All are involved in fast axonal transpo. except
Neurofilaments Intracellular transpo is the one of the most impoant function of the eukaryotic cell. Nothing can function without the constant shuttling of intracellular components from place to place. Intracellular transpo is orchestrated by a diverse constellation of molecular motor proteins that bind specific cargoes and convey them in a paicular direction along cytoskeletal polymer tracks. Cytoskeletal polymer tracks are made up of intracellular network of filamentous structures. Essentially all eukaryotic cells contain 3 types of filamentous structures: - actin filaments also k/a microfilaments - microtubules and - intermediate filaments. four classes of intennediate .filaments are found- Keratins, Vimentin- like proteins, Neurofilaments and Lamins. Axons are slender cylindrical processes and can extend for distances in excess of one meter in large animals, yet they are dependent on the cell body for the synthesis of many of their components. Materials destined for the axon are transpoed anterogradely, toward the axon tip, and materials destined to return are transpoed retrogradely, toward the cell body. This bidirectional transpo process, known as axonal transpo, is not fundamentally different from the pathways of macromolecular and membrane traffic that occur in all eukaryotic cells, but it is remarkable for its scale. Proteins and other molecules are transpoed along axons in association with distinct membranous and nonnzembranous cargo structures that move at different rates. Membranous organelles move most rapidly, in the fast components of axonal transpo, whereas cytoskeletal polymers and cytosolic protein complexes move more slowly, in the slow components. Membranous organelles like endocytic vesicles, lysosomes, golgi body derived vescicles are the principal cargoes of fast axonal transpo. The many proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides that move along the axon at fast rates do so by viue of their association with one or more subclasses of organelle or vesicle, either because they are sequestered within its lumen, embedded in its membrane, or bound to its surface. Membranous organelles move along both microtubule and microfilament tracks powered by molecular motor proteins (kinesins, dyneins, and myosins). Microtubules appear to be the principal tracks for long-range movements along the axis of the axon. Plus end-directed kinesin motors propel organelles along microtubules anterogradely, whereas dynein (and possibly also minus end-directed kinesin motors) propel organelles retrogradely. Non membranous cargoes like cytoskeletal polymers (microfilaments, microtubules and neurofilaments) and cytosolic protein complexes move more slowly, in the slow components. It was earlier believed that the fast and slow axonal transpo are due to fundamentally distinct mechanisms of transpo. But recent discoveries have shown that the underlying mechanism for both fast and slow transpo is.the same. They move at different rates due to difference in their duty ratio. The duty ratio is the propoion of time that a cargo structure spends actually moving. Thus the slow overall rate of movement of cytoskeletal filaments suggests that these structures move with a low duty ratio, spending most of their time not moving. Motile behavior of axonally transpoed cargoes Cargo Overall rate Instantaneous rate Directionality Duty ratio structures (pulse labeling) (light microscopy) Golgi-derived vesicles 200-400 mm/d' 1-5 pm/s2 Anterograde High (fast anterograde) (2-5 pm/s) Endocytic vesicles, lysosomes, autophagosomes (fast retrograde) 100-250 mm/d" (1-3 um/s) 1-3 pm/sk Retrograde High Mitochondria <70 min/d- 0.3-0.7 pm/s=1 Bidirectional Intermediate (<0.8 pm/s) Microfilaments, cytosolic protein complexes (slow component b) 2-8 mm/d' (0.02-0.09 pm/s) Unknown Unknown Unknown Microtubules, neurofilaments 0.2-1 mm/d" 0.3-1 pm/si Bidirectional Low (slow component a) (0.002-0.01 pm/s)
Kinesin
Dynein
Lysosomes
Neurofilaments