Low maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with all of the following pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, EXCEPT:
Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants. Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower bih weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section. Note: This is an impoant new question. Ref: Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, BMJ 2013; 346, Published 26 March 2013.
Gestational Diabetis
Pre-eclampsia
Caesarian Section
Smal for Gestational Age Neonate