Which of the following is a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection?
Infection usually occurs early in life and is related to classic socioeconomic indicators such as poverty, domestic crowding, unsanitary living conditions, and unclean water. It is much more common in developing countries.
excess exposure to antibiotics
female sex
alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
low socioeconomic indicators
G.I.T.