591,
29587,
24907,
27666,
24590,
25664,
18,
26885,
25871,
25091,
27065,
28208,
25201,
24747,
24664,
89,
24633,
25159,
25281,
24666,
27622,
25475,
24581,
25128,
16,
58,
25021,
24716,
27902,
26145,
87,
24767,
24601,
24636,
24583,
26101,
25811,
5,
25157,
26390,
24599,
25698,
27902,
24625,
25137,
24618,
24684,
6,
26937,
24710,
6,
29344,
24584,
24585,
28415,
18,
24736,
24625,
26171,
24894,
25074,
26418,
24581,
24684,
25513,
16,
24594,
25173,
24594,
25771,
24599,
24585,
25210,
24618,
24585,
28503,
24655,
25034,
25756,
24599,
24581,
69,
25128,
25806,
16,
25270,
25756,
24588,
24942,
25871,
25842,
25179,
87,
24618,
69,
74,
26786,
24584,
24585,
24644,
25654,
25811,
40,
25713,
26680,
25470,
16,
24581,
24583,
26668,
25782,
88,
24716,
25142,
39,
25280,
27362,
24596,
25079,
25078,
25194,
24994,
24581,
26362,
18,
24657,
24684,
24786,
24601,
70,
26379,
16,
24607,
24600,
25230,
87,
30,
6,
45,
27139,
24920,
24948,
27639,
25153,
16,
27639,
91,
27351,
16,
27639,
26707,
24586,
27639,
25551,
16,
25936,
16,
24942,
25151,
25179,
87,
16,
45,
25803,
26937,
24633,
24920,
24948,
27639,
29288,
93,
26075,
5,
6,
24657,
24583,
25290,
25063,
24581,
25336,
26637,
16,
27902,
24625,
28211,
24633,
29649,
24588,
25445,
88,
24633,
24699,
24662,
70,
24599,
26108,
43,
24594,
24869,
24628,
24687,
24647,
24684,
25881,
26810,
25104,
69,
26425,
25436,
24618,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
25296,
24871,
28931,
24994,
18,
24924,
27089,
25388,
24675,
24736,
24762,
24625,
24585,
25126,
24582,
24595,
24585,
24581,
28211,
55,
28175,
11,
87,
29508,
26385,
26221,
25385,
24581,
26362,
16,
24763,
27104,
25340,
25199,
28086,
24754,
24595,
25047,
24596,
25160,
24858,
6,
26937,
25203,
6,
24595,
24585,
25436,
16,
24596,
25922,
24614,
26192,
24618,
29660,
28783,
6,
26937,
25203,
25157,
25302,
24585,
26627,
24595,
24585,
26221,
16,
27902,
24625,
24943,
24588,
130,
24623,
16,
25348,
24596,
26207,
69,
25822,
17,
27487,
25870,
12,
29120,
25396,
24618,
25151,
25100,
13,
24618,
6,
28385,
24599,
24585,
25436,
25000,
24913,
24600,
84,
25412,
25157,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
29369,
26333,
26549,
81,
24611,
24816,
27830,
27902,
69,
6,
29051,
24715,
24598,
83,
24816,
24667,
25157,
25302,
24927,
25290,
25063,
16,
27902,
28470,
24601,
29831,
24767,
24595,
24664,
24603,
25644,
18,
25302,
24707,
27106,
24599,
25929,
26538,
77,
24659,
27761,
26517,
24682,
25042,
16,
24607,
24625,
26995,
25098,
27198,
24981,
24588,
24601,
48,
25353,
25666,
43,
24688,
16,
24585,
25342,
28456,
24595,
24627,
26178,
26196,
16,
24835,
28470,
24601,
25447,
18,
24627,
26668,
70,
24910,
24588,
27902,
24581,
27347,
24598,
24959,
18,
27902,
26153,
26579,
24682,
24607,
24798,
6,
29014,
24772,
6,
24585,
27478,
24595,
24585,
24607,
27720,
16,
24618,
24763,
24607,
25774,
69,
25253,
17,
25806,
25870,
24596,
24625,
28722,
24647,
26178,
26196,
29644,
24601,
6,
26678,
24772,
25157,
27902,
28627,
24588,
25163,
30,
6,
24627,
26668,
24920,
26207,
24885,
69,
25553,
24584,
24585,
25152,
18,
45,
11,
24961,
26846,
26869,
24881,
24894,
24585,
24621,
29777,
24596,
27034,
24585,
28415,
6,
4992,
24583,
24870,
25940,
24600,
25947,
24601,
24585,
25128,
27593,
24612,
27035,
25284,
29624,
24763,
24798,
25237,
24789,
24588,
24585,
25407,
25436,
25104,
24585,
28367,
24596,
28210,
18,
26594,
25128,
28076,
27902,
25167,
24583,
27775,
24618,
28622,
24593,
24604,
24994,
16,
26469,
24584,
24594,
69,
25179,
17,
26202,
25097,
26217,
24581,
25933,
24581,
69,
26187,
24633,
25296,
27133,
25036,
25079,
80,
28801,
16,
25036,
24599,
24772,
24651,
26187,
28409,
27312,
24997,
24823,
87,
24831,
24625,
27750,
24590,
24585,
24978,
18,
24657,
25347,
25449,
16,
24607,
25385,
69,
25415,
25981,
25138,
24606,
25105,
24682,
24607,
24625,
26733,
25105,
24684,
26637,
26668,
25782,
28754,
26720,
24601,
24585,
74,
24841,
24595,
37,
26157,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
16,
91,
24679,
24599,
24585,
25559,
24585,
26066,
24618,
24585,
27884,
18,
24627,
26720,
24593,
24913,
25350,
24590,
24585,
25559,
11,
87,
24606,
27475,
18,
24736,
28671,
24633,
25612,
24594,
25559,
26270,
24595,
25946,
17,
26425,
28029,
25484,
26278,
54,
24822,
24629,
18,
24657,
25642,
16,
27902,
26530,
24584,
24585,
45,
25905,
25339,
29637,
11,
87,
25503,
29305,
16,
24805,
27104,
25346,
25128,
27750,
29637,
26152,
25007,
26212,
28039,
24599,
25978,
69,
27864,
24595,
25346,
25921,
26101,
26450,
25152,
28066,
24596,
27001,
93,
24618,
24748,
25812,
25436,
16,
29217,
69,
26269,
26463,
26949,
25036,
18,
28457,
26628,
24618,
27244,
25104,
24684,
26350,
25513,
16,
27902,
28671,
24633,
25676,
24791,
24581,
28955,
27068,
24596,
25350,
24618,
24585,
25921,
25247,
26949,
24581,
24748,
24595,
24862,
91,
25425,
24772,
25736,
25296,
25740,
24829,
26093,
24961,
24621,
24841,
18,
25928,
24599,
25513,
24657,
26167,
16,
27902,
25167,
24684,
24932,
26097,
24581,
25409,
93,
54,
26037,
24716,
11,
87,
29499,
28065,
48,
25467,
16,
29537,
24596,
27068,
25995,
24834,
24599,
25497,
25050,
87,
16,
24581,
24763,
24607,
25350,
69,
81,
24870,
24587,
24618,
25040,
25533,
27381,
27329,
18,
25056,
24684,
26957,
16,
24607,
25400,
24585,
27498,
25482,
24618,
26279,
24871,
24665,
24582,
24581,
26082,
18,
24736,
24808,
25570,
24948,
26747,
25688,
24581,
26473,
29451,
24594,
28365,
24702,
24586,
25601,
27364,
16,
25260,
24585,
72,
24654,
24726,
26895,
17,
24618,
17,
76,
24792,
6,
27412,
25171,
17,
26071,
25584,
29651,
6,
24581,
25409,
93,
54,
26037,
24716,
11,
87,
25807,
25181,
24772,
55,
82,
25229,
16,
24618,
24763,
27902,
25400,
24585,
26279,
25320,
37,
25158,
24590,
24585,
29756,
27498,
26518,
24581,
25933,
18,
27902,
25244,
25137,
24601,
24868,
26062,
27826,
24581,
24585,
25807,
24932,
25930,
25019,
24595,
43,
24748,
24581,
26366,
26832,
87,
16,
24581,
24763,
24607,
25350,
55,
24844,
24581,
92,
18,
27238,
24927,
24625,
69,
25744,
26078,
24651,
27122,
27567,
24978,
16,
24607,
25089,
24798,
24748,
25315,
24595,
29885,
28988,
25936,
24684,
26096,
24625,
69,
26845,
24609,
16,
24601,
89,
24743,
24816,
24766,
25819,
18,
24736,
25036,
24588,
24772,
24651,
26319,
29652,
24597,
26236,
69,
25098,
24585,
25528,
24854,
24618,
24585,
25093,
29964,
25504,
24750,
27125,
16,
24581,
24763,
24607,
25350,
24748,
24595,
25149,
25024,
24668,
24612,
26191,
11,
87,
76,
25441,
25203,
18,
27902,
25350,
40,
24910,
93,
25443,
73,
26424,
24581,
25443,
24583,
49,
24769,
24734,
16,
69,
25933,
25320,
25930,
25019,
24595,
24585,
26343,
88,
24693,
25828,
24867,
87,
24932,
24627,
27623,
24655,
61,
24695,
18,
24736,
25350,
69,
25346,
29279,
24595,
24585,
25921,
25743,
25128,
25036,
16,
24831,
24593,
26171,
24601,
26990,
24596,
28307,
28362,
26539,
24595,
69,
25036,
24595,
24581,
81,
24855,
24831,
24755,
25296,
24585,
26990,
25309,
25598,
11,
25036,
18,
24657,
24585,
25783,
26288,
24932,
26655,
90,
24723,
24709,
25495,
25,
15,
16,
24607,
25350,
69,
27350,
24710,
24672,
27937,
18,
24736,
25350,
26054,
25128,
26078,
24594,
26431,
25176,
82,
24695,
16,
24585,
27406,
24595,
69,
29901,
24994,
25128,
27593,
24612,
27035,
28129,
16,
24581,
24585,
25783,
24932,
25362,
83,
25024,
24696,
18,
25496,
26315,
26078,
24625,
24581,
24585,
25562,
24932,
16,
60,
17,
26385,
30,
24627,
48,
24745,
28709,
16,
24594,
24585,
24665,
24597,
25756,
25601,
24667,
46,
28242,
25369,
26505,
16,
28698,
27968,
24604,
25845,
25064,
18,
24736,
25860,
24682,
24607,
25084,
25692,
24601,
24755,
46,
28242,
25369,
26505,
24581,
69,
24878,
24581,
17,
24894,
18,
25954,
24595,
24684,
27080,
24581,
24585,
24932,
27398,
45,
11,
81,
24585,
46,
28242,
25369,
26505,
16,
70,
26037,
5,
27687,
24625,
25413,
24584,
69,
24970,
17,
29837,
24657,
29230,
25041,
26004,
18,
24627,
25515,
24854,
16,
24607,
24625,
27104,
24581,
26054,
25128,
24932,
16,
25079,
11,
87,
24585,
25310,
16,
24594,
24585,
26015,
24595,
24585,
26472,
24633,
29504,
25036,
18,
24657,
25557,
16,
24607,
25350,
25629,
26966,
25145,
24581,
24627,
24924,
25826,
26428,
16,
69,
24932,
25150,
25303,
25032,
24581,
81,
24855,
27787,
24601,
27072,
24601,
24585,
25303,
24584,
69,
25930,
28338,
27730,
18,
27902,
24625,
69,
25470,
81,
24688,
24584,
24585,
24600,
25637,
25780,
25339,
39,
24909,
24816,
24683,
27381,
26300,
24703,
27,
24581,
25449,
16,
24596,
28123,
24712,
24684,
26691,
24580,
26653,
25058,
25293,
24607,
28876,
18,
24736,
25774,
80,
28739,
25697,
24629,
24594,
24607,
27918,
24585,
25470,
24596,
24625,
24585,
27288,
24714,
24850,
24601,
25857,
27871,
25000,
24585,
25470,
16,
24835,
24607,
25671,
24809,
29314,
26383,
24683,
24651,
24585,
25242,
31,
24585,
71,
25032,
72,
24610,
26860,
6,
25978,
58,
25021,
24716,
24767,
6,
24584,
24585,
25738,
26540,
24596,
24807,
83,
24588,
25047,
24594,
24607,
25475,
24585,
25470,
24942,
24607,
26888,
24581,
25859,
25468,
18,
28071,
25540,
24595,
24684,
28668,
24584,
24585,
25339,
16,
24607,
25860,
30,
6,
24805,
24625,
25692,
25954,
28794,
91,
27039,
24585,
39,
25776,
27340,
11,
87,
50,
24655,
24581,
25201,
4992,
24596,
45,
24625,
27582,
50,
24708,
24612,
24951,
25215,
27902,
25350,
69,
26350,
25949,
24582,
24581,
24585,
47,
25022,
29077,
24606,
26644,
24932,
25912,
24715,
24630,
25517,
24581,
25476,
18,
25496,
26096,
24593,
24583,
24613,
24850,
24732,
24732,
24581,
25212,
24863,
24601,
29401,
24688,
24585,
25039,
26096,
18,
25057,
26419,
24629,
24595,
24585,
24932,
27289,
88,
24651,
24585,
47,
25022,
29077,
17,
24601,
17,
25407,
25996,
70,
24848,
25092,
24647,
27281,
27902,
11,
26096,
24594,
69,
81,
25412,
24831,
26839,
24809,
24947,
24700,
18,
24657,
24585,
25515,
24854,
16,
24607,
25350,
62,
24588,
24581,
24585,
28636,
25241,
24946,
27159,
18,
24736,
25350,
69,
26078,
24581,
24585,
29864,
24932,
24627,
26282,
24597,
27376,
87,
24581,
25512,
18,
27910,
25515,
24854,
16,
24607,
26116,
29138,
29855,
28495,
24585,
40,
24776,
24581,
26431,
24638,
24594,
25653,
23,
30,
25506,
11,
87,
27286,
59,
26860,
18,
24736,
24869,
17,
27987,
24588,
28698,
25558,
80,
26048,
24621,
24709,
24663,
24748,
24596,
24780,
82,
24867,
25790,
25573,
94,
25410,
75,
26065,
24581,
24585,
26146,
17,
25093,
29964,
41,
24876,
26784,
29676,
16,
25385,
24581,
25578,
16,
24596,
24625,
27104,
24651,
40,
24910,
93,
28166,
25414,
24581,
24585,
25590,
26623,
27149,
17,
25093,
29964,
24693,
26397,
18,
24657,
25785,
16,
27902,
28170,
24581,
24585,
25859,
25042,
24595,
24585,
26007,
26147,
24595,
24627,
49,
28260,
26215,
24582,
24594,
6,
26462,
24995,
83,
25157,
24736,
24625,
24585,
24818,
29342,
24738,
29401,
24712,
18,
28172,
25372,
44,
25723,
25547,
56,
24956,
69,
26372,
25064,
25091,
25002,
24747,
25379,
25074,
25100,
24867,
24596,
26315,
17,
28993,
27513,
70,
26316,
24581,
29529,
25579,
16,
27902,
25163,
26160,
24803,
24581,
26360,
18,
56,
24956,
69,
24798,
69,
26672,
24647,
24803,
24818,
27950,
16,
27507,
29119,
26372,
25064,
18,
27902,
24808,
69,
24951,
16,
37,
24592,
24584,
25421,
25432,
24584,
17,
27902,
16,
24651,
24684,
24707,
17,
27456,
26187,
26158,
80,
25410,
25421,
25432,
24584,
18,
37,
24592,
24584,
24625,
25049,
24581,
26487,
18,
24657,
25406,
25578,
16,
27902,
25774,
29225,
24942,
26611,
24599,
25314,
87,
24595,
25252,
24581,
29577,
27962,
24684,
73,
27010,
18,
25197,
25191,
25992,
16,
24684,
26512,
24625,
24762,
25817,
29695,
24674,
24588,
24651,
25252,
24581,
29577,
16,
24763,
25115,
29697,
24601,
24803,
24816,
24667,
24647,
25625,
18,
27902,
24625,
24590,
24803,
27565,
25615,
25104,
24803,
25303,
24595,
29577,
24584,
26,
25363,
25655,
18,
24736,
28574,
24588,
24803,
25303,
25104,
24583,
27775,
24584,
52,
26306,
49,
25337,
11,
87,
26933,
24709,
26208,
24581,
25322,
25642,
16,
24596,
25860,
24682,
24607,
26839,
24809,
26874,
24601,
24600,
25715,
93,
18,
24657,
26167,
16,
27902,
84,
25187,
24588,
24583,
24786,
24601,
70,
26379,
25446,
58,
25021,
24716,
30,
24627,
25085,
24601,
70,
26379,
16,
24763,
24625,
25163,
24600,
29550,
24596,
24600,
28346,
24826,
24601,
25915,
26961,
24584,
24684,
24818,
24932,
27775,
18,
27169,
25785,
16,
24607,
24808,
28887,
24684,
24978,
25142,
26870,
27292,
24596,
27439,
27725,
16,
25526,
28845,
26569,
18,
24736,
24593,
69,
25263,
24729,
24621,
24595,
24585,
28127,
25077,
25970,
24596,
26995,
25896,
26821,
24594,
6,
25878,
24666,
28739,
24595,
25270,
25320,
16,
25878,
24685,
24585,
24981,
25340,
93,
16,
24596,
25878,
29439,
25077,
25157,
25709,
26416,
24591,
28001,
24589,
27902,
24625,
28376,
28665,
24581,
25347,
26167,
24595,
24732,
29705,
28305,
24602,
24599,
24756,
25132,
70,
24694,
25038,
76,
25425,
24596,
28365,
24591,
29701,
25296,
69,
27513,
26805,
24581,
25406,
26252,
18,
27902,
24625,
28376,
28665,
24581,
25422,
25877,
24595,
24732,
29705,
24596,
28124,
29894,
26591,
28992,
24714,
24584,
24583,
27057,
24618,
24583,
24911,
86,
24754,
25290,
25063,
16,
25104,
24763,
24607,
25608,
24654,
25437,
69,
25565,
28508,
24581,
24585,
26489,
24596,
28124,
28394,
24601,
28017,
24585,
29553,
24581,
28329,
25293,
24815,
27546,
24584,
24583,
27057,
18,
24736,
24625,
24943,
24588,
130,
21,
16,
26023,
26399,
24596,
28588,
24601,
27662,
26654,
28273,
24595,
26248,
25993,
18,
24906,
69,
26242,
24595,
24585,
28376,
26289,
16,
25503,
88,
25579,
26249,
27135,
29461,
24834,
24588,
27902,
11,
26582,
29010,
25020,
24881,
24596,
24620,
25380,
24585,
29185,
25285,
26791,
24584,
24585,
25020,
24881,
18,
27033,
29910,
26188,
25731,
26877,
26316,
25472,
26624,
27195,
25361,
28110,
28623,
25375,
30,
26812,
4992,
28593,
45,
42,
47,
26083,
25865,
25324,
26141,
23,
49,
29845,
24606,
69,
25011,
86,
24775,
30,
26801,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
26668,
25782,
30,
26753,
4992,
28067,
24843,
26311,
24994,
26178,
25375,
26832,
26141,
30,
26626,
4992,
26866,
25716,
27070,
25716,
27763,
25997,
90,
24814,
24674,
25526,
25372,
17,
5001,
38,
24644,
38,
24644,
27299,
24647,
5002,
12,
25908,
13,
24906,
28866,
58,
24581,
24804,
16,
24585,
90,
24608,
24655,
24710,
24581,
24585,
25889,
25784,
24618,
27907,
18,
24627,
25374,
25622,
28315,
24594,
26583,
79,
24645,
73,
24629,
24831,
24686,
24634,
26990,
24588,
24581,
69,
72,
24631,
24721,
24584,
24647,
24585,
28866,
18,
29119,
37,
24834,
77,
10,
48,
51,
51,
52,
29849,
55,
17,
6,
52,
28952,
52,
28952,
6,
12,
25625,
13,
28868,
24904,
24932,
24588,
24618,
29119,
37,
24834,
77,
10,
28144,
25048,
25970,
17,
6,
52,
28187,
27483,
25243,
24835,
24585,
25967,
26221,
24625,
24631,
25385,
24596,
24585,
28086,
24754,
24625,
24600,
17,
24588,
24863,
24596,
24600,
25030,
26276,
24869,
25485,
26247,
24860,
26451,
25908,
30,
25618,
25968,
26215,
24928,
6,
59,
83,
24612,
93,
27412,
24633,
6,
12,
26437,
13,
26518,
24596,
27105,
24833,
24838,
25065,
25051,
27495,
25393,
25766,
24941,
26178,
24629,
24672,
29529,
25579,
28397,
24690,
25203,
11,
87,
26450,
27244,
25203,
11,
87,
26101,
26450,
25407,
25203,
11,
87,
26450,
28397,
24690,
24941,
24595,
25407,
28341,
28397,
24690,
24941,
24595,
27133,
28341,
25407,
24941,
24595,
28397,
24690,
28341,
25407,
24941,
24595,
27133,
28341,
26025,
17,
25087,
28397,
24690,
25985,
27797,
26639,
17,
25087,
28397,
24690,
25985,
27797,
26025,
17,
25087,
25407,
25985,
27797,
26639,
17,
25087,
25407,
25985,
27797,
26385,
11,
87,
27304,
25128,
25884,
25401,
24629,
39,
25280,
27362,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053,
28127,
25077,
25970,
12,
26493,
13,
24941,
25407,
28262,
25203,
11,
87,
26450,
25407,
28262,
29744,
24581,
28980,
25407,
28262,
29744,
24581,
24585,
24994,
25131,
25407,
26178,
25375,
25053,
25407,
25985,
24932,
27797,
25407,
25985,
25095,
24629,
25407,
24941,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24732,
29705,
25407,
25985,
25780,
27797,
24889,
27127,
25203,
11,
87,
26450,
24581,
28980,
24889,
27127,
25203,
11,
87,
87,
28175,
25053,
24581,
24585,
24994,
25131,
29977,
25917,
24994,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053,
45,
42,
47,
26083,
25865,
25324,
25053,
24843,
26311,
24994,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053,
49,
24988,
27797,
24672,
25503,
88,
25579,
26249,
25997,
25297,
24672,
25503,
88,
25579,
26249,
25155,
25375,
12,
25407,
25128,
13,
25053,
25687,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24732,
29705,
28305,
24602,
24599,
24756,
25132,
70,
24694,
25038,
76,
25425,
28623,
25375,
25053,
28496,
25840,
54,
24822,
24629,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053,
25079,
25078,
25194,
24994,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053,
29729,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24810,
25463,
29691,
27482,
26545,
26940,
25472,
26624,
27195,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053,
59,
29308,
25121,
24584,
42,
18,
39,
18,
25053
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
2131956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero%20VIP%20%28Argentina%29 | Aero VIP (Argentina) | Aerovip was an airline based in Buenos Aires, Argentina (not to be confused with Aero VIP of Uruguay). It operates regional passenger services. Its main base is Ezeiza International Airport, Buenos Aires.
Operations were suspended in November 2004, with the airline in debt, but restarted operations in 2009. However, the airline ceased operations again in November 2010.
History
The airline was established on 15 March 1999 and started operations on 23 June 1999. It operated for a time as LAPA VIP and as ARG Express until sold back to its original owner. The airline was owned by Sebastian Agote. Operations were suspended in November 2004.
Teba, which held the concession for the Buenos Aires bus station, acquired a controlling stake in Aerovip in December 2004, buying shares representing 80% of the outstanding equity that belonged to Sebastian Agote. The other 20% will remain in hands of Eduardo Eurnekian, head of airport concessionaire Aeropuertos Argentina 2000. Aerovip has not been flying since October 3, 2004 and has debts of over US$9 million. In a meeting with the Aeronautic Union (APA),
the new owners committed to resume flights by December 20, 2004, and maintain the current payroll.
In 2005 it was announced that LAN Airlines would absorb LAFSA and Aero VIP into LAN Argentina. Pilots, stewards and maintenance personnel of LAN Argentina went on strike in November 2005 to protest at management's failure to hire 150 former workers of Aero VIP.
In 2009 the Leadgate group, owner 75% of the shares of the Uruguayan airline Pluna, buys Aerovip. The Argentine airline will restart operations in 2010 a former Pluna Bombardier CRJ-900. In November of the same year, Aerovip was absorbed by PLUNA.
Destinations
Aerovip operated the following services (at January 2005):
Domestic scheduled destinations: Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata and Villa Gesell.
International scheduled destinations: Montevideo and Punta del Este.
Fleet
The Aerovip fleet included the following aircraft (as of 18 February 2010) :
1 Bombardier CRJ-900ER
The aircraft was delivered in 2009, but deposed in 2010
Previously operated
1 Fairchild Metro III
6 BAe Jetstream 32EP
See also
List of defunct airlines of South America
References
Notes
External links
Official website
Article about end of operations, "Cronista Comercial" newspaper, 2010-11-16 (retrieved 2014-05-09)
Defunct airlines of Argentina
Airlines established in 1999
Airlines disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Argentina
Argentine companies established in 1999 | [
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
"was",
"an",
"air",
"line",
"based",
"in",
"Bu",
"en",
"os",
"Air",
"es",
",",
"Argent",
"ina",
"(",
"not",
"to",
"be",
"conf",
"used",
"with",
"A",
"ero",
"V",
"I",
"P",
"of",
"Ur",
"ugu",
"ay",
").",
"It",
"oper",
"ates",
"regional",
"pass",
"enger",
"services",
".",
"Its",
"main",
"base",
"is",
"E",
"ze",
"iz",
"a",
"International",
"Airport",
",",
"Bu",
"en",
"os",
"Air",
"es",
".",
"Oper",
"ations",
"were",
"susp",
"ended",
"in",
"November",
"2004",
",",
"with",
"the",
"air",
"line",
"in",
"deb",
"t",
",",
"but",
"rest",
"art",
"ed",
"operations",
"in",
"2009",
".",
"However",
",",
"the",
"air",
"line",
"ce",
"ased",
"operations",
"again",
"in",
"November",
"2010",
".",
"History",
"The",
"air",
"line",
"was",
"established",
"on",
"15",
"March",
"1999",
"and",
"started",
"operations",
"on",
"23",
"June",
"1999",
".",
"It",
"operated",
"for",
"a",
"time",
"as",
"LA",
"PA",
"V",
"I",
"P",
"and",
"as",
"AR",
"G",
"Ex",
"press",
"until",
"sold",
"back",
"to",
"its",
"original",
"owner",
".",
"The",
"air",
"line",
"was",
"owned",
"by",
"Se",
"b",
"ast",
"ian",
"Ag",
"ote",
".",
"Oper",
"ations",
"were",
"susp",
"ended",
"in",
"November",
"2004",
".",
"Te",
"ba",
",",
"which",
"held",
"the",
"con",
"cess",
"ion",
"for",
"the",
"Bu",
"en",
"os",
"Air",
"es",
"bus",
"station",
",",
"acquired",
"a",
"controll",
"ing",
"st",
"ake",
"in",
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
"in",
"December",
"2004",
",",
"bu",
"ying",
"sh",
"ares",
"represent",
"ing",
"80",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"out",
"standing",
"equ",
"ity",
"that",
"belong",
"ed",
"to",
"Se",
"b",
"ast",
"ian",
"Ag",
"ote",
".",
"The",
"other",
"20",
"%",
"will",
"remain",
"in",
"hand",
"s",
"of",
"E",
"du",
"ard",
"o",
"Eur",
"ne",
"k",
"ian",
",",
"head",
"of",
"air",
"port",
"con",
"cess",
"ion",
"a",
"ire",
"A",
"er",
"op",
"u",
"er",
"tos",
"Argent",
"ina",
"2000",
".",
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"f",
"lying",
"since",
"October",
"3",
",",
"2004",
"and",
"has",
"deb",
"ts",
"of",
"over",
"US",
"$",
"9",
"million",
".",
"In",
"a",
"meeting",
"with",
"the",
"A",
"er",
"on",
"aut",
"ic",
"Union",
"(",
"A",
"PA",
"),",
"the",
"new",
"own",
"ers",
"commit",
"ted",
"to",
"res",
"ume",
"fl",
"ights",
"by",
"December",
"20",
",",
"2004",
",",
"and",
"maintain",
"the",
"current",
"pay",
"roll",
".",
"In",
"2005",
"it",
"was",
"announced",
"that",
"LA",
"N",
"Air",
"lines",
"would",
"ab",
"sor",
"b",
"LA",
"F",
"SA",
"and",
"A",
"ero",
"V",
"I",
"P",
"into",
"LA",
"N",
"Argent",
"ina",
".",
"P",
"il",
"ots",
",",
"st",
"ew",
"ards",
"and",
"main",
"ten",
"ance",
"personnel",
"of",
"LA",
"N",
"Argent",
"ina",
"went",
"on",
"str",
"ike",
"in",
"November",
"2005",
"to",
"protest",
"at",
"management",
"'",
"s",
"fail",
"ure",
"to",
"h",
"ire",
"150",
"former",
"workers",
"of",
"A",
"ero",
"V",
"I",
"P",
".",
"In",
"2009",
"the",
"Lead",
"gate",
"group",
",",
"owner",
"75",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"sh",
"ares",
"of",
"the",
"Ur",
"ugu",
"ay",
"an",
"air",
"line",
"Pl",
"una",
",",
"bu",
"ys",
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
".",
"The",
"Argent",
"ine",
"air",
"line",
"will",
"rest",
"art",
"operations",
"in",
"2010",
"a",
"former",
"Pl",
"una",
"B",
"omb",
"ard",
"ier",
"C",
"R",
"J",
"-",
"9",
"00",
".",
"In",
"November",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
"was",
"ab",
"sor",
"bed",
"by",
"P",
"L",
"U",
"NA",
".",
"D",
"est",
"in",
"ations",
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
"operated",
"the",
"following",
"services",
"(",
"at",
"January",
"2005",
"):",
"D",
"om",
"estic",
"sched",
"uled",
"dest",
"in",
"ations",
":",
"Bu",
"en",
"os",
"Air",
"es",
",",
"Mar",
"del",
"Pl",
"ata",
"and",
"Vill",
"a",
"G",
"es",
"ell",
".",
"International",
"sched",
"uled",
"dest",
"in",
"ations",
":",
"Mon",
"te",
"video",
"and",
"P",
"unt",
"a",
"del",
"E",
"ste",
".",
"Fle",
"et",
"The",
"A",
"er",
"ov",
"ip",
"fle",
"et",
"included",
"the",
"following",
"aircraft",
"(",
"as",
"of",
"18",
"February",
"2010",
")",
":",
"1",
"B",
"omb",
"ard",
"ier",
"C",
"R",
"J",
"-",
"9",
"00",
"ER",
"The",
"aircraft",
"was",
"deliver",
"ed",
"in",
"2009",
",",
"but",
"de",
"posed",
"in",
"2010",
"Pre",
"vious",
"ly",
"operated",
"1",
"Fair",
"child",
"Metro",
"III",
"6",
"BA",
"e",
"J",
"et",
"stream",
"32",
"EP",
"See",
"also",
"List",
"of",
"def",
"un",
"ct",
"air",
"lines",
"of",
"South",
"America",
"References",
"Notes",
"External",
"links",
"Official",
"website",
"Art",
"icle",
"about",
"end",
"of",
"operations",
",",
"\"",
"C",
"ron",
"ist",
"a",
"Com",
"er",
"c",
"ial",
"\"",
"newspaper",
",",
"2010",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"16",
"(",
"re",
"tr",
"ieved",
"2014",
"-",
"05",
"-",
"09",
")",
"De",
"fun",
"ct",
"air",
"lines",
"of",
"Argent",
"ina",
"Air",
"lines",
"established",
"in",
"1999",
"Air",
"lines",
"dis",
"established",
"in",
"2010",
"2010",
"dis",
"establishments",
"in",
"Argent",
"ina",
"Argent",
"ine",
"companies",
"established",
"in",
"1999"
] | [
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
24625,
24583,
24911,
25315,
25413,
24581,
27124,
24587,
24674,
25586,
24589,
16,
27824,
25110,
12,
24809,
24601,
24636,
27984,
25030,
24651,
37,
28833,
58,
45,
52,
24595,
27425,
27694,
24632,
24874,
24805,
25211,
24855,
28390,
25565,
28508,
26481,
18,
27128,
25039,
26447,
24593,
41,
25852,
24782,
69,
25731,
28846,
16,
27124,
24587,
24674,
25586,
24589,
18,
27174,
24833,
24747,
29120,
25396,
24581,
25406,
25783,
16,
24651,
24585,
24911,
25315,
24581,
28435,
88,
16,
24835,
25448,
24673,
24588,
27791,
24581,
25531,
18,
25805,
16,
24585,
24911,
25315,
24648,
24919,
27791,
25098,
24581,
25406,
25449,
18,
25592,
24627,
24911,
25315,
24625,
25572,
24584,
25018,
25317,
26082,
24596,
26213,
27791,
24584,
25217,
25347,
26082,
18,
24805,
27944,
24618,
69,
24978,
24594,
28427,
28594,
58,
45,
52,
24596,
24594,
27214,
43,
24889,
25415,
25359,
26090,
25152,
24601,
24783,
25967,
28823,
18,
24627,
24911,
25315,
24625,
27085,
24647,
24779,
70,
24745,
24669,
26827,
28338,
18,
27174,
24833,
24747,
29120,
25396,
24581,
25406,
25783,
18,
25431,
27317,
16,
24763,
25605,
24585,
24652,
25013,
24602,
24618,
24585,
27124,
24587,
24674,
25586,
24589,
25545,
25711,
16,
28369,
69,
29076,
24599,
24606,
25019,
24581,
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
24581,
25422,
25783,
16,
27803,
26194,
24690,
29112,
25833,
24599,
26654,
9,
24595,
24585,
24767,
27258,
25999,
24683,
24682,
28345,
24588,
24601,
24779,
70,
24745,
24669,
26827,
28338,
18,
24627,
24858,
24623,
9,
25494,
25645,
24581,
25866,
87,
24595,
41,
24749,
24695,
83,
25362,
24687,
79,
24669,
16,
25342,
24595,
24911,
24873,
24652,
25013,
24602,
69,
24792,
37,
24582,
24644,
89,
24582,
29017,
27824,
25110,
25807,
18,
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
24808,
24809,
24948,
74,
27679,
25570,
25336,
23,
16,
25783,
24596,
24808,
28435,
24704,
24595,
24752,
25473,
8,
29,
26016,
18,
24657,
69,
28317,
24651,
24585,
37,
24582,
24584,
26505,
24597,
26275,
12,
37,
28594,
24758,
24585,
24983,
24781,
24629,
28573,
24826,
24601,
24753,
26855,
24949,
25708,
24647,
25422,
24623,
16,
25783,
16,
24596,
29314,
24585,
26950,
27229,
28023,
18,
24657,
25710,
24598,
24625,
26091,
24682,
28427,
50,
25586,
27080,
25084,
24662,
28510,
70,
28427,
42,
26863,
24596,
37,
28833,
58,
45,
52,
25000,
28427,
50,
27824,
25110,
18,
52,
24608,
26392,
16,
24606,
24774,
25598,
24596,
25039,
25026,
24985,
28197,
24595,
28427,
50,
27824,
25110,
26003,
24584,
24740,
26504,
24581,
25406,
25710,
24601,
29102,
24590,
27986,
11,
87,
26743,
24794,
24601,
76,
24792,
29381,
25346,
28885,
24595,
37,
28833,
58,
45,
52,
18,
24657,
25531,
24585,
29142,
29778,
25273,
16,
28823,
27183,
9,
24595,
24585,
24690,
29112,
24595,
24585,
27425,
27694,
24632,
24583,
24911,
25315,
25123,
28431,
16,
27803,
25312,
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
18,
24627,
27824,
24734,
24911,
25315,
25494,
25448,
24673,
27791,
24581,
25449,
69,
25346,
25123,
28431,
38,
26104,
24695,
25092,
39,
54,
46,
17,
29,
24799,
18,
24657,
25406,
24595,
24585,
25515,
24854,
16,
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
24625,
24662,
28510,
27565,
24647,
52,
48,
57,
26468,
18,
40,
24655,
24581,
24833,
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
27944,
24585,
25528,
26481,
12,
24590,
25352,
25710,
26828,
40,
24605,
29351,
28448,
29615,
26395,
24581,
24833,
30,
27124,
24587,
24674,
25586,
24589,
16,
24829,
25977,
25123,
25591,
24596,
26988,
69,
43,
24589,
24731,
18,
25731,
28448,
29615,
26395,
24581,
24833,
30,
25732,
24680,
26221,
24596,
52,
25168,
69,
25977,
41,
25541,
18,
28794,
24645,
24627,
37,
24582,
24658,
24696,
27563,
24645,
25922,
24585,
25528,
27057,
12,
24594,
24595,
24722,
25500,
25449,
13,
30,
21,
38,
26104,
24695,
25092,
39,
54,
46,
17,
29,
24799,
29849,
24627,
27057,
24625,
28493,
24588,
24581,
25531,
16,
24835,
24650,
26267,
24581,
25449,
27058,
25940,
24633,
27944,
21,
28879,
26881,
28215,
27108,
26,
26980,
73,
46,
24645,
27731,
27056,
27993,
25404,
24762,
25831,
24595,
25808,
24631,
24637,
24911,
27080,
24595,
25236,
26185,
24838,
27004,
25065,
25051,
27588,
26658,
25680,
26602,
25150,
24725,
24595,
27791,
16,
6,
39,
25617,
24641,
69,
24875,
24582,
71,
24727,
6,
28616,
16,
25449,
17,
25267,
17,
25009,
12,
24600,
24664,
26878,
25590,
17,
29972,
17,
29734,
13,
24821,
26053,
24637,
24911,
27080,
24595,
27824,
25110,
25586,
27080,
25572,
24581,
26082,
25586,
27080,
24913,
25572,
24581,
25449,
25449,
24913,
26712,
24581,
27824,
25110,
27824,
24734,
26818,
25572,
24581,
26082
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
35119218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Finn | Simon Finn | Simon Finn may refer to:
Simon Finn (politician), Australian Labor Party politician
Simon Finn (musician), English psych rock musician | [
"Simon",
"Finn",
"may",
"refer",
"to",
":",
"Simon",
"Finn",
"(",
"politician",
"),",
"Australian",
"Labor",
"Party",
"politician",
"Simon",
"Finn",
"(",
"musician",
"),",
"English",
"psych",
"rock",
"musician"
] | [
29616,
29785,
25345,
26105,
24601,
30,
29616,
29785,
12,
26900,
24758,
26007,
29765,
25970,
26900,
29616,
29785,
12,
29681,
24758,
25407,
28442,
26516,
29681
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
2434279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%20Route%20120 | Missouri Route 120 | Route 120 is a short highway in Holt County. Its eastern terminus is at Route B about eight miles (13Β km) northeast of Oregon. Its western terminus is at U.S. Route 59 about three miles (5Β km) west of its eastern terminus. No towns are on the highway.
Route description
Route 120 begins at an intersection with US 59 north of Oregon, heading east on a two-lane undivided road. The route passes through agricultural areas with some trees, curving to the southeast before heading east again. Route 120 comes to its eastern terminus at an intersection with Route B near New Point.
History
Major intersections
References
120
Transportation in Holt County, Missouri | [
"Route",
"1",
"20",
"is",
"a",
"short",
"high",
"way",
"in",
"Hol",
"t",
"County",
".",
"Its",
"eastern",
"termin",
"us",
"is",
"at",
"Route",
"B",
"about",
"eight",
"miles",
"(",
"13",
"km",
")",
"nor",
"theast",
"of",
"Oregon",
".",
"Its",
"western",
"termin",
"us",
"is",
"at",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"Route",
"59",
"about",
"three",
"miles",
"(",
"5",
"km",
")",
"west",
"of",
"its",
"eastern",
"termin",
"us",
".",
"No",
"towns",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"high",
"way",
".",
"Route",
"descr",
"ipt",
"ion",
"Route",
"1",
"20",
"begins",
"at",
"an",
"inter",
"section",
"with",
"US",
"59",
"north",
"of",
"Oregon",
",",
"head",
"ing",
"east",
"on",
"a",
"two",
"-",
"l",
"ane",
"und",
"iv",
"ided",
"road",
".",
"The",
"route",
"pass",
"es",
"through",
"agricult",
"ural",
"areas",
"with",
"some",
"tre",
"es",
",",
"cur",
"ving",
"to",
"the",
"sou",
"theast",
"before",
"head",
"ing",
"east",
"again",
".",
"Route",
"1",
"20",
"comes",
"to",
"its",
"eastern",
"termin",
"us",
"at",
"an",
"inter",
"section",
"with",
"Route",
"B",
"near",
"New",
"Point",
".",
"History",
"Major",
"inter",
"se",
"ctions",
"References",
"1",
"20",
"Transport",
"ation",
"in",
"Hol",
"t",
"County",
",",
"Missouri"
] | [
28630,
21,
24623,
24593,
69,
25903,
25153,
24968,
24581,
26083,
88,
25239,
18,
27128,
28093,
26667,
24640,
24593,
24590,
28630,
38,
25150,
26875,
29696,
12,
25143,
26020,
13,
25248,
27604,
24595,
29247,
18,
27128,
26958,
26667,
24640,
24593,
24590,
57,
18,
55,
18,
28630,
28250,
25150,
25151,
29696,
12,
25,
26020,
13,
25820,
24595,
24783,
28093,
26667,
24640,
18,
25694,
29267,
24686,
24584,
24585,
25153,
24968,
18,
28630,
25546,
26112,
24602,
28630,
21,
24623,
29891,
24590,
24583,
25033,
26975,
24651,
25473,
28250,
25855,
24595,
29247,
16,
25342,
24599,
26376,
24584,
69,
24907,
17,
80,
25713,
25324,
24622,
25641,
25283,
18,
24627,
27895,
25565,
24589,
25172,
29295,
25274,
26610,
24651,
25191,
26904,
24589,
16,
25069,
27409,
24601,
24585,
29494,
27604,
25327,
25342,
24599,
26376,
25098,
18,
28630,
21,
24623,
27130,
24601,
24783,
28093,
26667,
24640,
24590,
24583,
25033,
26975,
24651,
28630,
38,
25532,
24871,
29803,
18,
25592,
27449,
25033,
24620,
25509,
24838,
21,
24623,
28236,
24626,
24581,
26083,
88,
25239,
16,
29148
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
33114716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Victory | Book of Victory | Book of Victory may refer to:
Zafarnama, a title for a number of Persian and Turkish texts which literally means "Book of Victory"
Sefer Nizzahon Yashan ("The (Old) Book of Victory"), an anonymous 13th century Jewish apologetic
Sefer Nizzahon (Χ‘Χ€Χ¨ Χ ΧΧ¦ΧΧΧ), a Jewish work of apologetics written by Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen around 1405 | [
"Book",
"of",
"Vict",
"ory",
"may",
"refer",
"to",
":",
"Z",
"af",
"ar",
"nam",
"a",
",",
"a",
"title",
"for",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"Pers",
"ian",
"and",
"Turkish",
"te",
"x",
"ts",
"which",
"liter",
"ally",
"means",
"\"",
"Book",
"of",
"Vict",
"ory",
"\"",
"Se",
"fer",
"N",
"iz",
"z",
"ah",
"on",
"Y",
"ash",
"an",
"(\"",
"The",
"(",
"Old",
")",
"Book",
"of",
"Vict",
"ory",
"\"",
"),",
"an",
"an",
"onym",
"ous",
"13",
"th",
"century",
"Jewish",
"ap",
"olog",
"etic",
"Se",
"fer",
"N",
"iz",
"z",
"ah",
"on",
"(",
"Χ‘",
"Χ€",
"Χ¨",
"Χ ",
"Χ",
"Χ¦",
"Χ",
"Χ",
"Χ",
"),",
"a",
"Jewish",
"work",
"of",
"ap",
"olog",
"et",
"ics",
"written",
"by",
"Y",
"om",
"-",
"T",
"ov",
"L",
"ip",
"mann",
"-",
"Mu",
"h",
"l",
"ha",
"us",
"en",
"around",
"14",
"05"
] | [
27841,
24595,
26600,
24817,
25345,
26105,
24601,
30,
62,
24744,
24592,
25225,
69,
16,
69,
26063,
24618,
69,
25387,
24595,
29654,
24669,
24596,
29376,
24680,
92,
24704,
24763,
26856,
24904,
27998,
6,
27841,
24595,
26600,
24817,
6,
24779,
24720,
50,
24782,
94,
24966,
24584,
61,
25124,
24583,
27398,
24627,
12,
27213,
13,
27841,
24595,
26600,
24817,
6,
24758,
24583,
24583,
29062,
24797,
25143,
24580,
25087,
27536,
24654,
25029,
29821,
24779,
24720,
50,
24782,
94,
24966,
24584,
12,
1408,
1411,
1415,
1407,
1400,
1413,
1398,
1396,
1406,
24758,
69,
27536,
24918,
24595,
24654,
25029,
24645,
24930,
26084,
24647,
61,
24605,
17,
56,
24658,
48,
24696,
27823,
17,
27355,
76,
80,
26229,
24640,
24587,
25787,
25129,
29972
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
12019974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Cost%20Guided%20Imaging%20Rocket | Low-Cost Guided Imaging Rocket | The Low-Cost Guided Imaging Rocket was a weapons system under development for the US Navy as part of ONR's Low-Cost Imaging Terminal Seeker (LCITS) FNC. It transitioned as the weapon used in the Medusa Joint Capability Technology Demonstration with South Korea. The program provided a precision guided 2.75 inch (70Β mm) rocket for use with existing Hydra 70 systems in service, as such it has many similarities with the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System program. The principal difference between the systems is that while APKWS uses terminal laser homing, requiring the target to be 'painted' until impact, LOGIR would guide to a position supplied by the launching aircraft, using imaging infrared in the terminal phase making it a true fire-and-forget weapon. Another advantage of LOGIR was that it was "especially effective against swarm attacks by enemies like small boats, as thereβs no need for ongoing guidance."
The South Korean version, designated K-LOGIR, is used on the ROK Marine Corps Bigung (Poniard) mobile coastal defense system. Bigung is a 6Γ6 truck fitted with 2Γ18-round containers for 36 rockets to counter North Korean Fast Inshore Attack Craft (FIAC), landing craft and landing vehicles. The rockets are equipped with the LCITS using IIR imaging technology with an additional low-cost inertial correction unit. LOGIR is designed to defeat predominantly small-scale, high-speed surface targets, but because of the limited cost requirements its use for less-contrast ground targets is less effective; it has a weight below and a length of with range greater than .
Development
South Korea's contribution in the LOGIR program are the following:
Electronics for guidance and control system (production only, design by the USA)
Electronics for control actuation system (DSP and PWM inverter board)
Assembly parts for control actuation system (CAS frame and integrated BLDC motor)
Airframe structure and fins (canard fin, CAS skin, seeker skin)
Cruciform tail fins and nozzle assembly
Warhead and fuze attachment improvement
Specifications
Diameter: 70Β mm
Guidance: INS midcourse/Imaging infrared terminal.
Motor: Existing Hydra 70 motors
See also
Direct Attack Guided Rocket
Guided Advanced Tactical Rocket - Laser
Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System
Roketsan Cirit
References
External links
Air-Launched 2.75-Inch Rockets - Designation Systems
Low-Cost Imaging Terminal Seeker (LCITS) (video)
Air-to-surface missiles of the United States | [
"The",
"L",
"ow",
"-",
"C",
"ost",
"Gu",
"ided",
"I",
"mag",
"ing",
"Rock",
"et",
"was",
"a",
"weap",
"ons",
"system",
"under",
"development",
"for",
"the",
"US",
"Navy",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"O",
"N",
"R",
"'",
"s",
"L",
"ow",
"-",
"C",
"ost",
"I",
"mag",
"ing",
"Ter",
"min",
"al",
"See",
"ker",
"(",
"L",
"C",
"IT",
"S",
")",
"F",
"N",
"C",
".",
"It",
"trans",
"ition",
"ed",
"as",
"the",
"weap",
"on",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"Med",
"us",
"a",
"Jo",
"int",
"Cap",
"ability",
"Technology",
"Dem",
"on",
"str",
"ation",
"with",
"South",
"Korea",
".",
"The",
"program",
"provided",
"a",
"pre",
"c",
"ision",
"gu",
"ided",
"2",
".",
"75",
"in",
"ch",
"(",
"70",
"mm",
")",
"rock",
"et",
"for",
"use",
"with",
"existing",
"Hy",
"dr",
"a",
"70",
"systems",
"in",
"service",
",",
"as",
"such",
"it",
"has",
"many",
"similar",
"ities",
"with",
"the",
"Ad",
"vanced",
"P",
"rec",
"ision",
"K",
"ill",
"We",
"ap",
"on",
"System",
"program",
".",
"The",
"princ",
"ipal",
"dif",
"ference",
"between",
"the",
"systems",
"is",
"that",
"while",
"AP",
"K",
"W",
"S",
"uses",
"termin",
"al",
"l",
"as",
"er",
"hom",
"ing",
",",
"requ",
"iring",
"the",
"target",
"to",
"be",
"'",
"pain",
"ted",
"'",
"until",
"impact",
",",
"L",
"O",
"G",
"I",
"R",
"would",
"gu",
"ide",
"to",
"a",
"position",
"sup",
"plied",
"by",
"the",
"launch",
"ing",
"aircraft",
",",
"using",
"im",
"aging",
"in",
"fr",
"ared",
"in",
"the",
"termin",
"al",
"phas",
"e",
"making",
"it",
"a",
"true",
"fire",
"-",
"and",
"-",
"for",
"get",
"weap",
"on",
".",
"Another",
"adv",
"ant",
"age",
"of",
"L",
"O",
"G",
"I",
"R",
"was",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"\"",
"especially",
"effect",
"ive",
"against",
"sw",
"arm",
"attacks",
"by",
"en",
"em",
"ies",
"like",
"small",
"bo",
"ats",
",",
"as",
"there",
"β",
"s",
"no",
"need",
"for",
"ongo",
"ing",
"gu",
"id",
"ance",
".\"",
"The",
"South",
"Korean",
"version",
",",
"designated",
"K",
"-",
"L",
"O",
"G",
"I",
"R",
",",
"is",
"used",
"on",
"the",
"R",
"O",
"K",
"Mar",
"ine",
"Corps",
"Big",
"ung",
"(",
"P",
"on",
"i",
"ard",
")",
"m",
"obile",
"coast",
"al",
"def",
"ense",
"system",
".",
"Big",
"ung",
"is",
"a",
"6",
"Γ",
"6",
"tr",
"uck",
"fit",
"ted",
"with",
"2",
"Γ",
"18",
"-",
"round",
"contain",
"ers",
"for",
"36",
"rock",
"ets",
"to",
"counter",
"North",
"Korean",
"F",
"ast",
"In",
"sh",
"ore",
"At",
"t",
"ack",
"Cr",
"aft",
"(",
"FI",
"AC",
"),",
"land",
"ing",
"craft",
"and",
"land",
"ing",
"veh",
"icles",
".",
"The",
"rock",
"ets",
"are",
"equip",
"ped",
"with",
"the",
"L",
"C",
"IT",
"S",
"using",
"II",
"R",
"im",
"aging",
"technology",
"with",
"an",
"additional",
"low",
"-",
"cost",
"in",
"ert",
"ial",
"cor",
"re",
"ction",
"unit",
".",
"L",
"O",
"G",
"I",
"R",
"is",
"designed",
"to",
"defeat",
"pred",
"omin",
"ant",
"ly",
"small",
"-",
"scale",
",",
"high",
"-",
"speed",
"surface",
"targ",
"ets",
",",
"but",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"limited",
"cost",
"require",
"ments",
"its",
"use",
"for",
"less",
"-",
"contr",
"ast",
"ground",
"targ",
"ets",
"is",
"less",
"effect",
"ive",
";",
"it",
"has",
"a",
"weight",
"below",
"and",
"a",
"length",
"of",
"with",
"range",
"gre",
"ater",
"than",
".",
"Development",
"South",
"Korea",
"'",
"s",
"contr",
"ibution",
"in",
"the",
"L",
"O",
"G",
"I",
"R",
"program",
"are",
"the",
"following",
":",
"Elect",
"ron",
"ics",
"for",
"gu",
"id",
"ance",
"and",
"control",
"system",
"(",
"production",
"only",
",",
"design",
"by",
"the",
"USA",
")",
"Elect",
"ron",
"ics",
"for",
"control",
"act",
"uation",
"system",
"(",
"D",
"SP",
"and",
"P",
"W",
"M",
"in",
"ver",
"ter",
"board",
")",
"Assembly",
"parts",
"for",
"control",
"act",
"uation",
"system",
"(",
"CA",
"S",
"frame",
"and",
"integr",
"ated",
"B",
"L",
"DC",
"motor",
")",
"Air",
"frame",
"structure",
"and",
"fin",
"s",
"(",
"can",
"ard",
"fin",
",",
"CA",
"S",
"sk",
"in",
",",
"seek",
"er",
"sk",
"in",
")",
"Cr",
"uc",
"i",
"form",
"t",
"ail",
"fin",
"s",
"and",
"no",
"z",
"z",
"le",
"as",
"sembly",
"War",
"head",
"and",
"f",
"u",
"ze",
"att",
"ach",
"ment",
"improv",
"ement",
"Spec",
"ific",
"ations",
"Di",
"ame",
"ter",
":",
"70",
"mm",
"Gu",
"id",
"ance",
":",
"IN",
"S",
"mid",
"course",
"/",
"I",
"mag",
"ing",
"in",
"fr",
"ared",
"termin",
"al",
".",
"Mot",
"or",
":",
"Ex",
"ist",
"ing",
"Hy",
"dr",
"a",
"70",
"mot",
"ors",
"See",
"also",
"Dire",
"ct",
"At",
"t",
"ack",
"Gu",
"ided",
"Rock",
"et",
"Gu",
"ided",
"Ad",
"vanced",
"T",
"act",
"ical",
"Rock",
"et",
"-",
"Las",
"er",
"Ad",
"vanced",
"P",
"rec",
"ision",
"K",
"ill",
"We",
"ap",
"on",
"System",
"R",
"ok",
"ets",
"an",
"Cir",
"it",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"Air",
"-",
"La",
"unch",
"ed",
"2",
".",
"75",
"-",
"In",
"ch",
"Rock",
"ets",
"-",
"Design",
"ation",
"System",
"s",
"L",
"ow",
"-",
"C",
"ost",
"I",
"mag",
"ing",
"Ter",
"min",
"al",
"See",
"ker",
"(",
"L",
"C",
"IT",
"S",
")",
"(",
"video",
")",
"Air",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"surface",
"miss",
"iles",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States"
] | [
24627,
48,
24639,
17,
39,
24764,
25409,
25641,
45,
25984,
24599,
26977,
24645,
24625,
69,
29185,
25285,
25490,
25016,
26266,
24618,
24585,
25473,
27215,
24594,
24791,
24595,
51,
50,
54,
11,
87,
48,
24639,
17,
39,
24764,
45,
25984,
24599,
26372,
24931,
24591,
25404,
27223,
12,
48,
39,
28618,
55,
13,
42,
50,
39,
18,
24805,
25207,
24793,
24588,
24594,
24585,
29185,
24584,
25030,
24581,
24585,
25536,
24640,
69,
24934,
24957,
26010,
26382,
28915,
25961,
24584,
24740,
24626,
24651,
25236,
28446,
18,
24627,
25620,
27380,
69,
24970,
71,
24977,
25309,
25641,
22,
18,
27183,
24581,
24610,
12,
26921,
28405,
13,
26516,
24645,
24618,
25043,
24651,
29837,
27315,
24815,
69,
26921,
27686,
24581,
25993,
16,
24594,
25221,
24598,
24808,
25160,
26473,
25082,
24651,
24585,
25266,
29059,
52,
26038,
24977,
47,
24689,
25472,
24654,
24584,
28148,
25620,
18,
24627,
27732,
28829,
25469,
25947,
25142,
24585,
27686,
24593,
24682,
25293,
29791,
47,
59,
55,
26332,
26667,
24591,
80,
24594,
24582,
27207,
24599,
16,
25609,
29673,
24585,
29432,
24601,
24636,
11,
25988,
24826,
11,
25359,
29931,
16,
48,
51,
43,
45,
54,
25084,
25309,
24814,
24601,
69,
25654,
25263,
27899,
24647,
24585,
26703,
24599,
27057,
16,
25916,
24634,
28565,
24581,
24653,
26264,
24581,
24585,
26667,
24591,
29491,
73,
26521,
24598,
69,
29759,
26582,
17,
24596,
17,
24618,
25978,
29185,
24584,
18,
28688,
27617,
24738,
24754,
24595,
48,
51,
43,
45,
54,
24625,
24682,
24598,
24625,
6,
27795,
26243,
24723,
25296,
26106,
25425,
29761,
24647,
24587,
24635,
24675,
25692,
25734,
24807,
25729,
16,
24594,
25201,
4998,
87,
25159,
26924,
24618,
29724,
24599,
25309,
24630,
24985,
25215,
24627,
25236,
28331,
26147,
16,
29011,
47,
17,
48,
51,
43,
45,
54,
16,
24593,
25030,
24584,
24585,
54,
51,
47,
24829,
24734,
28296,
27381,
25566,
12,
52,
24584,
77,
24695,
13,
81,
28886,
27768,
24591,
25808,
26607,
25490,
18,
27381,
25566,
24593,
69,
26,
182,
26,
24664,
25776,
28066,
24826,
24651,
22,
182,
24722,
17,
25631,
26189,
24629,
24618,
26752,
26516,
25525,
24601,
27991,
25386,
28331,
42,
24745,
24657,
24690,
24806,
25197,
88,
24765,
25709,
25772,
12,
27927,
27371,
24758,
24775,
24599,
26361,
24596,
24775,
24599,
27793,
26810,
18,
24627,
26516,
25525,
24686,
28048,
25437,
24651,
24585,
48,
39,
28618,
55,
25916,
25205,
54,
24634,
28565,
28485,
24651,
24583,
27851,
26401,
17,
26913,
24581,
27465,
24727,
25779,
24600,
24768,
27829,
18,
48,
51,
43,
45,
54,
24593,
27018,
24601,
28826,
27516,
25538,
24738,
24633,
25734,
17,
29449,
16,
25153,
17,
28193,
28523,
28546,
25525,
16,
24835,
25936,
24595,
24585,
28011,
26913,
28762,
25272,
24783,
25043,
24618,
25765,
17,
25216,
24745,
25479,
28546,
25525,
24593,
25765,
26243,
24723,
31,
24598,
24808,
69,
27499,
27962,
24596,
69,
27663,
24595,
24651,
26645,
29045,
24836,
25208,
18,
28084,
25236,
28446,
11,
87,
25216,
27246,
24581,
24585,
48,
51,
43,
45,
54,
25620,
24686,
24585,
25528,
30,
28240,
25617,
24930,
24618,
25309,
24630,
24985,
24596,
26539,
25490,
12,
26193,
25089,
16,
25405,
24647,
24585,
28382,
13,
28240,
25617,
24930,
24618,
26539,
24756,
26984,
25490,
12,
40,
28308,
24596,
52,
59,
49,
24581,
24735,
24621,
26107,
13,
27458,
27285,
24618,
26539,
24756,
26984,
25490,
12,
26125,
55,
29725,
24596,
28555,
24712,
38,
48,
29033,
29311,
13,
25586,
29725,
27677,
24596,
24943,
87,
12,
24995,
24695,
24943,
16,
26125,
55,
25252,
24581,
16,
29947,
24582,
25252,
24581,
13,
25709,
24965,
77,
24839,
88,
24916,
24943,
87,
24596,
25159,
94,
94,
24604,
24594,
26941,
25209,
25342,
24596,
74,
89,
25852,
24866,
24769,
24718,
29462,
25138,
26948,
25144,
24833,
27014,
24741,
24621,
30,
26921,
28405,
25409,
24630,
24985,
30,
29395,
55,
25884,
27557,
19,
45,
25984,
24599,
24581,
24653,
26264,
26667,
24591,
18,
28079,
24586,
30,
24889,
24641,
24599,
27315,
24815,
69,
26921,
26666,
24903,
25404,
24762,
26873,
24637,
25197,
88,
24765,
25409,
25641,
26977,
24645,
25409,
25641,
25266,
29059,
56,
24756,
24757,
26977,
24645,
17,
29936,
24582,
25266,
29059,
52,
26038,
24977,
47,
24689,
25472,
24654,
24584,
28148,
54,
24834,
25525,
24583,
28633,
24598,
24838,
25065,
25051,
25586,
17,
25760,
26166,
24588,
22,
18,
27183,
17,
24657,
24610,
26977,
25525,
17,
29042,
24626,
28148,
87,
48,
24639,
17,
39,
24764,
45,
25984,
24599,
26372,
24931,
24591,
25404,
27223,
12,
48,
39,
28618,
55,
13,
12,
26221,
13,
25586,
17,
24601,
17,
28523,
26011,
26448,
24595,
24585,
24994,
25131
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
19791459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehrels | Gehrels | Gehrels is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
Franz Gehrels (1922β2018), German-American economist and university teacher
JΓΌrgen Gehrels (born 1935), German businessman
Neil Gehrels (1952β2017), American astrophysicist
Tom Gehrels (1925β2011), DutchβAmerican astronomer | [
"Ge",
"h",
"rel",
"s",
"is",
"a",
"surname",
".",
"Notable",
"people",
"with",
"this",
"surname",
"include",
":",
"Fran",
"z",
"Ge",
"h",
"rel",
"s",
"(",
"1922",
"β",
"2018",
"),",
"German",
"-",
"American",
"econom",
"ist",
"and",
"university",
"teacher",
"J",
"ΓΌr",
"gen",
"Ge",
"h",
"rel",
"s",
"(",
"born",
"1935",
"),",
"German",
"business",
"man",
"Ne",
"il",
"Ge",
"h",
"rel",
"s",
"(",
"1952",
"β",
"2017",
"),",
"American",
"ast",
"ro",
"physic",
"ist",
"Tom",
"Ge",
"h",
"rel",
"s",
"(",
"1925",
"β",
"2011",
"),",
"Dutch",
"β",
"American",
"astr",
"onom",
"er"
] | [
25223,
76,
25050,
87,
24593,
69,
29490,
18,
28690,
24941,
24651,
24927,
29490,
25915,
30,
25146,
94,
25223,
76,
25050,
87,
12,
28958,
4992,
25625,
24758,
25583,
17,
24868,
26492,
24641,
24596,
28176,
29167,
46,
29455,
24976,
25223,
76,
25050,
87,
12,
25049,
28606,
24758,
25583,
26045,
24710,
25486,
24608,
25223,
76,
25050,
87,
12,
28022,
4992,
25630,
24758,
24868,
24745,
24619,
29808,
24641,
26643,
25223,
76,
25050,
87,
12,
29091,
4992,
25476,
24758,
27442,
4992,
24868,
27736,
27509,
24582
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
18507248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Mavor | Mike Mavor | Mike Mavor is a New Zealand rugby union player. He was the first North Otago player to play 100 games. After retirement he was pulled back to the North Otago squad due to injuries to the team.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
North Otago rugby union players | [
"Mike",
"M",
"av",
"or",
"is",
"a",
"New",
"Zealand",
"rugby",
"union",
"player",
".",
"He",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"North",
"Ot",
"ago",
"player",
"to",
"play",
"100",
"games",
".",
"After",
"retire",
"ment",
"he",
"was",
"pul",
"led",
"back",
"to",
"the",
"North",
"Ot",
"ago",
"squad",
"due",
"to",
"inj",
"uries",
"to",
"the",
"team",
".",
"References",
"Year",
"of",
"birth",
"missing",
"(",
"living",
"people",
")",
"Living",
"people",
"New",
"Zealand",
"rugby",
"union",
"players",
"North",
"Ot",
"ago",
"rugby",
"union",
"players"
] | [
28725,
49,
24668,
24586,
24593,
69,
24871,
26692,
28634,
27603,
25811,
18,
24736,
24625,
24585,
24818,
25386,
27859,
26039,
25811,
24601,
24755,
26023,
25736,
18,
25302,
29594,
24718,
24607,
24625,
29278,
25121,
25152,
24601,
24585,
25386,
27859,
26039,
27864,
25769,
24601,
26793,
28620,
24601,
24585,
25036,
18,
24838,
26099,
24595,
26653,
27386,
12,
26283,
24941,
13,
25766,
24941,
24871,
26692,
28634,
27603,
25053,
25386,
27859,
26039,
28634,
27603,
25053
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
73858455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassel%20family | Dassel family | The Dassel family alternatively House of Dassel or Dassel-Wellersen (until 20th century) is a Patrician noble family from Lower Saxony, which is named after the Town of Dassel, formerly seat of the Dukes of Dassel (Grafen von Dassel). There are several offsprings of the lineage which originates in the 13th century. The most prominent is an extinct line in LΓΌneburg. More recent offsprings include Georg Dassel who built the Dassel Mansion in Allagen.
History
The family first appears in documents around 1230 with Hermannus de Dasle in the entourage of the Counts of Dassel. On 29 July 1348 Mechthildis, the daughter of the knight Hermann von Dasle, is mentioned in a document. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the von Dassel family acquired extensive fiefdoms and allodial estates in the area around Einbeck.
The uninterrupted family line begins with the citizen of Einbeck, Hermannus de Dasle, who is named as a buyer in Hoppensen in 1359. The family built a large town house in Einbeck in 1600, the previous building, built in 1317, burned down in 1540. Family members lived in this stone house for several generations. It was sold in 1803 by forest master Friedrich Thedel von Dassel (β 1837), Maire in Rotenkirchen, to a merchant named Krome. In the backyard of the house, the merchant's sons ran a weaving mill from 1866. After a technical defect, the weaving mill and the house burned down in 1906. The LΓΌneburg Line achieved financial success through activities at the LΓΌneburg Saline and thus gained political influence. She owned a large patrician house and was extinct in the 19th century. In addition, a branch of the von Dassel family was temporarily based in Riga, Latvia, where their coat of arms was preserved on a showpiece from 1676 in the silver treasure of the Blackheads. On 30 November 1872, Prussian approval for the Dassel-Wellersen name was issued.
Coat of arms
The family coat of arms shows a red bar in silver in front of three green linden leaves placed in a cross of thieves. On the helmet with red and silver covers a growing three-leaf linden branch between two silver buffalo horns, each with a red bar.
Members
Georg Dassel (1852β1934), businessman and manufacturer, owner of Dassel Mansion
Literature
Mittheilungen an die Mitglieder der Familie von Dassel. Familienzeitung, Chemnitz, Nr. 1.1889(1892)-3.1891. Digitalisat (in German)
Bericht ΓΌber das Geschlecht von Dassel. Familienzeitung, Chemnitz, Nr. 4.1892(1893)-9.1899. Digitalisat (in German)
Deutsche Adelsgenossenschaft (Hrsg.): Jahrbuch des Deutschen Adels, Band 3, 1899, Verlag von W. T. Bruer, S. 100. (Digitalisat) und S. 112. (Digitalisat) (in German)
Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen HΓ€user Teil A, 1. Jg., Justus Perthes, Gotha 1900, S. 212ff; 33. Jg., 1934, S. 161. (in German)
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon. Band II, Band 58 der Gesamtreihe, S. 423, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1974. (in German)
Ernst VoΓ: Das LΓΌneburger Inventarverzeichnis der Familie von Dassel. Einbecker Jahrbuch, Band 39, 1988, S. 111β128. (in German)
Ernst VoΓ: Das Steinerne Haus. Einbecker Jahrbuch 46, 1999, S. 5β42. (in German)
References
German families | [
"The",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"family",
"altern",
"atively",
"House",
"of",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"or",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"-",
"Well",
"ers",
"en",
"(",
"until",
"20th",
"century",
")",
"is",
"a",
"Pat",
"ric",
"ian",
"n",
"ob",
"le",
"family",
"from",
"L",
"ower",
"S",
"ax",
"ony",
",",
"which",
"is",
"named",
"after",
"the",
"Town",
"of",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
",",
"formerly",
"seat",
"of",
"the",
"D",
"uk",
"es",
"of",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"(",
"Gr",
"af",
"en",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
").",
"There",
"are",
"several",
"off",
"s",
"pr",
"ings",
"of",
"the",
"line",
"age",
"which",
"origin",
"ates",
"in",
"the",
"13",
"th",
"century",
".",
"The",
"most",
"prominent",
"is",
"an",
"ext",
"in",
"ct",
"line",
"in",
"L",
"ΓΌ",
"ne",
"burg",
".",
"More",
"recent",
"off",
"s",
"pr",
"ings",
"include",
"Georg",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"who",
"built",
"the",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"M",
"ansion",
"in",
"All",
"ag",
"en",
".",
"History",
"The",
"family",
"first",
"appears",
"in",
"doc",
"uments",
"around",
"12",
"30",
"with",
"Her",
"mann",
"us",
"de",
"D",
"as",
"le",
"in",
"the",
"en",
"tour",
"age",
"of",
"the",
"Coun",
"ts",
"of",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
".",
"On",
"29",
"July",
"13",
"48",
"Me",
"ch",
"th",
"il",
"dis",
",",
"the",
"daughter",
"of",
"the",
"kn",
"ight",
"Her",
"mann",
"von",
"D",
"as",
"le",
",",
"is",
"mentioned",
"in",
"a",
"document",
".",
"In",
"the",
"14",
"th",
"and",
"15",
"th",
"cent",
"uries",
",",
"the",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"family",
"acquired",
"ext",
"ensive",
"f",
"ief",
"dom",
"s",
"and",
"all",
"od",
"ial",
"est",
"ates",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"around",
"E",
"in",
"bec",
"k",
".",
"The",
"un",
"inter",
"rup",
"ted",
"family",
"line",
"begins",
"with",
"the",
"citiz",
"en",
"of",
"E",
"in",
"bec",
"k",
",",
"Her",
"mann",
"us",
"de",
"D",
"as",
"le",
",",
"who",
"is",
"named",
"as",
"a",
"bu",
"yer",
"in",
"H",
"opp",
"ens",
"en",
"in",
"13",
"59",
".",
"The",
"family",
"built",
"a",
"large",
"town",
"house",
"in",
"E",
"in",
"bec",
"k",
"in",
"16",
"00",
",",
"the",
"previous",
"building",
",",
"built",
"in",
"13",
"17",
",",
"burn",
"ed",
"down",
"in",
"15",
"40",
".",
"Family",
"members",
"lived",
"in",
"this",
"stone",
"house",
"for",
"several",
"gener",
"ations",
".",
"It",
"was",
"sold",
"in",
"180",
"3",
"by",
"forest",
"master",
"Fr",
"ied",
"rich",
"Th",
"ed",
"el",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"(",
"β ",
"18",
"37",
"),",
"Ma",
"ire",
"in",
"R",
"ot",
"en",
"k",
"ir",
"chen",
",",
"to",
"a",
"mer",
"ch",
"ant",
"named",
"Kr",
"ome",
".",
"In",
"the",
"back",
"yard",
"of",
"the",
"house",
",",
"the",
"mer",
"ch",
"ant",
"'",
"s",
"sons",
"ran",
"a",
"we",
"aving",
"mill",
"from",
"186",
"6",
".",
"After",
"a",
"techn",
"ical",
"de",
"fect",
",",
"the",
"we",
"aving",
"mill",
"and",
"the",
"house",
"burn",
"ed",
"down",
"in",
"190",
"6",
".",
"The",
"L",
"ΓΌ",
"ne",
"burg",
"Line",
"ach",
"ieved",
"financial",
"success",
"through",
"activities",
"at",
"the",
"L",
"ΓΌ",
"ne",
"burg",
"Sal",
"ine",
"and",
"thus",
"gained",
"political",
"influence",
".",
"She",
"owned",
"a",
"large",
"pat",
"ric",
"ian",
"house",
"and",
"was",
"ext",
"in",
"ct",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"a",
"branch",
"of",
"the",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"family",
"was",
"tem",
"por",
"arily",
"based",
"in",
"R",
"iga",
",",
"Lat",
"via",
",",
"where",
"their",
"co",
"at",
"of",
"arms",
"was",
"preser",
"ved",
"on",
"a",
"show",
"piece",
"from",
"16",
"76",
"in",
"the",
"silver",
"tre",
"as",
"ure",
"of",
"the",
"Black",
"head",
"s",
".",
"On",
"30",
"November",
"187",
"2",
",",
"Pr",
"uss",
"ian",
"ap",
"prov",
"al",
"for",
"the",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"-",
"Well",
"ers",
"en",
"name",
"was",
"issued",
".",
"Co",
"at",
"of",
"arms",
"The",
"family",
"co",
"at",
"of",
"arms",
"shows",
"a",
"red",
"bar",
"in",
"silver",
"in",
"front",
"of",
"three",
"green",
"lin",
"den",
"leaves",
"placed",
"in",
"a",
"cross",
"of",
"th",
"ie",
"ves",
".",
"On",
"the",
"hel",
"met",
"with",
"red",
"and",
"silver",
"c",
"overs",
"a",
"growing",
"three",
"-",
"le",
"af",
"lin",
"den",
"branch",
"between",
"two",
"silver",
"bu",
"ff",
"alo",
"h",
"orn",
"s",
",",
"each",
"with",
"a",
"red",
"bar",
".",
"Members",
"Georg",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"(",
"185",
"2",
"β",
"1934",
"),",
"business",
"man",
"and",
"manufact",
"urer",
",",
"owner",
"of",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
"M",
"ansion",
"Liter",
"ature",
"Mit",
"the",
"il",
"un",
"gen",
"an",
"die",
"Mit",
"gl",
"ied",
"er",
"der",
"Fam",
"il",
"ie",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
".",
"Fam",
"il",
"ien",
"ze",
"it",
"ung",
",",
"Che",
"mn",
"itz",
",",
"N",
"r",
".",
"1",
".",
"188",
"9",
"(",
"189",
"2",
")",
"-",
"3",
".",
"189",
"1",
".",
"Dig",
"ital",
"is",
"at",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"Ber",
"ich",
"t",
"ΓΌ",
"ber",
"d",
"as",
"G",
"es",
"ch",
"le",
"ch",
"t",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
".",
"Fam",
"il",
"ien",
"ze",
"it",
"ung",
",",
"Che",
"mn",
"itz",
",",
"N",
"r",
".",
"4",
".",
"189",
"2",
"(",
"189",
"3",
")",
"-",
"9",
".",
"189",
"9",
".",
"Dig",
"ital",
"is",
"at",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"De",
"ut",
"sche",
"Ad",
"els",
"gen",
"oss",
"ens",
"ch",
"aft",
"(",
"H",
"r",
"s",
"g",
".",
"):",
"J",
"ah",
"r",
"b",
"uch",
"des",
"De",
"ut",
"sch",
"en",
"Ad",
"els",
",",
"Band",
"3",
",",
"189",
"9",
",",
"Ver",
"l",
"ag",
"von",
"W",
".",
"T",
".",
"Bru",
"er",
",",
"S",
".",
"100",
".",
"(",
"Dig",
"ital",
"is",
"at",
")",
"und",
"S",
".",
"1",
"12",
".",
"(",
"Dig",
"ital",
"is",
"at",
")",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"G",
"oth",
"ais",
"ches",
"G",
"ene",
"al",
"og",
"is",
"ches",
"T",
"as",
"chen",
"b",
"uch",
"der",
"Ad",
"el",
"igen",
"H",
"Γ€",
"us",
"er",
"Te",
"il",
"A",
",",
"1",
".",
"J",
"g",
".,",
"Just",
"us",
"Per",
"thes",
",",
"G",
"oth",
"a",
"1900",
",",
"S",
".",
"21",
"2",
"ff",
";",
"33",
".",
"J",
"g",
".,",
"1934",
",",
"S",
".",
"16",
"1",
".",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"G",
"ene",
"al",
"og",
"is",
"ches",
"Hand",
"b",
"uch",
"des",
"Ad",
"els",
",",
"Ad",
"els",
"le",
"x",
"ik",
"on",
".",
"Band",
"II",
",",
"Band",
"58",
"der",
"G",
"es",
"am",
"tre",
"i",
"he",
",",
"S",
".",
"4",
"23",
",",
"C",
".",
"A",
".",
"Star",
"ke",
"Ver",
"l",
"ag",
",",
"Lim",
"burg",
"(",
"L",
"ah",
"n",
")",
"1974",
".",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"Er",
"n",
"st",
"Vo",
"Γ",
":",
"D",
"as",
"L",
"ΓΌ",
"ne",
"bur",
"ger",
"In",
"vent",
"ar",
"ver",
"ze",
"ich",
"nis",
"der",
"Fam",
"il",
"ie",
"von",
"D",
"ass",
"el",
".",
"E",
"in",
"bec",
"ker",
"J",
"ah",
"r",
"b",
"uch",
",",
"Band",
"39",
",",
"1988",
",",
"S",
".",
"11",
"1",
"β",
"12",
"8",
".",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"Er",
"n",
"st",
"Vo",
"Γ",
":",
"D",
"as",
"Ste",
"in",
"er",
"ne",
"Ha",
"us",
".",
"E",
"in",
"bec",
"ker",
"J",
"ah",
"r",
"b",
"uch",
"46",
",",
"1999",
",",
"S",
".",
"5",
"β",
"42",
".",
"(",
"in",
"German",
")",
"References",
"German",
"families"
] | [
24627,
40,
24732,
24613,
25334,
28246,
28705,
25816,
24595,
40,
24732,
24613,
24586,
40,
24732,
24613,
17,
28655,
24629,
24587,
12,
25359,
26025,
25087,
13,
24593,
69,
26292,
25429,
24669,
82,
24870,
24604,
25334,
24672,
48,
25222,
55,
25240,
25580,
16,
24763,
24593,
25533,
24942,
24585,
26278,
24595,
40,
24732,
24613,
16,
28598,
27739,
24595,
24585,
40,
25797,
24589,
24595,
40,
24732,
24613,
12,
25014,
24744,
24587,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
24874,
25650,
24686,
25548,
24894,
87,
24666,
24939,
24595,
24585,
25315,
24754,
24763,
25366,
24855,
24581,
24585,
25143,
24580,
25087,
18,
24627,
25066,
29198,
24593,
24583,
25588,
24581,
24637,
25315,
24581,
48,
219,
24687,
26324,
18,
28651,
27318,
24894,
87,
24666,
24939,
25915,
27368,
40,
24732,
24613,
24831,
25679,
24585,
40,
24732,
24613,
49,
29622,
24581,
25361,
24638,
24587,
18,
25592,
24627,
25334,
24818,
28294,
24581,
26685,
27608,
25787,
25074,
25402,
24651,
25503,
27823,
24640,
24650,
40,
24594,
24604,
24581,
24585,
24587,
26616,
24754,
24595,
24585,
24989,
24704,
24595,
40,
24732,
24613,
18,
24964,
25633,
25363,
25143,
27401,
25443,
24610,
24580,
24608,
24913,
16,
24585,
26672,
24595,
24585,
25007,
24789,
25503,
27823,
27359,
40,
24594,
24604,
16,
24593,
29539,
24581,
69,
27319,
18,
24657,
24585,
25129,
24580,
24596,
25018,
24580,
24804,
28620,
16,
24585,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
25334,
28369,
25588,
26574,
74,
25564,
25784,
87,
24596,
24663,
24694,
24727,
24655,
24855,
24581,
24585,
25450,
25787,
41,
24581,
24999,
79,
18,
24627,
24631,
25033,
27552,
24826,
25334,
25315,
29891,
24651,
24585,
28499,
24587,
24595,
41,
24581,
24999,
79,
16,
25503,
27823,
24640,
24650,
40,
24594,
24604,
16,
24831,
24593,
25533,
24594,
69,
27803,
27737,
24581,
44,
27833,
24845,
24587,
24581,
25143,
28250,
18,
24627,
25334,
25679,
69,
25926,
25305,
25470,
24581,
41,
24581,
24999,
79,
24581,
25009,
24799,
16,
24585,
26110,
25847,
16,
25679,
24581,
25143,
24940,
16,
28057,
24588,
25581,
24581,
25018,
25929,
18,
28179,
25622,
27569,
24581,
24927,
27195,
25470,
24618,
25548,
25872,
24833,
18,
24805,
24625,
26090,
24581,
27226,
23,
24647,
29191,
27667,
24974,
24837,
27242,
24824,
24588,
24613,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
12,
5005,
24722,
26780,
24758,
26255,
24792,
24581,
54,
24643,
24587,
79,
24624,
29991,
16,
24601,
69,
24719,
24610,
24738,
25533,
26918,
24859,
18,
24657,
24585,
25152,
28257,
24595,
24585,
25470,
16,
24585,
24719,
24610,
24738,
11,
87,
28888,
24771,
69,
24887,
25723,
25702,
24672,
25802,
26,
18,
25302,
69,
26131,
24757,
24650,
25613,
16,
24585,
24887,
25723,
25702,
24596,
24585,
25470,
28057,
24588,
25581,
24581,
25454,
26,
18,
24627,
48,
219,
24687,
26324,
27818,
24769,
26878,
28489,
25701,
25172,
28076,
24590,
24585,
48,
219,
24687,
26324,
26200,
24734,
24596,
27335,
29546,
26244,
28818,
18,
25079,
27085,
69,
25926,
25553,
25429,
24669,
25470,
24596,
24625,
25588,
24581,
24637,
24581,
24585,
27012,
25087,
18,
24657,
26012,
16,
69,
28942,
24595,
24585,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
25334,
24625,
26041,
24729,
27530,
25413,
24581,
54,
27601,
16,
26789,
26851,
16,
25072,
24862,
24869,
24590,
24595,
29010,
24625,
29875,
25501,
24584,
69,
25339,
29282,
24672,
25009,
28509,
24581,
24585,
28735,
26904,
24594,
24794,
24595,
24585,
26258,
25342,
87,
18,
24964,
25402,
25406,
25821,
22,
16,
24891,
25231,
24669,
24654,
25086,
24591,
24618,
24585,
40,
24732,
24613,
17,
28655,
24629,
24587,
25364,
24625,
28380,
18,
25287,
24590,
24595,
29010,
24627,
25334,
24869,
24590,
24595,
29010,
27023,
69,
25204,
26403,
24581,
28735,
24581,
26633,
24595,
25151,
28547,
24823,
25848,
29364,
26008,
24581,
69,
27101,
24595,
24580,
24716,
26048,
18,
24964,
24585,
25280,
25547,
24651,
25204,
24596,
28735,
71,
27284,
69,
29873,
25151,
17,
24604,
24744,
24823,
25848,
28942,
25142,
24907,
28735,
27803,
25078,
29996,
76,
24884,
87,
16,
25703,
24651,
69,
25204,
26403,
18,
27585,
27368,
40,
24732,
24613,
12,
26186,
22,
4992,
28812,
24758,
26045,
24710,
24596,
27696,
29357,
16,
28823,
24595,
40,
24732,
24613,
49,
29622,
29420,
25690,
29228,
24585,
24608,
24631,
24976,
24583,
28495,
29228,
25722,
24837,
24582,
24795,
27464,
24608,
24716,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
18,
27464,
24608,
25827,
25852,
24598,
25566,
16,
26892,
29121,
26503,
16,
50,
86,
18,
21,
18,
25668,
29,
12,
25529,
22,
13,
17,
23,
18,
25529,
21,
18,
29253,
25430,
24593,
24590,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
25845,
24708,
88,
219,
24681,
72,
24594,
43,
24589,
24610,
24604,
24610,
88,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
18,
27464,
24608,
25827,
25852,
24598,
25566,
16,
26892,
29121,
26503,
16,
50,
86,
18,
24,
18,
25529,
22,
12,
25529,
23,
13,
17,
29,
18,
25529,
29,
18,
29253,
25430,
24593,
24590,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
24821,
24660,
28768,
25266,
25354,
24976,
25646,
24845,
24610,
25772,
12,
44,
86,
87,
75,
18,
26828,
46,
24966,
86,
70,
25455,
24893,
24821,
24660,
25958,
24587,
25266,
25354,
16,
28545,
23,
16,
25529,
29,
16,
26670,
80,
24638,
27359,
59,
18,
56,
18,
29635,
24582,
16,
55,
18,
26023,
18,
12,
29253,
25430,
24593,
24590,
13,
25324,
55,
18,
21,
25074,
18,
12,
29253,
25430,
24593,
24590,
13,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
43,
25584,
28169,
26456,
43,
25410,
24591,
24776,
24593,
26456,
56,
24594,
29991,
70,
25455,
24795,
25266,
24613,
28848,
44,
195,
24640,
24582,
25431,
24608,
37,
16,
21,
18,
46,
75,
25964,
26972,
24640,
25768,
27630,
16,
43,
25584,
69,
29007,
16,
55,
18,
25004,
22,
25078,
31,
26688,
18,
46,
75,
25964,
28812,
16,
55,
18,
25009,
21,
18,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
43,
25410,
24591,
24776,
24593,
26456,
29601,
70,
25455,
24893,
25266,
25354,
16,
25266,
25354,
24604,
92,
25054,
24584,
18,
28545,
25205,
16,
28545,
27919,
24795,
43,
24589,
24611,
26904,
77,
24607,
16,
55,
18,
24,
25217,
16,
39,
18,
37,
18,
26966,
24801,
26670,
80,
24638,
16,
28024,
26324,
12,
48,
24966,
82,
13,
27142,
18,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
26509,
82,
24606,
28051,
190,
30,
40,
24594,
48,
219,
24687,
25464,
26065,
24657,
25519,
24592,
24735,
25852,
24708,
28943,
24795,
27464,
24608,
24716,
27359,
40,
24732,
24613,
18,
41,
24581,
24999,
27223,
46,
24966,
86,
70,
25455,
16,
28545,
27011,
16,
26637,
16,
55,
18,
25267,
21,
4992,
25074,
28,
18,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
26509,
82,
24606,
28051,
190,
30,
40,
24594,
25550,
24581,
24582,
24687,
27503,
24640,
18,
41,
24581,
24999,
27223,
46,
24966,
86,
70,
25455,
27817,
16,
26082,
16,
55,
18,
25,
4992,
28234,
18,
12,
24581,
25583,
13,
24838,
25583,
27280
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
24640980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Passengers%20%281999%20film%29 | The Passengers (1999 film) | The Passengers () is a 1999 French drama film directed by Jean-Claude Guiguet. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival.
