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31959224#0 | George Hayes (footballer) | Thomas George Hayes (25 September 1908 – 16 May 1984) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a centre forward or an inside forward. Born in Port Talbot, he played for the Wales Schoolboys team as a youngster and had spells with Port Talbot Athletic and Bridgend Town. In the summer of 1927, Hayes moved to England to join Barnsley, but he never made a senior appearance for the club. He transferred to Third Division North side Nelson in March 1928, one of several new signings by the club as they strove to avoid finishing bottom of the league. |
31959224#1 | George Hayes (footballer) | Hayes made his Nelson debut on 17 March 1928 in the 5–4 victory away at Hartlepools United. He scored his first goals for the club the following month, netting twice in the 4–0 home win against Darlington on 7 April, and scoring a consolation goal in the reverse fixture a week later. Hayes made a total of nine league appearances for Nelson, scoring five goals, but was released by the club at the end of the 1927–28 season. |
31959227#0 | Clarence Hovermale House | Clarence Hovermale House, also known as Hovermale-Mendenhall House, is a historic home located at Berkeley Springs, Morgan County, West Virginia. It was built in 1884, and is a two-story, brick Queen Anne style dwelling that follows a modified, ell-shaped "I"-house plan. Also on the property is a shed, built about 1860. |
31959227#1 | Clarence Hovermale House | It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. It is located within the Town of Bath Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. |
31959229#0 | Michael Lockman | Michael Lockman (born 29 August 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond, Collingwood and the Sydney Swans in the Victorian Football League (VFL). |
31959229#1 | Michael Lockman | Originally from Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) club East Malvern, Lockman had two separate stints at Richmond. After playing three games for Richmond early in 1986, he was traded to Collingwood where he finished the season. He made the move north to Sydney in 1988 and appeared in the opening 11 rounds of the season but didn't feature in the second half of the year. In the 1989 pre season he nominated for the draft but was unable to attract a fourth VFL club. |
31959229#2 | Michael Lockman | Lockman went on to become a coach and was in charge of TFL Statewide League club Launceston in 1996 and 1997. |
31959234#0 | Fraile Muerto | Fraile Muerto is a town in the Cerro Largo Department of eastern Uruguay. Its name means "Dead Friar". |
31959234#1 | Fraile Muerto | It is located on Route 7, around west-southwest of Melo. |
31959234#2 | Fraile Muerto | It was founded on 3 January 1908. Its original name was "Fructuoso Mazziotta", known also as "Wenceslao Silveira". On 17 July 1918 it was renamed to "Fraile Muerto" and its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) by the Act of Ley Nº 6.195 and then raised to "Villa" (town) on 19 December 1957 by the Act of Ley Nº 12.478. |
31959234#3 | Fraile Muerto | In 2011 Fraile Muerto had a population of 3,168.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959237#0 | MTV Music (Greece) | MTV Music was a Greek pay television music channel that aired non-stop music videos, live performances and artist interviews and it was available only on OTE TV. |
31959240#0 | Delevingne | Delevingne is a surname. It may refer to: |
31959246#0 | Blouson | A blouson or blouse jacket is a coat that is drawn tight at the waist, causing it to blouse out and hang over the waistband. Some of them have a hood. It takes most of its modern traits from the American flight jacket and police blouson. It is related to the Eisenhower jacket. It is considered to be both sportswear and casual civilian clothing. |
31959246#1 | Blouson | The MA-1 bomber jacket was originally designed for the US military during the 1950s. The MA-2 bomber jacket has now taken its place. |
31959246#2 | Blouson | The "Black jacket" was popularized by Yves Saint Laurent and was donned by some music groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Modern flight jackets have been popular with skinheads and scooterboys from the 1980s onwards. |
31959246#3 | Blouson | In 1993, the blouson was worn as the national costume of the United States for the APEC meeting held in Seattle, Washington. In the early 2000s, the jacket was popular casual wear in hip hop fashion. |
31959246#4 | Blouson | The blouson jacket has been worn by several police departments in the United States, Austria, Israel, New Zealand, Germany and the United Kingdom due to its sturdy design, and heavy insulation. The NYPD has used a form of them, since 2010 . |
31959252#0 | Isidoro Noblía | Isidoro Noblía is a small town ("villa") in the Cerro Largo Department of eastern Uruguay. |
31959252#1 | Isidoro Noblía | It is located on Route 8, south of Aceguá on the border with Brazil and north of the city of Melo. |
