Cancers are usually associated with:
Epigenetic changes include:- alterations of chromatin structure mediated by methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides modification of histones by acetylation or methylation. The transcriptional regulatory regions of active genes often contain a high frequency of CpG dinucleotides (referred to as CpG islands), which are normally unmethylated. Acetylation of the amino terminus of the core histones H3 and H4 induces an open chromatin conformation that promotes transcription initiation. Hypermethylation of promoter region is common mechanism by which tumor-supressor loci are epigentically silenced in cancer cells.
Mutations in intronic genes
Hypomethylation of oncogenes
Methylation of tumor suppressor genes
Loss of heterogenicity
Genetic Basics Of Carcinogenesis