Cast
Fabienne Babe - Anna
Philippe Garziano - Pierre
Bruno Putzulu - David
StΓ©phane Rideau - Marco
GwenaΓ«lle Simon - Isabelle (as GwΓ©naΓ«lle Simon)
VΓ©ronique Silver - La Narratrice
Jean-Christophe Bouvet - Le Voyageur
Marie Rousseau - Christine
Laurent Aduso - La Malade
Thomas Badek - Le Golden Boy et le MΓ©decin
Emmanuel Bolève - Le jeune homme
Jean-Paul Bordes - Le PrΓͺtre
Serge Bozon - Un Voyageur
SΓ©bastien Charles - Raoul
Marie-Christine Damiens - Marie
References
External links
1999 films
French drama films
1990s French-language films
1999 drama films
Films directed by Jean-Claude Guiguet
1990s French films | [
"The",
"Pass",
"eng",
"ers",
"()",
"is",
"a",
"1999",
"French",
"drama",
"film",
"directed",
"by",
"Jean",
"-",
"Cl",
"au",
"de",
"Gu",
"ig",
"u",
"et",
".",
"It",
"was",
"screen",
"ed",
"in",
"the",
"Un",
"Cer",
"tain",
"Reg",
"ard",
"section",
"at",
"the",
"1999",
"C",
"ann",
"es",
"Film",
"Festival",
".",
"Cast",
"F",
"ab",
"ien",
"ne",
"Ba",
"be",
"-",
"An",
"na",
"Philip",
"pe",
"Gar",
"z",
"iano",
"-",
"Pier",
"re",
"Br",
"un",
"o",
"P",
"ut",
"z",
"ul",
"u",
"-",
"David",
"St",
"Γ©",
"ph",
"ane",
"R",
"ide",
"au",
"-",
"Mar",
"co",
"G",
"w",
"ena",
"Γ«",
"l",
"le",
"Simon",
"-",
"Is",
"ab",
"el",
"le",
"(",
"as",
"G",
"w",
"Γ©",
"na",
"Γ«",
"l",
"le",
"Simon",
")",
"V",
"Γ©",
"ron",
"ique",
"Sil",
"ver",
"-",
"La",
"N",
"arr",
"at",
"r",
"ice",
"Jean",
"-",
"Chris",
"top",
"he",
"B",
"ou",
"v",
"et",
"-",
"Le",
"V",
"oy",
"age",
"ur",
"Mar",
"ie",
"R",
"ous",
"se",
"au",
"-",
"Christ",
"ine",
"La",
"ur",
"ent",
"Ad",
"us",
"o",
"-",
"La",
"Mal",
"ade",
"Thomas",
"B",
"ade",
"k",
"-",
"Le",
"Golden",
"Boy",
"et",
"le",
"M",
"Γ©",
"dec",
"in",
"Em",
"man",
"uel",
"Bol",
"Γ¨",
"ve",
"-",
"Le",
"je",
"une",
"hom",
"me",
"Jean",
"-",
"Paul",
"B",
"ord",
"es",
"-",
"Le",
"Pr",
"Γͺ",
"tre",
"Ser",
"ge",
"Bo",
"z",
"on",
"-",
"Un",
"V",
"oy",
"age",
"ur",
"S",
"Γ©",
"b",
"ast",
"ien",
"Charles",
"-",
"Ra",
"oul",
"Mar",
"ie",
"-",
"Christ",
"ine",
"Dam",
"i",
"ens",
"-",
"Mar",
"ie",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"1999",
"films",
"French",
"drama",
"films",
"1990s",
"French",
"-",
"language",
"films",
"1999",
"drama",
"films",
"Films",
"directed",
"by",
"Jean",
"-",
"Cl",
"au",
"de",
"Gu",
"ig",
"u",
"et",
"1990s",
"French",
"films"
] | [
24627,
29074,
25010,
24629,
26399,
24593,
69,
26082,
25596,
27493,
24932,
26511,
24647,
27885,
17,
25046,
24786,
24650,
25409,
24628,
89,
24645,
18,
24805,
24625,
27567,
24588,
24581,
24585,
24739,
29524,
24967,
25458,
24695,
26975,
24590,
24585,
26082,
39,
24910,
24589,
25716,
27253,
18,
26502,
42,
24662,
25827,
24687,
27299,
24636,
17,
24800,
25901,
29408,
24678,
27399,
94,
27259,
17,
28898,
24600,
24980,
24631,
83,
52,
24660,
94,
24649,
89,
17,
26148,
24709,
200,
24844,
25713,
54,
24814,
24786,
17,
24829,
24869,
43,
91,
26349,
202,
80,
24604,
29616,
17,
25134,
24662,
24613,
24604,
12,
24594,
43,
91,
200,
25901,
202,
80,
24604,
29616,
13,
58,
200,
25617,
26788,
27137,
24735,
17,
25760,
50,
24848,
24590,
86,
24811,
27885,
17,
27329,
25318,
24607,
38,
24603,
90,
24645,
17,
24843,
58,
24969,
24754,
24615,
24829,
24716,
54,
24797,
24620,
24786,
17,
25707,
24734,
25760,
24615,
24609,
25266,
24640,
83,
17,
25760,
25893,
24899,
26444,
38,
24899,
79,
17,
24843,
28897,
27376,
24645,
24604,
49,
200,
25438,
24581,
25971,
24710,
26103,
28160,
199,
24961,
17,
24843,
25122,
25178,
27207,
24885,
27885,
17,
26108,
38,
24750,
24589,
17,
24843,
24891,
201,
26904,
25321,
24721,
25255,
94,
24584,
17,
24739,
58,
24969,
24754,
24615,
55,
200,
70,
24745,
25827,
26500,
17,
29549,
26786,
24829,
24716,
17,
25707,
24734,
28681,
77,
24845,
17,
24829,
24716,
24838,
25065,
25051,
26082,
25477,
25596,
27493,
25477,
28371,
25596,
17,
25996,
25477,
26082,
27493,
25477,
27019,
26511,
24647,
27885,
17,
25046,
24786,
24650,
25409,
24628,
89,
24645,
28371,
25596,
25477
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
12204009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon%20Canal | Ripon Canal | The Ripon Canal is located in North Yorkshire, England. It was built by the canal engineer William Jessop to link the city of Ripon with the navigable section of the River Ure at Oxclose Lock, from where boats could reach York and Hull. It opened in 1773 and was a moderate success. It was sold to the Leeds and Thirsk Railway in 1847 and was effectively closed by 1906 owing to neglect. It was not nationalised with most canals and railways in 1948 and was abandoned in 1956.
In 1961 members of the Ripon Motor Boat Club formed the Ripon Canal Company Ltd and gradually restored the canal up to Littlethorpe. Subsequently the Ripon Canal Society spearheaded restoration, which was completed in 1996. It is now managed by the Canal & River Trust.
History
The building of the Ripon Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament passed on 15 April 1767, and the canal was the final part of a larger plan to upgrade the River Ure from its junction with the River Swale to Oxclose, where the canal would leave the river and head for Ripon, some away. Below the Swale the Ure becomes the River Ouse, and so carriage of goods to and from York and Hull would be possible. The estimated cost of the whole project was Β£9,000, and the Act established Commissioners, who could borrow money in order to fund the development although the total amount of money to be borrowed was not regulated by the Act. The works were designed to allow the passage of keels, which were .
Work started first on the lower sections, which were progressively opened from 1767. The canal route was surveyed by William Jessop and work on its construction started in 1770, with Jessop acting as Engineer, supervised by John Smeaton. The engineer overseeing the day-to-day operation was John Smith, and a masonry contractor from Halifax called Joshua Wilson was also employed. Construction was completed in early 1773, at a cost of Β£16,400, and regular services between Ripon and York started in February. The canal was fed with water by a feeder that left the Rivers Laver and Skell in Ripon. One of the primary purposes of the canal was the carriage of coal to Ripon, north from the Yorkshire coalfields, with lead and agricultural produce moving in the opposite direction.
Trade on the canal grew steadily, but there were difficulties by the 1820s, as the commissioners had failed to repay the original loans and interest totalling Β£11,450 had accrued on them. The original Commissioners had ceased to function, and so a group of creditors formed "The Company of Proprietors of the River Ure Navigation to Ripon", and obtained a second Act of Parliament on 23 June 1820, which gave them powers to raise Β£34,000 by the issuing of shares, with an extra Β£3,400 if needed. They were required to spend Β£3,000 on repairs within five years of the Act being issued.
Improvements were made, both as a result of the Act and separately in 1838, which resulted in larger boats being able to negotiate the canal. Payloads increased from 30 tonnes in 1822 to 70 tonnes in the 1840s, when the navigation could accommodate boats drawing all the way to Ripon. It was never able to handle the Humber sloops, which ran as far as Boroughbridge, with their width of and draught of .
Despite the railway from Darlington to York opening on 4 January 1841, which provided a way to bring coal from the Durham Coalfields south to York, the Aire and Calder Canal were shipping around 26,931 tonnes of coal per year along the Ure Navigation at the time, and the Company of Proprietors was making profits of Β£886 on an income of Β£2,013. Some of this traffic stopped at Boroughbridge on the River Ure but a good proportion passed along the canal to Ripon.
Decline
1844 marked a turning point for the canal. The Leeds and Thirsk Railway Company wanted to build their railway and sought to buy the Ure Navigation, and hence the canal, in order to gain local support for their plans and in the hope of reducing the potential opposition to their bill in parliament. The sale was agreed between the two Boards and the railway Company's shareholders endorsed the decision in January 1845. An Act of Parliament to authorise the railway was obtained in July 1845, and the Navigation was bought for Β£34,577 in January 1846, although only Β£16,297 was paid in cash. The Act required the railway Company to keep the navigation open and in good order.
Railway expansion was rapid, with the Leeds and Thirsk Railway becoming the Leeds Northern Railway, and then that becoming part of the North Eastern Railway in 1854. The navigation was neglected and the lack of dredging resulted in boats having to be loaded with less cargo. There was a brief upturn in trade in the 1860s but the decline continued after that. By 1892 no traffic proceeded past Boroughbridge and the Ripon Canal was effectively disused. The first attempt to abandon the waterway was made by the North Eastern Railway in 1894 but local opposition prevented it. It was then offered to the Corporation of York as a gift but was not accepted. The NER then took action to prevent the waterway above Boroughbridge being used, and the canal was reported to be impassable by 1906. The River Ouse, and therefore the canal, were not nationalised in 1948 when most British canals were, but with no traffic the canal was officially abandoned in 1956, under the terms of the British Transport Commission Act of 1955.
Restoration
Although an offer by the British Transport Commission to sell the canal to Ripon Corporation in 1952 had been declined, closure of the canal was unpopular locally and such opposition prevented the canal from being filled in. In 1961 the Ripon Canal Company Ltd was formed, consisting largely of people who were part of the Ripon Motor Boat Club, with the intention of leasing the canal and gradually reopening it. The lower half from Oxclose Lock to Littlethorpe was finally restored to use 25 years later. To assist with the restoration of the section from Littlethorpe Lock to Ripon the Inland Waterways Association managed to have the idea included in North Yorkshire County Council's "River Ure and Ouse Recreational Subject Plan". The Council suggested that a restoration society should push this forwards and so the Ripon Canal Society was formed in 1983. The restoration was finally completed in 1996 and David Curry MP declared it open at a ceremony held on 8 September. With their task completed the Ripon Canal Society disbanded at their 1997 annual general meeting, giving the remains of their funds towards the repair of Linton Lock lower down the River Ure. Management of the canal was handed over to British Waterways and transferred to the Canal & River Trust in 2012.
Features
Ripon was said to be the most northerly point of the connected British canal system, a claim that was affected by the opening of the Ribble Link in 2002. The Lancaster Canal is now considered to be part of the connected canal system and Tewitfield, at its northern end, now qualifies for this accolade.
The canal terminates at a basin close to the centre of Ripon, where one of the warehouses has been restored. New housing on one side of the basin has been designed to fit in sympathetically and there is some older housing on the other side. There are no moorings in the terminal basin itself but short-term mooring is available just to the south. There is also a marina near Ripon Racecourse. The canal is only long, and the entire length has a canalside walk, which utilises the towpath from Rhodesfield Lock to Oxclose Lock, although the towpath cannot be used by cyclists.
Points of interest
See also
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
References
Bibliography
External links
Ripon Canal basin page
Ripon local History
Canals in North Yorkshire
1773 establishments in England
Ripon
Canals opened in 1773 | [
"The",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"is",
"located",
"in",
"North",
"York",
"shire",
",",
"England",
".",
"It",
"was",
"built",
"by",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"engineer",
"William",
"J",
"ess",
"op",
"to",
"lin",
"k",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"with",
"the",
"n",
"av",
"ig",
"able",
"section",
"of",
"the",
"River",
"U",
"re",
"at",
"Ox",
"close",
"L",
"ock",
",",
"from",
"where",
"bo",
"ats",
"could",
"reach",
"York",
"and",
"H",
"ull",
".",
"It",
"opened",
"in",
"17",
"7",
"3",
"and",
"was",
"a",
"mod",
"er",
"ate",
"success",
".",
"It",
"was",
"sold",
"to",
"the",
"Le",
"eds",
"and",
"Th",
"ir",
"sk",
"Railway",
"in",
"184",
"7",
"and",
"was",
"effect",
"ively",
"closed",
"by",
"190",
"6",
"ow",
"ing",
"to",
"neg",
"lect",
".",
"It",
"was",
"not",
"national",
"ised",
"with",
"most",
"can",
"als",
"and",
"rail",
"ways",
"in",
"1948",
"and",
"was",
"abandon",
"ed",
"in",
"1956",
".",
"In",
"1961",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Mot",
"or",
"Bo",
"at",
"Club",
"formed",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"Company",
"Lt",
"d",
"and",
"grad",
"ually",
"rest",
"ored",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"up",
"to",
"Little",
"thor",
"pe",
".",
"Sub",
"sequ",
"ently",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"Society",
"spe",
"ar",
"head",
"ed",
"rest",
"oration",
",",
"which",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"1996",
".",
"It",
"is",
"now",
"managed",
"by",
"the",
"Can",
"al",
"&",
"River",
"Trust",
".",
"History",
"The",
"building",
"of",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"was",
"author",
"ised",
"by",
"an",
"Act",
"of",
"Parliament",
"passed",
"on",
"15",
"April",
"17",
"67",
",",
"and",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"the",
"final",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"larger",
"plan",
"to",
"up",
"grade",
"the",
"River",
"U",
"re",
"from",
"its",
"jun",
"ction",
"with",
"the",
"River",
"Sw",
"ale",
"to",
"Ox",
"close",
",",
"where",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"would",
"leave",
"the",
"river",
"and",
"head",
"for",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
",",
"some",
"away",
".",
"Bel",
"ow",
"the",
"Sw",
"ale",
"the",
"U",
"re",
"becomes",
"the",
"River",
"O",
"use",
",",
"and",
"so",
"carr",
"iage",
"of",
"good",
"s",
"to",
"and",
"from",
"York",
"and",
"H",
"ull",
"would",
"be",
"possible",
".",
"The",
"estimated",
"cost",
"of",
"the",
"whole",
"project",
"was",
"Β£",
"9",
",",
"000",
",",
"and",
"the",
"Act",
"established",
"Commission",
"ers",
",",
"who",
"could",
"bor",
"row",
"money",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"fund",
"the",
"development",
"although",
"the",
"total",
"amount",
"of",
"money",
"to",
"be",
"bor",
"row",
"ed",
"was",
"not",
"reg",
"ulated",
"by",
"the",
"Act",
".",
"The",
"works",
"were",
"designed",
"to",
"allow",
"the",
"pass",
"age",
"of",
"ke",
"els",
",",
"which",
"were",
".",
"Work",
"started",
"first",
"on",
"the",
"lower",
"se",
"ctions",
",",
"which",
"were",
"progress",
"ively",
"opened",
"from",
"17",
"67",
".",
"The",
"can",
"al",
"route",
"was",
"sur",
"vey",
"ed",
"by",
"William",
"J",
"ess",
"op",
"and",
"work",
"on",
"its",
"construction",
"started",
"in",
"17",
"70",
",",
"with",
"J",
"ess",
"op",
"acting",
"as",
"Engine",
"er",
",",
"super",
"vised",
"by",
"John",
"S",
"me",
"at",
"on",
".",
"The",
"engineer",
"over",
"see",
"ing",
"the",
"day",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"day",
"operation",
"was",
"John",
"Smith",
",",
"and",
"a",
"m",
"ason",
"ry",
"contract",
"or",
"from",
"Hal",
"if",
"ax",
"called",
"Jos",
"hu",
"a",
"Wilson",
"was",
"also",
"employ",
"ed",
".",
"Con",
"struction",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"early",
"17",
"7",
"3",
",",
"at",
"a",
"cost",
"of",
"Β£",
"16",
",",
"400",
",",
"and",
"regular",
"services",
"between",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"and",
"York",
"started",
"in",
"February",
".",
"The",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"f",
"ed",
"with",
"water",
"by",
"a",
"fe",
"eder",
"that",
"left",
"the",
"R",
"ivers",
"L",
"aver",
"and",
"Sk",
"ell",
"in",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
".",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"primary",
"pur",
"pos",
"es",
"of",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"the",
"carr",
"iage",
"of",
"coal",
"to",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
",",
"north",
"from",
"the",
"York",
"shire",
"coal",
"fields",
",",
"with",
"lead",
"and",
"agricult",
"ural",
"produce",
"moving",
"in",
"the",
"op",
"pos",
"ite",
"direction",
".",
"Tr",
"ade",
"on",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"grew",
"stead",
"ily",
",",
"but",
"there",
"were",
"difficult",
"ies",
"by",
"the",
"18",
"20",
"s",
",",
"as",
"the",
"commission",
"ers",
"had",
"failed",
"to",
"re",
"pay",
"the",
"original",
"lo",
"ans",
"and",
"interest",
"to",
"t",
"all",
"ing",
"Β£",
"11",
",",
"4",
"50",
"had",
"ac",
"cru",
"ed",
"on",
"them",
".",
"The",
"original",
"Commission",
"ers",
"had",
"ce",
"ased",
"to",
"function",
",",
"and",
"so",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"cred",
"itors",
"formed",
"\"",
"The",
"Company",
"of",
"Pro",
"pr",
"iet",
"ors",
"of",
"the",
"River",
"U",
"re",
"N",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
"to",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"\",",
"and",
"obtained",
"a",
"second",
"Act",
"of",
"Parliament",
"on",
"23",
"June",
"18",
"20",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"them",
"p",
"owers",
"to",
"ra",
"ise",
"Β£",
"34",
",",
"000",
"by",
"the",
"issu",
"ing",
"of",
"sh",
"ares",
",",
"with",
"an",
"ex",
"tra",
"Β£",
"3",
",",
"400",
"if",
"needed",
".",
"They",
"were",
"required",
"to",
"sp",
"end",
"Β£",
"3",
",",
"000",
"on",
"re",
"p",
"airs",
"within",
"five",
"years",
"of",
"the",
"Act",
"being",
"issued",
".",
"Im",
"prov",
"ements",
"were",
"made",
",",
"both",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"the",
"Act",
"and",
"separ",
"ately",
"in",
"18",
"38",
",",
"which",
"resulted",
"in",
"larger",
"bo",
"ats",
"being",
"able",
"to",
"ne",
"got",
"i",
"ate",
"the",
"can",
"al",
".",
"P",
"ay",
"load",
"s",
"increased",
"from",
"30",
"ton",
"nes",
"in",
"18",
"22",
"to",
"70",
"ton",
"nes",
"in",
"the",
"184",
"0s",
",",
"when",
"the",
"n",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
"could",
"ac",
"comm",
"od",
"ate",
"bo",
"ats",
"draw",
"ing",
"all",
"the",
"way",
"to",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
".",
"It",
"was",
"never",
"able",
"to",
"hand",
"le",
"the",
"Hum",
"ber",
"s",
"lo",
"ops",
",",
"which",
"ran",
"as",
"far",
"as",
"Bor",
"ough",
"bridge",
",",
"with",
"their",
"wid",
"th",
"of",
"and",
"dr",
"aught",
"of",
".",
"Despite",
"the",
"railway",
"from",
"Dar",
"ling",
"ton",
"to",
"York",
"opening",
"on",
"4",
"January",
"184",
"1",
",",
"which",
"provided",
"a",
"way",
"to",
"bring",
"coal",
"from",
"the",
"Dur",
"ham",
"Co",
"al",
"fields",
"south",
"to",
"York",
",",
"the",
"A",
"ire",
"and",
"Cal",
"der",
"Can",
"al",
"were",
"ship",
"ping",
"around",
"26",
",",
"9",
"31",
"ton",
"nes",
"of",
"coal",
"per",
"year",
"along",
"the",
"U",
"re",
"N",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
"at",
"the",
"time",
",",
"and",
"the",
"Company",
"of",
"Pro",
"pr",
"iet",
"ors",
"was",
"making",
"prof",
"its",
"of",
"Β£",
"88",
"6",
"on",
"an",
"income",
"of",
"Β£",
"2",
",",
"0",
"13",
".",
"Some",
"of",
"this",
"traff",
"ic",
"stop",
"ped",
"at",
"Bor",
"ough",
"bridge",
"on",
"the",
"River",
"U",
"re",
"but",
"a",
"good",
"pro",
"portion",
"passed",
"along",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"to",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
".",
"De",
"cl",
"ine",
"184",
"4",
"marked",
"a",
"turn",
"ing",
"point",
"for",
"the",
"can",
"al",
".",
"The",
"Le",
"eds",
"and",
"Th",
"ir",
"sk",
"Railway",
"Company",
"wanted",
"to",
"build",
"their",
"railway",
"and",
"s",
"ought",
"to",
"bu",
"y",
"the",
"U",
"re",
"N",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
",",
"and",
"h",
"ence",
"the",
"can",
"al",
",",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"g",
"ain",
"local",
"support",
"for",
"their",
"plans",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"h",
"ope",
"of",
"red",
"uc",
"ing",
"the",
"potential",
"op",
"position",
"to",
"their",
"bill",
"in",
"parliament",
".",
"The",
"s",
"ale",
"was",
"agreed",
"between",
"the",
"two",
"Bo",
"ards",
"and",
"the",
"railway",
"Company",
"'",
"s",
"share",
"hold",
"ers",
"end",
"ors",
"ed",
"the",
"decision",
"in",
"January",
"184",
"5",
".",
"An",
"Act",
"of",
"Parliament",
"to",
"author",
"ise",
"the",
"railway",
"was",
"obtained",
"in",
"July",
"184",
"5",
",",
"and",
"the",
"N",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
"was",
"b",
"ought",
"for",
"Β£",
"34",
",",
"57",
"7",
"in",
"January",
"184",
"6",
",",
"although",
"only",
"Β£",
"16",
",",
"29",
"7",
"was",
"paid",
"in",
"c",
"ash",
".",
"The",
"Act",
"required",
"the",
"railway",
"Company",
"to",
"keep",
"the",
"n",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
"open",
"and",
"in",
"good",
"order",
".",
"Railway",
"exp",
"ansion",
"was",
"rap",
"id",
",",
"with",
"the",
"Le",
"eds",
"and",
"Th",
"ir",
"sk",
"Railway",
"becoming",
"the",
"Le",
"eds",
"Northern",
"Railway",
",",
"and",
"then",
"that",
"becoming",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"North",
"Eastern",
"Railway",
"in",
"185",
"4",
".",
"The",
"n",
"av",
"ig",
"ation",
"was",
"neg",
"lected",
"and",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"dr",
"ed",
"ging",
"resulted",
"in",
"bo",
"ats",
"having",
"to",
"be",
"load",
"ed",
"with",
"less",
"c",
"arg",
"o",
".",
"There",
"was",
"a",
"brief",
"up",
"turn",
"in",
"trade",
"in",
"the",
"186",
"0s",
"but",
"the",
"decl",
"ine",
"continued",
"after",
"that",
".",
"By",
"189",
"2",
"no",
"traff",
"ic",
"pro",
"ceed",
"ed",
"past",
"Bor",
"ough",
"bridge",
"and",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"was",
"effect",
"ively",
"dis",
"used",
".",
"The",
"first",
"attempt",
"to",
"abandon",
"the",
"water",
"way",
"was",
"made",
"by",
"the",
"North",
"Eastern",
"Railway",
"in",
"189",
"4",
"but",
"local",
"op",
"position",
"prevent",
"ed",
"it",
".",
"It",
"was",
"then",
"offered",
"to",
"the",
"Corporation",
"of",
"York",
"as",
"a",
"g",
"ift",
"but",
"was",
"not",
"accepted",
".",
"The",
"NE",
"R",
"then",
"took",
"action",
"to",
"prevent",
"the",
"water",
"way",
"above",
"Bor",
"ough",
"bridge",
"being",
"used",
",",
"and",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"reported",
"to",
"be",
"im",
"pass",
"able",
"by",
"190",
"6",
".",
"The",
"River",
"O",
"use",
",",
"and",
"therefore",
"the",
"can",
"al",
",",
"were",
"not",
"national",
"ised",
"in",
"1948",
"when",
"most",
"British",
"can",
"als",
"were",
",",
"but",
"with",
"no",
"traff",
"ic",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"officially",
"abandon",
"ed",
"in",
"1956",
",",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Transport",
"Commission",
"Act",
"of",
"1955",
".",
"R",
"est",
"oration",
"Although",
"an",
"offer",
"by",
"the",
"British",
"Transport",
"Commission",
"to",
"s",
"ell",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"to",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Corporation",
"in",
"1952",
"had",
"been",
"decl",
"ined",
",",
"clos",
"ure",
"of",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"un",
"popular",
"loc",
"ally",
"and",
"such",
"op",
"position",
"prevent",
"ed",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"from",
"being",
"fill",
"ed",
"in",
".",
"In",
"1961",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"Company",
"Lt",
"d",
"was",
"formed",
",",
"consist",
"ing",
"largely",
"of",
"people",
"who",
"were",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Mot",
"or",
"Bo",
"at",
"Club",
",",
"with",
"the",
"int",
"ention",
"of",
"le",
"asing",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"and",
"grad",
"ually",
"re",
"opening",
"it",
".",
"The",
"lower",
"half",
"from",
"Ox",
"close",
"L",
"ock",
"to",
"Little",
"thor",
"pe",
"was",
"finally",
"rest",
"ored",
"to",
"use",
"25",
"years",
"later",
".",
"To",
"assist",
"with",
"the",
"rest",
"oration",
"of",
"the",
"section",
"from",
"Little",
"thor",
"pe",
"L",
"ock",
"to",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"the",
"In",
"land",
"Water",
"ways",
"Association",
"managed",
"to",
"have",
"the",
"idea",
"included",
"in",
"North",
"York",
"shire",
"County",
"Council",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"River",
"U",
"re",
"and",
"O",
"use",
"Re",
"cre",
"ational",
"Sub",
"ject",
"Plan",
"\".",
"The",
"Council",
"sugg",
"ested",
"that",
"a",
"rest",
"oration",
"society",
"should",
"p",
"ush",
"this",
"for",
"wards",
"and",
"so",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"Society",
"was",
"formed",
"in",
"1983",
".",
"The",
"rest",
"oration",
"was",
"finally",
"completed",
"in",
"1996",
"and",
"David",
"Cur",
"ry",
"MP",
"declared",
"it",
"open",
"at",
"a",
"cerem",
"ony",
"held",
"on",
"8",
"September",
".",
"With",
"their",
"t",
"ask",
"completed",
"the",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"Society",
"dis",
"band",
"ed",
"at",
"their",
"1997",
"annual",
"general",
"meeting",
",",
"giving",
"the",
"remains",
"of",
"their",
"fund",
"s",
"towards",
"the",
"re",
"pair",
"of",
"Lin",
"ton",
"L",
"ock",
"lower",
"down",
"the",
"River",
"U",
"re",
".",
"Management",
"of",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"was",
"hand",
"ed",
"over",
"to",
"British",
"Water",
"ways",
"and",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"Can",
"al",
"&",
"River",
"Trust",
"in",
"2012",
".",
"Fe",
"at",
"ures",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"was",
"said",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"most",
"nor",
"ther",
"ly",
"point",
"of",
"the",
"connected",
"British",
"can",
"al",
"system",
",",
"a",
"claim",
"that",
"was",
"affe",
"cted",
"by",
"the",
"opening",
"of",
"the",
"R",
"ib",
"ble",
"L",
"ink",
"in",
"2002",
".",
"The",
"L",
"anc",
"aster",
"Can",
"al",
"is",
"now",
"considered",
"to",
"be",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"connected",
"can",
"al",
"system",
"and",
"T",
"ew",
"it",
"field",
",",
"at",
"its",
"northern",
"end",
",",
"now",
"qual",
"if",
"ies",
"for",
"this",
"ac",
"col",
"ade",
".",
"The",
"can",
"al",
"termin",
"ates",
"at",
"a",
"bas",
"in",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"centre",
"of",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
",",
"where",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"w",
"are",
"houses",
"has",
"been",
"rest",
"ored",
".",
"New",
"housing",
"on",
"one",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"bas",
"in",
"has",
"been",
"designed",
"to",
"fit",
"in",
"sy",
"mp",
"a",
"the",
"t",
"ically",
"and",
"there",
"is",
"some",
"older",
"housing",
"on",
"the",
"other",
"side",
".",
"There",
"are",
"no",
"m",
"oor",
"ings",
"in",
"the",
"termin",
"al",
"bas",
"in",
"itself",
"but",
"short",
"-",
"term",
"m",
"oor",
"ing",
"is",
"available",
"just",
"to",
"the",
"south",
".",
"There",
"is",
"also",
"a",
"mar",
"ina",
"near",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"R",
"ace",
"course",
".",
"The",
"can",
"al",
"is",
"only",
"long",
",",
"and",
"the",
"entire",
"length",
"has",
"a",
"can",
"als",
"ide",
"wal",
"k",
",",
"which",
"ut",
"il",
"ises",
"the",
"tow",
"path",
"from",
"Rh",
"odes",
"field",
"L",
"ock",
"to",
"Ox",
"close",
"L",
"ock",
",",
"although",
"the",
"tow",
"path",
"can",
"not",
"be",
"used",
"by",
"cycl",
"ists",
".",
"Po",
"in",
"ts",
"of",
"interest",
"See",
"also",
"Can",
"als",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
"History",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"can",
"al",
"system",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External",
"links",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"al",
"bas",
"in",
"page",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"local",
"History",
"Can",
"als",
"in",
"North",
"York",
"shire",
"17",
"7",
"3",
"establishments",
"in",
"England",
"R",
"ip",
"on",
"Can",
"als",
"opened",
"in",
"17",
"7",
"3"
] | [
24627,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
24593,
25616,
24581,
25386,
25288,
26249,
16,
25921,
18,
24805,
24625,
25679,
24647,
24585,
24995,
24591,
29233,
25643,
46,
24676,
24644,
24601,
24823,
79,
24585,
25491,
24595,
54,
24696,
24584,
24651,
24585,
82,
24668,
24628,
24914,
26975,
24595,
24585,
25910,
57,
24600,
24590,
27610,
27256,
48,
25467,
16,
24672,
25072,
24807,
25729,
25803,
26067,
25288,
24596,
44,
26028,
18,
24805,
26274,
24581,
24940,
27,
23,
24596,
24625,
69,
25357,
24582,
24688,
25701,
18,
24805,
24625,
26090,
24601,
24585,
24843,
26311,
24596,
24824,
24624,
25252,
27112,
24581,
26422,
27,
24596,
24625,
26243,
26029,
27216,
24647,
25454,
26,
24639,
24599,
24601,
28521,
25754,
18,
24805,
24625,
24809,
25743,
25719,
24651,
25066,
24995,
24702,
24596,
26031,
26308,
24581,
27854,
24596,
24625,
29671,
24588,
24581,
27850,
18,
24657,
27802,
25622,
24595,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
28079,
24586,
25255,
24590,
26188,
25648,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
26478,
29143,
72,
24596,
25861,
25520,
25448,
25839,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24772,
24601,
28012,
25649,
24678,
18,
27040,
25951,
25576,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
26510,
24947,
24592,
25342,
24588,
25448,
29146,
16,
24763,
24625,
26534,
24581,
26234,
18,
24805,
24593,
25426,
28808,
24647,
24585,
25189,
24591,
10,
25910,
29860,
18,
25592,
24627,
25847,
24595,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
24625,
25931,
25719,
24647,
24583,
25928,
24595,
27167,
27951,
24584,
25018,
25381,
24940,
29084,
16,
24596,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24625,
24585,
25738,
24791,
24595,
69,
28537,
26874,
24601,
24772,
28909,
24585,
25910,
57,
24600,
24672,
24783,
27631,
24768,
24651,
24585,
25910,
25504,
24988,
24601,
27610,
27256,
16,
25072,
24585,
24995,
24591,
25084,
28904,
24585,
27483,
24596,
25342,
24618,
54,
24696,
24584,
16,
25191,
26630,
18,
25952,
24639,
24585,
25504,
24988,
24585,
57,
24600,
29355,
24585,
25910,
51,
25043,
16,
24596,
25165,
26262,
27915,
24595,
26663,
87,
24601,
24596,
24672,
25288,
24596,
44,
26028,
25084,
24636,
27333,
18,
24627,
29452,
26913,
24595,
24585,
29080,
26144,
24625,
130,
29,
16,
25348,
16,
24596,
24585,
25928,
25572,
27147,
24629,
16,
24831,
25803,
25897,
25032,
27907,
24581,
25683,
24601,
26807,
24585,
26266,
26893,
24585,
26238,
28901,
24595,
27907,
24601,
24636,
25897,
25032,
24588,
24625,
24809,
24954,
26826,
24647,
24585,
25928,
18,
24627,
25994,
24747,
27018,
24601,
25813,
24585,
25565,
24754,
24595,
24801,
25354,
16,
24763,
24747,
18,
28821,
26213,
24818,
24584,
24585,
27615,
24620,
25509,
16,
24763,
24747,
28890,
26029,
26274,
24672,
24940,
29084,
18,
24627,
24995,
24591,
27895,
24625,
25281,
27162,
24588,
24647,
25643,
46,
24676,
24644,
24596,
24918,
24584,
24783,
26715,
26213,
24581,
24940,
26921,
16,
24651,
46,
24676,
24644,
28349,
24594,
27705,
24582,
16,
26811,
29550,
24647,
25149,
55,
24885,
24590,
24584,
18,
24627,
29233,
24752,
26068,
24599,
24585,
25058,
17,
24601,
17,
25058,
27719,
24625,
25149,
26825,
16,
24596,
69,
81,
24945,
25064,
26899,
24586,
24672,
27968,
24692,
25240,
25446,
27942,
27100,
69,
28925,
24625,
24762,
26632,
24588,
18,
24924,
29513,
24625,
26534,
24581,
25551,
24940,
27,
23,
16,
24590,
69,
26913,
24595,
130,
25009,
16,
29254,
16,
24596,
26861,
26481,
25142,
54,
24696,
24584,
24596,
25288,
26213,
24581,
25500,
18,
24627,
24995,
24591,
24625,
74,
24588,
24651,
25801,
24647,
69,
24828,
26223,
24682,
25475,
24585,
54,
24877,
48,
26087,
24596,
26529,
24731,
24581,
54,
24696,
24584,
18,
25954,
24595,
24585,
27592,
26017,
24936,
24589,
24595,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24625,
24585,
26262,
27915,
24595,
29397,
24601,
54,
24696,
24584,
16,
25855,
24672,
24585,
25288,
26249,
29397,
29653,
16,
24651,
25246,
24596,
29295,
25274,
29157,
28657,
24581,
24585,
24644,
24936,
24850,
29114,
18,
25024,
24899,
24584,
24585,
24995,
24591,
29125,
26701,
25038,
16,
24835,
25201,
24747,
28828,
24675,
24647,
24585,
24722,
24623,
87,
16,
24594,
24585,
27428,
24629,
24798,
28470,
24601,
24600,
27229,
24585,
25967,
25169,
24841,
24596,
27373,
24601,
88,
24663,
24599,
130,
25267,
16,
24,
25681,
24798,
24616,
28311,
24588,
24584,
25154,
18,
24627,
25967,
27147,
24629,
24798,
24648,
24919,
24601,
27636,
16,
24596,
25165,
69,
25273,
24595,
26727,
27751,
25648,
6,
24627,
26478,
24595,
25057,
24666,
25433,
24903,
24595,
24585,
25910,
57,
24600,
50,
24668,
24628,
24626,
24601,
54,
24696,
24584,
25243,
24596,
29943,
69,
25179,
25928,
24595,
27167,
24584,
25217,
25347,
24722,
24623,
16,
24763,
26971,
25154,
84,
27586,
24601,
24840,
25279,
130,
26844,
16,
25348,
24647,
24585,
25835,
24599,
24595,
24690,
29112,
16,
24651,
24583,
24707,
26467,
130,
23,
16,
29254,
24692,
29501,
18,
25594,
24747,
27957,
24601,
24878,
24725,
130,
23,
16,
25348,
24584,
24600,
84,
26859,
25880,
25842,
25100,
24595,
24585,
25928,
25270,
28380,
18,
26541,
25086,
26767,
24747,
25167,
16,
25379,
24594,
69,
26242,
24595,
24585,
25928,
24596,
26916,
25825,
24581,
24722,
26865,
16,
24763,
29699,
24581,
28537,
24807,
25729,
25270,
24914,
24601,
24687,
26939,
77,
24688,
24585,
24995,
24591,
18,
52,
24632,
28276,
87,
28151,
24672,
25402,
24915,
27785,
24581,
24722,
25127,
24601,
26921,
24915,
27785,
24581,
24585,
26422,
25219,
16,
25091,
24585,
82,
24668,
24628,
24626,
25803,
24616,
24898,
24694,
24688,
24807,
25729,
26387,
24599,
24663,
24585,
24968,
24601,
54,
24696,
24584,
18,
24805,
24625,
26908,
24914,
24601,
25866,
24604,
24585,
27451,
24681,
87,
25169,
26239,
16,
24763,
24771,
24594,
27111,
24594,
27283,
24812,
26555,
16,
24651,
24862,
26942,
24580,
24595,
24596,
24815,
27836,
24595,
18,
28457,
24585,
27423,
24672,
28222,
25632,
24915,
24601,
25288,
27808,
24584,
24,
25352,
26422,
21,
16,
24763,
27380,
69,
24968,
24601,
28385,
29397,
24672,
24585,
29436,
25484,
25287,
24591,
29653,
25900,
24601,
25288,
16,
24585,
37,
24792,
24596,
25442,
24795,
25189,
24591,
24747,
24929,
29085,
25787,
25552,
16,
29,
26156,
24915,
27785,
24595,
29397,
24726,
24854,
25635,
24585,
57,
24600,
50,
24668,
24628,
24626,
24590,
24585,
24978,
16,
24596,
24585,
26478,
24595,
25057,
24666,
25433,
24903,
24625,
26521,
25416,
24783,
24595,
130,
28067,
26,
24584,
24583,
28255,
24595,
130,
22,
16,
20,
25143,
18,
26726,
24595,
24927,
29195,
24597,
27282,
25437,
24590,
27283,
24812,
26555,
24584,
24585,
25910,
57,
24600,
24835,
69,
26663,
24685,
29187,
27951,
25635,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24601,
54,
24696,
24584,
18,
24821,
24691,
24734,
26422,
24,
29166,
69,
26145,
24599,
25992,
24618,
24585,
24995,
24591,
18,
24627,
24843,
26311,
24596,
24824,
24624,
25252,
27112,
26478,
28804,
24601,
25323,
24862,
27423,
24596,
87,
26001,
24601,
27803,
93,
24585,
57,
24600,
50,
24668,
24628,
24626,
16,
24596,
76,
24881,
24585,
24995,
24591,
16,
24581,
25683,
24601,
75,
24667,
25763,
25983,
24618,
24862,
28809,
24596,
24581,
24585,
76,
25226,
24595,
25204,
24965,
24599,
24585,
29312,
24644,
25654,
24601,
24862,
27154,
24581,
29245,
18,
24627,
87,
24988,
24625,
29281,
25142,
24585,
24907,
25255,
25598,
24596,
24585,
27423,
26478,
11,
87,
29107,
25771,
24629,
24725,
24903,
24588,
24585,
27989,
24581,
25352,
26422,
25,
18,
24800,
25928,
24595,
27167,
24601,
25931,
25279,
24585,
27423,
24625,
29943,
24581,
25363,
26422,
25,
16,
24596,
24585,
50,
24668,
24628,
24626,
24625,
70,
26001,
24618,
130,
26844,
16,
28183,
27,
24581,
25352,
26422,
26,
16,
26893,
25089,
130,
25009,
16,
25633,
27,
24625,
29465,
24581,
71,
25124,
18,
24627,
25928,
27957,
24585,
27423,
26478,
24601,
27584,
24585,
82,
24668,
24628,
24626,
25383,
24596,
24581,
26663,
25683,
18,
27112,
26201,
29622,
24625,
26996,
24630,
16,
24651,
24585,
24843,
26311,
24596,
24824,
24624,
25252,
27112,
28059,
24585,
24843,
26311,
27199,
27112,
16,
24596,
25115,
24682,
28059,
24791,
24595,
24585,
25386,
27897,
27112,
24581,
26186,
24,
18,
24627,
82,
24668,
24628,
24626,
24625,
28521,
26342,
24596,
24585,
28190,
24595,
24815,
24588,
27669,
29699,
24581,
24807,
25729,
26296,
24601,
24636,
28276,
24588,
24651,
25765,
71,
25135,
83,
18,
25650,
24625,
69,
28671,
24772,
26145,
24581,
27980,
24581,
24585,
25802,
25219,
24835,
24585,
26819,
24734,
26359,
24942,
24682,
18,
25920,
25529,
22,
25159,
29195,
24597,
24685,
27106,
24588,
27332,
27283,
24812,
26555,
24596,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
24625,
26243,
26029,
24913,
25030,
18,
24627,
24818,
28039,
24601,
29671,
24585,
25801,
24968,
24625,
25167,
24647,
24585,
25386,
27897,
27112,
24581,
25529,
24,
24835,
25763,
24644,
25654,
28635,
24588,
24598,
18,
24805,
24625,
25115,
28610,
24601,
24585,
29034,
24595,
25288,
24594,
69,
75,
27511,
24835,
24625,
24809,
29403,
18,
24627,
27252,
54,
25115,
25676,
26146,
24601,
28635,
24585,
25801,
24968,
27356,
27283,
24812,
26555,
25270,
25030,
16,
24596,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24625,
26674,
24601,
24636,
24634,
25565,
24914,
24647,
25454,
26,
18,
24627,
25910,
51,
25043,
16,
24596,
29817,
24585,
24995,
24591,
16,
24747,
24809,
25743,
25719,
24581,
27854,
25091,
25066,
25320,
24995,
24702,
24747,
16,
24835,
24651,
25159,
29195,
24597,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24625,
28842,
29671,
24588,
24581,
27850,
16,
25016,
24585,
28188,
24595,
24585,
25320,
28236,
27147,
25928,
24595,
28046,
18,
54,
24655,
29146,
27238,
24583,
26735,
24647,
24585,
25320,
28236,
27147,
24601,
87,
24731,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24601,
54,
24696,
24584,
29034,
24581,
28022,
24798,
24948,
26819,
25624,
16,
26005,
24794,
24595,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24625,
24631,
26383,
24938,
24904,
24596,
25221,
24644,
25654,
28635,
24588,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24672,
25270,
28252,
24588,
24581,
18,
24657,
27802,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
26478,
29143,
72,
24625,
25648,
16,
27062,
24599,
29659,
24595,
24941,
24831,
24747,
24791,
24595,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
28079,
24586,
25255,
24590,
26188,
16,
24651,
24585,
24957,
27330,
24595,
24604,
27397,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24596,
25861,
25520,
24600,
27808,
24598,
18,
24627,
27615,
26202,
24672,
27610,
27256,
48,
25467,
24601,
28012,
25649,
24678,
24625,
28927,
25448,
25839,
24601,
25043,
25306,
25100,
25163,
18,
26071,
26556,
24651,
24585,
25448,
29146,
24595,
24585,
26975,
24672,
28012,
25649,
24678,
48,
25467,
24601,
54,
24696,
24584,
24585,
24657,
24775,
28004,
26308,
26196,
28808,
24601,
24920,
24585,
28661,
25922,
24581,
25386,
25288,
26249,
25239,
26176,
11,
87,
6,
25910,
57,
24600,
24596,
51,
25043,
24693,
24912,
24813,
27040,
25304,
29676,
25157,
24627,
26176,
27203,
26198,
24682,
69,
25448,
29146,
28648,
26794,
84,
26009,
24927,
24618,
26165,
24596,
25165,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
26510,
24625,
25648,
24581,
26932,
18,
24627,
25448,
29146,
24625,
28927,
26534,
24581,
26234,
24596,
26148,
26880,
25064,
27168,
29398,
24598,
25383,
24590,
69,
29366,
25580,
25605,
24584,
28,
25322,
18,
26137,
24862,
88,
25370,
26534,
24585,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
26510,
24913,
25374,
24588,
24590,
24862,
26252,
28152,
26139,
28317,
16,
29104,
24585,
28330,
24595,
24862,
26807,
87,
27814,
24585,
24600,
27904,
24595,
27537,
24915,
48,
25467,
27615,
25581,
24585,
25910,
57,
24600,
18,
29753,
24595,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24625,
25866,
24588,
24752,
24601,
25320,
28004,
26308,
24596,
28717,
24601,
24585,
25189,
24591,
10,
25910,
29860,
24581,
25512,
18,
25300,
24590,
25224,
54,
24696,
24584,
24625,
25860,
24601,
24636,
24585,
25066,
25248,
24703,
24633,
25992,
24595,
24585,
29578,
25320,
24995,
24591,
25490,
16,
69,
26019,
24682,
24625,
29249,
24955,
24647,
24585,
27808,
24595,
24585,
54,
24751,
25644,
48,
26224,
24581,
25908,
18,
24627,
48,
25353,
25666,
25189,
24591,
24593,
25426,
26603,
24601,
24636,
24791,
24595,
24585,
29578,
24995,
24591,
25490,
24596,
56,
24774,
24598,
25401,
16,
24590,
24783,
27619,
24725,
16,
25426,
26597,
24692,
24675,
24618,
24927,
24616,
24908,
24899,
18,
24627,
24995,
24591,
26667,
24855,
24590,
69,
26253,
24581,
27256,
24601,
24585,
28026,
24595,
54,
24696,
24584,
16,
25072,
24748,
24595,
24585,
91,
24686,
28149,
24808,
24948,
25448,
25839,
18,
24871,
29407,
24584,
24748,
25615,
24595,
24585,
26253,
24581,
24808,
24948,
27018,
24601,
28066,
24581,
24984,
25265,
69,
24585,
88,
25686,
24596,
25201,
24593,
25191,
28002,
29407,
24584,
24585,
24858,
25615,
18,
25650,
24686,
25159,
81,
27188,
24939,
24581,
24585,
26667,
24591,
26253,
24581,
27892,
24835,
25903,
17,
26334,
81,
27188,
24599,
24593,
26926,
25871,
24601,
24585,
25900,
18,
25650,
24593,
24762,
69,
25748,
25110,
25532,
54,
24696,
24584,
54,
24852,
27557,
18,
24627,
24995,
24591,
24593,
25089,
25444,
16,
24596,
24585,
27239,
27663,
24808,
69,
24995,
24702,
24814,
27676,
79,
16,
24763,
24660,
24608,
27622,
24585,
25206,
28381,
24672,
27772,
26496,
25401,
48,
25467,
24601,
27610,
27256,
48,
25467,
16,
26893,
24585,
25206,
28381,
24995,
24809,
24636,
25030,
24647,
27518,
25006,
18,
26077,
24581,
24704,
24595,
27373,
25404,
24762,
25189,
24702,
24595,
24585,
24994,
26514,
25592,
24595,
24585,
25320,
24995,
24591,
25490,
24838,
29100,
25065,
25051,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24591,
26253,
24581,
27861,
54,
24696,
24584,
25763,
25592,
25189,
24702,
24581,
25386,
25288,
26249,
24940,
27,
23,
26712,
24581,
25921,
54,
24696,
24584,
25189,
24702,
26274,
24581,
24940,
27,
23
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
54458291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chua%20Mia%20Tee | Chua Mia Tee | Chua Mia Tee (; born 25 November 1931) is a Chinese-born Singaporean artist known for his social realist oil paintings capturing the social and political conditions of Singapore and Malaya in the 1950s and 60s. Chua was involved in the Equator Art Society, an artist group founded in 1956 whose social realist works sought to instil a distinct Malayan consciousness by representing the realities and struggles of the masses. For his contributions to the visual arts in Singapore, Chua was awarded the Cultural Medallion in 2015.
Chua is also known for his depictions of historic events and portrait paintings of prominent Singaporeans and political figures, such as the nation's presidents and ministers. This includes, for instance, a sculpted bust of composer Zubir Said, and Chua's 1998 portrait of Singapore's first president Yusof Ishak, which can be found reproduced on Singapore's currency notes.
His work has been exhibited internationally in countries such as Australia, Belgium, Germany, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Thailand, and his paintings are in the collection of the National Gallery Singapore, including his most notable work, National Language Class (1959).
Personal life and education
Chua was born in 1931 in Shantou, Guangdong, China. In 1937, at the age of six, Chua and his family fled the Sino-Japanese War in China, coming to Singapore. For his primary education, he attended the Shuqun School and subsequently Tuan Mong School. His studies would be temporarily interrupted by the Japanese occupation of Singapore, with his family moving to Indonesia until 1945, when he returned to Singapore with the end of World War II and completed his primary school studies at Tuan Mong School in 1946.
While growing up, Chua would watch his father, a self-taught painter who was a businessman, draw portraits of his grandparents, leading to Chua's discovery of his own interest in sketching and painting. While Chua enrolled in Chung Cheng High School for secondary education in 1947, he left midway to pursue a formal arts education at the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA), Singapore, encouraged by his father. There, academy director Lim Hak Tai and artists Cheong Soo Pieng, Koh Tong Leong and See Hiang To would be some of his teachers.
Chua graduated from NAFA in 1952 and taught there as a full-time teacher for two years before returning to Chung Cheng High School to complete his secondary education. He would then return to NAFA as an art teacher once again.
Career
In 1956, an art association comprising students from local Chinese middle schools, the Singapore Chinese Middle Schools' Graduates of 1953 Arts Association (SCMSGAA), held a travelling fundraising exhibition. Raising funds for building Singapore's only Chinese-language private university, Nantah (later merged to become the present-day National University of Singapore), the association first exhibited at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Singapore, and later in Kuala Lumpur and Penang. At this travelling exhibition, Chua would present his now well-known oil painting, Epic Poem of Malaya (1955), a work that embodies the desire to inculcate a distinct Malayan nationalism in the younger generation.
However, the SCMSGAA would be dissolved after the travelling exhibition due to their perceived left-leaning politics and anti-colonial sentiment, and a new group called the Equator Art Society would be registered the same year in 1956. Comprising many of the members of the SCMSGAA, the Equator Art Society was an artist group promoting the use of realist-style painting and socially-engaged practices that commented on social issues in 1950s and 60s Singapore and Malaya. Chua would be involved in the Equator Art Society's exhibitions, presenting paintings such as National Language Class (1959), for example, at the group's 1960 exhibition. By the society's de-registering on 11 January 1974, the EAS had held 6 exhibitions at locations including the Victoria Memorial Hall, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, and its premises at 56 Lorong 32 in Geylang.
Chua would simultaneously develop his practice through his involvement with commercial art, becoming an illustrator at the Shanghai Book Company from 1957 and later working as a designer with Grant Advertising International from 1960. Afterwards from 1965, Chua would work as a book designer and illustrator the Times Organisation's Federal Publication. In 1974, Chua held his first solo exhibition of his social realist paintings at the Rising Art Gallery, with the attention garnered leading to his decision to be a full-time artist at the age of 43.
In 1979, Chua would be commissioned to create 36 sketches of members of parliament and ministers during parliamentary meetings. He would continue to be commissioned to paint political figures such as then Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1991 as a May Day gift from the National Trades Union Congress, and historic events such as The Opening of the 8th Parliament for the Parliament of Singapore in 1992. Chua's 1998 portrait of Singapore's first president Yusof Ishak, for instance, can be found reproduced on Singapore's currency notes.
Chua would show his work in solo and group shows from the 1980s onwards, also holding joint exhibitions in 1980 and 1990 with oil painter Lee Boon Ngan, his wife.
In 1996, with the inauguration of the Singapore Art Museum, Chua's work would also be historicised in Channels & Confluences: A History of Singapore Art, a publication produced alongside the museum's opening. In 2007, the exhibition From Words to Pictures: Art During the Emergency would be held at the Singapore Art Museum, a show examining social realist artworks in Singapore through the historical frame of the Malayan Emergency, including works by Chua. In 2013, the former members of EAS held the exhibition 137km North of the Equator: A Story of the Equator Art Society and Realist Artists in Singapore at the Artcommune Gallery. With the opening of the National Gallery Singapore in 2015, Chua's work would be featured in and inspire the title of the inaugural exhibition at the Singapore Gallery, Siapa Nama Kamu? Art in Singapore since the 19th Century, its name taking from a detail in his oil painting, National Language Class (1959).
In 2015, Chua was awarded the Cultural Medallion for his contributions to the visual arts in Singapore.
Art and influence
Chua's oil painting, National Language Class (1959), has been interpreted as reflecting an emerging nationalist Malayan identity, with Malay language uniting the various ethnic communities. The painting depicts Singaporeans of different ethnicities attempting to free themselves from English, the language of their colonial masters, by learning Malay, the national language of Singapore, Malaya, and the Malay World. They are seated at a round table, a symbol of equality, with the Malay teacher posing two simple questions to his students: Siapa nama kamu? Di-mana awak tinggal? (What is your name? Where do you live?). These seemingly simple questions are loaded with political symbolism, illustrating the dynamics of the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the Malay language was a social bridge and major medium of communication in Singapore. Then, left-wing Chinese school students demanded that the study of Malay replace English in their Chinese medium schools in preparation for merger with Malaya.
Chua's art has inspired many other artists. For example, Koh, Buck Song, the National Gallery Singapore's poet-in-residence 2021-22, in his book of poems and haiga art, the world anew (2023), has a poem titled "industry" that responds to Chua's painting "Workers in a Canteen" (1974), as well as a haiga artwork titled "racial harmony" inspired by Chua's painting "Eating on Banana Leaves" (1979).