31959252#2 | Isidoro Noblía | Its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) on 15 November 1963 by the Act of Ley Nº 13.167 and then to "Villa" (town) on 20 October 1992 by the Act of Ley Nº 16.312 |
31959252#3 | Isidoro Noblía | In 2011 Isidoro Noblía had a population of 2,331.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959258#0 | Ramón Trigo | Ramón Trigo is a small village in the Cerro Largo Department of eastern Uruguay. |
31959258#1 | Ramón Trigo | It is located into a road that splits off Ruta 26 (on its kilometre 388) in a southern direction, about west of the department capital city of Melo. It lies north of Fraile Muerto and Tres Islas. |
31959258#2 | Ramón Trigo | In 2011 Ramón Trigo had a population of 150.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959261#0 | Tupambaé | Tupambaé is a village ("pueblo") in the Cerro Largo Department of eastern Uruguay. |
31959261#1 | Tupambaé | It is located on the border with Treinta y Tres Department, on Km. 334 of Route 7, about southwest of Melo. The railroad track Montevideo - Melo pass through the south part of the village. Its closest populated place is Santa Clara de Olimar of Treinta y Tres Department, located to the southwest along Ruta 7. |
31959261#2 | Tupambaé | Its status was elevated to "Pueblo" category on 19 August 1926 by the Act of Ley Nº 7.984. |
31959261#3 | Tupambaé | In 2011, Tupambaé had a population of 1,122.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959262#0 | Mataranga family | The Matranga () was an Albanian noble family during 13th and 15th centuries. Members of this family include local rulers, Byzantine officials and writers. After the occupation of Albania by the Ottoman Empire, part of the family emigrated to Italy and settled in the Arbëresh villages of Southern Italy, where they have continued to preserve the Albanian language. |
31959262#1 | Mataranga family | Before 1284, the Matranga family was either a vassal of Charles of Anjou, in the period when he created Kingdom of Albania, or of his nephew Philip of Taranto. They were first documented in 1297 in a Ragusian document. Members of the Matranga family were attacking Ragusian merchants in the region of Karavasta Lagoon. Rulers of the territory between the cities of Durrës and Vlorë, they were described as subjects to the Byzantine Emperor at the time. The Matranga family might have become vassal of the Byzantine Emperor in the period between 1284 and 1288, when the region, which was part of the Kingdom of Albania, was captured by the Byzantine Empire. However they eventually threw off their allegiance with Byzantines and eagerly accepted the Angevin overlordship again in 1304, when Philip of Taranto recaptured Durrës with the help of local Albanian noblemen. |
31959262#2 | Mataranga family | During this period members of the family were also active in the Byzantine administration. A person named Mataringides, who had a part in a plot against Andronikos II Palaiologos, is mentioned as a student of Manuel Moschopoulos and led to his imprisonment for Manuel has taken a pledge for his student. Another member of the family, Nicholas Matarangos, became one of the four general judges, member of the highest imperial court and had a prominent role in the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347. |
31959262#3 | Mataranga family | After the oath of allegiance to Philip of Taranto, the Matrangas continued to maintain close ties with the Angevin family. The advancing Kingdom of Serbia was a source of continuous preoccupation. A certain Paul Mataranga is mentioned in 1319, together with other Albanian lords, in a coalition with Philip of Taranto against Stephen Milutin. However their territories were eventually included in the Kingdom of Serbia before 1343. After the death of Stefan Dušan (1355), a member of the family, Blasius Matarango (al. Vlash Matranga), subsequently ruled a principality in the territory between Shkumbin and Seman as "sevastokrator" between 1358 and 1367, recognized under the suzerainty of Symeon Uroš. |
31959265#0 | RS Quba | The RS Quba is a one or two man monohull dinghy in the RS Sailing range of sailing boats. It is a popular boat for beginners. |
31959265#1 | RS Quba | The RS Quba is a suitable dinghy for introducing newcomers to the sport of sailing, but is also a good boat to race. The cockpit is spacious but is also light enough to be handled by children. The RS Quba is quick to rig, easy to carry on the roof-rack and demands virtually no maintenance. The RS Quba is ideal to teach the youngsters, cruise around the bay or race with the more powerful Pro rig. The Sport mainsail has an easy reefing system and a jib can be added for sailing with two people. The hull is a highly durable Comptec PE3 construction system. |
31959265#2 | RS Quba | The RS Quba is a partner in the ISAF Connect to Sailing programme which seeks to revitalise grass roots participation in all categories of sailing outside elite activity and put sailing firmly back into a growth sport with a focus on youth. |
