Which of the following are features of opioid withdrawal?
- Physical dependence on morphine usually requires about 25 days to develop but may occur sooner in emotionally unstable persons. - When physical dependence is established, discontinuation of opioid agonist produces a typical withdrawal abstinence syndrome. - Initial symptoms of withdrawal include yawning, diaphoresis, lacrimation, or coryza. - Insomnia & restlessness are prominent. - Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting & diarrhea reach their peak in 72 hours & then decline over the next 7 to 10 days. - During withdrawal, tolerance to morphine is rapidly lost & syndrome can be terminated by a modest dose of opioid agonist.
Constipation, bradycardia, coma
Abdominal cramps, vomiting, insomnia
Hypehermia, vomiting, restlessness
Hypothermia , nausea , constipation
Central Neuraxial Blockade