(value, encoding="utf-8")
Converts a string value to bytes, if necessary.

    Unfortunately, ``six.b`` is insufficient for this task since in
    Python 2 because it does not modify ``unicode`` objects.

    Args:
        value (Union[str, bytes]): The value to be converted.
        encoding (str): The encoding to use to convert unicode to bytes.
            Defaults to "utf-8".

    Returns:
        bytes: The original value converted to bytes (if unicode) or as
            passed in if it started out as bytes.

    Raises:
        ValueError: If the value could not be converted to bytes.
Converts a string value to bytes, if necessary.
Converts a string value to bytes if necessary .
def to_bytes(value, encoding="utf-8"):
    """Converts a string value to bytes, if necessary.

    Unfortunately, ``six.b`` is insufficient for this task since in
    Python 2 because it does not modify ``unicode`` objects.

    Args:
        value (Union[str, bytes]): The value to be converted.
        encoding (str): The encoding to use to convert unicode to bytes.
            Defaults to "utf-8".

    Returns:
        bytes: The original value converted to bytes (if unicode) or as
            passed in if it started out as bytes.

    Raises:
        ValueError: If the value could not be converted to bytes.
    """
    result = value.encode(encoding) if isinstance(value, six.text_type) else value
    if isinstance(result, six.binary_type):
        return result
    else:
        raise ValueError("{0!r} could not be converted to bytes".format(value))
def to_bytes ( value , encoding = "utf-8" ) : result = value . encode ( encoding ) if isinstance ( value , six . text_type ) else value if isinstance ( result , six . binary_type ) : return result else : raise ValueError ( "{0!r} could not be converted to bytes" . format ( value ) )