31959268#0 | Battle of Boquerón (1932) | The Battle of Boquerón was a battle fought from September 7-29, 1932, between the Bolivian and Paraguayan armies in and around the stronghold of Boquerón. It was the first major battle of the Chaco War. The outpost ("fortín") of Boquerón, among others, had been occupied by Bolivian troops since late July 1932 following instructions of president Daniel Salamanca, which led to the escalation of what began as a border conflict into a full-scale war. |
31959268#1 | Battle of Boquerón (1932) | The assault on Boquerón was the first move of the Paraguayan offensive that was aimed to defeat the Bolivian army and capture territory before Bolivia had fully mobilized its army and resources. Paraguayan Lt. Col. José Félix Estigarribia led the attack. The first Paraguayan assault on Boquerón was repulsed. Both sides suffered from the lack of potable water--the Paraguayans had to get it from Isla Poí (30 miles to the east), and although the Bolivians had wells inside their compound, they were under heavy Paraguayan fire and had also been contaminated by the bodies of dead soldiers. Bolivian aircraft tried with little success to drop ammunition, food and medicine--the only supplies the Bolivians managed to get from the air drops were 916 cartridges, a sack of bread and 110 pounds of dried meat. On September 12 a 3,500-man Bolivian relief column coming from the southwest was driven back near the outpost of Yucra. As the siege progressed the Paraguayans began to suffer from a shortage of water from Isla Poí due to over-extraction from the wells. In the face of these problems Estigarribia ordered an all-or-nothing attack on the outpost on September 26. Three days later the remaining Bolivian defenders, consisting of 240 mostly wounded men, surrendered. |
31959279#0 | El Semillero | El Semillero is a "caserío" (hamlet) in the Colonia Department of southwestern Uruguay. |
31959279#1 | El Semillero | The hamlet is located on Route 50, half way between its junction with Route 1 and the small town of Tarariras. Its distance by road from the capital of the department, Colonia del Sacramento, is about . |
31959279#2 | El Semillero | In 2011 El Semillero had a population of 600.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959283#0 | John Herbert Quick House | John Herbert Quick House — also known as "Coolfont" — is a historic home located near Berkeley Springs, Morgan County, West Virginia, US. It was built in 1913, and is a large -story mansion in the Colonial Revival style. The front facade features a two-story pedimented, with a one-story rounded portico topped by a balustrade. It was built by author John Herbert Quick (1861-1925). |
31959283#1 | John Herbert Quick House | In 1961 the house and about 1200 surrounding acres were acquired by businessman Sam Ashelman, who went on to establish a hotel called the Coolfont Resort in 1965. The property, including the house, was sold to a real estate developer in 2005. In 2017 the house sold to an unnamed bidder for $225,000 as part of an auction of the entire former resort property. |
31959283#2 | John Herbert Quick House | The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. |
31959292#0 | La Paz, Colonia | La Paz is a village in the Colonia Department of southwestern Uruguay. |
31959292#1 | La Paz, Colonia | The village is located on Route 52, south of Route 1. It is about southwest of Colonia Valdense and southwest of Nueva Helvecia. |
31959292#2 | La Paz, Colonia | This village was established in 1858 as a Waldensian colony. |
31959292#3 | La Paz, Colonia | In 2011 La Paz had a population of 603.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959297#0 | Los Pinos, Uruguay | Los Pinos or Playa Los Pinos is a village and coastal resort on the Río de la Plata in the Colonia Department of southwestern Uruguay. It is an eastern extension of Playa Fomento and Playa Britópolis, all of which have a small permanent population but form together a sizable summer resort with many streets and houses. |
31959297#1 | Los Pinos, Uruguay | In 2011 Los Pinos had a population of 193.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959299#0 | Lee Tae-sung | Lee Tae-sung (born Lee Sung-deok on April 21, 1985) is a South Korean actor. |
31959299#1 | Lee Tae-sung | Lee, who currently plays baseball for the "Playboys" (No.27), has a younger brother, singer Sung Yu-bin (, born 1987), who is a member of BOB4. |
31959299#2 | Lee Tae-sung | Lee registered his marriage in April 2012, but an actual wedding ceremony was not scheduled until March 2013 due to the death of both Lee's grandparents. The couple have a son who was born not long after the death of his grandmother. |
31959299#3 | Lee Tae-sung | Lee entered his mandatory military service on October 29, 2013. It appears his wedding ceremony will be further delayed due to this event according to an announcement made by his management company, Glory MK Entertainment. He will be a full-time reserve officer stationed at the 32nd division training camp in Gongju, South Chungcheong Province.