References
1931 births
Living people
People from Shantou
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
Chinese emigrants to Singapore
Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Singaporean painters
Singaporean artists | [
"Ch",
"ua",
"M",
"ia",
"Te",
"e",
"(;",
"born",
"25",
"November",
"1931",
")",
"is",
"a",
"Chinese",
"-",
"born",
"Singapore",
"an",
"artist",
"known",
"for",
"his",
"social",
"real",
"ist",
"oil",
"paint",
"ings",
"capt",
"uring",
"the",
"social",
"and",
"political",
"conditions",
"of",
"Singapore",
"and",
"Mal",
"aya",
"in",
"the",
"1950s",
"and",
"6",
"0s",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"was",
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"E",
"qu",
"ator",
"Art",
"Society",
",",
"an",
"artist",
"group",
"founded",
"in",
"1956",
"whose",
"social",
"real",
"ist",
"works",
"s",
"ought",
"to",
"inst",
"il",
"a",
"distin",
"ct",
"Mal",
"ay",
"an",
"con",
"sc",
"ious",
"ness",
"by",
"represent",
"ing",
"the",
"real",
"ities",
"and",
"strugg",
"les",
"of",
"the",
"mass",
"es",
".",
"For",
"his",
"contribut",
"ions",
"to",
"the",
"vis",
"ual",
"arts",
"in",
"Singapore",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"was",
"awarded",
"the",
"Cult",
"ural",
"Med",
"all",
"ion",
"in",
"2015",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"is",
"also",
"known",
"for",
"his",
"dep",
"ict",
"ions",
"of",
"historic",
"events",
"and",
"por",
"tra",
"it",
"paint",
"ings",
"of",
"prominent",
"Singapore",
"ans",
"and",
"political",
"fig",
"ures",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"nation",
"'",
"s",
"pres",
"idents",
"and",
"min",
"isters",
".",
"This",
"includes",
",",
"for",
"inst",
"ance",
",",
"a",
"sc",
"ul",
"p",
"ted",
"b",
"ust",
"of",
"composer",
"Z",
"ub",
"ir",
"S",
"aid",
",",
"and",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"1998",
"por",
"tra",
"it",
"of",
"Singapore",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"president",
"Y",
"us",
"of",
"I",
"sh",
"ak",
",",
"which",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"re",
"produced",
"on",
"Singapore",
"'",
"s",
"curr",
"ency",
"notes",
".",
"His",
"work",
"has",
"been",
"exhib",
"ited",
"international",
"ly",
"in",
"countries",
"such",
"as",
"Australia",
",",
"Belg",
"ium",
",",
"Germany",
",",
"Indones",
"ia",
",",
"New",
"Zealand",
",",
"and",
"Th",
"ail",
"and",
",",
"and",
"his",
"paint",
"ings",
"are",
"in",
"the",
"collection",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Gallery",
"Singapore",
",",
"including",
"his",
"most",
"notable",
"work",
",",
"National",
"L",
"angu",
"age",
"Class",
"(",
"1959",
").",
"Personal",
"life",
"and",
"education",
"Ch",
"ua",
"was",
"born",
"in",
"1931",
"in",
"Sh",
"an",
"to",
"u",
",",
"Gu",
"ang",
"d",
"ong",
",",
"China",
".",
"In",
"1937",
",",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"six",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"and",
"his",
"family",
"fl",
"ed",
"the",
"S",
"ino",
"-",
"Japanese",
"War",
"in",
"China",
",",
"coming",
"to",
"Singapore",
".",
"For",
"his",
"primary",
"education",
",",
"he",
"attended",
"the",
"Sh",
"u",
"q",
"un",
"School",
"and",
"subsequently",
"T",
"uan",
"M",
"ong",
"School",
".",
"His",
"studies",
"would",
"be",
"tem",
"por",
"arily",
"inter",
"rup",
"ted",
"by",
"the",
"Japanese",
"occup",
"ation",
"of",
"Singapore",
",",
"with",
"his",
"family",
"moving",
"to",
"Indones",
"ia",
"until",
"1945",
",",
"when",
"he",
"returned",
"to",
"Singapore",
"with",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"and",
"completed",
"his",
"primary",
"school",
"studies",
"at",
"T",
"uan",
"M",
"ong",
"School",
"in",
"1946",
".",
"While",
"growing",
"up",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"watch",
"his",
"father",
",",
"a",
"self",
"-",
"taught",
"painter",
"who",
"was",
"a",
"business",
"man",
",",
"draw",
"por",
"tra",
"its",
"of",
"his",
"grand",
"parents",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"dis",
"covery",
"of",
"his",
"own",
"interest",
"in",
"sk",
"et",
"ch",
"ing",
"and",
"painting",
".",
"While",
"Ch",
"ua",
"en",
"roll",
"ed",
"in",
"Ch",
"ung",
"Ch",
"eng",
"High",
"School",
"for",
"secondary",
"education",
"in",
"1947",
",",
"he",
"left",
"mid",
"way",
"to",
"pur",
"su",
"e",
"a",
"form",
"al",
"arts",
"education",
"at",
"the",
"N",
"any",
"ang",
"Academy",
"of",
"F",
"ine",
"Arts",
"(",
"NA",
"FA",
"),",
"Singapore",
",",
"encour",
"aged",
"by",
"his",
"father",
".",
"There",
",",
"academ",
"y",
"director",
"Lim",
"H",
"ak",
"Tai",
"and",
"artists",
"Che",
"ong",
"S",
"oo",
"P",
"i",
"eng",
",",
"Ko",
"h",
"T",
"ong",
"Le",
"ong",
"and",
"See",
"H",
"iang",
"To",
"would",
"be",
"some",
"of",
"his",
"teach",
"ers",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"graduated",
"from",
"NA",
"FA",
"in",
"1952",
"and",
"taught",
"there",
"as",
"a",
"full",
"-",
"time",
"teacher",
"for",
"two",
"years",
"before",
"return",
"ing",
"to",
"Ch",
"ung",
"Ch",
"eng",
"High",
"School",
"to",
"complete",
"his",
"secondary",
"education",
".",
"He",
"would",
"then",
"return",
"to",
"NA",
"FA",
"as",
"an",
"art",
"teacher",
"once",
"again",
".",
"Career",
"In",
"1956",
",",
"an",
"art",
"association",
"com",
"pr",
"ising",
"students",
"from",
"local",
"Chinese",
"middle",
"schools",
",",
"the",
"Singapore",
"Chinese",
"Middle",
"School",
"s",
"'",
"Gr",
"ad",
"u",
"ates",
"of",
"1953",
"Arts",
"Association",
"(",
"SC",
"MS",
"G",
"AA",
"),",
"held",
"a",
"trav",
"elling",
"fun",
"dr",
"a",
"ising",
"exhib",
"ition",
".",
"Ra",
"ising",
"fund",
"s",
"for",
"building",
"Singapore",
"'",
"s",
"only",
"Chinese",
"-",
"language",
"private",
"university",
",",
"N",
"ant",
"ah",
"(",
"later",
"mer",
"ged",
"to",
"become",
"the",
"present",
"-",
"day",
"National",
"University",
"of",
"Singapore",
"),",
"the",
"association",
"first",
"exhib",
"ited",
"at",
"the",
"Chinese",
"Ch",
"amber",
"of",
"Com",
"mer",
"ce",
"in",
"Singapore",
",",
"and",
"later",
"in",
"K",
"ual",
"a",
"L",
"um",
"pur",
"and",
"Pen",
"ang",
".",
"At",
"this",
"trav",
"elling",
"exhib",
"ition",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"present",
"his",
"now",
"well",
"-",
"known",
"oil",
"painting",
",",
"Ep",
"ic",
"Po",
"em",
"of",
"Mal",
"aya",
"(",
"1955",
"),",
"a",
"work",
"that",
"emb",
"odies",
"the",
"des",
"ire",
"to",
"inc",
"ul",
"c",
"ate",
"a",
"distin",
"ct",
"Mal",
"ay",
"an",
"national",
"ism",
"in",
"the",
"younger",
"gener",
"ation",
".",
"However",
",",
"the",
"SC",
"MS",
"G",
"AA",
"would",
"be",
"diss",
"ol",
"ved",
"after",
"the",
"trav",
"elling",
"exhib",
"ition",
"due",
"to",
"their",
"per",
"ce",
"ived",
"left",
"-",
"le",
"an",
"ing",
"politics",
"and",
"anti",
"-",
"colon",
"ial",
"sent",
"iment",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"group",
"called",
"the",
"E",
"qu",
"ator",
"Art",
"Society",
"would",
"be",
"register",
"ed",
"the",
"same",
"year",
"in",
"1956",
".",
"Com",
"pr",
"ising",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"SC",
"MS",
"G",
"AA",
",",
"the",
"E",
"qu",
"ator",
"Art",
"Society",
"was",
"an",
"artist",
"group",
"promot",
"ing",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"real",
"ist",
"-",
"style",
"painting",
"and",
"s",
"oc",
"ially",
"-",
"eng",
"aged",
"pract",
"ices",
"that",
"comment",
"ed",
"on",
"social",
"issues",
"in",
"1950s",
"and",
"6",
"0s",
"Singapore",
"and",
"Mal",
"aya",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"be",
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"E",
"qu",
"ator",
"Art",
"Society",
"'",
"s",
"exhib",
"itions",
",",
"present",
"ing",
"paint",
"ings",
"such",
"as",
"National",
"L",
"angu",
"age",
"Class",
"(",
"1959",
"),",
"for",
"example",
",",
"at",
"the",
"group",
"'",
"s",
"1960",
"exhib",
"ition",
".",
"By",
"the",
"society",
"'",
"s",
"de",
"-",
"register",
"ing",
"on",
"11",
"January",
"1974",
",",
"the",
"E",
"A",
"S",
"had",
"held",
"6",
"exhib",
"itions",
"at",
"loc",
"ations",
"including",
"the",
"Victoria",
"Memorial",
"Hall",
",",
"the",
"Chinese",
"Ch",
"amber",
"of",
"Com",
"mer",
"ce",
",",
"and",
"its",
"prem",
"ises",
"at",
"56",
"Lor",
"ong",
"32",
"in",
"Ge",
"yl",
"ang",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"sim",
"ult",
"ane",
"ously",
"develop",
"his",
"practice",
"through",
"his",
"invol",
"v",
"ement",
"with",
"commercial",
"art",
",",
"becoming",
"an",
"illustr",
"ator",
"at",
"the",
"Sh",
"an",
"gh",
"ai",
"Book",
"Company",
"from",
"1957",
"and",
"later",
"working",
"as",
"a",
"design",
"er",
"with",
"Gr",
"ant",
"Ad",
"vert",
"ising",
"International",
"from",
"1960",
".",
"After",
"wards",
"from",
"1965",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"work",
"as",
"a",
"book",
"design",
"er",
"and",
"illustr",
"ator",
"the",
"Times",
"Organ",
"isation",
"'",
"s",
"Federal",
"Public",
"ation",
".",
"In",
"1974",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"held",
"his",
"first",
"solo",
"exhib",
"ition",
"of",
"his",
"social",
"real",
"ist",
"paint",
"ings",
"at",
"the",
"R",
"ising",
"Art",
"Gallery",
",",
"with",
"the",
"attention",
"gar",
"n",
"ered",
"leading",
"to",
"his",
"decision",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"full",
"-",
"time",
"artist",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"43",
".",
"In",
"1979",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"be",
"commissioned",
"to",
"create",
"36",
"sk",
"et",
"ches",
"of",
"members",
"of",
"parliament",
"and",
"min",
"isters",
"during",
"parliament",
"ary",
"meet",
"ings",
".",
"He",
"would",
"continue",
"to",
"be",
"commissioned",
"to",
"paint",
"political",
"fig",
"ures",
"such",
"as",
"then",
"Senior",
"Minister",
"Lee",
"K",
"uan",
"Y",
"ew",
"in",
"1991",
"as",
"a",
"May",
"Day",
"g",
"ift",
"from",
"the",
"National",
"Tr",
"ades",
"Union",
"Congress",
",",
"and",
"historic",
"events",
"such",
"as",
"The",
"Open",
"ing",
"of",
"the",
"8",
"th",
"Parliament",
"for",
"the",
"Parliament",
"of",
"Singapore",
"in",
"1992",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"1998",
"por",
"tra",
"it",
"of",
"Singapore",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"president",
"Y",
"us",
"of",
"I",
"sh",
"ak",
",",
"for",
"inst",
"ance",
",",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"re",
"produced",
"on",
"Singapore",
"'",
"s",
"curr",
"ency",
"notes",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"would",
"show",
"his",
"work",
"in",
"solo",
"and",
"group",
"shows",
"from",
"the",
"1980s",
"on",
"wards",
",",
"also",
"hold",
"ing",
"joint",
"exhib",
"itions",
"in",
"1980",
"and",
"1990",
"with",
"oil",
"painter",
"Lee",
"Bo",
"on",
"N",
"gan",
",",
"his",
"wife",
".",
"In",
"1996",
",",
"with",
"the",
"in",
"aug",
"ur",
"ation",
"of",
"the",
"Singapore",
"Art",
"Museum",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"would",
"also",
"be",
"historic",
"ised",
"in",
"Ch",
"ann",
"els",
"&",
"Con",
"flu",
"ences",
":",
"A",
"History",
"of",
"Singapore",
"Art",
",",
"a",
"public",
"ation",
"produced",
"alongside",
"the",
"museum",
"'",
"s",
"opening",
".",
"In",
"2007",
",",
"the",
"exhib",
"ition",
"From",
"W",
"ord",
"s",
"to",
"Pict",
"ures",
":",
"Art",
"During",
"the",
"E",
"mer",
"gency",
"would",
"be",
"held",
"at",
"the",
"Singapore",
"Art",
"Museum",
",",
"a",
"show",
"exam",
"in",
"ing",
"social",
"real",
"ist",
"art",
"works",
"in",
"Singapore",
"through",
"the",
"historical",
"frame",
"of",
"the",
"Mal",
"ay",
"an",
"E",
"mer",
"gency",
",",
"including",
"works",
"by",
"Ch",
"ua",
".",
"In",
"2013",
",",
"the",
"former",
"members",
"of",
"E",
"A",
"S",
"held",
"the",
"exhib",
"ition",
"13",
"7",
"km",
"North",
"of",
"the",
"E",
"qu",
"ator",
":",
"A",
"St",
"ory",
"of",
"the",
"E",
"qu",
"ator",
"Art",
"Society",
"and",
"Real",
"ist",
"Art",
"ists",
"in",
"Singapore",
"at",
"the",
"Art",
"comm",
"une",
"Gallery",
".",
"With",
"the",
"opening",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Gallery",
"Singapore",
"in",
"2015",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"would",
"be",
"featured",
"in",
"and",
"in",
"sp",
"ire",
"the",
"title",
"of",
"the",
"in",
"aug",
"ural",
"exhib",
"ition",
"at",
"the",
"Singapore",
"Gallery",
",",
"S",
"i",
"ap",
"a",
"N",
"ama",
"Kam",
"u",
"?",
"Art",
"in",
"Singapore",
"since",
"the",
"19th",
"Cent",
"ury",
",",
"its",
"name",
"taking",
"from",
"a",
"det",
"ail",
"in",
"his",
"oil",
"painting",
",",
"National",
"L",
"angu",
"age",
"Class",
"(",
"1959",
").",
"In",
"2015",
",",
"Ch",
"ua",
"was",
"awarded",
"the",
"Cult",
"ural",
"Med",
"all",
"ion",
"for",
"his",
"contribut",
"ions",
"to",
"the",
"vis",
"ual",
"arts",
"in",
"Singapore",
".",
"Art",
"and",
"influence",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"oil",
"painting",
",",
"National",
"L",
"angu",
"age",
"Class",
"(",
"1959",
"),",
"has",
"been",
"inter",
"pre",
"ted",
"as",
"ref",
"lect",
"ing",
"an",
"emer",
"ging",
"national",
"ist",
"Mal",
"ay",
"an",
"ident",
"ity",
",",
"with",
"Mal",
"ay",
"language",
"un",
"iting",
"the",
"various",
"eth",
"nic",
"communities",
".",
"The",
"painting",
"dep",
"icts",
"Singapore",
"ans",
"of",
"different",
"eth",
"nic",
"ities",
"attempt",
"ing",
"to",
"free",
"themselves",
"from",
"English",
",",
"the",
"language",
"of",
"their",
"colon",
"ial",
"mas",
"ters",
",",
"by",
"lear",
"ning",
"Mal",
"ay",
",",
"the",
"national",
"language",
"of",
"Singapore",
",",
"Mal",
"aya",
",",
"and",
"the",
"Mal",
"ay",
"World",
".",
"They",
"are",
"se",
"ated",
"at",
"a",
"round",
"table",
",",
"a",
"sym",
"bol",
"of",
"equ",
"ality",
",",
"with",
"the",
"Mal",
"ay",
"teacher",
"pos",
"ing",
"two",
"sim",
"ple",
"quest",
"ions",
"to",
"his",
"students",
":",
"S",
"i",
"ap",
"a",
"nam",
"a",
"k",
"am",
"u",
"?",
"Di",
"-",
"man",
"a",
"aw",
"ak",
"ting",
"gal",
"?",
"(",
"What",
"is",
"y",
"our",
"name",
"?",
"Wh",
"ere",
"do",
"you",
"live",
"?",
").",
"These",
"se",
"em",
"ing",
"ly",
"sim",
"ple",
"quest",
"ions",
"are",
"load",
"ed",
"with",
"political",
"sym",
"bol",
"ism",
",",
"illustr",
"ating",
"the",
"dy",
"nam",
"ics",
"of",
"the",
"late",
"1950s",
"and",
"early",
"1960s",
",",
"when",
"the",
"Mal",
"ay",
"language",
"was",
"a",
"social",
"bridge",
"and",
"major",
"med",
"ium",
"of",
"communic",
"ation",
"in",
"Singapore",
".",
"Th",
"en",
",",
"left",
"-",
"wing",
"Chinese",
"school",
"students",
"dem",
"anded",
"that",
"the",
"study",
"of",
"Mal",
"ay",
"re",
"place",
"English",
"in",
"their",
"Chinese",
"med",
"ium",
"schools",
"in",
"prepar",
"ation",
"for",
"mer",
"ger",
"with",
"Mal",
"aya",
".",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"art",
"has",
"inspired",
"many",
"other",
"artists",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"Ko",
"h",
",",
"B",
"uck",
"Song",
",",
"the",
"National",
"Gallery",
"Singapore",
"'",
"s",
"poet",
"-",
"in",
"-",
"res",
"idence",
"2021",
"-",
"22",
",",
"in",
"his",
"book",
"of",
"po",
"ems",
"and",
"ha",
"iga",
"art",
",",
"the",
"world",
"an",
"ew",
"(",
"2023",
"),",
"has",
"a",
"po",
"em",
"titled",
"\"",
"industry",
"\"",
"that",
"respond",
"s",
"to",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"painting",
"\"",
"Work",
"ers",
"in",
"a",
"Can",
"teen",
"\"",
"(",
"1974",
"),",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"a",
"ha",
"iga",
"art",
"work",
"titled",
"\"",
"rac",
"ial",
"har",
"mon",
"y",
"\"",
"inspired",
"by",
"Ch",
"ua",
"'",
"s",
"painting",
"\"",
"E",
"ating",
"on",
"Ban",
"ana",
"Le",
"aves",
"\"",
"(",
"1979",
").",
"References",
"1931",
"births",
"Living",
"people",
"People",
"from",
"Sh",
"an",
"to",
"u",
"Singapore",
"an",
"people",
"of",
"Te",
"oc",
"he",
"w",
"descent",
"Chinese",
"em",
"igrants",
"to",
"Singapore",
"N",
"any",
"ang",
"Academy",
"of",
"F",
"ine",
"Arts",
"alumni",
"Singapore",
"an",
"pain",
"ters",
"Singapore",
"an",
"artists"
] | [
24698,
28384,
49,
24677,
25431,
73,
29723,
25049,
25306,
25406,
28957,
13,
24593,
69,
26640,
17,
25049,
29383,
24583,
26719,
25137,
24618,
24684,
26455,
26169,
24641,
27755,
29495,
24939,
27075,
24905,
24585,
26455,
24596,
26244,
28699,
24595,
29383,
24596,
25893,
27945,
24581,
24585,
29552,
24596,
26,
25219,
18,
24698,
28384,
24625,
27186,
24581,
24585,
41,
24715,
25517,
25680,
26510,
16,
24583,
26719,
25273,
26409,
24581,
27850,
27524,
26455,
26169,
24641,
25994,
87,
26001,
24601,
26802,
24608,
69,
28767,
24637,
25893,
24632,
24583,
24652,
24876,
25044,
26060,
24647,
25833,
24599,
24585,
26169,
25082,
24596,
29867,
24928,
24595,
24585,
27453,
24589,
18,
25056,
24684,
27391,
24921,
24601,
24585,
25423,
25132,
26706,
24581,
29383,
16,
24698,
28384,
24625,
27043,
24585,
27718,
25274,
25536,
24663,
24602,
24581,
25611,
18,
24698,
28384,
24593,
24762,
25137,
24618,
24684,
25418,
24847,
24921,
24595,
28575,
26398,
24596,
24729,
26467,
24598,
29495,
24939,
24595,
29198,
29383,
24841,
24596,
26244,
26912,
25224,
16,
25221,
24594,
24585,
28251,
11,
87,
24925,
26989,
24596,
24931,
28015,
18,
25111,
27029,
16,
24618,
26802,
24985,
16,
69,
24876,
24649,
84,
24826,
70,
24865,
24595,
29199,
62,
24733,
24624,
55,
25282,
16,
24596,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
26167,
24729,
26467,
24598,
24595,
29383,
11,
87,
24818,
26270,
61,
24640,
24595,
45,
24690,
24700,
16,
24763,
24995,
24636,
25096,
24600,
26073,
24584,
29383,
11,
87,
25733,
26322,
28870,
18,
25496,
24918,
24808,
24948,
27388,
24863,
26101,
24633,
24581,
27273,
25221,
24594,
25938,
16,
29888,
25394,
16,
26269,
16,
28745,
24677,
16,
24871,
26692,
16,
24596,
24824,
24916,
24596,
16,
24596,
24684,
29495,
24939,
24686,
24581,
24585,
27646,
24595,
24585,
25155,
28332,
29383,
16,
25260,
24684,
25066,
29178,
24918,
16,
25155,
48,
25610,
24754,
27064,
12,
27889,
24874,
28172,
25372,
24596,
26513,
24698,
28384,
24625,
25049,
24581,
28957,
24581,
24950,
24583,
24601,
89,
16,
25409,
24822,
72,
24728,
16,
26373,
18,
24657,
28476,
16,
24590,
24585,
24754,
24595,
25822,
16,
24698,
28384,
24596,
24684,
25334,
24949,
24588,
24585,
55,
26093,
17,
26288,
25209,
24581,
26373,
16,
26469,
24601,
29383,
18,
25056,
24684,
27592,
26513,
16,
24607,
27446,
24585,
24950,
89,
85,
24631,
25262,
24596,
28307,
56,
27801,
49,
24728,
25262,
18,
25496,
27754,
25084,
24636,
26041,
24729,
27530,
25033,
27552,
24826,
24647,
24585,
26288,
27358,
24626,
24595,
29383,
16,
24651,
24684,
25334,
28657,
24601,
28745,
24677,
25359,
27267,
16,
25091,
24607,
26355,
24601,
29383,
24651,
24585,
24725,
24595,
25166,
25209,
25205,
24596,
26534,
24684,
27592,
25228,
27754,
24590,
56,
27801,
49,
24728,
25262,
24581,
27977,
18,
26751,
29873,
24772,
16,
24698,
28384,
25084,
29192,
24684,
25919,
16,
69,
25965,
17,
29669,
29948,
24831,
24625,
69,
26045,
24710,
16,
26387,
24729,
26467,
24783,
24595,
24684,
27254,
28224,
16,
27000,
24601,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
24913,
29140,
24595,
24684,
24781,
27373,
24581,
25252,
24645,
24610,
24599,
24596,
29639,
18,
26751,
24698,
28384,
24587,
28023,
24588,
24581,
24698,
25566,
24698,
25010,
25626,
25262,
24618,
29604,
26513,
24581,
28055,
16,
24607,
25475,
25884,
24968,
24601,
26017,
24701,
73,
69,
24839,
24591,
26706,
26513,
24590,
24585,
50,
24956,
24822,
26646,
24595,
42,
24734,
27021,
12,
26468,
26668,
24758,
29383,
16,
29812,
26231,
24647,
24684,
25919,
18,
25650,
16,
27640,
93,
26319,
28024,
44,
24700,
28711,
24596,
26940,
26892,
24728,
55,
27340,
52,
77,
25010,
16,
27847,
76,
56,
24728,
24843,
24728,
24596,
25404,
44,
28213,
26071,
25084,
24636,
25191,
24595,
24684,
26575,
24629,
18,
24698,
28384,
28599,
24672,
26468,
26668,
24581,
28022,
24596,
29669,
25201,
24594,
69,
26453,
17,
24978,
29167,
24618,
24907,
25100,
25327,
25534,
24599,
24601,
24698,
25566,
24698,
25010,
25626,
25262,
24601,
27852,
24684,
29604,
26513,
18,
24736,
25084,
25115,
25534,
24601,
26468,
26668,
24594,
24583,
24673,
29167,
26995,
25098,
18,
27033,
24657,
27850,
16,
24583,
24673,
27304,
24665,
24666,
26388,
26498,
24672,
25763,
26640,
28335,
26799,
16,
24585,
29383,
26640,
27964,
25262,
87,
11,
25014,
24614,
89,
24855,
24595,
28158,
27021,
26196,
12,
28824,
28116,
43,
28153,
24758,
25605,
69,
26618,
27176,
26053,
24815,
69,
26388,
27388,
24793,
18,
29549,
26388,
26807,
87,
24618,
25847,
29383,
11,
87,
25089,
26640,
17,
25996,
27145,
28176,
16,
50,
24738,
24966,
12,
25163,
24719,
26162,
24601,
26326,
24585,
25126,
17,
25058,
25155,
25015,
24595,
29383,
24758,
24585,
27304,
24818,
27388,
24863,
24590,
24585,
26640,
24698,
28800,
24595,
24875,
24719,
24648,
24581,
29383,
16,
24596,
25163,
24581,
47,
25132,
69,
48,
24656,
26017,
24596,
28344,
24822,
18,
25197,
24927,
26618,
27176,
27388,
24793,
16,
24698,
28384,
25084,
25126,
24684,
25426,
25173,
17,
25137,
27755,
29639,
16,
27583,
24597,
26077,
24635,
24595,
25893,
27945,
12,
28046,
24758,
69,
24918,
24682,
25184,
29488,
24585,
24893,
24792,
24601,
25290,
24649,
71,
24688,
69,
28767,
24637,
25893,
24632,
24583,
25743,
25284,
24581,
24585,
29857,
25872,
24626,
18,
25805,
16,
24585,
28824,
28116,
43,
28153,
25084,
24636,
29323,
24612,
25501,
24942,
24585,
26618,
27176,
27388,
24793,
25769,
24601,
24862,
24726,
24648,
25199,
25475,
17,
24604,
24583,
24599,
29595,
24596,
26907,
17,
27916,
24727,
26171,
26227,
16,
24596,
69,
24983,
25273,
25446,
24585,
41,
24715,
25517,
25680,
26510,
25084,
24636,
29517,
24588,
24585,
25515,
24854,
24581,
27850,
18,
24875,
24666,
26388,
25160,
24595,
24585,
25622,
24595,
24585,
28824,
28116,
43,
28153,
16,
24585,
41,
24715,
25517,
25680,
26510,
24625,
24583,
26719,
25273,
26284,
24599,
24585,
25043,
24595,
26169,
24641,
17,
25698,
29639,
24596,
87,
24670,
25577,
17,
25010,
26231,
26442,
25511,
24682,
28627,
24588,
24584,
26455,
27697,
24581,
29552,
24596,
26,
25219,
29383,
24596,
25893,
27945,
18,
24698,
28384,
25084,
24636,
27186,
24581,
24585,
41,
24715,
25517,
25680,
26510,
11,
87,
27388,
25876,
16,
25126,
24599,
29495,
24939,
25221,
24594,
25155,
48,
25610,
24754,
27064,
12,
27889,
24758,
24618,
26919,
16,
24590,
24585,
25273,
11,
87,
27541,
27388,
24793,
18,
25920,
24585,
28648,
11,
87,
24650,
17,
29517,
24599,
24584,
25267,
25352,
27142,
16,
24585,
41,
37,
55,
24798,
25605,
26,
27388,
25876,
24590,
24938,
24833,
25260,
24585,
28293,
29599,
26411,
16,
24585,
26640,
24698,
28800,
24595,
24875,
24719,
24648,
16,
24596,
24783,
27222,
27622,
24590,
28261,
29528,
24728,
27056,
24581,
25223,
26277,
24822,
18,
24698,
28384,
25084,
25672,
24886,
25713,
28667,
25371,
24684,
27992,
25172,
24684,
26177,
90,
25138,
24651,
28035,
24673,
16,
28059,
24583,
29171,
25517,
24590,
24585,
24950,
24583,
24743,
25257,
27841,
26478,
24672,
27954,
24596,
25163,
26609,
24594,
69,
25405,
24582,
24651,
25014,
24738,
25266,
27454,
26388,
25731,
24672,
27541,
18,
25302,
26165,
24672,
27495,
16,
24698,
28384,
25084,
24918,
24594,
69,
25756,
25405,
24582,
24596,
29171,
25517,
24585,
27701,
28137,
28182,
11,
87,
28564,
26746,
24626,
18,
24657,
27142,
16,
24698,
28384,
25605,
24684,
24818,
28947,
27388,
24793,
24595,
24684,
26455,
26169,
24641,
29495,
24939,
24590,
24585,
54,
26388,
25680,
28332,
16,
24651,
24585,
29511,
26151,
82,
25351,
27000,
24601,
24684,
27989,
24601,
24636,
69,
26453,
17,
24978,
26719,
24590,
24585,
24754,
24595,
28524,
18,
24657,
27020,
16,
24698,
28384,
25084,
24636,
29441,
24601,
28212,
26752,
25252,
24645,
26456,
24595,
25622,
24595,
29245,
24596,
24931,
28015,
25104,
29245,
24713,
26708,
24939,
18,
24736,
25084,
29135,
24601,
24636,
29441,
24601,
29495,
26244,
26912,
25224,
25221,
24594,
25115,
29869,
26785,
27568,
47,
27801,
61,
24774,
24581,
26487,
24594,
69,
25176,
26871,
75,
27511,
24672,
24585,
25155,
25024,
27345,
26275,
27337,
16,
24596,
28575,
26398,
25221,
24594,
24627,
27656,
24599,
24595,
24585,
28,
24580,
27167,
24618,
24585,
27167,
24595,
29383,
24581,
26362,
18,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
26167,
24729,
26467,
24598,
24595,
29383,
11,
87,
24818,
26270,
61,
24640,
24595,
45,
24690,
24700,
16,
24618,
26802,
24985,
16,
24995,
24636,
25096,
24600,
26073,
24584,
29383,
11,
87,
25733,
26322,
28870,
18,
24698,
28384,
25084,
25339,
24684,
24918,
24581,
28947,
24596,
25273,
27023,
24672,
24585,
28210,
24584,
26165,
16,
24762,
25771,
24599,
29412,
27388,
25876,
24581,
26890,
24596,
26490,
24651,
27755,
29948,
27568,
25255,
24584,
50,
24973,
16,
24684,
26512,
18,
24657,
26234,
16,
24651,
24585,
24581,
29015,
24615,
24626,
24595,
24585,
29383,
25680,
26531,
16,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
24918,
25084,
24762,
24636,
28575,
25719,
24581,
24698,
24910,
25354,
10,
24924,
26102,
27217,
30,
37,
25592,
24595,
29383,
25680,
16,
69,
25242,
24626,
26073,
28698,
24585,
28167,
11,
87,
27808,
18,
24657,
25557,
16,
24585,
27388,
24793,
26228,
59,
24750,
87,
24601,
29900,
25224,
30,
25680,
25867,
24585,
41,
24719,
28072,
25084,
24636,
25605,
24590,
24585,
29383,
25680,
26531,
16,
69,
25339,
27928,
24581,
24599,
26455,
26169,
24641,
24673,
25994,
24581,
29383,
25172,
24585,
28291,
29725,
24595,
24585,
25893,
24632,
24583,
41,
24719,
28072,
16,
25260,
25994,
24647,
24698,
28384,
18,
24657,
25578,
16,
24585,
25346,
25622,
24595,
41,
37,
55,
25605,
24585,
27388,
24793,
25143,
27,
26020,
25386,
24595,
24585,
41,
24715,
25517,
30,
37,
24709,
24817,
24595,
24585,
41,
24715,
25517,
25680,
26510,
24596,
29743,
24641,
25680,
25006,
24581,
29383,
24590,
24585,
25680,
24898,
25178,
28332,
18,
26137,
24585,
27808,
24595,
24585,
25155,
28332,
29383,
24581,
25611,
16,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
24918,
25084,
24636,
27104,
24581,
24596,
24581,
24878,
24792,
24585,
26063,
24595,
24585,
24581,
29015,
25274,
27388,
24793,
24590,
24585,
29383,
28332,
16,
55,
77,
24654,
69,
50,
25614,
29802,
89,
35,
25680,
24581,
29383,
25570,
24585,
27012,
25332,
24960,
16,
24783,
25364,
27621,
24672,
69,
26364,
24916,
24581,
24684,
27755,
29639,
16,
25155,
48,
25610,
24754,
27064,
12,
27889,
24874,
24657,
25611,
16,
24698,
28384,
24625,
27043,
24585,
27718,
25274,
25536,
24663,
24602,
24618,
24684,
27391,
24921,
24601,
24585,
25423,
25132,
26706,
24581,
29383,
18,
25680,
24596,
28818,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
27755,
29639,
16,
25155,
48,
25610,
24754,
27064,
12,
27889,
24758,
24808,
24948,
25033,
24970,
24826,
24594,
25911,
25754,
24599,
24583,
27758,
27669,
25743,
24641,
25893,
24632,
24583,
25063,
24683,
16,
24651,
25893,
24632,
25996,
24631,
26740,
24585,
26273,
27809,
28487,
28358,
18,
24627,
29639,
25418,
27419,
29383,
24841,
24595,
26035,
27809,
28487,
25082,
28039,
24599,
24601,
26716,
28582,
24672,
25407,
16,
24585,
25996,
24595,
24862,
27916,
24727,
27274,
24998,
16,
24647,
26429,
25925,
25893,
24632,
16,
24585,
25743,
25996,
24595,
29383,
16,
25893,
27945,
16,
24596,
24585,
25893,
24632,
25166,
18,
25594,
24686,
24620,
24712,
24590,
69,
25631,
28356,
16,
69,
28094,
28117,
24595,
25999,
25637,
16,
24651,
24585,
25893,
24632,
29167,
24936,
24599,
24907,
25672,
25603,
27243,
24921,
24601,
24684,
26498,
30,
55,
77,
24654,
69,
25225,
69,
79,
24611,
89,
35,
27014,
17,
24710,
69,
24766,
24700,
25737,
29304,
35,
12,
29586,
24593,
93,
24714,
25364,
35,
25067,
24671,
25161,
27065,
26622,
35,
24874,
26370,
24620,
24635,
24599,
24633,
25672,
25603,
27243,
24921,
24686,
28276,
24588,
24651,
26244,
28094,
28117,
25284,
16,
29171,
25105,
24585,
27312,
25225,
24930,
24595,
24585,
26075,
29552,
24596,
25551,
28643,
16,
25091,
24585,
25893,
24632,
25996,
24625,
69,
26455,
26555,
24596,
25744,
24992,
25394,
24595,
28113,
24626,
24581,
29383,
18,
24824,
24587,
16,
25475,
17,
27467,
26640,
25228,
26498,
25826,
27830,
24682,
24585,
27079,
24595,
25893,
24632,
24600,
25468,
25407,
24581,
24862,
26640,
24992,
25394,
26799,
24581,
28507,
24626,
24618,
24719,
26065,
24651,
25893,
27945,
18,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
24673,
24808,
29672,
25160,
24858,
26940,
18,
25056,
26919,
16,
27847,
76,
16,
38,
25776,
26777,
16,
24585,
25155,
28332,
29383,
11,
87,
27514,
17,
24581,
17,
24753,
26671,
25785,
17,
25127,
16,
24581,
24684,
25756,
24595,
24902,
27334,
24596,
26229,
27601,
24673,
16,
24585,
25750,
24583,
24774,
12,
26435,
24758,
24808,
69,
24902,
24635,
28613,
6,
27700,
6,
24682,
27642,
87,
24601,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
29639,
6,
28821,
24629,
24581,
69,
25189,
26796,
6,
12,
27142,
24758,
24594,
25173,
24594,
69,
26229,
27601,
24673,
24918,
28613,
6,
26013,
24727,
26174,
24981,
93,
6,
29672,
24647,
24698,
28384,
11,
87,
29639,
6,
41,
25105,
24584,
28666,
25717,
24843,
26625,
6,
12,
27020,
24874,
24838,
28957,
25393,
25766,
24941,
25687,
24672,
24950,
24583,
24601,
89,
29383,
24583,
24941,
24595,
25431,
24670,
24607,
91,
28341,
26640,
24635,
29563,
24601,
29383,
50,
24956,
24822,
26646,
24595,
42,
24734,
27021,
26527,
29383,
24583,
25988,
24998,
29383,
24583,
26940
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
5126296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20Wheels%20of%20Confusion%20%28album%29 | Under Wheels of Confusion (album) | Under Wheels of Confusion is a 1996 compilation album from heavy metal legends Black Sabbath. The album covers the years 1970-1987 (specifically, every album from Black Sabbath to The Eternal Idol). It is a four-disc set.
Track listing
Disc One
"Black Sabbath"
"The Wizard"
"N.I.B."
"Evil Woman"
"Wicked World"
"War Pigs"
"Paranoid"
"Iron Man"
"Planet Caravan"
"Hand of Doom"
"Sweet Leaf"
"After Forever"
"Children of the Grave"
Disc Two
"Into the Void"
"Lord of This World"
"Orchid"
"Supernaut"
"Tomorrow's Dream"
"Wheels of Confusion"
"Changes"
"Snowblind"
"Laguna Sunrise"
"Cornucopia" (live from Live at Last)
"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath"
"Killing Yourself To Live"
"Hole in the Sky"
"Am I Going Insane (Radio)"
Disc Three
"The Writ"
"Symptom of the Universe"
"Dirty Women"
"Back Street Kids"
"Rock 'N' Roll Doctor"
"She's Gone"
"A Hard Road"
"Never Say Die"
"Neon Knights"
"Heaven and Hell"
"Die Young"
"Lonely is the Word"
Disc Four
"Turn Up the Night"
"The Sign of the Southern Cross"
"Falling Off the Edge of the World"
"The Mob Rules" (live from Live Evil)
"Voodoo" (live from Live Evil)
"Digital Bitch"
"Trashed"
"Hot Line"
"In for the Kill"
"Seventh Star"
"Heart Like a Wheel"
"The Shining"
"Eternal Idol"
See also
1996 compilation albums
Black Sabbath compilation albums | [
"Under",
"W",
"he",
"els",
"of",
"Conf",
"usion",
"is",
"a",
"1996",
"comp",
"ilation",
"album",
"from",
"heavy",
"metal",
"leg",
"ends",
"Black",
"Sab",
"b",
"ath",
".",
"The",
"album",
"c",
"overs",
"the",
"years",
"1970",
"-",
"1987",
"(",
"spec",
"if",
"ically",
",",
"every",
"album",
"from",
"Black",
"Sab",
"b",
"ath",
"to",
"The",
"E",
"ternal",
"Id",
"ol",
").",
"It",
"is",
"a",
"four",
"-",
"disc",
"set",
".",
"Track",
"listing",
"Dis",
"c",
"One",
"\"",
"Black",
"Sab",
"b",
"ath",
"\"",
"\"",
"The",
"W",
"iz",
"ard",
"\"",
"\"",
"N",
".",
"I",
".",
"B",
".\"",
"\"",
"Ev",
"il",
"W",
"oman",
"\"",
"\"",
"W",
"ick",
"ed",
"World",
"\"",
"\"",
"War",
"P",
"ig",
"s",
"\"",
"\"",
"Par",
"ano",
"id",
"\"",
"\"",
"I",
"ron",
"Man",
"\"",
"\"",
"Plan",
"et",
"Car",
"av",
"an",
"\"",
"\"",
"Hand",
"of",
"Do",
"om",
"\"",
"\"",
"S",
"we",
"et",
"Le",
"af",
"\"",
"\"",
"After",
"Fore",
"ver",
"\"",
"\"",
"Children",
"of",
"the",
"Gr",
"ave",
"\"",
"Dis",
"c",
"Two",
"\"",
"In",
"to",
"the",
"Vo",
"id",
"\"",
"\"",
"Lord",
"of",
"This",
"World",
"\"",
"\"",
"Or",
"ch",
"id",
"\"",
"\"",
"Super",
"na",
"ut",
"\"",
"\"",
"Tom",
"or",
"row",
"'",
"s",
"Dream",
"\"",
"\"",
"W",
"he",
"els",
"of",
"Conf",
"usion",
"\"",
"\"",
"Ch",
"ang",
"es",
"\"",
"\"",
"S",
"now",
"b",
"lin",
"d",
"\"",
"\"",
"L",
"ag",
"una",
"Sun",
"r",
"ise",
"\"",
"\"",
"Corn",
"uc",
"op",
"ia",
"\"",
"(",
"live",
"from",
"Live",
"at",
"L",
"ast",
")",
"\"",
"Sab",
"b",
"ath",
"Bl",
"ood",
"y",
"Sab",
"b",
"ath",
"\"",
"\"",
"K",
"ill",
"ing",
"Your",
"self",
"To",
"Live",
"\"",
"\"",
"H",
"ole",
"in",
"the",
"Sk",
"y",
"\"",
"\"",
"Am",
"I",
"Go",
"ing",
"In",
"s",
"ane",
"(",
"Radio",
")",
"\"",
"Dis",
"c",
"Three",
"\"",
"The",
"Writ",
"\"",
"\"",
"Sy",
"mp",
"tom",
"of",
"the",
"Un",
"iverse",
"\"",
"\"",
"D",
"ir",
"ty",
"Women",
"\"",
"\"",
"Back",
"Street",
"K",
"ids",
"\"",
"\"",
"Rock",
"'",
"N",
"'",
"R",
"oll",
"Do",
"ctor",
"\"",
"\"",
"She",
"'",
"s",
"G",
"one",
"\"",
"\"",
"A",
"Hard",
"Road",
"\"",
"\"",
"N",
"ever",
"S",
"ay",
"Die",
"\"",
"\"",
"Ne",
"on",
"Kn",
"ights",
"\"",
"\"",
"He",
"aven",
"and",
"H",
"ell",
"\"",
"\"",
"Die",
"Young",
"\"",
"\"",
"L",
"on",
"ely",
"is",
"the",
"W",
"ord",
"\"",
"Dis",
"c",
"Four",
"\"",
"Turn",
"Up",
"the",
"Night",
"\"",
"\"",
"The",
"S",
"ign",
"of",
"the",
"Southern",
"Cross",
"\"",
"\"",
"Fall",
"ing",
"Off",
"the",
"Ed",
"ge",
"of",
"the",
"World",
"\"",
"\"",
"The",
"M",
"ob",
"R",
"ul",
"es",
"\"",
"(",
"live",
"from",
"Live",
"Ev",
"il",
")",
"\"",
"V",
"ood",
"oo",
"\"",
"(",
"live",
"from",
"Live",
"Ev",
"il",
")",
"\"",
"Dig",
"ital",
"B",
"itch",
"\"",
"\"",
"Tr",
"ash",
"ed",
"\"",
"\"",
"Hot",
"Line",
"\"",
"\"",
"In",
"for",
"the",
"K",
"ill",
"\"",
"\"",
"Se",
"ven",
"th",
"Star",
"\"",
"\"",
"He",
"art",
"Like",
"a",
"W",
"he",
"el",
"\"",
"\"",
"The",
"Sh",
"in",
"ing",
"\"",
"\"",
"E",
"ternal",
"Id",
"ol",
"\"",
"See",
"also",
"1996",
"comp",
"ilation",
"albums",
"Black",
"Sab",
"b",
"ath",
"comp",
"ilation",
"albums"
] | [
27245,
59,
24607,
25354,
24595,
29216,
27879,
24593,
69,
26234,
24770,
29819,
25174,
24672,
28511,
29127,
25247,
26949,
26258,
28799,
70,
24851,
18,
24627,
25174,
71,
27284,
24585,
25100,
27166,
17,
26753,
12,
25114,
24692,
25686,
16,
26237,
25174,
24672,
26258,
28799,
70,
24851,
24601,
24627,
41,
25023,
29606,
24612,
24874,
24805,
24593,
69,
25253,
17,
26538,
25139,
18,
28186,
29009,
26276,
71,
25954,
6,
26258,
28799,
70,
24851,
6,
6,
24627,
59,
24782,
24695,
6,
6,
50,
18,
45,
18,
38,
25215,
6,
27156,
24608,
59,
25460,
6,
6,
59,
24958,
24588,
25166,
6,
6,
25209,
52,
24628,
87,
6,
6,
25251,
27320,
24630,
6,
6,
45,
25617,
25310,
6,
6,
29676,
24645,
25198,
24668,
24583,
6,
6,
29601,
24595,
26608,
24605,
6,
6,
55,
24887,
24645,
24843,
24744,
6,
6,
25302,
28587,
24735,
6,
6,
29921,
24595,
24585,
25014,
24820,
6,
26276,
71,
27068,
6,
24657,
24601,
24585,
28051,
24630,
6,
6,
27510,
24595,
25111,
25166,
6,
6,
25156,
24610,
24630,
6,
6,
26497,
25901,
24660,
6,
6,
26643,
24586,
25032,
11,
87,
29997,
6,
6,
59,
24607,
25354,
24595,
29216,
27879,
6,
6,
24698,
24822,
24589,
6,
6,
55,
25426,
70,
24823,
72,
6,
6,
48,
24638,
28431,
26486,
86,
25279,
6,
6,
28404,
24965,
24644,
24677,
6,
12,
26622,
24672,
28743,
24590,
48,
24745,
13,
6,
28799,
70,
24851,
25241,
24946,
93,
28799,
70,
24851,
6,
6,
47,
24689,
24599,
29956,
25965,
26071,
28743,
6,
6,
44,
26578,
24581,
24585,
26529,
93,
6,
6,
25417,
45,
26560,
24599,
24657,
87,
25713,
12,
27491,
13,
6,
26276,
71,
28336,
6,
24627,
28154,
6,
6,
25558,
25265,
25725,
24595,
24585,
24739,
29597,
6,
6,
40,
24624,
24819,
26348,
6,
6,
27590,
26235,
47,
27046,
6,
6,
26977,
11,
50,
11,
54,
24853,
26608,
25158,
6,
6,
25079,
11,
87,
43,
24748,
6,
6,
37,
29508,
26329,
6,
6,
50,
25034,
55,
24632,
27923,
6,
6,
25486,
24584,
28144,
25708,
6,
6,
24736,
28195,
24596,
44,
24731,
6,
6,
27923,
27550,
6,
6,
48,
24584,
24959,
24593,
24585,
59,
24750,
6,
26276,
71,
28028,
6,
29640,
26728,
24585,
28360,
6,
6,
24627,
55,
24761,
24595,
24585,
27602,
27723,
6,
6,
28839,
24599,
25841,
24585,
25420,
24721,
24595,
24585,
25166,
6,
6,
24627,
49,
24870,
54,
24649,
24589,
6,
12,
26622,
24672,
28743,
27156,
24608,
13,
6,
58,
24946,
27340,
6,
12,
26622,
24672,
28743,
27156,
24608,
13,
6,
29253,
25430,
38,
26037,
6,
6,
25024,
25124,
24588,
6,
6,
27545,
27818,
6,
6,
24657,
24618,
24585,
47,
24689,
6,
6,
24779,
25232,
24580,
26966,
6,
6,
24736,
24673,
29572,
69,
59,
24607,
24613,
6,
6,
24627,
24950,
24581,
24599,
6,
6,
41,
25023,
29606,
24612,
6,
25404,
24762,
26234,
24770,
29819,
26451,
26258,
28799,
70,
24851,
24770,
29819,
26451
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
11505006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz%20Patrzykont | Janusz Patrzykont | Janusz StanisΕaw Patrzykont (9 May 1912 in Golina β 9 December 1982 in PoznaΕ) was a Polish basketball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
He was part of the Polish basketball team, which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament. He played three matches.
References
External links
profile
1912 births
1982 deaths
Polish men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for Poland
Basketball players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
People from Konin County
Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship | [
"Jan",
"us",
"z",
"Stan",
"is",
"Ε",
"aw",
"Pat",
"r",
"zy",
"k",
"ont",
"(",
"9",
"May",
"1912",
"in",
"G",
"ol",
"ina",
"β",
"9",
"December",
"1982",
"in",
"Po",
"z",
"na",
"Ε",
")",
"was",
"a",
"Polish",
"basketball",
"player",
"who",
"competed",
"in",
"the",
"1936",
"Summer",
"Olympics",
".",
"He",
"was",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"Polish",
"basketball",
"team",
",",
"which",
"finished",
"fourth",
"in",
"the",
"Olympic",
"tournament",
".",
"He",
"played",
"three",
"matches",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"prof",
"ile",
"1912",
"births",
"1982",
"deaths",
"Polish",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"basketball",
"players",
"Olympic",
"basketball",
"players",
"for",
"Poland",
"B",
"asketball",
"players",
"at",
"the",
"1936",
"Summer",
"Olympics",
"People",
"from",
"K",
"on",
"in",
"County",
"Sportspeople",
"from",
"Gre",
"ater",
"Poland",
"Vo",
"iv",
"odes",
"hip"
] | [
25196,
24640,
94,
28020,
24593,
289,
24766,
26292,
86,
27953,
79,
25349,
12,
29,
25176,
29131,
24581,
43,
24612,
25110,
4992,
29,
25422,
26979,
24581,
26077,
94,
25901,
291,
13,
24625,
69,
27805,
27044,
25811,
24831,
28170,
24581,
24585,
28303,
26558,
26648,
18,
24736,
24625,
24791,
24595,
24585,
27805,
27044,
25036,
16,
24763,
26888,
27192,
24581,
24585,
27009,
27048,
18,
24736,
25350,
25151,
27752,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
25416,
24890,
29131,
25393,
26979,
25989,
27805,
25203,
11,
87,
27044,
25053,
27009,
27044,
25053,
24618,
27813,
38,
26471,
25053,
24590,
24585,
28303,
26558,
26648,
25687,
24672,
47,
24584,
24581,
25239,
29729,
24672,
28202,
24836,
27813,
28051,
24622,
26496,
25830
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
28705418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Budinszky | LΓ‘szlΓ³ Budinszky | LΓ‘szlΓ³ Budinszky (24 October 1895 β 9 March 1946) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Justice between 1944 and 1945. He prepared the proposal about the formation of the Leader of the Nation position. He also ordered that the political convicts should be handed over to the Nazi authorities. After the fall of Budapest he tried to escape into Western Europe but the arrival American troops captured him with other members of the Arrow Cross Party's government. He was tried by the People's Tribunal in Budapest in open sessions and sentenced to death for war crimes and high treason. Budinszky was hanged in 1946 in Budapest.
References
Magyar Γletrajzi Lexikon
1895 births
1946 deaths
Politicians from Budapest
Arrow Cross Party politicians
Justice ministers of Hungary
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1939β1944)
Hungarian people convicted of war crimes
Executed Hungarian collaborators with Nazi Germany
People executed by Hungary by hanging
People executed for war crimes | [
"L",
"Γ‘",
"s",
"z",
"l",
"Γ³",
"Bud",
"ins",
"z",
"ky",
"(",
"24",
"October",
"189",
"5",
"β",
"9",
"March",
"1946",
")",
"was",
"a",
"Hungarian",
"politician",
",",
"who",
"served",
"as",
"Minister",
"of",
"Justice",
"between",
"1944",
"and",
"1945",
".",
"He",
"prepar",
"ed",
"the",
"pro",
"pos",
"al",
"about",
"the",
"formation",
"of",
"the",
"Lead",
"er",
"of",
"the",
"N",
"ation",
"position",
".",
"He",
"also",
"ordered",
"that",
"the",
"political",
"conv",
"icts",
"should",
"be",
"hand",
"ed",
"over",
"to",
"the",
"Naz",
"i",
"authorities",
".",
"After",
"the",
"fall",
"of",
"Bud",
"ap",
"est",
"he",
"tr",
"ied",
"to",
"escap",
"e",
"into",
"Western",
"Europe",
"but",
"the",
"arr",
"ival",
"American",
"troops",
"captured",
"him",
"with",
"other",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"Ar",
"row",
"Cross",
"Party",
"'",
"s",
"government",
".",
"He",
"was",
"tr",
"ied",
"by",
"the",
"People",
"'",
"s",
"Tr",
"ib",
"un",
"al",
"in",
"Bud",
"ap",
"est",
"in",
"open",
"s",
"ess",
"ions",
"and",
"sent",
"enced",
"to",
"death",
"for",
"war",
"cr",
"imes",
"and",
"high",
"tre",
"ason",
".",
"Bud",
"ins",
"z",
"ky",
"was",
"hang",
"ed",
"in",
"1946",
"in",
"Bud",
"ap",
"est",
".",
"References",
"Mag",
"y",
"ar",
"Γ",
"le",
"tr",
"aj",
"z",
"i",
"L",
"ex",
"ik",
"on",
"189",
"5",
"births",
"1946",
"deaths",
"Polit",
"ic",
"ians",
"from",
"Bud",
"ap",
"est",
"Ar",
"row",
"Cross",
"Party",
"politicians",
"Justice",
"min",
"isters",
"of",
"Hung",
"ary",
"Members",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Assembly",
"of",
"Hung",
"ary",
"(",
"1939",
"β",
"1944",
")",
"Hungarian",
"people",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"war",
"cr",
"imes",
"Ex",
"ecut",
"ed",
"Hungarian",
"collabor",
"ators",
"with",
"Naz",
"i",
"Germany",
"People",
"execut",
"ed",
"by",
"Hung",
"ary",
"by",
"hang",
"ing",
"People",
"execut",
"ed",
"for",
"war",
"cr",
"imes"
] | [
48,
192,
87,
94,
80,
210,
27561,
25080,
94,
27709,
12,
25384,
25336,
25529,
25,
4992,
29,
25317,
27977,
13,
24625,
69,
29864,
26900,
16,
24831,
25612,
24594,
26785,
24595,
28676,
25142,
27684,
24596,
27267,
18,
24736,
28507,
24588,
24585,
24685,
24936,
24591,
25150,
24585,
25976,
24595,
24585,
29142,
24582,
24595,
24585,
50,
24626,
25654,
18,
24736,
24762,
28588,
24682,
24585,
26244,
28376,
27419,
26794,
24636,
25866,
24588,
24752,
24601,
24585,
29027,
77,
29866,
18,
25302,
24585,
26536,
24595,
27561,
24654,
24655,
24607,
24664,
24837,
24601,
28843,
73,
25000,
26551,
25506,
24835,
24585,
24848,
25628,
24868,
28563,
29181,
25047,
24651,
24858,
25622,
24595,
24585,
24780,
25032,
27723,
25970,
11,
87,
25621,
18,
24736,
24625,
24664,
24837,
24647,
24585,
25687,
11,
87,
25024,
24751,
24631,
24591,
24581,
27561,
24654,
24655,
24581,
25383,
87,
24676,
24921,
24596,
26171,
27150,
24601,
25303,
24618,
25573,
24810,
25463,
24596,
25153,
26904,
24945,
18,
27561,
25080,
94,
27709,
24625,
29467,
24588,
24581,
27977,
24581,
27561,
24654,
24655,
18,
24838,
26282,
93,
24592,
168,
24604,
24664,
25075,
94,
77,
48,
24707,
25054,
24584,
25529,
25,
25393,
27977,
25989,
27151,
24597,
25297,
24672,
27561,
24654,
24655,
24780,
25032,
27723,
25970,
27901,
28676,
24931,
28015,
24595,
27533,
24713,
27585,
24595,
24585,
25155,
27458,
24595,
27533,
24713,
12,
27906,
4992,
27684,
13,
29864,
24941,
28376,
28665,
24595,
25573,
24810,
25463,
24889,
26488,
24588,
29864,
28077,
26323,
24651,
29027,
77,
26269,
25687,
27066,
24588,
24647,
27533,
24713,
24647,
29467,
24599,
25687,
27066,
24588,
24618,
25573,
24810,
25463
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
5398330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comsewogue%20School%20District | Comsewogue School District | Brookhaven-Comsewogue Union School District (pronounced Kom-sah-wohg) is located in Port Jefferson Station, on the North Shore of Long Island, in Brookhaven Town, Suffolk County, New York, United States.
The district office is attached to Norwood Ave. Elementary School. Richard T. Brande retired as Superintendent after the 2005-06 school year and was replaced by deputy superintendent Shelley Saffer. The deputy superintendent was former Comsewogue High School principal, Dr. Joseph Rella until 2010, when Shelley Saffer retired and Joseph Rella became Superintendent. Former Comsewogue High School principal, Jennifer Reph, then became deputy superintendent.
Comsewogue comes from a language used by the Setalcott or Setauket Indians who were native to the area. It means place where several paths comes together.
Schools
Elementary school (K-2;3-5)
K-2
Norwood Elementary School (Opened 1965), Became a K-2 school in the 2012-2013 year
Clinton Avenue Elementary School (Opened 1968), Became a K-2 school in the 2012-2013 year
3-5
Terryville Road Elementary School (Opened 1962), Became a 3-5 school in the 2012-2013 year
Boyle Road Elementary School (Opened 1971), Became a 3-5 school in the 2012-2013 year
Other
Comsewogue Elementary School (Opened 1921) Closed
Middle school (6-8)
John F. Kennedy Middle School (Opened in 1965 as a Junior-Senior High School, with grades 6 through 9, adding grades 10, then 11 and 12, each in the three subsequent years, 1966-1968). Grades 7 and 8 beginning fall 1971. Grades 6, 7 and 8 beginning fall 1988.
High School (9-12)
Comsewogue High School (Opened in 1971)
Comsewogue Sports
Baseball - Suffolk County Champions (1970), State Champions (1982)
Softball - State Champions (1984)
Football- Rutgers/Suffolk County Champions (1990)
Suffolk County Champions(1994)
Suffolk County + Long Island Champions (1996)
Suffolk County Champions (2002)
Adam Mariano - Wrestling State Champion (1988, 1989)
Men's Lacrosse State Champions (1998, 2002)
Men's Soccer State Champions (2008, 2009)
2008
Boys Varsity Soccer, Suffolk County Class A Champion, New York State Class A Champion
2009
Boys Varsity Soccer, Suffolk County Class A Champion, Long Island Champion, State Champions
Alumni
Clinton Kelly from TLC's What Not to Wear.
Bill Klein from TLCβs The Little Couple
Tim Cummings
Kevin Cassese (lacrosse player)
Cpl. Steven J. Crowley (Marine guard killed in the 1979 terror attack on the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad)
James K. Lyons (film editor, screenwriter and actor)
R.A. the Rugged Man (hip-hop artist and filmmaker)
Nick Mamatas (author)
Nick Kiriazis (actor)
Robert Liberman (author)
References
External links
http://www.comsewogue.k12.ny.us/
School districts in Suffolk County, New York
School districts established in 1874
1874 establishments in New York (state) | [
"Brook",
"h",
"aven",
"-",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"Union",
"School",
"District",
"(",
"pr",
"on",
"oun",
"ced",
"K",
"om",
"-",
"s",
"ah",
"-",
"w",
"o",
"h",
"g",
")",
"is",
"located",
"in",
"Port",
"Jeff",
"erson",
"Station",
",",
"on",
"the",
"North",
"Sh",
"ore",
"of",
"Long",
"Island",
",",
"in",
"Brook",
"h",
"aven",
"Town",
",",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
",",
"New",
"York",
",",
"United",
"States",
".",
"The",
"district",
"office",
"is",
"att",
"ached",
"to",
"Nor",
"wood",
"A",
"ve",
".",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"School",
".",
"Richard",
"T",
".",
"Br",
"and",
"e",
"retired",
"as",
"Super",
"int",
"end",
"ent",
"after",
"the",
"2005",
"-",
"0",
"6",
"school",
"year",
"and",
"was",
"replaced",
"by",
"dep",
"uty",
"super",
"int",
"end",
"ent",
"She",
"l",
"ley",
"S",
"af",
"fer",
".",
"The",
"dep",
"uty",
"super",
"int",
"end",
"ent",
"was",
"former",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"High",
"School",
"princ",
"ipal",
",",
"Dr",
".",
"Joseph",
"R",
"ella",
"until",
"2010",
",",
"when",
"She",
"l",
"ley",
"S",
"af",
"fer",
"retired",
"and",
"Joseph",
"R",
"ella",
"became",
"Super",
"int",
"end",
"ent",
".",
"Former",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"High",
"School",
"princ",
"ipal",
",",
"J",
"enn",
"if",
"er",
"Re",
"ph",
",",
"then",
"became",
"dep",
"uty",
"super",
"int",
"end",
"ent",
".",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"comes",
"from",
"a",
"language",
"used",
"by",
"the",
"S",
"et",
"al",
"c",
"ott",
"or",
"S",
"et",
"au",
"k",
"et",
"Ind",
"ians",
"who",
"were",
"native",
"to",
"the",
"area",
".",
"It",
"means",
"place",
"where",
"several",
"path",
"s",
"comes",
"together",
".",
"School",
"s",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"school",
"(",
"K",
"-",
"2",
";",
"3",
"-",
"5",
")",
"K",
"-",
"2",
"Nor",
"wood",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"1965",
"),",
"Be",
"came",
"a",
"K",
"-",
"2",
"school",
"in",
"the",
"2012",
"-",
"2013",
"year",
"C",
"lin",
"ton",
"Avenue",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"1968",
"),",
"Be",
"came",
"a",
"K",
"-",
"2",
"school",
"in",
"the",
"2012",
"-",
"2013",
"year",
"3",
"-",
"5",
"Ter",
"ry",
"ville",
"Road",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"1962",
"),",
"Be",
"came",
"a",
"3",
"-",
"5",
"school",
"in",
"the",
"2012",
"-",
"2013",
"year",
"Boy",
"le",
"Road",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"1971",
"),",
"Be",
"came",
"a",
"3",
"-",
"5",
"school",
"in",
"the",
"2012",
"-",
"2013",
"year",
"Other",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"E",
"lement",
"ary",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"1921",
")",
"Cl",
"os",
"ed",
"Middle",
"school",
"(",
"6",
"-",
"8",
")",
"John",
"F",
".",
"Kenn",
"edy",
"Middle",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"in",
"1965",
"as",
"a",
"Junior",
"-",
"Senior",
"High",
"School",
",",
"with",
"grad",
"es",
"6",
"through",
"9",
",",
"add",
"ing",
"grad",
"es",
"10",
",",
"then",
"11",
"and",
"12",
",",
"each",
"in",
"the",
"three",
"subsequ",
"ent",
"years",
",",
"1966",
"-",
"1968",
").",
"Gr",
"ades",
"7",
"and",
"8",
"beginning",
"fall",
"1971",
".",
"Gr",
"ades",
"6",
",",
"7",
"and",
"8",
"beginning",
"fall",
"1988",
".",
"High",
"School",
"(",
"9",
"-",
"12",
")",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"High",
"School",
"(",
"Open",
"ed",
"in",
"1971",
")",
"Com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
"Sports",
"Baseball",
"-",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"Champions",
"(",
"1970",
"),",
"State",
"Champions",
"(",
"1982",
")",
"S",
"oft",
"ball",
"-",
"State",
"Champions",
"(",
"1984",
")",
"Football",
"-",
"R",
"ut",
"gers",
"/",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"Champions",
"(",
"1990",
")",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"Champions",
"(",
"1994",
")",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"+",
"Long",
"Island",
"Champions",
"(",
"1996",
")",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"Champions",
"(",
"2002",
")",
"Adam",
"Mar",
"iano",
"-",
"W",
"rest",
"ling",
"State",
"Ch",
"ampion",
"(",
"1988",
",",
"1989",
")",
"Men",
"'",
"s",
"L",
"ac",
"ros",
"se",
"State",
"Champions",
"(",
"1998",
",",
"2002",
")",
"Men",
"'",
"s",
"S",
"occer",
"State",
"Champions",
"(",
"2008",
",",
"2009",
")",
"2008",
"Boy",
"s",
"V",
"ars",
"ity",
"S",
"occer",
",",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"Class",
"A",
"Ch",
"ampion",
",",
"New",
"York",
"State",
"Class",
"A",
"Ch",
"ampion",
"2009",
"Boy",
"s",
"V",
"ars",
"ity",
"S",
"occer",
",",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
"Class",
"A",
"Ch",
"ampion",
",",
"Long",
"Island",
"Ch",
"ampion",
",",
"State",
"Champions",
"Al",
"umni",
"C",
"lin",
"ton",
"Kel",
"ly",
"from",
"T",
"L",
"C",
"'",
"s",
"What",
"Not",
"to",
"W",
"ear",
".",
"Bill",
"K",
"le",
"in",
"from",
"T",
"L",
"C",
"β",
"s",
"The",
"Little",
"C",
"oup",
"le",
"Tim",
"C",
"um",
"m",
"ings",
"K",
"ev",
"in",
"C",
"ass",
"ese",
"(",
"l",
"ac",
"ros",
"se",
"player",
")",
"C",
"pl",
".",
"Ste",
"ven",
"J",
".",
"C",
"row",
"ley",
"(",
"Mar",
"ine",
"guard",
"killed",
"in",
"the",
"1979",
"ter",
"ror",
"attack",
"on",
"the",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"Em",
"bass",
"y",
"in",
"Islam",
"ab",
"ad",
")",
"James",
"K",
".",
"Ly",
"ons",
"(",
"film",
"editor",
",",
"screen",
"writer",
"and",
"actor",
")",
"R",
".",
"A",
".",
"the",
"R",
"ug",
"ged",
"Man",
"(",
"hip",
"-",
"hop",
"artist",
"and",
"film",
"m",
"aker",
")",
"Nick",
"M",
"am",
"at",
"as",
"(",
"author",
")",
"Nick",
"Kir",
"ia",
"z",
"is",
"(",
"actor",
")",
"Robert",
"Liber",
"man",
"(",
"author",
")",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"htt",
"p",
"://",
"www",
".",
"com",
"se",
"w",
"ogue",
".",
"k",
"12",
".",
"ny",
".",
"us",
"/",
"School",
"districts",
"in",
"Su",
"ff",
"olk",
"County",
",",
"New",
"York",
"School",
"districts",
"established",
"in",
"187",
"4",
"187",
"4",
"establishments",
"in",
"New",
"York",
"(",
"state",
")"
] | [
29276,
76,
28195,
17,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
26275,
25262,
25730,
12,
24666,
24584,
24661,
24926,
47,
24605,
17,
87,
24966,
17,
91,
83,
76,
75,
13,
24593,
25616,
24581,
26170,
28674,
25170,
27648,
16,
24584,
24585,
25386,
24950,
24806,
24595,
27623,
26553,
16,
24581,
29276,
76,
28195,
26278,
16,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
16,
24871,
25288,
16,
24994,
25131,
18,
24627,
25906,
26673,
24593,
24866,
29792,
24601,
25011,
25917,
37,
24961,
18,
41,
27047,
24713,
25262,
18,
26792,
56,
18,
24980,
24596,
73,
28014,
24594,
26497,
24957,
24725,
24609,
24942,
24585,
25710,
17,
20,
26,
25228,
24854,
24596,
24625,
27196,
24647,
25418,
28450,
26811,
24957,
24725,
24609,
25079,
80,
25145,
55,
24744,
24720,
18,
24627,
25418,
28450,
26811,
24957,
24725,
24609,
24625,
25346,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
25626,
25262,
27732,
28829,
16,
25471,
18,
27294,
54,
26983,
25359,
25449,
16,
25091,
25079,
80,
25145,
55,
24744,
24720,
28014,
24596,
27294,
54,
26983,
25244,
26497,
24957,
24725,
24609,
18,
29400,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
25626,
25262,
27732,
28829,
16,
46,
25187,
24692,
24582,
24693,
24844,
16,
25115,
25244,
25418,
28450,
26811,
24957,
24725,
24609,
18,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
27130,
24672,
69,
25996,
25030,
24647,
24585,
55,
24645,
24591,
71,
25568,
24586,
55,
24645,
24786,
79,
24645,
25073,
25297,
24831,
24747,
28494,
24601,
24585,
25450,
18,
24805,
27998,
25468,
25072,
25548,
28381,
87,
27130,
26577,
18,
25262,
87,
41,
27047,
24713,
25228,
12,
47,
17,
22,
31,
23,
17,
25,
13,
47,
17,
22,
25011,
25917,
41,
27047,
24713,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
27495,
24758,
25133,
26206,
69,
47,
17,
22,
25228,
24581,
24585,
25512,
17,
25578,
24854,
39,
24823,
24915,
28902,
41,
27047,
24713,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
27178,
24758,
25133,
26206,
69,
47,
17,
22,
25228,
24581,
24585,
25512,
17,
25578,
24854,
23,
17,
25,
26372,
25064,
26100,
26329,
41,
27047,
24713,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
27693,
24758,
25133,
26206,
69,
23,
17,
25,
25228,
24581,
24585,
25512,
17,
25578,
24854,
27376,
24604,
26329,
41,
27047,
24713,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
27262,
24758,
25133,
26206,
69,
23,
17,
25,
25228,
24581,
24585,
25512,
17,
25578,
24854,
26594,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
41,
27047,
24713,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
29066,
13,
25046,
24674,
24588,
27964,
25228,
12,
26,
17,
28,
13,
25149,
42,
18,
29190,
26813,
27964,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
24581,
27495,
24594,
69,
29096,
17,
29869,
25626,
25262,
16,
24651,
25861,
24589,
26,
25172,
29,
16,
25301,
24599,
25861,
24589,
24975,
16,
25115,
25267,
24596,
25074,
16,
25703,
24581,
24585,
25151,
27189,
24609,
25100,
16,
27515,
17,
27178,
24874,
25014,
27345,
27,
24596,
28,
27790,
26536,
27262,
18,
25014,
27345,
26,
16,
27,
24596,
28,
27790,
26536,
26637,
18,
25626,
25262,
12,
29,
17,
25074,
13,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
25626,
25262,
12,
27656,
24588,
24581,
27262,
13,
24875,
24620,
91,
28988,
26760,
28694,
17,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
29971,
12,
27166,
24758,
25461,
29971,
12,
26979,
13,
55,
29303,
24861,
17,
25461,
29971,
12,
26812,
13,
26178,
17,
54,
24660,
29519,
19,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
29971,
12,
26490,
13,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
29971,
12,
26360,
13,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
15,
27623,
26553,
29971,
12,
26234,
13,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
29971,
12,
25908,
13,
28150,
24829,
27259,
17,
59,
25448,
25632,
25461,
24698,
25269,
12,
26637,
16,
26626,
13,
26385,
11,
87,
48,
24616,
25214,
24620,
25461,
29971,
12,
26167,
16,
25908,
13,
26385,
11,
87,
55,
28175,
25461,
29971,
12,
25505,
16,
25531,
13,
25505,
27376,
87,
58,
25289,
24683,
55,
28175,
16,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
27064,
37,
24698,
25269,
16,
24871,
25288,
25461,
27064,
37,
24698,
25269,
25531,
27376,
87,
58,
25289,
24683,
55,
28175,
16,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
27064,
37,
24698,
25269,
16,
27623,
26553,
24698,
25269,
16,
25461,
29971,
24788,
26225,
39,
24823,
24915,
29025,
24633,
24672,
56,
48,
39,
11,
87,
29586,
25764,
24601,
59,
24717,
18,
26684,
47,
24604,
24581,
24672,
56,
48,
39,
4998,
87,
24627,
28012,
39,
25037,
24604,
27672,
39,
24656,
81,
24939,
47,
24895,
24581,
39,
24732,
25059,
12,
80,
24616,
25214,
24620,
25811,
13,
39,
24659,
18,
25550,
25232,
46,
18,
39,
25032,
25145,
12,
24829,
24734,
29684,
26959,
24581,
24585,
27020,
24621,
27149,
26412,
24584,
24585,
57,
18,
55,
18,
25971,
27165,
93,
24581,
28061,
24662,
24614,
13,
26033,
47,
18,
28241,
25285,
12,
24932,
27799,
16,
27567,
26408,
24596,
27032,
13,
54,
18,
37,
18,
24585,
54,
24880,
26162,
25310,
12,
25830,
17,
28912,
26719,
24596,
24932,
81,
26704,
13,
29666,
49,
24611,
24590,
24594,
12,
25931,
13,
29666,
28512,
24677,
94,
24593,
12,
27032,
13,
26374,
27613,
24710,
12,
25931,
13,
24838,
25065,
25051,
28760,
84,
28765,
29880,
18,
24665,
24620,
91,
28988,
18,
79,
25074,
18,
27091,
18,
24640,
19,
25262,
29334,
24581,
25689,
25078,
27114,
25239,
16,
24871,
25288,
25262,
29334,
25572,
24581,
25821,
24,
25821,
24,
26712,
24581,
24871,
25288,
12,
25338,
13
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
8658755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Peirce | Joseph Peirce | Joseph Peirce (June 25, 1748 β September 12, 1812) was a United States representative from New Hampshire. He was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He attended school in Portsmouth and served during the American Revolutionary War in Colonel Pierse Long's regiment in 1775 and 1776.
Peirce was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1788, 1789, 1792β1795, 1800, and 1801. He also served as Portsmouth town clerk 1789β1794. He was elected as a Federalist to the Seventh Congress and served from March 4, 1801, until his resignation in 1802. After leaving Congress, he engaged in agricultural pursuits. He died in Alton, New Hampshire on September 12, 1812.
References
1748 births
1812 deaths
Continental Army officers from New Hampshire
Politicians from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire | [
"Joseph",
"Pe",
"ir",
"ce",
"(",
"June",
"25",
",",
"17",
"48",
"β",
"September",
"12",
",",
"18",
"12",
")",
"was",
"a",
"United",
"States",
"represent",
"ative",
"from",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
".",
"He",
"was",
"born",
"in",
"Por",
"ts",
"mouth",
",",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
".",
"He",
"attended",
"school",
"in",
"Por",
"ts",
"mouth",
"and",
"served",
"during",
"the",
"American",
"Revolution",
"ary",
"War",
"in",
"Colon",
"el",
"Pier",
"se",
"Long",
"'",
"s",
"reg",
"iment",
"in",
"17",
"75",
"and",
"17",
"76",
".",
"Pe",
"ir",
"ce",
"was",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"in",
"17",
"88",
",",
"17",
"89",
",",
"179",
"2",
"β",
"179",
"5",
",",
"18",
"00",
",",
"and",
"180",
"1",
".",
"He",
"also",
"served",
"as",
"Por",
"ts",
"mouth",
"town",
"cl",
"er",
"k",
"17",
"89",
"β",
"179",
"4",
".",
"He",
"was",
"elected",
"as",
"a",
"Federal",
"ist",
"to",
"the",
"Se",
"ven",
"th",
"Congress",
"and",
"served",
"from",
"March",
"4",
",",
"180",
"1",
",",
"until",
"his",
"res",
"ign",
"ation",
"in",
"180",
"2",
".",
"After",
"leaving",
"Congress",
",",
"he",
"eng",
"aged",
"in",
"agricult",
"ural",
"pur",
"su",
"its",
".",
"He",
"died",
"in",
"Al",
"ton",
",",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
"on",
"September",
"12",
",",
"18",
"12",
".",
"References",
"17",
"48",
"births",
"18",
"12",
"deaths",
"Con",
"tin",
"ental",
"Army",
"officers",
"from",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
"Polit",
"ic",
"ians",
"from",
"Por",
"ts",
"mouth",
",",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
"Federal",
"ist",
"Party",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"from",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire"
] | [
27294,
25061,
24624,
24648,
12,
25347,
25306,
16,
24940,
27401,
4992,
25322,
25074,
16,
24722,
25074,
13,
24625,
69,
24994,
25131,
25833,
25077,
24672,
24871,
29346,
26249,
18,
24736,
24625,
25049,
24581,
27774,
24704,
28237,
16,
24871,
29346,
26249,
18,
24736,
27446,
25228,
24581,
27774,
24704,
28237,
24596,
25612,
25104,
24585,
24868,
28819,
24713,
25209,
24581,
28615,
24613,
28898,
24620,
27623,
11,
87,
24954,
26227,
24581,
24940,
27183,
24596,
24940,
28509,
18,
25061,
24624,
24648,
24625,
69,
25537,
24595,
24585,
24871,
29346,
26249,
25816,
24595,
29269,
24581,
24940,
28067,
16,
24940,
28579,
16,
27682,
22,
4992,
27682,
25,
16,
24722,
24799,
16,
24596,
27226,
21,
18,
24736,
24762,
25612,
24594,
27774,
24704,
28237,
25305,
24691,
24582,
79,
24940,
28579,
4992,
27682,
24,
18,
24736,
24625,
26354,
24594,
69,
28564,
24641,
24601,
24585,
24779,
25232,
24580,
27337,
24596,
25612,
24672,
25317,
24,
16,
27226,
21,
16,
25359,
24684,
24753,
24761,
24626,
24581,
27226,
22,
18,
25302,
28488,
27337,
16,
24607,
25010,
26231,
24581,
29295,
25274,
26017,
24701,
24783,
18,
24736,
25727,
24581,
24788,
24915,
16,
24871,
29346,
26249,
24584,
25322,
25074,
16,
24722,
25074,
18,
24838,
24940,
27401,
25393,
24722,
25074,
25989,
24924,
28923,
28629,
26040,
28264,
24672,
24871,
29346,
26249,
27151,
24597,
25297,
24672,
27774,
24704,
28237,
16,
24871,
29346,
26249,
28564,
24641,
25970,
25622,
24595,
24585,
24994,
25131,
25816,
24595,
29269,
24672,
24871,
29346,
26249
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
15474164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn%20Chi%E1%BB%83u%20district | LiΓͺn Chiα»u district | LiΓͺn Chiα»u is an urban district of Da Nang in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 71,818. The district covers an area of 76Β kmΒ². The district capital lies at HΓ²a Minh ward.
The district is divided into five wards (phΖ°α»ng):
HΓ²a Hiα»p BαΊ―c
HΓ²a Hiα»p Nam
HΓ²a KhΓ‘nh BαΊ―c
HΓ²a KhΓ‘nh Nam
HΓ²a Minh
References
Districts of Da Nang | [
"Li",
"Γͺ",
"n",
"Ch",
"i",
"α»",
"u",
"is",
"an",
"urban",
"district",
"of",
"D",
"a",
"N",
"ang",
"in",
"the",
"South",
"Central",
"Coast",
"region",
"of",
"Vietnam",
".",
"As",
"of",
"2003",
"the",
"district",
"had",
"a",
"population",
"of",
"71",
",",
"8",
"18",
".",
"The",
"district",
"c",
"overs",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"76",
"km",
"Β²",
".",
"The",
"district",
"capital",
"lies",
"at",
"H",
"Γ²",
"a",
"Min",
"h",
"ward",
".",
"The",
"district",
"is",
"divided",
"into",
"five",
"wards",
"(",
"ph",
"Ζ°",
"α»",
"n",
"g",
"):",
"H",
"Γ²",
"a",
"H",
"i",
"α»",
"p",
"B",
"αΊ―",
"c",
"H",
"Γ²",
"a",
"H",
"i",
"α»",
"p",
"N",
"am",
"H",
"Γ²",
"a",
"Kh",
"Γ‘n",
"h",
"B",
"αΊ―",
"c",
"H",
"Γ²",
"a",
"Kh",
"Γ‘n",
"h",
"N",
"am",
"H",
"Γ²",
"a",
"Min",
"h",
"References",
"D",
"istr",
"icts",
"of",
"D",
"a",
"N",
"ang"
] | [
25912,
201,
82,
24698,
77,
4755,
89,
24593,
24583,
28285,
25906,
24595,
40,
69,
50,
24822,
24581,
24585,
25236,
26484,
28135,
26436,
24595,
29706,
18,
24906,
24595,
25877,
24585,
25906,
24798,
69,
25755,
24595,
29970,
16,
28,
24722,
18,
24627,
25906,
71,
27284,
24583,
25450,
24595,
28509,
26020,
145,
18,
24627,
25906,
27447,
28825,
24590,
44,
209,
69,
25507,
76,
24993,
18,
24627,
25906,
24593,
28887,
25000,
25842,
26165,
12,
24844,
398,
4781,
82,
75,
26828,
44,
209,
69,
44,
77,
4759,
84,
38,
4735,
71,
44,
209,
69,
44,
77,
4759,
84,
50,
24611,
44,
209,
69,
28041,
27822,
76,
38,
4735,
71,
44,
209,
69,
28041,
27822,
76,
50,
24611,
44,
209,
69,
25507,
76,
24838,
40,
24901,
27419,
24595,
40,
69,
50,
24822
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
69485877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Rybak | PaweΕ Rybak | PaweΕ Rybak (born 8 January 1967) is a Polish former football manager and former player, who played as a defender.
Career
He started his career with LZS Wola Rzeczycka. In 1986 he joined Stal Stalowa Wola, for which he played 87 games and scored 4 goals in the top division. In February 2004, the Polish club announced that they had parted ways with Rybak. After leaving Stal, he represented SokΓ³Ε Nisko.
He managed LZS Turbia and OKS MokrzyszΓ³w.
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
People from Stalowa Wola
Polish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
SokΓ³Ε Nisko players
Stal Stalowa Wola players
Ekstraklasa players
Polish football managers
Footballers from Podkarpackie Voivodeship | [
"P",
"aw",
"e",
"Ε",
"R",
"y",
"b",
"ak",
"(",
"born",
"8",
"January",
"1967",
")",
"is",
"a",
"Polish",
"former",
"football",
"manager",
"and",
"former",
"player",
",",
"who",
"played",
"as",
"a",
"def",
"ender",
".",
"Career",
"He",
"started",
"his",
"career",
"with",
"L",
"Z",
"S",
"W",
"ola",
"R",
"ze",
"c",
"zy",
"ck",
"a",
".",
"In",
"1986",
"he",
"joined",
"St",
"al",
"St",
"al",
"owa",
"W",
"ola",
",",
"for",
"which",
"he",
"played",
"87",
"games",
"and",
"scored",
"4",
"goals",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"division",
".",
"In",
"February",
"2004",
",",
"the",
"Polish",
"club",
"announced",
"that",
"they",
"had",
"part",
"ed",
"ways",
"with",
"R",
"y",
"b",
"ak",
".",
"After",
"leaving",
"St",
"al",
",",
"he",
"represented",
"S",
"ok",
"Γ³",
"Ε",
"N",
"is",
"ko",
".",
"He",
"managed",
"L",
"Z",
"S",
"Tur",
"b",
"ia",
"and",
"O",
"K",
"S",
"M",
"ok",
"r",
"z",
"ys",
"z",
"Γ³",
"w",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"1967",
"births",
"Living",
"people",
"People",
"from",
"St",
"al",
"owa",
"W",
"ola",
"Polish",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"footballers",
"Men",
"'",
"s",
"association",
"football",
"defend",
"ers",
"S",
"ok",
"Γ³",
"Ε",
"N",
"is",
"ko",
"players",
"St",
"al",
"St",
"al",
"owa",
"W",
"ola",
"players",
"E",
"k",
"str",
"ak",
"l",
"as",
"a",
"players",
"Polish",
"football",
"managers",
"Football",
"ers",
"from",
"P",
"od",
"k",
"ar",
"pack",
"ie",
"Vo",
"iv",
"odes",
"hip"
] | [
52,
24766,
73,
289,
54,
93,
70,
24700,
12,
25049,
28,
25352,
27377,
13,
24593,
69,
27805,
25346,
25128,
27750,
24596,
25346,
25811,
16,
24831,
25350,
24594,
69,
25808,
26815,
18,
27033,
24736,
26213,
24684,
25513,
24651,
48,
62,
55,
59,
27002,
54,
25852,
71,
27953,
25188,
69,
18,
24657,
26801,
24607,
26203,
24709,
24591,
24709,
24591,
29022,
59,
27002,
16,
24618,
24763,
24607,
25350,
29218,
25736,
24596,
27116,
24,
27666,
24581,
24585,
25318,
27218,
18,
24657,
25500,
25783,
16,
24585,
27805,
25559,
26091,
24682,
25002,
24798,
24791,
24588,
26308,
24651,
54,
93,
70,
24700,
18,
25302,
28488,
24709,
24591,
16,
24607,
27544,
55,
24834,
210,
289,
50,
24593,
27587,
18,
24736,
28808,
48,
62,
55,
26263,
70,
24677,
24596,
51,
47,
55,
49,
24834,
86,
94,
25312,
94,
210,
91,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
27377,
25393,
25766,
24941,
25687,
24672,
24709,
24591,
29022,
59,
27002,
27805,
25203,
11,
87,
26450,
26385,
11,
87,
27304,
25128,
29726,
24629,
55,
24834,
210,
289,
50,
24593,
27587,
25053,
24709,
24591,
24709,
24591,
29022,
59,
27002,
25053,
41,
79,
24740,
24700,
80,
24594,
69,
25053,
27805,
25128,
29999,
26178,
24629,
24672,
52,
24694,
79,
24592,
29352,
24716,
28051,
24622,
26496,
25830
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
35011847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritu%20Dalmia | Ritu Dalmia | Ritu Dalmia (born 1973) is an Indian celebrity chef and restaurateur. She is the chef and co-owner of the popular Italian restaurant Diva in Delhi, which she established in 2000, with co-founder Gita Bhalla under partnership firm "Riga Food". Other restaurants of company include βLatitude 28β and βCafe Divaβ. She hosted a TV cookery show, βItalian Khanaβ, for NDTV Good Times for three seasons, and published her first cookbook by the same name in 2009.
Sheβs been hosting Travelling Diva on NDTV Good Times since 2 February 2012.
Dalmia is a lesbian and a prominent LGBT rights activist. In June 2016, Dalmia and five others, all members of the LGBT community themselves, filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court of India challenging Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. This resulted in the 2018 landmark judgment in Navtej Singh Johar and others v. Union of India in which the Supreme Court unanimously declared the law unconstitutional "in so far as it criminalises consensual sexual conduct between adults of the same sex".
Career
Born in Kolkata to a Marwari business family, she joined her family business of marble stone at the age of 16. Her work led her to Italy for sourcing, where she developed a taste for the Italian cuisine and started learning more about it.
In 1993, at the age of 22, Dalmia started her first restaurant 'MezzaLuna' in the Hauz Khas Village, Delhi, that specialised in Mediterranean cuisine with an "Italian accent". Unfortunately, the restaurant was unsuccessful and she sold it after three years.
In 1996, Dalmia moved to London, where she opened the first Indian fine dining restaurant on King's Road, with partner Andy Verma. The restaurant was a big success and received good reviews, however, unable to settle in London, Dalmia sold off her shares of restaurant to Verma, and returned to Delhi in 2000. In the same year, she partnered up with Gita Bhalla to open βDivaβ Italian restaurant in Greater Kailash II that continues to be a popular restaurant in Delhi even today.
Apart from the cafΓ© at the Italian Embassy's Italian Cultural Centre in Chanakyapuri, Delhi, she also runs βDiva CafΓ©β in Greater Kailash I, βLatitude 28β at the Alliance Francaise, Delhi and βDIVA Piccolaβ at the Hauz Khas village. Dalmia also established a catering business.
In 2007, she started hosting the TV-series, "Italian Khana" on NDTV Good Times. She subsequently released a cookbook by the same name in 2009. The show lasted three seasons and won numerous television awards. She has been a Consulting Chef with Divattra, the spa restaurant at Ashok Hotel, Delhi.
She was awarded the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity by Government of Italy in December 2011.
Dalmia published Travelling Diva: Recipes from around the World in 2012, featuring her favourite recipes from European, Asian and Middle Eastern cuisines.
Works
Italian Khana. Random House, India, 2009. .
Italian Khana: Dinner Party. Random House, India. .
Italian Khana: Desserts. Random House, India. .
Italian Khana: Vegetarian. Random House, India. .
Travelling Diva: Recipes from around the World, Hachette India 2012. .
DIVA Green, Hachette India 2014. .
