During a political protest, a man goes on a hunger strike and confines himself to a liquid diet with minimal calories. Which of the following would occur after 4 to 5 h?
In the presence of low blood glucose, epinephrine or norepinephrine interacts with specific receptors to stimulate adenylate cyclase production of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase, which catalyzes phosphorylation and activation of phosphorylase kinase. Activated phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase, which catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen. Phosphorylase kinase can be activated in two ways. Phosphorylation leads to complete activation of phosphorylase kinase. Alternatively, in muscle, the transient increases in levels of Ca2+ associated with contraction lead to a paial activation of phosphorylase kinase. Ca2+binds to calmodulin, which is a subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Calmodulin regulates many enzymes in mammalian cells through Ca2+binding.
Decreased cyclic AMP and increased liver glycogen synthesis
Increased cyclic AMP and increased liver glycogenolysis
Decreased epinephrine levels and increased liver glycogenolysis
Increased Ca2+ in muscle and decreased glycogenolysis