The last that was heard about Lee and his family was that he has divorced his wife and has custody of their son. |
31959299#4 | Lee Tae-sung | — performed: "Flying Butterfly" () by YB |
31959314#0 | Janet Adam Smith | Janet Buchanan Adam Smith OBE (9 December 1905 – 11 September 1999) was a writer, editor, literary journalist and champion of Scottish literature. She was active from the 1930s through to the end of the century and noted for her elegant prose, her penetrating judgement, her independence of mind – and her deep love of mountains and mountaineering. |
31959314#1 | Janet Adam Smith | Leonard Miall wrote: “Biographer, mountaineer, critic, literary editor, textual scholar, comic versifier, visiting professor, hostess, anthologist, traveller – there seemed to be nothing at which Janet Adam Smith did not shine. And she shone with an intensity that made others glow in response.” |
31959314#2 | Janet Adam Smith | She was born into the old Scots intellectual elite. Her father, Sir George Adam Smith FBA (1856–1942), was a Biblical scholar, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis, at the Free Church College in Glasgow, and then, from 1909 to 1935, Principal of Aberdeen University. Her mother was Lilian Adam Smith, daughter of Sir George Buchanan, FRS, in whose honour the Royal Society's Buchanan Medal was created. Janet was brought up in a tradition of high thinking and simple but certainly not austere living. |
31959314#3 | Janet Adam Smith | In 1919 she went to Cheltenham Ladies' College, and in 1923 went on to Somerville College, Oxford, where she read English, graduating in 1926. |
31959314#4 | Janet Adam Smith | In 1935 she married Michael Roberts, who was a poet, critic, editor, mathematician, and, like her, a passionate mountaineer. Roberts's anthologies of contemporary verse had already established him as, in T.S. Eliot's phrase, "expositor and interpreter of the poetry of his generation". |
31959314#5 | Janet Adam Smith | They lived in Newcastle upon Tyne (where he taught at the Royal Grammar School), then from 1939 in Penrith (where the school was evacuated during the war). In 1945 the family moved to London, where Michael Roberts had become Principal of the College of St Mark and St John, in Chelsea (which later moved to Plymouth and became the University of St Mark & St John). They had four children: Andrew Roberts, Professor of the History of Africa at the University of London, b. 1937; Henrietta Dombey, Professor of Literacy in Primary Education at the University of Brighton, b. 1939; Adam Roberts, Professor of International Relations at Oxford University, b. 1940; and John Roberts, writer on energy issues and Middle East politics, b. 1947. |
31959314#6 | Janet Adam Smith | Michael Roberts died on 13 December 1948. Shortly after, the family moved to a house in the Notting Hill area of London, which remained her home until her death in 1999. In 1965, she married John Dudley Carleton, headmaster of Westminster School from 1957 to 1970. He died on 6 November 1974. |
31959314#7 | Janet Adam Smith | Janet is remembered on her parents grave in Currie churchyard, south-west of Edinburgh. The grave stands in the north-east corner of the modern cemetery extension south of the church. |
31959314#8 | Janet Adam Smith | She joined the BBC in 1928, and from 1930 to 1935 was Assistant Editor of "The Listener". The High Presbyterian ethos of Lord Reith's BBC was no doubt congenial, though she had a sense of humour and an awareness of social change that Reith lacked. As Assistant Editor, she dealt with articles on art, selected reviewers for literary books, and published new poetry, especially the work of W.H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Herbert Read, Louis MacNeice and Michael Roberts. Her work at "The Listener" has been widely praised. Dr Kate Murphy, Senior Lecturer in History at Bournemouth University, has said of Janet Adam Smith that "her six years on "The Listener" were without question of huge import to the journal and she left a legacy that was remembered for decades to come." |
31959314#9 | Janet Adam Smith | In 1935 she published "Poems of Tomorrow", an anthology of poems from "The Listener", and in 1936 succeeded Michael Roberts as chief reviewer of poetry in T.S. Eliot's quarterly "The Criterion". Between 1936 and 1939 she wrote over a hundred reviews for London weeklies, of books by Scots writers or on Scottish subjects. |
31959314#10 | Janet Adam Smith | Finding herself with three small children in Penrith during the war, while Michael worked in London for the BBC's European Service, she wrote "Mountain Holidays" (1946; reissued 1996), in which she recalled pre-war climbs in Scotland and the Alps. |
31959314#11 | Janet Adam Smith | In London from 1945 onwards, Janet Adam Smith continued to write and edit. To the series "Britain in Pictures", she contributed "Life among the Scots" (1946) and "Children's Illustrated Books" (1948). Her short biography (1937) had already established her as an authority on Robert Louis Stevenson. She now edited the correspondence between Stevenson and Henry James (1948) and prepared a scholarly edition of Stevenson's collected poems (1950), both published by Rupert Hart-Davis. |