References
External links
Official website
1973 births
Living people
People from Delhi
Marwari people
Indian television chefs
Indian restaurateurs
Women cookbook writers
Indian food writers
Chefs of Italian cuisine
Women chefs
Indian LGBT businesspeople
Lesbian businesswomen
Indian lesbian writers
LGBT chefs | [
"R",
"it",
"u",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"(",
"born",
"1973",
")",
"is",
"an",
"Indian",
"celebr",
"ity",
"che",
"f",
"and",
"restaur",
"ateur",
".",
"She",
"is",
"the",
"che",
"f",
"and",
"co",
"-",
"owner",
"of",
"the",
"popular",
"Italian",
"restaur",
"ant",
"Div",
"a",
"in",
"Del",
"hi",
",",
"which",
"she",
"established",
"in",
"2000",
",",
"with",
"co",
"-",
"founder",
"G",
"ita",
"B",
"hall",
"a",
"under",
"part",
"nership",
"firm",
"\"",
"R",
"iga",
"F",
"ood",
"\".",
"Other",
"restaur",
"ants",
"of",
"company",
"include",
"β",
"Lat",
"itude",
"28",
"β",
"and",
"β",
"C",
"af",
"e",
"Div",
"a",
"β",
".",
"She",
"hosted",
"a",
"TV",
"co",
"ok",
"ery",
"show",
",",
"β",
"Italian",
"Kh",
"ana",
"β",
",",
"for",
"N",
"D",
"TV",
"Good",
"Times",
"for",
"three",
"seasons",
",",
"and",
"published",
"her",
"first",
"co",
"ok",
"book",
"by",
"the",
"same",
"name",
"in",
"2009",
".",
"She",
"β",
"s",
"been",
"host",
"ing",
"Tr",
"av",
"elling",
"Div",
"a",
"on",
"N",
"D",
"TV",
"Good",
"Times",
"since",
"2",
"February",
"2012",
".",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"is",
"a",
"les",
"b",
"ian",
"and",
"a",
"prominent",
"L",
"GB",
"T",
"rights",
"activ",
"ist",
".",
"In",
"June",
"2016",
",",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"and",
"five",
"others",
",",
"all",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"L",
"GB",
"T",
"community",
"themselves",
",",
"f",
"iled",
"a",
"writ",
"pet",
"ition",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"of",
"India",
"chall",
"eng",
"ing",
"Se",
"ction",
"37",
"7",
"of",
"the",
"Indian",
"Pen",
"al",
"Co",
"de",
".",
"This",
"resulted",
"in",
"the",
"2018",
"land",
"mark",
"jud",
"g",
"ment",
"in",
"N",
"av",
"te",
"j",
"Sing",
"h",
"Jo",
"har",
"and",
"others",
"v",
".",
"Union",
"of",
"India",
"in",
"which",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"un",
"anim",
"ously",
"declared",
"the",
"law",
"un",
"con",
"stitut",
"ional",
"\"",
"in",
"so",
"far",
"as",
"it",
"crimin",
"al",
"ises",
"cons",
"en",
"su",
"al",
"sexual",
"condu",
"ct",
"between",
"ad",
"ults",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"sex",
"\".",
"Career",
"Born",
"in",
"K",
"olk",
"ata",
"to",
"a",
"Mar",
"war",
"i",
"business",
"family",
",",
"she",
"joined",
"her",
"family",
"business",
"of",
"mar",
"ble",
"stone",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"16",
".",
"Her",
"work",
"led",
"her",
"to",
"Italy",
"for",
"s",
"our",
"cing",
",",
"where",
"she",
"developed",
"a",
"t",
"as",
"te",
"for",
"the",
"Italian",
"cu",
"is",
"ine",
"and",
"started",
"lear",
"ning",
"more",
"about",
"it",
".",
"In",
"1993",
",",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"22",
",",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"started",
"her",
"first",
"restaur",
"ant",
"'",
"Me",
"z",
"za",
"L",
"una",
"'",
"in",
"the",
"H",
"au",
"z",
"K",
"has",
"Vill",
"age",
",",
"Del",
"hi",
",",
"that",
"special",
"ised",
"in",
"Med",
"iter",
"rane",
"an",
"cu",
"is",
"ine",
"with",
"an",
"\"",
"Italian",
"ac",
"cent",
"\".",
"Un",
"fort",
"un",
"ately",
",",
"the",
"restaur",
"ant",
"was",
"un",
"successful",
"and",
"she",
"sold",
"it",
"after",
"three",
"years",
".",
"In",
"1996",
",",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"moved",
"to",
"London",
",",
"where",
"she",
"opened",
"the",
"first",
"Indian",
"f",
"ine",
"din",
"ing",
"restaur",
"ant",
"on",
"King",
"'",
"s",
"Road",
",",
"with",
"part",
"ner",
"And",
"y",
"Ver",
"ma",
".",
"The",
"restaur",
"ant",
"was",
"a",
"big",
"success",
"and",
"received",
"good",
"reviews",
",",
"however",
",",
"un",
"able",
"to",
"sett",
"le",
"in",
"London",
",",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"sold",
"off",
"her",
"sh",
"ares",
"of",
"restaur",
"ant",
"to",
"Ver",
"ma",
",",
"and",
"returned",
"to",
"Del",
"hi",
"in",
"2000",
".",
"In",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"she",
"part",
"n",
"ered",
"up",
"with",
"G",
"ita",
"B",
"hall",
"a",
"to",
"open",
"β",
"Div",
"a",
"β",
"Italian",
"restaur",
"ant",
"in",
"Gre",
"ater",
"K",
"ail",
"ash",
"II",
"that",
"continu",
"es",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"popular",
"restaur",
"ant",
"in",
"Del",
"hi",
"even",
"today",
".",
"A",
"part",
"from",
"the",
"c",
"af",
"Γ©",
"at",
"the",
"Italian",
"Em",
"bass",
"y",
"'",
"s",
"Italian",
"Cult",
"ural",
"Centre",
"in",
"Ch",
"an",
"ak",
"y",
"ap",
"ur",
"i",
",",
"Del",
"hi",
",",
"she",
"also",
"runs",
"β",
"Div",
"a",
"C",
"af",
"Γ©",
"β",
"in",
"Gre",
"ater",
"K",
"ail",
"ash",
"I",
",",
"β",
"Lat",
"itude",
"28",
"β",
"at",
"the",
"All",
"iance",
"Fran",
"ca",
"ise",
",",
"Del",
"hi",
"and",
"β",
"D",
"IV",
"A",
"P",
"ic",
"col",
"a",
"β",
"at",
"the",
"H",
"au",
"z",
"K",
"has",
"village",
".",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"also",
"established",
"a",
"c",
"ater",
"ing",
"business",
".",
"In",
"2007",
",",
"she",
"started",
"host",
"ing",
"the",
"TV",
"-",
"series",
",",
"\"",
"Italian",
"Kh",
"ana",
"\"",
"on",
"N",
"D",
"TV",
"Good",
"Times",
".",
"She",
"subsequently",
"released",
"a",
"co",
"ok",
"book",
"by",
"the",
"same",
"name",
"in",
"2009",
".",
"The",
"show",
"last",
"ed",
"three",
"seasons",
"and",
"won",
"numerous",
"television",
"awards",
".",
"She",
"has",
"been",
"a",
"Con",
"s",
"ult",
"ing",
"Che",
"f",
"with",
"Div",
"at",
"tra",
",",
"the",
"sp",
"a",
"restaur",
"ant",
"at",
"Ash",
"ok",
"Hot",
"el",
",",
"Del",
"hi",
".",
"She",
"was",
"awarded",
"the",
"Order",
"of",
"the",
"Star",
"of",
"Italian",
"Sol",
"id",
"ar",
"ity",
"by",
"Government",
"of",
"Italy",
"in",
"December",
"2011",
".",
"D",
"al",
"m",
"ia",
"published",
"Tr",
"av",
"elling",
"Div",
"a",
":",
"Re",
"cip",
"es",
"from",
"around",
"the",
"World",
"in",
"2012",
",",
"featuring",
"her",
"fav",
"our",
"ite",
"rec",
"ip",
"es",
"from",
"European",
",",
"Asian",
"and",
"Middle",
"Eastern",
"cu",
"is",
"ines",
".",
"Works",
"Italian",
"Kh",
"ana",
".",
"R",
"and",
"om",
"House",
",",
"India",
",",
"2009",
".",
".",
"Italian",
"Kh",
"ana",
":",
"D",
"inner",
"Party",
".",
"R",
"and",
"om",
"House",
",",
"India",
".",
".",
"Italian",
"Kh",
"ana",
":",
"D",
"ess",
"er",
"ts",
".",
"R",
"and",
"om",
"House",
",",
"India",
".",
".",
"Italian",
"Kh",
"ana",
":",
"Ve",
"get",
"arian",
".",
"R",
"and",
"om",
"House",
",",
"India",
".",
".",
"Tr",
"av",
"elling",
"Div",
"a",
":",
"Re",
"cip",
"es",
"from",
"around",
"the",
"World",
",",
"H",
"ac",
"he",
"t",
"te",
"India",
"2012",
".",
".",
"D",
"IV",
"A",
"Green",
",",
"H",
"ac",
"he",
"t",
"te",
"India",
"2014",
".",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"Official",
"website",
"1973",
"births",
"Living",
"people",
"People",
"from",
"Del",
"hi",
"Mar",
"war",
"i",
"people",
"Indian",
"television",
"che",
"f",
"s",
"Indian",
"restaur",
"ateur",
"s",
"Women",
"co",
"ok",
"book",
"writers",
"Indian",
"food",
"writers",
"Che",
"f",
"s",
"of",
"Italian",
"cu",
"is",
"ine",
"Women",
"che",
"f",
"s",
"Indian",
"L",
"GB",
"T",
"business",
"people",
"Les",
"b",
"ian",
"business",
"women",
"Indian",
"les",
"b",
"ian",
"writers",
"L",
"GB",
"T",
"che",
"f",
"s"
] | [
54,
24598,
89,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
12,
25049,
27227,
13,
24593,
24583,
25759,
28123,
24683,
25697,
74,
24596,
29893,
29736,
18,
25079,
24593,
24585,
25697,
74,
24596,
24869,
17,
28823,
24595,
24585,
26383,
26321,
29893,
24738,
29012,
69,
24581,
26697,
26766,
16,
24763,
24971,
25572,
24581,
25807,
16,
24651,
24869,
17,
28625,
43,
27028,
38,
28467,
69,
25016,
24791,
29876,
28129,
6,
54,
27601,
42,
24946,
25157,
26594,
29893,
25575,
24595,
25684,
25915,
4997,
26789,
29961,
25555,
4998,
24596,
4997,
39,
24744,
73,
29012,
69,
4998,
18,
25079,
29075,
69,
25905,
24869,
24834,
25527,
25339,
16,
4997,
26321,
28041,
25717,
4998,
16,
24618,
50,
40,
25905,
28038,
27701,
24618,
25151,
27353,
16,
24596,
25728,
24803,
24818,
24869,
24834,
25756,
24647,
24585,
25515,
25364,
24581,
25531,
18,
25079,
4998,
87,
24948,
26123,
24599,
25024,
24668,
27176,
29012,
69,
24584,
50,
40,
25905,
28038,
27701,
25570,
22,
25500,
25512,
18,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
24593,
69,
24928,
70,
24669,
24596,
69,
29198,
48,
29219,
56,
26991,
25913,
24641,
18,
24657,
25347,
25600,
16,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
24596,
25842,
26662,
16,
24663,
25622,
24595,
24585,
48,
29219,
56,
26248,
28582,
16,
74,
28187,
69,
25088,
27418,
24793,
24581,
24585,
28718,
26457,
24595,
26047,
28284,
25010,
24599,
24779,
24768,
26780,
27,
24595,
24585,
25759,
28344,
24591,
25287,
24650,
18,
25111,
29699,
24581,
24585,
25625,
24775,
25571,
26867,
75,
24718,
24581,
50,
24668,
24680,
78,
26215,
76,
24934,
26174,
24596,
26662,
90,
18,
26275,
24595,
26047,
24581,
24763,
24585,
28718,
26457,
24631,
26474,
28667,
29398,
24585,
25539,
24631,
24652,
26566,
25183,
6,
24581,
25165,
27111,
24594,
24598,
28365,
24591,
27622,
25109,
24587,
24701,
24591,
29543,
26857,
24637,
25142,
24614,
26214,
24595,
24585,
25515,
26569,
25157,
27033,
29071,
24581,
47,
27114,
25591,
24601,
69,
24829,
25573,
77,
26045,
25334,
16,
24971,
26203,
24803,
25334,
26045,
24595,
25748,
25644,
27195,
24590,
24585,
24754,
24595,
25009,
18,
25503,
24918,
25121,
24803,
24601,
27086,
24618,
87,
24714,
27815,
16,
25072,
24971,
26656,
69,
88,
24594,
24680,
24618,
24585,
26321,
26687,
24593,
24734,
24596,
26213,
26429,
25925,
25060,
25150,
24598,
18,
24657,
26437,
16,
24590,
24585,
24754,
24595,
25127,
16,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
26213,
24803,
24818,
29893,
24738,
11,
25443,
94,
26992,
48,
28431,
11,
24581,
24585,
44,
24786,
94,
47,
24808,
26988,
24754,
16,
26697,
26766,
16,
24682,
26318,
25719,
24581,
25536,
25898,
28939,
24583,
26687,
24593,
24734,
24651,
24583,
6,
26321,
24616,
24804,
25157,
24739,
26683,
24631,
25825,
16,
24585,
29893,
24738,
24625,
24631,
26598,
24596,
24971,
26090,
24598,
24942,
25151,
25100,
18,
24657,
26234,
16,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
25804,
24601,
25712,
16,
25072,
24971,
26274,
24585,
24818,
25759,
74,
24734,
28645,
24599,
29893,
24738,
24584,
25478,
11,
87,
26329,
16,
24651,
24791,
25651,
25695,
93,
26670,
25853,
18,
24627,
29893,
24738,
24625,
69,
28007,
25701,
24596,
25774,
26663,
29301,
16,
26537,
16,
24631,
24914,
24601,
26304,
24604,
24581,
25712,
16,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
26090,
24894,
24803,
24690,
29112,
24595,
29893,
24738,
24601,
26670,
25853,
16,
24596,
26355,
24601,
26697,
26766,
24581,
25807,
18,
24657,
24585,
25515,
24854,
16,
24971,
24791,
82,
25351,
24772,
24651,
43,
27028,
38,
28467,
69,
24601,
25383,
4997,
29012,
69,
4998,
26321,
29893,
24738,
24581,
28202,
24836,
47,
24916,
25124,
25205,
24682,
25777,
24589,
24601,
24636,
69,
26383,
29893,
24738,
24581,
26697,
26766,
26142,
28471,
18,
37,
24791,
24672,
24585,
71,
24744,
200,
24590,
24585,
26321,
25971,
27165,
93,
11,
87,
26321,
27718,
25274,
28155,
24581,
24698,
24583,
24700,
93,
24654,
24615,
77,
16,
26697,
26766,
16,
24971,
24762,
27690,
4997,
29012,
69,
39,
24744,
200,
4998,
24581,
28202,
24836,
47,
24916,
25124,
45,
16,
4997,
26789,
29961,
25555,
4998,
24590,
24585,
25361,
28110,
25146,
25656,
25279,
16,
26697,
26766,
24596,
4997,
40,
28168,
37,
52,
24597,
24908,
69,
4998,
24590,
24585,
44,
24786,
94,
47,
24808,
25879,
18,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
24762,
25572,
69,
71,
24836,
24599,
26045,
18,
24657,
25557,
16,
24971,
26213,
26123,
24599,
24585,
25905,
17,
25268,
16,
6,
26321,
28041,
25717,
6,
24584,
50,
40,
25905,
28038,
27701,
18,
25079,
28307,
25385,
69,
24869,
24834,
25756,
24647,
24585,
25515,
25364,
24581,
25531,
18,
24627,
25339,
25812,
24588,
25151,
27353,
24596,
25400,
28161,
25780,
28484,
18,
25079,
24808,
24948,
69,
24924,
87,
24886,
24599,
26892,
74,
24651,
29012,
24590,
26467,
16,
24585,
24878,
69,
29893,
24738,
24590,
27995,
24834,
27545,
24613,
16,
26697,
26766,
18,
25079,
24625,
27043,
24585,
26947,
24595,
24585,
26966,
24595,
26321,
27342,
24630,
24592,
24683,
24647,
27030,
24595,
27086,
24581,
25422,
25476,
18,
40,
24591,
81,
24677,
25728,
25024,
24668,
27176,
29012,
69,
30,
24693,
29760,
24589,
24672,
25787,
24585,
25166,
24581,
25512,
16,
28473,
24803,
27288,
24714,
24850,
26038,
24696,
24589,
24672,
26085,
16,
27571,
24596,
27964,
27897,
26687,
24593,
25675,
18,
28835,
26321,
28041,
25717,
18,
54,
24596,
24605,
25816,
16,
26047,
16,
25531,
18,
18,
26321,
28041,
25717,
30,
40,
28612,
25970,
18,
54,
24596,
24605,
25816,
16,
26047,
18,
18,
26321,
28041,
25717,
30,
40,
24676,
24582,
24704,
18,
54,
24596,
24605,
25816,
16,
26047,
18,
18,
26321,
28041,
25717,
30,
28217,
25978,
27407,
18,
54,
24596,
24605,
25816,
16,
26047,
18,
18,
25024,
24668,
27176,
29012,
69,
30,
24693,
29760,
24589,
24672,
25787,
24585,
25166,
16,
44,
24616,
24607,
88,
24680,
26047,
25512,
18,
18,
40,
28168,
37,
26679,
16,
44,
24616,
24607,
88,
24680,
26047,
25590,
18,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
27588,
26658,
27227,
25393,
25766,
24941,
25687,
24672,
26697,
26766,
24829,
25573,
77,
24941,
25759,
25780,
25697,
74,
87,
25759,
29893,
29736,
87,
26348,
24869,
24834,
25756,
26820,
25759,
27738,
26820,
26892,
74,
87,
24595,
26321,
26687,
24593,
24734,
26348,
25697,
74,
87,
25759,
48,
29219,
56,
26045,
24941,
28196,
70,
24669,
26045,
25522,
25759,
24928,
70,
24669,
26820,
48,
29219,
56,
25697,
74,
87
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
46737143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20City%20of%20Edinburgh%20District%20Council%20election | 1974 City of Edinburgh District Council election | Elections for the City of Edinburgh District Council took place in 1974, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. These were the first election to the City of Edinburgh District Council, and saw the Conservatives winning 30 of the Councils 64 seats.
Aggregate results
Ward Results
References
1974
Edinburgh
District Council election, 1974 | [
"Ele",
"ctions",
"for",
"the",
"City",
"of",
"Ed",
"in",
"burgh",
"District",
"Council",
"took",
"place",
"in",
"1974",
",",
"alongside",
"elections",
"to",
"the",
"council",
"s",
"of",
"Scotland",
"'",
"s",
"various",
"other",
"districts",
".",
"These",
"were",
"the",
"first",
"election",
"to",
"the",
"City",
"of",
"Ed",
"in",
"burgh",
"District",
"Council",
",",
"and",
"saw",
"the",
"Conserv",
"atives",
"winning",
"30",
"of",
"the",
"Council",
"s",
"64",
"seats",
".",
"A",
"gg",
"reg",
"ate",
"results",
"W",
"ard",
"Results",
"References",
"1974",
"Ed",
"in",
"burgh",
"District",
"Council",
"election",
",",
"1974"
] | [
27983,
25509,
24618,
24585,
25440,
24595,
25420,
24581,
27886,
25730,
26176,
25676,
25468,
24581,
27142,
16,
28698,
27806,
24601,
24585,
28114,
87,
24595,
27733,
11,
87,
26273,
24858,
29334,
18,
26370,
24747,
24585,
24818,
25990,
24601,
24585,
25440,
24595,
25420,
24581,
27886,
25730,
26176,
16,
24596,
26960,
24585,
28127,
26834,
27099,
25402,
24595,
24585,
26176,
87,
27649,
29542,
18,
37,
26386,
24954,
24688,
27233,
59,
24695,
29175,
24838,
27142,
25420,
24581,
27886,
25730,
26176,
25990,
16,
27142
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
114298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumming%2C%20Iowa | Cumming, Iowa | Cumming is a city in Warren County, Iowa, United States. The population was 436 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the hometown of former Senator Tom Harkin.
A part of the Des MoinesβWest Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area, Cumming is considered one of the smallest incorporated suburbs of the metro area. The smallest of all cities in the five-county metro area is Bevington, in Madison and Warren counties, which had a population of 58 in 2000.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.
The Great Western Trail passes through the city.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 351 people, 128 households, and 102 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 136 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 0.9% African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 128 households, of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 20.3% were non-families. 14.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.07.
The median age in the city was 40.1 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.5% were from 25 to 44; 28% were from 45 to 64; and 9.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 162 people, 65 households, and 52 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 69 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.
There were 65 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.3% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.74.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,813, and the median income for a family was $56,071. Males had a median income of $40,893 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,575. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.
Notable people
Brent Allen, musical artist
Tom Harkin, United States Senator (1985 - 2015) from Iowa
See also
Great Western Trail (Iowa)
St. Patrick's Church (Cumming, Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
References
Cities in Iowa
Cities in Warren County, Iowa
Des Moines metropolitan area | [
"C",
"um",
"ming",
"is",
"a",
"city",
"in",
"Warr",
"en",
"County",
",",
"Iowa",
",",
"United",
"States",
".",
"The",
"population",
"was",
"4",
"36",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"2020",
"census",
".",
"It",
"is",
"the",
"home",
"town",
"of",
"former",
"Sen",
"ator",
"Tom",
"H",
"ark",
"in",
".",
"A",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"Des",
"Mo",
"ines",
"β",
"West",
"Des",
"Mo",
"ines",
"Metro",
"politan",
"Stat",
"ist",
"ical",
"Area",
",",
"C",
"um",
"ming",
"is",
"considered",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"small",
"est",
"incorporated",
"sub",
"ur",
"bs",
"of",
"the",
"met",
"ro",
"area",
".",
"The",
"small",
"est",
"of",
"all",
"cities",
"in",
"the",
"five",
"-",
"county",
"met",
"ro",
"area",
"is",
"B",
"ev",
"ington",
",",
"in",
"Mad",
"ison",
"and",
"Warr",
"en",
"coun",
"ties",
",",
"which",
"had",
"a",
"population",
"of",
"58",
"in",
"2000",
".",
"Geography",
"According",
"to",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"C",
"ensus",
"B",
"ureau",
",",
"the",
"city",
"has",
"a",
"total",
"area",
"of",
",",
"of",
"which",
",",
"is",
"land",
"and",
"is",
"water",
".",
"The",
"Great",
"Western",
"T",
"rail",
"pass",
"es",
"through",
"the",
"city",
".",
"Dem",
"ograph",
"ics",
"2010",
"census",
"As",
"of",
"the",
"census",
"of",
"2010",
",",
"there",
"were",
"35",
"1",
"people",
",",
"12",
"8",
"households",
",",
"and",
"10",
"2",
"families",
"living",
"in",
"the",
"city",
".",
"The",
"population",
"density",
"was",
".",
"There",
"were",
"13",
"6",
"housing",
"units",
"at",
"an",
"average",
"density",
"of",
".",
"The",
"rac",
"ial",
"make",
"up",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"9",
"6",
".",
"9",
"%",
"White",
",",
"0",
".",
"9",
"%",
"African",
"American",
",",
"0",
".",
"6",
"%",
"Asian",
",",
"0",
".",
"6",
"%",
"from",
"other",
"races",
",",
"and",
"1",
".",
"1",
"%",
"from",
"two",
"or",
"more",
"races",
".",
"His",
"pan",
"ic",
"or",
"Lat",
"ino",
"of",
"any",
"race",
"were",
"1",
".",
"1",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
".",
"There",
"were",
"12",
"8",
"households",
",",
"of",
"which",
"39",
".",
"8",
"%",
"had",
"children",
"under",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"18",
"living",
"with",
"them",
",",
"70",
".",
"3",
"%",
"were",
"married",
"c",
"ou",
"ples",
"living",
"together",
",",
"6",
".",
"3",
"%",
"had",
"a",
"female",
"house",
"hol",
"der",
"with",
"no",
"husband",
"present",
",",
"3",
".",
"1",
"%",
"had",
"a",
"male",
"house",
"hol",
"der",
"with",
"no",
"wife",
"present",
",",
"and",
"20",
".",
"3",
"%",
"were",
"non",
"-",
"families",
".",
"14",
".",
"1",
"%",
"of",
"all",
"households",
"were",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"individuals",
",",
"and",
"5",
".",
"5",
"%",
"had",
"some",
"one",
"living",
"alone",
"who",
"was",
"65",
"years",
"of",
"age",
"or",
"older",
".",
"The",
"average",
"house",
"hold",
"size",
"was",
"2",
".",
"74",
"and",
"the",
"average",
"family",
"size",
"was",
"3",
".",
"07",
".",
"The",
"median",
"age",
"in",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"40",
".",
"1",
"years",
".",
"27",
".",
"6",
"%",
"of",
"residents",
"were",
"under",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"18",
";",
"4",
".",
"6",
"%",
"were",
"between",
"the",
"ages",
"of",
"18",
"and",
"24",
";",
"30",
".",
"5",
"%",
"were",
"from",
"25",
"to",
"44",
";",
"28",
"%",
"were",
"from",
"45",
"to",
"64",
";",
"and",
"9",
".",
"4",
"%",
"were",
"65",
"years",
"of",
"age",
"or",
"older",
".",
"The",
"g",
"ender",
"make",
"up",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"49",
".",
"0",
"%",
"male",
"and",
"51",
".",
"0",
"%",
"female",
".",
"2000",
"census",
"As",
"of",
"the",
"census",
"of",
"2000",
",",
"there",
"were",
"16",
"2",
"people",
",",
"65",
"households",
",",
"and",
"52",
"families",
"living",
"in",
"the",
"city",
".",
"The",
"population",
"density",
"was",
".",
"There",
"were",
"69",
"housing",
"units",
"at",
"an",
"average",
"density",
"of",
".",
"The",
"rac",
"ial",
"make",
"up",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"100",
".",
"00",
"%",
"White",
".",
"There",
"were",
"65",
"households",
",",
"out",
"of",
"which",
"27",
".",
"7",
"%",
"had",
"children",
"under",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"18",
"living",
"with",
"them",
",",
"72",
".",
"3",
"%",
"were",
"married",
"c",
"ou",
"ples",
"living",
"together",
",",
"3",
".",
"1",
"%",
"had",
"a",
"female",
"house",
"hol",
"der",
"with",
"no",
"husband",
"present",
",",
"and",
"18",
".",
"5",
"%",
"were",
"non",
"-",
"families",
".",
"13",
".",
"8",
"%",
"of",
"all",
"households",
"were",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"individuals",
",",
"and",
"3",
".",
"1",
"%",
"had",
"some",
"one",
"living",
"alone",
"who",
"was",
"65",
"years",
"of",
"age",
"or",
"older",
".",
"The",
"average",
"house",
"hold",
"size",
"was",
"2",
".",
"48",
"and",
"the",
"average",
"family",
"size",
"was",
"2",
".",
"74",
".",
"In",
"the",
"city",
",",
"the",
"population",
"was",
"spread",
"out",
",",
"with",
"19",
".",
"8",
"%",
"under",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"18",
",",
"3",
".",
"7",
"%",
"from",
"18",
"to",
"24",
",",
"30",
".",
"9",
"%",
"from",
"25",
"to",
"44",
",",
"28",
".",
"4",
"%",
"from",
"45",
"to",
"64",
",",
"and",
"17",
".",
"3",
"%",
"who",
"were",
"65",
"years",
"of",
"age",
"or",
"older",
".",
"The",
"median",
"age",
"was",
"41",
"years",
".",
"For",
"every",
"100",
"females",
",",
"there",
"were",
"97",
".",
"6",
"m",
"ales",
".",
"For",
"every",
"100",
"females",
"age",
"18",
"and",
"over",
",",
"there",
"were",
"1",
"13",
".",
"1",
"m",
"ales",
".",
"The",
"median",
"income",
"for",
"a",
"house",
"hold",
"in",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"$",
"52",
",",
"8",
"13",
",",
"and",
"the",
"median",
"income",
"for",
"a",
"family",
"was",
"$",
"56",
",",
"07",
"1",
".",
"M",
"ales",
"had",
"a",
"median",
"income",
"of",
"$",
"40",
",",
"89",
"3",
"vers",
"us",
"$",
"21",
",",
"7",
"50",
"for",
"females",
".",
"The",
"per",
"cap",
"ita",
"income",
"for",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"$",
"23",
",",
"5",
"75",
".",
"N",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"population",
"or",
"families",
"were",
"below",
"the",
"p",
"over",
"ty",
"line",
".",
"Notable",
"people",
"Br",
"ent",
"Allen",
",",
"musical",
"artist",
"Tom",
"H",
"ark",
"in",
",",
"United",
"States",
"Sen",
"ator",
"(",
"1985",
"-",
"2015",
")",
"from",
"Iowa",
"See",
"also",
"Great",
"Western",
"T",
"rail",
"(",
"Iowa",
")",
"St",
".",
"Pat",
"rick",
"'",
"s",
"Church",
"(",
"C",
"um",
"ming",
",",
"Iowa",
"),",
"listed",
"on",
"the",
"National",
"Register",
"of",
"Historic",
"Places",
"References",
"C",
"ities",
"in",
"Iowa",
"C",
"ities",
"in",
"Warr",
"en",
"County",
",",
"Iowa",
"Des",
"Mo",
"ines",
"met",
"ro",
"politan",
"area"
] | [
39,
24656,
26352,
24593,
69,
25491,
24581,
28764,
24587,
25239,
16,
29647,
16,
24994,
25131,
18,
24627,
25755,
24625,
24,
26752,
24590,
24585,
24978,
24595,
24585,
25642,
27411,
18,
24805,
24593,
24585,
25664,
25305,
24595,
25346,
26236,
25517,
26643,
44,
24944,
24581,
18,
37,
24791,
24595,
24585,
25864,
25721,
25675,
4992,
25526,
25864,
25721,
25675,
28215,
29287,
28749,
24641,
24757,
29732,
16,
39,
24656,
26352,
24593,
26603,
24748,
24595,
24585,
25734,
24655,
28463,
25097,
24615,
27868,
24595,
24585,
25547,
24619,
25450,
18,
24627,
25734,
24655,
24595,
24663,
28500,
24581,
24585,
25842,
17,
27717,
25547,
24619,
25450,
24593,
38,
24895,
25767,
16,
24581,
26431,
25670,
24596,
28764,
24587,
25008,
26797,
16,
24763,
24798,
69,
25755,
24595,
27919,
24581,
25807,
18,
29162,
26446,
24601,
24585,
24994,
25131,
39,
26570,
38,
29715,
16,
24585,
25491,
24808,
69,
26238,
25450,
24595,
16,
24595,
24763,
16,
24593,
24775,
24596,
24593,
25801,
18,
24627,
26604,
26551,
56,
26031,
25565,
24589,
25172,
24585,
25491,
18,
25961,
27367,
24930,
25449,
27411,
24906,
24595,
24585,
27411,
24595,
25449,
16,
25201,
24747,
26400,
21,
24941,
16,
25074,
28,
28751,
16,
24596,
24975,
22,
27280,
26283,
24581,
24585,
25491,
18,
24627,
25755,
29949,
24625,
18,
25650,
24747,
25143,
26,
29407,
27278,
24590,
24583,
26842,
29949,
24595,
18,
24627,
26013,
24727,
26127,
24772,
24595,
24585,
25491,
24625,
29,
26,
18,
29,
9,
26680,
16,
20,
18,
29,
9,
26301,
24868,
16,
20,
18,
26,
9,
27571,
16,
20,
18,
26,
9,
24672,
24858,
28853,
16,
24596,
21,
18,
21,
9,
24672,
24907,
24586,
25060,
28853,
18,
25496,
27050,
24597,
24586,
26789,
26093,
24595,
24956,
26465,
24747,
21,
18,
21,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
18,
25650,
24747,
25074,
28,
28751,
16,
24595,
24763,
27011,
18,
28,
9,
24798,
25902,
25016,
24585,
24754,
24595,
24722,
26283,
24651,
25154,
16,
26921,
18,
23,
9,
24747,
26160,
71,
24603,
26814,
26283,
26577,
16,
26,
18,
23,
9,
24798,
69,
26889,
25470,
26547,
24795,
24651,
25159,
27950,
25126,
16,
23,
18,
21,
9,
24798,
69,
25985,
25470,
26547,
24795,
24651,
25159,
26512,
25126,
16,
24596,
24623,
18,
23,
9,
24747,
25946,
17,
27280,
18,
25129,
18,
21,
9,
24595,
24663,
28751,
24747,
25167,
24772,
24595,
28604,
16,
24596,
25,
18,
25,
9,
24798,
25191,
24748,
26283,
29625,
24831,
24625,
27005,
25100,
24595,
24754,
24586,
28002,
18,
24627,
26842,
25470,
25771,
27321,
24625,
22,
18,
29746,
24596,
24585,
26842,
25334,
27321,
24625,
23,
18,
29846,
18,
24627,
29547,
24754,
24581,
24585,
25491,
24625,
25929,
18,
21,
25100,
18,
25563,
18,
26,
9,
24595,
28857,
24747,
25016,
24585,
24754,
24595,
24722,
31,
24,
18,
26,
9,
24747,
25142,
24585,
25434,
24595,
24722,
24596,
25384,
31,
25402,
18,
25,
9,
24747,
24672,
25306,
24601,
27173,
31,
25555,
9,
24747,
24672,
26691,
24601,
27649,
31,
24596,
29,
18,
24,
9,
24747,
27005,
25100,
24595,
24754,
24586,
28002,
18,
24627,
75,
26815,
26127,
24772,
24595,
24585,
25491,
24625,
27461,
18,
20,
9,
25985,
24596,
28775,
18,
20,
9,
26889,
18,
25807,
27411,
24906,
24595,
24585,
27411,
24595,
25807,
16,
25201,
24747,
25009,
22,
24941,
16,
27005,
28751,
16,
24596,
28774,
27280,
26283,
24581,
24585,
25491,
18,
24627,
25755,
29949,
24625,
18,
25650,
24747,
28883,
29407,
27278,
24590,
24583,
26842,
29949,
24595,
18,
24627,
26013,
24727,
26127,
24772,
24595,
24585,
25491,
24625,
26023,
18,
24799,
9,
26680,
18,
25650,
24747,
27005,
28751,
16,
24767,
24595,
24763,
25563,
18,
27,
9,
24798,
25902,
25016,
24585,
24754,
24595,
24722,
26283,
24651,
25154,
16,
29332,
18,
23,
9,
24747,
26160,
71,
24603,
26814,
26283,
26577,
16,
23,
18,
21,
9,
24798,
69,
26889,
25470,
26547,
24795,
24651,
25159,
27950,
25126,
16,
24596,
24722,
18,
25,
9,
24747,
25946,
17,
27280,
18,
25143,
18,
28,
9,
24595,
24663,
28751,
24747,
25167,
24772,
24595,
28604,
16,
24596,
23,
18,
21,
9,
24798,
25191,
24748,
26283,
29625,
24831,
24625,
27005,
25100,
24595,
24754,
24586,
28002,
18,
24627,
26842,
25470,
25771,
27321,
24625,
22,
18,
27401,
24596,
24585,
26842,
25334,
27321,
24625,
22,
18,
29746,
18,
24657,
24585,
25491,
16,
24585,
25755,
24625,
29697,
24767,
16,
24651,
24617,
18,
28,
9,
25016,
24585,
24754,
24595,
24722,
16,
23,
18,
27,
9,
24672,
24722,
24601,
25384,
16,
25402,
18,
29,
9,
24672,
25306,
24601,
27173,
16,
25555,
18,
24,
9,
24672,
26691,
24601,
27649,
16,
24596,
24940,
18,
23,
9,
24831,
24747,
27005,
25100,
24595,
24754,
24586,
28002,
18,
24627,
29547,
24754,
24625,
28368,
25100,
18,
25056,
26237,
26023,
29362,
16,
25201,
24747,
29661,
18,
26,
81,
25544,
18,
25056,
26237,
26023,
29362,
24754,
24722,
24596,
24752,
16,
25201,
24747,
21,
25143,
18,
21,
81,
25544,
18,
24627,
29547,
28255,
24618,
69,
25470,
25771,
24581,
24585,
25491,
24625,
8,
28774,
16,
28,
25143,
16,
24596,
24585,
29547,
28255,
24618,
69,
25334,
24625,
8,
28261,
16,
29846,
21,
18,
49,
25544,
24798,
69,
29547,
28255,
24595,
8,
25929,
16,
28579,
23,
25388,
24640,
8,
25004,
16,
27,
25681,
24618,
29362,
18,
24627,
24726,
25238,
27028,
28255,
24618,
24585,
25491,
24625,
8,
25217,
16,
25,
27183,
18,
50,
24748,
24595,
24585,
25755,
24586,
27280,
24747,
27962,
24585,
84,
24752,
24819,
25315,
18,
28690,
24941,
24980,
24609,
29937,
16,
27740,
26719,
26643,
44,
24944,
24581,
16,
24994,
25131,
26236,
25517,
12,
26849,
17,
25611,
13,
24672,
29647,
25404,
24762,
26604,
26551,
56,
26031,
12,
29647,
13,
24709,
18,
26292,
28501,
11,
87,
25986,
12,
39,
24656,
26352,
16,
29647,
24758,
26791,
24584,
24585,
25155,
27624,
24595,
27090,
27807,
24838,
39,
25082,
24581,
29647,
39,
25082,
24581,
28764,
24587,
25239,
16,
29647,
25864,
25721,
25675,
25547,
24619,
29287,
25450
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
18974858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%99dk%C3%B3w%2C%20Sieradz%20County | BΔdkΓ³w, Sieradz County | BΔdkΓ³w is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Burzenin, within Sieradz County, ΕΓ³dΕΊ Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately west of Burzenin, south of Sieradz, and south-west of the regional capital ΕΓ³dΕΊ.
References
Villages in Sieradz County | [
"B",
"Δ",
"d",
"k",
"Γ³",
"w",
"is",
"a",
"village",
"in",
"the",
"administrative",
"district",
"of",
"G",
"min",
"a",
"Bur",
"z",
"en",
"in",
",",
"within",
"S",
"ier",
"ad",
"z",
"County",
",",
"Ε",
"Γ³",
"d",
"ΕΊ",
"Vo",
"iv",
"odes",
"hip",
",",
"in",
"central",
"Poland",
".",
"It",
"lies",
"approximately",
"west",
"of",
"Bur",
"z",
"en",
"in",
",",
"south",
"of",
"S",
"ier",
"ad",
"z",
",",
"and",
"south",
"-",
"west",
"of",
"the",
"regional",
"capital",
"Ε",
"Γ³",
"d",
"ΕΊ",
".",
"References",
"Vill",
"ages",
"in",
"S",
"ier",
"ad",
"z",
"County"
] | [
38,
248,
72,
79,
210,
91,
24593,
69,
25879,
24581,
24585,
28790,
25906,
24595,
43,
24931,
69,
26343,
94,
24587,
24581,
16,
25880,
55,
25092,
24614,
94,
25239,
16,
288,
210,
72,
345,
28051,
24622,
26496,
25830,
16,
24581,
27016,
27813,
18,
24805,
28825,
27788,
25820,
24595,
26343,
94,
24587,
24581,
16,
25900,
24595,
55,
25092,
24614,
94,
16,
24596,
25900,
17,
25820,
24595,
24585,
28390,
27447,
288,
210,
72,
345,
18,
24838,
26988,
25434,
24581,
55,
25092,
24614,
94,
25239
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
36384976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolsk%20%28inhabited%20locality%29 | Podolsk (inhabited locality) | Podolsk () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Urban localities
Podolsk, a city in Moscow Oblast; administratively incorporated as a city under oblast jurisdiction
Rural localities
Podolsk, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Tanalyksky Selsoviet of Khaybullinsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan
Podolsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, a village in Bagansky District of Novosibirsk Oblast
Podolsk, Omsk Oblast, a village in Roshchinsky Rural Okrug of Gorkovsky District of Omsk Oblast
Podolsk, Orenburg Oblast, a selo in Podolsky Selsoviet of Krasnogvardeysky District of Orenburg Oblast
Podolsk, Tomsk Oblast, a selo in Bakcharsky District of Tomsk Oblast | [
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
"()",
"is",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"several",
"in",
"hab",
"ited",
"local",
"ities",
"in",
"Russia",
".",
"Ur",
"ban",
"local",
"ities",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
",",
"a",
"city",
"in",
"Moscow",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
";",
"administr",
"atively",
"incorporated",
"as",
"a",
"city",
"under",
"ob",
"last",
"j",
"ur",
"is",
"d",
"iction",
"R",
"ural",
"local",
"ities",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
",",
"Republic",
"of",
"B",
"ash",
"k",
"or",
"to",
"stan",
",",
"a",
"sel",
"o",
"in",
"Tan",
"aly",
"ks",
"ky",
"S",
"els",
"ov",
"iet",
"of",
"Kh",
"ay",
"bul",
"lin",
"sky",
"District",
"of",
"the",
"Republic",
"of",
"B",
"ash",
"k",
"or",
"to",
"stan",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
",",
"Nov",
"os",
"ib",
"ir",
"sk",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
",",
"a",
"village",
"in",
"B",
"ag",
"ans",
"ky",
"District",
"of",
"Nov",
"os",
"ib",
"ir",
"sk",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
",",
"O",
"m",
"sk",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
",",
"a",
"village",
"in",
"Ros",
"h",
"ch",
"ins",
"ky",
"R",
"ural",
"Ok",
"r",
"ug",
"of",
"G",
"ork",
"ov",
"sky",
"District",
"of",
"O",
"m",
"sk",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
",",
"Or",
"en",
"burg",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
",",
"a",
"sel",
"o",
"in",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sky",
"S",
"els",
"ov",
"iet",
"of",
"Kr",
"as",
"n",
"og",
"var",
"de",
"y",
"sky",
"District",
"of",
"Or",
"en",
"burg",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
"P",
"od",
"ol",
"sk",
",",
"Tom",
"sk",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
",",
"a",
"sel",
"o",
"in",
"B",
"ak",
"char",
"sky",
"District",
"of",
"Tom",
"sk",
"O",
"bl",
"ast"
] | [
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
26399,
24593,
24585,
25364,
24595,
25548,
24581,
26613,
24863,
25763,
25082,
24581,
27266,
18,
27425,
25870,
25763,
25082,
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
16,
69,
25491,
24581,
29506,
51,
25237,
24745,
31,
26693,
28705,
28463,
24594,
69,
25491,
25016,
24870,
25812,
78,
24615,
24593,
72,
26289,
54,
25274,
25763,
25082,
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
16,
26681,
24595,
38,
25124,
79,
24586,
24601,
29621,
16,
69,
26994,
83,
24581,
29447,
26884,
24737,
27709,
55,
25354,
24658,
25433,
24595,
28041,
24632,
28268,
24823,
27734,
25730,
24595,
24585,
26681,
24595,
38,
25124,
79,
24586,
24601,
29621,
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
16,
25259,
24674,
24751,
24624,
25252,
51,
25237,
24745,
16,
69,
25879,
24581,
38,
24638,
24841,
27709,
25730,
24595,
25259,
24674,
24751,
24624,
25252,
51,
25237,
24745,
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
16,
51,
81,
25252,
51,
25237,
24745,
16,
69,
25879,
24581,
27341,
76,
24610,
25080,
27709,
54,
25274,
28181,
86,
24880,
24595,
43,
25234,
24658,
27734,
25730,
24595,
51,
81,
25252,
51,
25237,
24745,
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
16,
25156,
24587,
26324,
51,
25237,
24745,
16,
69,
26994,
83,
24581,
52,
24694,
24612,
27734,
55,
25354,
24658,
25433,
24595,
26918,
24594,
82,
24776,
25411,
24650,
93,
27734,
25730,
24595,
25156,
24587,
26324,
51,
25237,
24745,
52,
24694,
24612,
25252,
16,
26643,
25252,
51,
25237,
24745,
16,
69,
26994,
83,
24581,
38,
24700,
25316,
27734,
25730,
24595,
26643,
25252,
51,
25237,
24745
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
65753101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics%20%28journal%29 | Geopolitics (journal) | Geopolitics is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering global politics, human geography, and international political economy. It was established in 1996 and is published by Routledge.
Editors-in-chief
The current editor-in-chief is Reece Jones (University of HawaiΚ»i at MΔnoa).
Previous editors-in-chief are:
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.117.
References
External links
Political science journals
Geography journals
Academic journals established in 1996
English-language journals
Routledge academic journals
5 times per year journals | [
"Ge",
"op",
"ol",
"it",
"ics",
"is",
"a",
"pe",
"er",
"-",
"review",
"ed",
"academic",
"journal",
"cover",
"ing",
"gl",
"obal",
"politics",
",",
"human",
"ge",
"ography",
",",
"and",
"international",
"political",
"econom",
"y",
".",
"It",
"was",
"established",
"in",
"1996",
"and",
"is",
"published",
"by",
"R",
"out",
"ledge",
".",
"Ed",
"itors",
"-",
"in",
"-",
"chief",
"The",
"current",
"editor",
"-",
"in",
"-",
"chief",
"is",
"Re",
"e",
"ce",
"Jones",
"(",
"University",
"of",
"Haw",
"ai",
"Κ»",
"i",
"at",
"M",
"Δ",
"no",
"a",
").",
"Pre",
"vious",
"ed",
"itors",
"-",
"in",
"-",
"chief",
"are",
":",
"Ab",
"str",
"acting",
"and",
"in",
"de",
"x",
"ing",
"The",
"journal",
"is",
"ab",
"str",
"acted",
"and",
"in",
"de",
"x",
"ed",
"in",
":",
"According",
"to",
"the",
"Journal",
"C",
"itation",
"Re",
"ports",
",",
"the",
"journal",
"has",
"a",
"2020",
"impact",
"fact",
"or",
"of",
"4",
".",
"1",
"17",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"Political",
"science",
"j",
"ourn",
"als",
"Geography",
"j",
"ourn",
"als",
"Academ",
"ic",
"j",
"ourn",
"als",
"established",
"in",
"1996",
"English",
"-",
"language",
"j",
"ourn",
"als",
"R",
"out",
"ledge",
"academic",
"j",
"ourn",
"als",
"5",
"times",
"per",
"year",
"j",
"ourn",
"als"
] | [
25223,
24644,
24612,
24598,
24930,
24593,
69,
24678,
24582,
17,
26526,
24588,
29024,
26946,
25445,
24599,
25722,
27982,
29595,
16,
26690,
24721,
27070,
16,
24596,
26101,
26244,
26492,
93,
18,
24805,
24625,
25572,
24581,
26234,
24596,
24593,
25728,
24647,
54,
24767,
28412,
18,
25420,
27751,
17,
24581,
17,
27430,
24627,
26950,
27799,
17,
24581,
17,
27430,
24593,
24693,
73,
24648,
27902,
12,
25015,
24595,
27575,
25257,
652,
77,
24590,
49,
224,
25159,
69,
24874,
27058,
25940,
24588,
27751,
17,
24581,
17,
27430,
24686,
30,
25762,
24740,
28349,
24596,
24581,
24650,
92,
24599,
24627,
26946,
24593,
24662,
24740,
27921,
24596,
24581,
24650,
92,
24588,
24581,
30,
26446,
24601,
24585,
27967,
39,
28568,
24693,
25424,
16,
24585,
26946,
24808,
69,
25642,
29931,
25691,
24586,
24595,
24,
18,
21,
24940,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
29132,
27695,
78,
25891,
24702,
29162,
78,
25891,
24702,
26140,
24597,
78,
25891,
24702,
25572,
24581,
26234,
25407,
17,
25996,
78,
25891,
24702,
54,
24767,
28412,
29024,
78,
25891,
24702,
25,
26418,
24726,
24854,
78,
25891,
24702
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
27377933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Copa%20Libertadores%20broadcasters | List of Copa Libertadores broadcasters | This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the Copa Libertadores, South American football's top level continental competition.
Television broadcasters
2023-2026
South America
International
References
Broadcasters
Copa Libertadores | [
"This",
"is",
"a",
"list",
"of",
"television",
"broad",
"cas",
"ters",
"which",
"provide",
"cover",
"age",
"of",
"the",
"Cop",
"a",
"Li",
"bert",
"ador",
"es",
",",
"South",
"American",
"football",
"'",
"s",
"top",
"level",
"contin",
"ental",
"competition",
".",
"Television",
"broad",
"cas",
"ters",
"2023",
"-",
"20",
"26",
"South",
"America",
"International",
"References",
"Broad",
"cas",
"ters",
"Cop",
"a",
"Li",
"bert",
"ador",
"es"
] | [
25111,
24593,
69,
25432,
24595,
25780,
26461,
25823,
24998,
24763,
27627,
25445,
24754,
24595,
24585,
29630,
69,
25912,
25493,
27721,
24589,
16,
25236,
24868,
25128,
11,
87,
25318,
25846,
25481,
28629,
27206,
18,
27763,
26461,
25823,
24998,
26435,
17,
24623,
25552,
25236,
26185,
25731,
24838,
28050,
25823,
24998,
29630,
69,
25912,
25493,
27721,
24589
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
56554858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Stahmann | Jeffrey Stahmann | Jeffrey Stahmann is a prolific inventor with over 300 US issued patents. His inventions include patient monitoring, diagnosis, and/or therapy systems and methods.
Stahmann has received the 1985 H.W. Sweatt Award for the development of very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) technology, and the 2002 Mirowski Technical Achievement Award for "sustained engineering and scientific accomplishments on implantable medical devices." He is affiliated with Boston Scientific.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American inventors
American patent holders | [
"Jeff",
"rey",
"St",
"ah",
"mann",
"is",
"a",
"pr",
"ol",
"ific",
"inv",
"ent",
"or",
"with",
"over",
"300",
"US",
"issued",
"pat",
"ents",
".",
"His",
"inv",
"ent",
"ions",
"include",
"pat",
"ient",
"mon",
"itor",
"ing",
",",
"di",
"agn",
"os",
"is",
",",
"and",
"/",
"or",
"ther",
"ap",
"y",
"systems",
"and",
"method",
"s",
".",
"St",
"ah",
"mann",
"has",
"received",
"the",
"1985",
"H",
".",
"W",
".",
"S",
"we",
"att",
"Award",
"for",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"very",
"high",
"speed",
"integr",
"ated",
"cir",
"cuit",
"(",
"V",
"H",
"S",
"IC",
")",
"technology",
",",
"and",
"the",
"2002",
"Mi",
"row",
"ski",
"Techn",
"ical",
"A",
"ch",
"iev",
"ement",
"Award",
"for",
"\"",
"su",
"st",
"ained",
"engineering",
"and",
"scient",
"ific",
"ac",
"compl",
"ish",
"ments",
"on",
"im",
"plant",
"able",
"medical",
"de",
"vices",
".\"",
"He",
"is",
"affili",
"ated",
"with",
"Boston",
"Sc",
"ient",
"ific",
".",
"References",
"Year",
"of",
"birth",
"missing",
"(",
"living",
"people",
")",
"Living",
"people",
"21st",
"-",
"century",
"American",
"inv",
"ent",
"ors",
"American",
"pat",
"ent",
"hold",
"ers"
] | [
28674,
26806,
24709,
24966,
27823,
24593,
69,
24666,
24612,
25144,
25212,
24609,
24586,
24651,
24752,
29036,
25473,
28380,
25553,
24883,
18,
25496,
25212,
24609,
24921,
25915,
25553,
25397,
24981,
26230,
24599,
16,
25817,
29695,
24674,
24593,
16,
24596,
19,
24586,
24703,
24654,
93,
27686,
24596,
27579,
87,
18,
24709,
24966,
27823,
24808,
25774,
24585,
26849,
44,
18,
59,
18,
55,
24887,
24866,
25482,
24618,
24585,
26266,
24595,
25878,
25153,
28193,
28555,
24712,
26778,
29851,
12,
58,
44,
55,
29313,
13,
28485,
16,
24596,
24585,
25908,
29854,
25032,
27392,
27231,
24757,
37,
24610,
28649,
25138,
25482,
24618,
6,
24701,
24606,
26579,
29437,
24596,
27531,
25144,
24616,
28479,
24679,
25272,
24584,
24634,
27148,
24914,
28069,
24650,
28254,
25215,
24736,
24593,
29246,
24712,
24651,
27929,
25076,
25397,
25144,
18,
24838,
26099,
24595,
26653,
27386,
12,
26283,
24941,
13,
25766,
24941,
26639,
17,
25087,
24868,
25212,
24609,
24903,
24868,
25553,
24609,
25771,
24629
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
60332653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovka | Ushakovka | Ushakovka () is a rural locality (a selo) in Chernoyarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,565 as of 2010. There are 19 streets.
Geography
Ushakovka is located 93 km northwest of Chyorny Yar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Solodniki is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Chernoyarsky District | [
"U",
"sh",
"ak",
"ov",
"ka",
"()",
"is",
"a",
"rural",
"loc",
"ality",
"(",
"a",
"sel",
"o",
")",
"in",
"Ch",
"ern",
"oy",
"ar",
"sky",
"District",
",",
"A",
"str",
"ak",
"han",
"O",
"bl",
"ast",
",",
"Russia",
".",
"The",
"population",
"was",
"1",
",",
"5",
"65",
"as",
"of",
"2010",
".",
"There",
"are",
"19",
"stre",
"ets",
".",
"Geography",
"U",
"sh",
"ak",
"ov",
"ka",
"is",
"located",
"9",
"3",
"km",
"north",
"west",
"of",
"Ch",
"y",
"orn",
"y",
"Y",
"ar",
"(",
"the",
"district",
"'",
"s",
"administrative",
"centre",
")",
"by",
"road",
".",
"Sol",
"od",
"n",
"ik",
"i",
"is",
"the",
"near",
"est",
"rural",
"loc",
"ality",
".",
"References",
"R",
"ural",
"local",
"ities",
"in",
"Ch",
"ern",
"oy",
"ar",
"sky",
"District"
] | [
57,
24690,
24700,
24658,
26631,
26399,
24593,
69,
28971,
24938,
25637,
12,
69,
26994,
83,
13,
24581,
24698,
25369,
24969,
24592,
27734,
25730,
16,
37,
24740,
24700,
26424,
51,
25237,
24745,
16,
27266,
18,
24627,
25755,
24625,
21,
16,
25,
27005,
24594,
24595,
25449,
18,
25650,
24686,
24617,
29771,
25525,
18,
29162,
57,
24690,
24700,
24658,
26631,
24593,
25616,
29,
23,
26020,
25855,
25820,
24595,
24698,
93,
24884,
93,
61,
24592,
12,
24585,
25906,
11,
87,
28790,
28026,
13,
24647,
25283,
18,
27342,
24694,
82,
25054,
77,
24593,
24585,
25532,
24655,
28971,
24938,
25637,
18,
24838,
54,
25274,
25763,
25082,
24581,
24698,
25369,
24969,
24592,
27734,
25730
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
8756400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201912%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20triple%20jump | Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics β Men's triple jump | The men's triple jump, also known as the hop, step, and jump, was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held on Monday, July 15, 1912. Twenty athletes from eight nations competed. NOCs could enter up to 12 athletes. The event was won by Gustaf Lindblom of Sweden, the nation's first medal in the men's triple jump. Georg Γ
berg and Erik AlmlΓΆf also medaled for Sweden, completing a sweepβpreviously accomplished twice by the United States in 1900 and 1904.
Background
This was the fifth appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. Four jumpers from 1908 returned: bronze medalist Edvard Larsen of Norway, fourth-place finisher Calvin Bricker of Canada, fifth-place finisher Platt Adams of the United States, and also-competed Juho Halme of Finland. The top jumpers in the world, the brothers Tim Ahearne (1908 Olympic gold medalist) and Dan Ahearn (who set the world record in 1911), were not present.
Austria made its first appearance in the event. The United States competed for the fifth time, having competed at each of the Games so far.
Competition format
The competition was described as two rounds at the time, but was more similar to the modern divided final. All athletes received three jumps initially. The top three after that received an additional three jumps to improve their distance, but the initial jumps would still count if no improvement was made.
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1912 Summer Olympics.
No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition.
Schedule
Results
References
Sources
Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Triple jump at the Olympics | [
"The",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"tr",
"iple",
"j",
"ump",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"hop",
",",
"step",
",",
"and",
"j",
"ump",
",",
"was",
"a",
"track",
"and",
"field",
"athlet",
"ics",
"event",
"held",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"Athlet",
"ics",
"at",
"the",
"1912",
"Summer",
"Olympics",
"program",
"me",
".",
"The",
"competition",
"was",
"held",
"on",
"Mon",
"day",
",",
"July",
"15",
",",
"1912",
".",
"T",
"went",
"y",
"athlet",
"es",
"from",
"eight",
"n",
"ations",
"competed",
".",
"N",
"O",
"C",
"s",
"could",
"enter",
"up",
"to",
"12",
"athlet",
"es",
".",
"The",
"event",
"was",
"won",
"by",
"G",
"ust",
"af",
"Lind",
"bl",
"om",
"of",
"Sweden",
",",
"the",
"nation",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"medal",
"in",
"the",
"men",
"'",
"s",
"tr",
"iple",
"j",
"ump",
".",
"Georg",
"Γ
",
"berg",
"and",
"Er",
"ik",
"Al",
"m",
"l",
"ΓΆ",
"f",
"also",
"medal",
"ed",
"for",
"Sweden",
",",
"complet",
"ing",
"a",
"s",
"we",
"ep",
"β",
"previously",
"ac",
"compl",
"ished",
"twice",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"in",
"1900",
"and",
"190",
"4",
".",
"Background",
"This",
"was",
"the",
"fifth",
"appearance",
"of",
"the",
"event",
",",
"which",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"12",
"athlet",
"ics",
"events",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"held",
"at",
"every",
"Summer",
"Olympics",
".",
"Four",
"j",
"ump",
"ers",
"from",
"1908",
"returned",
":",
"bronze",
"medal",
"ist",
"Ed",
"vard",
"L",
"ars",
"en",
"of",
"Norway",
",",
"fourth",
"-",
"place",
"finish",
"er",
"Cal",
"vin",
"Br",
"ick",
"er",
"of",
"Canada",
",",
"fifth",
"-",
"place",
"finish",
"er",
"Pl",
"att",
"Adam",
"s",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
",",
"and",
"also",
"-",
"competed",
"Ju",
"ho",
"Hal",
"me",
"of",
"Fin",
"land",
".",
"The",
"top",
"j",
"ump",
"ers",
"in",
"the",
"world",
",",
"the",
"bro",
"thers",
"Tim",
"A",
"he",
"ar",
"ne",
"(",
"1908",
"Olympic",
"gold",
"medal",
"ist",
")",
"and",
"Dan",
"A",
"he",
"ar",
"n",
"(",
"who",
"set",
"the",
"world",
"record",
"in",
"1911",
"),",
"were",
"not",
"present",
".",
"Austria",
"made",
"its",
"first",
"appearance",
"in",
"the",
"event",
".",
"The",
"United",
"States",
"competed",
"for",
"the",
"fifth",
"time",
",",
"having",
"competed",
"at",
"each",
"of",
"the",
"Games",
"so",
"far",
".",
"Comp",
"et",
"ition",
"format",
"The",
"competition",
"was",
"described",
"as",
"two",
"round",
"s",
"at",
"the",
"time",
",",
"but",
"was",
"more",
"similar",
"to",
"the",
"modern",
"divided",
"final",
".",
"All",
"athlet",
"es",
"received",
"three",
"j",
"um",
"ps",
"initially",
".",
"The",
"top",
"three",
"after",
"that",
"received",
"an",
"additional",
"three",
"j",
"um",
"ps",
"to",
"im",
"prove",
"their",
"distance",
",",
"but",
"the",
"initial",
"j",
"um",
"ps",
"would",
"still",
"count",
"if",
"no",
"improv",
"ement",
"was",
"made",
".",
"Records",
"These",
"were",
"the",
"standing",
"world",
"and",
"Olympic",
"records",
"(",
"in",
"met",
"res",
")",
"prior",
"to",
"the",
"1912",
"Summer",
"Olympics",
".",
"No",
"new",
"world",
"or",
"Olympic",
"records",
"were",
"set",
"during",
"the",
"competition",
".",
"Sch",
"ed",
"ule",
"Results",
"References",
"Sources",
"Athlet",
"ics",
"at",
"the",
"1912",
"Summer",
"Olympics",
"Tr",
"iple",
"j",
"ump",
"at",
"the",
"Olympics"
] | [
24627,
25203,
11,
87,
24664,
26652,
78,
26876,
16,
24762,
25137,
24594,
24585,
28912,
16,
28111,
16,
24596,
78,
26876,
16,
24625,
69,
26059,
24596,
25401,
28700,
24930,
25775,
25605,
24594,
24791,
24595,
24585,
27816,
24930,
24590,
24585,
29131,
26558,
26648,
25620,
24885,
18,
24627,
27206,
24625,
25605,
24584,
25732,
25058,
16,
25363,
25018,
16,
29131,
18,
56,
26003,
93,
28700,
24589,
24672,
26875,
82,
24833,
28170,
18,
50,
51,
39,
87,
25803,
27270,
24772,
24601,
25074,
28700,
24589,
18,
24627,
25775,
24625,
25400,
24647,
43,
24865,
24744,
29306,
25237,
24605,
24595,
28980,
16,
24585,
28251,
11,
87,
24818,
26720,
24581,
24585,
25203,
11,
87,
24664,
26652,
78,
26876,
18,
27368,
164,
26562,
24596,
26509,
25054,
24788,
81,
80,
213,
74,
24762,
26720,
24588,
24618,
28980,
16,
27828,
24599,
69,
87,
24887,
25090,
4993,
27408,
24616,
28479,
25814,
29767,
24647,
24585,
24994,
25131,
24581,
29007,
24596,
25454,
24,
18,
29480,
25111,
24625,
24585,
28561,
27775,
24595,
24585,
25775,
16,
24763,
24593,
24748,
24595,
25074,
28700,
24930,
26398,
24601,
24920,
24948,
25605,
24590,
26237,
26558,
26648,
18,
28028,
78,
26876,
24629,
24672,
29636,
26355,
30,
29418,
26720,
24641,
25420,
28714,
48,
25289,
24587,
24595,
29271,
16,
27192,
17,
25468,
27652,
24582,
25442,
27671,
24980,
24958,
24582,
24595,
26124,
16,
28561,
17,
25468,
27652,
24582,
25123,
24866,
28150,
87,
24595,
24585,
24994,
25131,
16,
24596,
24762,
17,
28170,
25249,
27593,
27968,
24885,
24595,
25975,
24775,
18,
24627,
25318,
78,
26876,
24629,
24581,
24585,
25750,
16,
24585,
25693,
27395,
27672,
37,
24607,
24592,
24687,
12,
29636,
27009,
27096,
26720,
24641,
13,
24596,
26109,
37,
24607,
24592,
82,
12,
24831,
25139,
24585,
25750,
25210,
24581,
29527,
24758,
24747,
24809,
25126,
18,
29579,
25167,
24783,
24818,
27775,
24581,
24585,
25775,
18,
24627,
24994,
25131,
28170,
24618,
24585,
28561,
24978,
16,
26296,
28170,
24590,
25703,
24595,
24585,
26378,
25165,
27111,
18,
25685,
24645,
24793,
28998,
24627,
27206,
24625,
25896,
24594,
24907,
25631,
87,
24590,
24585,
24978,
16,
24835,
24625,
25060,
26473,
24601,
24585,
26757,
28887,
25738,
18,
25361,
28700,
24589,
25774,
25151,
78,
24656,
25909,
28075,
18,
24627,
25318,
25151,
24942,
24682,
25774,
24583,
27851,
25151,
78,
24656,
25909,
24601,
24634,
29719,
24862,
28976,
16,
24835,
24585,
29221,
78,
24656,
25909,
25084,
26043,
27272,
24692,
25159,
29462,
25138,
24625,
25167,
18,
26545,
26370,
24747,
24585,
27258,
25750,
24596,
27009,
28458,
12,
24581,
25547,
24753,
13,
27934,
24601,
24585,
29131,
26558,
26648,
18,
25694,
24983,
25750,
24586,
27009,
28458,
24747,
25139,
25104,
24585,
27206,
18,
25790,
24588,
27914,
29175,
24838,
29471,
27816,
24930,
24590,
24585,
29131,
26558,
26648,
25024,
26652,
78,
26876,
24590,
24585,
26648
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
20759047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont%20Route%20143 | Vermont Route 143 | Vermont RouteΒ 143 (VTΒ 143) is a state highway within the town of Springfield in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It connects VTΒ 11 in Springfield to U.S. RouteΒ 5 (USΒ 5) in Springfield. The entirety of VTΒ 143 is maintained by the town of Springfield.
Route description
Route 143 begins in the west at an intersection with Route 11 in the center of town, just east of Route 106's southern terminus. The route heads eastward out of the town, and begins a windy journey, turning north, then east, then back to the north, and then to the northeast towards Interstate 91. Route 143 crosses underneath I-91 without an interchange, and continues to turn ever more northward until it reaches US-5, at which point the route is facing almost directly northβsouth.
This intersection is Route 143's eastern terminus, just feet from the banks of the Connecticut River and the state border with New Hampshire. This is an isolated area, however, and the nearest border crossings are nearly in each direction: Route 11 crosses the border to the south, southeast of Springfield, and Route 12 crosses the border to the north from Ascutney. These two routes, the closest major roads (aside from US-5) accessible from Route 143's eastern end, also provide the closest access to I-91, at exit 7 in the south and exit 8 in the north.
Major intersections
References
External links
143
Transportation in Windsor County, Vermont | [
"Ver",
"mont",
"Route",
"14",
"3",
"(",
"V",
"T",
"14",
"3",
")",
"is",
"a",
"state",
"high",
"way",
"within",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"Spring",
"field",
"in",
"Wind",
"sor",
"County",
",",
"Ver",
"mont",
",",
"United",
"States",
".",
"It",
"conne",
"cts",
"V",
"T",
"11",
"in",
"Spring",
"field",
"to",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"Route",
"5",
"(",
"US",
"5",
")",
"in",
"Spring",
"field",
".",
"The",
"entire",
"ty",
"of",
"V",
"T",
"14",
"3",
"is",
"main",
"tained",
"by",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"Spring",
"field",
".",
"Route",
"descr",
"ipt",
"ion",
"Route",
"14",
"3",
"begins",
"in",
"the",
"west",
"at",
"an",
"inter",
"section",
"with",
"Route",
"11",
"in",
"the",
"center",
"of",
"town",
",",
"just",
"east",
"of",
"Route",
"10",
"6",
"'",
"s",
"southern",
"termin",
"us",
".",
"The",
"route",
"head",
"s",
"east",
"ward",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"town",
",",
"and",
"begins",
"a",
"wind",
"y",
"j",
"our",
"ney",
",",
"turn",
"ing",
"north",
",",
"then",
"east",
",",
"then",
"back",
"to",
"the",
"north",
",",
"and",
"then",
"to",
"the",
"nor",
"theast",
"towards",
"Inter",
"state",
"9",
"1",
".",
"Route",
"14",
"3",
"cross",
"es",
"under",
"ne",
"ath",
"I",
"-",
"9",
"1",
"without",
"an",
"inter",
"change",
",",
"and",
"continu",
"es",
"to",
"turn",
"ever",
"more",
"north",
"ward",
"until",
"it",
"reach",
"es",
"US",
"-",
"5",
",",
"at",
"which",
"point",
"the",
"route",
"is",
"fac",
"ing",
"almost",
"directly",
"north",
"β",
"south",
".",
"This",
"inter",
"section",
"is",
"Route",
"14",
"3",
"'",
"s",
"eastern",
"termin",
"us",
",",
"just",
"fe",
"et",
"from",
"the",
"ban",
"ks",
"of",
"the",
"Conne",
"ctic",
"ut",
"River",
"and",
"the",
"state",
"border",
"with",
"New",
"Hamp",
"shire",
".",
"This",
"is",
"an",
"is",
"ol",
"ated",
"area",
",",
"however",
",",
"and",
"the",
"near",
"est",
"border",
"cross",
"ings",
"are",
"nearly",
"in",
"each",
"direction",
":",
"Route",
"11",
"cross",
"es",
"the",
"border",
"to",
"the",
"south",
",",
"sou",
"theast",
"of",
"Spring",
"field",
",",
"and",
"Route",
"12",
"cross",
"es",
"the",
"border",
"to",
"the",
"north",
"from",
"A",
"sc",
"ut",
"ney",
".",
"These",
"two",
"rout",
"es",
",",
"the",
"clos",
"est",
"major",
"road",
"s",
"(",
"as",
"ide",
"from",
"US",
"-",
"5",
")",
"access",
"ible",
"from",
"Route",
"14",
"3",
"'",
"s",
"eastern",
"end",
",",
"also",
"provide",
"the",
"clos",
"est",
"access",
"to",
"I",
"-",
"9",
"1",
",",
"at",
"ex",
"it",
"7",
"in",
"the",
"south",
"and",
"ex",
"it",
"8",
"in",
"the",
"north",
".",
"Major",
"inter",
"se",
"ctions",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"14",
"3",
"Transport",
"ation",
"in",
"Wind",
"sor",
"County",
",",
"Ver",
"mont"
] | [
26670,
28782,
28630,
25129,
23,
12,
58,
56,
25129,
23,
13,
24593,
69,
25338,
25153,
24968,
25880,
24585,
25305,
24595,
29000,
25401,
24581,
28133,
28510,
25239,
16,
26670,
28782,
16,
24994,
25131,
18,
24805,
26470,
26396,
58,
56,
25267,
24581,
29000,
25401,
24601,
57,
18,
55,
18,
28630,
25,
12,
25473,
25,
13,
24581,
29000,
25401,
18,
24627,
27239,
24819,
24595,
58,
56,
25129,
23,
24593,
25039,
27067,
24647,
24585,
25305,
24595,
29000,
25401,
18,
28630,
25546,
26112,
24602,
28630,
25129,
23,
29891,
24581,
24585,
25820,
24590,
24583,
25033,
26975,
24651,
28630,
25267,
24581,
24585,
25886,
24595,
25305,
16,
25871,
26376,
24595,
28630,
24975,
26,
11,
87,
27614,
26667,
24640,
18,
24627,
27895,
25342,
87,
26376,
24993,
24767,
24595,
24585,
25305,
16,
24596,
29891,
69,
27059,
93,
78,
24714,
25714,
16,
26145,
24599,
25855,
16,
25115,
26376,
16,
25115,
25152,
24601,
24585,
25855,
16,
24596,
25115,
24601,
24585,
25248,
27604,
27814,
26620,
25338,
29,
21,
18,
28630,
25129,
23,
27101,
24589,
25016,
24687,
24851,
45,
17,
29,
21,
26443,
24583,
25033,
26298,
16,
24596,
25777,
24589,
24601,
26145,
25034,
25060,
25855,
24993,
25359,
24598,
26067,
24589,
25473,
17,
25,
16,
24590,
24763,
25992,
24585,
27895,
24593,
25678,
24599,
27708,
28997,
25855,
4992,
25900,
18,
25111,
25033,
26975,
24593,
28630,
25129,
23,
11,
87,
28093,
26667,
24640,
16,
25871,
24828,
24645,
24672,
24585,
25870,
24737,
24595,
24585,
29149,
27979,
24660,
25910,
24596,
24585,
25338,
28337,
24651,
24871,
29346,
26249,
18,
25111,
24593,
24583,
24593,
24612,
24712,
25450,
16,
26537,
16,
24596,
24585,
25532,
24655,
28337,
27101,
24939,
24686,
28916,
24581,
25703,
29114,
30,
28630,
25267,
27101,
24589,
24585,
28337,
24601,
24585,
25900,
16,
29494,
27604,
24595,
29000,
25401,
16,
24596,
28630,
25074,
27101,
24589,
24585,
28337,
24601,
24585,
25855,
24672,
37,
24876,
24660,
25714,
18,
26370,
24907,
29497,
24589,
16,
24585,
26005,
24655,
25744,
25283,
87,
12,
24594,
24814,
24672,
25473,
17,
25,
13,
26978,
25569,
24672,
28630,
25129,
23,
11,
87,
28093,
24725,
16,
24762,
27627,
24585,
26005,
24655,
26978,
24601,
45,
17,
29,
21,
16,
24590,
24707,
24598,
27,
24581,
24585,
25900,
24596,
24707,
24598,
28,
24581,
24585,
25855,
18,
27449,
25033,
24620,
25509,
24838,
25065,
25051,
25129,
23,
28236,
24626,
24581,
28133,
28510,
25239,
16,
26670,
28782
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
6895365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andinia | Andinia | Andinia may refer to:
Andinia (plant), an orchid genus in the family Orchidaceae
Andinia (gastropod), a land snail genus in the family Clausiliidae
Andinia Plan, an alleged plan to establish a Jewish state in parts of Argentina | [
"And",
"in",
"ia",
"may",
"refer",
"to",
":",
"And",
"in",
"ia",
"(",
"plant",
"),",
"an",
"or",
"ch",
"id",
"genus",
"in",
"the",
"family",
"Or",
"ch",
"id",
"ace",
"ae",
"And",
"in",
"ia",
"(",
"g",
"ast",
"rop",
"od",
"),",
"a",
"land",
"sn",
"ail",
"genus",
"in",
"the",
"family",
"Cl",
"a",
"us",
"ili",
"idae",
"And",
"in",
"ia",
"Plan",
",",
"an",
"alleg",
"ed",
"plan",
"to",
"establish",
"a",
"Jewish",
"state",
"in",
"parts",
"of",
"Argent",
"ina"
] | [
25695,
24581,
24677,
25345,
26105,
24601,
30,
25695,
24581,
24677,
12,
27148,
24758,
24583,
24586,
24610,
24630,
27716,
24581,
24585,
25334,
25156,
24610,
24630,
24852,
25299,
25695,
24581,
24677,
12,
75,
24745,
25773,
24694,
24758,
69,
24775,
28602,
24916,
27716,
24581,
24585,
25334,
25046,
69,
24640,
26817,
26724,
25695,
24581,
24677,
29676,
16,
24583,
28532,
24588,
26874,
24601,
25960,
69,
27536,
25338,
24581,
27285,
24595,
27824,
25110
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
133423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Gwynedd%20Township%2C%20Pennsylvania | Upper Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania | Upper Gwynedd Township () is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The population was 15,552 at the time of the 2010 census. North Wales Borough is surrounded by Upper Gwynedd Township on all sides, and many homes and businesses with North Wales addresses are actually in Upper Gwynedd. Many properties with Lansdale addresses are in Upper Gwynedd as well. It is part of the North Penn Valley region that is centered around the borough of Lansdale.
Station Square, one of the first new transit oriented developments in the Delaware Valley, is located in Upper Gwynedd on the border with Lansdale. It is across the street from Pennbrook Station with SEPTA rail service to Philadelphia.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all land. It is in the Schuylkill watershed and is drained by the Towamencin and Wissahickon Creeks. Its villages include Gwynedd Heights, Gwynedd Square, and West Point.
Neighboring municipalities
Lansdale (north)
Montgomery Township (east)
Lower Gwynedd Township (southeast)
Whitpain Township (south)
Worcester Township (west)
Towamencin Township (northwest)
Upper Gwynedd Township surrounds the borough of North Wales.
Demographics
As of the 2010 census, the township was 81.1% White, 4.2% Black or African American, 12.3% Asian, and 1.5% were two or more races. 2.2% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,243 people, 5,341 households, and 4,005 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 5,496 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 86.77% White, 3.97% African American, 0.08% Native American, 7.84% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45% of the population.
There were 5,341 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.3% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the township, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $71,078, and the median income for a family was $81,371. Males had a median income of $52,430 versus $37,729 for females. The per capita income for the township was $32,806. About 1.4% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
As of 2018 there were of public roads in Upper Gwynedd Township, of which were maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and were maintained by the township.
The Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension (I-476) is the most prominent highway passing through Upper Gwynedd Township. However, the nearest interchange is in Towamencin Township. U.S. Route 202 is the most prominent highway providing local access, traversing the eastern edge of the township along the Dekalb Pike and a new parkway. U.S. Route 202 Business follows the old alignment of US 202 along the Dekalb Pike north of the new parkway's southern terminus. Pennsylvania Route 63 forms the township's northeastern border, while Pennsylvania Route 363 acts as the township's northwestern border.
