Surgical staging of bone tumors is by
Ans. is 'c' i.e. Enneking The Enneking system for the surgical staging of bone and soft-tissue tumors is based on grade (G), site (T), and metastasis (M) and uses histologic, radiologic, and clinical criteria. It is the most widely used staging system and has been adopted by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society and the American Joint Committee on Cancer.GradeIn the Enneking system, bone tumors are graded as follows:GO - Benign lesionGI - Low-grade malignant lesionG2 - High-grade malignant lesionSurgical grade depends on histology, however; a higher surgical grade is applied if the radiographic features and clinical behavior of a lesion indicate an aggressive lesion that is incompatible with its benign histologic features.SiteIn the Enneking system, the site and local extent of bone tumors are classified as follows:TO - A benign tumor that is confined within a true capsule and the lesion's anatomic compartment of origin (ie, a benign intracapsular, intra compartmental lesion)Tl- An aggressive benign or malignant tumor that is still confined within its anatomic compartment (ie, an intra-compartmental lesion)T2 - A lesion that has spread beyond its anatomic compartment of origin (ie, an extra compartmental lesion)MetastasisMetastatic classification in the Enneking system is as follows:MO - No regional or distant metastasis Ml - Regional or distant metastasisStaging : Malignant TumorsEnneking System for the Surgical Staging of Malignant Bone and Soft-Tissue TumorsStageGradeSiteMetastasisIAGITlMOIBG2T2MOIIAG2TlMOIIBG2T2MOIIIGI or G2Tl or T2MlStaging: BenignThe Enneking staging system divides benign tumors into latent, active, or aggressive tumors. * Latent tumors are asymptomatic and are usually discovered incidentally.They reach a stage of non growth after a period of slow growth.Active tumors are mildly symptomatic and may be discovered if pathologic fracture occurs or if the tumor is associated with mechanical dysfunction. Active tumors usually grow steadily.Aggressive benign lesions grow rapidly and usually are symptomatic and tender on palpation.Enneking System for the Surgical Staging of Benign LesionsStageDescriptionGradeSiteMetastasis1LatentGOTOMO2ActiveGOTOMO3AggressiveGOTl or T2MO or Ml
Edmonton
Manchester
Enneking
TNM
Classification of Bone Tumors