Which of the following is not permeable through the Blood Brain Barrier:
D i.e. Proteins Blood-CSF Barrier & Blood-Brain Barriers are highly permeable to water, CO2 (carbondioxide), 02 (oxygen)2, and most lipid soluble (lipophilic) substances such as free forms of steroid hormones, alcohol and anestheticsQ; slightly permeable to electrolytes like Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium) and Cl- (chloride); and almost totally impermeable to plasma proteins, protein bound forms of steroid hormones, protein antibodies and most non lipid soluble large organic molecules (i.e. impermeable to, in general, all proteins and polypeptides)Q. It slows penetration of some smaller molecules like urea. Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) & Blood Cerebrospinal fluid Barrier (BCSFB) - BBB & B-CSF-B exist between the blood & brain interstitial fluid and CSF respectively to uniquely limit the exchange of substances into the brain. That is why the constituents of CSF are not the same as in ECFs (extracellular fluids) elsewhere in body. - These barriers exist both at the choroid plexus and at tissue capillary membranes. The cause of low permeability is presence of tight junctions b/w the adjacent endothelial cells. - Because of the sensitivity of coical neurons to even minor variations of ionic (K+, Ca++,Mg++,I-1+ etc) concentration changes, BBB is an additional defence evolved to protect & maintain the constancy of environment of neurons in CNS. It also protects brain from endogenous & exogenous toxins in the blood & prevents escape of neurotransmitters in general circulation. BBB is immature at bih and is breached (broken down) in areas of injury, infection and tumors. Tumors develop new capillary that lack light junction and contact with astrocyte - so the radioactive iodine labeled albumin penetrates tumor rapidly, making it stand out as an island of radioactivity in the surrounding normal brain. BBB is temporarily disrupted by sudden marked increase in BP or by IV injection of hypeonc fluids. Blood-CSF Barrier & Blood-Brain Barriers are highly permeable to water, CO2 (carbondioxide), 02 (oxygen)2, and most lipid soluble (lipophilic) substances such as free forms of steroid hormones, alcohol and anestheticsQ; slightly permeable to electrolytes like Na. (sodium), K+ (potassium) and Ck (chloride); and almost totally impermeable to plasma proteins, protein bound forms of steroid hormones, protein antibodies and most non lipid soluble large organic molecules (i.e. impermeable to, in general, all proteins and polypeptides)Q. It slows penetration of some smaller molecules like urea. - Passive diffusion across cerebral capillaries with tight junction is very limited but numerous carrier-mediated & active transpo system move substances out (more freely) as well as into the brain. Many peptide & drugs actually cross the cerebral capillaries but are transpoed back rapidly into blood by a multidrug nonspecific, p-glycoprotein - ATP binding transpoer in apical membranes of endothelial cells, that transpos various proteins & lipids across cell membranes. So larger (adequate) amounts of chemotherapeutic drugs, analgesics & opioid can be delivered to brain by inhibiting this transpoer. - Transpoer exist for glucose, thyroid hormone, leptin hormone (control appetite & sympathetic activity) choline, several organic acids, nucleic acid precursors and basic, neutral and acidic aminoacids at BBB. Diffusion of glucose (the ultimate source of energy for nerve cells) across BBB would be very slow in absence of glucose transpoers like GLUT 1. Two isoforms GLUT 1 (55 K) of brain capillaries/endothelium and GLUT 1 (45 K) of astroglia, neuron (+ GLUT-3) & microglia (+ GLUT-5) are encoded by a same gene, but they differ in the extent of glycosylation. Infants with congenital low GLUTI develop low CSF glucose concentrations in the presence of normal plasma glucose l/t seizures and delayed development.
Water
Lipophilic drugs
Gas
Proteins