GFR is determined by ?
Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Determinants of GFR A) Increase glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure increases GFR. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is determined by following variables : i) Aerial pressure, ii)Afferent aeriolar resistance; iii) Efferent aeriolar resistance. i) Increased aerial pressure tends to raise glomerular hydrostatic pressure and, therefore, to increase GFR. Opposite is true for decreased aerial pressure, i.e., Hypotension causes decrease in GFR. ii) Increased resistance of afferent aerioles (constriction of afferent aerioles) reduces glomerular hydrostatic pressure and decrease GFR. Conversely, dilation of the afferent aerioles increases both glomerular hydrostatic pressure and GFR. iii) Efferent aeriolar constriction has a biphasic effect on GFR. At moderate levels of constriction, there is a slight increase in GFR, but with severe constriction, there is a decrease in GFR. Dilatation of efferent aerile decreases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and therefore decreases GFR. B) Increased glomerular capillary colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure decreases GFR. Decreased glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure increases GFR, .e.g, in hypoproteinemia. Increased renal blood flow increases GFR by decreasing glomerular capillary oncotic pressure. Increased RBF causes decrease in filtration fraction (filtration fraction = GFR/RPF). This results in more fluid remaining in the glomerular capillary and dilution of plasma proteins and as a result decrease in oncotic pressure. Conversely, by opposite effect, Decreased renal blood flow decreases GFR. C) Increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (due to increased tubular hydrostatic pressure as a result of obstruction) decreases GFR. D) Decrease in glomerular capillary filtration coefficient (K1) decreases GFR. K2 depends on the permeability of the glomerular membrane as well as its surface area. Increased thickness of membrane decreases the permeability and KrChronic hypeension and diabetes increases the thickness of glomerular membrane and decrease Kf and thereby GFR.Kfcan be altered by the mesangial cells which contract and cause decrease in Kr by decreasing surface area of membrane. Relaxation of mesangial cells increase K1. i) Contraction of mesangial cells (therefore decrease in GFR) is produced by : - Endothelin, angiotensin II, vasopressin, norepinephrine, PAF, PDGF, thromboxane A2,PGF2, Leukotrienes C4 & D4, Histamine. ii) Relaxation of mesangial cells (therefore increase in GFR) is produced by : - ANP, Dopamine, PGE2, cAMP .
Afferent aeriolar resistance
Efferent aeriolar resistance
Aerial pressure
All of the above