If a person has normal musculature but has difficulty swallowing, which nerves should be tested for function?
The upper 2/3 of the esophagus contains striated muscle. It is derived from the pharyngeal arches and innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X). The lower 1/3 contains smooth muscleft from splanchnic mesoderm and is innervated by the splanchnic plexus.
Hypoglossal and phrenic
Hypoglossal and splanchnic
Glossopharyngeal and vagus
Splanchnic and vagus
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