An elderly female patient presented with hematuria and on imaging was found to have stage T2 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Which of the following statements about management of her condition is true:
Cigarette smoking is the main etiological factor and accounts for about 50% of bladder cancers.
Stage T2 implies muscularis propriae invasive disease. The standard treatment for muscle invasive disease is radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy (and not cystoscopic fulgration).
Chemotherapy has a role in TCC.


Coming to option `d.'
In stage T2 or muscle invasive TCC, the standard treatment is radical cystectomy. Transurethral resection alone would carry a high likelihood of recurrence. So this option appears to be correct; however, we could not get the exact figures of recurrence.
History of smoking is not a risk factor
Cystoscopic fulgration is the standard treatment
There is no role of chemotherapy
70% chance of requiring cystectomy in 5 years after TUR