Air embolism is best diagnosed by?
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE):- has the highest sensitivity for detecting the presence of air in the right ventricular outflow tract or major pulmonary veins. - It can detect as little as 0.02 mL/kg of air administered by bolus injection. It also has the added advantage of identifying Paradoxical Air Embolism (PAE), and Doppler allows audible detection of venous air embolism (VAE). Overall highest sensitivity :- T.E.E > Doppler > E.T N2> E.T CO2
| End tidal CO2
| End tidal N2
Doppler study
Ultrasound
Thromboembolism and Fat Embolism Syndrome