Halo sign and handkerchief test are positive in-
Ans. is 'a' i.e., CSF Rhinorrhoea Detection of CSF Leak in CSF Rhinorrhoea1) Biochemical testso Concentrations of Glucose are higher in CSF than in nasal discharge. Glucose value > 30-40 mg% protein value <100 mg % (max 200 mg %) support a diagnosis of CSF leako Presence of b2 transferrin is the most definitive test for detection of CSF and b2 transferrin assay is the test of choice when a confirmatory test is needed, because of high sensitivity as well as specificity.o b-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) is also used, however it is nonspecific as it is also present in human testes, heart and seroma.2) Basic clinical testso Tissue test (Handker chief test):- Unlike nasal mucous, CSF does not cause a tissue to stiffeno Filter paper test:- Sample of nasal discharge on a filter paper exhibits a light CSF border and a dark central area of blood, i.e., double ring sign or halo sign.o Queckensted test:- Compression of the jugular vein leas to increased CSF leak due to increase in ICPo Rhinoscopy:- Visualization of CSF leak from paranasal sinus.3) CSF tracerso Intrathecal fluorescein dye adminstration, radionuclide cisternography, CT cisternography.
CSF Rhinorrhoea
Deviated nasal septum
Nasal Myiasis
Choanal atresia
Trauma of Nose and Face