SEPTA Regional Rail's Lansdale/Doylestown Line runs through Upper Gwynedd Township; however, there are no stations in the township. The nearest train station is North Wales station in North Wales, which is surrounded by the township. SEPTA provides Suburban Bus service to Upper Gwynedd Township along Route 94, which runs between the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia and the Montgomery Mall, and Route 96, which runs between the Norristown Transportation Center in Norristown and Lansdale.
Government and politics
Commissioners
Upper Gwynedd Township elects five at-large commissioners to four-year terms.
Denise Hull, President
Katherine Carter, Vice President
Liz McNaney
Ruth Damsker
Martha Simelaro
Legislators
State Senator Maria Collett, 12th district, Democrat
State Representative Liz Hanbidge, 61st district, Democrat
US Representative Madeleine Dean, 4th district, Democrat
History
Gwynedd was founded in 1698 by Welsh Quakers. The township was then split into Lower Gwynedd and Upper Gwynedd in 1891. The name Gwynedd means "Fair Land" in Welsh.
The township is so named because it was originally settled largely by migrants from Gwynedd and other parts of North Wales in the 17th and 18th centuries. For several generations, the main language used in the township was Welsh.
The Keefe-Mumbower Mill, Knipe-Johnson Farm, Knipe-Moore-Rupp Farm, and Isaac Kulp Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Upper Gwynedd Township
Townships in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania | [
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"()",
"is",
"a",
"town",
"ship",
"in",
"Mont",
"g",
"om",
"ery",
"County",
",",
"Pennsylvania",
".",
"The",
"population",
"was",
"15",
",",
"55",
"2",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"2010",
"census",
".",
"North",
"Wales",
"Bor",
"ough",
"is",
"surround",
"ed",
"by",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"on",
"all",
"sides",
",",
"and",
"many",
"hom",
"es",
"and",
"business",
"es",
"with",
"North",
"Wales",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"act",
"ually",
"in",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
".",
"Many",
"proper",
"ties",
"with",
"L",
"ans",
"d",
"ale",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"in",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"as",
"well",
".",
"It",
"is",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"North",
"Penn",
"Valley",
"region",
"that",
"is",
"cent",
"ered",
"around",
"the",
"borough",
"of",
"L",
"ans",
"d",
"ale",
".",
"Station",
"S",
"quare",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"new",
"trans",
"it",
"or",
"ient",
"ed",
"develop",
"ments",
"in",
"the",
"Del",
"aw",
"are",
"Valley",
",",
"is",
"located",
"in",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"on",
"the",
"border",
"with",
"L",
"ans",
"d",
"ale",
".",
"It",
"is",
"across",
"the",
"street",
"from",
"Penn",
"bro",
"ok",
"Station",
"with",
"S",
"EP",
"TA",
"rail",
"service",
"to",
"Philadelphia",
".",
"Geography",
"According",
"to",
"the",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"C",
"ensus",
"B",
"ureau",
",",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"has",
"a",
"total",
"area",
"of",
",",
"all",
"land",
".",
"It",
"is",
"in",
"the",
"Sch",
"u",
"yl",
"kill",
"w",
"aters",
"h",
"ed",
"and",
"is",
"dr",
"ained",
"by",
"the",
"T",
"ow",
"am",
"enc",
"in",
"and",
"W",
"iss",
"ah",
"ick",
"on",
"C",
"ree",
"ks",
".",
"Its",
"villages",
"include",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"He",
"ights",
",",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"S",
"quare",
",",
"and",
"West",
"Point",
".",
"Ne",
"igh",
"bor",
"ing",
"municipal",
"ities",
"L",
"ans",
"d",
"ale",
"(",
"north",
")",
"Mont",
"g",
"om",
"ery",
"Township",
"(",
"east",
")",
"L",
"ower",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"(",
"sou",
"theast",
")",
"Wh",
"it",
"pain",
"Township",
"(",
"south",
")",
"Wor",
"ces",
"ter",
"Township",
"(",
"west",
")",
"T",
"ow",
"am",
"enc",
"in",
"Township",
"(",
"north",
"west",
")",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"surround",
"s",
"the",
"borough",
"of",
"North",
"Wales",
".",
"Dem",
"ograph",
"ics",
"As",
"of",
"the",
"2010",
"census",
",",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"was",
"81",
".",
"1",
"%",
"White",
",",
"4",
".",
"2",
"%",
"Black",
"or",
"African",
"American",
",",
"12",
".",
"3",
"%",
"Asian",
",",
"and",
"1",
".",
"5",
"%",
"were",
"two",
"or",
"more",
"races",
".",
"2",
".",
"2",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
"were",
"of",
"His",
"pan",
"ic",
"or",
"Lat",
"ino",
"anc",
"est",
"ry",
".",
"As",
"of",
"the",
"census",
"of",
"2000",
",",
"there",
"were",
"14",
",",
"24",
"3",
"people",
",",
"5",
",",
"34",
"1",
"households",
",",
"and",
"4",
",",
"00",
"5",
"families",
"res",
"iding",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
".",
"The",
"population",
"density",
"was",
".",
"There",
"were",
"5",
",",
"49",
"6",
"housing",
"units",
"at",
"an",
"average",
"density",
"of",
".",
"The",
"rac",
"ial",
"make",
"up",
"of",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"was",
"86",
".",
"77",
"%",
"White",
",",
"3",
".",
"97",
"%",
"African",
"American",
",",
"0",
".",
"08",
"%",
"N",
"ative",
"American",
",",
"7",
".",
"84",
"%",
"Asian",
",",
"0",
".",
"41",
"%",
"from",
"other",
"races",
",",
"and",
"0",
".",
"9",
"4",
"%",
"from",
"two",
"or",
"more",
"races",
".",
"His",
"pan",
"ic",
"or",
"Lat",
"ino",
"of",
"any",
"race",
"were",
"1",
".",
"45",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
".",
"There",
"were",
"5",
",",
"34",
"1",
"households",
",",
"out",
"of",
"which",
"33",
".",
"7",
"%",
"had",
"children",
"under",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"18",
"living",
"with",
"them",
",",
"65",
".",
"3",
"%",
"were",
"married",
"c",
"ou",
"ples",
"living",
"together",
",",
"7",
".",
"6",
"%",
"had",
"a",
"female",
"house",
"hol",
"der",
"with",
"no",
"husband",
"present",
",",
"and",
"25",
".",
"0",
"%",
"were",
"non",
"-",
"families",
".",
"21",
".",
"2",
"%",
"of",
"all",
"households",
"were",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"individuals",
",",
"and",
"7",
".",
"2",
"%",
"had",
"some",
"one",
"living",
"alone",
"who",
"was",
"65",
"years",
"of",
"age",
"or",
"older",
".",
"The",
"average",
"house",
"hold",
"size",
"was",
"2",
".",
"63",
"and",
"the",
"average",
"family",
"size",
"was",
"3",
".",
"08",
".",
"In",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
",",
"the",
"population",
"was",
"spread",
"out",
",",
"with",
"23",
".",
"8",
"%",
"under",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"18",
",",
"6",
".",
"2",
"%",
"from",
"18",
"to",
"24",
",",
"29",
".",
"2",
"%",
"from",
"25",
"to",
"44",
",",
"28",
".",
"0",
"%",
"from",
"45",
"to",
"64",
",",
"and",
"12",
".",
"8",
"%",
"who",
"were",
"65",
"years",
"of",
"age",
"or",
"older",
".",
"The",
"median",
"age",
"was",
"40",
"years",
".",
"For",
"every",
"100",
"females",
"there",
"were",
"9",
"2",
".",
"0",
"m",
"ales",
".",
"For",
"every",
"100",
"females",
"age",
"18",
"and",
"over",
",",
"there",
"were",
"88",
".",
"3",
"m",
"ales",
".",
"The",
"median",
"income",
"for",
"a",
"house",
"hold",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"was",
"$",
"71",
",",
"0",
"78",
",",
"and",
"the",
"median",
"income",
"for",
"a",
"family",
"was",
"$",
"81",
",",
"37",
"1",
".",
"M",
"ales",
"had",
"a",
"median",
"income",
"of",
"$",
"52",
",",
"4",
"30",
"vers",
"us",
"$",
"37",
",",
"7",
"29",
"for",
"females",
".",
"The",
"per",
"cap",
"ita",
"income",
"for",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"was",
"$",
"32",
",",
"80",
"6",
".",
"Ab",
"out",
"1",
".",
"4",
"%",
"of",
"families",
"and",
"1",
".",
"9",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
"were",
"below",
"the",
"p",
"over",
"ty",
"line",
",",
"including",
"1",
".",
"7",
"%",
"of",
"those",
"under",
"age",
"18",
"and",
"2",
".",
"7",
"%",
"of",
"those",
"age",
"65",
"or",
"over",
".",
"Transport",
"ation",
"As",
"of",
"2018",
"there",
"were",
"of",
"public",
"road",
"s",
"in",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
",",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"main",
"tained",
"by",
"the",
"Pennsylvania",
"Turn",
"p",
"ike",
"Commission",
"(",
"P",
"TC",
"),",
"were",
"main",
"tained",
"by",
"the",
"Pennsylvania",
"Department",
"of",
"Transport",
"ation",
"(",
"Penn",
"D",
"O",
"T",
")",
"and",
"were",
"main",
"tained",
"by",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
".",
"The",
"Pennsylvania",
"Turn",
"p",
"ike",
"Nor",
"theast",
"Ex",
"t",
"ension",
"(",
"I",
"-",
"47",
"6",
")",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"prominent",
"high",
"way",
"pass",
"ing",
"through",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
".",
"However",
",",
"the",
"near",
"est",
"inter",
"change",
"is",
"in",
"T",
"ow",
"am",
"enc",
"in",
"Township",
".",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"Route",
"20",
"2",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"prominent",
"high",
"way",
"providing",
"local",
"access",
",",
"trav",
"ers",
"ing",
"the",
"eastern",
"edge",
"of",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"along",
"the",
"De",
"k",
"al",
"b",
"P",
"ike",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"park",
"way",
".",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"Route",
"20",
"2",
"Business",
"follows",
"the",
"old",
"align",
"ment",
"of",
"US",
"20",
"2",
"along",
"the",
"De",
"k",
"al",
"b",
"P",
"ike",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"new",
"park",
"way",
"'",
"s",
"southern",
"termin",
"us",
".",
"Pennsylvania",
"Route",
"63",
"forms",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"nor",
"the",
"astern",
"border",
",",
"while",
"Pennsylvania",
"Route",
"36",
"3",
"acts",
"as",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"north",
"western",
"border",
".",
"S",
"EP",
"TA",
"Regional",
"Rail",
"'",
"s",
"L",
"ans",
"d",
"ale",
"/",
"D",
"oy",
"les",
"town",
"Line",
"runs",
"through",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
";",
"however",
",",
"there",
"are",
"no",
"stations",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
".",
"The",
"near",
"est",
"train",
"station",
"is",
"North",
"Wales",
"station",
"in",
"North",
"Wales",
",",
"which",
"is",
"surround",
"ed",
"by",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
".",
"S",
"EP",
"TA",
"provides",
"Sub",
"urban",
"Bus",
"service",
"to",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"along",
"Route",
"9",
"4",
",",
"which",
"runs",
"between",
"the",
"Ch",
"est",
"n",
"ut",
"Hill",
"section",
"of",
"Philadelphia",
"and",
"the",
"Mont",
"g",
"om",
"ery",
"M",
"all",
",",
"and",
"Route",
"9",
"6",
",",
"which",
"runs",
"between",
"the",
"Nor",
"ris",
"town",
"Transport",
"ation",
"Center",
"in",
"Nor",
"ris",
"town",
"and",
"L",
"ans",
"d",
"ale",
".",
"Government",
"and",
"politics",
"Commission",
"ers",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"elect",
"s",
"five",
"at",
"-",
"large",
"commission",
"ers",
"to",
"four",
"-",
"year",
"terms",
".",
"Den",
"ise",
"H",
"ull",
",",
"President",
"K",
"ather",
"ine",
"Car",
"ter",
",",
"V",
"ice",
"President",
"L",
"iz",
"Mc",
"N",
"ane",
"y",
"Ru",
"th",
"Dam",
"sk",
"er",
"Mar",
"th",
"a",
"Sim",
"el",
"ar",
"o",
"Legisl",
"ators",
"State",
"Sen",
"ator",
"Maria",
"Col",
"let",
"t",
",",
"12",
"th",
"district",
",",
"Democr",
"at",
"State",
"Represent",
"ative",
"L",
"iz",
"Han",
"b",
"idge",
",",
"6",
"1st",
"district",
",",
"Democr",
"at",
"US",
"Represent",
"ative",
"M",
"ade",
"le",
"ine",
"De",
"an",
",",
"4th",
"district",
",",
"Democr",
"at",
"History",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"was",
"founded",
"in",
"16",
"98",
"by",
"Wel",
"sh",
"Qu",
"akers",
".",
"The",
"town",
"ship",
"was",
"then",
"split",
"into",
"L",
"ower",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"and",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"in",
"189",
"1",
".",
"The",
"name",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"means",
"\"",
"Fair",
"Land",
"\"",
"in",
"Wel",
"sh",
".",
"The",
"town",
"ship",
"is",
"so",
"named",
"because",
"it",
"was",
"originally",
"sett",
"led",
"largely",
"by",
"m",
"igrants",
"from",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"and",
"other",
"parts",
"of",
"North",
"Wales",
"in",
"the",
"17th",
"and",
"18th",
"cent",
"uries",
".",
"For",
"several",
"gener",
"ations",
",",
"the",
"main",
"language",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"ship",
"was",
"Wel",
"sh",
".",
"The",
"Ke",
"e",
"fe",
"-",
"M",
"umb",
"ower",
"Mill",
",",
"Kn",
"ipe",
"-",
"Johnson",
"F",
"arm",
",",
"Kn",
"ipe",
"-",
"Mo",
"ore",
"-",
"R",
"up",
"p",
"F",
"arm",
",",
"and",
"Is",
"a",
"ac",
"K",
"ul",
"p",
"F",
"arm",
"are",
"listed",
"on",
"the",
"National",
"Register",
"of",
"Historic",
"Places",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"Up",
"per",
"G",
"w",
"yn",
"ed",
"d",
"Township",
"Town",
"ships",
"in",
"Mont",
"g",
"om",
"ery",
"County",
",",
"Pennsylvania",
"Town",
"ships",
"in",
"Pennsylvania"
] | [
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
26399,
24593,
69,
25305,
24929,
24581,
26803,
75,
24605,
25527,
25239,
16,
27554,
18,
24627,
25755,
24625,
25018,
16,
27600,
22,
24590,
24585,
24978,
24595,
24585,
25449,
27411,
18,
25386,
27244,
27283,
24812,
24593,
28025,
24588,
24647,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
24584,
24663,
29919,
16,
24596,
25160,
27207,
24589,
24596,
26045,
24589,
24651,
25386,
27244,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24756,
25520,
24581,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
18,
28080,
26542,
26797,
24651,
48,
24841,
72,
24988,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24581,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24594,
25173,
18,
24805,
24593,
24791,
24595,
24585,
25386,
26917,
27727,
26436,
24682,
24593,
24804,
25351,
25787,
24585,
29264,
24595,
48,
24841,
72,
24988,
18,
27648,
55,
27781,
16,
24748,
24595,
24585,
24818,
24983,
25207,
24598,
24586,
25397,
24588,
25371,
25272,
24581,
24585,
26697,
24766,
24686,
27727,
16,
24593,
25616,
24581,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24584,
24585,
28337,
24651,
48,
24841,
72,
24988,
18,
24805,
24593,
26836,
24585,
29043,
24672,
26917,
25693,
24834,
27648,
24651,
55,
27993,
29475,
26031,
25993,
24601,
28732,
18,
29162,
26446,
24601,
24585,
57,
18,
55,
18,
39,
26570,
38,
29715,
16,
24585,
25305,
24929,
24808,
69,
26238,
25450,
24595,
16,
24663,
24775,
18,
24805,
24593,
24581,
24585,
25790,
89,
26277,
25949,
91,
28185,
76,
24588,
24596,
24593,
24815,
26579,
24647,
24585,
56,
24639,
24611,
26485,
24581,
24596,
59,
24897,
24966,
24958,
24584,
39,
24846,
24737,
18,
27128,
29721,
25915,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24736,
25708,
16,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
55,
27781,
16,
24596,
25526,
29803,
18,
25486,
24697,
25897,
24599,
28862,
25082,
48,
24841,
72,
24988,
12,
25855,
13,
26803,
75,
24605,
25527,
29160,
12,
26376,
13,
48,
25222,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
12,
29494,
27604,
13,
25067,
24598,
25988,
29160,
12,
25900,
13,
25028,
24730,
24621,
29160,
12,
25820,
13,
56,
24639,
24611,
26485,
24581,
29160,
12,
25855,
25820,
13,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
28025,
87,
24585,
29264,
24595,
25386,
27244,
18,
25961,
27367,
24930,
24906,
24595,
24585,
25449,
27411,
16,
24585,
25305,
24929,
24625,
29865,
18,
21,
9,
26680,
16,
24,
18,
22,
9,
26258,
24586,
26301,
24868,
16,
25074,
18,
23,
9,
27571,
16,
24596,
21,
18,
25,
9,
24747,
24907,
24586,
25060,
28853,
18,
22,
18,
22,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
24747,
24595,
25496,
27050,
24597,
24586,
26789,
26093,
25353,
24655,
25064,
18,
24906,
24595,
24585,
27411,
24595,
25807,
16,
25201,
24747,
25129,
16,
25384,
23,
24941,
16,
25,
16,
26844,
21,
28751,
16,
24596,
24,
16,
24799,
25,
27280,
24753,
26808,
24581,
24585,
25305,
24929,
18,
24627,
25755,
29949,
24625,
18,
25650,
24747,
25,
16,
27461,
26,
29407,
27278,
24590,
24583,
26842,
29949,
24595,
18,
24627,
26013,
24727,
26127,
24772,
24595,
24585,
25305,
24929,
24625,
28723,
18,
28423,
9,
26680,
16,
23,
18,
29661,
9,
26301,
24868,
16,
20,
18,
29730,
9,
50,
25077,
24868,
16,
27,
18,
29816,
9,
27571,
16,
20,
18,
28368,
9,
24672,
24858,
28853,
16,
24596,
20,
18,
29,
24,
9,
24672,
24907,
24586,
25060,
28853,
18,
25496,
27050,
24597,
24586,
26789,
26093,
24595,
24956,
26465,
24747,
21,
18,
26691,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
18,
25650,
24747,
25,
16,
26844,
21,
28751,
16,
24767,
24595,
24763,
26688,
18,
27,
9,
24798,
25902,
25016,
24585,
24754,
24595,
24722,
26283,
24651,
25154,
16,
27005,
18,
23,
9,
24747,
26160,
71,
24603,
26814,
26283,
26577,
16,
27,
18,
26,
9,
24798,
69,
26889,
25470,
26547,
24795,
24651,
25159,
27950,
25126,
16,
24596,
25306,
18,
20,
9,
24747,
25946,
17,
27280,
18,
25004,
18,
22,
9,
24595,
24663,
28751,
24747,
25167,
24772,
24595,
28604,
16,
24596,
27,
18,
22,
9,
24798,
25191,
24748,
26283,
29625,
24831,
24625,
27005,
25100,
24595,
24754,
24586,
28002,
18,
24627,
26842,
25470,
25771,
27321,
24625,
22,
18,
29554,
24596,
24585,
26842,
25334,
27321,
24625,
23,
18,
29730,
18,
24657,
24585,
25305,
24929,
16,
24585,
25755,
24625,
29697,
24767,
16,
24651,
25217,
18,
28,
9,
25016,
24585,
24754,
24595,
24722,
16,
26,
18,
22,
9,
24672,
24722,
24601,
25384,
16,
25633,
18,
22,
9,
24672,
25306,
24601,
27173,
16,
25555,
18,
20,
9,
24672,
26691,
24601,
27649,
16,
24596,
25074,
18,
28,
9,
24831,
24747,
27005,
25100,
24595,
24754,
24586,
28002,
18,
24627,
29547,
24754,
24625,
25929,
25100,
18,
25056,
26237,
26023,
29362,
25201,
24747,
29,
22,
18,
20,
81,
25544,
18,
25056,
26237,
26023,
29362,
24754,
24722,
24596,
24752,
16,
25201,
24747,
28067,
18,
23,
81,
25544,
18,
24627,
29547,
28255,
24618,
69,
25470,
25771,
24581,
24585,
25305,
24929,
24625,
8,
29970,
16,
20,
28280,
16,
24596,
24585,
29547,
28255,
24618,
69,
25334,
24625,
8,
29865,
16,
26780,
21,
18,
49,
25544,
24798,
69,
29547,
28255,
24595,
8,
28774,
16,
24,
25402,
25388,
24640,
8,
26780,
16,
27,
25633,
24618,
29362,
18,
24627,
24726,
25238,
27028,
28255,
24618,
24585,
25305,
24929,
24625,
8,
27056,
16,
26654,
26,
18,
25762,
24767,
21,
18,
24,
9,
24595,
27280,
24596,
21,
18,
29,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
24747,
27962,
24585,
84,
24752,
24819,
25315,
16,
25260,
21,
18,
27,
9,
24595,
26055,
25016,
24754,
24722,
24596,
22,
18,
27,
9,
24595,
26055,
24754,
27005,
24586,
24752,
18,
28236,
24626,
24906,
24595,
25625,
25201,
24747,
24595,
25242,
25283,
87,
24581,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
16,
24595,
24763,
24747,
25039,
27067,
24647,
24585,
27554,
29640,
84,
26504,
27147,
12,
52,
29479,
24758,
24747,
25039,
27067,
24647,
24585,
27554,
26606,
24595,
28236,
24626,
12,
26917,
40,
51,
56,
13,
24596,
24747,
25039,
27067,
24647,
24585,
25305,
24929,
18,
24627,
27554,
29640,
84,
26504,
25011,
27604,
24889,
88,
27596,
12,
45,
17,
27562,
26,
13,
24593,
24585,
25066,
29198,
25153,
24968,
25565,
24599,
25172,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
18,
25805,
16,
24585,
25532,
24655,
25033,
26298,
24593,
24581,
56,
24639,
24611,
26485,
24581,
29160,
18,
57,
18,
55,
18,
28630,
24623,
22,
24593,
24585,
25066,
29198,
25153,
24968,
29906,
25763,
26978,
16,
26618,
24629,
24599,
24585,
28093,
29515,
24595,
24585,
25305,
24929,
25635,
24585,
24821,
79,
24591,
70,
52,
26504,
24596,
69,
24983,
27414,
24968,
18,
57,
18,
55,
18,
28630,
24623,
22,
28513,
29227,
24585,
24867,
25329,
24718,
24595,
25473,
24623,
22,
25635,
24585,
24821,
79,
24591,
70,
52,
26504,
25855,
24595,
24585,
24983,
27414,
24968,
11,
87,
27614,
26667,
24640,
18,
27554,
28630,
29554,
26769,
24585,
25305,
24929,
11,
87,
25248,
24585,
26197,
28337,
16,
25293,
27554,
28630,
26752,
23,
27385,
24594,
24585,
25305,
24929,
11,
87,
25855,
26958,
28337,
18,
55,
27993,
29475,
29780,
26220,
11,
87,
48,
24841,
72,
24988,
19,
40,
24969,
24928,
25305,
27818,
27690,
25172,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
31,
26537,
16,
25201,
24686,
25159,
26838,
24581,
24585,
25305,
24929,
18,
24627,
25532,
24655,
25800,
25711,
24593,
25386,
27244,
25711,
24581,
25386,
27244,
16,
24763,
24593,
28025,
24588,
24647,
24585,
25305,
24929,
18,
55,
27993,
29475,
28803,
27040,
28285,
27200,
25993,
24601,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
25635,
28630,
29,
24,
16,
24763,
27690,
25142,
24585,
24698,
24655,
82,
24660,
26548,
26975,
24595,
28732,
24596,
24585,
26803,
75,
24605,
25527,
49,
24663,
16,
24596,
28630,
29,
26,
16,
24763,
27690,
25142,
24585,
25011,
26739,
25305,
28236,
24626,
26543,
24581,
25011,
26739,
25305,
24596,
48,
24841,
72,
24988,
18,
27030,
24596,
29595,
27147,
24629,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
26163,
87,
25842,
24590,
17,
25926,
27428,
24629,
24601,
25253,
17,
24854,
28188,
18,
27102,
25279,
44,
26028,
16,
26180,
47,
25376,
24734,
25198,
24621,
16,
58,
24811,
26180,
48,
24782,
25629,
50,
25713,
93,
27436,
24580,
28681,
25252,
24582,
24829,
24580,
69,
26525,
24613,
24592,
83,
28979,
26323,
25461,
26236,
25517,
29060,
24997,
25171,
88,
16,
25074,
24580,
25906,
16,
26750,
24590,
25461,
27958,
25077,
48,
24782,
28977,
70,
25788,
16,
26,
26636,
25906,
16,
26750,
24590,
25473,
27958,
25077,
49,
24899,
24604,
24734,
24821,
24583,
16,
28328,
25906,
16,
26750,
24590,
25592,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24625,
26409,
24581,
25009,
29516,
24647,
28397,
24690,
25953,
28614,
18,
24627,
25305,
24929,
24625,
25115,
29742,
25000,
48,
25222,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24596,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24581,
25529,
21,
18,
24627,
25364,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
27998,
6,
28879,
26934,
6,
24581,
28397,
24690,
18,
24627,
25305,
24929,
24593,
25165,
25533,
25936,
24598,
24625,
26985,
26304,
25121,
29659,
24647,
81,
29563,
24672,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
24596,
24858,
27285,
24595,
25386,
27244,
24581,
24585,
29764,
24596,
29048,
24804,
28620,
18,
25056,
25548,
25872,
24833,
16,
24585,
25039,
25996,
25030,
24581,
24585,
25305,
24929,
24625,
28397,
24690,
18,
24627,
26434,
73,
24828,
17,
49,
26086,
25222,
26843,
16,
28144,
29559,
17,
28106,
42,
25425,
16,
28144,
29559,
17,
25721,
24806,
17,
54,
24772,
84,
42,
25425,
16,
24596,
25134,
69,
24616,
47,
24649,
84,
42,
25425,
24686,
26791,
24584,
24585,
25155,
27624,
24595,
27090,
27807,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
26728,
24726,
43,
91,
25828,
24588,
72,
29160,
26278,
26705,
24581,
26803,
75,
24605,
25527,
25239,
16,
27554,
26278,
26705,
24581,
27554
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
35290511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Nippon%20Professional%20Baseball%20season | 2012 Nippon Professional Baseball season | The 2012 Nippon Professional Baseball season is the 63rd season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950.
Regular season standings
Climax Series
Note: All of the games that are played in the first two rounds of the Climax Series are held at the higher seed's home stadium. The team with the higher regular-season standing also advances if the round ends in a tie.
First stage
The regular season league champions, the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (PL) and the Yomiuri Giants (CL), received byes to the championship round.
Central League
Pacific League
Final stage
The regular season league champions, the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (PL) and the Yomiuri Giants (CL), received a one-game advantage.
Central League
Pacific League
Japan Series
League leaders
Central League
Pacific League
See also
2012 Korea Professional Baseball season
2012 Major League Baseball season
References | [
"The",
"2012",
"N",
"ipp",
"on",
"Professional",
"Baseball",
"season",
"is",
"the",
"6",
"3rd",
"season",
"since",
"the",
"N",
"P",
"B",
"was",
"re",
"organized",
"in",
"1950",
".",
"Reg",
"ular",
"season",
"stand",
"ings",
"Cl",
"im",
"ax",
"Series",
"Not",
"e",
":",
"All",
"of",
"the",
"games",
"that",
"are",
"played",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"round",
"s",
"of",
"the",
"Cl",
"im",
"ax",
"Series",
"are",
"held",
"at",
"the",
"higher",
"se",
"ed",
"'",
"s",
"home",
"st",
"adium",
".",
"The",
"team",
"with",
"the",
"higher",
"regular",
"-",
"season",
"standing",
"also",
"ad",
"van",
"ces",
"if",
"the",
"round",
"ends",
"in",
"a",
"t",
"ie",
".",
"First",
"stage",
"The",
"regular",
"season",
"league",
"ch",
"ampions",
",",
"the",
"H",
"ok",
"k",
"aid",
"o",
"N",
"ipp",
"on",
"-",
"Ham",
"F",
"igh",
"ters",
"(",
"P",
"L",
")",
"and",
"the",
"Y",
"om",
"i",
"ur",
"i",
"G",
"ian",
"ts",
"(",
"C",
"L",
"),",
"received",
"by",
"es",
"to",
"the",
"championship",
"round",
".",
"Central",
"League",
"Pacific",
"League",
"Final",
"stage",
"The",
"regular",
"season",
"league",
"ch",
"ampions",
",",
"the",
"H",
"ok",
"k",
"aid",
"o",
"N",
"ipp",
"on",
"-",
"Ham",
"F",
"igh",
"ters",
"(",
"P",
"L",
")",
"and",
"the",
"Y",
"om",
"i",
"ur",
"i",
"G",
"ian",
"ts",
"(",
"C",
"L",
"),",
"received",
"a",
"one",
"-",
"game",
"adv",
"ant",
"age",
".",
"Central",
"League",
"Pacific",
"League",
"Japan",
"Series",
"League",
"leaders",
"Central",
"League",
"Pacific",
"League",
"See",
"also",
"2012",
"Korea",
"Professional",
"Baseball",
"season",
"2012",
"Major",
"League",
"Baseball",
"season",
"References"
] | [
24627,
25512,
50,
26210,
24584,
29815,
28694,
25042,
24593,
24585,
26,
27612,
25042,
25570,
24585,
50,
52,
38,
24625,
24600,
28757,
24581,
27966,
18,
25458,
25119,
25042,
25567,
24939,
25046,
24634,
25240,
27331,
25764,
73,
30,
25361,
24595,
24585,
25736,
24682,
24686,
25350,
24581,
24585,
24818,
24907,
25631,
87,
24595,
24585,
25046,
24634,
25240,
27331,
24686,
25605,
24590,
24585,
27933,
24620,
24588,
11,
87,
25664,
24606,
27475,
18,
24627,
25036,
24651,
24585,
27933,
26861,
17,
25042,
27258,
24762,
24614,
25659,
24730,
24692,
24585,
25631,
26949,
24581,
69,
88,
24716,
18,
26204,
26756,
24627,
26861,
25042,
26425,
24610,
27887,
16,
24585,
44,
24834,
79,
25282,
83,
50,
26210,
24584,
17,
26549,
42,
24697,
24998,
12,
52,
48,
13,
24596,
24585,
61,
24605,
77,
24615,
77,
43,
24669,
24704,
12,
39,
48,
24758,
25774,
24647,
24589,
24601,
24585,
27405,
25631,
18,
26484,
25375,
27726,
25375,
28073,
26756,
24627,
26861,
25042,
26425,
24610,
27887,
16,
24585,
44,
24834,
79,
25282,
83,
50,
26210,
24584,
17,
26549,
42,
24697,
24998,
12,
52,
48,
13,
24596,
24585,
61,
24605,
77,
24615,
77,
43,
24669,
24704,
12,
39,
48,
24758,
25774,
69,
24748,
17,
25436,
27617,
24738,
24754,
18,
26484,
25375,
27726,
25375,
25514,
27331,
25375,
28920,
26484,
25375,
27726,
25375,
25404,
24762,
25512,
28446,
29815,
28694,
25042,
25512,
27449,
25375,
28694,
25042,
24838
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
43715970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Hey | Phil Hey | Phil Hey (born May 21, 1953) is an American jazz drummer. He has worked with Dewey Redman, Jay McShann, Mose Allison, Benny Carter, Charlie Rouse, Harold Land, Charlie Byrd, David "Fathead" Newman, Geoff Keezer, Mark Murphy, Benny Golson, Stacey Kent, and Kenny Barron.
Biography
Born in New York City, Hey grew up in Philadelphia and the St. Paul suburb of Roseville, Minnesota. He started his music study with mentor and legendary jazz drummer Ed Blackwell at the Creative Music Studio in New York in 1975. His relationship with Blackwell continued until Blackwell's death in 1992. He has also studied with Floyd Thompson and Marv Dahlgren, the former principal percussionist of the Minnesota Orchestra. He considers the Beatles and 1960s rock groups early music influences. He also credits his parents and his childhood band instructor for their support and encouragement in pursuing a music career.
Hey performs with several groups and leads the Phil Hey Quartet with Tom Lewis on bass, Dave Hagedorn on vibraphone, and Phil Aaron on piano. The quartet's album Subduction: Live at Artist's Quarter (2005) was named Best Jazz CD of the Year by the Twin Cities alternative weekly newspaper City Pages. City Pages also named him 2006 Jazz Musician of the Year.
His first album, Let Them All Come with Pat Moriarty, was released in 1977 on the small private label Min Records. The cover art by Homer Lambrecht is featured in Freedom, Rhythm, and Sound, a compilation of a jazz album artwork by Gilles Peterson and Stuart Baker. He has appeared on over 125 recordings and remains a first-call musician supporting regional recording artists as well as touring jazz artists. His jazz recordings include Von Freeman's Live at The Dakota, Pete Whitman's X-Tet Where's When?, Tom Hubbard's Tribute to Mingus, and Ed Berger's I'm Glad There is You, all of which received four out of five star ratings by Down Beat magazine reviewers.
In addition to his work as a jazz musician Hey has played regional performances with blues and rock acts, including Nick St. Nicholas, George "Mojo" Buford, and Mississippi Fred McDowell. He has appeared on the soundtrack of the 6th Day (2000) starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and several independent film soundtracks including Been Rich All My Life (2006). In addition, he has played many touring theater productions, including The D.B. Cooper Project, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, and Irving Berlin's I Love a Piano and has performed with comics Bob Hope, Red Skelton, and Don Rickles.
Educator
Hey is a faculty member at the University of Minnesota School of Music where he teaches jazz percussion and directs the jazz ensemble. He is on the music faculty at St. Olaf College and the MacPhail Center for Music. He taught music at Macalester College from 1997 to 2008.
Equipment
Ellis Drum Shop released the Phil Hey Signature Kit, a limited edition six piece shell drum kit with maple shells in 2012.
Discography
As leader
1977 Let Them All Come, with Pat Moriarty
2005 Subduction Live at the Artist's Quarter
2009 Conflict!, with Kelly Rossum
As sideman
With Chris Bates
2014 Good Vibes Trio
With Ed Berger
1999 I'm Glad There Is You
With Terry Lee Burns
1997 Freehand
With Laura Caviani
1999 Angels We Haven't Heard
With the Cedar Avenue Big Band
2002 Land of 10,000 Licks
With Debbie Duncan
1993 Live at the Dakota
1995 It Must Be Christmas
2007 I Thought About You
With Dan Estrem and John Holmquist
1988 Bossa
1990 Meditation
With Connie Evingson
1998 I Have Dreamed
1999 Some Cats Know
2003 Let It Be Jazz Connie Evingson Sings the Beatles
2008 Little Did I Dream
2012 Sweet Happy Life
With Von Freeman
2001 Live at the Dakota
With Dave Hagedorn
2003 Vibes Solidliquid
With Glen Helgeson
1995 Spirit of the Wood
With Tom Hubbard
1989 Tribute to Mingus
With the JazzMN Orchestra
2000 JazzMN Big Band
With Gordon Johnson
2005 Trios Version 3.0
2008 GJ4
2010 Trios No. 5
With Dave Karr and Mulligan Stew
2004 Cookin' at the Hot Summer Jazz Festival
With Mary Louise Knutson
2001 Call Me When You Get There
2011 In the Bubble
With Chris Lomheim
2000 The Bridge
With the Minnesota Klezmer Band
1998 Bulka's Song
With David Mitchell
2000 Young Cats
With Lucia Newell
2004 Steeped in Strayhorn
With the O'Neill Brothers
2004 On Broadway with the O'Neill Brothers
With the Out to Lunch Quintet
2006 Live at the Artist's Quarter
With Preston Reed
1991 Halfway Home
With Rio Nido
1986 Voicings
With Claudia Schmidt
1991 Essential Tension
2012 Bend in the River Collected Songs
With Ted Unseth and the Americana Classic Jazz Orchestra
2007 20th Anniversary Concert with Benny Waters
With Benny Weinbeck
1998 Sweet Love
2011 Live at D'Amico Kitchen
With Pete Whitman
1998 Departure Point
2001 The Sound of Water
2003 Where's When?
With Steve Yeager
2003 New Groove Blues
Concert video
With Benny Weinbeck Trio
2011 β Benny Weinbeck Trio: Live at D'Amico Kitchen (DVD)
References
External links
Official Website
1953 births
Living people
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz drummers
American jazz educators
American session musicians
Bebop drummers
Hard bop drummers
Musicians from Minneapolis
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Jazz musicians from Minnesota
Educators from Minnesota
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians | [
"Phil",
"He",
"y",
"(",
"born",
"May",
"21",
",",
"1953",
")",
"is",
"an",
"American",
"j",
"azz",
"dr",
"ummer",
".",
"He",
"has",
"worked",
"with",
"D",
"ew",
"ey",
"Red",
"man",
",",
"J",
"ay",
"Mc",
"Sh",
"ann",
",",
"M",
"ose",
"All",
"ison",
",",
"B",
"enn",
"y",
"Car",
"ter",
",",
"Char",
"lie",
"R",
"ouse",
",",
"Har",
"old",
"Land",
",",
"Char",
"lie",
"By",
"rd",
",",
"David",
"\"",
"F",
"a",
"the",
"ad",
"\"",
"New",
"man",
",",
"Ge",
"off",
"Ke",
"e",
"zer",
",",
"Mark",
"Mur",
"phy",
",",
"B",
"enn",
"y",
"G",
"ol",
"son",
",",
"St",
"ace",
"y",
"Kent",
",",
"and",
"Kenn",
"y",
"B",
"arr",
"on",
".",
"Biography",
"Born",
"in",
"New",
"York",
"City",
",",
"He",
"y",
"grew",
"up",
"in",
"Philadelphia",
"and",
"the",
"St",
".",
"Paul",
"sub",
"ur",
"b",
"of",
"Rose",
"ville",
",",
"Minnesota",
".",
"He",
"started",
"his",
"music",
"study",
"with",
"ment",
"or",
"and",
"leg",
"end",
"ary",
"j",
"azz",
"dr",
"ummer",
"Ed",
"Black",
"well",
"at",
"the",
"Cre",
"ative",
"Music",
"Stud",
"io",
"in",
"New",
"York",
"in",
"1975",
".",
"His",
"relationship",
"with",
"Black",
"well",
"continued",
"until",
"Black",
"well",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"in",
"1992",
".",
"He",
"has",
"also",
"studied",
"with",
"Fl",
"oy",
"d",
"Thom",
"pson",
"and",
"Mar",
"v",
"D",
"ah",
"l",
"gr",
"en",
",",
"the",
"former",
"princ",
"ipal",
"per",
"c",
"uss",
"ion",
"ist",
"of",
"the",
"Minnesota",
"Or",
"chestra",
".",
"He",
"consid",
"ers",
"the",
"Be",
"at",
"les",
"and",
"1960s",
"rock",
"groups",
"early",
"music",
"influ",
"ences",
".",
"He",
"also",
"cred",
"its",
"his",
"parents",
"and",
"his",
"child",
"hood",
"band",
"in",
"stru",
"ctor",
"for",
"their",
"support",
"and",
"encour",
"ag",
"ement",
"in",
"pur",
"su",
"ing",
"a",
"music",
"career",
".",
"He",
"y",
"per",
"forms",
"with",
"several",
"groups",
"and",
"lead",
"s",
"the",
"Phil",
"He",
"y",
"Qu",
"art",
"et",
"with",
"Tom",
"Lewis",
"on",
"bass",
",",
"D",
"ave",
"H",
"aged",
"orn",
"on",
"v",
"ibr",
"ap",
"h",
"one",
",",
"and",
"Phil",
"A",
"ar",
"on",
"on",
"piano",
".",
"The",
"qu",
"art",
"et",
"'",
"s",
"album",
"Sub",
"du",
"ction",
":",
"Live",
"at",
"Art",
"ist",
"'",
"s",
"Qu",
"ar",
"ter",
"(",
"2005",
")",
"was",
"named",
"Best",
"J",
"azz",
"CD",
"of",
"the",
"Year",
"by",
"the",
"T",
"win",
"C",
"ities",
"altern",
"ative",
"week",
"ly",
"newspaper",
"City",
"P",
"ages",
".",
"City",
"P",
"ages",
"also",
"named",
"him",
"2006",
"J",
"azz",
"Music",
"ian",
"of",
"the",
"Year",
".",
"His",
"first",
"album",
",",
"Let",
"The",
"m",
"All",
"C",
"ome",
"with",
"Pat",
"Mor",
"i",
"art",
"y",
",",
"was",
"released",
"in",
"1977",
"on",
"the",
"small",
"private",
"label",
"Min",
"Records",
".",
"The",
"cover",
"art",
"by",
"H",
"omer",
"Lam",
"bre",
"ch",
"t",
"is",
"featured",
"in",
"F",
"reedom",
",",
"R",
"hy",
"th",
"m",
",",
"and",
"Sound",
",",
"a",
"comp",
"ilation",
"of",
"a",
"j",
"azz",
"album",
"art",
"work",
"by",
"G",
"ill",
"es",
"Peter",
"son",
"and",
"St",
"u",
"art",
"B",
"aker",
".",
"He",
"has",
"appeared",
"on",
"over",
"12",
"5",
"record",
"ings",
"and",
"remains",
"a",
"first",
"-",
"call",
"musician",
"support",
"ing",
"regional",
"recording",
"artists",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"to",
"uring",
"j",
"azz",
"artists",
".",
"His",
"j",
"azz",
"record",
"ings",
"include",
"V",
"on",
"Fre",
"eman",
"'",
"s",
"Live",
"at",
"The",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
",",
"Pet",
"e",
"Wh",
"it",
"man",
"'",
"s",
"X",
"-",
"T",
"et",
"Wh",
"ere",
"'",
"s",
"When",
"?",
",",
"Tom",
"H",
"ub",
"b",
"ard",
"'",
"s",
"Tr",
"ib",
"ute",
"to",
"M",
"ing",
"us",
",",
"and",
"Ed",
"Ber",
"ger",
"'",
"s",
"I",
"'",
"m",
"Gl",
"ad",
"There",
"is",
"You",
",",
"all",
"of",
"which",
"received",
"four",
"out",
"of",
"five",
"star",
"rat",
"ings",
"by",
"Down",
"Be",
"at",
"magazine",
"review",
"ers",
".",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"his",
"work",
"as",
"a",
"j",
"azz",
"musician",
"He",
"y",
"has",
"played",
"regional",
"performances",
"with",
"bl",
"ues",
"and",
"rock",
"acts",
",",
"including",
"Nick",
"St",
".",
"N",
"ich",
"ol",
"as",
",",
"George",
"\"",
"Mo",
"jo",
"\"",
"Bu",
"ford",
",",
"and",
"Miss",
"iss",
"ipp",
"i",
"Fred",
"Mc",
"D",
"ow",
"ell",
".",
"He",
"has",
"appeared",
"on",
"the",
"sound",
"track",
"of",
"the",
"6th",
"Day",
"(",
"2000",
")",
"starring",
"Ar",
"n",
"old",
"Sch",
"war",
"z",
"ene",
"g",
"ger",
"and",
"several",
"independent",
"film",
"sound",
"tracks",
"including",
"B",
"een",
"Rich",
"All",
"My",
"Life",
"(",
"2006",
").",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"he",
"has",
"played",
"many",
"to",
"uring",
"the",
"ater",
"produ",
"ctions",
",",
"including",
"The",
"D",
".",
"B",
".",
"Co",
"oper",
"Project",
",",
"Joseph",
"and",
"the",
"Am",
"az",
"ing",
"Techn",
"ic",
"ol",
"or",
"Dream",
"co",
"at",
",",
"and",
"Ir",
"ving",
"Berlin",
"'",
"s",
"I",
"Love",
"a",
"P",
"iano",
"and",
"has",
"performed",
"with",
"com",
"ics",
"Bob",
"H",
"ope",
",",
"Red",
"Sk",
"el",
"ton",
",",
"and",
"Don",
"R",
"ick",
"les",
".",
"Educ",
"ator",
"He",
"y",
"is",
"a",
"faculty",
"member",
"at",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Minnesota",
"School",
"of",
"Music",
"where",
"he",
"teach",
"es",
"j",
"azz",
"per",
"c",
"uss",
"ion",
"and",
"direct",
"s",
"the",
"j",
"azz",
"en",
"sem",
"ble",
".",
"He",
"is",
"on",
"the",
"music",
"faculty",
"at",
"St",
".",
"Ol",
"af",
"College",
"and",
"the",
"Mac",
"Ph",
"ail",
"Center",
"for",
"Music",
".",
"He",
"taught",
"music",
"at",
"Mac",
"ales",
"ter",
"College",
"from",
"1997",
"to",
"2008",
".",
"E",
"qu",
"ip",
"ment",
"El",
"l",
"is",
"Dr",
"um",
"Sh",
"op",
"released",
"the",
"Phil",
"He",
"y",
"S",
"ign",
"ature",
"K",
"it",
",",
"a",
"limited",
"edition",
"six",
"piece",
"she",
"ll",
"dr",
"um",
"k",
"it",
"with",
"map",
"le",
"she",
"ll",
"s",
"in",
"2012",
".",
"Dis",
"co",
"graphy",
"As",
"leader",
"1977",
"Let",
"The",
"m",
"All",
"C",
"ome",
",",
"with",
"Pat",
"Mor",
"i",
"art",
"y",
"2005",
"Sub",
"du",
"ction",
"Live",
"at",
"the",
"Art",
"ist",
"'",
"s",
"Qu",
"ar",
"ter",
"2009",
"Con",
"fl",
"ict",
"!",
",",
"with",
"Kel",
"ly",
"Ross",
"um",
"As",
"sid",
"eman",
"With",
"Chris",
"B",
"ates",
"2014",
"Good",
"V",
"ib",
"es",
"Tr",
"io",
"With",
"Ed",
"Ber",
"ger",
"1999",
"I",
"'",
"m",
"Gl",
"ad",
"There",
"Is",
"You",
"With",
"Ter",
"ry",
"Lee",
"Burn",
"s",
"1997",
"Free",
"hand",
"With",
"La",
"ura",
"C",
"av",
"ian",
"i",
"1999",
"Ang",
"els",
"We",
"H",
"aven",
"'",
"t",
"He",
"ard",
"With",
"the",
"C",
"ed",
"ar",
"Avenue",
"Big",
"Band",
"2002",
"Land",
"of",
"10",
",",
"000",
"L",
"icks",
"With",
"De",
"bb",
"ie",
"Dun",
"can",
"1993",
"Live",
"at",
"the",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"1995",
"It",
"M",
"ust",
"Be",
"Christmas",
"2007",
"I",
"Th",
"ought",
"Ab",
"out",
"You",
"With",
"Dan",
"Est",
"rem",
"and",
"John",
"Hol",
"m",
"qu",
"ist",
"1988",
"B",
"oss",
"a",
"1990",
"Med",
"itation",
"With",
"Con",
"nie",
"Ev",
"ings",
"on",
"1998",
"I",
"H",
"ave",
"Dream",
"ed",
"1999",
"Some",
"C",
"ats",
"K",
"now",
"2003",
"Let",
"It",
"Be",
"J",
"azz",
"Con",
"nie",
"Ev",
"ings",
"on",
"S",
"ings",
"the",
"Be",
"at",
"les",
"2008",
"Little",
"D",
"id",
"I",
"Dream",
"2012",
"S",
"we",
"et",
"H",
"app",
"y",
"Life",
"With",
"V",
"on",
"Fre",
"eman",
"2001",
"Live",
"at",
"the",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"With",
"D",
"ave",
"H",
"aged",
"orn",
"2003",
"V",
"ib",
"es",
"Sol",
"id",
"li",
"qu",
"id",
"With",
"Gl",
"en",
"Hel",
"ges",
"on",
"1995",
"Sp",
"ir",
"it",
"of",
"the",
"Wood",
"With",
"Tom",
"H",
"ub",
"b",
"ard",
"1989",
"Tr",
"ib",
"ute",
"to",
"M",
"ing",
"us",
"With",
"the",
"J",
"azz",
"M",
"N",
"Or",
"chestra",
"2000",
"J",
"azz",
"M",
"N",
"Big",
"Band",
"With",
"Gord",
"on",
"Johnson",
"2005",
"Tr",
"ios",
"V",
"ers",
"ion",
"3",
".",
"0",
"2008",
"G",
"J",
"4",
"2010",
"Tr",
"ios",
"No",
".",
"5",
"With",
"D",
"ave",
"K",
"arr",
"and",
"M",
"ull",
"igan",
"Ste",
"w",
"2004",
"Co",
"ok",
"in",
"'",
"at",
"the",
"Hot",
"Summer",
"J",
"azz",
"Festival",
"With",
"Mary",
"Lou",
"ise",
"Kn",
"ut",
"son",
"2001",
"Call",
"Me",
"When",
"You",
"G",
"et",
"There",
"2011",
"In",
"the",
"B",
"ub",
"ble",
"With",
"Chris",
"L",
"om",
"heim",
"2000",
"The",
"Bridge",
"With",
"the",
"Minnesota",
"K",
"le",
"z",
"mer",
"Band",
"1998",
"Bul",
"ka",
"'",
"s",
"Song",
"With",
"David",
"Mit",
"chel",
"l",
"2000",
"Young",
"C",
"ats",
"With",
"Luc",
"ia",
"New",
"ell",
"2004",
"Ste",
"ep",
"ed",
"in",
"Str",
"ay",
"h",
"orn",
"With",
"the",
"O",
"'",
"Ne",
"ill",
"Bro",
"thers",
"2004",
"On",
"Broad",
"way",
"with",
"the",
"O",
"'",
"Ne",
"ill",
"Bro",
"thers",
"With",
"the",
"Out",
"to",
"L",
"unch",
"Qu",
"int",
"et",
"2006",
"Live",
"at",
"the",
"Art",
"ist",
"'",
"s",
"Qu",
"ar",
"ter",
"With",
"Pr",
"est",
"on",
"Re",
"ed",
"1991",
"Hal",
"f",
"way",
"Home",
"With",
"R",
"io",
"N",
"id",
"o",
"1986",
"Vo",
"ic",
"ings",
"With",
"Cl",
"aud",
"ia",
"Sch",
"mid",
"t",
"1991",
"Es",
"sent",
"ial",
"T",
"ension",
"2012",
"B",
"end",
"in",
"the",
"River",
"Col",
"lected",
"Songs",
"With",
"T",
"ed",
"Un",
"se",
"th",
"and",
"the",
"American",
"a",
"Class",
"ic",
"J",
"azz",
"Or",
"chestra",
"2007",
"20th",
"Ann",
"ivers",
"ary",
"Con",
"cert",
"with",
"B",
"enn",
"y",
"W",
"aters",
"With",
"B",
"enn",
"y",
"We",
"in",
"bec",
"k",
"1998",
"S",
"we",
"et",
"Love",
"2011",
"Live",
"at",
"D",
"'",
"Am",
"ico",
"K",
"itch",
"en",
"With",
"Pet",
"e",
"Wh",
"it",
"man",
"1998",
"De",
"part",
"ure",
"Point",
"2001",
"The",
"Sound",
"of",
"Water",
"2003",
"Wh",
"ere",
"'",
"s",
"When",
"?",
"With",
"Steve",
"Y",
"e",
"ag",
"er",
"2003",
"New",
"Gro",
"ove",
"Bl",
"ues",
"Con",
"cert",
"video",
"With",
"B",
"enn",
"y",
"We",
"in",
"bec",
"k",
"Tr",
"io",
"2011",
"β",
"B",
"enn",
"y",
"We",
"in",
"bec",
"k",
"Tr",
"io",
":",
"Live",
"at",
"D",
"'",
"Am",
"ico",
"K",
"itch",
"en",
"(",
"D",
"VD",
")",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"Official",
"Web",
"site",
"1953",
"births",
"Living",
"people",
"American",
"j",
"azz",
"band",
"leaders",
"American",
"j",
"azz",
"dr",
"um",
"m",
"ers",
"American",
"j",
"azz",
"educ",
"ators",
"American",
"s",
"ession",
"musicians",
"Be",
"b",
"op",
"dr",
"um",
"m",
"ers",
"Hard",
"b",
"op",
"dr",
"um",
"m",
"ers",
"Music",
"ians",
"from",
"Min",
"ne",
"ap",
"ol",
"is",
"20th",
"-",
"century",
"American",
"dr",
"um",
"m",
"ers",
"American",
"male",
"dr",
"um",
"m",
"ers",
"J",
"azz",
"musicians",
"from",
"Minnesota",
"Educ",
"ators",
"from",
"Minnesota",
"20th",
"-",
"century",
"American",
"male",
"musicians",
"American",
"male",
"j",
"azz",
"musicians"
] | [
25770,
24736,
93,
12,
25049,
25176,
25004,
16,
28158,
13,
24593,
24583,
24868,
78,
27501,
24815,
25834,
18,
24736,
24808,
26245,
24651,
40,
24774,
28062,
26152,
24710,
16,
46,
24632,
25629,
24950,
24910,
16,
49,
25307,
25361,
25670,
16,
38,
25187,
93,
25198,
24621,
16,
25627,
27404,
54,
25071,
16,
25824,
24867,
26934,
16,
25627,
27404,
25920,
26887,
16,
26148,
6,
42,
69,
24585,
24614,
6,
24871,
24710,
16,
25223,
24894,
26434,
73,
27611,
16,
26657,
27017,
28249,
16,
38,
25187,
93,
43,
24612,
24951,
16,
24709,
24852,
93,
27812,
16,
24596,
29190,
93,
38,
24848,
24584,
18,
28198,
29071,
24581,
24871,
25288,
25440,
16,
24736,
93,
29125,
24772,
24581,
28732,
24596,
24585,
24709,
18,
26108,
25097,
24615,
70,
24595,
29718,
26100,
16,
28653,
18,
24736,
26213,
24684,
25331,
27079,
24651,
24718,
24586,
24596,
25247,
24725,
24713,
78,
27501,
24815,
25834,
25420,
26258,
25173,
24590,
24585,
29404,
25077,
25997,
26247,
24860,
24581,
24871,
25288,
24581,
27160,
18,
25496,
28286,
24651,
26258,
25173,
26359,
25359,
26258,
25173,
11,
87,
25303,
24581,
26362,
18,
24736,
24808,
24762,
27990,
24651,
25487,
24969,
72,
26064,
29755,
24596,
24829,
90,
40,
24966,
80,
24699,
24587,
16,
24585,
25346,
27732,
28829,
24726,
71,
25231,
24602,
24641,
24595,
24585,
28653,
25156,
28854,
18,
24736,
25935,
24629,
24585,
25133,
24590,
24928,
24596,
28643,
26516,
26572,
25551,
25331,
26650,
27217,
18,
24736,
24762,
26727,
24783,
24684,
28224,
24596,
24684,
26881,
26931,
25374,
24581,
25245,
25158,
24618,
24862,
25983,
24596,
29812,
24638,
25138,
24581,
26017,
24701,
24599,
69,
25331,
25513,
18,
24736,
93,
24726,
26769,
24651,
25548,
26572,
24596,
25246,
87,
24585,
25770,
24736,
93,
25953,
24673,
24645,
24651,
26643,
29460,
24584,
27165,
16,
40,
24820,
44,
26231,
24884,
24584,
90,
26312,
24654,
76,
24748,
16,
24596,
25770,
37,
24592,
24584,
24584,
29049,
18,
24627,
24715,
24673,
24645,
11,
87,
25174,
27040,
24749,
24768,
30,
28743,
24590,
25680,
24641,
11,
87,
25953,
24592,
24621,
12,
25710,
13,
24625,
25533,
26279,
46,
27501,
26896,
24595,
24585,
26099,
24647,
24585,
56,
25857,
39,
25082,
28246,
25077,
26546,
24633,
28616,
25440,
52,
25434,
18,
25440,
52,
25434,
24762,
25533,
25047,
25562,
46,
27501,
25997,
24669,
24595,
24585,
26099,
18,
25496,
24818,
25174,
16,
28941,
24627,
81,
25361,
39,
24859,
24651,
26292,
26036,
77,
24673,
93,
16,
24625,
25385,
24581,
27170,
24584,
24585,
25734,
27145,
28600,
25507,
26545,
18,
24627,
25445,
24673,
24647,
44,
28216,
29916,
25706,
24610,
88,
24593,
27104,
24581,
42,
29035,
16,
54,
25017,
24580,
81,
16,
24596,
29028,
16,
69,
24770,
29819,
24595,
69,
78,
27501,
25174,
24673,
24918,
24647,
43,
24689,
24589,
26638,
24951,
24596,
24709,
89,
24673,
38,
26704,
18,
24736,
24808,
26530,
24584,
24752,
25074,
25,
25210,
24939,
24596,
28330,
69,
24818,
17,
25230,
29681,
25983,
24599,
28390,
28221,
26940,
24594,
25173,
24594,
24601,
24905,
78,
27501,
26940,
18,
25496,
78,
27501,
25210,
24939,
25915,
58,
24584,
28417,
29097,
11,
87,
28743,
24590,
24627,
40,
24700,
26698,
16,
27439,
73,
25067,
24598,
24710,
11,
87,
60,
17,
56,
24645,
25067,
24671,
11,
87,
26098,
35,
16,
26643,
44,
24733,
70,
24695,
11,
87,
25024,
24751,
25412,
24601,
49,
24599,
24640,
16,
24596,
25420,
25845,
26065,
11,
87,
45,
11,
81,
25899,
24614,
25650,
24593,
26459,
16,
24663,
24595,
24763,
25774,
25253,
24767,
24595,
25842,
27482,
28270,
24939,
24647,
28777,
25133,
24590,
27710,
26526,
24629,
18,
24657,
26012,
24601,
24684,
24918,
24594,
69,
78,
27501,
29681,
24736,
93,
24808,
25350,
28390,
29648,
24651,
25237,
25966,
24596,
26516,
27385,
16,
25260,
29666,
24709,
18,
50,
24708,
24612,
24594,
16,
26026,
6,
25721,
25414,
6,
27124,
25579,
16,
24596,
26410,
24897,
26210,
77,
29855,
25629,
40,
24639,
24731,
18,
24736,
24808,
26530,
24584,
24585,
27022,
26059,
24595,
24585,
29756,
26871,
12,
25807,
13,
29641,
24780,
82,
24867,
25790,
25573,
94,
25410,
75,
26065,
24596,
25548,
27756,
24932,
27022,
27858,
25260,
38,
25070,
26121,
25361,
26158,
26933,
12,
25562,
24874,
24657,
26012,
16,
24607,
24808,
25350,
25160,
24601,
24905,
24585,
24836,
25027,
25509,
16,
25260,
24627,
40,
18,
38,
18,
25287,
25211,
28924,
16,
27294,
24596,
24585,
25417,
25022,
24599,
27231,
24597,
24612,
24586,
29997,
24869,
24590,
16,
24596,
26287,
27409,
28248,
11,
87,
45,
27236,
69,
52,
27259,
24596,
24808,
26914,
24651,
24665,
24930,
27698,
44,
25226,
16,
26152,
26529,
24613,
24915,
16,
24596,
26126,
54,
24958,
24928,
18,
26568,
25517,
24736,
93,
24593,
69,
29429,
25537,
24590,
24585,
25015,
24595,
28653,
25262,
24595,
25997,
25072,
24607,
26575,
24589,
78,
27501,
24726,
71,
25231,
24602,
24596,
26340,
87,
24585,
78,
27501,
24587,
25796,
25644,
18,
24736,
24593,
24584,
24585,
25331,
29429,
24590,
24709,
18,
27175,
24744,
25665,
24596,
24585,
26365,
25218,
24916,
26543,
24618,
25997,
18,
24736,
29669,
25331,
24590,
26365,
25544,
24621,
25665,
24672,
26252,
24601,
25505,
18,
41,
24715,
24696,
24718,
25421,
80,
24593,
25471,
24656,
24950,
24644,
25385,
24585,
25770,
24736,
93,
55,
24761,
25690,
47,
24598,
16,
69,
28011,
27492,
25822,
29282,
24971,
26831,
24815,
24656,
79,
24598,
24651,
29687,
24604,
24971,
26831,
87,
24581,
25512,
18,
26276,
24869,
25485,
24906,
27406,
27170,
28941,
24627,
81,
25361,
39,
24859,
16,
24651,
26292,
26036,
77,
24673,
93,
25710,
27040,
24749,
24768,
28743,
24590,
24585,
25680,
24641,
11,
87,
25953,
24592,
24621,
25531,
24924,
24949,
24847,
5,
16,
24651,
29025,
24633,
29617,
24656,
24906,
29083,
29097,
26137,
27329,
38,
24855,
25590,
28038,
58,
24751,
24589,
25024,
24860,
26137,
25420,
25845,
26065,
26082,
45,
11,
81,
25899,
24614,
25650,
25134,
26459,
26137,
26372,
25064,
27568,
29798,
87,
26252,
29037,
25866,
26137,
25760,
27088,
39,
24668,
24669,
77,
26082,
25927,
25354,
25472,
44,
28195,
11,
88,
24736,
24695,
26137,
24585,
39,
24588,
24592,
28902,
27381,
28545,
25908,
26934,
24595,
24975,
16,
25348,
48,
28689,
26137,
24821,
27468,
24716,
27872,
24995,
26437,
28743,
24590,
24585,
40,
24700,
26698,
26320,
24805,
49,
24865,
25133,
29838,
25557,
45,
24824,
26001,
25762,
24767,
26459,
26137,
26109,
29928,
25930,
24596,
25149,
26083,
81,
24715,
24641,
26637,
38,
25646,
69,
26490,
25536,
28568,
26137,
24924,
29946,
27156,
24939,
24584,
26167,
45,
44,
24820,
29997,
24588,
26082,
26726,
39,
25729,
47,
25426,
25877,
28941,
24805,
25133,
46,
27501,
24924,
29946,
27156,
24939,
24584,
55,
24939,
24585,
25133,
24590,
24928,
25505,
28012,
40,
24630,
45,
29997,
25512,
55,
24887,
24645,
44,
26212,
93,
26933,
26137,
58,
24584,
28417,
29097,
25933,
28743,
24590,
24585,
40,
24700,
26698,
26137,
40,
24820,
44,
26231,
24884,
25877,
58,
24751,
24589,
27342,
24630,
24952,
24715,
24630,
26137,
25899,
24587,
27497,
26182,
24584,
26320,
25175,
24624,
24598,
24595,
24585,
27427,
26137,
26643,
44,
24733,
70,
24695,
26626,
25024,
24751,
25412,
24601,
49,
24599,
24640,
26137,
24585,
46,
27501,
49,
50,
25156,
28854,
25807,
46,
27501,
49,
50,
27381,
28545,
26137,
29757,
24584,
28106,
25710,
25024,
27123,
58,
24629,
24602,
23,
18,
20,
25505,
43,
46,
24,
25449,
25024,
27123,
25694,
18,
25,
26137,
40,
24820,
47,
24848,
24596,
49,
26028,
27035,
25550,
91,
25783,
25287,
24834,
24581,
11,
24590,
24585,
27545,
26558,
46,
27501,
27253,
26137,
26313,
26149,
25279,
28144,
24660,
24951,
25933,
29548,
25443,
26098,
26459,
43,
24645,
25650,
25476,
24657,
24585,
38,
24733,
25644,
26137,
27329,
48,
24605,
29388,
25807,
24627,
28965,
26137,
24585,
28653,
47,
24604,
94,
24719,
28545,
26167,
27412,
26631,
11,
87,
26777,
26137,
26148,
29228,
29779,
80,
25807,
27550,
39,
25729,
26137,
27760,
24677,
24871,
24731,
25783,
25550,
25090,
24588,
24581,
25963,
24632,
76,
24884,
26137,
24585,
51,
11,
25486,
24689,
26300,
27395,
25783,
24964,
28050,
24968,
24651,
24585,
51,
11,
25486,
24689,
26300,
27395,
26137,
24585,
27159,
24601,
48,
26166,
25953,
24957,
24645,
25562,
28743,
24590,
24585,
25680,
24641,
11,
87,
25953,
24592,
24621,
26137,
24891,
24655,
24584,
24693,
24588,
26487,
27968,
74,
24968,
28074,
26137,
54,
24860,
50,
24630,
83,
26801,
28051,
24597,
24939,
26137,
25046,
26062,
24677,
25790,
25884,
88,
26487,
27473,
26171,
24727,
56,
27596,
25512,
38,
24725,
24581,
24585,
25910,
24997,
26342,
28731,
26137,
56,
24588,
24739,
24620,
24580,
24596,
24585,
24868,
69,
27064,
24597,
46,
27501,
25156,
28854,
25557,
26025,
27271,
24877,
24713,
24924,
28855,
24651,
38,
25187,
93,
59,
28185,
26137,
38,
25187,
93,
25472,
24581,
24999,
79,
26167,
55,
24887,
24645,
27236,
25476,
28743,
24590,
40,
11,
25417,
25942,
47,
26037,
24587,
26137,
27439,
73,
25067,
24598,
24710,
26167,
24821,
24791,
24794,
29803,
25933,
24627,
29028,
24595,
28004,
25877,
25067,
24671,
11,
87,
26098,
35,
26137,
29119,
61,
73,
24638,
24582,
25877,
24871,
29409,
25587,
25241,
25966,
24924,
28855,
26221,
26137,
38,
25187,
93,
25472,
24581,
24999,
79,
25024,
24860,
25476,
4992,
38,
25187,
93,
25472,
24581,
24999,
79,
25024,
24860,
30,
28743,
24590,
40,
11,
25417,
25942,
47,
26037,
24587,
12,
40,
29796,
13,
24838,
25065,
25051,
27588,
28461,
25508,
28158,
25393,
25766,
24941,
24868,
78,
27501,
25374,
28920,
24868,
78,
27501,
24815,
24656,
81,
24629,
24868,
78,
27501,
25793,
26323,
24868,
87,
28490,
28911,
25133,
70,
24644,
24815,
24656,
81,
24629,
29508,
70,
24644,
24815,
24656,
81,
24629,
25997,
25297,
24672,
25507,
24687,
24654,
24612,
24593,
26025,
17,
25087,
24868,
24815,
24656,
81,
24629,
24868,
25985,
24815,
24656,
81,
24629,
46,
27501,
28911,
24672,
28653,
26568,
26323,
24672,
28653,
26025,
17,
25087,
24868,
25985,
28911,
24868,
25985,
78,
27501,
28911
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
30556447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg%2C%20Malm%C3%B6 | Flensburg, MalmΓΆ | Flensburg is a neighbourhood of MalmΓΆ, situated in the Borough of SΓΆdra Innerstaden, MalmΓΆ Municipality, SkΓ₯ne County, Sweden. As of 2008, it had 669 inhabitants and covers an area of 19 hectares.
References
Neighbourhoods of MalmΓΆ | [
"Fl",
"ens",
"burg",
"is",
"a",
"neigh",
"bour",
"hood",
"of",
"Mal",
"m",
"ΓΆ",
",",
"sit",
"uated",
"in",
"the",
"Bor",
"ough",
"of",
"S",
"ΓΆ",
"dr",
"a",
"In",
"ner",
"st",
"ad",
"en",
",",
"Mal",
"m",
"ΓΆ",
"Municip",
"ality",
",",
"Sk",
"Γ₯",
"ne",
"County",
",",
"Sweden",
".",
"As",
"of",
"2008",
",",
"it",
"had",
"66",
"9",
"in",
"habit",
"ants",
"and",
"c",
"overs",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"19",
"he",
"ct",
"ares",
".",
"References",
"Ne",
"igh",
"bour",
"hood",
"s",
"of",
"Mal",
"m",
"ΓΆ"
] | [
25487,
24845,
26324,
24593,
69,
27513,
26805,
26931,
24595,
25893,
81,
213,
16,
26117,
28759,
24581,
24585,
27283,
24812,
24595,
55,
213,
24815,
69,
24657,
25651,
24606,
24614,
24587,
16,
25893,
81,
213,
28526,
25637,
16,
26529,
196,
24687,
25239,
16,
28980,
18,
24906,
24595,
25505,
16,
24598,
24798,
28145,
29,
24581,
27711,
25575,
24596,
71,
27284,
24583,
25450,
24595,
24617,
24607,
24637,
29112,
18,
24838,
25486,
24697,
26805,
26931,
87,
24595,
25893,
81,
213
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
581432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street%20layout%20of%20Seattle | Street layout of Seattle | The street layout of Seattle is based on a series of disjointed rectangular street grids. Most of Seattle and King County use a single street grid, oriented on true north. Near the center of the city, various land claims were platted in the 19th century with differently oriented grids, which still survive today. Distinctly oriented grids also exist in some cities annexed by Seattle in the early 20th century, such as Ballard and Georgetown. A small number of streets and roads are exceptions to the grid pattern.
Street grid layout
Most streets in Seattle run either northβsouth or eastβwest. However, this orientation does not prevail in one of the oldest and densest parts of the town, bounded by Elliott Bay to the west, Broadway to the east, Yesler Way to the south, and Denny Way to the north. That exceptional area includes all of the Downtown Central Business District (CBD), the northernmost part of the Pioneer Square neighborhood south of the CBD, First Hill east of the CBD, and Belltown and the Denny Regrade north of the CBD.
The grid is oriented 32 degrees west of north in the southern portion of that exceptional area, and 49 degrees west of north in the northern portion. The two portions are divided by a line that runs along Stewart Street (or its right-of-way) from Alaskan Way on the Central Waterfront east to 3rd Avenue, then along Olive Way from 3rd Avenue to 7th Avenue, and along Howell Street from 7th Avenue to Denny Way.
Origins
These three grid patterns (due north, 32 degrees west of north, and 49 degrees west of north) are the result of a disagreement between David Swinson "Doc" Maynard, whose land claim lay south of Yesler Way, and Arthur A. Denny and Carson D. Boren, whose land claims lay to the north (with Henry Yesler and his mill soon brought in between Denny and the others): Denny and Boren preferred that their streets follow the Elliott Bay shoreline, while Maynard favored a grid based on the cardinal directions for his (mostly flat, mostly wet) claim. All three were competing to have the downtown built on their land. Denny prevailed in what would become the central business district, but it was Maynard's grid that ended up being extended throughout the city and into all of King County (60 miles east to west). Several cities in King County, such as Renton, Kirkland, and North Bend, have their own naming system and grid in the center of town, but Maynard's Pioneer Squareβbased grid officially covers the entire county.
Addressing
Street addresses in Seattle (and throughout much of King County) follow a uniform numbering plan. On roads that run north and south [generally called an Avenue], odd numbered addresses are on the west side and even numbered addresses are on the east side. On roads that run east and west [generally called a Street], odd numbered addresses are on the south side and even numbered addresses are on the north side. The address is based on its location relative to the grid (not relative to the location of the beginning of each separate road, or its nearest intersection) with the last two digits consecutively incrementing with the grid and the leading digits designating the location on the grid.
Some mnemonics are helpful here:
STreets run eaST and weST
aveNueS run North and South
EveN numbered addresses are on the East and North side of the road (which is likely called a street or avenue)
The name 32nd Avenue NE applies to several physically discontinuous street segments running along approximately the same line of the grid. One of these segments runs from NE 75th Street to NE 80th Street, crossed only by NE 77th Street; its two blocks are the 7500 block and the 7700 block. Buildings on that street between 75th and 77th would have four-digit addresses beginning with 75; buildings above 77th would have four-digit addresses beginning with 77. If there is such an address as 7764 32nd Avenue NE, then it is on the east side of the street rather far up the 7700 block, and if there is a 7765 it will be approximately across the street from 7764.
North of the ship canal in Seattle, and north of NE 140th St in East King County, grid numbers are spread in increments by 20 per mile (which works out to one numerical block per minute when walking at 3 miles per hour). In much of the rest of King County (south of NE 140th St, and east of 68th Ave NE at the north end of Lake Washington), grid numbers are spread in increments 16 per mile (which works out to 10 per kilometer). Due to the regular spacing of street numbers, approximate distances between two points on the grid can be easily calculated.
A few older cities within King County have their own distinct numbering plan, centered on their own historic downtown areas, including much of Renton and historic parts of Kirkland. In Kirkland, streets and avenues run perpendicular to the usual King County designations. In Renton (east of I-405), avenues are named for Washington State communities and arranged in alphabetical order (Aberdeen, Blaine, Camas, etc.).
In Seattle, the names of the twelve streets in the heart of the central business district are paired by their first letters. From south to north, they are: Jefferson, James, Cherry, Columbia, Marion, Madison, Spring, Seneca, University, Union, Pike, Pine. One way to remember the order of the street pairs is with the mnemonic "Jesus Christ Made Seattle Under Protest" (or "Pressure") (JCMSUP).
Only one street in Seattle, Madison Street, runs uninterrupted from the salt water of Puget Sound in the west to the fresh water of Lake Washington in the east. The unusual orientation and contiguous nature of this street dates back to a time when it was a direct route to a cross-lake ferry between Madison Park and Houghton on the east side of Lake Washington. A cable car once operated on Madison Street from downtown Seattle to the ferry terminal at Madison Park, and the ferry route constituted an almost linear continuation of the street across the lake. Other historical cable cars ran along Yesler Way, Jackson Street, Queen Anne Avenueβ"The Counterbalance", and 1st Avenue-2nd Avenue). No street, excluding Interstate 5 and State Route 99βboth freeways in whole or in partβruns without interruption from the northern to the southern city limits. This is largely the result of Seattle's topography. Split by the Duwamish River and the Lake Washington Ship Canal, containing four lakes within the city limits, and boasting deep ravines and at least seven hills there are few more-or-less straight routes where such a road could reasonably be built, even allowing for the short bridge or two.
Directionals
Seattle and King County make systematic use of directionals (such as N for north or NE for northeast) in street names, although residents often omit the directionals when describing addresses in their own neighborhoods. To a lesser degree, street types such as avenue and street are also used systematically. As a rule, "streets" run eastβwest (or, in and near downtown, northeastβsouthwest), and "avenues" run northβsouth (or, in and near downtown, northwestβsoutheast). A road, boulevard, way, or thoroughfare with any other type designation may run in any direction. The land boundaries of the district laid out according to the Denny and Boren plats that follow the shoreline are all "Ways" (Denny Way, Yesler Way, Broadway).
Furthermore:
"Streets" and other eastβwest thoroughfares prefix the directional; for example NE 45th Street.
"Avenues" and other northβsouth thoroughfares suffix the directional; for example 15th Avenue NE, University Way NE.
A mnemonic for directionals is that the general direction of a thoroughfare is the direction nearer its name or number; for example NEΒ 45th Street runs generally east (and west), while University WayΒ NE runs generally north (and south).
"Places" are usually cul-de-sacs or dead-ends and run in any direction.
In most sections of the city, the same directional is used for both of these purposes; the exceptions are immediately east and north of the downtown area, and the lack of any directionals in the downtown area itself.
Seattle is divided into ten sections, each with a different combination of directionals.
North of the Lake Washington Ship Canal are the following sections: west of 1st Avenue NW, the NW section; between 1st Avenue NW and 1st Avenue NE, the N section; east of 1st Avenue NE, the NE section.
South of the canal but north of Denny Way are the following sections: west of Queen Anne Avenue N, the W section; between Queen Anne Avenue N and a border defined by Eastlake AvenueΒ E (south of EΒ Nelson Place) and Lake Union (north of EΒ Nelson Place), the AvenueΒ N section, in which avenues are suffixed N and in which streets have no prefix; east of the Eastlake AvenueΒ EβLake Union border, the E section.
South of Denny Way but north of Yesler Way are two sections: east of Broadway from Yesler Way north to Union Street, east of Minor Avenue from Union Street north to Pike Street, and east of Melrose Avenue from Pike Street north to Denny Way, the EΒ Street section, streets are prefixed E and avenues have no suffix; to the west of this border, the downtown section, no directionals are used.
South of Yesler Way are two sections: east of the waterfront and (south of the Duwamish Waterway) east of 1st Avenue S, the S section; and west of 1st Avenue S, the SW section. Within the Seattle city limits there is no SE section; however, the non-Seattle SE section contains all of the southeastern suburbs and the rest of southern King County, including Mercer Island, parts of Renton, and Bellevue south of Main Street, Sammamish south of EΒ Main Street, and other locations within the county.
