True about screening mammography -
Ans. is (a) Indicated in 50-70yrs of age; (b) Moality reduced by 30%; (c) Radiation due to mammography can cause carcinoma Mammography is X-ray imaging of breasts to detect tumors or other abnormalities. it is of 2 types - i) Screening mammography is used to detect breast changes in women who have no signs or symptoms of any breast abnormality. The goal is to detect cancer before any clinical signs are noticeable. This usually requires at least 2 mammograms from different angles of each breast - a) the cranio-caudal (cc) view and b) the mediolateral-oblique (MLO) view. ii Diagnostic mammography is used to investigate suspicious breast changes such as a breast lump, breast pain, an unusual skin change, nipple discharge. It is also used to evaluate abnormal findings on a screening mammogram. Age for mammography Current guidelines from the U.S. Depament of Health and Human Services (HHS), the American Cancer Society (ACS), the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American College of Radiology (ACR) recommend -screening mammography every year for women, beginning at age 40. The American Cancer Society recommends these screening guidelines Yearly mammograms are recommended staing at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman is in good health Clinical breast exam (CBE) about every 3 years for women in their 20s and 30s and every year for women 40 and over Breast self-examination staing in their 20s.. The American Cancer Society recommends that those with high risk for breast cancer -- because of their family history, a genetic tendency, or ceain other factors -- be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms. But many societies are against screening mammography in women aged below 50 years. there is also controversy regarding the frequency of mammogram and utility of mammogram above 70 yrs of age. But one thing is ceain - its utility in 50-70 yrs age group, about which there is no controversy. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated a 30% reduction in breast cancer moality in women 50-69 years who are screened annually or biennially with mammograms. The data on women under age 50 are less clear likewise data are sparse regarding efficacy of screening mammograms in women older than age 69" - American College of Preventive Medicine CSDT 13/e writes- "The beneficial effect of screening in women aged 50-69 years is undisputed and has been confirmed by all clinical trials." Radiation risk (Risk of carcinoma) no doubt that ionizing radiation (X rays) can itself cause breast cancer, but the dose used in mammography is so small (less than 0.2 rads or 0.2 cGy per exposure utilizing film-screen mammographic technique) that it is hardly of any significance. "There has never been any direct evidence that the doses required for modern mammography have any effect on the breast paicularly among women over the age of 40 in whom screening is beneficial. There is no scientific evidence that any one ever has or ever will develop breast cnacer as the result of a mammogram." - Kopan's Breast imaging But still there is a theoretical risk of breast Ca (although very small) associated with mammography. About option 'd' & 'e' CSDT (13/e p285) writes? "Mammography is the most reliable means of detecting breast cancer before a mass can be palpated. Slowly growing cancers can be identified by mammography at least 2 years before reaching a sized detectable by palpation. MRI and ultrasound may be useful screening modalities in women who are at high risk for breast cancer but not for the general population. The sensitivity of MRI is much higher than mammography; however, the specificity is significantly lower, which results in multiple unnecessary biopsies. The increased sensitivity despite decreased specificity may be considered a reasonable trade-off for those at increased risk for developing breast cancer but not for normal-risk population." But rememebr that generally mammography is not helpful in young women (< 35 years). This is because of dense breast. hi young women, ultrasound may be more useful than mammography. About ultrasound Bailey and Love (25/e p828) writes? "Ultrasound is paicularly useful in young women with dense breasts in whom mammograms are difficult to interpret, and in distinguishing cysts from solid lesions. It can also be used to localize impalpable areas of breast pathology. It is not useful as screening tool and remains operator dependent. Increasingly, ultrasound of the axillary tissue is performed when a cancer is diagnosed and guided percutaneous biopsy of any suspicious glands may be performed." About MR Bailey and Love (25/e p829) writes? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of increasing interest to breast surgeons in a number of settings: - It can be useful to distinguish scar from recurrence in women who have had previous breast conservation therapy for cancer (although it is not accurate within 9 months of radiotherapy because of abnormal enhancement). It is the best imaging modality for the breasts of women with implants. It has proven to be useful as a screening tool in a high-risk women (because offamily history). - It is less useful than ultrasound in the management of the axilla in both primary breast cancer and recurrent disease. Also remember - for maximum yield in screening programs, mammography is combined with physical examination since about 35-50% of early breast cancers can be discovered only by mammography and another 40% can be detected only by palpation. The two standard mammographic projections are: A mediolateral oblique (MLO) view and a craniocaudal (CC) view. The MLO is taken with the X-ray beam directed from superomedial to inferolateral, usually at an angle of 30-60deg. The MLO projection is the only projection in which all the breast tissue can be demonstrated on a single image. In CC view, the X-ray beam travels from superior to inferior. Positioning is achieved by pulling the breast up and forward away from the chest wall, with compression applied from above.
Indicated in 50-70 years of age
Moality reduced by 30%
Radiation due to mammography can cause carcinoma
All