31959314#12 | Janet Adam Smith | In 1948, left a widow with four young children to educate, she returned to a salaried position in journalism, becoming first assistant literary editor (1949–52), then literary editor (1952–60), of the "New Statesman", still the house magazine of the intellectual Left. It was sometimes described as a pantomime horse: its back half, over which she presided, was required reading even for many who disliked the paper's politics. She was a notably thorough literary editor. One of her successors, Karl Miller, recalled that "Janet used to take the trouble of writing to people to tell them what was wrong with their articles". Miller saw her – and himself – as "Edinburgh reviewers, latter-day examples of an auld Scots element in literary journalism". |
31959314#13 | Janet Adam Smith | She still found time for her own work: almost 20 years after Michael Roberts had edited, at T.S. Eliot’s invitation, the classic anthology, the "Faber Book of Modern Verse", she matched his achievement with the "Faber Book of Children's Verse" (1953), an enchanting and enduring collection. All the poems were tried out on an extended family – her own children, her nephews and nieces, and the children of friends, among whom were the son and daughter of the poet Kathleen Raine. No poem was included, she said, that some child had not loved. She also edited Michael Roberts's "Collected Poems" (1958) and, with her friend and fellow climber Nea Morin, translated from the French several mountaineering books, notably Maurice Herzog's "Annapurna" (1952). |
31959314#14 | Janet Adam Smith | In 1961 and 1964 she was Virginia Gildersleeve Visiting Professor at Barnard College, New York. |
31959314#15 | Janet Adam Smith | When, at the request of the Buchan family, she came to write her magisterial biography of John Buchan (1965), her profound understanding of Buchan's temperament and habit of mind owed much to their common cultural background of the democratic and independent-minded Free Church. |
31959314#16 | Janet Adam Smith | Most of her papers are in the National Library of Scotland, at Edinburgh. In 2013 further papers that had come to light, including letters from Beatrix Potter/Heelis, were donated. |
31959314#17 | Janet Adam Smith | Imbued with the tradition of public service, she was a Trustee of the National Library of Scotland from 1950 to 1985, a remarkable record, and president of the Royal Literary Fund from 1976 to 1984. |
31959314#18 | Janet Adam Smith | She received an honorary degree (Hon. LL.D.) from Aberdeen University in 1962 and was made an OBE in the 1982 New Year Honours for services to Scottish literature. |
31959314#19 | Janet Adam Smith | She was a keen and accomplished hill-walker and mountaineer. When working in London in her twenties, she would sometimes travel back to Aberdeen taking a night train to Aviemore, Kingussie or Blair Atholl, and then walking over the Cairngorm Mountains to Braemar. |
31959314#20 | Janet Adam Smith | In the 1950s she organized many parties of friends and older children to the Alps to climb and to enjoy the pleasures of mobile holidays. She did a number of classic Alpine routes, including the Mer de Glace face of the Aiguille du Grépon (1955) and the traverse of the Meije (1958). She served as Vice-President of the Alpine Club, 1978–80; and was elected to Honorary Membership of the Club in 1993. |
31959314#21 | Janet Adam Smith | Janet and Michael Roberts had built up a large collection of books on mountaineering, which, along with the collection of the Oxford University Mountaineering Club, provided a basis for establishment in December 1992 of the Oxford Mountaineering Library. This is situated in the Radcliffe Science Library in Parks Road in Oxford. Within this library it is on Level 5. |
31959314#22 | Janet Adam Smith | In an obituary published in "The Scotsman" shortly after her death in September 1999, the Scottish novelist and journalist Allan Massie wrote: |
31959314#23 | Janet Adam Smith | “The critical study of Scottish literature owes much to Janet Adam Smith. … Ernest Mehew, the editor of the great Yale University edition of Stevenson's Letters, paid tribute to the ‘leading part’ she played ‘in the revival of critical interest in Stevenson's life and work at a time when he was largely ignored in academic circles’. He referred to the biography, her edition of Stevenson's correspondence with Henry James, and her two editions of Stevenson's poetry (1950 and 1971) – ‘a major work of scholarship which has not been superseded’. |
31959314#24 | Janet Adam Smith | “Stevenson was not alone in benefiting from her enthusiastic and discriminating advocacy. Two lectures on Sir Walter Scott and the Idea of Scotland, given at the University of Edinburgh in 1963, gave an impetus to the revival of academic interest in Scott. Her analysis of "Waverley" is unsurpassed. |
31959314#25 | Janet Adam Smith | “But her masterpiece was her biography of John Buchan. It is probably hard for people today to realise just how low Buchan's reputation stood in the early Sixties. He was dismissed as a mere entertainer with disreputable political and social views. Janet Adam Smith corrected misconceptions and restored him to his proper status as a serious writer and public figure. Everyone who has written subsequently on Buchan is in her debt. Like all her work, the biography was written with a beautiful and authoritative lucidity. |
31959314#26 | Janet Adam Smith | “Though she wrote no major work after Buchan, she remained an industrious literary journalist … She remained intellectually alert and eager to read new work into extreme old age. … |
