Fatigue, myalgia, weakness, which electrolyte -
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hypokalemia Potassiumo Potassium is the major intracellular ion.o The normal plasma K+ concentration is 3.5 - 5.0 mmoL/L, where as in the cells it is about 150 mmoL/L.o Therefore, the amount of K+ in the ECF constitutes < 2% of the total body K+ content.o The ratio of ICF to ECF K~ concentration (normally 38:1) is the principal result of the resting membrane potential and is crucial for normal neuromuscular function.o The basolateral Na+, K+ ATPase pump actively transports K+ in and Na~ out of the cell in a 2:3 ratio and the passive outward diffusion of K+ is quantitatively the most important factor that generates the resting membrane potential.Hypokalemiao It is defined as plasma K' concentration <3.5 mmoL/L.Clinical featureso The clinical manifestations of K+ depletion vary> greatly between individuals and their severity depends upon the degree of hypokalemia.o The main manifestations of hypokalemia are neuromuscular and these are due to lower (more negative) resting membrane potential.o The common neuromuscular complaints are - Fatigue, myalgia and muscular weakness.o More severe hypokalemia may lead to progressive weakness hypoventilation (due to respiratory muscle involvement) and eventually complete paralysis.o There is increased risk of rhabdomyolysis.o Smooth muscles too are involved and it is manifested in G.I.T. as constipation and paralytic ileus.Hypokalemia is also marked bv characteristic E. C. G chanseso The E.C.G. changes of hypokalemia are due to delayed ventricular repolarization and do not correlate well with the plasma K+ concentration.Early changes areo Flattening or inversion of the T waveo A prominent U waveo ST segment depressiono Prolonged QU intervalSome manifestations associated with chronic hypokalemiao Polydipsia and polvurea-Chronic hypokalemia causes renal tubular damage (kaliopenic nephropathy) decreases the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine and causes polyurea and worsening potassium loss.o Carbohydrate intolerance-Due to impaired insulin resistanceo Metabolic alkalosis-By stimulation of bicarbonate reabsorption by the proximal tubule.
Hypo K
Hypo Na
Hypo Mg
Hyper Mg
Fluid & Electrolyte