Which of the following is the hallmark of chronic renal failure?
Metabolic acidosis (Ref: Robbin's 7th Ed/Pg 961) Manifestations of chronic renal failure: I. Fluid & electrolyte 1. Dehydration 2. Edema 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Metabolic acidosis II. Calcium, Phosphate, & bone 1. Hyperphosphatemia 2. Hypocalcaemia 3. Secondary hyperparathyroidism 4. Renal osteodystrophy III. Hematologic 1. Anemia 2. Bleeding disorders IV. Neuromuscular 1. Myopathy 2. Peripheral neuropathy 3. Encephalopathy V. Dermatological 1. Yellow colour 2. Pruritis 3. Dermatitis
Metabolic acidosis
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Increased proneness to hypoxia