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[ "nirvaan", "Nirvana", "Nirvaan", "Nirvana (concept)", "nibbāna", "nibbána", "Nibbāna", "Nirvritti", "NIRVANA", "nirvāṇa", "heaven buddhism", "Nirvāṇa", "Nibbána", "nirvana concept", "Nirvana (philosophical concept)", "nirvāna", "Heaven (Buddhism)", "nirvritti", "nirvana", "nirvana philosophical concept", "Nirvana (Philosophical concept)", "Nirvāna" ]

[ { "id": "399622", "score": "1.7587066", "text": "attained by sādhanā, literally \"means of accomplishing something\". It includes a variety of disciplines, such as yoga and meditation. Nirvana is the profound peace of mind that is acquired with moksha (liberation). In Buddhism and Jainism, it is the state of being free from suffering. In Hindu philosophy, it is union with the Brahman (Supreme Being). The word literally means \"blown out\" (as in a candle) and refers, in the Buddhist context, to the blowing out of the fires of desire, aversion, and delusion, and the imperturbable stillness of mind acquired thereafter. In Theravada Buddhism the emphasis is on one's", "title": "Salvation" }, { "id": "6561542", "score": "1.7361616", "text": "is no soul or self in any living being, then passing through the gate of signlessness (\"animitta\") – realizing that nirvana cannot be perceived, and finally passing through the gate of wishlessness (\"apranihita\") – realizing that nirvana is the state of not even wishing for nirvana. The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. It has also been described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by \"emptiness\" and", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "id": "14937616", "score": "1.7001632", "text": "the Dhamma. At best it is only a temporary way station. The ultimate goal is the cessation of suffering, and the bliss of the heavens, no matter how blissful, is not the same as the cessation of suffering. According to the Buddha's teaching, all states of existence within the round of rebirths, even the heavens, are transient, unreliable, bound up with pain. Thus, the ultimate aim of the Dhamma is nothing short of liberation, which means total release from the round of rebirth and death. Liberation from the rounds of rebirth requires more than just meditation achievement. It is necessary", "title": "Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school" }, { "id": "11261359", "score": "1.6911389", "text": "causal happening' (\"paticcasamuppada\"), but not 'organized,' or 'planned' conditioning (\"sankha-rana\")\", as well as \"a state of perfect mental health (\"aroga\"), of perfect happiness (\"parama sukha\"), calmness or coolness (\"sitibhuta\"), and stability (\"aneñja\"), etc. attained in this life, or while one is alive.\" Mahasi Sayadaw, one of the most influential 20th century Theravada \"vipassana\" teachers, states in his \"\"On the nature of Nibbana\"\" that \"nibbana is perfect peace (\"santi\")\" and \"the complete annihilation of the three cycles of defilement, action, and result of action, which all go to create mind and matter, volitional activities, etc.\" He further states that for arahants", "title": "Nirvana (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "6561541", "score": "1.6837717", "text": "distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (\"sammā-ñāṇa\"), and right liberation or release (\"sammā-vimutti\"), as the means to attain cessation and liberation. Nirvana literally means \"blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished\". In early Buddhist texts, it is the state of restraint and self-control that leads to the \"blowing out\" and the ending of the cycles of sufferings associated with rebirths and redeaths. Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana as identical with \"anatta\" with complete \"emptiness, nothingness\". In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (\"sunyata\") – realizing that there", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of aesthetics\n\nThis is a history of aesthetics.", "title": "History of aesthetics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Core Content/Articles" }, { "id": "6561537", "score": "1.6826587", "text": "is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"saṃsāra\" – the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (Pāli: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (Pāli: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"ālaya\")", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "id": "11261354", "score": "1.676313", "text": "works show that nirvana means 'extinction' as well as 'the highest positive experience of happiness'. Jayatilleke writes that despite the definition of nirvana as 'extinction', this does not mean that it is a kind of annihilation or a state of dormant nonentity, for this contradicts the statements of the Buddha that reject this interpretation. Jayatilleke holds that the early texts clearly proclaim that nothing can be said about the state of the Buddha after \"paranibbana\" (the end of his psycho-physical personality) because \"we do not have the concepts or words to describe adequately the state of the emancipated person.\" This", "title": "Nirvana (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "348897", "score": "1.6666228", "text": "of \"Saṃsāra\". This asserts that the nature of existence is a \"suffering-laden cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without beginning or end\". Also referred to as the wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\"), it is often mentioned in Buddhist texts with the term \"punarbhava\" (rebirth, re-becoming). Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"Nirvana\", is the foundation and the most important purpose of Buddhism. Buddhist texts also assert that an enlightened person knows his previous births, a knowledge achieved through high levels of meditative concentration. Tibetan Buddhism discusses death, bardo (an intermediate state), and rebirth in texts such as the \"Tibetan Book of", "title": "Reincarnation" }, { "id": "1488089", "score": "1.665024", "text": "is just a state for an afterlife, through these realms, because of a combination of ignorance, desires and purposeful karma, or ethical and unethical actions. Nirvana is typically described as the freedom from rebirth and the only alternative to suffering of \"Samsara\", in Buddhism. However, the Buddhist texts developed a more comprehensive theory of rebirth, states Steven Collins, from fears of redeath, called \"amata\" (death-free), a state which is considered synonymous with nirvana. Sikhism incorporates the concepts of \"Saṃsāra\" (sometimes spelled as Sansara in Sikh texts), \"Karma\" and cyclical nature of time and existence. Founded in the 15th century, its", "title": "Saṃsāra" }, { "id": "2608179", "score": "1.6606898", "text": "what undergoes rebirth, rebecoming and redeath. Some traditions assert that the rebirth occurs immediately, while others such as the Tibetan Buddhism posits an interim state wherein as many of 49 days pass between death and rebirth and this belief drives the local funerary rituals. There is no word corresponding exactly to the English terms \"rebirth\", \"metempsychosis\", \"transmigration\" or \"reincarnation\" in the traditional Buddhist languages of Pāli and Sanskrit. Rebirth is referred to by various terms, representing an essential step in the endless cycle of \"samsara\", terms such as \"re-becoming\" or \"becoming again\"(Sanskrit: punarbhava, Pali: punabbhava), re-born (\"punarjanman\"), re-death (\"punarmrityu\"), or", "title": "Rebirth (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "180104", "score": "1.6523396", "text": "is the \"Trāyastriṃśa\", which resembles Olympus of Greek mythology. In the Mahayana world view, there are also pure lands which lie outside this continuum and are created by the Buddhas upon attaining enlightenment. Rebirth in the pure land of Amitabha is seen as an assurance of Buddhahood, for once reborn there, beings do not fall back into cyclical existence unless they choose to do so to save other beings, the goal of Buddhism being the obtainment of enlightenment and freeing oneself and others from the birth–death cycle. The Tibetan word \"Bardo\" means literally \"intermediate state\". In Sanskrit the concept has", "title": "Heaven" }, { "id": "11261327", "score": "1.6448015", "text": "instead of the liberating practice of \"dhyana\"; it may also reflect a successful assimilation of non-Buddhist meditation practices in ancient India into the Buddhist canon. According to Anālayo, the term \"uttari\"-\"vimutti\" (highest liberation) is also widely used in the early buddhist texts to refer to liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Most modern scholars such as Rupert Gethin, Richard Gombrich, Donald Lopez and Paul Williams hold that nirvāṇa (\"nibbana\" in Pali, also called \"nibbanadhatu\", the property of nibbana), means the 'blowing out' or 'extinguishing' of greed, aversion, and delusion, and that this signifies the permanent cessation of samsara and rebirth.", "title": "Nirvana (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "2608176", "score": "1.6432706", "text": "Rebirth (Buddhism) Rebirth in Buddhism refers to its teaching that the actions of a person lead to a new existence after death, in endless cycles called \"saṃsāra\". This cycle is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful. The cycle stops only if liberation is achieved by insight and the extinguishing of desire. Rebirth is one of the foundational doctrines of Buddhism, along with Karma, nirvana and moksha. The rebirth doctrine in Buddhism, sometimes referred to as reincarnation or metempsychosis, asserts that rebirth does not necessarily take place as another human being, but as an existence in one of the six", "title": "Rebirth (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "2608203", "score": "1.6420684", "text": "stick to the soul which determines the next birth. Jainism, further asserts that some souls can never achieve liberation, that ethical living such as Ahimsa (non-violence) and asceticism are means to liberation for those who can attain liberation, and that liberated souls reach the eternal \"siddha\" (enlightened state) that ends their rebirth cycles. Jainism, like Buddhism, also believes in realms of birth and is symbolized by its emblematic Swastika sign, with ethical and moral theories of its lay practices focussing on obtaining good rebirth. Rebirth (Buddhism) Rebirth in Buddhism refers to its teaching that the actions of a person lead", "title": "Rebirth (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "11261360", "score": "1.6393044", "text": "\"no new life is formed after his decease-consciousness.\" Mahasi Sayadaw further states that nibbana is the cessation of the five aggregates which is like \"a flame being extinguished\". However this doesn't mean that \"an arahant as an individual has disappeared\" because there is no such thing as an \"individual\" in an ultimate sense, even though we use this term conventionally. Ultimate however, \"there is only a succession of mental and physical phenomena arising and dissolving.\" For this reason, Mahasi Sayadaw holds that although for an arahant \"cessation means the extinction of the successive rise and fall of the aggregates\" this", "title": "Nirvana (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "2608180", "score": "1.6374304", "text": "sometimes just \"becoming\" (Pali/Sanskrit: bhava), while the state one is born into, the individual process of being born or coming into the world in any way, is referred to simply as \"birth\" (Pali/Sanskrit: jāti). The entire universal process of beings being reborn again and again is called \"wandering about\" (Pali/Sanskrit: ). Some English-speaking Buddhists prefer the term \"rebirth\" or \"re-becoming\" (Sanskrit: \"punarbhava\"; Pali: \"punabbhava\") to \"reincarnation\" as they take the latter to imply an entity (soul) that is reborn. Buddhism denies there is any such soul or self in a living being, but does assert that there is a cycle", "title": "Rebirth (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "11261332", "score": "1.6347051", "text": "is conceptualizing or proliferating (\"papañca\") about that which is without proliferation (\"appapañcaṃ\") and thus a kind of distorted thinking bound up with the self. In the early texts, the practice of the noble path and the four dhyanas was said to lead to the extinction of the three fires, and then proceed to the cessation of all discursive thoughts and apperceptions, then ceasing all feelings (happiness and sadness). According to Collins, nirvana is associated with a meditative attainment called the 'Cessation of Perception/Ideation and Feeling' (\"sannavedayitanirodha\"), also known as the 'Attainment of Cessation' (\"nirodhasamapatti\"). In later Buddhism, dhyana practice was", "title": "Nirvana (Buddhism)" }, { "id": "6561534", "score": "1.633708", "text": "and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. The later Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains nirvana, the \"blowing out\" of the desires and the gaining of true insight into impermanence and non-self reality. Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve any soul, because", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "id": "7422514", "score": "1.633636", "text": "x-generating-y-and-y-generating-z-and-z-generating-a, etc., is \"Samsara\", the prison-house of the reincarnating non-self; whereas liberation from dependency, enforced rebirth and bondage is nirvana or reality / spiritual essence (\"tattva\" / \"dharmata\"). This sphere also bears the name \"Tathagatagarbha\" (Buddha matrix). It is the deathless realm where dependent origination holds no sway, where non-self is supplanted by the everlasting, sovereign (\"aishvarya\") self (atman) (as a trans-historical, unconditioned, ultimate, liberating, supra-worldly yet boundless and immanent awakened mind). Of this real truth, called nirvana - which, while salvationally infused into samsara, is not bound or imprisoned in it - the Buddha states in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana", "title": "Reality in Buddhism" }, { "id": "399623", "score": "1.6329789", "text": "own liberation from samsara. The Mahayana traditions emphasize the bodhisattva path, in which \"each Buddha and Bodhisattva is a redeemer\", assisting the Buddhist in seeking to achieve the redemptive state. The assistance rendered is a form of self-sacrifice on the part of the teachers, who would presumably be able to achieve total detachment from worldly concerns, but have instead chosen to remain engaged in the material world to the degree that this is necessary to assist others in achieving such detachment. In Jainism, \"salvation\", \"moksa\" and \"nirvana\" are one and the same. When a soul (\"atman\") achieves moksa, it is", "title": "Salvation" } ]

[ "woomera disambiguation", "Woomera", "Woomera (disambiguation)", "woomera" ]

[ { "id": "18865341", "score": "1.6311605", "text": "would double the area of land in South Australia under environmental protection to 1.8 million hectares. The area includes 390 species of plants and a large number of habitats for rare species of animals and birds. In May 2011, after years of negotiations, Rann joined with Federal Defence Minister Stephen Smith and Resources Minister Martin Ferguson to announce that large areas of the Woomera Prohibited Area, the largest defence testing reserve in the world, would be opened up for mining, allowing the future exploitation of mineral deposits estimated at billions of dollars. The first Newspoll of the third term of", "title": "Rann Government" }, { "id": "970588", "score": "1.6145482", "text": "Protected areas of South Australia Protected areas of South Australia consists of protected areas located within South Australia and its immediate onshore waters and which are managed by South Australian Government agencies. As of March 2018, South Australia contains 359 separate protected areas declared under the \"National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972\", the \"Crown Land Management Act 2009\" and the \"Wilderness Protection Act 1992\" which have a total land area of or 21.5% of the state’s area. The jurisdiction for legislation of protected areas within South Australia and the immediate onshore waters known officially as ‘the coastal waters and waters", "title": "Protected areas of South Australia" }, { "id": "360978", "score": "1.6117918", "text": "South Australia South Australia (abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and fifth largest by population. It has a total of 1.7 million people, and its population is the most highly centralised of any state in Australia, with more than 75 percent of South Australians living in the capital, Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the", "title": "South Australia" }, { "id": "12362594", "score": "1.5971423", "text": "of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,057 sq. mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory (an additional 5,896 square kilometres). Australia has the largest area of ocean jurisdiction of any country on earth. It has no land borders. The northernmost points of the country are the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland and the Top End of the Northern Territory. The western half of Australia consists of the Western Plateau, which rises to mountain heights near the west coast and falls to lower elevations near the continental centre. The Western Plateau region is generally flat, though broken by", "title": "Geography of Australia" }, { "id": "19908793", "score": "1.5946045", "text": "Conservation reserves of South Australia Conservation reserves of South Australia is a class of protected area used in the Australian state of South Australia where crown land under the control of the responsible minister has been dedicated for conservation purposes. This class of protected area has been in use as early as 1985 and , there are fifteen conservation reserves that cover an area of 194.7 square kilometres (75.1 sq mi) or less than 1% of South Australia's land area. In South Australia, a conservation reserve is a class of protected area concerned with \"(crown) land set aside for conservation", "title": "Conservation reserves of South Australia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of old-growth forests\n\nThis is a list of existing old-growth (including \"virgin\") forests, or remnants of forest, of at least . ecoregion information from \"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World\".", "title": "List of old-growth forests" }, { "id": "6339005", "score": "1.5704327", "text": "completed Burnside War Memorial Hospital opened in October, and received its first patients in November 1956. Toorak Gardens has an area of 1.11 km² with a population density of 2,303/km². (2006 census) Situated on the Adelaide Plains at an average elevation of 80 metres above sea level and a kilometre east of the parklands, the suburb is rectangular shaped and wholly urbanised. There is only one notable park, Fergusson Square; the only other open space is provided by the Toorak Bowling Club. Prior to European settlement, the area was heavily forested. Blue Gum and River Gum trees grew on the", "title": "Toorak Gardens, South