A variety of causative factors have been implicated in the development of Ca esophagus. Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for Ca esophagus?
Etiologic Factors Believed to Be Associated with Esophageal Cancer: Excess alcohol consumption Cigarette smoking Other ingested carcinogens Nitrates (conveed to nitrites) Smoked opiates Fungal toxins in pickled vegetables Mucosal damage from physical agents Hot tea Lye ingestion Radiation-induced strictures Chronic achalasia Host susceptibility Human papillomavirus infection Esophageal web with glossitis and iron deficiency (i.e., Plummer-Vinson or Paterson-Kelly syndrome) Congenital hyperkeratosis and pitting of the palms and soles (i.e., tylosis palmaris et plantaris) Chronic gastric reflux (i.e., Barrett's esophagus) for adenocarcinoma Esophageal diveicula Ref: Phan A.T. (2011). Chapter 17. Gastric and Esophageal Cancer. In H.M. Kantarjian, R.A. Wolff, C.A. Koller (Eds), The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology, 2e.
Diveicula
Human papilloma virus
Mediastinal fibrosis
Caustic ingestion