Which among the following is not an example of a steroid hormone?
ANSWER: (C) ThyroxineREF: Guyton 11th edition page 907ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES, AND THEIR FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE:Gland/TissueHormonesMajor FunctionsChemicalStructureHypothalamusThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactinPeptideCorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)Causes release of ACTHPeptideGrowth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)Causes release of growth hormonePeptideGrowth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) (somatostatin)Inhibits release of growth hormonePeptideGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)Causes release of LH and FSHPeptideDopamine or prolactin- inhibiting factor (PIF)Inhibits release of prolactinAmineAnteriorpituitaryGrowth hormoneStimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissuesPeptideThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)PeptideAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)PeptideProlactinPromotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milkPeptideFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testesPeptideLuteinizing hormone (LH)Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovariesPeptidePosteriorpituitary'Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (also called vasopressin)Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressurePeptideOxytocinStimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractionsPeptideThyroidThyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)Increases the rates of chemical reactions inmost cells, thus increasing body metabolic rateAmineCalcitonin: Promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentrationPeptideAdrenal cortexCortisolHas multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti-inflammatory effectsSteroidAldosteroneIncreases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretionSteroidAdrenalmedullaNorepinephrine, epinephrineSame effects as sympathetic stimulationAminePancreasInsulin (b cells)Promotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolismPeptideGlucagon (a cells)Increases synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluidsPeptideParathyroidParathyroid hormone (PTH)Controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bonesPeptideTestesTestosteronePromotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristicsSteroidOvariesEstrogensPromotes growth and development of female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristicsSteroidProgesteroneStimulates secretion of "uterine milk" by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes development of secretory apparatus of breastsSteroidPlacentaHuman chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)Promotes growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteumPeptideHuman somatomammotropinProbably helps promote development of some fetal tissues as well as the mother s breastsPeptideEstrogensSee actions of estrogens from ovariesSteroidProgesteroneSee actions of progesterone from ovariesSteroidKidneyReninCatalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (acts as an enzyme)Peptide1,25-DihydroxycholecalciferolIncreases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralizationSteroidErythropoietinIncreases erythrocyte productionPeptideHeartAtrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)Increases sodium excretion by kidneys, reduces blood pressurePeptideStomachGastrinStimulates HC1 secretion by parietal cellsPeptideSmall intestineSecretinStimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and waterPeptideCholecystokinin (CCK)Stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymesPeptideAdipocytesLeptinInhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesisPeptide
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Thyroxine
Cortisol
Endocrinology