Australia" }, { "id": "6999408", "score": "1.5671002", "text": "total area of the City of Adelaide is 15.6 km, of which 7.6 km is Park Lands. Other sources put the Park Lands area closer to 7.0 km. The original area was 2,300 acres (9.3 km, a number the Council still regularly quotes. Apart from providing the usual services like rubbish collection and controlling local development, the City of Adelaide owns and operates a number of city services and amenities, including: The City of Adelaide has been involved in the Sister Cities program since 1972 and has international partnership arrangements with: The armorial flag of Adelaide, was approved on 2", "title": "City of Adelaide" }, { "id": "361022", "score": "1.5640028", "text": "Australian Open, with the most recent being in 1998. The state has hosted the Tour Down Under cycle race since 1999. Food and drink Lists South Australia South Australia (abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and fifth largest by population. It has a total of 1.7 million people, and its population is the most highly centralised of any state in Australia, with more than", "title": "South Australia" }, { "id": "9625093", "score": "1.5409297", "text": "from Bruce Rock to Eyre, but not within 40 kilometres (25 mi) of the south coast, except at its eastern limits. It has an area of about 79000 square kilometres (31000 mi²), making it about a quarter of the South West Botanic Province, 3% of the state, and 1% of Australia. It is bounded to the south by the Esperance Plains region; to the west and northwest by the Avon Wheatbelt region; and to the east by the Coolgardie region. There are a number of small towns in the west of the region, where wheat is grown. These include Gnowangerup,", "title": "Mallee (biogeographic region)" }, { "id": "7662074", "score": "1.5305588", "text": "mile maps') covering a coastal strip 200 miles (300 km) inland from Townsville to Port Augusta and 100 miles (200 km) inland from Albany to Geraldton and key strategic areas in Tasmania and around Darwin and '1 mile' maps of populated places. Map production was from existing State Lands Departments information and conducted jointly between State and Commonwealth agencies and Survey Corps units. The programme expanded to include more of Australia, New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland and although many maps were of a preliminary standard only, providing general coverage critical at the time. Initially, the Australian Survey Corps", "title": "Royal Australian Survey Corps" }, { "id": "11933050", "score": "1.5285445", "text": "Protected Areas covering close to 170,000 square kilometres or 23 per cent of the National Reserve System. In July 2012, The Nature Conservancy, alongside IPA alongside the Central Land Council and government representatives from Australia’s National Reserve System, helped announce the launch of the Southern Tanami Indigenous Protected Area.This Indigenous Protected Area is Australia’s largest land reserve, spanning 10.15 million hectares. It protects important pieces of the Northern Territory’s natural legacy. Included in the Southern Tanami reserve are much of Lake Mackay—Australia’s second-largest lake—and an enormous swath of the Tanami Desert. This IPA links a variety of habitats that includes", "title": "Indigenous Protected Area" }, { "id": "6999407", "score": "1.5237583", "text": "\"Capacity\" theme proposed doubling the City's population by 2010 and increasing the number of City visitors and workers. According to the Annual Reports, the population has increased rapidly, due to the targets stated in the strategic plans developed at about that time. * Visitors to the city from the Adelaide Metropolitan area, for all purposes<br> ** Square kilometres (millions of square metres) of office space. i.e. 1.503 km = 1,503,000 sq. metres.<br> Sources:<br> 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 2000-01 1999-00 1998-99 1997-98 The city's 2010-11 Annual Report noted that the", "title": "City of Adelaide" }, { "id": "3982062", "score": "1.5184319", "text": "at Oak Valley replacing what had been described as the \"worst school in Australia\". In May 2004, following the passage of special legislation, Premier Rann handed back title to 21,000 square kilometres of land to the Maralinga Tjarutja and Pila Nguru people. The land, 1000 km northwest of Adelaide and abutting the Western Australia border, was called the Unnamed Conservation Park. It is now known as Mamungari Conservation Park. It includes the Serpentine Lakes and was the largest land return since Premier John Bannon's hand over of Maralinga lands in 1984. At the 2004 ceremony Premier Rann said the return", "title": "Maralinga" }, { "id": "6465302", "score": "1.5181901", "text": "of the 1782 square kilometre former nuclear test site was returned in 2014. Maralinga Tjarutja The Maralinga Tjarutja is the corporation representing the traditional Anangu owners of the remote western areas of South Australia known as the Maralinga Tjarutja lands. It is one of the four regions local government areas of South Australia classified an \"Aboriginal Council\" (AC) and not incorporated within a local government area. This indigenous Australian people whose historic rights over the area have been officially recognised belongs to the southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara people. They have a community centre at Oak Valley, 520 miles NW", "title": "Maralinga Tjarutja" }, { "id": "7662085", "score": "1.5167797", "text": "and Murray Rivers near Urana, New South Wales (1946), production of maps for the 1947 Australian Census and survey and mapping projects for the Woomera Rocket Range (1946–1953) in South Australia and Western Australia and the atomic test range at Maralinga in South Australia. Corps units were established in each of the regional military districts, except Tasmania and Northern Territory, and a survey school was established in Victoria. In 1956 Australia adopted decimal/metric scales for mapping, largely for military interoperability with major allies and the global trend. After the '1 mile' military maps were discontinued in 1959, and although Defence", "title": "Royal Australian Survey Corps" }, { "id": "4803916", "score": "1.5137106", "text": "1.5 million square kilometres from Port Hedland to Carnarvon in Western Australia, and from the coast to the border with the Northern Territory; being approximately one-sixth of the total Australia mass. A detailed knowledge of its Area of