Arterials defined
The city defines Principal, Minor, and Collector arterials:
Principal arterials serve as the principal route for the movement of traffic through the city. These connect interstate freeways to major activity centers, to minor and collector arterial streets and directly to destinations, as well as interneighborhood traffic.
Minor arterials are generally located on neighborhood boundaries except when necessary to provide adequate service to traffic generators located within neighborhoods.
Collector arterials are typically located within neighborhood boundaries and serve small group of stores, schools, small apartment complexes, and residential land uses.
Access Streets are residential and commercial side streets.
See also
Seattle neighborhoods for articles on individual neighborhoods, including information on thoroughfares.
References
Bibliography
. Shows the landscape carved by the Vashon Glacier some 14,000 years ago.
. (First link shows a slightly longer excerpt of the article than JSTOR.)
.
.
.
.
. Online selection from Karl Samson (2006), Frommer's Seattle 2006 [Title incremented annually each January], Wiley, .
.
.
.
.
Further reading
"Metro Memories scrapbook" on official King County site, page "created on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of Metro, 2003".
External links
Joe Thompson, Cable Car Lines in the Pacific Northwest, self-published, describes several former Seattle cable car lines and includes old postcard images.
Geography of Seattle
Seattle metropolitan area | [
"The",
"street",
"lay",
"out",
"of",
"Se",
"attle",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"dis",
"join",
"ted",
"rect",
"ang",
"ular",
"street",
"gr",
"ids",
".",
"Most",
"of",
"Se",
"attle",
"and",
"King",
"County",
"use",
"a",
"single",
"street",
"gr",
"id",
",",
"or",
"ient",
"ed",
"on",
"true",
"north",
".",
"N",
"ear",
"the",
"center",
"of",
"the",
"city",
",",
"various",
"land",
"claims",
"were",
"plat",
"ted",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
"with",
"differ",
"ently",
"or",
"ient",
"ed",
"gr",
"ids",
",",
"which",
"still",
"surv",
"ive",
"today",
".",
"D",
"ist",
"in",
"ct",
"ly",
"or",
"ient",
"ed",
"gr",
"ids",
"also",
"exist",
"in",
"some",
"cities",
"an",
"ne",
"x",
"ed",
"by",
"Se",
"attle",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Ball",
"ard",
"and",
"George",
"town",
".",
"A",
"small",
"number",
"of",
"stre",
"ets",
"and",
"road",
"s",
"are",
"except",
"ions",
"to",
"the",
"gr",
"id",
"pattern",
".",
"Street",
"gr",
"id",
"lay",
"out",
"Most",
"stre",
"ets",
"in",
"Se",
"attle",
"run",
"either",
"north",
"β",
"south",
"or",
"east",
"β",
"west",
".",
"However",
",",
"this",
"or",
"ient",
"ation",
"does",
"not",
"pre",
"v",
"ail",
"in",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"old",
"est",
"and",
"d",
"ens",
"est",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"town",
",",
"bound",
"ed",
"by",
"El",
"li",
"ott",
"Bay",
"to",
"the",
"west",
",",
"Broad",
"way",
"to",
"the",
"east",
",",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
"to",
"the",
"south",
",",
"and",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Way",
"to",
"the",
"north",
".",
"That",
"except",
"ional",
"area",
"includes",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"Down",
"town",
"Central",
"Business",
"District",
"(",
"C",
"B",
"D",
"),",
"the",
"northern",
"most",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"P",
"ione",
"er",
"S",
"quare",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"C",
"B",
"D",
",",
"First",
"Hill",
"east",
"of",
"the",
"C",
"B",
"D",
",",
"and",
"Bell",
"town",
"and",
"the",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Re",
"grade",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"C",
"B",
"D",
".",
"The",
"gr",
"id",
"is",
"or",
"ient",
"ed",
"32",
"deg",
"re",
"es",
"west",
"of",
"north",
"in",
"the",
"southern",
"portion",
"of",
"that",
"except",
"ional",
"area",
",",
"and",
"49",
"deg",
"re",
"es",
"west",
"of",
"north",
"in",
"the",
"northern",
"portion",
".",
"The",
"two",
"port",
"ions",
"are",
"divided",
"by",
"a",
"line",
"that",
"runs",
"along",
"Ste",
"wart",
"Street",
"(",
"or",
"its",
"right",
"-",
"of",
"-",
"way",
")",
"from",
"Al",
"ask",
"an",
"Way",
"on",
"the",
"Central",
"Water",
"front",
"east",
"to",
"3rd",
"Avenue",
",",
"then",
"along",
"O",
"live",
"Way",
"from",
"3rd",
"Avenue",
"to",
"7th",
"Avenue",
",",
"and",
"along",
"How",
"ell",
"Street",
"from",
"7th",
"Avenue",
"to",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Way",
".",
"Or",
"ig",
"ins",
"These",
"three",
"gr",
"id",
"pattern",
"s",
"(",
"due",
"north",
",",
"32",
"deg",
"re",
"es",
"west",
"of",
"north",
",",
"and",
"49",
"deg",
"re",
"es",
"west",
"of",
"north",
")",
"are",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"a",
"dis",
"agreement",
"between",
"David",
"Sw",
"in",
"son",
"\"",
"D",
"oc",
"\"",
"May",
"n",
"ard",
",",
"whose",
"land",
"claim",
"lay",
"south",
"of",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
",",
"and",
"Arthur",
"A",
".",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"and",
"Car",
"son",
"D",
".",
"Bor",
"en",
",",
"whose",
"land",
"claims",
"lay",
"to",
"the",
"north",
"(",
"with",
"Henry",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"and",
"his",
"mill",
"soon",
"brought",
"in",
"between",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"and",
"the",
"others",
"):",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"and",
"Bor",
"en",
"pre",
"fer",
"red",
"that",
"their",
"stre",
"ets",
"follow",
"the",
"El",
"li",
"ott",
"Bay",
"sh",
"or",
"eline",
",",
"while",
"May",
"n",
"ard",
"fav",
"ored",
"a",
"gr",
"id",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"card",
"inal",
"dire",
"ctions",
"for",
"his",
"(",
"mostly",
"fl",
"at",
",",
"mostly",
"w",
"et",
")",
"claim",
".",
"All",
"three",
"were",
"compet",
"ing",
"to",
"have",
"the",
"down",
"town",
"built",
"on",
"their",
"land",
".",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"pre",
"v",
"ailed",
"in",
"what",
"would",
"become",
"the",
"central",
"business",
"district",
",",
"but",
"it",
"was",
"May",
"n",
"ard",
"'",
"s",
"gr",
"id",
"that",
"ended",
"up",
"being",
"extended",
"throughout",
"the",
"city",
"and",
"into",
"all",
"of",
"King",
"County",
"(",
"60",
"miles",
"east",
"to",
"west",
").",
"Se",
"veral",
"cities",
"in",
"King",
"County",
",",
"such",
"as",
"R",
"ent",
"on",
",",
"Kir",
"k",
"land",
",",
"and",
"North",
"B",
"end",
",",
"have",
"their",
"own",
"nam",
"ing",
"system",
"and",
"gr",
"id",
"in",
"the",
"center",
"of",
"town",
",",
"but",
"May",
"n",
"ard",
"'",
"s",
"P",
"ione",
"er",
"S",
"quare",
"β",
"based",
"gr",
"id",
"officially",
"c",
"overs",
"the",
"entire",
"county",
".",
"Ad",
"dress",
"ing",
"Street",
"address",
"es",
"in",
"Se",
"attle",
"(",
"and",
"throughout",
"much",
"of",
"King",
"County",
")",
"follow",
"a",
"un",
"i",
"form",
"number",
"ing",
"plan",
".",
"On",
"road",
"s",
"that",
"run",
"north",
"and",
"south",
"[",
"generally",
"called",
"an",
"Avenue",
"]",
",",
"od",
"d",
"number",
"ed",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"west",
"side",
"and",
"even",
"number",
"ed",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"east",
"side",
".",
"On",
"road",
"s",
"that",
"run",
"east",
"and",
"west",
"[",
"generally",
"called",
"a",
"Street",
"]",
",",
"od",
"d",
"number",
"ed",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"south",
"side",
"and",
"even",
"number",
"ed",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"north",
"side",
".",
"The",
"address",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"its",
"location",
"rel",
"ative",
"to",
"the",
"gr",
"id",
"(",
"not",
"rel",
"ative",
"to",
"the",
"location",
"of",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"each",
"separate",
"road",
",",
"or",
"its",
"near",
"est",
"inter",
"section",
")",
"with",
"the",
"last",
"two",
"dig",
"its",
"con",
"secut",
"ively",
"incre",
"ment",
"ing",
"with",
"the",
"gr",
"id",
"and",
"the",
"leading",
"dig",
"its",
"design",
"ating",
"the",
"location",
"on",
"the",
"gr",
"id",
".",
"Some",
"mn",
"em",
"on",
"ics",
"are",
"help",
"ful",
"here",
":",
"S",
"Tre",
"ets",
"run",
"e",
"a",
"ST",
"and",
"we",
"ST",
"ave",
"N",
"ue",
"S",
"run",
"North",
"and",
"South",
"E",
"ve",
"N",
"number",
"ed",
"address",
"es",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"East",
"and",
"North",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"road",
"(",
"which",
"is",
"likely",
"called",
"a",
"street",
"or",
"aven",
"ue",
")",
"The",
"name",
"3",
"2nd",
"Avenue",
"NE",
"ap",
"pl",
"ies",
"to",
"several",
"phys",
"ically",
"dis",
"continu",
"ous",
"street",
"se",
"g",
"ments",
"running",
"along",
"approximately",
"the",
"same",
"line",
"of",
"the",
"gr",
"id",
".",
"One",
"of",
"these",
"se",
"g",
"ments",
"runs",
"from",
"NE",
"75",
"th",
"Street",
"to",
"NE",
"80",
"th",
"Street",
",",
"cross",
"ed",
"only",
"by",
"NE",
"77",
"th",
"Street",
";",
"its",
"two",
"b",
"loc",
"ks",
"are",
"the",
"75",
"00",
"block",
"and",
"the",
"77",
"00",
"block",
".",
"Buildings",
"on",
"that",
"street",
"between",
"75",
"th",
"and",
"77",
"th",
"would",
"have",
"four",
"-",
"dig",
"it",
"address",
"es",
"beginning",
"with",
"75",
";",
"buildings",
"above",
"77",
"th",
"would",
"have",
"four",
"-",
"dig",
"it",
"address",
"es",
"beginning",
"with",
"77",
".",
"If",
"there",
"is",
"such",
"an",
"address",
"as",
"77",
"64",
"3",
"2nd",
"Avenue",
"NE",
",",
"then",
"it",
"is",
"on",
"the",
"east",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"street",
"rather",
"far",
"up",
"the",
"77",
"00",
"block",
",",
"and",
"if",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"77",
"65",
"it",
"will",
"be",
"approximately",
"across",
"the",
"street",
"from",
"77",
"64",
".",
"North",
"of",
"the",
"ship",
"can",
"al",
"in",
"Se",
"attle",
",",
"and",
"north",
"of",
"NE",
"14",
"0",
"th",
"St",
"in",
"East",
"King",
"County",
",",
"gr",
"id",
"numbers",
"are",
"spread",
"in",
"incre",
"ments",
"by",
"20",
"per",
"m",
"ile",
"(",
"which",
"works",
"out",
"to",
"one",
"num",
"er",
"ical",
"block",
"per",
"minute",
"when",
"wal",
"king",
"at",
"3",
"miles",
"per",
"hour",
").",
"In",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"King",
"County",
"(",
"south",
"of",
"NE",
"14",
"0",
"th",
"St",
",",
"and",
"east",
"of",
"68",
"th",
"A",
"ve",
"NE",
"at",
"the",
"north",
"end",
"of",
"Lake",
"Washington",
"),",
"gr",
"id",
"numbers",
"are",
"spread",
"in",
"incre",
"ments",
"16",
"per",
"m",
"ile",
"(",
"which",
"works",
"out",
"to",
"10",
"per",
"k",
"il",
"ome",
"ter",
").",
"D",
"ue",
"to",
"the",
"regular",
"sp",
"ac",
"ing",
"of",
"street",
"numbers",
",",
"approx",
"imate",
"dist",
"ances",
"between",
"two",
"points",
"on",
"the",
"gr",
"id",
"can",
"be",
"e",
"as",
"ily",
"cal",
"c",
"ulated",
".",
"A",
"few",
"older",
"cities",
"within",
"King",
"County",
"have",
"their",
"own",
"distin",
"ct",
"number",
"ing",
"plan",
",",
"cent",
"ered",
"on",
"their",
"own",
"historic",
"down",
"town",
"areas",
",",
"including",
"much",
"of",
"R",
"ent",
"on",
"and",
"historic",
"parts",
"of",
"Kir",
"k",
"land",
".",
"In",
"Kir",
"k",
"land",
",",
"stre",
"ets",
"and",
"aven",
"ues",
"run",
"per",
"p",
"end",
"ic",
"ular",
"to",
"the",
"us",
"ual",
"King",
"County",
"design",
"ations",
".",
"In",
"R",
"ent",
"on",
"(",
"east",
"of",
"I",
"-",
"40",
"5",
"),",
"aven",
"ues",
"are",
"named",
"for",
"Washington",
"State",
"communities",
"and",
"arran",
"ged",
"in",
"al",
"pha",
"bet",
"ical",
"order",
"(",
"A",
"ber",
"de",
"en",
",",
"Bl",
"ain",
"e",
",",
"Cam",
"as",
",",
"et",
"c",
".",
").",
"In",
"Se",
"attle",
",",
"the",
"names",
"of",
"the",
"tw",
"el",
"ve",
"stre",
"ets",
"in",
"the",
"heart",
"of",
"the",
"central",
"business",
"district",
"are",
"pair",
"ed",
"by",
"their",
"first",
"let",
"ters",
".",
"From",
"south",
"to",
"north",
",",
"they",
"are",
":",
"Jeff",
"erson",
",",
"James",
",",
"Ch",
"er",
"ry",
",",
"Columbia",
",",
"Mar",
"ion",
",",
"Mad",
"ison",
",",
"Spring",
",",
"S",
"ene",
"ca",
",",
"University",
",",
"Union",
",",
"P",
"ike",
",",
"P",
"ine",
".",
"One",
"way",
"to",
"re",
"member",
"the",
"order",
"of",
"the",
"street",
"p",
"airs",
"is",
"with",
"the",
"mn",
"em",
"onic",
"\"",
"Jes",
"us",
"Christ",
"M",
"ade",
"Se",
"attle",
"Under",
"Pro",
"test",
"\"",
"(",
"or",
"\"",
"Press",
"ure",
"\")",
"(",
"J",
"C",
"MS",
"U",
"P",
").",
"On",
"ly",
"one",
"street",
"in",
"Se",
"attle",
",",
"Mad",
"ison",
"Street",
",",
"runs",
"un",
"inter",
"rup",
"ted",
"from",
"the",
"sal",
"t",
"water",
"of",
"P",
"ug",
"et",
"Sound",
"in",
"the",
"west",
"to",
"the",
"fr",
"esh",
"water",
"of",
"Lake",
"Washington",
"in",
"the",
"east",
".",
"The",
"un",
"us",
"ual",
"or",
"ient",
"ation",
"and",
"cont",
"ig",
"u",
"ous",
"nature",
"of",
"this",
"street",
"d",
"ates",
"back",
"to",
"a",
"time",
"when",
"it",
"was",
"a",
"direct",
"route",
"to",
"a",
"cross",
"-",
"lake",
"fer",
"ry",
"between",
"Mad",
"ison",
"Park",
"and",
"H",
"ough",
"ton",
"on",
"the",
"east",
"side",
"of",
"Lake",
"Washington",
".",
"A",
"c",
"able",
"car",
"once",
"operated",
"on",
"Mad",
"ison",
"Street",
"from",
"down",
"town",
"Se",
"attle",
"to",
"the",
"fer",
"ry",
"termin",
"al",
"at",
"Mad",
"ison",
"Park",
",",
"and",
"the",
"fer",
"ry",
"route",
"con",
"stitut",
"ed",
"an",
"almost",
"lin",
"ear",
"continu",
"ation",
"of",
"the",
"street",
"across",
"the",
"lake",
".",
"Other",
"historical",
"c",
"able",
"cars",
"ran",
"along",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
",",
"Jackson",
"Street",
",",
"Queen",
"Anne",
"Avenue",
"β",
"\"",
"The",
"Coun",
"ter",
"bal",
"ance",
"\",",
"and",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"-",
"2nd",
"Avenue",
").",
"No",
"street",
",",
"excl",
"ud",
"ing",
"Inter",
"state",
"5",
"and",
"State",
"Route",
"99",
"β",
"both",
"fre",
"ew",
"ays",
"in",
"whole",
"or",
"in",
"part",
"β",
"runs",
"without",
"inter",
"rupt",
"ion",
"from",
"the",
"northern",
"to",
"the",
"southern",
"city",
"lim",
"its",
".",
"This",
"is",
"largely",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"Se",
"attle",
"'",
"s",
"to",
"po",
"graphy",
".",
"S",
"pl",
"it",
"by",
"the",
"Du",
"w",
"am",
"ish",
"River",
"and",
"the",
"Lake",
"Washington",
"Sh",
"ip",
"Can",
"al",
",",
"contain",
"ing",
"four",
"l",
"akes",
"within",
"the",
"city",
"lim",
"its",
",",
"and",
"bo",
"ast",
"ing",
"deep",
"r",
"av",
"ines",
"and",
"at",
"least",
"seven",
"hill",
"s",
"there",
"are",
"few",
"more",
"-",
"or",
"-",
"less",
"stra",
"ight",
"rout",
"es",
"where",
"such",
"a",
"road",
"could",
"reason",
"ably",
"be",
"built",
",",
"even",
"allow",
"ing",
"for",
"the",
"short",
"bridge",
"or",
"two",
".",
"Dire",
"ction",
"als",
"Se",
"attle",
"and",
"King",
"County",
"make",
"system",
"atic",
"use",
"of",
"direction",
"als",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"N",
"for",
"north",
"or",
"NE",
"for",
"nor",
"theast",
")",
"in",
"street",
"names",
",",
"although",
"residents",
"often",
"om",
"it",
"the",
"direction",
"als",
"when",
"describ",
"ing",
"address",
"es",
"in",
"their",
"own",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"s",
".",
"To",
"a",
"less",
"er",
"degree",
",",
"street",
"types",
"such",
"as",
"aven",
"ue",
"and",
"street",
"are",
"also",
"used",
"system",
"at",
"ically",
".",
"As",
"a",
"rule",
",",
"\"",
"stre",
"ets",
"\"",
"run",
"east",
"β",
"west",
"(",
"or",
",",
"in",
"and",
"near",
"down",
"town",
",",
"nor",
"theast",
"β",
"south",
"west",
"),",
"and",
"\"",
"aven",
"ues",
"\"",
"run",
"north",
"β",
"south",
"(",
"or",
",",
"in",
"and",
"near",
"down",
"town",
",",
"north",
"west",
"β",
"sou",
"theast",
").",
"A",
"road",
",",
"b",
"ou",
"le",
"vard",
",",
"way",
",",
"or",
"thor",
"ough",
"f",
"are",
"with",
"any",
"other",
"type",
"design",
"ation",
"may",
"run",
"in",
"any",
"direction",
".",
"The",
"land",
"bound",
"aries",
"of",
"the",
"district",
"l",
"aid",
"out",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"and",
"Bor",
"en",
"pl",
"ats",
"that",
"follow",
"the",
"sh",
"or",
"eline",
"are",
"all",
"\"",
"W",
"ays",
"\"",
"(",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Way",
",",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
",",
"Broad",
"way",
").",
"Further",
"more",
":",
"\"",
"St",
"re",
"ets",
"\"",
"and",
"other",
"east",
"β",
"west",
"thor",
"ough",
"far",
"es",
"pre",
"fix",
"the",
"direction",
"al",
";",
"for",
"example",
"NE",
"45",
"th",
"Street",
".",
"\"",
"A",
"ven",
"ues",
"\"",
"and",
"other",
"north",
"β",
"south",
"thor",
"ough",
"far",
"es",
"su",
"ff",
"ix",
"the",
"direction",
"al",
";",
"for",
"example",
"15",
"th",
"Avenue",
"NE",
",",
"University",
"Way",
"NE",
".",
"A",
"mn",
"em",
"onic",
"for",
"direction",
"als",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"general",
"direction",
"of",
"a",
"thor",
"ough",
"f",
"are",
"is",
"the",
"direction",
"near",
"er",
"its",
"name",
"or",
"number",
";",
"for",
"example",
"NE",
"45",
"th",
"Street",
"runs",
"generally",
"east",
"(",
"and",
"west",
"),",
"while",
"University",
"Way",
"NE",
"runs",
"generally",
"north",
"(",
"and",
"south",
").",
"\"",
"Places",
"\"",
"are",
"usually",
"cul",
"-",
"de",
"-",
"s",
"ac",
"s",
"or",
"dead",
"-",
"ends",
"and",
"run",
"in",
"any",
"direction",
".",
"In",
"most",
"se",
"ctions",
"of",
"the",
"city",
",",
"the",
"same",
"direction",
"al",
"is",
"used",
"for",
"both",
"of",
"these",
"pur",
"pos",
"es",
";",
"the",
"except",
"ions",
"are",
"immediately",
"east",
"and",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"down",
"town",
"area",
",",
"and",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"any",
"direction",
"als",
"in",
"the",
"down",
"town",
"area",
"itself",
".",
"Se",
"attle",
"is",
"divided",
"into",
"ten",
"se",
"ctions",
",",
"each",
"with",
"a",
"different",
"comb",
"ination",
"of",
"direction",
"als",
".",
"North",
"of",
"the",
"Lake",
"Washington",
"Sh",
"ip",
"Can",
"al",
"are",
"the",
"following",
"se",
"ctions",
":",
"west",
"of",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"N",
"W",
",",
"the",
"N",
"W",
"section",
";",
"between",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"N",
"W",
"and",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"NE",
",",
"the",
"N",
"section",
";",
"east",
"of",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"NE",
",",
"the",
"NE",
"section",
".",
"South",
"of",
"the",
"can",
"al",
"but",
"north",
"of",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Way",
"are",
"the",
"following",
"se",
"ctions",
":",
"west",
"of",
"Queen",
"Anne",
"Avenue",
"N",
",",
"the",
"W",
"section",
";",
"between",
"Queen",
"Anne",
"Avenue",
"N",
"and",
"a",
"border",
"defin",
"ed",
"by",
"East",
"lake",
"Avenue",
"E",
"(",
"south",
"of",
"E",
"N",
"el",
"son",
"Place",
")",
"and",
"Lake",
"Union",
"(",
"north",
"of",
"E",
"N",
"el",
"son",
"Place",
"),",
"the",
"Avenue",
"N",
"section",
",",
"in",
"which",
"aven",
"ues",
"are",
"su",
"ff",
"ix",
"ed",
"N",
"and",
"in",
"which",
"stre",
"ets",
"have",
"no",
"pre",
"fix",
";",
"east",
"of",
"the",
"East",
"lake",
"Avenue",
"E",
"β",
"Lake",
"Union",
"border",
",",
"the",
"E",
"section",
".",
"South",
"of",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Way",
"but",
"north",
"of",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
"are",
"two",
"se",
"ctions",
":",
"east",
"of",
"Broad",
"way",
"from",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
"north",
"to",
"Union",
"Street",
",",
"east",
"of",
"Min",
"or",
"Avenue",
"from",
"Union",
"Street",
"north",
"to",
"P",
"ike",
"Street",
",",
"and",
"east",
"of",
"Mel",
"ro",
"se",
"Avenue",
"from",
"P",
"ike",
"Street",
"north",
"to",
"D",
"enn",
"y",
"Way",
",",
"the",
"E",
"Street",
"section",
",",
"stre",
"ets",
"are",
"pre",
"fix",
"ed",
"E",
"and",
"aven",
"ues",
"have",
"no",
"su",
"ff",
"ix",
";",
"to",
"the",
"west",
"of",
"this",
"border",
",",
"the",
"down",
"town",
"section",
",",
"no",
"direction",
"als",
"are",
"used",
".",
"South",
"of",
"Y",
"es",
"ler",
"Way",
"are",
"two",
"se",
"ctions",
":",
"east",
"of",
"the",
"water",
"front",
"and",
"(",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"Du",
"w",
"am",
"ish",
"Water",
"way",
")",
"east",
"of",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"S",
",",
"the",
"S",
"section",
";",
"and",
"west",
"of",
"1st",
"Avenue",
"S",
",",
"the",
"S",
"W",
"section",
".",
"With",
"in",
"the",
"Se",
"attle",
"city",
"lim",
"its",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"SE",
"section",
";",
"however",
",",
"the",
"non",
"-",
"Se",
"attle",
"SE",
"section",
"contains",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"sou",
"the",
"astern",
"sub",
"ur",
"bs",
"and",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"southern",
"King",
"County",
",",
"including",
"Mer",
"cer",
"Island",
",",
"parts",
"of",
"R",
"ent",
"on",
",",
"and",
"Bel",
"le",
"v",
"ue",
"south",
"of",
"Main",
"Street",
",",
"Sam",
"m",
"am",
"ish",
"south",
"of",
"E",
"Main",
"Street",
",",
"and",
"other",
"loc",
"ations",
"within",
"the",
"county",
".",
"Ar",
"ter",
"ials",
"defin",
"ed",
"The",
"city",
"defin",
"es",
"Princ",
"ipal",
",",
"Min",
"or",
",",
"and",
"Col",
"le",
"ctor",
"ar",
"ter",
"ials",
":",
"Princ",
"ipal",
"ar",
"ter",
"ials",
"serve",
"as",
"the",
"princ",
"ipal",
"route",
"for",
"the",
"movement",
"of",
"traff",
"ic",
"through",
"the",
"city",
".",
"These",
"conne",
"ct",
"inter",
"state",
"fre",
"ew",
"ays",
"to",
"major",
"activity",
"cent",
"ers",
",",
"to",
"minor",
"and",
"colle",
"ctor",
"ar",
"ter",
"ial",
"stre",
"ets",
"and",
"directly",
"to",
"dest",
"in",
"ations",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"inter",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"traff",
"ic",
".",
"Min",
"or",
"ar",
"ter",
"ials",
"are",
"generally",
"located",
"on",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"bound",
"aries",
"except",
"when",
"necess",
"ary",
"to",
"provide",
"ade",
"qu",
"ate",
"service",
"to",
"traff",
"ic",
"gener",
"ators",
"located",
"within",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"s",
".",
"Col",
"le",
"ctor",
"ar",
"ter",
"ials",
"are",
"typically",
"located",
"within",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"bound",
"aries",
"and",
"serve",
"small",
"group",
"of",
"stor",
"es",
",",
"schools",
",",
"small",
"apart",
"ment",
"complex",
"es",
",",
"and",
"resident",
"ial",
"land",
"uses",
".",
"Ac",
"cess",
"St",
"re",
"ets",
"are",
"resident",
"ial",
"and",
"commercial",
"side",
"stre",
"ets",
".",
"See",
"also",
"Se",
"attle",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"s",
"for",
"articles",
"on",
"individual",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"s",
",",
"including",
"information",
"on",
"thor",
"ough",
"far",
"es",
".",
"References",
"Bibliography",
".",
"Sh",
"ows",
"the",
"land",
"sc",
"ape",
"car",
"ved",
"by",
"the",
"V",
"ash",
"on",
"Gl",
"ac",
"ier",
"some",
"14",
",",
"000",
"years",
"ago",
".",
".",
"(",
"First",
"lin",
"k",
"shows",
"a",
"sl",
"ight",
"ly",
"longer",
"ex",
"cer",
"pt",
"of",
"the",
"article",
"than",
"J",
"ST",
"O",
"R",
".)",
".",
".",
".",
".",
".",
"On",
"line",
"se",
"lection",
"from",
"Kar",
"l",
"Sam",
"son",
"(",
"2006",
"),",
"From",
"mer",
"'",
"s",
"Se",
"attle",
"2006",
"[",
"Tit",
"le",
"incre",
"ment",
"ed",
"ann",
"ually",
"each",
"January",
"]",
",",
"W",
"ile",
"y",
",",
".",
".",
".",
".",
".",
"Further",
"reading",
"\"",
"Metro",
"M",
"em",
"ories",
"scr",
"ap",
"book",
"\"",
"on",
"official",
"King",
"County",
"site",
",",
"page",
"\"",
"created",
"on",
"the",
"occas",
"ion",
"of",
"the",
"th",
"ir",
"t",
"ie",
"th",
"ann",
"ivers",
"ary",
"of",
"Metro",
",",
"2003",
"\".",
"External",
"links",
"Joe",
"Thom",
"pson",
",",
"C",
"able",
"Car",
"L",
"ines",
"in",
"the",
"Pacific",
"North",
"west",
",",
"self",
"-",
"published",
",",
"describ",
"es",
"several",
"former",
"Se",
"attle",
"c",
"able",
"car",
"lines",
"and",
"includes",
"old",
"post",
"card",
"im",
"ages",
".",
"Geography",
"of",
"Se",
"attle",
"Se",
"attle",
"met",
"ro",
"politan",
"area"
] | [
24627,
29043,
27773,
24767,
24595,
24779,
25943,
24593,
25413,
24584,
69,
25268,
24595,
24913,
27431,
24826,
29470,
24822,
25119,
29043,
24699,
27046,
18,
27286,
24595,
24779,
25943,
24596,
25478,
25239,
25043,
69,
25789,
29043,
24699,
24630,
16,
24586,
25397,
24588,
24584,
29759,
25855,
18,
50,
24717,
24585,
25886,
24595,
24585,
25491,
16,
26273,
24775,
29883,
24747,
27712,
24826,
24581,
24585,
27012,
25087,
24651,
25932,
25576,
24586,
25397,
24588,
24699,
27046,
16,
24763,
26043,
27295,
24723,
28471,
18,
40,
24641,
24581,
24637,
24633,
24586,
25397,
24588,
24699,
27046,
24762,
26744,
24581,
25191,
28500,
24583,
24687,
92,
24588,
24647,
24779,
25943,
24581,
24585,
25551,
26025,
25087,
16,
25221,
24594,
29030,
24695,
24596,
26026,
25305,
18,
37,
25734,
25387,
24595,
29771,
25525,
24596,
25283,
87,
24686,
28677,
24921,
24601,
24585,
24699,
24630,
29882,
18,
26235,
24699,
24630,
27773,
24767,
27286,
29771,
25525,
24581,
24779,
25943,
25399,
27360,
25855,
4992,
25900,
24586,
26376,
4992,
25820,
18,
25805,
16,
24927,
24586,
25397,
24626,
26839,
24809,
24970,
90,
24916,
24581,
24748,
24595,
24585,
24867,
24655,
24596,
72,
24845,
24655,
27285,
24595,
24585,
25305,
16,
27219,
24588,
24647,
25421,
24952,
25568,
26601,
24601,
24585,
25820,
16,
28050,
24968,
24601,
24585,
26376,
16,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
24601,
24585,
25900,
16,
24596,
40,
25187,
93,
28411,
24601,
24585,
25855,
18,
27910,
28677,
25183,
25450,
27029,
24663,
24595,
24585,
28777,
25305,
26484,
28513,
25730,
12,
39,
38,
40,
24758,
24585,
27619,
25066,
24791,
24595,
24585,
52,
28703,
24582,
55,
27781,
28932,
26931,
25900,
24595,
24585,
39,
38,
40,
16,
26204,
26548,
26376,
24595,
24585,
39,
38,
40,
16,
24596,
28443,
25305,
24596,
24585,
40,
25187,
93,
24693,
28909,
25855,
24595,
24585,
39,
38,
40,
18,
24627,
24699,
24630,
24593,
24586,
25397,
24588,
27056,
26725,
24600,
24589,
25820,
24595,
25855,
24581,
24585,
27614,
29187,
24595,
24682,
28677,
25183,
25450,
16,
24596,
27461,
26725,
24600,
24589,
25820,
24595,
25855,
24581,
24585,
27619,
29187,
18,
24627,
24907,
24873,
24921,
24686,
28887,
24647,
69,
25315,
24682,
27690,
25635,
25550,
29196,
26235,
12,
24586,
24783,
25459,
17,
24595,
17,
24968,
13,
24672,
24788,
25370,
24583,
28411,
24584,
24585,
26484,
28004,
26633,
26376,
24601,
27612,
28902,
16,
25115,
25635,
51,
26622,
28411,
24672,
27612,
28902,
24601,
29962,
28902,
16,
24596,
25635,
27390,
24731,
26235,
24672,
29962,
28902,
24601,
40,
25187,
93,
28411,
18,
25156,
24628,
25080,
26370,
25151,
24699,
24630,
29882,
87,
12,
25769,
25855,
16,
27056,
26725,
24600,
24589,
25820,
24595,
25855,
16,
24596,
27461,
26725,
24600,
24589,
25820,
24595,
25855,
13,
24686,
24585,
26242,
24595,
69,
24913,
29243,
25142,
26148,
25504,
24581,
24951,
6,
40,
24670,
6,
25176,
82,
24695,
16,
27524,
24775,
26019,
27773,
25900,
24595,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
16,
24596,
28687,
37,
18,
40,
25187,
93,
24596,
25198,
24951,
40,
18,
27283,
24587,
16,
27524,
24775,
29883,
27773,
24601,
24585,
25855,
12,
24651,
26841,
61,
24589,
25819,
24596,
24684,
25702,
27778,
27675,
24581,
25142,
40,
25187,
93,
24596,
24585,
26662,
26828,
40,
25187,
93,
24596,
27283,
24587,
24970,
24720,
25204,
24682,
24862,
29771,
25525,
25181,
24585,
25421,
24952,
25568,
26601,
24690,
24586,
29741,
16,
25293,
25176,
82,
24695,
27288,
25839,
69,
24699,
24630,
25413,
24584,
24585,
27853,
28126,
25195,
25509,
24618,
24684,
12,
28233,
24949,
24590,
16,
28233,
91,
24645,
13,
26019,
18,
25361,
25151,
24747,
25574,
24599,
24601,
24920,
24585,
25581,
25305,
25679,
24584,
24862,
24775,
18,
40,
25187,
93,
24970,
90,
28320,
24581,
26111,
25084,
26326,
24585,
27016,
26045,
25906,
16,
24835,
24598,
24625,
25176,
82,
24695,
11,
87,
24699,
24630,
24682,
25396,
24772,
25270,
28747,
27181,
24585,
25491,
24596,
25000,
24663,
24595,
25478,
25239,
12,
26366,
29696,
26376,
24601,
25820,
24874,
24779,
25452,
28500,
24581,
25478,
25239,
16,
25221,
24594,
54,
24609,
24584,
16,
28512,
79,
24775,
16,
24596,
25386,
38,
24725,
16,
24920,
24862,
24781,
25225,
24599,
25490,
24596,
24699,
24630,
24581,
24585,
25886,
24595,
25305,
16,
24835,
25176,
82,
24695,
11,
87,
52,
28703,
24582,
55,
27781,
4992,
25413,
24699,
24630,
28842,
71,
27284,
24585,
27239,
27717,
18,
25266,
27410,
24599,
26235,
28987,
24589,
24581,
24779,
25943,
12,
24596,
27181,
26302,
24595,
25478,
25239,
13,
25181,
69,
24631,
77,
24839,
25387,
24599,
26874,
18,
24964,
25283,
87,
24682,
25399,
25855,
24596,
25900,
63,
28005,
25446,
24583,
28902,
65,
16,
24694,
72,
25387,
24588,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24584,
24585,
25820,
25615,
24596,
26142,
25387,
24588,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24584,
24585,
26376,
25615,
18,
24964,
25283,
87,
24682,
25399,
26376,
24596,
25820,
63,
28005,
25446,
69,
26235,
65,
16,
24694,
72,
25387,
24588,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24584,
24585,
25900,
25615,
24596,
26142,
25387,
24588,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24584,
24585,
25855,
25615,
18,
24627,
28987,
24593,
25413,
24584,
24783,
27804,
25050,
25077,
24601,
24585,
24699,
24630,
12,
24809,
25050,
25077,
24601,
24585,
27804,
24595,
24585,
27790,
24595,
25703,
28664,
25283,
16,
24586,
24783,
25532,
24655,
25033,
26975,
13,
24651,
24585,
25812,
24907,
27699,
24783,
24652,
28603,
26029,
26042,
24718,
24599,
24651,
24585,
24699,
24630,
24596,
24585,
27000,
27699,
24783,
25405,
25105,
24585,
27804,
24584,
24585,
24699,
24630,
18,
26726,
29121,
24635,
24584,
24930,
24686,
26709,
25180,
28462,
30,
55,
28166,
25525,
25399,
73,
69,
28314,
24596,
24887,
28314,
24820,
50,
24802,
55,
25399,
25386,
24596,
25236,
41,
24961,
50,
25387,
24588,
28987,
24589,
24686,
24584,
24585,
25962,
24596,
25386,
25615,
24595,
24585,
25283,
12,
24763,
24593,
28447,
25446,
69,
29043,
24586,
28195,
24802,
13,
24627,
25364,
23,
26956,
28902,
27252,
24654,
24659,
24675,
24601,
25548,
26694,
25686,
24913,
25777,
24797,
29043,
24620,
75,
25272,
27831,
25635,
27788,
24585,
25515,
25315,
24595,
24585,
24699,
24630,
18,
25954,
24595,
25639,
24620,
75,
25272,
27690,
24672,
27252,
27183,
24580,
26235,
24601,
27252,
26654,
24580,
26235,
16,
27101,
24588,
25089,
24647,
27252,
28423,
24580,
26235,
31,
24783,
24907,
70,
24938,
24737,
24686,
24585,
27183,
24799,
28517,
24596,
24585,
28423,
24799,
28517,
18,
29994,
24584,
24682,
29043,
25142,
27183,
24580,
24596,
28423,
24580,
25084,
24920,
25253,
17,
27699,
24598,
28987,
24589,
27790,
24651,
27183,
31,
26800,
27356,
28423,
24580,
25084,
24920,
25253,
17,
27699,
24598,
28987,
24589,
27790,
24651,
28423,
18,
27745,
25201,
24593,
25221,
24583,
28987,
24594,
28423,
27649,
23,
26956,
28902,
27252,
16,
25115,
24598,
24593,
24584,
24585,
26376,
25615,
24595,
24585,
29043,
27641,
27111,
24772,
24585,
28423,
24799,
28517,
16,
24596,
24692,
25201,
24593,
69,
28423,
27005,
24598,
25494,
24636,
27788,
26836,
24585,
29043,
24672,
28423,
27649,
18,
25386,
24595,
24585,
24929,
24995,
24591,
24581,
24779,
25943,
16,
24596,
25855,
24595,
27252,
25129,
20,
24580,
24709,
24581,
25962,
25478,
25239,
16,
24699,
24630,
29088,
24686,
29697,
24581,
26042,
25272,
24647,
24623,
24726,
81,
24890,
12,
24763,
25994,
24767,
24601,
24748,
25186,
24582,
24757,
28517,
24726,
29708,
25091,
27676,
25889,
24590,
23,
29696,
24726,
29683,
24874,
24657,
26302,
24595,
24585,
25448,
24595,
25478,
25239,
12,
25900,
24595,
27252,
25129,
20,
24580,
24709,
16,
24596,
26376,
24595,
28950,
24580,
37,
24961,
27252,
24590,
24585,
25855,
24725,
24595,
26954,
26430,
24758,
24699,
24630,
29088,
24686,
29697,
24581,
26042,
25272,
25009,
24726,
81,
24890,
12,
24763,
25994,
24767,
24601,
24975,
24726,
79,
24608,
24859,
24621,
24874,
40,
24802,
24601,
24585,
26861,
24878,
24616,
24599,
24595,
29043,
29088,
16,
27448,
27211,
26079,
26612,
25142,
24907,
26517,
24584,
24585,
24699,
24630,
24995,
24636,
73,
24594,
25038,
26775,
71,
26826,
18,
37,
26375,
28002,
28500,
25880,
25478,
25239,
24920,
24862,
24781,
28767,
24637,
25387,
24599,
26874,
16,
24804,
25351,
24584,
24862,
24781,
28575,
25581,
25305,
26610,
16,
25260,
26302,
24595,
54,
24609,
24584,
24596,
28575,
27285,
24595,
28512,
79,
24775,
18,
24657,
28512,
79,
24775,
16,
29771,
25525,
24596,
28195,
25966,
25399,
24726,
84,
24725,
24597,
25119,
24601,
24585,
24640,
25132,
25478,
25239,
25405,
24833,
18,
24657,
54,
24609,
24584,
12,
26376,
24595,
45,
17,
25929,
25,
24758,
28195,
25966,
24686,
25533,
24618,
26430,
25461,
28358,
24596,
28009,
26162,
24581,
24591,
29832,
26765,
24757,
25683,
12,
37,
24681,
24650,
24587,
16,
25241,
24667,
73,
16,
26328,
24594,
16,
24645,
71,
18,
24874,
24657,
24779,
25943,
16,
24585,
27290,
24595,
24585,
24759,
24613,
24961,
29771,
25525,
24581,
24585,
28675,
24595,
24585,
27016,
26045,
25906,
24686,
27904,
24588,
24647,
24862,
24818,
25171,
24998,
18,
26228,
25900,
24601,
25855,
16,
25002,
24686,
30,
28674,
25170,
16,
26033,
16,
24698,
24582,
25064,
16,
27949,
16,
24829,
24602,
16,
26431,
25670,
16,
29000,
16,
55,
25410,
25656,
16,
25015,
16,
26275,
16,
52,
26504,
16,
52,
24734,
18,
25954,
24968,
24601,
24600,
25537,
24585,
25683,
24595,
24585,
29043,
84,
26859,
24593,
24651,
24585,
29121,
24635,
29602,
6,
28386,
24640,
25707,
49,
24899,
24779,
25943,
27245,
25057,
25881,
6,
12,
24586,
6,
26647,
24794,
27687,
12,
46,
39,
28116,
57,
52,
24874,
24964,
24633,
24748,
29043,
24581,
24779,
25943,
16,
26431,
25670,
26235,
16,
27690,
24631,
25033,
27552,
24826,
24672,
24585,
27607,
88,
25801,
24595,
52,
24880,
24645,
29028,
24581,
24585,
25820,
24601,
24585,
24653,
26297,
25801,
24595,
26954,
26430,
24581,
24585,
26376,
18,
24627,
24631,
24640,
25132,
24586,
25397,
24626,
24596,
25062,
24628,
89,
24797,
28903,
24595,
24927,
29043,
72,
24855,
25152,
24601,
69,
24978,
25091,
24598,
24625,
69,
26340,
27895,
24601,
69,
27101,
17,
29800,
24720,
25064,
25142,
26431,
25670,
25840,
24596,
44,
24812,
24915,
24584,
24585,
26376,
25615,
24595,
26954,
26430,
18,
37,
71,
24914,
25653,
26995,
27944,
24584,
26431,
25670,
26235,
24672,
25581,
25305,
24779,
25943,
24601,
24585,
24720,
25064,
26667,
24591,
24590,
26431,
25670,
25840,
16,
24596,
24585,
24720,
25064,
27895,
24652,
26566,
24588,
24583,
27708,
24823,
24717,
25777,
24626,
24595,
24585,
29043,
26836,
24585,
29800,
18,
26594,
28291,
71,
24914,
29197,
24771,
25635,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
16,
28334,
26235,
16,
27762,
29692,
28902,
4993,
6,
24627,
24989,
24621,
27834,
24985,
25243,
24596,
26636,
28902,
17,
26956,
28902,
24874,
25694,
29043,
16,
28780,
24711,
24599,
26620,
25338,
25,
24596,
25461,
28630,
28085,
4993,
25379,
28728,
24774,
25895,
24581,
29080,
24586,
24581,
24791,
4993,
27690,
26443,
25033,
28577,
24602,
24672,
24585,
27619,
24601,
24585,
27614,
25491,
25869,
24783,
18,
25111,
24593,
29659,
24585,
26242,
24595,
24779,
25943,
11,
87,
24601,
24902,
25485,
18,
55,
24659,
24598,
24647,
24585,
26758,
91,
24611,
24679,
25910,
24596,
24585,
26954,
26430,
24950,
24696,
25189,
24591,
16,
26189,
24599,
25253,
80,
25883,
25880,
24585,
25491,
25869,
24783,
16,
24596,
24807,
24745,
24599,
28921,
86,
24668,
25675,
24596,
24590,
27306,
26564,
28480,
87,
25201,
24686,
26375,
25060,
17,
24586,
17,
25765,
28867,
24789,
29497,
24589,
25072,
25221,
69,
25283,
25803,
27650,
26729,
24636,
25679,
16,
26142,
25813,
24599,
24618,
24585,
25903,
26555,
24586,
24907,
18,
26873,
24768,
24702,
24779,
25943,
24596,
25478,
25239,
26127,
25490,
25677,
25043,
24595,
29114,
24702,
12,
25221,
24594,
50,
24618,
25855,
24586,
27252,
24618,
25248,
27604,
13,
24581,
29043,
27290,
16,
26893,
28857,
26133,
24605,
24598,
24585,
29114,
24702,
25091,
25724,
24599,
28987,
24589,
24581,
24862,
24781,
28932,
26931,
87,
18,
26071,
69,
25765,
24582,
27261,
16,
29043,
28991,
25221,
24594,
28195,
24802,
24596,
29043,
24686,
24762,
25030,
25490,
24590,
25686,
18,
24906,
69,
29086,
16,
6,
29771,
25525,
6,
25399,
26376,
4992,
25820,
12,
24586,
16,
24581,
24596,
25532,
25581,
25305,
16,
25248,
27604,
4992,
25900,
25820,
24758,
24596,
6,
28195,
25966,
6,
25399,
25855,
4992,
25900,
12,
24586,
16,
24581,
24596,
25532,
25581,
25305,
16,
25855,
25820,
4992,
29494,
27604,
24874,
37,
25283,
16,
70,
24603,
24604,
28714,
16,
24968,
16,
24586,
25649,
24812,
74,
24686,
24651,
24956,
24858,
26747,
25405,
24626,
25345,
25399,
24581,
24956,
29114,
18,
24627,
24775,
27219,
26868,
24595,
24585,
25906,
80,
25282,
24767,
27753,
24601,
24585,
40,
25187,
93,
24596,
27283,
24587,
24659,
25729,
24682,
25181,
24585,
24690,
24586,
29741,
24686,
24663,
6,
59,
25895,
6,
12,
40,
25187,
93,
28411,
16,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
16,
28050,
24968,
24874,
27476,
25060,
30,
6,
24709,
24600,
25525,
6,
24596,
24858,
26376,
4992,
25820,
25649,
24812,
27111,
24589,
24970,
29163,
24585,
29114,
24591,
31,
24618,
26919,
27252,
26691,
24580,
26235,
18,
6,
37,
25232,
25966,
6,
24596,
24858,
25855,
4992,
25900,
25649,
24812,
27111,
24589,
24701,
25078,
25012,
24585,
29114,
24591,
31,
24618,
26919,
25018,
24580,
28902,
27252,
16,
25015,
28411,
27252,
18,
37,
29121,
24635,
29602,
24618,
29114,
24702,
24593,
24682,
24585,
26139,
29114,
24595,
69,
25649,
24812,
74,
24686,
24593,
24585,
29114,
25532,
24582,
24783,
25364,
24586,
25387,
31,
24618,
26919,
27252,
26691,
24580,
26235,
27690,
28005,
26376,
12,
24596,
25820,
24758,
25293,
25015,
28411,
27252,
27690,
28005,
25855,
12,
24596,
25900,
24874,
6,
27807,
6,
24686,
27263,
27512,
17,
24650,
17,
87,
24616,
87,
24586,
28784,
17,
26949,
24596,
25399,
24581,
24956,
29114,
18,
24657,
25066,
24620,
25509,
24595,
24585,
25491,
16,
24585,
25515,
29114,
24591,
24593,
25030,
24618,
25379,
24595,
25639,
26017,
24936,
24589,
31,
24585,
28677,
24921,
24686,
29406,
26376,
24596,
25855,
24595,
24585,
25581,
25305,
25450,
16,
24596,
24585,
28190,
24595,
24956,
29114,
24702,
24581,
24585,
25581,
25305,
25450,
27892,
18,
24779,
25943,
24593,
28887,
25000,
25026,
24620,
25509,
16,
25703,
24651,
69,
26035,
26421,
27042,
24595,
29114,
24702,
18,
25386,
24595,
24585,
26954,
26430,
24950,
24696,
25189,
24591,
24686,
24585,
25528,
24620,
25509,
30,
25820,
24595,
26636,
28902,
50,
59,
16,
24585,
50,
59,
26975,
31,
25142,
26636,
28902,
50,
59,
24596,
26636,
28902,
27252,
16,
24585,
50,
26975,
31,
26376,
24595,
26636,
28902,
27252,
16,
24585,
27252,
26975,
18,
25236,
24595,
24585,
24995,
24591,
24835,
25855,
24595,
40,
25187,
93,
28411,
24686,
24585,
25528,
24620,
25509,
30,
25820,
24595,
27762,
29692,
28902,
50,
16,
24585,
59,
26975,
31,
25142,
27762,
29692,
28902,
50,
24596,
69,
28337,
27347,
24588,
24647,
25962,
29800,
28902,
41,
12,
25900,
24595,
41,
50,
24613,
24951,
29215,
13,
24596,
26954,
26275,
12,
25855,
24595,
41,
50,
24613,
24951,
29215,
24758,
24585,
28902,
50,
26975,
16,
24581,
24763,
28195,
25966,
24686,
24701,
25078,
25012,
24588,
50,
24596,
24581,
24763,
29771,
25525,
24920,
25159,
24970,
29163,
31,
26376,
24595,
24585,
25962,
29800,
28902,
41,
4992,
26954,
26275,
28337,
16,
24585,
41,
26975,
18,
25236,
24595,
40,
25187,
93,
28411,
24835,
25855,
24595,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
24686,
24907,
24620,
25509,
30,
26376,
24595,
28050,
24968,
24672,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
25855,
24601,
26275,
26235,
16,
26376,
24595,
25507,
24586,
28902,
24672,
26275,
26235,
25855,
24601,
52,
26504,
26235,
16,
24596,
26376,
24595,
26749,
24619,
24620,
28902,
24672,
52,
26504,
26235,
25855,
24601,
40,
25187,
93,
28411,
16,
24585,
41,
26235,
26975,
16,
29771,
25525,
24686,
24970,
29163,
24588,
41,
24596,
28195,
25966,
24920,
25159,
24701,
25078,
25012,
31,
24601,
24585,
25820,
24595,
24927,
28337,
16,
24585,
25581,
25305,
26975,
16,
25159,
29114,
24702,
24686,
25030,
18,
25236,
24595,
61,
24589,
25819,
28411,
24686,
24907,
24620,
25509,
30,
26376,
24595,
24585,
25801,
26633,
24596,
12,
25900,
24595,
24585,
26758,
91,
24611,
24679,
28004,
24968,
13,
26376,
24595,
26636,
28902,
55,
16,
24585,
55,
26975,
31,
24596,
25820,
24595,
26636,
28902,
55,
16,
24585,
55,
59,
26975,
18,
26137,
24581,
24585,
24779,
25943,
25491,
25869,
24783,
25201,
24593,
25159,
29458,
26975,
31,
26537,
16,
24585,
25946,
17,
24779,
25943,
29458,
26975,
27974,
24663,
24595,
24585,
29494,
24585,
26197,
25097,
24615,
27868,
24596,
24585,
25448,
24595,
27614,
25478,
25239,
16,
25260,
26415,
25040,
26553,
16,
27285,
24595,
54,
24609,
24584,
16,
24596,
25952,
24604,
90,
24802,
25900,
24595,
27383,
26235,
16,
26333,
81,
24611,
24679,
25900,
24595,
41,
27383,
26235,
16,
24596,
24858,
24938,
24833,
25880,
24585,
27717,
18,
24780,
24621,
26254,
27347,
24588,
24627,
25491,
27347,
24589,
29787,
28829,
16,
25507,
24586,
16,
24596,
24997,
24604,
25158,
24592,
24621,
26254,
30,
29787,
28829,
24592,
24621,
26254,
28315,
24594,
24585,
27732,
28829,
27895,
24618,
24585,
27595,
24595,
29195,
24597,
25172,
24585,
25491,
18,
26370,
26470,
24637,
25033,
25338,
28728,
24774,
25895,
24601,
25744,
29061,
24804,
24629,
16,
24601,
27749,
24596,
29375,
25158,
24592,
24621,
24727,
29771,
25525,
24596,
28997,
24601,
26395,
24581,
24833,
16,
24594,
25173,
24594,
25033,
28932,
26931,
29195,
24597,
18,
25507,
24586,
24592,
24621,
26254,
24686,
28005,
25616,
24584,
28932,
26931,
27219,
26868,
28677,
25091,
28691,
24713,
24601,
27627,
24899,
24715,
24688,
25993,
24601,
29195,
24597,
25872,
26323,
25616,
25880,
28932,
26931,
87,
18,
24997,
24604,
25158,
24592,
24621,
26254,
24686,
29496,
25616,
25880,
28932,
26931,
27219,
26868,
24596,
28315,
25734,
25273,
24595,
27006,
24589,
16,
26799,
16,
25734,
29445,
24718,
27846,
24589,
16,
24596,
29489,
24727,
24775,
26332,
18,
25275,
25013,
24709,
24600,
25525,
24686,
29489,
24727,
24596,
28035,
25615,
29771,
25525,
18,
25404,
24762,
24779,
25943,
28932,
26931,
87,
24618,
29099,
24584,
27912,
28932,
26931,
87,
16,
25260,
26961,
24584,
25649,
24812,
27111,
24589,
18,
24838,
29100,
18,
24950,
26829,
24585,
24775,
24876,
26784,
25653,
25501,
24647,
24585,
58,
25124,
24584,
25899,
24616,
25092,
25191,
25129,
16,
25348,
25100,
26039,
18,
18,
12,
26204,
24823,
79,
27023,
69,
25608,
24789,
24633,
28475,
24707,
25040,
24864,
24595,
24585,
28646,
25208,
46,
28314,
51,
54,
27551,
18,
18,
18,
18,
18,
24964,
25315,
24620,
26155,
24672,
26440,
80,
26333,
24951,
12,
25562,
24758,
26228,
24719,
11,
87,
24779,
25943,
25562,
63,
29442,
24604,
26042,
24718,
24588,
24910,
25520,
25703,
25352,
65,
16,
59,
24890,
93,
16,
18,
18,
18,
18,
18,
27476,
27437,
6,
28215,
49,
24635,
26208,
28348,
24654,
25756,
6,
24584,
26550,
25478,
25239,
25508,
16,
27861,
6,
26199,
24584,
24585,
28305,
24602,
24595,
24585,
24580,
24624,
88,
24716,
24580,
24910,
24877,
24713,
24595,
28215,
16,
25877,
25157,
25065,
25051,
28439,
26064,
29755,
16,
39,
24914,
25198,
48,
25675,
24581,
24585,
27726,
25386,
25820,
16,
25965,
17,
25728,
16,
25724,
24589,
25548,
25346,
24779,
25943,
71,
24914,
25653,
27080,
24596,
27029,
24867,
25890,
27853,
24634,
25434,
18,
29162,
24595,
24779,
25943,
24779,
25943,
25547,
24619,
29287,
25450
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
101784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte%20Caves%20National%20Park | Naracoorte Caves National Park | Naracoorte Caves National Park is a national park near Naracoorte in the Limestone Coast tourism region in the south-east of South Australia (Australia). It was officially recognised in 1994 for its extensive fossil record when the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List, along with Riversleigh. The park preserves 6Β km2 of remnant vegetation, with 26 caves contained within the 3.05Β km2 World Heritage Area. Out of the 28 known caves in the park, only four are open to the public. Other caves are kept away from the public eye as they are important for scientific research and also for the protection of the caves and their contents. Many of the caves contain spectacular stalactites and stalagmites.
History
European discovery
The caves, which are located within the boundaries of what is now the national park, were first encountered in 1845 with the discovery of Blanche Cave.
Naracoorte Forest Reserve
In 1885, the Department of Woods and Forests appointed a caretaker due to "the popularity of the caves and their vulnerability to vandalism".
National Pleasure Resort
In 1916, the control of the portion of the forest reserve which contained many of the caves and which consisted of about of land was transferred from the Department of Woods and Forests to the Immigration, Publicity and Tourist Bureau who would manage it as a national pleasure resort under the National Pleasure Resort Act 1914 until 1972. The change of control was gazetted on 1 March 1917. The national pleasure resort's development into "an important regional tourist destination was greatly assisted by the discovery in 1969 in Victoria Cave of the largest known Australian Pleistocene vertebrate fossil cave deposit".
Conservation Park
On 27 April 1972, it was renamed as the Naracoorte Caves Conservation Park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 which repealed the former act along with other statutes concerned with conservation. In 1982, the conservation park was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.
World heritage listing
On 17 December 1994, part of the conservation park, being an area of was "inscribed on the World Heritage List" along with the Riversleigh fossil site in Queensland as the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte).
National Park
On 18 January 2001, the Naracoorte Caves Conservation Park was abolished and the land that it occupied was reconstituted as a national park because it was considered to be "of national significance by reason of the natural features of the land" and was assigned the name, Naracoorte Caves National Park.
National heritage listing
On 21 May 2007 The Australian Fossil Mammal Sites was one of 15 World Heritage places to be added to the Australian National Heritage List.
State heritage listing
On 17 May 2017, the extent of the national park was listed as a state heritage place on the South Australian Heritage Register with the name of the Naracoorte Caves Complex.
Visitor attraction
The park is a visitor destination in itself, with a camping ground and caravan park, dormitory accommodation for groups, picnic grounds and a licensed cafe. The range of visitor activities is extensive. Show cave tours are guided by professional interpreters through highly decorated caves with some tours visiting amazing fossil deposits. Modern technology has been utilised to show visitors the normally inaccessible interior of Bat Cave, where thousands of southern bent-wing bats breed each year. Other opportunities include adventure caving, a selection of specialty tours and special events. The Wonambi Fossil Centre, the park's visitor centre, features displays of fossils and bones found in the caves and dioramas of extinct animals.
Structure
The limestone of the area was formed from coral and marine creatures 200 million years ago and again 20 million years ago when the land was below sea level. Ground water since then has dissolved and eroded some of the limestone, creating the caves. The caves, such as the Victoria Fossil Cave and Blanche Cave, are often not far below ground, and holes open up creating traps for the unwary. This is the source of the remarkable collection of fossils. Mammals and other land creatures have fallen into open caves and been unable to escape. The fossil record has been preserved in strata formed from eroded topsoil washed and blown in. In some places, the fossil-bearing silt is up to 20 metres thick. Some of these areas are being preserved for future research when better methods of dating and reconstructing fossil records may have been found. These fossil traps are especially significant for tracing Australian megafauna.
The latest research pushes back the date of the caves' formation to at least 1.34 million years ago.
See also
Protected areas of South Australia
List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania
List of fossil parks
References
Further reading
.
External links
Official webpage
World heritage listing for Naracoorte
UNESCO site with information on Riversleigh, Australia
Naracoorte Caves National Park webpage on protected planet
Naracoorte Lucindale Tourism
National parks of South Australia
1916 establishments in Australia
Protected areas established in 1972
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Australian National Heritage List
South Australian Heritage Register
Limestone Coast
Show caves in Australia
Paleontology in South Australia
Fossil museums
Fossil parks in Australia
Limestone caves
Natural history museums in Australia
Pleistocene paleontological sites of Australia
Museums in South Australia | [
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"C",
"aves",
"National",
"Park",
"is",
"a",
"national",
"park",
"near",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"in",
"the",
"Lim",
"est",
"one",
"Coast",
"tour",
"ism",
"region",
"in",
"the",
"south",
"-",
"east",
"of",
"South",
"Australia",
"(",
"Australia",
").",
"It",
"was",
"officially",
"recogn",
"ised",
"in",
"1994",
"for",
"its",
"ext",
"ensive",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"record",
"when",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"ins",
"cr",
"ib",
"ed",
"on",
"the",
"World",
"Her",
"itage",
"List",
",",
"along",
"with",
"R",
"ivers",
"le",
"igh",
".",
"The",
"park",
"preser",
"ves",
"6",
"km",
"2",
"of",
"rem",
"n",
"ant",
"ve",
"get",
"ation",
",",
"with",
"26",
"c",
"aves",
"contain",
"ed",
"within",
"the",
"3",
".",
"05",
"km",
"2",
"World",
"Her",
"itage",
"Area",
".",
"Out",
"of",
"the",
"28",
"known",
"c",
"aves",
"in",
"the",
"park",
",",
"only",
"four",
"are",
"open",
"to",
"the",
"public",
".",
"Other",
"c",
"aves",
"are",
"kept",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"public",
"e",
"ye",
"as",
"they",
"are",
"important",
"for",
"scient",
"ific",
"research",
"and",
"also",
"for",
"the",
"prote",
"ction",
"of",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
"and",
"their",
"cont",
"ents",
".",
"Many",
"of",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
"contain",
"spect",
"ac",
"ular",
"st",
"al",
"act",
"ites",
"and",
"st",
"al",
"ag",
"mit",
"es",
".",
"History",
"European",
"dis",
"covery",
"The",
"c",
"aves",
",",
"which",
"are",
"located",
"within",
"the",
"bound",
"aries",
"of",
"what",
"is",
"now",
"the",
"national",
"park",
",",
"were",
"first",
"en",
"counter",
"ed",
"in",
"184",
"5",
"with",
"the",
"dis",
"covery",
"of",
"Bl",
"anc",
"he",
"C",
"ave",
".",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"Forest",
"Res",
"erve",
"In",
"188",
"5",
",",
"the",
"Department",
"of",
"Wood",
"s",
"and",
"For",
"ests",
"appointed",
"a",
"car",
"et",
"aker",
"due",
"to",
"\"",
"the",
"popular",
"ity",
"of",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
"and",
"their",
"v",
"ul",
"ner",
"ability",
"to",
"v",
"and",
"al",
"ism",
"\".",
"National",
"P",
"le",
"as",
"ure",
"Res",
"ort",
"In",
"1916",
",",
"the",
"control",
"of",
"the",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"forest",
"res",
"erve",
"which",
"contain",
"ed",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
"and",
"which",
"consist",
"ed",
"of",
"about",
"of",
"land",
"was",
"transferred",
"from",
"the",
"Department",
"of",
"Wood",
"s",
"and",
"For",
"ests",
"to",
"the",
"Im",
"m",
"igr",
"ation",
",",
"Public",
"ity",
"and",
"Tour",
"ist",
"B",
"ureau",
"who",
"would",
"man",
"age",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"national",
"ple",
"as",
"ure",
"res",
"ort",
"under",
"the",
"National",
"P",
"le",
"as",
"ure",
"Res",
"ort",
"Act",
"1914",
"until",
"1972",
".",
"The",
"change",
"of",
"control",
"was",
"g",
"az",
"et",
"ted",
"on",
"1",
"March",
"1917",
".",
"The",
"national",
"ple",
"as",
"ure",
"res",
"ort",
"'",
"s",
"development",
"into",
"\"",
"an",
"important",
"regional",
"tour",
"ist",
"dest",
"ination",
"was",
"great",
"ly",
"assist",
"ed",
"by",
"the",
"dis",
"covery",
"in",
"1969",
"in",
"Victoria",
"C",
"ave",
"of",
"the",
"largest",
"known",
"Australian",
"P",
"le",
"isto",
"c",
"ene",
"ver",
"te",
"br",
"ate",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"c",
"ave",
"de",
"pos",
"it",
"\".",
"Conserv",
"ation",
"Park",
"On",
"27",
"April",
"1972",
",",
"it",
"was",
"renamed",
"as",
"the",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"C",
"aves",
"Conserv",
"ation",
"Park",
"upon",
"the",
"pro",
"cl",
"am",
"ation",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Par",
"ks",
"and",
"Wild",
"life",
"Act",
"1972",
"which",
"repe",
"aled",
"the",
"former",
"act",
"along",
"with",
"other",
"stat",
"utes",
"concer",
"ned",
"with",
"conserv",
"ation",
".",
"In",
"1982",
",",
"the",
"conserv",
"ation",
"park",
"was",
"listed",
"on",
"the",
"now",
"-",
"def",
"un",
"ct",
"Register",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"E",
"state",
".",
"World",
"her",
"itage",
"listing",
"On",
"17",
"December",
"1994",
",",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"conserv",
"ation",
"park",
",",
"being",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"was",
"\"",
"ins",
"cr",
"ib",
"ed",
"on",
"the",
"World",
"Her",
"itage",
"List",
"\"",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"R",
"ivers",
"le",
"igh",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"site",
"in",
"Queensland",
"as",
"the",
"Australian",
"F",
"oss",
"il",
"M",
"am",
"mal",
"S",
"ites",
"(",
"R",
"ivers",
"le",
"igh",
"/",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
").",
"National",
"Park",
"On",
"18",
"January",
"2001",
",",
"the",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"C",
"aves",
"Conserv",
"ation",
"Park",
"was",
"ab",
"ol",
"ished",
"and",
"the",
"land",
"that",
"it",
"occup",
"ied",
"was",
"re",
"con",
"stitut",
"ed",
"as",
"a",
"national",
"park",
"because",
"it",
"was",
"considered",
"to",
"be",
"\"",
"of",
"national",
"sign",
"if",
"ican",
"ce",
"by",
"reason",
"of",
"the",
"natural",
"features",
"of",
"the",
"land",
"\"",
"and",
"was",
"assigned",
"the",
"name",
",",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"C",
"aves",
"National",
"Park",
".",
"National",
"her",
"itage",
"listing",
"On",
"21",
"May",
"2007",
"The",
"Australian",
"F",
"oss",
"il",
"M",
"am",
"mal",
"S",
"ites",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"15",
"World",
"Her",
"itage",
"places",
"to",
"be",
"added",
"to",
"the",
"Australian",
"National",
"Her",
"itage",
"List",
".",
"State",
"her",
"itage",
"listing",
"On",
"17",
"May",
"2017",
",",
"the",
"ext",
"ent",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"park",
"was",
"listed",
"as",
"a",
"state",
"her",
"itage",
"place",
"on",
"the",
"South",
"Australian",
"Her",
"itage",
"Register",
"with",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"C",
"aves",
"Com",
"ple",
"x",
".",
"Vis",
"itor",
"attr",
"action",
"The",
"park",
"is",
"a",
"vis",
"itor",
"dest",
"ination",
"in",
"itself",
",",
"with",
"a",
"camp",
"ing",
"ground",
"and",
"car",
"av",
"an",
"park",
",",
"d",
"or",
"mit",
"ory",
"ac",
"comm",
"od",
"ation",
"for",
"groups",
",",
"p",
"ic",
"nic",
"ground",
"s",
"and",
"a",
"lic",
"ens",
"ed",
"c",
"af",
"e",
".",
"The",
"range",
"of",
"vis",
"itor",
"activities",
"is",
"ext",
"ensive",
".",
"Show",
"c",
"ave",
"tour",
"s",
"are",
"gu",
"ided",
"by",
"professional",
"inter",
"pre",
"ters",
"through",
"highly",
"dec",
"or",
"ated",
"c",
"aves",
"with",
"some",
"tour",
"s",
"vis",
"iting",
"am",
"az",
"ing",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"de",
"pos",
"its",
".",
"Modern",
"technology",
"has",
"been",
"ut",
"il",
"ised",
"to",
"show",
"vis",
"itors",
"the",
"nor",
"m",
"ally",
"in",
"access",
"ible",
"inter",
"ior",
"of",
"Bat",
"C",
"ave",
",",
"where",
"thous",
"ands",
"of",
"southern",
"b",
"ent",
"-",
"wing",
"b",
"ats",
"bre",
"ed",
"each",
"year",
".",
"Other",
"opportun",
"ities",
"include",
"ad",
"venture",
"c",
"aving",
",",
"a",
"se",
"lection",
"of",
"special",
"ty",
"tour",
"s",
"and",
"special",
"events",
".",
"The",
"W",
"on",
"amb",
"i",
"F",
"oss",
"il",
"Centre",
",",
"the",
"park",
"'",
"s",
"vis",
"itor",
"centre",
",",
"features",
"dis",
"plays",
"of",
"f",
"oss",
"ils",
"and",
"b",
"ones",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
"and",
"d",
"ior",
"am",
"as",
"of",
"ext",
"in",
"ct",
"anim",
"als",
".",
"Str",
"u",
"cture",
"The",
"lim",
"est",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"was",
"formed",
"from",
"cor",
"al",
"and",
"marine",
"cre",
"at",
"ures",
"200",
"million",
"years",
"ago",
"and",
"again",
"20",
"million",
"years",
"ago",
"when",
"the",
"land",
"was",
"below",
"sea",
"level",
".",
"Gr",
"ound",
"water",
"since",
"then",
"has",
"diss",
"ol",
"ved",
"and",
"er",
"od",
"ed",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"lim",
"est",
"one",
",",
"cre",
"ating",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
".",
"The",
"c",
"aves",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Victoria",
"F",
"oss",
"il",
"C",
"ave",
"and",
"Bl",
"anc",
"he",
"C",
"ave",
",",
"are",
"often",
"not",
"far",
"below",
"ground",
",",
"and",
"hol",
"es",
"open",
"up",
"cre",
"ating",
"tr",
"aps",
"for",
"the",
"un",
"w",
"ary",
".",
"This",
"is",
"the",
"source",
"of",
"the",
"re",
"mark",
"able",
"collection",
"of",
"f",
"oss",
"ils",
".",
"M",
"amm",
"als",
"and",
"other",
"land",
"cre",
"at",
"ures",
"have",
"fall",
"en",
"into",
"open",
"c",
"aves",
"and",
"been",
"un",
"able",
"to",
"escap",
"e",
".",
"The",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"record",
"has",
"been",
"preser",
"ved",
"in",
"str",
"ata",
"formed",
"from",
"er",
"od",
"ed",
"top",
"so",
"il",
"was",
"h",
"ed",
"and",
"bl",
"own",
"in",
".",
"In",
"some",
"places",
",",
"the",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"-",
"be",
"aring",
"sil",
"t",
"is",
"up",
"to",
"20",
"met",
"res",
"th",
"ick",
".",
"Some",
"of",
"these",
"areas",
"are",
"being",
"preser",
"ved",
"for",
"future",
"research",
"when",
"better",
"method",
"s",
"of",
"d",
"ating",
"and",
"re",
"constru",
"cting",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"records",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"found",
".",
"These",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"tr",
"aps",
"are",
"especially",
"significant",
"for",
"tr",
"ac",
"ing",
"Australian",
"me",
"g",
"af",
"a",
"una",
".",
"The",
"l",
"at",
"est",
"research",
"p",
"ush",
"es",
"back",
"the",
"date",
"of",
"the",
"c",
"aves",
"'",
"formation",
"to",
"at",
"least",
"1",
".",
"34",
"million",
"years",
"ago",
".",
"See",
"also",
"Prote",
"cted",
"areas",
"of",
"South",
"Australia",
"List",
"of",
"World",
"Her",
"itage",
"S",
"ites",
"in",
"Ocean",
"ia",
"List",
"of",
"f",
"oss",
"il",
"par",
"ks",
"References",
"Further",
"reading",
".",
"External",
"links",
"Official",
"web",
"page",
"World",
"her",
"itage",
"listing",
"for",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"U",
"NE",
"S",
"CO",
"site",
"with",
"information",
"on",
"R",
"ivers",
"le",
"igh",
",",
"Australia",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"C",
"aves",
"National",
"Park",
"web",
"page",
"on",
"prote",
"cted",
"plan",
"et",
"N",
"ar",
"ac",
"oor",
"te",
"Luc",
"ind",
"ale",
"Tour",
"ism",
"National",
"par",
"ks",
"of",
"South",
"Australia",
"1916",
"establishments",
"in",
"Australia",
"Prote",
"cted",
"areas",
"established",
"in",
"1972",
"South",
"Australian",
"places",
"listed",
"on",
"the",
"def",
"un",
"ct",
"Register",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"E",
"state",
"World",
"Her",
"itage",
"S",
"ites",
"in",
"Australia",
"Australian",
"National",
"Her",
"itage",
"List",
"South",
"Australian",
"Her",
"itage",
"Register",
"Lim",
"est",
"one",
"Coast",
"Show",
"c",
"aves",
"in",
"Australia",
"P",
"ale",
"onto",
"log",
"y",
"in",
"South",
"Australia",
"F",
"oss",
"il",
"museum",
"s",
"F",
"oss",
"il",
"par",
"ks",
"in",
"Australia",
"Lim",
"est",
"one",
"c",
"aves",
"Nat",
"ural",
"history",
"museum",
"s",
"in",
"Australia",
"P",
"le",
"isto",
"c",
"ene",
"p",
"ale",
"onto",
"log",
"ical",
"sites",
"of",
"Australia",
"Museum",
"s",
"in",
"South",
"Australia"
] | [
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
39,
26625,
25155,
25840,
24593,
69,
25743,
27414,
25532,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
24581,
24585,
28024,
24655,
24748,
28135,
26616,
25284,
26436,
24581,
24585,
25900,
17,
26376,
24595,
25236,
25938,
12,
25938,
24874,
24805,
24625,
28842,
26783,
25719,
24581,
26360,
24618,
24783,
25588,
26574,
74,
25646,
24608,
25210,
25091,
24585,
25508,
24625,
25080,
24810,
24751,
24588,
24584,
24585,
25166,
25503,
28516,
25831,
16,
25635,
24651,
54,
24877,
24604,
24697,
18,
24627,
27414,
29875,
26048,
26,
26020,
22,
24595,
25930,
82,
24738,
24961,
25978,
24626,
16,
24651,
25552,
71,
26625,
26189,
24588,
25880,
24585,
23,
18,
29972,
26020,
22,
25166,
25503,
28516,
29732,
18,
27159,
24595,
24585,
25555,
25137,
71,
26625,
24581,
24585,
27414,
16,
25089,
25253,
24686,
25383,
24601,
24585,
25242,
18,
26594,
71,
26625,
24686,
29492,
26630,
24672,
24585,
25242,
73,
27010,
24594,
25002,
24686,
26742,
24618,
27531,
25144,
26184,
24596,
24762,
24618,
24585,
26265,
24768,
24595,
24585,
71,
26625,
24596,
24862,
25062,
24883,
18,
28080,
24595,
24585,
71,
26625,
26189,
29234,
24616,
25119,
24606,
24591,
24756,
27674,
24596,
24606,
24591,
24638,
26286,
24589,
18,
25592,
26085,
24913,
29140,
24627,
71,
26625,
16,
24763,
24686,
25616,
25880,
24585,
27219,
26868,
24595,
26111,
24593,
25426,
24585,
25743,
27414,
16,
24747,
24818,
24587,
27991,
24588,
24581,
26422,
25,
24651,
24585,
24913,
29140,
24595,
25241,
25353,
24607,
39,
24820,
18,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
29180,
25618,
27741,
24657,
25668,
25,
16,
24585,
26606,
24595,
27427,
87,
24596,
25056,
26495,
26449,
69,
25653,
24645,
26704,
25769,
24601,
6,
24585,
26383,
24683,
24595,
24585,
71,
26625,
24596,
24862,
90,
24649,
25651,
26382,
24601,
90,
24596,
24591,
25284,
25157,
25155,
52,
24604,
24594,
24794,
25618,
24996,
24657,
29255,
16,
24585,
26539,
24595,
24585,
29187,
24595,
24585,
29191,
24753,
27741,
24763,
26189,
24588,
25160,
24595,
24585,
71,
26625,
24596,
24763,
27062,
24588,
24595,
25150,
24595,
24775,
24625,
28717,
24672,
24585,
26606,
24595,
27427,
87,
24596,
25056,
26495,
24601,
24585,
26541,
81,
27338,
24626,
16,
26746,
24683,
24596,
26563,
24641,
38,
29715,
24831,
25084,
24710,
24754,
24598,
24594,
69,
25743,
25603,
24594,
24794,
24753,
24996,
25016,
24585,
25155,
52,
24604,
24594,
24794,
25618,
24996,
25928,
28701,
25359,
27071,
18,
24627,
26298,
24595,
26539,
24625,
75,
25022,
24645,
24826,
24584,
21,
25317,
28813,
18,
24627,
25743,
25603,
24594,
24794,
24753,
24996,
11,
87,
26266,
25000,
6,
24583,
26742,
28390,
26616,
24641,
26395,
27042,
24625,
26432,
24633,
26556,
24588,
24647,
24585,
24913,
29140,
24581,
27308,
24581,
28293,
39,
24820,
24595,
24585,
27038,
25137,
26007,
52,
24604,
28244,
71,
25410,
24735,
24680,
24816,
24688,
74,
25646,
24608,
71,
24820,
24650,
24936,
24598,
25157,
28127,
24626,
25840,
24964,
25563,
25381,
27071,
16,
24598,
24625,
28816,
24594,
24585,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
39,
26625,
28127,
24626,
25840,
27277,
24585,
24685,
24691,
24611,
24626,
24595,
24585,
25155,
25251,
24737,
24596,
28969,
25372,
25928,
27071,
24763,
29003,
27526,
24585,
25346,
24756,
25635,
24651,
24858,
25981,
27722,
26559,
26428,
24651,
29439,
24626,
18,
24657,
26979,
16,
24585,
29439,
24626,
27414,
24625,
26791,
24584,
24585,
25426,
17,
25808,
24631,
24637,
27624,
24595,
24585,
25155,
41,
25338,
18,
25166,
24803,
28516,
29009,
24964,
24940,
25422,
26360,
16,
24791,
24595,
24585,
29439,
24626,
27414,
16,
25270,
24583,
25450,
24595,
24625,
6,
25080,
24810,
24751,
24588,
24584,
24585,
25166,
25503,
28516,
25831,
6,
25635,
24651,
24585,
54,
24877,
24604,
24697,
74,
25646,
24608,
25508,
24581,
29600,
24594,
24585,
26007,
42,
25646,
24608,
49,
24611,
26986,
55,
27674,
12,
54,
24877,
24604,
24697,
19,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
24874,
25155,
25840,
24964,
24722,
25352,
25933,
16,
24585,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
39,
26625,
28127,
24626,
25840,
24625,
24662,
24612,
25814,
24596,
24585,
24775,
24682,
24598,
27358,
24837,
24625,
24600,
24652,
26566,
24588,
24594,
69,
25743,
27414,
25936,
24598,
24625,
26603,
24601,
24636,
6,
24595,
25743,
25314,
24692,
24785,
24648,
24647,
27650,
24595,
24585,
27494,
27054,
24595,
24585,
24775,
6,
24596,
24625,
28959,
24585,
25364,
16,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
39,
26625,
25155,
25840,
18,
25155,
24803,
28516,
29009,
24964,
25004,
25176,
25557,
24627,
26007,
42,
25646,
24608,
49,
24611,
26986,
55,
27674,
24625,
24748,
24595,
25018,
25166,
25503,
28516,
26872,
24601,
24636,
27220,
24601,
24585,
26007,
25155,
25503,
28516,
25831,
18,
25461,
24803,
28516,
29009,
24964,
24940,
25176,
25630,
16,
24585,
25588,
24609,
24595,
24585,
25743,
27414,
24625,
26791,
24594,
69,
25338,
24803,
28516,
25468,
24584,
24585,
25236,
26007,
25503,
28516,
27624,
24651,
24585,
25364,
24595,
24585,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
39,
26625,
24875,
25603,
92,
18,
28913,
26230,
27094,
26146,
24627,
27414,
24593,
69,
25423,
26230,
26395,
27042,
24581,
27892,
16,
24651,
69,
25829,
24599,
25479,
24596,
25653,
24668,
24583,
27414,
16,
72,
24586,
26286,
24817,
24616,
24898,
24694,
24626,
24618,
26572,
16,
84,
24597,
28487,
25479,
87,
24596,
69,
25020,
24845,
24588,
71,
24744,
73,
18,
24627,
26645,
24595,
25423,
26230,
28076,
24593,
25588,
26574,
18,
28451,
71,
24820,
26616,
87,
24686,
25309,
25641,
24647,
26350,
25033,
24970,
24998,
25172,
29328,
25438,
24586,
24712,
71,
26625,
24651,
25191,
26616,
87,
25423,
26740,
24611,
25022,
24599,
74,
25646,
24608,
24650,
24936,
24783,
18,
29391,
28485,
24808,
24948,
24660,
24608,
25719,
24601,
25339,
25423,
27751,
24585,
25248,
81,
24904,
24581,
26978,
25569,
25033,
25233,
24595,
29348,
39,
24820,
16,
25072,
29297,
27564,
24595,
27614,
70,
24609,
17,
27467,
70,
25729,
25706,
24588,
25703,
24854,
18,
26594,
29430,
25082,
25915,
24614,
29693,
71,
25723,
16,
69,
24620,
26155,
24595,
26318,
24819,
26616,
87,
24596,
26318,
26398,
18,
24627,
59,
24584,
25875,
77,
42,
25646,
24608,
28155,
16,
24585,
27414,
11,
87,
25423,
26230,
28026,
16,
27054,
24913,
27153,
24595,
74,
25646,
28502,
24596,
70,
25794,
25096,
24581,
24585,
71,
26625,
24596,
72,
25233,
24611,
24594,
24595,
25588,
24581,
24637,
26474,
24702,
18,
25963,
89,
26014,
24627,
25869,
24655,
24748,
24595,
24585,
25450,
24625,
25648,
24672,
25779,
24591,
24596,
29004,
24912,
24590,
25224,
24706,
26016,
25100,
26039,
24596,
25098,
24623,
26016,
25100,
26039,
25091,
24585,
24775,
24625,
27962,
27362,
25846,
18,
25014,
24742,
25801,
25570,
25115,
24808,
29323,
24612,
25501,
24596,
24582,
24694,
24588,
25191,
24595,
24585,
25869,
24655,
24748,
16,
24912,
25105,
24585,
71,
26625,
18,
24627,
71,
26625,
16,
25221,
24594,
24585,
28293,
42,
25646,
24608,
39,
24820,
24596,
25241,
25353,
24607,
39,
24820,
16,
24686,
26133,
24809,
27111,
27962,
25479,
16,
24596,
26547,
24589,
25383,
24772,
24912,
25105,
24664,
27152,
24618,
24585,
24631,
91,
24713,
18,
25111,
24593,
24585,
28504,
24595,
24585,
24600,
25571,
24914,
27646,
24595,
74,
25646,
28502,
18,
49,
28938,
24702,
24596,
24858,
24775,
24912,
24590,
25224,
24920,
26536,
24587,
25000,
25383,
71,
26625,
24596,
24948,
24631,
24914,
24601,
28843,
73,
18,
24627,
74,
25646,
24608,
25210,
24808,
24948,
29875,
25501,
24581,
24740,
25591,
25648,
24672,
24582,
24694,
24588,
25318,
25165,
24608,
24625,
76,
24588,
24596,
25237,
24781,
24581,
18,
24657,
25191,
26872,
16,
24585,
74,
25646,
24608,
17,
24636,
27720,
26845,
88,
24593,
24772,
24601,
24623,
25547,
24753,
24580,
24958,
18,
26726,
24595,
25639,
26610,
24686,
25270,
29875,
25501,
24618,
27884,
26184,
25091,
28156,
27579,
87,
24595,
72,
25105,
24596,
24600,
25939,
28827,
74,
25646,
24608,
28458,
25345,
24920,
24948,
25096,
18,
26370,
74,
25646,
24608,
24664,
27152,
24686,
27795,
27122,
24618,
24664,
24616,
24599,
26007,
24885,
75,
24744,
69,
28431,
18,
24627,
80,
24590,
24655,
26184,
84,
26009,
24589,
25152,
24585,
27478,
24595,
24585,
71,
26625,
11,
25976,
24601,
24590,
27306,
21,
18,
26844,
26016,
25100,
26039,
18,
25404,
24762,
29935,
24955,
26610,
24595,
25236,
25938,
25831,
24595,
25166,
25503,
28516,
55,
27674,
24581,
29472,
24677,
25831,
24595,
74,
25646,
24608,
25041,
24737,
24838,
27476,
27437,
18,
25065,
25051,
27588,
26072,
27861,
25166,
24803,
28516,
29009,
24618,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
57,
27252,
55,
26850,
25508,
24651,
26961,
24584,
54,
24877,
24604,
24697,
16,
25938,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
39,
26625,
25155,
25840,
26072,
27861,
24584,
26265,
24955,
26874,
24645,
50,
24592,
24616,
27188,
24680,
27760,
24888,
24988,
26563,
25284,
25155,
25041,
24737,
24595,
25236,
25938,
29255,
26712,
24581,
25938,
29935,
24955,
26610,
25572,
24581,
27071,
25236,
26007,
26872,
26791,
24584,
24585,
25808,
24631,
24637,
27624,
24595,
24585,
25155,
41,
25338,
25166,
25503,
28516,
55,
27674,
24581,
25938,
26007,
25155,
25503,
28516,
25831,
25236,
26007,
25503,
28516,
27624,
28024,
24655,
24748,
28135,
28451,
71,
26625,
24581,
25938,
52,
24988,
27034,
27466,
93,
24581,
25236,
25938,
42,
25646,
24608,
28167,
87,
42,
25646,
24608,
25041,
24737,
24581,
25938,
28024,
24655,
24748,
71,
26625,
28383,
25274,
25838,
28167,
87,
24581,
25938,
52,
24604,
28244,
71,
25410,
84,
24988,
27034,
27466,
24757,
28581,
24595,
25938,
26531,
87,
24581,
25236,
25938
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
28039823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Dakota%20State%20Penitentiary | South Dakota State Penitentiary | The South Dakota State Penitentiary is a state prison located in South Dakota's largest city, Sioux Falls. The building's industry shop makes several things for the state, including woodwork and license plates. The State Penitentiary also houses South Dakota's death row for men and the state's execution chamber.
