The pathological appearance in pseudomembranous colitis consists of -
Pseudomembranous colitis is an acute colitis characterised by the formation of an adherent inflammatory exudate (pseudomembrane) overlying sites of mucosal injury. The mucosal injury is in the form of superficial necrosis (small ulcerations). The necrotic mucosa and exudate remain adherent to the mucosal surface as yellow plaques or membranes (slough).
Remember: The Most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis is:
C. Difficile (a normal gut commensal) (caused by exotoxins A and B).
But, pseudomembrane formation is not restricted to C. Difficile. It may also occur after any mucosal injury as in ischemic colitis. Volvulus, and with necrotizing infections such as staphylococci, shigella, candida, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
Necrosis and gangrene
Small ulceration with slough
Serositis with covered by membrane
Excessive ulceration in serosa