Operations is maintained by conducting reconnaissance patrols by foot, vehicle and watercraft; surveillance from static observation posts; and by systematic communication and liaison with police, customs, other regional authorities, and with local landowners. On 1 March 2010, Pilbara Regiment became part of the re-raised 6th Brigade. On 4 October 2018, all three RFSUs were grouped together as part of a new formation", "title": "Pilbara Regiment" }, { "id": "3407121", "score": "1.512436", "text": "Moonta, both rural areas but with more resources available to cope with an ageing population. A 1976 study found that less than 10 per cent (around 160 people) of residents aged over 65 had lived in the area for less than 5 years, leading to a lack of specific aged-care facilities. According to the 2006 Census the population of the Mount Gambier census area was 24,905 people, making it the largest urban area in the state outside Adelaide, and the 50th largest urban area in Australia. Approximately 51.7% of the population were female, 84.9% were Australian born, over 91.5% of", "title": "Mount Gambier, South Australia" }, { "id": "1343863", "score": "1.5117164", "text": "older property is Madura Station, situated closer to the coast, it has a size of and is also stocked with sheep. Madura was established prior to 1927, the extent of the property at that time was reported as . In 2011 South Australian Premier Mike Rann announced that a huge area of the Nullarbor, stretching almost from the WA border to the Great Australian Bight, would be given formal Wilderness Protection Status. Rann said the move would double the area of land in South Australia under environmental protection, to . The area contains 390 species of plants and a large", "title": "Nullarbor Plain" }, { "id": "3396668", "score": "1.5017264", "text": "Western Australia 315 km north-east of Geraldton on a flat desert-like plain at an elevation of about 460 metres. South Africa: The core site is located at at an elevation of about 1000 metres in the Karoo area of the arid Northern Cape Province, about 75 km north-west of Carnarvon, with distant stations in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia and Zambia. On 10 March 2012 it was reported that the SKA Site Advisory Committee had made a confidential report in February that the South African bid was stronger. The final decision on the site by the project's board", "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }, { "id": "9733053", "score": "1.5007913", "text": "land area, or about 11.5% of the total land area. Of these, two-thirds are considered strictly protected (IUCN categories I to IV), and the rest is mostly managed resources protected area (IUCN category VI). There are also 200 marine protected areas, which cover a further 64.8 million hectares. Indigenous Protected Area have been established since the 1990s, the largest of which covers part of the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. The protected natural areas include world heritage listed properties, such as the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte), Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, Fraser Island, Great Barrier Reef, Greater Blue Mountains", "title": "Environment of Australia" } ]

[ "Anders Angstrm", "anders angstrm" ]

[ { "id": "14779997", "score": "1.5626427", "text": "unit of length for spectroscopic measurements, first by the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research (1907) and later by the CIPM (1927). Michelson's work in \"measuring\" the prototype metre to within of a wavelength ( µm) was one of the reasons for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907. By the 1950s, interferometry had become the method of choice for precise measurements of length, but there remained a practical problem imposed by the system of units used. The natural unit for expressing a length measured by interferometry was the ångström, but this result then had", "title": "History of the metre" }, { "id": "15597325", "score": "1.546889", "text": "astronomer, published the book \"Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium\" in which he proposed a decimal system of measurement of length for use by scientists in international communication, to be based on the dimensions of the Earth. The milliare would be defined as a minute of arc along a meridian and would be divided into 10 centuria, the centuria into 10 decuria and so on, successive units being the virga, virgula, decima, centesima, and the millesima. Mouton used Riccioli's estimate that one degree of arc was 321,185 Bolognese feet, and his own experiments showed that a pendulum of length one", "title": "History of the metric system" }, { "id": "1510914", "score": "1.5383492", "text": "Light-second The light-second is a unit of length useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics. It is defined as the distance that light travels in free space in one second, and is equal to exactly metres by the definition of metre (just over miles). Just as the second forms the basis for other units of time, the light-second can form the basis for other units of length, ranging from the light-nanosecond (299.8 mm or just under one international foot) to the light-minute, light-hour and light-day, which are sometimes used in popular science publications. The more commonly used light-year is also", "title": "Light-second" }, { "id": "1510911", "score": "1.5383492", "text": "Light-second The light-second is a unit of length useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics. It is defined as the distance that light travels in free space in one second, and is equal to exactly metres by the definition of metre (just over miles). Just as the second forms the basis for other units of time, the light-second can form the basis for other units of length, ranging from the light-nanosecond (299.8 mm or just under one international foot) to the light-minute, light-hour and light-day, which are sometimes used in popular science publications. The more commonly used light-year is also", "title": "Light-second" }, { "id": "390477", "score": "1.5293413", "text": "parts per billion (), equivalent to the uncertainty in Earth-based measurements of length by interferometry. Since the metre is defined to be the length travelled by light in a certain time interval, the measurement of the light time in terms of the previous definition of the astronomical unit can also be interpreted as measuring the length of an AU (old definition) in metres. A method of measuring the speed of light is to measure the time needed for light to travel to a mirror at a known distance and back. This is the working principle behind the Fizeau–Foucault apparatus developed", "title": "Speed of light" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Angstrom\n\nThe angstrom , 0.1 nanometre, or 100 picometres. Its symbol is Å, a letter of the Swedish alphabet. The unit is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874).