All of the following tumours are associated with organisms, EXCEPT:
Cigarette smoking causes 85-90% of cases of non-small cell lung carcinoma. It's etiology is not associated with any organisms. Ceain human malignancies are associated with viruses. Examples include, Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Epstein-Barr virus) Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatitis viruses) Cervical cancer T cell leukemia (retroviruses) Gastric adenocarcinoma (H pylori) Ref: Morin P.J., Trent J.M., Collins F.S., Vogelstein B. (2012). Chapter 83. Cancer Genetics. In D.L. Longo, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, J.L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e.
Gastric carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Non-small cell lung carcinoma