Reducing equivalents produced in glycolysis are transpoed from cytosol to mitochondria by
Malate-Aspaate Shuttle Mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH. The NADH equivalents generated in glycolysis are therefore to be transpoed from the cytoplasm to mitochondria for oxidation. This is achieved by malate-aspaate shuttle or malate shuttle, which operates mainly in the liver, kidney, and hea. The cycle is operated with the help of enzymes malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and aspaate aminotransferase. From one molecule of NADH in the mitochondria, 2 1/2 ATP molecules are generated.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 260
Carnitine
Creatine
Malate shuttle
Glutamate shuttle
Metabolism of carbohydrate