<ref name=oxdic2/> \n\nThe angstrom is often used in the natural sciences and technology to express sizes of atoms, molecules, microscopic biological structures, and lengths of chemical bonds, arrangement of atoms in crystals, wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, and dimensions of integrated circuit parts. The atomic (covalent) radii of phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine are about 1 angstrom, while that of hydrogen is about 0.5 angstroms. Visible light has wavelengths in the range of 4000–7000 Å.\n\nIn the late 19th century, spectroscopists adopted of a metre as a convenient unit to express the wavelengths of characteristic spectral lines (monochromatic components of the emission spectrum) of chemical elements. However, they soon realized that the definition of the metre at the time, based on a material artifact, was not accurate enough for their work. So, around 1907 they defined their own unit of length, which they called \"Ångström\", based on the wavelength of a specific spectral line.<ref name=oxdic2/> It was only in 1960, when the metre was redefined in the same way, that the angstrom became again equal to metre. \n\nEven though it is a decimal power fraction of the metre, the angstrom was never part of the SI system of units, or in the NIST version of the same.\n\nThe 8th edition of the BIPM brochure (2006) and the NIST guide 811 (2008) used the spelling \"ångström\", with Swedish letters; however, this form is rare in English texts. Some popular US dictionaries list only the spelling \"angstrom\".<ref name=webster/><ref name=collins/> \n\nThe accepted symbol is \"Å\", no matter how the unit is spelled.<ref name=collins/> However, \"A\" is often used in less formal contexts or typographically limited media.", "title": "Angstrom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the metre\n\nThe history of the metre starts with the Scientific Revolution that is considered to have begun with Nicolaus Copernicus's publication of \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\" in 1543. Increasingly accurate measurements were required, and scientists looked for measures that were universal and could be based on natural phenomena rather than royal decree or physical prototypes. Rather than the various complex systems of subdivision then in use, they also preferred a decimal system to ease their calculations.\n\nWith the French Revolution (1789) came a desire to replace many features of the Ancien Régime, including the traditional units of measure. As a base unit of length, many scientists had favoured the seconds pendulum (a pendulum with a half-period of one second) one century earlier, but this was rejected as it had been discovered that this length varied from place to place with local gravity. A new unit of length, the \"metre\" was introduced – defined as one ten-millionth of the shortest distance from the North Pole to the equator passing through Paris, assuming an Earth flattening of 1/334.\n\nFor practical purposes however, the standard metre was made available in the form of a platinum bar held in Paris. This in turn was replaced in 1889 at the initiative of the International Geodetic Association by thirty platinum-iridium bars kept across the globe. The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other and with the Committee metre (French: \"Mètre des Archives\") involved the development of specialized measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale.\n\nDuring the mid nineteenth century the metre gained adoption worldwide, particularly in scientific usage, and it was officially established as an international measurement unit by the Metre Convention of 1875. Where older traditional length measures are still used, they are now defined in terms of the metre – for example the yard has since 1959 officially been defined as exactly 0.9144 metre.<ref name=\"Nelson\" />", "title": "History of the metre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Metre\n\nThe metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , \"measure\"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its prefixed forms are also used relatively frequently.\n\nThe metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth's circumference is approximately  km. In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar (the actual bar used was changed in 1889). In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of proper length. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in of a second. After the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency .", "title": "Metre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Millimetre\n\nThe millimetre (international spelling; SI unit symbol mm) or millimeter (American spelling) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one thousandth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Therefore, there are one thousand millimetres in a metre. There are ten millimetres in a centimetre.\n\nOne millimetre is equal to micrometres or nanometres.