Central nervous system manifestations in chronic renal failure are a result of all of the following except:
OPTION B- Hypocalcemia in CKD is linked to development secondary hyperparathyroidism The concomitant hyperphosphatemia leads to calcification of vessels which explains worsening atherosclerosis. Hypocalcemia in CKD patients leads to endocrinological cardiovascular complications. OPTION A- Hyperosmolarity occurs as urea is one of the parameters deciding serum osmolality.Sodium, potassium, glucose , urea determine plasma osmolality. OPTION C- Acidosis will damage Blood brain barrier and will cause uraemic encephalopathy OPTION D- Hyponatremia secondary to volume overload explains seizures in these patients.
Hyperosmolarity
Hypocalcemia
Acidosis
Hyponatremia
Chronic Kidney Disease & Diabetic Nephropathy