31959314#27 | Janet Adam Smith | “Based in England throughout her adult life, she nevertheless remained committed to Scotland and Scottish literature. Karl Miller was right in seeing her as being an heir of the Edinburgh Reviewers, for she was one of the last representatives of the Scottish Enlightenment, marrying clear and bold thinking to generous feeling." |
31959339#0 | Esfandiyār (disambiguation) | Esfaniyar or Esfandiar () and similar transliterations may refer to: |
31959358#0 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | The corporate veil in the United Kingdom is a metaphorical reference used in UK company law for the concept that the rights and duties of a corporation are, as a general principle, the responsibility of that company alone. Just as a natural person cannot be held legally accountable for the conduct or obligations of another person, unless they have expressly or implicitly assumed responsibility, guaranteed or indemnified the other person, as a general principle shareholders, directors and employees cannot be bound by the rights and duties of a corporation. This concept has traditionally been likened to a "veil" of separation between the legal entity of a corporation and the real people who invest their money and labour into a company's operations. |
31959358#1 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | The corporate veil in the UK is, however, capable of being "lifted", so that the people who run the company are treated as being liable for its debts, or can benefit from its rights, in a very limited number of circumstances defined by the Courts. It generally only happens when there is wrongdoing by the people/person in control. This matters mostly when a company has gone insolvent, because unpaid creditors will wish to recover their money if they can prove wrongdoing by the people in control. |
31959358#2 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | English law recognised long ago that a corporation would have "legal personality". Legal personality simply means the entity is the subject of legal rights and duties. It can sue and be sued. Historically, municipal councils (such as the Corporation of London) or charitable establishments would be the primary examples of corporations. Without a body to be kicked or a soul to be damned, a corporation does not itself suffer penalties administered by courts, but those who stand to lose their investments will. A company will, as a separate person, be the first liable entity for any obligations its directors and employees create on its behalf. If a company does not have enough assets to pay its debts as they fall due, it will be insolvent - bankrupt. Unless an administrator (someone like an auditing firm partner, usually appointed by creditors on a company's insolvency) is able to rescue the business, shareholders will lose their money, employees will lose their jobs and a liquidator will be appointed to sell off any remaining assets to distribute as much as possible to unpaid creditors. Yet if business remains successful, a company can persist forever, even as the natural people who invest in it and carry out its business change or pass away. |
31959358#3 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | Most companies adopt limited liability for their members, seen in the suffix of "Ltd" or "plc". This means that if a company does go insolvent, unpaid creditors cannot (generally) seek contributions from the company's shareholders and employees, even if shareholders and employees profited handsomely before a company's fortunes declined or would bear primary responsibility for the losses under ordinary civil law principles. The liability of a company "itself" is unlimited (companies have to pay all they owe with the assets they have), but the liability of those who invest their capital in a company is (generally) limited to their shares, and those who invest their labour can only lose their jobs. However, limited liability acts merely as a default position. It can be "contracted around", provided creditors have the opportunity and the bargaining power to do so. A bank, for instance, may not lend to a small company unless the company's director gives her own house as security for the loan (e.g., by mortgage). Just as it is possible for two contracting parties to stipulate in an agreement that one's liability will be limited in the event of contractual breach, the default position for companies can be switched back so that shareholders or directors do agree to pay off all debts. If a company's investors do not do this, so their limited liability is not "contracted around", their assets will (generally) be protected from claims of creditors. The assets are beyond reach behind the metaphorical "veil of incorporation".If a company goes insolvent, there are certain situations where the courts lift the veil of incorporation on a limited company, and make shareholders or directors contribute to paying off outstanding debts to creditors. However, in UK law the range of circumstances is heavily limited. This is usually said to derive from the "principle" in "Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd". In this leading case, a Whitechapel cobbler incorporated his business under the Companies Act 1862. At that time, seven people were required to register a company, possibly because the legislature had