Associated with urinary bladder carcinoma are all of the following except: September 2009
Ans. B: Human papilloma virus infection Up to 80% of bladder cancer cases are associated with environmental exposure, which suggests that bladder cancer is potentially preventable. Smoking is the most commonly associated risk factor and accounts for approximately 50% of all bladder cancers. Nitrosamine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobiphenyl are possible carcinogenic agents found in cigarette smoke. Bladder cancer is also associated with industrial exposure to aromatic amines in dyes, paints, solvents, leather dust, inks, combustion products, rubber, and textiles. Therefore, higher-risk occupations associated with bladder cancer include painting, driving trucks, and working with metal. Several medical risk factors are associated with bladder cancer. Patients with prior exposure to radiation treatment of the pelvis have an increased risk of bladder cancer. Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer exposure to acrolein, a urinary metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Patients with spinal cord injuries who have long-term indwelling catheters have a 16- to 20-fold increased risk of developing carcinoma of the bladder. It is also associated with Schistosoma hematobium infection (bilharzial bladder cancer) in regions where it is endemic.
Smoking
Human papilloma virus infection
Schistosomiasis
Cyclophosphamide