True statement about the G-protein coupled receptor is:
A i.e. It binds to ligands at the cell surfac G protein coupled (linked) receptor (GPCRs) These cell surface receptors bind to the ligand at the cell surfaceQ. And have 7 trans membrane segments that loop in and out of the cell membraneQ. So the receptor is also k/a seven transmembrane domain (7TM) receptors, heptahelical or serpentine receptor. Pa of receptor that protudes into cytoplasm (cytoplasmic tail of receptor) is coupled to G protein that has 3 different subunits (hetrotrimeric) - a, y. This G protein has an ability to bind guanosine nucleotides. - In resting (inactive) state the a, 13, y subunits form a complex that binds GDP on a subunitQ. When receptor gets activated (after ligand binding) it causes this GDP bound trimeric G protein complex to associate with cytoplasmic tail of receptor and to exchange GDP by GTP. This exchange causes a subunit to dissociate from combined fl & r subunits. This separated a subunit brings about biological effectQ. The 0 y subunits do not separate from each other and activates variety of effectors. (So dissociation of subunits 1/t action). When ligand is removed from receptor, the intrinsic GTP ase activity of a subunit inactivates itself by conveing its bound GTP into GDPQ. In the absence of hormone, the heterotrimeric (a,13,y) G protein complex is in an inactive GDP bound form anchored to plasma membrane through prenylated groups on 13 y subunits and by myristoylated groups on a-subunit , but not associated with the receoptor. Binding of hormone (H) to receptor causes conformational change of receptor and activation of G protein complex d/t exchange of GDP with GTP on a subunit. Tadenyl cyclase, Ca"/Na+ /C1- channels for a-s - TIC* channels for al and ao - T Phospholipase C[It for aq and phospholipase CI32 for an - T C GMP phosphodiesterases for at and CI channel for cti2 Depending on the coupling of ligand (hormone) to inhibitory G protein(Gi) or stimulatory G protein (Gs) receptors, these can either decrease or increase the activity of intracellular enzyme. (so it is not dependent on a subunit). Mechanism of action: Ligand (photon, protein, amine hormone, & neurotransmitter) binding --> conformation change & activation of G protein --> exchange of GDP for GTP and dissociation between a- and 13 y subunits which interact with effectors. a - subunit act on Na, Ca, K- channels and phospholipse - C (PLC). p y subunit acts on adenyl cyclase, phospholipase A2, DLC, Ca - ATPase etc. Adenyl cyclase - cAMP pathway activation (i.e. adenyl cyclase activation lit T cAMP) causes stimulatin of cAMP dependent pein kinase (protein kinase A) which phosphorylates the receptorQ. G protein coupled receptor kinase are protein kinase that phosphorylates only active GPCRs Phosphorylation of receptor 1/t translocation & arrest linking. GPCRs are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, plants & choanoflagellates. These are grouped in 6 classes: A (rhodopsin like); B (secretin receptor family); C (pheromone/ metabotropic glutamate); D (Fungal mating pheromone receptor); E (cyclic AMP receptor); and F (frizzled or smoothened).
It binds to ligands at the cell surface
Association of all the three subunits (alpha, beta and gamma) is essential for its action
G-protein acts as inhibitory and excitatory as alpha subunit exists in two forms
GTP binds to G protein in resting state