Commonest etiological factor in acute exacerbations of COPD is
Exacerbations are a prominent feature of the natural history of COPD. Exacerbations are episodes of increased dyspnea and cough and change in the amount and character of sputum.Studies suggest that acquiring a new strain of bacteria is associated with increased near-term risk of exacerbation and that bacterial infection/superinfection is involved in over 50% of exacerbations. Viral respiratory infections are present in approximately one-third of COPD exacerbations.In a significant minority of instances (20-35%), no specific precipitant can be identifiedRef: Harrison 19e pg: 1707
Viral infections
Bacterial infections
Paiculate air pollutants
Idiopathic
Respiratory system