History
The South Dakota State Penitentiary is located in northern Sioux Falls, occupying approximately thirty acres. First constructed as a territorial prison in 1881, it became the South Dakota State Penitentiary when South Dakota was granted statehood in 1889. Though a large portion of the original buildings remain, numerous structural changes have occurred over the years.
The main Penitentiary facility contains three housing units. The G. Norton Jameson Annex began housing inmates in February 1993. The Jameson Annex contains three housing units within a secure perimeter and a minimum security unit known as Unit C, which is located outside the perimeter fence.
Inmate employment within the Penitentiary falls into two basic categories; institutional support and prison industries. Institutional support includes those employed in food service, as clerks for various departments, as cell orderlies and those working in maintenance. Prison Industries consists of upholstery, printing, sign, decal, license plates, carpentry, book bindery, machine shop, Braille unit, garments and data entry. All but the garment and data entry work is done at the Penitentiary. Most of the work is done for government agencies. Inmates are offered literacy, Adult Basic Education and GED classes.
The penitentiary was designed by Wallace L. Dow and constructed in 1882. The wardenβs residence was completed in 1884. In the 1890s, prisoners quarried stone to build a wall to enclose the prison yard. In 1881, Richard Pettigrew lobbied for and succeeded in getting a federal appropriation to construct the jail in Sioux Falls, which can be seen from the Big Sioux River.
On July 11, 2007, the first post-Gregg execution took place at the penitentiary. 25-year-old Elijah Page was executed via lethal injection for the murder of Chester Poage. It was the first execution carried out in South Dakota in over sixty years.
On April 12, 2011, Correctional Officer Ronald "R.J." Johnson was bludgeoned to death by two inmates who were trying to escape. Both inmates were arrested within the confines of the prison grounds. They were subsequently sentenced to death. A third convict was sentenced to life imprisonment for providing materials in the killing. The first convict, Eric Donald Robert, was executed successfully on October 16, 2012, using South Dakota's new single-drug lethal injection method. The second convict, Rodney Scott Berget, was executed on October 29, 2018.
Notable prisoners
Elijah Page β convicted of the murder of Chester Poage; executed by lethal injection on July 11, 2007.
Charles Russell Rhines β convicted of the murder of Donnivan Schaffer; executed by lethal injection on November 4, 2019.
Briley Piper β convicted of the murder of Chester Poage; only person on death row in South Dakota.
Darrell Hoadley β convicted of the murder of Chester Poage; serving a life sentence.
William Kunnecke β a German-American serial killer. Serving a sentence of life imprisonment, he escaped on September 3, 1919, and was never captured.
References
External links
South Dakota Department of Corrections
https://web.archive.org/web/20100630235559/http://doc.sd.gov/adult/facilities/sdsp.aspx
http://wikimapia.org/1223914/South-Dakota-State-Penitentiary
https://web.archive.org/web/20100618121237/http://doc.sd.gov/images/pen3_001.jpg
http://www.hopehaveninternationalministries.org/ClassLibrary/Page/Images/Data/261.jpg
http://www.calvin.edu/worship/stories/images/restore_justice/South%20Dakota%20State%20Penitentiary.jpg
Prisons in South Dakota
Buildings and structures in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Execution sites in the United States
1881 establishments in Dakota Territory | [
"The",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"State",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"is",
"a",
"state",
"prison",
"located",
"in",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"'",
"s",
"largest",
"city",
",",
"S",
"i",
"ou",
"x",
"Fall",
"s",
".",
"The",
"building",
"'",
"s",
"industry",
"shop",
"makes",
"several",
"th",
"ings",
"for",
"the",
"state",
",",
"including",
"wood",
"work",
"and",
"lic",
"ense",
"pl",
"ates",
".",
"The",
"State",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"also",
"houses",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"row",
"for",
"men",
"and",
"the",
"state",
"'",
"s",
"ex",
"ec",
"ution",
"ch",
"amber",
".",
"History",
"The",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"State",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"is",
"located",
"in",
"northern",
"S",
"i",
"ou",
"x",
"Fall",
"s",
",",
"occup",
"ying",
"approximately",
"th",
"ir",
"ty",
"ac",
"res",
".",
"First",
"constructed",
"as",
"a",
"territ",
"or",
"ial",
"prison",
"in",
"188",
"1",
",",
"it",
"became",
"the",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"State",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"when",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"was",
"granted",
"state",
"hood",
"in",
"188",
"9",
".",
"Th",
"ough",
"a",
"large",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"original",
"buildings",
"remain",
",",
"numerous",
"struct",
"ural",
"changes",
"have",
"occurred",
"over",
"the",
"years",
".",
"The",
"main",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"fac",
"ility",
"contains",
"three",
"housing",
"units",
".",
"The",
"G",
".",
"Nor",
"ton",
"James",
"on",
"Anne",
"x",
"began",
"housing",
"in",
"m",
"ates",
"in",
"February",
"1993",
".",
"The",
"James",
"on",
"Anne",
"x",
"contains",
"three",
"housing",
"units",
"within",
"a",
"sec",
"ure",
"per",
"ime",
"ter",
"and",
"a",
"min",
"imum",
"security",
"unit",
"known",
"as",
"Un",
"it",
"C",
",",
"which",
"is",
"located",
"outside",
"the",
"per",
"ime",
"ter",
"f",
"ence",
".",
"In",
"m",
"ate",
"employ",
"ment",
"within",
"the",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"fall",
"s",
"into",
"two",
"bas",
"ic",
"categ",
"ories",
";",
"institut",
"ional",
"support",
"and",
"prison",
"industr",
"ies",
".",
"In",
"stitut",
"ional",
"support",
"includes",
"those",
"employ",
"ed",
"in",
"food",
"service",
",",
"as",
"cl",
"er",
"ks",
"for",
"various",
"depart",
"ments",
",",
"as",
"cell",
"order",
"lies",
"and",
"those",
"working",
"in",
"main",
"ten",
"ance",
".",
"Pr",
"ison",
"Industr",
"ies",
"consists",
"of",
"up",
"hol",
"st",
"ery",
",",
"print",
"ing",
",",
"sign",
",",
"dec",
"al",
",",
"lic",
"ense",
"pl",
"ates",
",",
"car",
"p",
"entry",
",",
"book",
"bin",
"der",
"y",
",",
"mach",
"ine",
"shop",
",",
"Bra",
"ille",
"unit",
",",
"gar",
"ments",
"and",
"data",
"entry",
".",
"All",
"but",
"the",
"gar",
"ment",
"and",
"data",
"entry",
"work",
"is",
"done",
"at",
"the",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
".",
"Most",
"of",
"the",
"work",
"is",
"done",
"for",
"government",
"ag",
"encies",
".",
"In",
"m",
"ates",
"are",
"offered",
"liter",
"acy",
",",
"Ad",
"ult",
"Bas",
"ic",
"Education",
"and",
"G",
"E",
"D",
"class",
"es",
".",
"The",
"pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"was",
"designed",
"by",
"Wall",
"ace",
"L",
".",
"D",
"ow",
"and",
"constructed",
"in",
"188",
"2",
".",
"The",
"ward",
"en",
"β",
"s",
"res",
"idence",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"188",
"4",
".",
"In",
"the",
"189",
"0s",
",",
"prison",
"ers",
"qu",
"arr",
"ied",
"stone",
"to",
"build",
"a",
"wall",
"to",
"en",
"close",
"the",
"prison",
"yard",
".",
"In",
"188",
"1",
",",
"Richard",
"P",
"ett",
"ig",
"rew",
"l",
"ob",
"b",
"ied",
"for",
"and",
"succeed",
"ed",
"in",
"get",
"ting",
"a",
"federal",
"appro",
"pri",
"ation",
"to",
"constru",
"ct",
"the",
"j",
"ail",
"in",
"S",
"i",
"ou",
"x",
"Fall",
"s",
",",
"which",
"can",
"be",
"seen",
"from",
"the",
"Big",
"S",
"i",
"ou",
"x",
"River",
".",
"On",
"July",
"11",
",",
"2007",
",",
"the",
"first",
"post",
"-",
"Greg",
"g",
"ex",
"ec",
"ution",
"took",
"place",
"at",
"the",
"pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
".",
"25",
"-",
"year",
"-",
"old",
"E",
"li",
"j",
"ah",
"P",
"age",
"was",
"execut",
"ed",
"via",
"le",
"th",
"al",
"in",
"je",
"ction",
"for",
"the",
"murder",
"of",
"Ch",
"ester",
"Po",
"age",
".",
"It",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"ex",
"ec",
"ution",
"carried",
"out",
"in",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"in",
"over",
"six",
"ty",
"years",
".",
"On",
"April",
"12",
",",
"2011",
",",
"Cor",
"re",
"ction",
"al",
"Offic",
"er",
"Ron",
"ald",
"\"",
"R",
".",
"J",
".\"",
"Johnson",
"was",
"bl",
"ud",
"ge",
"on",
"ed",
"to",
"death",
"by",
"two",
"in",
"m",
"ates",
"who",
"were",
"try",
"ing",
"to",
"escap",
"e",
".",
"Both",
"in",
"m",
"ates",
"were",
"arrested",
"within",
"the",
"con",
"fin",
"es",
"of",
"the",
"prison",
"ground",
"s",
".",
"They",
"were",
"subsequently",
"sent",
"enced",
"to",
"death",
".",
"A",
"third",
"con",
"vict",
"was",
"sent",
"enced",
"to",
"life",
"im",
"prison",
"ment",
"for",
"providing",
"mater",
"ials",
"in",
"the",
"kill",
"ing",
".",
"The",
"first",
"con",
"vict",
",",
"E",
"ric",
"Donald",
"Robert",
",",
"was",
"execut",
"ed",
"successfully",
"on",
"October",
"16",
",",
"2012",
",",
"using",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"'",
"s",
"new",
"single",
"-",
"drug",
"le",
"th",
"al",
"in",
"je",
"ction",
"method",
".",
"The",
"second",
"con",
"vict",
",",
"Rod",
"ney",
"Scott",
"Ber",
"get",
",",
"was",
"execut",
"ed",
"on",
"October",
"29",
",",
"2018",
".",
"Notable",
"prison",
"ers",
"E",
"li",
"j",
"ah",
"P",
"age",
"β",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"the",
"murder",
"of",
"Ch",
"ester",
"Po",
"age",
";",
"execut",
"ed",
"by",
"le",
"th",
"al",
"in",
"je",
"ction",
"on",
"July",
"11",
",",
"2007",
".",
"Charles",
"Russ",
"ell",
"Rh",
"ines",
"β",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"the",
"murder",
"of",
"Don",
"n",
"iv",
"an",
"Sch",
"af",
"fer",
";",
"execut",
"ed",
"by",
"le",
"th",
"al",
"in",
"je",
"ction",
"on",
"November",
"4",
",",
"2019",
".",
"Br",
"ile",
"y",
"P",
"ip",
"er",
"β",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"the",
"murder",
"of",
"Ch",
"ester",
"Po",
"age",
";",
"only",
"person",
"on",
"death",
"row",
"in",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
".",
"Dar",
"rel",
"l",
"Ho",
"ad",
"ley",
"β",
"conv",
"icted",
"of",
"the",
"murder",
"of",
"Ch",
"ester",
"Po",
"age",
";",
"serving",
"a",
"life",
"sent",
"ence",
".",
"William",
"K",
"un",
"ne",
"c",
"ke",
"β",
"a",
"German",
"-",
"American",
"ser",
"ial",
"kill",
"er",
".",
"Ser",
"ving",
"a",
"sent",
"ence",
"of",
"life",
"im",
"prison",
"ment",
",",
"he",
"escap",
"ed",
"on",
"September",
"3",
",",
"1919",
",",
"and",
"was",
"never",
"captured",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"Department",
"of",
"Cor",
"re",
"ctions",
"htt",
"ps",
"://",
"web",
".",
"arch",
"ive",
".",
"org",
"/",
"web",
"/",
"201",
"00",
"6",
"30",
"23",
"55",
"59",
"/",
"htt",
"p",
"://",
"doc",
".",
"s",
"d",
".",
"g",
"ov",
"/",
"ad",
"ult",
"/",
"facilities",
"/",
"s",
"d",
"sp",
".",
"as",
"p",
"x",
"htt",
"p",
"://",
"w",
"ik",
"im",
"ap",
"ia",
".",
"org",
"/",
"12",
"23",
"9",
"14",
"/",
"South",
"-",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"-",
"State",
"-",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
"htt",
"ps",
"://",
"web",
".",
"arch",
"ive",
".",
"org",
"/",
"web",
"/",
"201",
"00",
"6",
"18",
"1",
"21",
"23",
"7",
"/",
"htt",
"p",
"://",
"doc",
".",
"s",
"d",
".",
"g",
"ov",
"/",
"im",
"ages",
"/",
"pen",
"3",
"_",
"00",
"1",
".",
"j",
"p",
"g",
"htt",
"p",
"://",
"www",
".",
"h",
"ope",
"h",
"aven",
"international",
"ministr",
"ies",
".",
"org",
"/",
"Class",
"Library",
"/",
"P",
"age",
"/",
"Im",
"ages",
"/",
"D",
"ata",
"/",
"26",
"1",
".",
"j",
"p",
"g",
"htt",
"p",
"://",
"www",
".",
"cal",
"vin",
".",
"ed",
"u",
"/",
"wor",
"ship",
"/",
"stories",
"/",
"im",
"ages",
"/",
"rest",
"ore",
"_",
"just",
"ice",
"/",
"South",
"%",
"20",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"%",
"20",
"State",
"%",
"20",
"Pen",
"it",
"ent",
"i",
"ary",
".",
"j",
"p",
"g",
"Pr",
"is",
"ons",
"in",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"Buildings",
"and",
"structures",
"in",
"S",
"i",
"ou",
"x",
"Fall",
"s",
",",
"South",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"Ex",
"ec",
"ution",
"sites",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"188",
"1",
"establishments",
"in",
"D",
"ak",
"ota",
"Ter",
"rit",
"ory"
] | [
24627,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
25461,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
24593,
69,
25338,
26990,
25616,
24581,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
11,
87,
27038,
25491,
16,
55,
77,
24603,
92,
28839,
87,
18,
24627,
25847,
11,
87,
27700,
29668,
28787,
25548,
24580,
24939,
24618,
24585,
25338,
16,
25260,
25917,
24918,
24596,
25020,
26607,
24659,
24855,
18,
24627,
25461,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
24762,
28149,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
11,
87,
25303,
25032,
24618,
25203,
24596,
24585,
25338,
11,
87,
24707,
28125,
25328,
24610,
28800,
18,
25592,
24627,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
25461,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
24593,
25616,
24581,
27619,
55,
77,
24603,
92,
28839,
87,
16,
27358,
26194,
27788,
24580,
24624,
24819,
24616,
24753,
18,
26204,
28556,
24594,
69,
27789,
24586,
24727,
26990,
24581,
25668,
21,
16,
24598,
25244,
24585,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
25461,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
25091,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
24625,
29751,
25338,
26931,
24581,
25668,
29,
18,
24824,
24812,
69,
25926,
29187,
24595,
24585,
25967,
26800,
25645,
16,
28161,
27132,
25274,
27922,
24920,
29560,
24752,
24585,
25100,
18,
24627,
25039,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
25678,
25554,
27974,
25151,
29407,
27278,
18,
24627,
43,
18,
25011,
24915,
26033,
24584,
29692,
92,
25623,
29407,
24581,
81,
24855,
24581,
25500,
26437,
18,
24627,
26033,
24584,
29692,
92,
27974,
25151,
29407,
27278,
25880,
69,
28506,
24794,
24726,
24856,
24621,
24596,
69,
24931,
28530,
28727,
27829,
25137,
24594,
24739,
24598,
39,
16,
24763,
24593,
25616,
27670,
24585,
24726,
24856,
24621,
74,
24881,
18,
24657,
81,
24688,
26632,
24718,
25880,
24585,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
26536,
87,
25000,
24907,
26253,
24597,
28436,
26208,
31,
28300,
25183,
25983,
24596,
26990,
26522,
24675,
18,
24657,
26566,
25183,
25983,
27029,
26055,
26632,
24588,
24581,
27738,
25993,
16,
24594,
24691,
24582,
24737,
24618,
26273,
28710,
25272,
16,
24594,
26076,
25683,
28825,
24596,
26055,
26609,
24581,
25039,
25026,
24985,
18,
24891,
25670,
28894,
24675,
28686,
24595,
24772,
26547,
24606,
25527,
16,
28209,
24599,
16,
25314,
16,
25438,
24591,
16,
25020,
26607,
24659,
24855,
16,
25653,
84,
28982,
16,
25756,
29530,
24795,
93,
16,
28078,
24734,
29668,
16,
26407,
25757,
27829,
16,
26151,
25272,
24596,
26782,
28982,
18,
25361,
24835,
24585,
26151,
24718,
24596,
26782,
28982,
24918,
24593,
28736,
24590,
24585,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
18,
27286,
24595,
24585,
24918,
24593,
28736,
24618,
25621,
24638,
28559,
18,
24657,
81,
24855,
24686,
28610,
26856,
26389,
16,
25266,
24886,
27609,
24597,
26964,
24596,
43,
41,
40,
25360,
24589,
18,
24627,
25863,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
24625,
27018,
24647,
28231,
24852,
48,
18,
40,
24639,
24596,
28556,
24581,
25668,
22,
18,
24627,
24993,
24587,
4998,
87,
24753,
26671,
24625,
26534,
24581,
25668,
24,
18,
24657,
24585,
25529,
25219,
16,
26990,
24629,
24715,
24848,
24837,
27195,
24601,
25323,
69,
27141,
24601,
24587,
27256,
24585,
26990,
28257,
18,
24657,
25668,
21,
16,
26792,
52,
26573,
24628,
25892,
80,
24870,
70,
24837,
24618,
24596,
28863,
24588,
24581,
25978,
25737,
69,
28272,
26021,
27502,
24626,
24601,
25939,
24637,
24585,
78,
24916,
24581,
55,
77,
24603,
92,
28839,
87,
16,
24763,
24995,
24636,
27098,
24672,
24585,
27381,
55,
77,
24603,
92,
25910,
18,
24964,
25363,
25267,
16,
25557,
16,
24585,
24818,
25890,
17,
29005,
75,
24707,
28125,
25328,
25676,
25468,
24590,
24585,
25863,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
18,
25306,
17,
24854,
17,
24867,
41,
24952,
78,
24966,
52,
24754,
24625,
27066,
24588,
26851,
24604,
24580,
24591,
24581,
25122,
24768,
24618,
24585,
28017,
24595,
24698,
28908,
26077,
24754,
18,
24805,
24625,
24585,
24818,
24707,
28125,
25328,
28541,
24767,
24581,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
24581,
24752,
25822,
24819,
25100,
18,
24964,
25381,
25074,
16,
25476,
16,
25749,
24600,
24768,
24591,
26595,
24582,
28944,
26624,
6,
54,
18,
46,
25215,
28106,
24625,
25237,
24711,
24721,
24584,
24588,
24601,
25303,
24647,
24907,
24581,
81,
24855,
24831,
24747,
25378,
24599,
24601,
28843,
73,
18,
28586,
24581,
81,
24855,
24747,
29834,
25880,
24585,
24652,
24943,
24589,
24595,
24585,
26990,
25479,
87,
18,
25594,
24747,
28307,
26171,
27150,
24601,
25303,
18,
37,
25859,
24652,
26532,
24625,
26171,
27150,
24601,
25372,
24634,
26990,
24718,
24618,
29906,
26804,
26254,
24581,
24585,
25949,
24599,
18,
24627,
24818,
24652,
26532,
16,
41,
25429,
29082,
26374,
16,
24625,
27066,
24588,
29966,
24584,
25336,
25009,
16,
25512,
16,
25916,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
11,
87,
24983,
25789,
17,
28872,
24604,
24580,
24591,
24581,
25122,
24768,
27579,
18,
24627,
25179,
24652,
26532,
16,
28409,
25714,
26402,
25845,
25978,
16,
24625,
27066,
24588,
24584,
25336,
25633,
16,
25625,
18,
28690,
26990,
24629,
41,
24952,
78,
24966,
52,
24754,
4992,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24585,
28017,
24595,
24698,
28908,
26077,
24754,
31,
27066,
24588,
24647,
24604,
24580,
24591,
24581,
25122,
24768,
24584,
25363,
25267,
16,
25557,
18,
26500,
25619,
24731,
27772,
25675,
4992,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24585,
28017,
24595,
26126,
82,
24622,
24583,
25790,
24744,
24720,
31,
27066,
24588,
24647,
24604,
24580,
24591,
24581,
25122,
24768,
24584,
25406,
24,
16,
25655,
18,
24980,
24890,
93,
52,
24696,
24582,
4992,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24585,
28017,
24595,
24698,
28908,
26077,
24754,
31,
25089,
25560,
24584,
25303,
25032,
24581,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
18,
28222,
25050,
80,
27973,
24614,
25145,
4992,
28376,
28665,
24595,
24585,
28017,
24595,
24698,
28908,
26077,
24754,
31,
27880,
69,
25372,
26171,
24881,
18,
25643,
47,
24631,
24687,
71,
24801,
4992,
69,
25583,
17,
24868,
24777,
24727,
25949,
24582,
18,
25321,
27409,
69,
26171,
24881,
24595,
25372,
24634,
26990,
24718,
16,
24607,
28843,
24588,
24584,
25322,
23,
16,
28656,
16,
24596,
24625,
26908,
29181,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
26606,
24595,
25749,
24600,
25509,
28760,
25909,
28765,
26072,
18,
25340,
24723,
18,
28323,
19,
26072,
19,
24705,
24799,
26,
25402,
25217,
27600,
28250,
19,
28760,
84,
28765,
26685,
18,
87,
72,
18,
75,
24658,
19,
24614,
24886,
19,
29379,
19,
87,
72,
24878,
18,
24594,
84,
92,
28760,
84,
28765,
91,
25054,
24634,
24654,
24677,
18,
28323,
19,
25074,
25217,
29,
25129,
19,
25236,
17,
40,
24700,
26698,
17,
25461,
17,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
28760,
25909,
28765,
26072,
18,
25340,
24723,
18,
28323,
19,
26072,
19,
24705,
24799,
26,
24722,
21,
25004,
25217,
27,
19,
28760,
84,
28765,
26685,
18,
87,
72,
18,
75,
24658,
19,
24634,
25434,
19,
25863,
23,
67,
24799,
21,
18,
78,
84,
75,
28760,
84,
28765,
29880,
18,
76,
25226,
76,
28195,
26101,
26032,
24675,
18,
28323,
19,
27064,
28036,
19,
52,
24754,
19,
26541,
25434,
19,
40,
25591,
19,
25552,
21,
18,
78,
84,
75,
28760,
84,
28765,
29880,
18,
26775,
27671,
18,
24588,
89,
19,
24784,
24929,
19,
28795,
19,
24634,
25434,
19,
25448,
24806,
67,
25871,
24811,
19,
25236,
9,
24623,
40,
24700,
26698,
9,
24623,
25461,
9,
24623,
28344,
24598,
24609,
77,
24713,
18,
78,
84,
75,
24891,
24593,
25285,
24581,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
29994,
24596,
28010,
24581,
55,
77,
24603,
92,
28839,
87,
16,
25236,
40,
24700,
26698,
24889,
28125,
25328,
28581,
24581,
24585,
24994,
25131,
25668,
21,
26712,
24581,
40,
24700,
26698,
26372,
24773,
24817
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
70022530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning%20Mill%20/%20Middle%20Ridge | Turning Mill / Middle Ridge | Turning Mill is a residential neighborhood of mid-century modern houses in Lexington, Massachusetts, US.
Description
Turning Mill is a residential neighborhood located in northern Lexington, Massachusetts. It includes a section originally known as "Middle Ridge" and the slightly later "Upper Turning Mill" section; they were named a Neighborhood Conservation District by the Town of Lexington in 2018. Almost all of the houses in the neighborhood were built between the years of 1955 and 1967.
Background
The post-World War II period was a time of significant growth of suburban housing in the United States, most of which employed traditional, American designs. Levittown, New York was the best-known example, where a new house could be bought for $7000 with just $100 down and drew in many homecoming soldiers. Lexington was also experiencing growth of housing, but was close to the academic centers where new design ideas were being developed, such as at the Harvard Graduate School of Design led by Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, and the MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Lexington was home to many professionals and academics whose minds were open to different design ideas.
When the Turning Mill / Middle Ridge project began in 1955, there were already three communities designed with modernist principles under development in Lexington: Six Moon Hill; developed by The Architects Collaborative (TAC) (1947); Five Fields, also developed by TAC begun in 1951; and Peacock Farm, by Walter Pierce and Danforth Compton (1951). In different ways, each of these teams was looking for ways to take advantage of new, industrial materials and modernist principles, to produce more affordable housing more quickly. The initial developer for the project was Carl Koch, originator of the Techbuilt system of modular housing construction. Koch had already experimented with some of his design ideas at the Concord, Massachusetts community of Conantum.
Architecture
The Turning Mill neighborhood was envisioned as a development of Techbuilt prefabricated houses, with 35 houses eventually built using this innovative methodology. Over time, other companies became involved in home construction there: specifically, the Architectural Planning Associates of Boston created three housing versions, the raised ranch, the split-level and the chalet; and developer Harmon White licensed the "Peacock Farm House" from Walter Pierce for reuse at Turning Mill. Of the 158 houses in the district, all but 12 reflect mid-century modern design principles.
Neighborhood Conservation District
As homes in the area aged and market conditions began to favor "tear-downs" over repair, neighbors became concerned about preserving the unique characteristics of their neighborhood. Because the houses were already listed in Lexington's Comprehensive Cultural Resources Survey, there was year-long delay before a listed house could be demolished, and a required public hearing before the Lexington Historic Commission. In one publicized case, the homeowners reconsidered their plan to tear down their 1958 home, surprised by the intensity of local feeling. After much-needed renovations, the house in question still stands, more than 10 years after that hearing.
But realization that there was an ongoing threat caused the neighbors to look for new means of preservation. There was an interest in finding a means of protecting architectural resources that was less stringent than the state-governed Local Historic District status. To that end, an article was brought before Lexington's Town Meeting to create a Neighborhood Conservation District (NCD) status which was approved in 2016. Even before the new bylaw was approved, proponents of a Turning Mill NCD began to document the characteristics of the area that would make it worthy of protection. Following completion of the necessary documentation, the request received a positive vote in Lexington's Town Meeting in April 2018.
References
Lexington, Massachusetts
Modernist architecture in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lexington, Massachusetts
Houses in Middlesex County, Massachusetts | [
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
"is",
"a",
"resident",
"ial",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"of",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
"modern",
"houses",
"in",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
",",
"Massachusetts",
",",
"US",
".",
"Des",
"cription",
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
"is",
"a",
"resident",
"ial",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"located",
"in",
"northern",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
",",
"Massachusetts",
".",
"It",
"includes",
"a",
"section",
"originally",
"known",
"as",
"\"",
"Middle",
"R",
"idge",
"\"",
"and",
"the",
"sl",
"ight",
"ly",
"later",
"\"",
"Up",
"per",
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
"\"",
"section",
";",
"they",
"were",
"named",
"a",
"Ne",
"igh",
"bor",
"hood",
"Conserv",
"ation",
"District",
"by",
"the",
"Town",
"of",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"in",
"2018",
".",
"Al",
"most",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"houses",
"in",
"the",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"were",
"built",
"between",
"the",
"years",
"of",
"1955",
"and",
"1967",
".",
"Background",
"The",
"post",
"-",
"World",
"War",
"II",
"period",
"was",
"a",
"time",
"of",
"significant",
"growth",
"of",
"sub",
"urban",
"housing",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
",",
"most",
"of",
"which",
"employ",
"ed",
"traditional",
",",
"American",
"design",
"s",
".",
"Le",
"v",
"it",
"town",
",",
"New",
"York",
"was",
"the",
"best",
"-",
"known",
"example",
",",
"where",
"a",
"new",
"house",
"could",
"be",
"b",
"ought",
"for",
"$",
"7",
"000",
"with",
"just",
"$",
"100",
"down",
"and",
"d",
"rew",
"in",
"many",
"home",
"coming",
"soldiers",
".",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"was",
"also",
"experi",
"enc",
"ing",
"growth",
"of",
"housing",
",",
"but",
"was",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"academic",
"cent",
"ers",
"where",
"new",
"design",
"ide",
"as",
"were",
"being",
"developed",
",",
"such",
"as",
"at",
"the",
"Har",
"vard",
"Gr",
"ad",
"u",
"ate",
"School",
"of",
"Design",
"led",
"by",
"B",
"au",
"ha",
"us",
"founder",
"Walter",
"G",
"rop",
"ius",
",",
"and",
"the",
"M",
"IT",
"School",
"of",
"Archite",
"cture",
"and",
"Pl",
"anning",
".",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"was",
"home",
"to",
"many",
"profess",
"ion",
"als",
"and",
"academ",
"ics",
"whose",
"m",
"ind",
"s",
"were",
"open",
"to",
"different",
"design",
"ide",
"as",
".",
"When",
"the",
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
"/",
"Middle",
"R",
"idge",
"project",
"began",
"in",
"1955",
",",
"there",
"were",
"already",
"three",
"communities",
"designed",
"with",
"modern",
"ist",
"princ",
"i",
"ples",
"under",
"development",
"in",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
":",
"Six",
"Mo",
"on",
"Hill",
";",
"developed",
"by",
"The",
"Archite",
"cts",
"C",
"oll",
"abor",
"ative",
"(",
"T",
"AC",
")",
"(",
"1947",
");",
"F",
"ive",
"Field",
"s",
",",
"also",
"developed",
"by",
"T",
"AC",
"beg",
"un",
"in",
"1951",
";",
"and",
"Pe",
"ac",
"ock",
"F",
"arm",
",",
"by",
"Walter",
"Pier",
"ce",
"and",
"Dan",
"for",
"th",
"Com",
"pt",
"on",
"(",
"1951",
").",
"In",
"different",
"ways",
",",
"each",
"of",
"these",
"teams",
"was",
"look",
"ing",
"for",
"ways",
"to",
"take",
"adv",
"ant",
"age",
"of",
"new",
",",
"industrial",
"mater",
"ials",
"and",
"modern",
"ist",
"princ",
"i",
"ples",
",",
"to",
"produce",
"more",
"af",
"ford",
"able",
"housing",
"more",
"quickly",
".",
"The",
"initial",
"de",
"vel",
"oper",
"for",
"the",
"project",
"was",
"Carl",
"Ko",
"ch",
",",
"origin",
"ator",
"of",
"the",
"Te",
"ch",
"built",
"system",
"of",
"mod",
"ular",
"housing",
"construction",
".",
"Ko",
"ch",
"had",
"already",
"experiment",
"ed",
"with",
"some",
"of",
"his",
"design",
"ide",
"as",
"at",
"the",
"Con",
"cord",
",",
"Massachusetts",
"community",
"of",
"Con",
"ant",
"um",
".",
"Archite",
"cture",
"The",
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
"neighbor",
"hood",
"was",
"en",
"vision",
"ed",
"as",
"a",
"development",
"of",
"Te",
"ch",
"built",
"pre",
"f",
"ab",
"ric",
"ated",
"houses",
",",
"with",
"35",
"houses",
"eventually",
"built",
"using",
"this",
"inn",
"ov",
"ative",
"method",
"ology",
".",
"Over",
"time",
",",
"other",
"companies",
"became",
"involved",
"in",
"home",
"construction",
"there",
":",
"spec",
"if",
"ically",
",",
"the",
"Archite",
"ct",
"ural",
"Pl",
"anning",
"Associ",
"ates",
"of",
"Boston",
"created",
"three",
"housing",
"versions",
",",
"the",
"raised",
"ranch",
",",
"the",
"split",
"-",
"level",
"and",
"the",
"ch",
"al",
"et",
";",
"and",
"de",
"vel",
"oper",
"Har",
"mon",
"White",
"lic",
"ens",
"ed",
"the",
"\"",
"Pe",
"ac",
"ock",
"F",
"arm",
"House",
"\"",
"from",
"Walter",
"Pier",
"ce",
"for",
"re",
"use",
"at",
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
".",
"Of",
"the",
"15",
"8",
"houses",
"in",
"the",
"district",
",",
"all",
"but",
"12",
"ref",
"lect",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
"modern",
"design",
"princ",
"i",
"ples",
".",
"Ne",
"igh",
"bor",
"hood",
"Conserv",
"ation",
"District",
"As",
"hom",
"es",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"aged",
"and",
"market",
"conditions",
"began",
"to",
"favor",
"\"",
"te",
"ar",
"-",
"down",
"s",
"\"",
"over",
"re",
"pair",
",",
"neigh",
"b",
"ors",
"became",
"concer",
"ned",
"about",
"preser",
"ving",
"the",
"un",
"ique",
"character",
"istics",
"of",
"their",
"neighbor",
"hood",
".",
"Be",
"cause",
"the",
"houses",
"were",
"already",
"listed",
"in",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"'",
"s",
"Com",
"pre",
"h",
"ensive",
"Cult",
"ural",
"Res",
"ources",
"Sur",
"vey",
",",
"there",
"was",
"year",
"-",
"long",
"del",
"ay",
"before",
"a",
"listed",
"house",
"could",
"be",
"dem",
"ol",
"ished",
",",
"and",
"a",
"required",
"public",
"he",
"aring",
"before",
"the",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"Historic",
"Commission",
".",
"In",
"one",
"public",
"ized",
"case",
",",
"the",
"home",
"own",
"ers",
"re",
"considered",
"their",
"plan",
"to",
"te",
"ar",
"down",
"their",
"1958",
"home",
",",
"sur",
"pr",
"ised",
"by",
"the",
"int",
"ensity",
"of",
"local",
"feel",
"ing",
".",
"After",
"much",
"-",
"needed",
"ren",
"ov",
"ations",
",",
"the",
"house",
"in",
"quest",
"ion",
"still",
"stand",
"s",
",",
"more",
"than",
"10",
"years",
"after",
"that",
"he",
"aring",
".",
"But",
"real",
"ization",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"an",
"ongo",
"ing",
"threat",
"caused",
"the",
"neigh",
"b",
"ors",
"to",
"look",
"for",
"new",
"means",
"of",
"preser",
"vation",
".",
"There",
"was",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"find",
"ing",
"a",
"means",
"of",
"prote",
"cting",
"architect",
"ural",
"res",
"ources",
"that",
"was",
"less",
"str",
"ing",
"ent",
"than",
"the",
"state",
"-",
"govern",
"ed",
"Loc",
"al",
"Historic",
"District",
"status",
".",
"To",
"that",
"end",
",",
"an",
"article",
"was",
"brought",
"before",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"'",
"s",
"Town",
"Me",
"et",
"ing",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"Ne",
"igh",
"bor",
"hood",
"Conserv",
"ation",
"District",
"(",
"N",
"CD",
")",
"status",
"which",
"was",
"ap",
"proved",
"in",
"2016",
".",
"E",
"ven",
"before",
"the",
"new",
"by",
"law",
"was",
"ap",
"proved",
",",
"prop",
"onents",
"of",
"a",
"Turn",
"ing",
"Mill",
"N",
"CD",
"began",
"to",
"document",
"the",
"character",
"istics",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"that",
"would",
"make",
"it",
"worth",
"y",
"of",
"prote",
"ction",
".",
"Following",
"complet",
"ion",
"of",
"the",
"necess",
"ary",
"document",
"ation",
",",
"the",
"requ",
"est",
"received",
"a",
"positive",
"vote",
"in",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
"'",
"s",
"Town",
"Me",
"et",
"ing",
"in",
"April",
"2018",
".",
"References",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
",",
"Massachusetts",
"Modern",
"ist",
"architecture",
"in",
"Massachusetts",
"Buildings",
"and",
"structures",
"in",
"L",
"ex",
"ington",
",",
"Massachusetts",
"H",
"ous",
"es",
"in",
"Mid",
"d",
"les",
"ex",
"County",
",",
"Massachusetts"
] | [
29640,
24599,
26843,
24593,
69,
29489,
24727,
28932,
26931,
24595,
25884,
17,
25087,
26757,
28149,
24581,
48,
24707,
25767,
16,
27978,
16,
25473,
18,
25864,
28092,
29640,
24599,
26843,
24593,
69,
29489,
24727,
28932,
26931,
25616,
24581,
27619,
48,
24707,
25767,
16,
27978,
18,
24805,
27029,
69,
26975,
26985,
25137,
24594,
6,
27964,
54,
25788,
6,
24596,
24585,
25608,
24789,
24633,
25163,
6,
26728,
24726,
29640,
24599,
26843,
6,
26975,
31,
25002,
24747,
25533,
69,
25486,
24697,
25897,
26931,
28127,
24626,
25730,
24647,
24585,
26278,
24595,
48,
24707,
25767,
24581,
25625,
18,
24788,
25066,
24663,
24595,
24585,
28149,
24581,
24585,
28932,
26931,
24747,
25679,
25142,
24585,
25100,
24595,
28046,
24596,
27377,
18,
29480,
24627,
25890,
17,
25166,
25209,
25205,
26000,
24625,
69,
24978,
24595,
27122,
29186,
24595,
25097,
28285,
29407,
24581,
24585,
24994,
25131,
16,
25066,
24595,
24763,
26632,
24588,
27835,
16,
24868,
25405,
87,
18,
24843,
90,
24598,
25305,
16,
24871,
25288,
24625,
24585,
26066,
17,
25137,
26919,
16,
25072,
69,
24983,
25470,
25803,
24636,
70,
26001,
24618,
8,
27,
25348,
24651,
25871,
8,
26023,
25581,
24596,
72,
25892,
24581,
25160,
25664,
26469,
28797,
18,
48,
24707,
25767,
24625,
24762,
27008,
26485,
24599,
29186,
24595,
29407,
16,
24835,
24625,
27256,
24601,
24585,
29024,
24804,
24629,
25072,
24983,
25405,
24814,
24594,
24747,
25270,
26656,
16,
25221,
24594,
24590,
24585,
25824,
28714,
25014,
24614,
89,
24688,
25262,
24595,
29042,
25121,
24647,
38,
24786,
26229,
24640,
28625,
29682,
43,
25773,
26161,
16,
24596,
24585,
49,
28618,
25262,
24595,
29863,
26014,
24596,
25123,
29967,
18,
48,
24707,
25767,
24625,
25664,
24601,
25160,
25739,
24602,
24702,
24596,
27640,
24930,
27524,
81,
24888,
87,
24747,
25383,
24601,
26035,
25405,
24814,
24594,
18,
26098,
24585,
29640,
24599,
26843,
19,
27964,
54,
25788,
26144,
25623,
24581,
28046,
16,
25201,
24747,
28103,
25151,
28358,
27018,
24651,
26757,
24641,
27732,
77,
26814,
25016,
26266,
24581,
48,
24707,
25767,
30,
29662,
25721,
24584,
26548,
31,
26656,
24647,
24627,
29863,
26396,
39,
24853,
26136,
25077,
12,
56,
27371,
13,
12,
28055,
27455,
42,
24723,
28027,
87,
16,
24762,
26656,
24647,
56,
27371,
26426,
24631,
24581,
28230,
31,
24596,
25061,
24616,
25467,
42,
25425,
16,
24647,
29682,
28898,
24648,
24596,
26109,
24618,
24580,
24875,
24864,
24584,
12,
28230,
24874,
24657,
26035,
26308,
16,
25703,
24595,
25639,
26380,
24625,
27416,
24599,
24618,
26308,
24601,
26294,
27617,
24738,
24754,
24595,
24983,
16,
29486,
26804,
26254,
24596,
26757,
24641,
27732,
77,
26814,
16,
24601,
29157,
25060,
24744,
25579,
24914,
29407,
25060,
29394,
18,
24627,
29221,
24650,
24979,
25211,
24618,
24585,
26144,
24625,
28622,
27847,
24610,
16,
25366,
25517,
24595,
24585,
25431,
24610,
25679,
25490,
24595,
25357,
25119,
29407,
26715,
18,
27847,
24610,
24798,
28103,
29983,
24588,
24651,
25191,
24595,
24684,
25405,
24814,
24594,
24590,
24585,
24924,
24917,
16,
27978,
26248,
24595,
24924,
24738,
24656,
18,
29863,
26014,
24627,
29640,
24599,
26843,
28932,
26931,
24625,
24587,
25390,
24588,
24594,
69,
26266,
24595,
25431,
24610,
25679,
24970,
74,
24662,
25429,
24712,
28149,
16,
24651,
26400,
28149,
27235,
25679,
25916,
24927,
25021,
24658,
25077,
27579,
25427,
18,
27039,
24978,
16,
24858,
26818,
25244,
27186,
24581,
25664,
26715,
25201,
30,
25114,
24692,
25686,
16,
24585,
29863,
24637,
25274,
25123,
29967,
26002,
24855,
24595,
27929,
26199,
25151,
29407,
29679,
16,
24585,
28316,
27558,
16,
24585,
29742,
17,
25846,
24596,
24585,
24610,
24591,
24645,
31,
24596,
24650,
24979,
25211,
25824,
24981,
26680,
25020,
24845,
24588,
24585,
6,
25061,
24616,
25467,
42,
25425,
25816,
6,
24672,
29682,
28898,
24648,
24618,
24600,
25043,
24590,
29640,
24599,
26843,
18,
28119,
24585,
25018,
28,
28149,
24581,
24585,
25906,
16,
24663,
24835,
25074,
25911,
25754,
25884,
17,
25087,
26757,
25405,
27732,
77,
26814,
18,
25486,
24697,
25897,
26931,
28127,
24626,
25730,
24906,
27207,
24589,
24581,
24585,
25450,
26231,
24596,
26915,
28699,
25623,
24601,
29153,
6,
24680,
24592,
17,
25581,
87,
6,
24752,
24600,
27904,
16,
27513,
70,
24903,
25244,
26559,
26428,
25150,
29875,
27409,
24585,
24631,
26788,
26096,
27187,
24595,
24862,
28932,
26931,
18,
25133,
27400,
24585,
28149,
24747,
28103,
26791,
24581,
48,
24707,
25767,
11,
87,
24875,
24970,
76,
26574,
27718,
25274,
25618,
26480,
26655,
27162,
16,
25201,
24625,
24854,
17,
25444,
25977,
24632,
25327,
69,
26791,
25470,
25803,
24636,
25826,
24612,
25814,
16,
24596,
69,
27957,
25242,
24607,
27720,
25327,
24585,
48,
24707,
25767,
27090,
27147,
18,
24657,
24748,
25242,
25380,
26464,
16,
24585,
25664,
24781,
24629,
24600,
26603,
24862,
26874,
24601,
24680,
24592,
25581,
24862,
27876,
25664,
16,
25281,
24666,
25719,
24647,
24585,
24957,
29023,
24595,
25763,
29294,
24599,
18,
25302,
26302,
17,
29501,
26183,
24658,
24833,
16,
24585,
25470,
24581,
27243,
24602,
26043,
25567,
87,
16,
25060,
25208,
24975,
25100,
24942,
24682,
24607,
27720,
18,
26885,
26169,
25868,
24682,
25201,
24625,
24583,
29724,
24599,
28124,
28091,
24585,
27513,
70,
24903,
24601,
27416,
24618,
24983,
27998,
24595,
29875,
28791,
18,
25650,
24625,
24583,
27373,
24581,
26611,
24599,
69,
27998,
24595,
26265,
28827,
28538,
25274,
24753,
26480,
24682,
24625,
25765,
24740,
24599,
24609,
25208,
24585,
25338,
17,
25344,
24588,
27770,
24591,
27090,
25730,
28259,
18,
26071,
24682,
24725,
16,
24583,
28646,
24625,
27675,
25327,
48,
24707,
25767,
11,
87,
26278,
25443,
24645,
24599,
24601,
28212,
69,
25486,
24697,
25897,
26931,
28127,
24626,
25730,
12,
50,
26896,
13,
28259,
24763,
24625,
24654,
27260,
24581,
25600,
18,
41,
25232,
25327,
24585,
24983,
24647,
25539,
24625,
24654,
27260,
16,
28831,
29433,
24595,
69,
29640,
24599,
26843,
50,
26896,
25623,
24601,
27319,
24585,
26096,
27187,
24595,
24585,
25450,
24682,
25084,
26127,
24598,
27725,
93,
24595,
26265,
24768,
18,
27560,
27828,
24602,
24595,
24585,
28691,
24713,
27319,
24626,
16,
24585,
25609,
24655,
25774,
69,
28882,
28191,
24581,
48,
24707,
25767,
11,
87,
26278,
25443,
24645,
24599,
24581,
25381,
25625,
18,
24838,
48,
24707,
25767,
16,
27978,
29391,
24641,
28936,
24581,
27978,
29994,
24596,
28010,
24581,
48,
24707,
25767,
16,
27978,
44,
24797,
24589,
24581,
26344,
72,
24928,
24707,
25239,
16,
27978
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
3568704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20receiver%20design | Radio receiver design | Radio receiver design includes the electronic design of different components of a radio receiver which processes the radio frequency signal from an antenna in order to produce usable information such as audio. The complexity of a modern receiver and the possible range of circuitry and methods employed are more generally covered in electronics and communications engineering. The term radio receiver is understood in this article to mean any device which is intended to receive a radio signal in order to generate useful information from the signal, most notably a recreation of the so-called baseband signal (such as audio) which modulated the radio signal at the time of transmission in a communications or broadcast system.
Fundamental considerations
Design of a radio receiver must consider several fundamental criteria to produce a practical result. The main criteria are gain, selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. The receiver must contain a detector to recover the information initially impressed on the radio carrier signal, a process called modulation.
Gain is required because the signal intercepted by an antenna will have a very low power level, on the order of picowatts or femtowatts. To produce an audible signal in a pair of headphones requires this signal to be amplified a trillion-fold or more. The magnitudes of the required gain are so great that the logarithmic unit decibel is preferred - a gain of 1 trillion times the power is 120 decibels, which is a value achieved by many common receivers. Gain is provided by one or more amplifier stages in a receiver design; some of the gain is applied at the radio-frequency part of the system, and the rest at the frequencies used by the recovered information (audio, video, or data signals).
Selectivity is the ability to "tune in" to just one station of the many that may be transmitting at any given time. An adjustable bandpass filter is a typical stage of a receiver. A receiver may include several stages of bandpass filters to provide sufficient selectivity. Additionally, the receiver design must provide immunity from spurious signals that may be generated within the receiver that would interfere with the desired signal. Broadcasting transmitters in any given area are assigned frequencies so that receivers can properly select the desired transmission; this is a key factor limiting the number of transmitting stations that can operate in a given area.
Sensitivity is the ability to recover the signal from the background noise. Noise is generated in the path between transmitter and receiver, but is also significantly generated in the receiver's own circuits. Inherently, any circuit above absolute zero generates some random noise that adds to the desired signals. In some cases, atmospheric noise is far greater than that produced in the receiver's own circuits, but in some designs, measures such as cryogenic cooling are applied to some stages of the receiver, to prevent signals from being obscured by thermal noise. A very good receiver design may have a noise figure of only a few times the theoretical minimum for the operating temperature and desired signal bandwidth. The objective is to produce a signal-to-noise ratio of the recovered signal sufficient for the intended purpose. This ratio is also often expressed in decibels. A signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB (signal 10 times as powerful as noise) might be usable for voice communications by experienced operators, but a receiver intended for high-fidelity music reproduction might require 50 dB or higher signal-to-noise ratio.
Stability is required in at least two senses. Frequency stability; the receiver must stay "tuned" to the incoming radio signal and must not "drift" with time or temperature. Additionally, the great magnitude of gain generated must be carefully controlled so that spurious emissions are not produced within the receiver. These would lead to distortion of the recovered information, or, at worst, may radiate signals that interfere with other receivers.
The detector stage recovers the information from the radio-frequency signal, and produces the sound, video, or data that was impressed on the carrier wave initially. Detectors may be as simple as an "envelope" detector for amplitude modulation, or may be more complex circuits for more recently developed techniques such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
While not fundamental to a receiver, automatic gain control is a great convenience to the user, since it automatically compensates for changing received signal levels or different levels produced by different transmitters.
Many different approaches and fundamental receiver "block diagrams" have developed to address these several, sometimes contradictory, factors. Once these technical objectives have been achieved, the remaining design process is still complicated by considerations of economics, patent rights, and even fashion.
Crystal radio
A crystal radio uses no active parts: it is powered only by the radio signal itself, whose detected power feeds headphones in order to be audible at all. In order to achieve even a minimal sensitivity, a crystal radio is limited to low frequencies using a large antenna (usually a long wire). It relies on detection using some sort of semiconductor diode such as the original cat's-whisker diode discovered long before the development of modern semiconductors.
A crystal receiver is very simple and can be easy to make or even improvise, for example, the foxhole radio. However, the crystal radio needs a strong RF signal and a long antenna to operate. It displays poor selectivity since it only has one tuned circuit.
Tuned radio frequency
The tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) consists of a radio frequency amplifier having one or more stages all tuned to the desired reception frequency. This is followed by a detector, typically an envelope detector using a diode, followed by audio amplification. This was developed after the invention of the triode vacuum tube, greatly improving the reception of radio signals using electronic amplification which had not previously been available. The greatly improved selectivity of the superheterodyne receiver overtook the TRF design in almost all applications, however the TRF design was still used as late as the 1960s among the cheaper "transistor radios" of that era.
Reflex
The reflex receiver was a design from the early 20th century which consists of a single-stage TRF receiver but which used the same amplifying tube to also amplify the audio signal after it had been detected. This was in an era where each tube was a major cost (and consumer of electrical power) so that a substantial increase in the number of passive elements would be seen as preferable to including an additional tube. The design tends to be rather unstable, and is obsolete.
Regenerative
The regenerative receiver also had its heyday at the time where adding an active element (vacuum tube) was considered costly. In order to increase the gain of the receiver, positive feedback was used in its single RF amplifier stage; this also increased the selectivity of the receiver well beyond what would be expected from a single tuned circuit. The amount of feedback was quite critical in determining the resulting gain and had to be carefully adjusted by the radio operator. Increasing the feedback beyond a point caused the stage to oscillate at the frequency it was tuned to.
Self-oscillation reduced the quality of its reception of an AM (voice) radio signal but made it useful as a CW (Morse code) receiver. The beat signal between the oscillation and the radio signal would produce an audio "beeping" sound. The oscillation of the regenerative receiver could also be a source of local interference. An improved design known as the super-regenerative receiver improved the performance by allowing an oscillation to build up which was then "quenched", with that cycle repeating at a rapid (ultrasonic) rate. From the accompanying schematic for a practical regenerative receiver, one can appreciate its simplicity in relation to a multi-stage TRF receiver, while able to achieve the same level of amplification through the use of positive feedback.
Direct conversion
In the Direct conversion receiver, the signals from the antenna are only tuned by a single tuned circuit before entering a mixer where they are mixed with a signal from a local oscillator which is tuned to the carrier wave frequency of the transmitted signal. This is unlike the superheterodyne design, where the local oscillator is at an offset frequency. The output of this mixer is thus audio frequency, which is passed through a low pass filter into an audio amplifier which may drive a speaker.
For receiving CW (morse code) the local oscillator is tuned to a frequency slightly different from that of the transmitter in order to turn the received signal into an audible "beep."
Advantages
Simpler than a superheterodyne receiver
Disadvantages
Poor rejection of strong signals at adjacent frequencies compared to a superheterodyne receiver.
Increased noise or interference when receiving a SSB signal since there is no selectivity against the undesired sideband.
Superheterodyne
Practically all modern receivers are of the superheterodyne design. The RF signal from the antenna may have one stage of amplification to improve the receiver's noise figure, although at lower frequencies this is typically omitted. The RF signal enters a mixer, along with the output of the local oscillator, in order to produce a so-called intermediate frequency (IF) signal. An early optimization of the superheterodyne was to combine the local oscillator and mixer into a single stage called "converter". The local oscillator is tuned to a frequency somewhat higher (or lower) than the intended reception frequency so that the IF signal will be at a particular frequency where it is further amplified in a narrow-band multistage amplifier. Tuning the receiver involves changing the frequency of the local oscillator, with further processing of the signal (especially in relation to increasing the receiver) conveniently done at a single frequency (the IF frequency) thus requiring no further tuning for different stations.
Here we show block diagrams for typical superheterodyne receivers for AM and FM broadcast respectively. This particular FM design uses a modern phase locked loop detector, unlike the frequency discriminator or ratio detector used in earlier FM receivers.
For single conversion superheterodyne AM receivers designed for medium wave (AM broadcast) the IF is commonly 455Β kHz. Most superheterodyne receivers designed for broadcast FM (88 - 108Β MHz) use an IF of 10.7Β MHz. TV receivers often use intermediate frequencies of about 40Β MHz. Some modern multiband receivers actually convert lower frequency bands first to a much higher frequency (VHF) after which a second mixer with a tunable local oscillator and a second IF stage process the signal as above.
Software-defined radio
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components, that have been traditionally implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system. While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics render practical many processes which used to be only theoretically possible.