\nSince an inch is officially defined as exactly 25.4 millimetres, a millimetre is equal to exactly (≈ 0.03937) of an inch.", "title": "Millimetre" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "International System of Units" }, { "id": "12855", "score": "1.5288159", "text": "2009, the IAU had updated its standard measures to reflect improvements, and calculated the speed of light at (TDB). In 1983, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) modified the International System of Units (SI, or \"modern\" metric system) to make the metre defined as the distance travelled in a vacuum by light in 1/299792458 second. This replaced the previous definition, valid between 1960 and 1983, which was that the metre equalled a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. (The reason for the change was an improved method of measuring the speed of light.)", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "13540601", "score": "1.5185118", "text": "a star other than the Sun, by Friedrich Bessel in 1838. The star was 61 Cygni, and he used a heliometer designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer. The largest unit for expressing distances across space at that time was the astronomical unit, equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit or In those terms, trigonometric calculations based on 61 Cygni's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds, showed the distance to the star to be astronomical units ( or ). Bessel added that light employs 10.3 years to traverse this distance. He recognized that his readers would enjoy the mental picture of the approximate", "title": "Light-year" }, { "id": "390433", "score": "1.5175802", "text": "precise measurements, in 1975 the speed of light was known to be with a measurement uncertainty of 4 parts per billion. In 1983, the metre was redefined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/ of a second. The speed of light in vacuum is usually denoted by a lowercase , for \"constant\" or the Latin (meaning \"swiftness, celerity\"). In 1856, Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch had used for a different constant later shown to equal times the speed of light in vacuum. Historically, the symbol \"V\" was used as", "title": "Speed of light" }, { "id": "14780005", "score": "1.512947", "text": "the 633 nm line of the helium–neon laser, stabilized using molecular iodine. That same year, the 17th CGPM adopted the current definition of the metre, in terms of the 1975 conventional value for the speed of light: The concept of defining a unit of length in terms of a time received some comment, although it was similar to Wilkins' original proposal in 1668 to define the universal unit of length in terms of the seconds pendulum. In both cases, the practical issue is that time can be measured more accurately than length (one part in 10 for a second using", "title": "History of the metre" }, { "id": "16380889", "score": "1.4953942", "text": "was insufficient data on the reliability of measurement units because errors had been made in the standards based on the circumference of the earth. The Dutch Minister of the Interior had requested the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen in 1851 to come up with a new standard for both length and weight. Inspired by this discussion and a publication by the Swedish scientist Anders Ångström in 1855, Van der Willigen decided to dedicate himself first to the determination of the refractive index and the wavelength of light, in order to be able to more accurately define the unit of length.", "title": "Volkert Simon Maarten van der Willigen" }, { "id": "250973", "score": "1.4909532", "text": "Christopher Wren. Christiaan Huygens had observed that length to be 38 Rijnland inches or 39.26 English inches; that is, 997mm. No official action was taken regarding these suggestions. In 1670 Gabriel Mouton, Bishop of Lyon, also suggested a universal length standard with decimal multiples and divisions, to be based on a one-minute angle of the Earth's meridian arc or (as the Earth's circumference was not easy to measure) on a pendulum with a two-second period. In 1675, the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his work ', used the phrase ' (\"universal measure\"), derived from the Greek (\"métron katholikón\"), to", "title": "Metre" }, { "id": "813073", "score": "1.4896396", "text": "Millimetre The millimetre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI unit symbol mm) or millimeter (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousandth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Therefore, there are one thousand millimetres in a metre. There are ten millimetres in a centimetre. One millimetre is equal to micrometres or nanometres. A millimetre is equal to exactly (approximately 0.039370) of an inch. Since 1983, the metre has been defined as \"the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum", "title": "Millimetre" }, { "id": "506226", "score": "1.4861202", "text": "Picometre The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to , or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. The picometre is one thousandth of a nanometre, one millionth of a micrometre (also known as a micron), and used to be called micromicron, stigma, or bicron. The symbol µµ was once used for it. It is also one hundredth of an Ångström, an internationally recognised (but non-SI) unit of length. The", "title": "Picometre" }, { "id": "361823", "score": "1.481559", "text": "but also on precise definition of those constants. The set of underlying constants is modified as more stable constants are found, or may be more precisely measured. For example, in 1983 the metre was redefined as the distance that light propagates in vacuum in a given fraction of a second, thus making the value of the speed of light in terms of the defined units exact. The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) systems (specifically the inconsistency between the systems of electrostatic units and electromagnetic units)", "title": "International System of Units" }, { "id": "3316168", "score": "1.4791493", "text": "Planck length In physics, the Planck length, denoted , is a unit of length that is the distance light travels in one unit of Planck time. It is equal to meters. It is a base unit in the system of Planck units, developed by physicist Max Planck. The Planck length can be defined from three fundamental physical constants: the speed of light in a vacuum, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant. The Planck length is defined as: Solving the above will show the approximate equivalent value of this unit with respect to the meter: formula_2 where formula_3 is the", "title": "Planck length" }, { "id": "12874", "score": "1.4698133", "text": "first astronomers to have access to an accurate and reliable value for the radius of Earth, which had been measured by their colleague Jean Picard in 1669 as thousand \"toises\". Another colleague, Ole Rømer, discovered the finite speed of light in 1676: the speed was so great that it was usually quoted as the time required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth, or \"light time per unit distance\", a convention that is still followed by astronomers today. A better method for observing Venus transits was devised by James Gregory and published in his \"Optica