viewed the appropriate business vehicle for fewer people to be a partnership. Mr Salomon met this requirement by getting six family members to subscribe for one share each. Then, in return for money he lent the company, he made the company issue a debenture, which would secure his debt in priority to other creditors in the event of insolvency. The company did go insolvent, and the company liquidator, acting on behalf of unpaid creditors attempted to sue Mr Salomon personally. Although the Court of Appeal held that Mr Salomon had defeated Parliament's purpose in registering dummy shareholders, and would have made him indemnify the company, the House of Lords held that so long as the simple formal requirements of registration were followed, the shareholders' assets must be treated as separate from the separate legal person that is a company. There could not, in general, be any lifting of the veil. |
31959358#4 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | The principle in "Salomon's case" is open to a series of qualifications. Most significantly, statute may require directly or indirectly that the company not be treated as a separate entity. Under the Insolvency Act 1986, section 214 stipulates that company directors must contribute to payment of company debts in winding up if they kept the business running up more debt when they ought to have known there was no reasonable prospect of avoiding insolvency. |
31959358#5 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | A number of other cases demonstrate that in construing the meaning of a statute unrelated to company law, the purpose of the legislation should be fulfilled regardless of the existence of a corporate form. For example, in "Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd", the Trading with the Enemy Act 1914 said that trading with any person of "enemy character" would be an offence. So even though the Continental Tyre Co Ltd was a "legal person" incorporated in the UK (and therefore British) its directors and shareholders were German (and therefore enemies, while the First World War was being fought).There are also case based exceptions to the "Salomon" principle, though their restrictive scope is not wholly stable. The present rule under English law is that only where a company was set up to commission fraud, or to avoid a pre-existing obligation can its separate identity be ignored. This follows from the leading case, "Adams v Cape Industries plc". A group of employees suffered asbestos diseases after working for the American wholly owned subsidiary of Cape Industries plc. They were suing in New York to make Cape Industries plc pay for the debts of the subsidiary. Under conflict of laws principles, this could only be done if Cape Industries plc was treated as "present" in America through its US subsidiary (i.e. ignoring the separate legal personality of the two companies). Rejecting the claim, and following the reasoning in "Jones v Lipman", the Court of Appeal emphasised that the US subsidiary had been set up for a lawful purpose of creating a group structure overseas, and had not aimed to circumvent liability in the event of asbestos litigation. |
31959358#6 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | The harsh effect on tort victims, who are unable to contract around limited liability and may be left only with a worthless claim against a bankrupt entity, has been ameliorated in cases where a duty of care in negligence may be deemed to be owed directly across the veil of incorporation.Even if tort victims might be protected, the restrictive position remains subject to criticism where a company group is involved, since it is not clear that companies and actual people ought to get the protection of limited liability in identical ways. An influential decision, although subsequently doubted strongly by the House of Lords, was passed by Lord Denning MR in "DHN Ltd v Tower Hamlets BC". Here Lord Denning MR held that a group of companies, two subsidiaries wholly owned by a parent, constituted a single economic unit. Because the companies' shareholders and controlling minds were identical, their rights were to be treated as the same. This allowed the parent company to claim compensation from the council for compulsory purchase of its business, which it could not have done without showing an address on the premises that its subsidiary possessed. Similar approaches to treating corporate "groups" or a "concern" as single economic entities exist in many continental European jurisdictions. This is done for tax and accounting purposes in English law, however for general civil liability the rule still followed is that in "Adams v Cape Industries plc". It is very rare for English courts to lift the veil. The liability of the company is generally attributed to the company alone.In English criminal law there have been cases in which the courts have been prepared to pierce the veil of incorporation. For example, in confiscation proceedings under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 monies received by a company can, depending upon the particular facts of the case as found by the court, be regarded as having been 'obtained' by an individual (who is usually, but not always, a director of the company). In consequence those monies may become an element in the individual's 'benefit' obtained from criminal conduct (and hence subject to confiscation from him).
A useful brief summary of the position regarding 'piercing the veil' in English criminal law was given in the Court of Appeal judgment in the case of [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/1303.html R v Seager [2009] EWCA Crim 1303] in which the court said (at para 76): |
31959358#7 | Corporate veil in the United Kingdom | "There was no major disagreement between counsel on the legal principles by reference to which a court is entitled to "pierce" or "rend" or "remove" the "corporate veil". It is "hornbook" law that a duly formed and registered company is a separate legal entity from those who are its shareholders and it has rights and liabilities that are separate from its shareholders. A court can "pierce" the carapace of the corporate entity and look at what lies behind it only in certain circumstances. It cannot do so simply because it considers it might be just to do so. Each of these circumstances involves impropriety and dishonesty. The court will then be entitled to look for the legal substance, not the just the form. In the context of criminal cases the courts have identified at least three situations when the corporate veil can be pierced. First if an offender attempts to shelter behind a corporate façade, or veil to hide his crime and his benefits from it. Secondly, where an offender does acts in the name of a company which (with the necessary mens rea) constitute a criminal offence which leads to the offender's conviction, then "the veil of incorporation is not so much pierced as rudely torn away": per Lord Bingham in Jennings v CPS, paragraph 16. Thirdly, where the transaction or business structures constitute a "device", "cloak" or "sham", i.e. an attempt to disguise the true nature of the transaction or structure so as to deceive third parties or the courts." |
31959365#0 | James Robertson (conductor) | James Robertson CBE (17 June 1912 – 18 May 1991) was an English conductor, best known as musical director of Sadler's Wells Opera. |
31959365#1 | James Robertson (conductor) | Robertson was born in Liverpool and was educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, before studying music at the Leipzig Conservatory and the Royal College of Music in London. He joined the music staff of Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1937 and became chorus master and repetiteur of the Carl Rosa Opera in 1938. After the Second World War, in which he served in the Royal Air Force, he was appointed musical director of the Sadler's Wells Opera in 1946, serving in the post until 1954. Together with the conductor Michael Mudie and the administrator Norman Tucker, he formed a triumvirate that ran the company. |
31959365#2 | James Robertson (conductor) | In 1954 Robertson left to become conductor of the New Zealand National Orchestra (now the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra), succeeding Michael Bowles. He returned to Britain in 1958, conducting the Carl Rosa company and as a regular guest conductor at Sadler's Wells. |
31959365#3 | James Robertson (conductor) | Robertson was opera adviser to the Théâtre Royale de la Monnaie in Brussels in 1960, followed by a further spell in New Zealand, where he was artistic director of the National Opera (1962–3). In 1964 he became director of the London Opera Centre, where he encouraged many young singers who later achieved success on the operatic stage. He retired as director in 1977, though remaining a consultant. He returned once more to New Zealand, conducting there from 1978 to 1981. |
31959365#4 | James Robertson (conductor) | Robertson died in Ruabon, North Wales, aged 79. |
31959381#0 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | John Middleton (24 December 1956 – 3 July 2016) was an English under-21 internationalist football goalkeeper. He won honours playing 137 first team games with Nottingham Forest. After 80 competitive first team games for Derby County he retired due to injury aged 23 in 1980. |
31959381#1 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | Middleton started as an apprentice at Nottingham Forest. Allan Brown gave him his debut aged 17 on 19 October 1974 in a Second Division 1-0 win at West Bromwich Albion. He remained first choice for the next three years playing 137 competitive and non-competitive first team games between 1974 and 1977. |
31959381#2 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | Brian Clough replaced Brown as manager in January 1975 and was joined in July 1976 by his former assistant manager at Derby County, Peter Taylor. Forest immediately went into upswing from the duo being in partnership. Their first trophy was the 1976-77 Anglo-Scottish Cup beating Orient 5-1 in a two leg final in December 1976. Forest were promoted back to the top flight at the end of that season. |