See also
History of radio
Noise blanker
Further reading
Books
Radiocommunication handbook (RSGB),
Patents
Crystal Radio Apparatus. H. Adams
Notes and references
Radio electronics
Receiver (radio) | [
"Radio",
"rece",
"iver",
"design",
"includes",
"the",
"elect",
"ronic",
"design",
"of",
"different",
"comp",
"onents",
"of",
"a",
"radio",
"rece",
"iver",
"which",
"process",
"es",
"the",
"radio",
"frequ",
"ency",
"sign",
"al",
"from",
"an",
"ant",
"enna",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"produce",
"us",
"able",
"information",
"such",
"as",
"aud",
"io",
".",
"The",
"complex",
"ity",
"of",
"a",
"modern",
"rece",
"iver",
"and",
"the",
"possible",
"range",
"of",
"cir",
"cuit",
"ry",
"and",
"method",
"s",
"employ",
"ed",
"are",
"more",
"generally",
"covered",
"in",
"elect",
"ron",
"ics",
"and",
"communic",
"ations",
"engineering",
".",
"The",
"term",
"radio",
"rece",
"iver",
"is",
"und",
"ers",
"to",
"od",
"in",
"this",
"article",
"to",
"mean",
"any",
"de",
"vice",
"which",
"is",
"intended",
"to",
"receive",
"a",
"radio",
"sign",
"al",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"gener",
"ate",
"use",
"ful",
"information",
"from",
"the",
"sign",
"al",
",",
"most",
"not",
"ably",
"a",
"re",
"creation",
"of",
"the",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"base",
"band",
"sign",
"al",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"aud",
"io",
")",
"which",
"mod",
"ulated",
"the",
"radio",
"sign",
"al",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"trans",
"mission",
"in",
"a",
"communic",
"ations",
"or",
"broadcast",
"system",
".",
"F",
"und",
"ament",
"al",
"consider",
"ations",
"Design",
"of",
"a",
"radio",
"rece",
"iver",
"must",
"consider",
"several",
"fund",
"ament",
"al",
"crit",
"er",
"ia",
"to",
"produce",
"a",
"pract",
"ical",
"result",
".",
"The",
"main",
"crit",
"er",
"ia",
"are",
"g",
"ain",
",",
"se",
"lect",
"ivity",
",",
"sens",
"it",
"ivity",
",",
"and",
"st",
"ability",
".",
"The",
"rece",
"iver",
"must",
"contain",
"a",
"dete",
"ctor",
"to",
"re",
"cover",
"the",
"information",
"initially",
"im",
"press",
"ed",
"on",
"the",
"radio",
"carr",
"ier",
"sign",
"al",
",",
"a",
"process",
"called",
"mod",
"ulation",
".",
"G",
"ain",
"is",
"required",
"because",
"the",
"sign",
"al",
"inter",
"cep",
"ted",
"by",
"an",
"ant",
"enna",
"will",
"have",
"a",
"very",
"low",
"power",
"level",
",",
"on",
"the",
"order",
"of",
"p",
"ic",
"ow",
"at",
"ts",
"or",
"fem",
"tow",
"at",
"ts",
".",
"To",
"produce",
"an",
"aud",
"ible",
"sign",
"al",
"in",
"a",
"pair",
"of",
"head",
"ph",
"ones",
"requ",
"ires",
"this",
"sign",
"al",
"to",
"be",
"am",
"pl",
"ified",
"a",
"tr",
"ill",
"ion",
"-",
"f",
"old",
"or",
"more",
".",
"The",
"mag",
"n",
"it",
"ud",
"es",
"of",
"the",
"required",
"g",
"ain",
"are",
"so",
"great",
"that",
"the",
"log",
"ar",
"ith",
"mic",
"unit",
"dec",
"ib",
"el",
"is",
"pre",
"fer",
"red",
"-",
"a",
"g",
"ain",
"of",
"1",
"tr",
"ill",
"ion",
"times",
"the",
"power",
"is",
"1",
"20",
"dec",
"ib",
"els",
",",
"which",
"is",
"a",
"value",
"ach",
"ieved",
"by",
"many",
"common",
"rece",
"ivers",
".",
"G",
"ain",
"is",
"provided",
"by",
"one",
"or",
"more",
"am",
"pl",
"if",
"ier",
"st",
"ages",
"in",
"a",
"rece",
"iver",
"design",
";",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"g",
"ain",
"is",
"ap",
"plied",
"at",
"the",
"radio",
"-",
"frequ",
"ency",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"system",
",",
"and",
"the",
"rest",
"at",
"the",
"frequ",
"encies",
"used",
"by",
"the",
"re",
"covered",
"information",
"(",
"aud",
"io",
",",
"video",
",",
"or",
"data",
"sign",
"als",
").",
"Se",
"lect",
"ivity",
"is",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"\"",
"t",
"une",
"in",
"\"",
"to",
"just",
"one",
"station",
"of",
"the",
"many",
"that",
"may",
"be",
"trans",
"m",
"itting",
"at",
"any",
"given",
"time",
".",
"An",
"ad",
"just",
"able",
"band",
"pass",
"f",
"il",
"ter",
"is",
"a",
"typ",
"ical",
"stage",
"of",
"a",
"rece",
"iver",
".",
"A",
"rece",
"iver",
"may",
"include",
"several",
"st",
"ages",
"of",
"band",
"pass",
"f",
"il",
"ters",
"to",
"provide",
"su",
"fficient",
"se",
"lect",
"ivity",
".",
"Addition",
"ally",
",",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"design",
"must",
"provide",
"imm",
"un",
"ity",
"from",
"sp",
"ur",
"ious",
"sign",
"als",
"that",
"may",
"be",
"gener",
"ated",
"within",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"that",
"would",
"inter",
"f",
"ere",
"with",
"the",
"des",
"ired",
"sign",
"al",
".",
"Broad",
"cast",
"ing",
"trans",
"mit",
"ters",
"in",
"any",
"given",
"area",
"are",
"assigned",
"frequ",
"encies",
"so",
"that",
"rece",
"ivers",
"can",
"proper",
"ly",
"se",
"lect",
"the",
"des",
"ired",
"trans",
"mission",
";",
"this",
"is",
"a",
"key",
"fact",
"or",
"lim",
"iting",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"trans",
"m",
"itting",
"stations",
"that",
"can",
"oper",
"ate",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"area",
".",
"S",
"ens",
"it",
"ivity",
"is",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"re",
"cover",
"the",
"sign",
"al",
"from",
"the",
"background",
"no",
"ise",
".",
"No",
"ise",
"is",
"gener",
"ated",
"in",
"the",
"path",
"between",
"trans",
"mit",
"ter",
"and",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"but",
"is",
"also",
"significant",
"ly",
"gener",
"ated",
"in",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"'",
"s",
"own",
"cir",
"cu",
"its",
".",
"In",
"her",
"ently",
",",
"any",
"cir",
"cuit",
"above",
"ab",
"sol",
"ute",
"zer",
"o",
"gener",
"ates",
"some",
"r",
"and",
"om",
"no",
"ise",
"that",
"add",
"s",
"to",
"the",
"des",
"ired",
"sign",
"als",
".",
"In",
"some",
"cases",
",",
"at",
"m",
"osp",
"her",
"ic",
"no",
"ise",
"is",
"far",
"gre",
"ater",
"than",
"that",
"produced",
"in",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"'",
"s",
"own",
"cir",
"cu",
"its",
",",
"but",
"in",
"some",
"design",
"s",
",",
"meas",
"ures",
"such",
"as",
"cr",
"y",
"og",
"en",
"ic",
"co",
"ol",
"ing",
"are",
"ap",
"plied",
"to",
"some",
"st",
"ages",
"of",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"to",
"prevent",
"sign",
"als",
"from",
"being",
"ob",
"sc",
"ured",
"by",
"ther",
"mal",
"no",
"ise",
".",
"A",
"very",
"good",
"rece",
"iver",
"design",
"may",
"have",
"a",
"no",
"ise",
"figure",
"of",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"times",
"the",
"the",
"or",
"et",
"ical",
"min",
"imum",
"for",
"the",
"operating",
"temper",
"ature",
"and",
"des",
"ired",
"sign",
"al",
"band",
"wid",
"th",
".",
"The",
"object",
"ive",
"is",
"to",
"produce",
"a",
"sign",
"al",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"no",
"ise",
"rat",
"io",
"of",
"the",
"re",
"covered",
"sign",
"al",
"su",
"fficient",
"for",
"the",
"intended",
"purpose",
".",
"This",
"rat",
"io",
"is",
"also",
"often",
"express",
"ed",
"in",
"dec",
"ib",
"els",
".",
"A",
"sign",
"al",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"no",
"ise",
"rat",
"io",
"of",
"10",
"d",
"B",
"(",
"sign",
"al",
"10",
"times",
"as",
"power",
"ful",
"as",
"no",
"ise",
")",
"might",
"be",
"us",
"able",
"for",
"voice",
"communic",
"ations",
"by",
"experi",
"enced",
"oper",
"ators",
",",
"but",
"a",
"rece",
"iver",
"intended",
"for",
"high",
"-",
"f",
"id",
"el",
"ity",
"music",
"re",
"production",
"might",
"require",
"50",
"d",
"B",
"or",
"higher",
"sign",
"al",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"no",
"ise",
"rat",
"io",
".",
"St",
"ability",
"is",
"required",
"in",
"at",
"least",
"two",
"sens",
"es",
".",
"F",
"requ",
"ency",
"st",
"ability",
";",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"must",
"stay",
"\"",
"tun",
"ed",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"in",
"coming",
"radio",
"sign",
"al",
"and",
"must",
"not",
"\"",
"dr",
"ift",
"\"",
"with",
"time",
"or",
"temper",
"ature",
".",
"Addition",
"ally",
",",
"the",
"great",
"mag",
"n",
"itude",
"of",
"g",
"ain",
"gener",
"ated",
"must",
"be",
"care",
"fully",
"controll",
"ed",
"so",
"that",
"sp",
"ur",
"ious",
"em",
"iss",
"ions",
"are",
"not",
"produced",
"within",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
".",
"These",
"would",
"lead",
"to",
"dist",
"ort",
"ion",
"of",
"the",
"re",
"covered",
"information",
",",
"or",
",",
"at",
"wor",
"st",
",",
"may",
"rad",
"i",
"ate",
"sign",
"als",
"that",
"inter",
"f",
"ere",
"with",
"other",
"rece",
"ivers",
".",
"The",
"dete",
"ctor",
"stage",
"rec",
"overs",
"the",
"information",
"from",
"the",
"radio",
"-",
"frequ",
"ency",
"sign",
"al",
",",
"and",
"produ",
"ces",
"the",
"sound",
",",
"video",
",",
"or",
"data",
"that",
"was",
"im",
"press",
"ed",
"on",
"the",
"carr",
"ier",
"w",
"ave",
"initially",
".",
"Det",
"e",
"ctors",
"may",
"be",
"as",
"sim",
"ple",
"as",
"an",
"\"",
"en",
"vel",
"ope",
"\"",
"dete",
"ctor",
"for",
"am",
"pl",
"itude",
"mod",
"ulation",
",",
"or",
"may",
"be",
"more",
"complex",
"cir",
"cu",
"its",
"for",
"more",
"recently",
"developed",
"techn",
"i",
"ques",
"such",
"as",
"frequ",
"ency",
"-",
"h",
"opp",
"ing",
"spread",
"spect",
"rum",
".",
"While",
"not",
"fund",
"ament",
"al",
"to",
"a",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"autom",
"atic",
"g",
"ain",
"control",
"is",
"a",
"great",
"con",
"ven",
"ience",
"to",
"the",
"us",
"er",
",",
"since",
"it",
"autom",
"at",
"ically",
"comp",
"ens",
"ates",
"for",
"chang",
"ing",
"received",
"sign",
"al",
"levels",
"or",
"different",
"levels",
"produced",
"by",
"different",
"trans",
"mit",
"ters",
".",
"Many",
"different",
"approach",
"es",
"and",
"fund",
"ament",
"al",
"rece",
"iver",
"\"",
"block",
"di",
"ag",
"ram",
"s",
"\"",
"have",
"developed",
"to",
"address",
"these",
"several",
",",
"sometimes",
"contr",
"ad",
"ict",
"ory",
",",
"fact",
"ors",
".",
"On",
"ce",
"these",
"techn",
"ical",
"object",
"ives",
"have",
"been",
"ach",
"ieved",
",",
"the",
"remaining",
"design",
"process",
"is",
"still",
"com",
"plic",
"ated",
"by",
"consider",
"ations",
"of",
"econom",
"ics",
",",
"pat",
"ent",
"rights",
",",
"and",
"even",
"f",
"ashion",
".",
"C",
"ry",
"st",
"al",
"radio",
"A",
"cr",
"y",
"st",
"al",
"radio",
"uses",
"no",
"active",
"parts",
":",
"it",
"is",
"power",
"ed",
"only",
"by",
"the",
"radio",
"sign",
"al",
"itself",
",",
"whose",
"dete",
"cted",
"power",
"fe",
"eds",
"head",
"ph",
"ones",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"be",
"aud",
"ible",
"at",
"all",
".",
"In",
"order",
"to",
"ach",
"ieve",
"even",
"a",
"min",
"imal",
"sens",
"it",
"ivity",
",",
"a",
"cr",
"y",
"st",
"al",
"radio",
"is",
"limited",
"to",
"low",
"frequ",
"encies",
"using",
"a",
"large",
"ant",
"enna",
"(",
"usually",
"a",
"long",
"w",
"ire",
").",
"It",
"rel",
"ies",
"on",
"dete",
"ction",
"using",
"some",
"sort",
"of",
"sem",
"ic",
"on",
"du",
"ctor",
"d",
"io",
"de",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"original",
"cat",
"'",
"s",
"-",
"wh",
"is",
"ker",
"d",
"io",
"de",
"discovered",
"long",
"before",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"modern",
"sem",
"ic",
"on",
"du",
"ctors",
".",
"A",
"cr",
"y",
"st",
"al",
"rece",
"iver",
"is",
"very",
"sim",
"ple",
"and",
"can",
"be",
"e",
"asy",
"to",
"make",
"or",
"even",
"improv",
"ise",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"the",
"f",
"ox",
"h",
"ole",
"radio",
".",
"However",
",",
"the",
"cr",
"y",
"st",
"al",
"radio",
"ne",
"eds",
"a",
"strong",
"R",
"F",
"sign",
"al",
"and",
"a",
"long",
"ant",
"enna",
"to",
"oper",
"ate",
".",
"It",
"dis",
"plays",
"poor",
"se",
"lect",
"ivity",
"since",
"it",
"only",
"has",
"one",
"tun",
"ed",
"cir",
"cuit",
".",
"Tun",
"ed",
"radio",
"frequ",
"ency",
"The",
"tun",
"ed",
"radio",
"frequ",
"ency",
"rece",
"iver",
"(",
"T",
"R",
"F",
")",
"consists",
"of",
"a",
"radio",
"frequ",
"ency",
"am",
"pl",
"if",
"ier",
"having",
"one",
"or",
"more",
"st",
"ages",
"all",
"tun",
"ed",
"to",
"the",
"des",
"ired",
"rece",
"ption",
"frequ",
"ency",
".",
"This",
"is",
"followed",
"by",
"a",
"dete",
"ctor",
",",
"typically",
"an",
"en",
"vel",
"ope",
"dete",
"ctor",
"using",
"a",
"d",
"io",
"de",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"aud",
"io",
"am",
"pl",
"ification",
".",
"This",
"was",
"developed",
"after",
"the",
"inv",
"ention",
"of",
"the",
"tr",
"io",
"de",
"v",
"ac",
"u",
"um",
"t",
"ube",
",",
"great",
"ly",
"improv",
"ing",
"the",
"rece",
"ption",
"of",
"radio",
"sign",
"als",
"using",
"elect",
"ronic",
"am",
"pl",
"ification",
"which",
"had",
"not",
"previously",
"been",
"available",
".",
"The",
"great",
"ly",
"im",
"proved",
"se",
"lect",
"ivity",
"of",
"the",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"rece",
"iver",
"over",
"took",
"the",
"T",
"R",
"F",
"design",
"in",
"almost",
"all",
"applic",
"ations",
",",
"however",
"the",
"T",
"R",
"F",
"design",
"was",
"still",
"used",
"as",
"late",
"as",
"the",
"1960s",
"among",
"the",
"che",
"aper",
"\"",
"trans",
"istor",
"rad",
"ios",
"\"",
"of",
"that",
"era",
".",
"Re",
"fle",
"x",
"The",
"ref",
"le",
"x",
"rece",
"iver",
"was",
"a",
"design",
"from",
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
"which",
"consists",
"of",
"a",
"single",
"-",
"stage",
"T",
"R",
"F",
"rece",
"iver",
"but",
"which",
"used",
"the",
"same",
"am",
"pl",
"ifying",
"t",
"ube",
"to",
"also",
"am",
"pl",
"ify",
"the",
"aud",
"io",
"sign",
"al",
"after",
"it",
"had",
"been",
"dete",
"cted",
".",
"This",
"was",
"in",
"an",
"era",
"where",
"each",
"t",
"ube",
"was",
"a",
"major",
"cost",
"(",
"and",
"cons",
"um",
"er",
"of",
"elect",
"rical",
"power",
")",
"so",
"that",
"a",
"sub",
"stant",
"ial",
"increase",
"in",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"pass",
"ive",
"elements",
"would",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"pre",
"fer",
"able",
"to",
"including",
"an",
"additional",
"t",
"ube",
".",
"The",
"design",
"t",
"ends",
"to",
"be",
"rather",
"un",
"st",
"able",
",",
"and",
"is",
"ob",
"so",
"le",
"te",
".",
"Re",
"gener",
"ative",
"The",
"reg",
"en",
"er",
"ative",
"rece",
"iver",
"also",
"had",
"its",
"he",
"y",
"day",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"where",
"add",
"ing",
"an",
"active",
"ele",
"ment",
"(",
"v",
"ac",
"u",
"um",
"t",
"ube",
")",
"was",
"considered",
"cost",
"ly",
".",
"In",
"order",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
"g",
"ain",
"of",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"positive",
"fe",
"ed",
"back",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"its",
"single",
"R",
"F",
"am",
"pl",
"if",
"ier",
"stage",
";",
"this",
"also",
"increased",
"the",
"se",
"lect",
"ivity",
"of",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"well",
"bey",
"ond",
"what",
"would",
"be",
"expected",
"from",
"a",
"single",
"tun",
"ed",
"cir",
"cuit",
".",
"The",
"amount",
"of",
"fe",
"ed",
"back",
"was",
"qu",
"ite",
"critical",
"in",
"determin",
"ing",
"the",
"resulting",
"g",
"ain",
"and",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"care",
"fully",
"ad",
"just",
"ed",
"by",
"the",
"radio",
"oper",
"ator",
".",
"In",
"cre",
"asing",
"the",
"fe",
"ed",
"back",
"bey",
"ond",
"a",
"point",
"caused",
"the",
"stage",
"to",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ate",
"at",
"the",
"frequ",
"ency",
"it",
"was",
"tun",
"ed",
"to",
".",
"S",
"elf",
"-",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ation",
"reduced",
"the",
"quality",
"of",
"its",
"rece",
"ption",
"of",
"an",
"AM",
"(",
"voice",
")",
"radio",
"sign",
"al",
"but",
"made",
"it",
"use",
"ful",
"as",
"a",
"C",
"W",
"(",
"Mor",
"se",
"code",
")",
"rece",
"iver",
".",
"The",
"beat",
"sign",
"al",
"between",
"the",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ation",
"and",
"the",
"radio",
"sign",
"al",
"would",
"produce",
"an",
"aud",
"io",
"\"",
"be",
"ep",
"ing",
"\"",
"sound",
".",
"The",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ation",
"of",
"the",
"reg",
"en",
"er",
"ative",
"rece",
"iver",
"could",
"also",
"be",
"a",
"source",
"of",
"local",
"inter",
"ference",
".",
"An",
"im",
"proved",
"design",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"super",
"-",
"reg",
"en",
"er",
"ative",
"rece",
"iver",
"im",
"proved",
"the",
"performance",
"by",
"allow",
"ing",
"an",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ation",
"to",
"build",
"up",
"which",
"was",
"then",
"\"",
"qu",
"ench",
"ed",
"\",",
"with",
"that",
"cycle",
"repe",
"ating",
"at",
"a",
"rap",
"id",
"(",
"ul",
"tr",
"ason",
"ic",
")",
"rate",
".",
"From",
"the",
"ac",
"company",
"ing",
"sche",
"m",
"atic",
"for",
"a",
"pract",
"ical",
"reg",
"en",
"er",
"ative",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"one",
"can",
"ap",
"pre",
"ci",
"ate",
"its",
"sim",
"plic",
"ity",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"a",
"multi",
"-",
"stage",
"T",
"R",
"F",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"while",
"able",
"to",
"ach",
"ieve",
"the",
"same",
"level",
"of",
"am",
"pl",
"ification",
"through",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"positive",
"fe",
"ed",
"back",
".",
"Dire",
"ct",
"con",
"version",
"In",
"the",
"Dire",
"ct",
"con",
"version",
"rece",
"iver",
",",
"the",
"sign",
"als",
"from",
"the",
"ant",
"enna",
"are",
"only",
"tun",
"ed",
"by",
"a",
"single",
"tun",
"ed",
"cir",
"cuit",
"before",
"ent",
"ering",
"a",
"mix",
"er",
"where",
"they",
"are",
"mixed",
"with",
"a",
"sign",
"al",
"from",
"a",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
"which",
"is",
"tun",
"ed",
"to",
"the",
"carr",
"ier",
"w",
"ave",
"frequ",
"ency",
"of",
"the",
"trans",
"mitted",
"sign",
"al",
".",
"This",
"is",
"un",
"like",
"the",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"design",
",",
"where",
"the",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
"is",
"at",
"an",
"off",
"set",
"frequ",
"ency",
".",
"The",
"out",
"put",
"of",
"this",
"mix",
"er",
"is",
"thus",
"aud",
"io",
"frequ",
"ency",
",",
"which",
"is",
"passed",
"through",
"a",
"low",
"pass",
"f",
"il",
"ter",
"into",
"an",
"aud",
"io",
"am",
"pl",
"if",
"ier",
"which",
"may",
"dr",
"ive",
"a",
"spe",
"aker",
".",
"For",
"rece",
"iving",
"C",
"W",
"(",
"mor",
"se",
"code",
")",
"the",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
"is",
"tun",
"ed",
"to",
"a",
"frequ",
"ency",
"sl",
"ight",
"ly",
"different",
"from",
"that",
"of",
"the",
"trans",
"mit",
"ter",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"turn",
"the",
"received",
"sign",
"al",
"into",
"an",
"aud",
"ible",
"\"",
"be",
"ep",
".\"",
"Ad",
"v",
"ant",
"ages",
"Sim",
"pl",
"er",
"than",
"a",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"rece",
"iver",
"Dis",
"adv",
"ant",
"ages",
"Po",
"or",
"re",
"je",
"ction",
"of",
"strong",
"sign",
"als",
"at",
"ad",
"j",
"ac",
"ent",
"frequ",
"encies",
"compared",
"to",
"a",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"rece",
"iver",
".",
"In",
"cre",
"ased",
"no",
"ise",
"or",
"inter",
"ference",
"when",
"rece",
"iving",
"a",
"SS",
"B",
"sign",
"al",
"since",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"se",
"lect",
"ivity",
"against",
"the",
"un",
"des",
"ired",
"side",
"band",
".",
"Super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"Pr",
"act",
"ically",
"all",
"modern",
"rece",
"ivers",
"are",
"of",
"the",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"design",
".",
"The",
"R",
"F",
"sign",
"al",
"from",
"the",
"ant",
"enna",
"may",
"have",
"one",
"stage",
"of",
"am",
"pl",
"ification",
"to",
"im",
"prove",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"'",
"s",
"no",
"ise",
"figure",
",",
"although",
"at",
"lower",
"frequ",
"encies",
"this",
"is",
"typically",
"om",
"it",
"ted",
".",
"The",
"R",
"F",
"sign",
"al",
"ent",
"ers",
"a",
"mix",
"er",
",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"out",
"put",
"of",
"the",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
",",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"produce",
"a",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"inter",
"medi",
"ate",
"frequ",
"ency",
"(",
"I",
"F",
")",
"sign",
"al",
".",
"An",
"early",
"op",
"tim",
"ization",
"of",
"the",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"was",
"to",
"comb",
"ine",
"the",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
"and",
"mix",
"er",
"into",
"a",
"single",
"stage",
"called",
"\"",
"conver",
"ter",
"\".",
"The",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
"is",
"tun",
"ed",
"to",
"a",
"frequ",
"ency",
"some",
"what",
"higher",
"(",
"or",
"lower",
")",
"than",
"the",
"intended",
"rece",
"ption",
"frequ",
"ency",
"so",
"that",
"the",
"I",
"F",
"sign",
"al",
"will",
"be",
"at",
"a",
"particular",
"frequ",
"ency",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"further",
"am",
"pl",
"ified",
"in",
"a",
"nar",
"row",
"-",
"band",
"mult",
"ist",
"age",
"am",
"pl",
"if",
"ier",
".",
"Tun",
"ing",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
"invol",
"ves",
"chang",
"ing",
"the",
"frequ",
"ency",
"of",
"the",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
",",
"with",
"further",
"process",
"ing",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"al",
"(",
"especially",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"increasing",
"the",
"rece",
"iver",
")",
"con",
"ven",
"ient",
"ly",
"done",
"at",
"a",
"single",
"frequ",
"ency",
"(",
"the",
"I",
"F",
"frequ",
"ency",
")",
"thus",
"requ",
"iring",
"no",
"further",
"tun",
"ing",
"for",
"different",
"stations",
".",
"H",
"ere",
"we",
"show",
"block",
"di",
"ag",
"ram",
"s",
"for",
"typ",
"ical",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"rece",
"ivers",
"for",
"AM",
"and",
"FM",
"broadcast",
"respectively",
".",
"This",
"particular",
"FM",
"design",
"uses",
"a",
"modern",
"phas",
"e",
"lock",
"ed",
"lo",
"op",
"dete",
"ctor",
",",
"un",
"like",
"the",
"frequ",
"ency",
"dis",
"crimin",
"ator",
"or",
"rat",
"io",
"dete",
"ctor",
"used",
"in",
"earlier",
"FM",
"rece",
"ivers",
".",
"For",
"single",
"con",
"version",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"AM",
"rece",
"ivers",
"designed",
"for",
"med",
"ium",
"w",
"ave",
"(",
"AM",
"broadcast",
")",
"the",
"I",
"F",
"is",
"commonly",
"45",
"5",
"k",
"H",
"z",
".",
"Most",
"super",
"he",
"ter",
"ody",
"ne",
"rece",
"ivers",
"designed",
"for",
"broadcast",
"FM",
"(",
"88",
"-",
"10",
"8",
"M",
"H",
"z",
")",
"use",
"an",
"I",
"F",
"of",
"10",
".",
"7",
"M",
"H",
"z",
".",
"TV",
"rece",
"ivers",
"often",
"use",
"inter",
"medi",
"ate",
"frequ",
"encies",
"of",
"about",
"40",
"M",
"H",
"z",
".",
"Some",
"modern",
"mult",
"ib",
"and",
"rece",
"ivers",
"act",
"ually",
"con",
"vert",
"lower",
"frequ",
"ency",
"band",
"s",
"first",
"to",
"a",
"much",
"higher",
"frequ",
"ency",
"(",
"V",
"H",
"F",
")",
"after",
"which",
"a",
"second",
"mix",
"er",
"with",
"a",
"tun",
"able",
"local",
"os",
"c",
"ill",
"ator",
"and",
"a",
"second",
"I",
"F",
"stage",
"process",
"the",
"sign",
"al",
"as",
"above",
".",
"S",
"of",
"tware",
"-",
"defin",
"ed",
"radio",
"S",
"of",
"tware",
"-",
"defin",
"ed",
"radio",
"(",
"S",
"D",
"R",
")",
"is",
"a",
"radio",
"communic",
"ation",
"system",
"where",
"comp",
"onents",
",",
"that",
"have",
"been",
"tradition",
"ally",
"implement",
"ed",
"in",
"hard",
"w",
"are",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
"mix",
"ers",
",",
"f",
"il",
"ters",
",",
"am",
"pl",
"if",
"iers",
",",
"mod",
"ul",
"ators",
"/",
"dem",
"od",
"ul",
"ators",
",",
"dete",
"ctors",
",",
"et",
"c",
".)",
"are",
"instead",
"implement",
"ed",
"by",
"means",
"of",
"software",
"on",
"a",
"personal",
"computer",
"or",
"emb",
"ed",
"ded",
"system",
".",
"While",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"S",
"D",
"R",
"is",
"not",
"new",
",",
"the",
"rap",
"id",
"ly",
"ev",
"ol",
"ving",
"cap",
"ab",
"ilities",
"of",
"digital",
"elect",
"ron",
"ics",
"r",
"ender",
"pract",
"ical",
"many",
"process",
"es",
"which",
"used",
"to",
"be",
"only",
"the",
"or",
"et",
"ically",
"possible",
".",
"See",
"also",
"History",
"of",
"radio",
"No",
"ise",
"bl",
"ank",
"er",
"Further",
"reading",
"Books",
"Radio",
"communic",
"ation",
"hand",
"book",
"(",
"R",
"S",
"GB",
"),",
"Pat",
"ents",
"C",
"ry",
"st",
"al",
"Radio",
"Ap",
"par",
"atus",
".",
"H",
".",
"Adam",
"s",
"Notes",
"and",
"re",
"ferences",
"Radio",
"elect",
"ron",
"ics",
"Re",
"ce",
"iver",
"(",
"radio",
")"
] | [
27491,
25325,
25140,
25405,
27029,
24585,
26163,
28960,
25405,
24595,
26035,
24770,
29433,
24595,
69,
26879,
25325,
25140,
24763,
26256,
24589,
24585,
26879,
27657,
26322,
25314,
24591,
24672,
24583,
24738,
29454,
24581,
25683,
24601,
29157,
24640,
24914,
26961,
25221,
24594,
26062,
24860,
18,
24627,
27846,
24683,
24595,
69,
26757,
25325,
25140,
24596,
24585,
27333,
26645,
24595,
26778,
29851,
25064,
24596,
27579,
87,
26632,
24588,
24686,
25060,
28005,
26590,
24581,
26163,
25617,
24930,
24596,
28113,
24833,
29437,
18,
24627,
26334,
26879,
25325,
25140,
24593,
25324,
24629,
24601,
24694,
24581,
24927,
28646,
24601,
27420,
24956,
24650,
26192,
24763,
24593,
29170,
24601,
29963,
69,
26879,
25314,
24591,
24581,
25683,
24601,
25872,
24688,
25043,
25180,
26961,
24672,
24585,
25314,
24591,
16,
25066,
24809,
26729,
69,
24600,
28592,
24595,
24585,
25165,
17,
25446,
26447,
25374,
25314,
24591,
12,
25221,
24594,
26062,
24860,
13,
24763,
25357,
26826,
24585,
26879,
25314,
24591,
24590,
24585,
24978,
24595,
25207,
26723,
24581,
69,
28113,
24833,
24586,
27782,
25490,
18,
42,
25324,
25556,
24591,
28482,
24833,
29042,
24595,
69,
26879,
25325,
25140,
27139,
28482,
25548,
26807,
25556,
24591,
25969,
24582,
24677,
24601,
29157,
69,
26442,
24757,
26242,
18,
24627,
25039,
25969,
24582,
24677,
24686,
75,
24667,
16,
24620,
25754,
29680,
16,
29378,
24598,
29680,
16,
24596,
24606,
26382,
18,
24627,
25325,
25140,
27139,
26189,
69,
29847,
25158,
24601,
24600,
25445,
24585,
26961,
28075,
24634,
25415,
24588,
24584,
24585,
26879,
26262,
25092,
25314,
24591,
16,
69,
26256,
25446,
25357,
25435,
18,
43,
24667,
24593,
27957,
25936,
24585,
25314,
24591,
25033,
27800,
24826,
24647,
24583,
24738,
29454,
25494,
24920,
69,
25878,
26401,
25844,
25846,
16,
24584,
24585,
25683,
24595,
84,
24597,
24639,
24590,
24704,
24586,
26061,
25206,
24590,
24704,
18,
26071,
29157,
24583,
26062,
25569,
25314,
24591,
24581,
69,
27904,
24595,
25342,
24844,
25794,
25609,
28849,
24927,
25314,
24591,
24601,
24636,
24611,
24659,
25798,
69,
24664,
24689,
24602,
17,
74,
24867,
24586,
25060,
18,
24627,
25984,
82,
24598,
24711,
24589,
24595,
24585,
27957,
75,
24667,
24686,
25165,
26432,
24682,
24585,
27466,
24592,
24642,
27635,
27829,
25438,
24751,
24613,
24593,
24970,
24720,
25204,
17,
69,
75,
24667,
24595,
21,
24664,
24689,
24602,
26418,
24585,
25844,
24593,
21,
24623,
25438,
24751,
25354,
16,
24763,
24593,
69,
27555,
24769,
26878,
24647,
25160,
26771,
25325,
24877,
18,
43,
24667,
24593,
27380,
24647,
24748,
24586,
25060,
24611,
24659,
24692,
25092,
24606,
25434,
24581,
69,
25325,
25140,
25405,
31,
25191,
24595,
24585,
75,
24667,
24593,
24654,
27899,
24590,
24585,
26879,
17,
27657,
26322,
24791,
24595,
24585,
25490,
16,
24596,
24585,
25448,
24590,
24585,
27657,
28559,
25030,
24647,
24585,
24600,
26590,
26961,
12,
26062,
24860,
16,
26221,
16,
24586,
26782,
25314,
24702,
24874,
24779,
25754,
29680,
24593,
24585,
26382,
24601,
6,
88,
25178,
24581,
6,
24601,
25871,
24748,
25711,
24595,
24585,
25160,
24682,
25345,
24636,
25207,
81,
28611,
24590,
24956,
26207,
24978,
18,
24800,
24614,
25871,
24914,
25374,
25565,
74,
24608,
24621,
24593,
69,
26713,
24757,
26756,
24595,
69,
25325,
25140,
18,
37,
25325,
25140,
25345,
25915,
25548,
24606,
25434,
24595,
25374,
25565,
74,
24608,
24998,
24601,
27627,
24701,
29396,
24620,
25754,
29680,
18,
29663,
24904,
16,
24585,
25325,
25140,
25405,
27139,
27627,
26923,
24631,
24683,
24672,
24878,
24615,
25044,
25314,
24702,
24682,
25345,
24636,
25872,
24712,
25880,
24585,
25325,
25140,
24682,
25084,
25033,
74,
24671,
24651,
24585,
24893,
25530,
25314,
24591,
18,
28050,
25688,
24599,
25207,
26286,
24998,
24581,
24956,
26207,
25450,
24686,
28959,
27657,
28559,
25165,
24682,
25325,
24877,
24995,
26542,
24633,
24620,
25754,
24585,
24893,
25530,
25207,
26723,
31,
24927,
24593,
69,
25597,
25691,
24586,
25869,
26740,
24585,
25387,
24595,
25207,
81,
28611,
26838,
24682,
24995,
25211,
24688,
24581,
69,
26207,
25450,
18,
55,
24845,
24598,
29680,
24593,
24585,
26382,
24601,
24600,
25445,
24585,
25314,
24591,
24672,
24585,
26660,
25159,
25279,
18,
25694,
25279,
24593,
25872,
24712,
24581,
24585,
28381,
25142,
25207,
26286,
24621,
24596,
25325,
25140,
16,
24835,
24593,
24762,
27122,
24633,
25872,
24712,
24581,
24585,
25325,
25140,
11,
87,
24781,
26778,
26687,
24783,
18,
24657,
24803,
25576,
16,
24956,
26778,
29851,
27356,
24662,
25945,
25412,
27611,
83,
25872,
24855,
25191,
86,
24596,
24605,
25159,
25279,
24682,
25301,
87,
24601,
24585,
24893,
25530,
25314,
24702,
18,
24657,
25191,
27714,
16,
24590,
81,
26119,
24803,
24597,
25159,
25279,
24593,
27111,
29045,
24836,
25208,
24682,
26073,
24581,
24585,
25325,
25140,
11,
87,
24781,
26778,
26687,
24783,
16,
24835,
24581,
25191,
25405,
87,
16,
27429,
25224,
25221,
24594,
24810,
93,
24776,
24587,
24597,
24869,
24612,
24599,
24686,
24654,
27899,
24601,
25191,
24606,
25434,
24595,
24585,
25325,
25140,
16,
24601,
28635,
25314,
24702,
24672,
25270,
24870,
24876,
25638,
24647,
24703,
26986,
25159,
25279,
18,
37,
25878,
26663,
25325,
25140,
25405,
25345,
24920,
69,
25159,
25279,
29422,
24595,
25089,
69,
26375,
26418,
24585,
24585,
24586,
24645,
24757,
24931,
28530,
24618,
24585,
29260,
28595,
25690,
24596,
24893,
25530,
25314,
24591,
25374,
26942,
24580,
18,
24627,
27842,
24723,
24593,
24601,
29157,
69,
25314,
24591,
17,
24601,
17,
25159,
25279,
28270,
24860,
24595,
24585,
24600,
26590,
25314,
24591,
24701,
29396,
24618,
24585,
29170,
29619,
18,
25111,
28270,
24860,
24593,
24762,
26133,
27352,
24588,
24581,
25438,
24751,
25354,
18,
37,
25314,
24591,
17,
24601,
17,
25159,
25279,
28270,
24860,
24595,
24975,
72,
38,
12,
25314,
24591,
24975,
26418,
24594,
25844,
25180,
24594,
25159,
25279,
13,
28792,
24636,
24640,
24914,
24618,
28720,
28113,
24833,
24647,
27008,
27150,
25211,
26323,
16,
24835,
69,
25325,
25140,
29170,
24618,
25153,
17,
74,
24630,
24613,
24683,
25331,
24600,
26193,
28792,
28762,
25681,
72,
38,
24586,
27933,
25314,
24591,
17,
24601,
17,
25159,
25279,
28270,
24860,
18,
24709,
26382,
24593,
27957,
24581,
24590,
27306,
24907,
29378,
24589,
18,
42,
25609,
26322,
24606,
26382,
31,
24585,
25325,
25140,
27139,
29831,
6,
29735,
24588,
6,
24601,
24585,
24581,
26469,
26879,
25314,
24591,
24596,
27139,
24809,
6,
24815,
27511,
6,
24651,
24978,
24586,
28595,
25690,
18,
29663,
24904,
16,
24585,
26432,
25984,
82,
29961,
24595,
75,
24667,
25872,
24712,
27139,
24636,
27287,
28416,
29076,
24588,
25165,
24682,
24878,
24615,
25044,
24635,
24897,
24921,
24686,
24809,
26073,
25880,
24585,
25325,
25140,
18,
26370,
25084,
25246,
24601,
26079,
24996,
24602,
24595,
24585,
24600,
26590,
26961,
16,
24586,
16,
24590,
24784,
24606,
16,
25345,
25843,
77,
24688,
25314,
24702,
24682,
25033,
74,
24671,
24651,
24858,
25325,
24877,
18,
24627,
29847,
25158,
26756,
26038,
27284,
24585,
26961,
24672,
24585,
26879,
17,
27657,
26322,
25314,
24591,
16,
24596,
25027,
24730,
24585,
27022,
16,
26221,
16,
24586,
26782,
24682,
24625,
24634,
25415,
24588,
24584,
24585,
26262,
25092,
91,
24820,
28075,
18,
28199,
73,
28748,
25345,
24636,
24594,
25672,
25603,
24594,
24583,
6,
24587,
24979,
25226,
6,
29847,
25158,
24618,
24611,
24659,
29961,
25357,
25435,
16,
24586,
25345,
24636,
25060,
27846,
26778,
26687,
24783,
24618,
25060,
29840,
26656,
26131,
77,
28444,
25221,
24594,
27657,
26322,
17,
76,
27833,
24599,
29697,
29234,
29975,
18,
26751,
24809,
26807,
25556,
24591,
24601,
69,
25325,
25140,
16,
28922,
25677,
75,
24667,
26539,
24593,
69,
26432,
24652,
25232,
25854,
24601,
24585,
24640,
24582,
16,
25570,
24598,
28922,
24590,
25686,
24770,
24845,
24855,
24618,
26092,
24599,
25774,
25314,
24591,
29021,
24586,
26035,
29021,
26073,
24647,
26035,
25207,
26286,
24998,
18,
28080,
26035,
27784,
24589,
24596,
26807,
25556,
24591,
25325,
25140,
6,
28517,
25817,
24638,
28410,
87,
6,
24920,
26656,
24601,
28987,
25639,
25548,
16,
27890,
25216,
24614,
24847,
24817,
16,
25691,
24903,
18,
24964,
24648,
25639,
26131,
24757,
27842,
25330,
24920,
24948,
24769,
26878,
16,
24585,
28543,
25405,
26256,
24593,
26043,
24665,
26506,
24712,
24647,
28482,
24833,
24595,
26492,
24930,
16,
25553,
24609,
26991,
16,
24596,
26142,
74,
29938,
18,
39,
25064,
24606,
24591,
26879,
37,
24810,
93,
24606,
24591,
26879,
26332,
25159,
26764,
27285,
30,
24598,
24593,
25844,
24588,
25089,
24647,
24585,
26879,
25314,
24591,
27892,
16,
27524,
29847,
24955,
25844,
24828,
26311,
25342,
24844,
25794,
24581,
25683,
24601,
24636,
26062,
25569,
24590,
24663,
18,
24657,
25683,
24601,
24769,
28281,
26142,
69,
24931,
29784,
29378,
24598,
29680,
16,
69,
24810,
93,
24606,
24591,
26879,
24593,
28011,
24601,
26401,
27657,
28559,
25916,
69,
25926,
24738,
29454,
12,
27263,
69,
25444,
91,
24792,
24874,
24805,
25050,
24675,
24584,
29847,
24768,
25916,
25191,
28550,
24595,
25796,
24597,
24584,
24749,
25158,
72,
24860,
24650,
25221,
24594,
24585,
25967,
29241,
11,
87,
17,
24646,
24593,
27223,
72,
24860,
24650,
28822,
25444,
25327,
24585,
26266,
24595,
26757,
25796,
24597,
24584,
24749,
28748,
18,
37,
24810,
93,
24606,
24591,
25325,
25140,
24593,
25878,
25672,
25603,
24596,
24995,
24636,
73,
28006,
24601,
26127,
24586,
26142,
29462,
25279,
16,
24618,
26919,
16,
24585,
74,
26173,
76,
26578,
26879,
18,
25805,
16,
24585,
24810,
93,
24606,
24591,
26879,
24687,
26311,
69,
26707,
54,
42,
25314,
24591,
24596,
69,
25444,
24738,
29454,
24601,
25211,
24688,
18,
24805,
24913,
27153,
28576,
24620,
25754,
29680,
25570,
24598,
25089,
24808,
24748,
29735,
24588,
26778,
29851,
18,
29427,
24588,
26879,
27657,
26322,
24627,
29735,
24588,
26879,
27657,
26322,
25325,
25140,
12,
56,
54,
42,
13,
28686,
24595,
69,
26879,
27657,
26322,
24611,
24659,
24692,
25092,
26296,
24748,
24586,
25060,
24606,
25434,
24663,
29735,
24588,
24601,
24585,
24893,
25530,
25325,
28082,
27657,
26322,
18,
25111,
24593,
27031,
24647,
69,
29847,
25158,
16,
29496,
24583,
24587,
24979,
25226,
29847,
25158,
25916,
69,
72,
24860,
24650,
16,
27031,
24647,
26062,
24860,
24611,
24659,
26524,
18,
25111,
24625,
26656,
24942,
24585,
25212,
27330,
24595,
24585,
24664,
24860,
24650,
90,
24616,
89,
24656,
88,
28419,
16,
26432,
24633,
29462,
24599,
24585,
25325,
28082,
24595,
26879,
25314,
24702,
25916,
26163,
28960,
24611,
24659,
26524,
24763,
24798,
24809,
27408,
24948,
26926,
18,
24627,
26432,
24633,
24634,
27260,
24620,
25754,
29680,
24595,
24585,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25325,
25140,
24752,
25676,
24585,
56,
54,
42,
25405,
24581,
27708,
24663,
28140,
24833,
16,
26537,
24585,
56,
54,
42,
25405,
24625,
26043,
25030,
24594,
26075,
24594,
24585,
28643,
26134,
24585,
25697,
26397,
6,
25207,
25391,
25843,
27123,
6,
24595,
24682,
26268,
18,
24693,
27563,
92,
24627,
25911,
24604,
92,
25325,
25140,
24625,
69,
25405,
24672,
24585,
25551,
26025,
25087,
24763,
28686,
24595,
69,
25789,
17,
26756,
56,
54,
42,
25325,
25140,
24835,
24763,
25030,
24585,
25515,
24611,
24659,
28421,
88,
28419,
24601,
24762,
24611,
24659,
27877,
24585,
26062,
24860,
25314,
24591,
24942,
24598,
24798,
24948,
29847,
24955,
18,
25111,
24625,
24581,
24583,
26268,
25072,
25703,
88,
28419,
24625,
69,
25744,
26913,
12,
24596,
25109,
24656,
24582,
24595,
26163,
29203,
25844,
13,
25165,
24682,
69,
25097,
27505,
24727,
28539,
24581,
24585,
25387,
24595,
25565,
24723,
28907,
25084,
24636,
27098,
24594,
24970,
24720,
24914,
24601,
25260,
24583,
27851,
88,
28419,
18,
24627,
25405,
88,
26949,
24601,
24636,
27641,
24631,
24606,
24914,
16,
24596,
24593,
24870,
25165,
24604,
24680,
18,
24693,
25872,
25077,
24627,
24954,
24587,
24582,
25077,
25325,
25140,
24762,
24798,
24783,
24607,
93,
25058,
24590,
24585,
24978,
25072,
25301,
24599,
24583,
26764,
24909,
24718,
12,
90,
24616,
89,
24656,
88,
28419,
13,
24625,
26603,
26913,
24633,
18,
24657,
25683,
24601,
28539,
24585,
75,
24667,
24595,
24585,
25325,
25140,
16,
28882,
24828,
24588,
25152,
24625,
25030,
24581,
24783,
25789,
54,
42,
24611,
24659,
24692,
25092,
26756,
31,
24927,
24762,
28151,
24585,
24620,
25754,
29680,
24595,
24585,
25325,
25140,
25173,
28122,
25112,
26111,
25084,
24636,
29002,
24672,
69,
25789,
29735,
24588,
26778,
29851,
18,
24627,
28901,
24595,
24828,
24588,
25152,
24625,
24715,
24850,
29609,
24581,
28641,
24599,
24585,
29805,
75,
24667,
24596,
24798,
24601,
24636,
27287,
28416,
24614,
25871,
24588,
24647,
24585,
26879,
25211,
25517,
18,
24657,
24912,
27397,
24585,
24828,
24588,
25152,
28122,
25112,
69,
25992,
28091,
24585,
26756,
24601,
24674,
71,
24689,
24688,
24590,
24585,
27657,
26322,
24598,
24625,
29735,
24588,
24601,
18,
55,
25389,
17,
24674,
71,
24689,
24626,
29763,
24585,
28715,
24595,
24783,
25325,
28082,
24595,
24583,
29372,
12,
28720,
13,
26879,
25314,
24591,
24835,
25167,
24598,
25043,
25180,
24594,
69,
39,
59,
12,
26036,
24620,
29155,
13,
25325,
25140,
18,
24627,
28692,
25314,
24591,
25142,
24585,
24674,
71,
24689,
24626,
24596,
24585,
26879,
25314,
24591,
25084,
29157,
24583,
26062,
24860,
6,
24636,
25090,
24599,
6,
27022,
18,
24627,
24674,
71,
24689,
24626,
24595,
24585,
24954,
24587,
24582,
25077,
25325,
25140,
25803,
24762,
24636,
69,
28504,
24595,
25763,
25033,
25947,
18,
24800,
24634,
27260,
25405,
25137,
24594,
24585,
26811,
17,
24954,
24587,
24582,
25077,
25325,
25140,
24634,
27260,
24585,
26957,
24647,
25813,
24599,
24583,
24674,
71,
24689,
24626,
24601,
25323,
24772,
24763,
24625,
25115,
6,
24715,
25441,
24588,
25243,
24651,
24682,
29829,
29003,
25105,
24590,
69,
26996,
24630,
12,
24649,
24664,
24945,
24597,
13,
27955,
18,
26228,
24585,
24616,
25684,
24599,
28768,
81,
25677,
24618,
69,
26442,
24757,
24954,
24587,
24582,
25077,
25325,
25140,
16,
24748,
24995,
24654,
24970,
28395,
24688,
24783,
25672,
26506,
24683,
24581,
27077,
24601,
69,
29540,
17,
26756,
56,
54,
42,
25325,
25140,
16,
25293,
24914,
24601,
24769,
28281,
24585,
25515,
25846,
24595,
24611,
24659,
26524,
25172,
24585,
25043,
24595,
28882,
24828,
24588,
25152,
18,
26873,
24637,
24652,
26147,
24657,
24585,
26873,
24637,
24652,
26147,
25325,
25140,
16,
24585,
25314,
24702,
24672,
24585,
24738,
29454,
24686,
25089,
29735,
24588,
24647,
69,
25789,
29735,
24588,
26778,
29851,
25327,
24609,
26205,
69,
26945,
24582,
25072,
25002,
24686,
29014,
24651,
69,
25314,
24591,
24672,
69,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
24763,
24593,
29735,
24588,
24601,
24585,
26262,
25092,
91,
24820,
27657,
26322,
24595,
24585,
25207,
28400,
25314,
24591,
18,
25111,
24593,
24631,
25692,
24585,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25405,
16,
25072,
24585,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
24593,
24590,
24583,
24894,
25139,
27657,
26322,
18,
24627,
24767,
25837,
24595,
24927,
26945,
24582,
24593,
27335,
26062,
24860,
27657,
26322,
16,
24763,
24593,
27951,
25172,
69,
26401,
25565,
74,
24608,
24621,
25000,
24583,
26062,
24860,
24611,
24659,
24692,
25092,
24763,
25345,
24815,
24723,
69,
24947,
26704,
18,
25056,
25325,
25113,
39,
59,
12,
28189,
24620,
29155,
13,
24585,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
24593,
29735,
24588,
24601,
69,
27657,
26322,
25608,
24789,
24633,
26035,
24672,
24682,
24595,
24585,
25207,
26286,
24621,
24581,
25683,
24601,
26145,
24585,
25774,
25314,
24591,
25000,
24583,
26062,
25569,
6,
24636,
25090,
25215,
25266,
90,
24738,
25434,
26525,
24659,
24582,
25208,
69,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25325,
25140,
26276,
27617,
24738,
25434,
26077,
24586,
24600,
25122,
24768,
24595,
26707,
25314,
24702,
24590,
24614,
78,
24616,
24609,
27657,
28559,
29402,
24601,
69,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25325,
25140,
18,
24657,
24912,
24919,
25159,
25279,
24586,
25033,
25947,
25091,
25325,
25113,
69,
27634,
38,
25314,
24591,
25570,
25201,
24593,
25159,
24620,
25754,
29680,
25296,
24585,
24631,
24893,
25530,
25615,
25374,
18,
26497,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
24891,
24756,
25686,
24663,
26757,
25325,
24877,
24686,
24595,
24585,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25405,
18,
24627,
54,
42,
25314,
24591,
24672,
24585,
24738,
29454,
25345,
24920,
24748,
26756,
24595,
24611,
24659,
26524,
24601,
24634,
29719,
24585,
25325,
25140,
11,
87,
25159,
25279,
29422,
16,
26893,
24590,
27615,
27657,
28559,
24927,
24593,
29496,
24605,
24598,
24826,
18,
24627,
54,
42,
25314,
24591,
24609,
24629,
69,
26945,
24582,
16,
25635,
24651,
24585,
24767,
25837,
24595,
24585,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
16,
24581,
25683,
24601,
29157,
69,
25165,
17,
25446,
25033,
27120,
24688,
27657,
26322,
12,
45,
42,
13,
25314,
24591,
18,
24800,
25551,
24644,
26951,
25868,
24595,
24585,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
24625,
24601,
26421,
24734,
24585,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
24596,
26945,
24582,
25000,
69,
25789,
26756,
25446,
6,
28949,
24621,
25157,
24627,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
24593,
29735,
24588,
24601,
69,
27657,
26322,
25191,
26111,
27933,
12,
24586,
27615,
13,
25208,
24585,
29170,
25325,
28082,
27657,
26322,
25165,
24682,
24585,
45,
42,
25314,
24591,
25494,
24636,
24590,
69,
26738,
27657,
26322,
25072,
24598,
24593,
26629,
24611,
24659,
25798,
24581,
69,
28652,
25032,
17,
25374,
26368,
24641,
24754,
24611,
24659,
24692,
25092,
18,
29427,
24599,
24585,
25325,
25140,
26177,
26048,
26092,
24599,
24585,
27657,
26322,
24595,
24585,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
16,
24651,
26629,
26256,
24599,
24595,
24585,
25314,
24591,
12,
27795,
24581,
27077,
24601,
28978,
24585,
25325,
25140,
13,
24652,
25232,
25397,
24633,
28736,
24590,
69,
25789,
27657,
26322,
12,
24585,
45,
42,
27657,
26322,
13,
27335,
25609,
29673,
25159,
26629,
29735,
24599,
24618,
26035,
26838,
18,
44,
24671,
24887,
25339,
28517,
25817,
24638,
28410,
87,
24618,
26713,
24757,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25325,
24877,
24618,
29372,
24596,
28654,
27782,
29268,
18,
25111,
26738,
28654,
25405,
26332,
69,
26757,
29491,
73,
26642,
24588,
25169,
24644,
29847,
25158,
16,
24631,
25692,
24585,
27657,
26322,
24913,
28365,
25517,
24586,
28270,
24860,
29847,
25158,
25030,
24581,
28058,
28654,
25325,
24877,
18,
25056,
25789,
24652,
26147,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
29372,
25325,
24877,
27018,
24618,
24992,
25394,
91,
24820,
12,
29372,
27782,
13,
24585,
45,
42,
24593,
29300,
26691,
25,
79,
44,
94,
18,
27286,
26811,
24607,
24621,
26004,
24687,
25325,
24877,
27018,
24618,
27782,
28654,
12,
28067,
17,
24975,
28,
49,
44,
94,
13,
25043,
24583,
45,
42,
24595,
24975,
18,
27,
49,
44,
94,
18,
25905,
25325,
24877,
26133,
25043,
25033,
27120,
24688,
27657,
28559,
24595,
25150,
25929,
49,
44,
94,
18,
26726,
26757,
26368,
24751,
24596,
25325,
24877,
24756,
25520,
24652,
27454,
27615,
27657,
26322,
25374,
87,
24818,
24601,
69,
26302,
27933,
27657,
26322,
12,
58,
44,
42,
13,
24942,
24763,
69,
25179,
26945,
24582,
24651,
69,
29735,
24914,
25763,
24674,
71,
24689,
25517,
24596,
69,
25179,
45,
42,
26756,
26256,
24585,
25314,
24591,
24594,
27356,
18,
55,
24595,
28528,
17,
27347,
24588,
26879,
55,
24595,
28528,
17,
27347,
24588,
26879,
12,
55,
40,
54,
13,
24593,
69,
26879,
28113,
24626,
25490,
25072,
24770,
29433,
16,
24682,
24920,
24948,
26717,
24904,
29223,
24588,
24581,
26937,
91,
24686,
12,
73,
18,
75,
18,
26945,
24629,
16,
74,
24608,
24998,
16,
24611,
24659,
24692,
26306,
16,
25357,
24649,
26323,
19,
25826,
24694,
24649,
26323,
16,
29847,
28748,
16,
24645,
71,
27551,
24686,
27520,
29223,
24588,
24647,
27998,
24595,
29387,
24584,
69,
27706,
28996,
24586,
25184,
24588,
27481,
25490,
18,
26751,
24585,
29032,
24595,
55,
40,
54,
24593,
24809,
24983,
16,
24585,
26996,
24630,
24633,
24895,
24612,
27409,
25238,
24662,
26981,
24595,
29405,
26163,
25617,
24930,
86,
26815,
26442,
24757,
25160,
26256,
24589,
24763,
25030,
24601,
24636,
25089,
24585,
24586,
24645,
25686,
27333,
18,
25404,
24762,
25592,
24595,
26879,
25694,
25279,
25237,
25358,
24582,
27476,
27437,
28619,
27491,
28113,
24626,
25866,
25756,
12,
54,
55,
29219,
24758,
26292,
24883,
39,
25064,
24606,
24591,
27491,
26222,
25041,
29842,
18,
44,
18,
28150,
87,
27004,
24596,
24600,
24827,
27491,
26163,
25617,
24930,
24693,
24648,
25140,
12,
26879,
13
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
16140622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andilanatoby | Andilanatoby | Andilanatoby is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It is situated at 55 km south-east of Ambatondrazaka and also belongs to the district with the same name: Ambatondrazaka, which is a part of Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 22,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 85% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 10% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans and cassava. Services provide employment for 2% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 3% of the population.
Roads
Andilanatoby is a railway station on the Moramanga - Alaotra Lake line.
Also the Route nationale 44 passes this municipality.
Rivers
The Ranofotsy, which is an affluent of the Maningory River.
References
Populated places in Alaotra-Mangoro | [
"And",
"il",
"an",
"ato",
"by",
"is",
"a",
"rural",
"municipality",
"in",
"Mad",
"ag",
"as",
"car",
".",
"It",
"is",
"sit",
"uated",
"at",
"55",
"km",
"south",
"-",
"east",
"of",
"Am",
"bat",
"on",
"dr",
"az",
"aka",
"and",
"also",
"belong",
"s",
"to",
"the",
"district",
"with",
"the",
"same",
"name",
":",
"Am",
"bat",
"on",
"dr",
"az",
"aka",
",",
"which",
"is",
"a",
"part",
"of",
"Al",
"a",
"ot",
"ra",
"-",
"M",
"ang",
"or",
"o",
"Region",
".",
"The",
"population",
"of",
"the",
"comm",
"une",
"was",
"estimated",
"to",
"be",
"approximately",
"22",
",",
"000",
"in",
"2001",
"comm",
"une",
"census",
".",
"Prim",
"ary",
"and",
"jun",
"ior",
"level",
"secondary",
"education",
"are",
"available",
"in",
"town",
".",
"The",
"majority",
"85",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
"of",
"the",
"comm",
"une",
"are",
"farm",
"ers",
",",
"while",
"an",
"additional",
"10",
"%",
"rece",
"ives",
"their",
"l",
"iv",
"el",
"i",
"hood",
"from",
"ra",
"ising",
"lives",
"to",
"ck",
".",
"The",
"most",
"important",
"c",
"rop",
"is",
"r",
"ice",
",",
"while",
"other",
"important",
"products",
"are",
"be",
"ans",
"and",
"c",
"ass",
"ava",
".",
"Services",
"provide",
"employ",
"ment",
"for",
"2",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
".",
"Addition",
"ally",
"fish",
"ing",
"employ",
"s",
"3",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"population",
".",
"Road",
"s",
"And",
"il",
"an",
"ato",
"by",
"is",
"a",
"railway",
"station",
"on",
"the",
"Mor",
"am",
"ang",
"a",
"-",
"Al",
"a",
"ot",
"ra",
"Lake",
"line",
".",
"Also",
"the",
"Route",
"national",
"e",
"44",
"pass",
"es",
"this",
"municipality",
".",
"R",
"ivers",
"The",
"R",
"an",
"of",
"ot",
"sy",
",",
"which",
"is",
"an",
"af",
"flu",
"ent",
"of",
"the",
"Man",
"ing",
"ory",
"River",
".",
"References",
"Populated",
"places",
"in",
"Al",
"a",
"ot",
"ra",
"-",
"M",
"ang",
"or",
"o"
] | [
25695,
24608,
24583,
26910,
24647,
24593,
69,
28971,
28016,
24581,
26431,
24638,
24594,
25653,
18,
24805,
24593,
26117,
28759,
24590,
27600,
26020,
25900,
17,
26376,
24595,
25417,
28934,
24584,
24815,
25022,
27591,
24596,
24762,
28345,
87,
24601,
24585,
25906,
24651,
24585,
25515,
25364,
30,
25417,
28934,
24584,
24815,
25022,
27591,
16,
24763,
24593,
69,
24791,
24595,
24788,
69,
24643,
24840,
17,
49,
24822,
24586,
83,
28724,
18,
24627,
25755,
24595,
24585,
24898,
25178,
24625,
29452,
24601,
24636,
27788,
25127,
16,
25348,
24581,
25933,
24898,
25178,
27411,
18,
28669,
24713,
24596,
27631,
25233,
25846,
29604,
26513,
24686,
26926,
24581,
25305,
18,
24627,
28131,
28593,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
24595,
24585,
24898,
25178,
24686,
27578,
24629,
16,
25293,
24583,
27851,
24975,
9,
25325,
25330,
24862,
80,
24622,
24613,
77,
26931,
24672,
24840,
26388,
28567,
24601,
25188,
18,
24627,
25066,
26742,
71,
25773,
24593,
86,
24811,
16,
25293,
24858,
26742,
28891,
24686,
24636,
24841,
24596,
71,
24732,
28884,
18,
29957,
27627,
26632,
24718,
24618,
22,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
18,
29663,
24904,
27125,
24599,
26632,
87,
23,
9,
24595,
24585,
25755,
18,
26329,
87,
25695,
24608,
24583,
26910,
24647,
24593,
69,
27423,
25711,
24584,
24585,
26036,
24611,
24822,
69,
17,
24788,
69,
24643,
24840,
26954,
25315,
18,
29095,
24585,
28630,
25743,
73,
27173,
25565,
24589,
24927,
28016,
18,
54,
24877,
24627,
54,
24583,
24595,
24643,
24984,
16,
24763,
24593,
24583,
24744,
26102,
24609,
24595,
24585,
25310,
24599,
24817,
25910,
18,
24838,
29189,
26872,
24581,
24788,
69,
24643,
24840,
17,
49,
24822,
24586,
83
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
4752654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doraville%20station | Doraville station | Doraville is a train station in Doraville, Georgia, and the northern terminus on the Gold Line of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) rail system. Doraville serves as the ground for the Doraville rail yard for the Gold line, with a capacity of 30 rail cars.
This station mainly serves Doravile and Gwinnett County.
This station provides access to Doraville City Hall, Doraville Health Department, Doraville Public Library, and bus service to Sugarloaf Mills (formerly Discover Mills). Bus service is also provided at this station to Oglethorpe University, Buford Highway, Tucker, Phipps Plaza, Peachtree Industrial Boulevard, and Brandsmart USA.
Station layout
Parking
Doraville has 1,070 daily and long term parking spaces available for MARTA users which are located in paved parking lots and one parking deck.
Bus routes
The station is served by the following MARTA bus routes:
Route 25 - Peachtree Industrial Boulevard
Route 39 - Buford Highway
Route 104 - Winters Chapel Road
Route 124 - Pleasantdale Road
Route 133 - Shallowford Road
The station is also served by the following:
Ride Gwinnett routes 10A, 10B, 20, and 35 start at Doraville Station and extend to Gwinnett County.
Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA) Xpress route 408 - Doraville to Johns Creek Parkway
Proposed Intercity Rail Service
Amtrak has been considering moving their service for the Atlanta area to a site near this station to replace their current station in the Brookwood neighborhood. While agreements with MARTA and Norfolk Southern are necessary, this would provide the station with a direct connection with Amtrak Crescent service to New York City, Charlotte, Washington, DC, Birmingham, and New Orleans.
The station site is also proposed for possible intercity service on the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor's Charlotte to Atlanta segment, should a future analysis choose an approach into Atlanta via Norfolk Southern Railway trackage. If the alignment through Doraville is chosen, it is assumed at all trains along the corridor would stop here, due to its connection to the MARTA rail system.
Amtrak had again listed Doraville as a proposed station stop along a corridor route from Charlotte, North Carolina to Atlanta as part of their "Connects US" plan in May 2021. As part of this proposal, three round trips would operate to Charlotte daily, with two of these trips extending to Union Station in Raleigh, North Carolina as an extension of the existing Piedmont service.
References
External links
MARTA station page
nycsubway.org Atlanta page
Armour Yard Online Media Kit
Station from Google Maps Street View
Doraville, Georgia
Gold Line (MARTA)
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1992
Railway stations in DeKalb County, Georgia
1992 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | [
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"is",
"a",
"train",
"station",
"in",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
",",
"Georgia",
",",
"and",
"the",
"northern",
"termin",
"us",
"on",
"the",
"Gold",
"Line",
"of",
"the",
"Metro",
"politan",
"Atl",
"anta",
"R",
"ap",
"id",
"Tran",
"sit",
"Au",
"thor",
"ity",
"(",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
")",
"rail",
"system",
".",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"serves",
"as",
"the",
"ground",
"for",
"the",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"rail",
"yard",
"for",
"the",
"Gold",
"line",
",",
"with",
"a",
"capacity",
"of",
"30",
"rail",
"cars",
".",
"This",
"station",
"mainly",
"serves",
"Dor",
"av",
"ile",
"and",
"G",
"winn",
"ett",
"County",
".",
"This",
"station",
"provides",
"access",
"to",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"City",
"Hall",
",",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"Health",
"Department",
",",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"Public",
"Library",
",",
"and",
"bus",
"service",
"to",
"S",
"ug",
"ar",
"lo",
"af",
"Mill",
"s",
"(",
"formerly",
"Dis",
"cover",
"Mill",
"s",
").",
"Bus",
"service",
"is",
"also",
"provided",
"at",
"this",
"station",
"to",
"O",
"g",
"le",
"thor",
"pe",
"University",
",",
"Bu",
"ford",
"Highway",
",",
"T",
"uck",
"er",
",",
"Ph",
"ip",
"ps",
"Pl",
"az",
"a",
",",
"Pe",
"ach",
"tree",
"Industr",
"ial",
"B",
"ou",
"le",
"vard",
",",
"and",
"Br",
"and",
"sm",
"art",
"USA",
".",
"Station",
"lay",
"out",
"Park",
"ing",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"has",
"1",
",",
"0",
"70",
"d",
"aily",
"and",
"long",
"term",
"park",
"ing",
"sp",
"aces",
"available",
"for",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
"us",
"ers",
"which",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"p",
"av",
"ed",
"park",
"ing",
"l",
"ots",
"and",
"one",
"park",
"ing",
"de",
"ck",
".",
"Bus",
"rout",
"es",
"The",
"station",
"is",
"served",
"by",
"the",
"following",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
"bus",
"rout",
"es",
":",
"Route",
"25",
"-",
"Pe",
"ach",
"tree",
"Industr",
"ial",
"B",
"ou",
"le",
"vard",
"Route",
"39",
"-",
"Bu",
"ford",
"Highway",
"Route",
"10",
"4",
"-",
"Win",
"ters",
"Chap",
"el",
"Road",
"Route",
"12",
"4",
"-",
"P",
"le",
"as",
"ant",
"d",
"ale",
"Road",
"Route",
"13",
"3",
"-",
"Sh",
"allow",
"ford",
"Road",
"The",
"station",
"is",
"also",
"served",
"by",
"the",
"following",
":",
"R",
"ide",
"G",
"winn",
"ett",
"rout",
"es",
"10",
"A",
",",
"10",
"B",
",",
"20",
",",
"and",
"35",
"start",
"at",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"Station",
"and",
"ext",
"end",
"to",
"G",
"winn",
"ett",
"County",
".",
"Georgia",
"Regional",
"Transport",
"ation",
"Au",
"thor",
"ity",
"(",
"G",
"R",
"TA",
")",
"X",
"press",
"route",
"40",
"8",
"-",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"to",
"John",
"s",
"Creek",
"Park",
"way",
"Pro",
"posed",
"Inter",
"city",
"Rail",
"Service",
"Am",
"tr",
"ak",
"has",
"been",
"consid",
"ering",
"moving",
"their",
"service",
"for",
"the",
"Atl",
"anta",
"area",
"to",
"a",
"site",
"near",
"this",
"station",
"to",
"re",
"place",
"their",
"current",
"station",
"in",
"the",
"Brook",
"wood",
"neighbor",
"hood",
".",
"While",
"agre",
"ements",
"with",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
"and",
"Nor",
"folk",
"Southern",
"are",
"necess",
"ary",
",",
"this",
"would",
"provide",
"the",
"station",
"with",
"a",
"direct",
"conne",
"ction",
"with",
"Am",
"tr",
"ak",
"C",
"res",
"cent",
"service",
"to",
"New",
"York",
"City",
",",
"Char",
"lot",
"te",
",",
"Washington",
",",
"DC",
",",
"Bir",
"ming",
"ham",
",",
"and",
"New",
"Or",
"le",
"ans",
".",
"The",
"station",
"site",
"is",
"also",
"proposed",
"for",
"possible",
"inter",
"city",
"service",
"on",
"the",
"S",
"ou",
"theast",
"High",
"Spe",
"ed",
"Rail",
"Cor",
"rid",
"or",
"'",
"s",
"Char",
"lot",
"te",
"to",
"Atl",
"anta",
"se",
"g",
"ment",
",",
"should",
"a",
"future",
"analysis",
"cho",
"ose",
"an",
"approach",
"into",
"Atl",
"anta",
"via",
"Nor",
"folk",
"Southern",
"Railway",
"track",
"age",
".",
"If",
"the",
"align",
"ment",
"through",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"is",
"ch",
"osen",
",",
"it",
"is",
"ass",
"umed",
"at",
"all",
"train",
"s",
"along",
"the",
"cor",
"rid",
"or",
"would",
"stop",
"here",
",",
"due",
"to",
"its",
"conne",
"ction",
"to",
"the",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
"rail",
"system",
".",
"Am",
"tr",
"ak",
"had",
"again",
"listed",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
"as",
"a",
"proposed",
"station",
"stop",
"along",
"a",
"cor",
"rid",
"or",
"route",
"from",
"Char",
"lot",
"te",
",",
"North",
"Carolina",
"to",
"Atl",
"anta",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"their",
"\"",
"Conne",
"cts",
"US",
"\"",
"plan",
"in",
"May",
"2021",
".",
"As",
"part",
"of",
"this",
"pro",
"pos",
"al",
",",
"three",
"round",
"tr",
"ips",
"would",
"oper",
"ate",
"to",
"Char",
"lot",
"te",
"d",
"aily",
",",
"with",
"two",
"of",
"these",
"tr",
"ips",
"ext",
"ending",
"to",
"Union",
"Station",
"in",
"R",
"ale",
"igh",
",",
"North",
"Carolina",
"as",
"an",
"ext",
"ension",
"of",
"the",
"existing",
"P",
"ied",
"mont",
"service",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
"station",
"page",
"ny",
"c",
"sub",
"way",
".",
"org",
"Atl",
"anta",
"page",
"Arm",
"our",
"Y",
"ard",
"On",
"line",
"Media",
"K",
"it",
"Station",
"from",
"Go",
"og",
"le",
"M",
"aps",
"Street",
"V",
"iew",
"Dor",
"av",
"ille",
",",
"Georgia",
"Gold",
"Line",
"(",
"M",
"AR",
"TA",
")",
"Metro",
"politan",
"Atl",
"anta",
"R",
"ap",
"id",
"Tran",
"sit",
"Au",
"thor",
"ity",
"stations",
"Railway",
"stations",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"opened",
"in",
"1992",
"Railway",
"stations",
"in",
"De",
"Kal",
"b",
"County",
",",
"Georgia",
"1992",
"establishments",
"in",
"Georgia",
"(",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"state",
")"
] | [
28520,
24668,
25757,
24593,
69,
25800,
25711,
24581,
28520,
24668,
25757,
16,
27935,
16,
24596,
24585,
27619,
26667,
24640,
24584,
24585,
26567,
27818,
24595,
24585,
28215,
29287,
26952,
27097,
54,
24654,
24630,
26175,
26117,
25085,
25649,
24683,
12,
49,
27214,
29475,
13,
26031,
25490,
18,
28520,
24668,
25757,
29415,
24594,
24585,
25479,
24618,
24585,
28520,
24668,
25757,
26031,
28257,
24618,
24585,
26567,
25315,
16,
24651,
69,
29174,
24595,
25402,
26031,
29197,
18,
25111,
25711,
28617,
29415,
28520,
24668,
24890,
24596,
43,
25904,
26573,
25239,
18,
25111,
25711,
28803,
26978,
24601,
28520,
24668,
25757,
25440,
26411,
16,
28520,
24668,
25757,
27779,
26606,
16,
28520,
24668,
25757,
26746,
28036,
16,
24596,
25545,
25993,
24601,
55,
24880,
24592,
25169,
24744,
26843,
87,
12,
28598,
26276,
25445,
26843,
87,
24874,
27200,
25993,
24593,
24762,
27380,
24590,
24927,
25711,
24601,
51,
75,
24604,
25649,
24678,
25015,
16,
27124,
25579,
29434,
16,
56,
25776,
24582,
16,
25218,
24696,
25909,
25123,
25022,
69,
16,
25061,
24769,
29463,
28894,
24727,
38,
24603,
24604,
28714,
16,
24596,
24980,
24596,
25419,
24673,
28382,
18,
27648,
27773,
24767,
25840,
24599,
28520,
24668,
25757,
24808,
21,
16,
20,
26921,
72,
28391,
24596,
25444,
26334,
27414,
24599,
24878,
26714,
26926,
24618,
49,
27214,
29475,
24640,
24629,
24763,
24686,
25616,
24581,
84,
24668,
24588,
27414,
24599,
80,
26392,
24596,
24748,
27414,
24599,
24650,
25188,
18,
27200,
29497,
24589,
24627,
25711,
24593,
25612,
24647,
24585,
25528,
49,
27214,
29475,
25545,
29497,
24589,
30,
28630,
25306,
17,
25061,
24769,
29463,
28894,
24727,
38,
24603,
24604,
28714,
28630,
27011,
17,
27124,
25579,
29434,
28630,
24975,
24,
17,
28063,
24998,
28514,
24613,
26329,
28630,
25074,
24,
17,
52,
24604,
24594,
24738,
72,
24988,
26329,
28630,
25143,
23,
17,
24950,
25813,
25579,
26329,
24627,
25711,
24593,
24762,
25612,
24647,
24585,
25528,
30,
54,
24814,
43,
25904,
26573,
29497,
24589,
24975,
37,
16,
24975,
38,
16,
24623,
16,
24596,
26400,
25457,
24590,
28520,
24668,
25757,
27648,
24596,
25588,
24725,
24601,
43,
25904,
26573,
25239,
18,
27935,
29780,
28236,
24626,
25085,
25649,
24683,
12,
43,
54,
29475,
13,
60,
25415,
27895,
25929,
28,
17,
28520,
24668,
25757,
24601,
25149,
87,
28370,
25840,
24968,
25057,
26267,
26620,
25491,
26220,
27349,
25417,
24664,
24700,
24808,
24948,
25935,
26205,
28657,
24862,
25993,
24618,
24585,
26952,
27097,
25450,
24601,
69,
25508,
25532,
24927,
25711,
24601,
24600,
25468,
24862,
26950,
25711,
24581,
24585,
29276,
25917,
28932,
26931,
18,
26751,
27747,
26767,
24651,
49,
27214,
29475,
24596,
25011,
28589,
27602,
24686,
28691,
24713,
16,
24927,
25084,
27627,
24585,
25711,
24651,
69,
26340,
26470,
24768,
24651,
25417,
24664,
24700,
39,
24753,
24804,
25993,
24601,
24871,
25288,
25440,
16,
25627,
28056,
24680,
16,
26430,
16,
29033,
16,
28019,
26352,
25484,
16,
24596,
24871,
25156,
24604,
24841,
18,
24627,
25711,
25508,
24593,
24762,
28578,
24618,
27333,
25033,
25491,
25993,
24584,
24585,
55,
24603,
27604,
25626,
28071,
24588,
26220,
25749,
27307,
24586,
11,
87,
25627,
28056,
24680,
24601,
26952,
27097,
24620,
75,
24718,
16,
26794,
69,
27884,
29316,
24872,
25307,
24583,
27784,
25000,
26952,
27097,
26851,
25011,
28589,
27602,
27112,
26059,
24754,
18,
27745,
24585,
25329,
24718,
25172,
28520,
24668,
25757,
24593,
24610,
29731,
16,
24598,
24593,
24732,
29047,
24590,
24663,
25800,
87,
25635,
24585,
25779,
27307,
24586,
25084,
27282,
28462,
16,
25769,
24601,
24783,
26470,
24768,
24601,
24585,
49,
27214,
29475,
26031,
25490,
18,
25417,
24664,
24700,
24798,
25098,
26791,
28520,
24668,
25757,
24594,
69,
28578,
25711,
27282,
25635,
69,
25779,
27307,
24586,
27895,
24672,
25627,
28056,
24680,
16,
25386,
27354,
24601,
26952,
27097,
24594,
24791,
24595,
24862,
6,
29149,
26396,
25473,
6,
26874,
24581,
25176,
25785,
18,
24906,
24791,
24595,
24927,
24685,
24936,
24591,
16,
25151,
25631,
24664,
27382,
25084,
25211,
24688,
24601,
25627,
28056,
24680,
72,
28391,
16,
24651,
24907,
24595,
25639,
24664,
27382,
25588,
26303,
24601,
26275,
27648,
24581,
54,
24988,
24697,
16,
25386,
27354,
24594,
24583,
25588,
27596,
24595,
24585,
29837,
52,
24837,
28782,
25993,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
49,
27214,
29475,
25711,
27861,
27091,
71,
25097,
24968,
18,
28323,
26952,
27097,
27861,
29713,
24714,
61,
24695,
24964,
25315,
28726,
47,
24598,
27648,
24672,
26560,
24776,
24604,
49,
27152,
26235,
58,
25235,
28520,
24668,
25757,
16,
27935,
26567,
27818,
12,
49,
27214,
29475,
13,
28215,
29287,
26952,
27097,
54,
24654,
24630,
26175,
26117,
25085,
25649,
24683,
26838,
27112,
26838,
24581,
24585,
24994,
25131,
26274,
24581,
26362,
27112,
26838,
24581,
24821,
28737,
70,
25239,
16,
27935,
26362,
26712,
24581,
27935,
12,
57,
18,
55,
18,
25338,
13
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
47292282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxycytosine | 5-Hydroxycytosine | 5-Hydroxycytosine is an oxidized form of cytosine that is associated with an increased frequency of C to T transition mutations, with some C to G transversions. It does not distort the DNA molecule and is readily bypassed by replicative DNA polymerases.
It has been shown in vitro to miscode for adenine.
5-hydroxycytosine is imperative for parallel DNA triplex formation, explaining why parallel triplexes form only at pH 6 and below.
References
Pyrimidones
Nucleobases | [
"5",
"-",
"Hy",
"dro",
"x",
"y",
"cy",
"tos",
"ine",
"is",
"an",
"ox",
"id",
"ized",
"form",
"of",
"cy",
"tos",
"ine",
"that",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"an",
"increased",
"frequ",
"ency",
"of",
"C",
"to",
"T",
"trans",
"ition",
"mut",
"ations",
",",
"with",
"some",
"C",
"to",
"G",
"trans",
"versions",
".",
"It",
"does",
"not",
"dist",
"ort",
"the",
"D",
"NA",
"m",
"ole",
"cu",
"le",
"and",
"is",
"read",
"ily",
"by",
"passed",
"by",
"re",
"plic",
"ative",
"D",
"NA",
"poly",
"mer",
"ases",
".",
"It",
"has",
"been",
"shown",
"in",
"v",
"it",
"ro",
"to",
"mis",
"code",
"for",
"ad",
"en",
"ine",
".",
"5",
"-",
"hy",
"dro",
"x",
"y",
"cy",
"tos",
"ine",
"is",
"im",
"per",
"ative",
"for",
"par",
"alle",
"l",
"D",
"NA",
"tr",
"iple",
"x",
"formation",
",",
"expl",
"aining",
"wh",
"y",
"par",
"alle",
"l",
"tr",
"iple",
"x",
"es",
"form",
"only",
"at",
"p",
"H",
"6",
"and",
"below",
".",
"References",
"P",
"yr",
"im",
"id",
"ones",
"N",
"uc",
"le",
"ob",
"ases"
] | [
25,
17,
27315,
28279,
92,
93,
25147,
29017,
24734,
24593,
24583,
26173,
24630,
25380,
24839,
24595,
25147,
29017,
24734,
24682,
24593,
27948,
24651,
24583,
28151,
27657,
26322,
24595,
39,
24601,
56,
25207,
24793,
29360,
24833,
16,
24651,
25191,
39,
24601,
43,
25207,
29679,
18,
24805,
26839,
24809,
26079,
24996,
24585,
40,
26468,
81,
26578,
26687,
24604,
24596,
24593,
25483,
25038,
24647,
27951,
24647,
24600,
26506,
25077,
40,
26468,
29978,
24719,
27190,
18,
24805,
24808,
24948,
28401,
24581,
90,
24598,
24619,
24601,
28536,
29155,
24618,
24614,
24587,
24734,
18,
25,
17,
25017,
28279,
92,
93,
25147,
29017,
24734,
24593,
24634,
24726,
25077,
24618,
25041,
29536,
80,
40,
26468,
24664,
26652,
92,
25976,
16,
26153,
28403,
24646,
93,
25041,
29536,
80,
24664,
26652,
92,
24589,
24839,
25089,
24590,
84,
44,
26,
24596,
27962,
18,
24838,
52,
26614,
24634,
24630,
25794,
50,
24965,
24604,
24870,
27190
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
51489341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerida%20invicta | Isomerida invicta | Isomerida invicta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996. It is known from Peru.
References
Hemilophini
Beetles described in 1996 | [
"Is",
"omer",
"ida",
"inv",
"ict",
"a",
"is",
"a",
"species",
"of",
"be",
"et",
"le",
"in",
"the",
"family",
"Cer",
"am",
"by",
"c",
"idae",
".",
"It",
"was",
"described",
"by",
"Gal",
"ile",
"o",
"and",
"Mart",
"ins",
"in",
"1996",
".",
"It",
"is",
"known",
"from",
"Per",
"u",
".",
"References",
"H",
"em",
"il",
"oph",
"ini",
"Be",
"et",
"les",
"described",
"in",
"1996"
] | [
25134,
28216,
26371,
25212,
24847,
69,
24593,
69,
25752,
24595,
24636,
24645,
24604,
24581,
24585,
25334,
29524,
24611,
24647,
71,
26724,
18,
24805,
24625,
25896,
24647,
27759,
24890,
83,
24596,
26285,
25080,
24581,
26234,
18,
24805,
24593,
25137,
24672,
25768,
89,
18,
24838,
44,
24635,
24608,
26391,
26897,
25133,
24645,
24928,
25896,
24581,
26234
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
22622319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invited%20People | Invited People | Invited People (μ΄λλ°μ μ±μ
λ€ - μ΄λλ°μ μ¬λλ€ - Chodaebadeun seongungdeul or Chodaebadeun saramdeul) is a 1981 South Korean film directed by Choi Ha-won. It was chosen as Best Film at the Grand Bell Awards.
Plot
A religious drama about people studying and practising Catholicism in Korea during the mid 19th century despite oppression and persecution.
Cast
Yu In-chon
Kim Seong-su
Yoon Yang-ha
Kim Min-kyoung
Kwak Eun-kyung
Oh Young-hwa
Kim Ae-kyung
Moon Mi-bong
Yoon Il-ju
Lee In-ock
Bibliography
Notes
1981 films
1980s Korean-language films
South Korean drama films
Best Picture Grand Bell Award winners
Films directed by Choi Ha-won | [
"In",
"v",
"ited",
"People",
"(",
"μ΄",
"λ",
"λ°",
"μ",
"μ±",
"μ
",
"λ€",
"-",
"μ΄",
"λ",
"λ°",
"μ",
"μ¬",
"λ",
"λ€",
"-",
"Ch",
"od",
"ae",
"b",
"ade",
"un",
"se",
"ong",
"ung",
"de",
"ul",
"or",
"Ch",
"od",
"ae",
"b",
"ade",
"un",
"s",
"ar",
"am",
"de",
"ul",
")",
"is",
"a",
"1981",
"South",
"Korean",
"film",
"directed",
"by",
"Ch",
"o",
"i",
"Ha",
"-",
"won",
".",
"It",
"was",
"ch",
"osen",
"as",
"Best",
"Film",
"at",
"the",
"Grand",
"Bell",
"Awards",
".",
"Pl",
"ot",
"A",
"religious",
"drama",
"about",
"people",
"stud",
"ying",
"and",
"pract",
"ising",
"Catholic",
"ism",
"in",
"Korea",
"during",
"the",
"mid",
"19th",
"century",
"despite",
"op",
"pression",
"and",
"per",
"sec",
"ution",
".",
"Cast",
"Y",
"u",
"In",
"-",
"ch",
"on",
"Kim",
"Se",
"ong",
"-",
"su",
"Y",
"oon",
"Y",
"ang",
"-",
"ha",
"Kim",
"Min",
"-",
"k",
"young",
"K",
"w",
"ak",
"E",
"un",
"-",
"ky",
"ung",
"Oh",
"Young",
"-",
"h",
"wa",
"Kim",
"A",
"e",
"-",
"ky",
"ung",
"Mo",
"on",
"Mi",
"-",
"b",
"ong",
"Y",
"oon",
"Il",
"-",
"j",
"u",
"Lee",
"In",
"-",
"ock",
"Bibliography",
"Notes",
"1981",
"films",
"1980s",
"Korean",
"-",
"language",
"films",
"South",
"Korean",
"drama",
"films",
"Best",
"Pict",
"ure",
"Grand",
"Bell",
"Award",
"winners",
"Films",
"directed",
"by",
"Ch",
"o",
"i",
"Ha",
"-",
"won"
] | [
24657,
90,
24863,
25687,
12,
21033,
19409,
19954,
20678,
20238,
20639,
19517,
17,
21033,
19409,
19954,
20678,
20188,
19651,
19517,
17,
24698,
24694,
25299,
70,
24899,
24631,
24620,
24728,
25566,
24650,
24649,
24586,
24698,
24694,
25299,
70,
24899,
24631,
87,
24592,
24611,
24650,
24649,
13,
24593,
69,
27073,
25236,
28331,
24932,
26511,
24647,
24698,
83,
77,
27503,
17,
25400,
18,
24805,
24625,
24610,
29731,
24594,
26279,
25716,
24590,
24585,
26458,
28443,
26518,
18,
25123,
24643,
37,
28104,
27493,
25150,
24941,
25117,
26194,
24596,
26442,
26388,
26774,
25284,
24581,
28446,
25104,
24585,
25884,
27012,
25087,
28673,
24644,
28642,
24596,
24726,
28506,
25328,
18,
26502,
61,
89,
24657,
17,
24610,
24584,
28796,
24779,
24728,
17,
24701,
61,
27095,
61,
24822,
17,
26229,
28796,
25507,
17,
79,
26181,
47,
91,
24700,
41,
24631,
17,
27709,
25566,
27248,
27550,
17,
76,
26965,
28796,
37,
73,
17,
27709,
25566,
25721,
24584,
29854,
17,
70,
24728,
61,
27095,
26472,
17,
78,
89,
27568,
24657,
17,
25467,
29100,
27004,
27073,
25477,
28210,
28331,
17,
25996,
25477,
25236,
28331,
27493,
25477,
26279,
29900,
24794,
26458,
28443,
25482,
28754,
27019,
26511,
24647,
24698,
83,
77,
27503,
17,
25400
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
40590969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney%20Koneferenisi | Barney Koneferenisi | Barney Koneferenisi (born 9 March 1994) is a wheelchair rugby player from New Zealand, and a member of the national team, the Wheel Blacks. Koneferenisi won the 2013 NWRC GIO Most Trusted Player award, and appeared on New Zealand television programme Attitude.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
New Zealand wheelchair rugby players
Paralympic wheelchair rugby players for New Zealand
Wheelchair rugby players at the 2020 Summer Paralympics | [
"Bar",
"ney",
"K",
"one",
"feren",
"is",
"i",
"(",
"born",
"9",
"March",
"1994",
")",
"is",
"a",
"whe",
"el",
"chair",
"rugby",
"player",
"from",
"New",
"Zealand",
",",
"and",
"a",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"team",
",",
"the",
"W",
"he",
"el",
"Bl",
"acks",
".",
"K",
"one",
"feren",
"is",
"i",
"won",
"the",
"2013",
"N",
"W",
"R",
"C",
"G",
"I",
"O",
"Most",
"Trust",
"ed",
"Play",
"er",
"award",
",",
"and",
"appeared",
"on",
"New",
"Zealand",
"television",
"program",
"me",
"At",
"tit",
"ude",
".",
"References",
"External",
"links",
"1994",
"births",
"Living",
"people",
"New",
"Zealand",
"whe",
"el",
"chair",
"rugby",
"players",
"Par",
"aly",
"mp",
"ic",
"whe",
"el",
"chair",
"rugby",
"players",
"for",
"New",
"Zealand",
"W",
"he",
"el",
"chair",
"rugby",
"players",
"at",
"the",
"2020",
"Summer",
"Par",
"aly",
"mp",
"ics"
] | [
25497,
25714,
47,
24748,
24790,
24593,
77,
12,
25049,
29,
25317,
26360,
13,
24593,
69,
27143,
24613,
27309,
28634,
25811,
24672,
24871,
26692,
16,
24596,
69,
25537,
24595,
24585,
25743,
25036,
16,
24585,
59,
24607,
24613,
25241,
25718,
18,
47,
24748,
24790,
24593,
77,
25400,
24585,
25578,
50,
59,
54,
39,
43,
45,
51,
27286,
29860,
24588,
26390,
24582,
26129,
16,
24596,
26530,
24584,
24871,
26692,
25780,
25620,
24885,
25197,
25488,
25543,
18,
24838,
25065,
25051,
26360,
25393,
25766,
24941,
24871,
26692,
27143,
24613,
27309,
28634,
25053,
25251,
26884,
25265,
24597,
27143,
24613,
27309,
28634,
25053,
24618,
24871,
26692,
59,
24607,
24613,
27309,
28634,
25053,
24590,
24585,
25642,
26558,
25251,
26884,
25265,
24930
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |