Anxiety states can be induced by the following except
(A) Cholecystokinin # SUBSTANCE/DRUG INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER:> The essential features of substance-induced anxiety disorder are prominent and persistent feelings of anxiety that are judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of intoxication or withdrawal from a substance. Prominent anxiety, Panic Attacks, or obsessions or compulsions predominate in the clinical picture.> Alcohol: Because alcohol has depressive properties, acute intoxication rarely involves acute anxiety or panic. However, acute alcohol withdrawal, may induce an anxiety disorder. Various degrees of subclinical anxiety ranging from panic to generalized anxiety can last for 3-12 months after cessation of drinking.> Cocaine & Psychostimulants: may produce manifestations of anxiety, most commonly during the intoxication state.> Opiates: withdrawal actually may share neurochemical characteristics with panic disorder. Also protracted anxiety during methadone withdrawal may last several weeks or months.> Cannabis: Marijuana-induced anxiety usually occurs at high doses.> Phencyclidine & Other Hallucinogens: may acutely produce anxiety & panic, depending on the individual, dose & setting.> Miscellaneous: More commonly used drugs such as caffeine & nicotine withdrawal, may also produce anxiety symptoms.> Infusion of chemicals like sodium lactate, isoproterenol & caffeine; ingestion of Yohimbine and inhalation of 5% CO2 can produce panic episodes in predisposed individuals.> Administration of oral MAOIs before the lactate infusion protects individuals from panic attack.# ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS:> Barbiturates: Long acting, Intermediate acting, Short acting, Ultra short acting> Non-barbiturate, Non-benzodiazepine Anti-anxiety Agents: Carbamates, Piperidinediones, Alcohols, Quinazoline derivatives, Anti histamines, Cyclic Ethers, Anti psychotics, Beta blockers, Benzodiazepines> Newer drugs: Buspirone, Zopiclone, Zolpidem, Zalpelon, Other drugs
Cholecystokinin
Yohimbine
Sodium Lactate
Isoproterenol
Miscellaneous