The most recent advance in noninvasive cardiac output monitoring is use of:
D i.e. Electrical impedance cardiograph technology- PA catheter & thermodilution technique are invasive procedure.- Echo is noninvasive old technique to measure cardiac output- Recent noninvasive advance to measure C.O. is electrical impedance Cardiographs technology.
PA catheter
Thermodilution technique
Echocardiography
Electrical impedance cardiography technology