Promata\" (1663).", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "12862", "score": "1.4687299", "text": "general relativity was proposed, and \"vigorous debate\" ensued until August 2012 when the IAU adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = metres. The astronomical unit is typically used for stellar system scale distances, such as the size of a protostellar disk or the heliocentric distance of an asteroid, whereas other units are used for other distances in astronomy. The astronomical unit is too small to be convenient for interstellar distances, where the parsec and light-year are widely used. The parsec (parallax arcsecond) is defined in terms of the astronomical unit, being the distance of an object with a", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "813074", "score": "1.4687103", "text": "during a time interval of of a second\". A millimetre, of a metre, is therefore the distance travelled by light in of a second. A common shortening of millimetre in spoken English is \"mil\". This can cause confusion since in the United States, \"mil\" traditionally means a thousandth of an inch. For the purposes of compatibility with Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) characters, Unicode has symbols for: In Japanese typography, these square symbols were historically used for laying out unit symbols without distorting the grid layout of text characters. On a metric ruler, the smallest measurements are normally millimetres. High-quality", "title": "Millimetre" }, { "id": "390470", "score": "1.466227", "text": "with their product equalling \"c\". In 1983 the metre was defined as \"the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of of a second\", fixing the value of the speed of light at by definition, as described below. Consequently, accurate measurements of the speed of light yield an accurate realization of the metre rather than an accurate value of \"c\". Outer space is a convenient setting for measuring the speed of light because of its large scale and nearly perfect vacuum. Typically, one measures the time needed for light to traverse some reference distance", "title": "Speed of light" }, { "id": "277844", "score": "1.4632792", "text": "calling a \"hundred\", would have been the mass of a cubic standard of distilled rainwater. The names that he proposed for decimal multiples and subunits of his base units of measure were the names of units of measure that were in use at the time. In 1670, Gabriel Mouton published a proposal that was in essence similar to Wilkins' proposal, except that his base unit of length would have been 1/1000 of a minute of arc (about 1.852 m) of geographical latitude. He proposed calling this unit the virga. Rather than using different names for each unit of length, he", "title": "Metrication" } ]

[ "phû tô gâ", "portugalsko", "republica portuguesa", "republic of portugal", "bo dao nha", "Portunga", "o papagaio", "Potiti", "Republica Portuguesa", "Portugalio", "Portugalska", "república portuguesa", "Portugale", "Portugaleje", "portugaul", "Portugal", "portekîz", "portegal", "Phû-tô-gâ", "Portuguese Republic", "pòtigal", "portugalija", "portugual", "portugalujo", "Portûnga", "portekiz", "portogallo", "An Phortaingéil", "Portegal", "bồ đào nha", "Portekîz", "Portugalujo", "Portugál", "portyngal", "Portugalija", "Portogallo", "iso 3166 1 pt", "potiti", "Portgual", "Phu-to-ga", "portogało", "portogalo", "portingale", "portúgal", "portugali", "Portogalo", "Portuga", "portugaleje", "portugall", "portugál", "Potigal", "Portugalėjė", "Portugual", "portugul", "portiwgal", "Portogało", "An Phortaingeil", "portugalska", "Portugul", "ISO 3166-1:PT", "portuguese republic", "Portúgal", "Portugali", "Portyngal", "portugal", "Portugall", "O Papagaio", "Yn Phortiugal", "Portugaul", "pertual", "portugalėjė", "PORTUGAL", "Bo Dao Nha", "portugāle", "portunga", "Bồ Đào Nha", "Portugāle", "Portugalsko", "phortaingéil", "Pòtigal", "Portingale", "potigal", "yn phortiugal", "portugale", "Portiwgal", "Portekiz", "República Portuguesa", "portugalio", "phortaingeil", "Portugallu", "portûnga", "Republic of Portugal", "portugallu", "portuga", "phu to ga", "Pertual", "portgual" ]

[ { "id": "1478480", "score": "1.7065451", "text": "a certain traditional structure. In popular belief, fado is a form of music characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor, and infused with a sentiment of resignation, fatefulness and melancholia. This is loosely captured by the Portuguese word \"saudade\", or \"longing\", symbolizing a feeling of loss (a permanent, irreparable loss and its consequent lifelong damage). This is similar to the character of several musical genres in Portuguese ex-colonies such as \"morna\" from Cape Verde, which may be historically linked to fado in its earlier form but has retained its rhythmic heritage.", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": "12825769", "score": "1.6972549", "text": "fado (lit. fate), a usually dark and somber form of Portuguese music, they do not play it, at least not traditionally. Traditional fado faded during Portugal’s dictatorship in the 20th century, but it has made a comeback, by a generation that grew up on Pearl Jam and Nirvana, but who also rediscovered the recordings of their grandparents’ generation. This rediscovery, created a new wave of fado, sometimes called neofado, which includes artists such as Mariza, Dulce Pontes and Ana Moura, who respect the classics (e.g. the work of Amália Rodrigues), but have created their own versions, generally fusing other musical", "title": "Deolinda" }, { "id": "1478479", "score": "1.6970102", "text": "Fado Fado (; \"destiny, fate\") is a music genre that can be traced to the 1820s in Lisbon, Portugal, but probably has much earlier origins. Fado historian and scholar Rui Vieira Nery states that \"the only reliable information on the history of Fado was orally transmitted and goes back to the 1820s and 1830s at best. But even that information was frequently modified within the generational transmission process that made it reach us today.\" Although the origins are difficult to trace, today fado is commonly regarded as simply a form of song which can be about anything, but must follow", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": "2369294", "score": "1.6917124", "text": "the other being Cante Alentejano. Regional folk music remains popular too, having been updated and modernized in many cases, especially in the northeastern region of Trás-os-Montes. Some more recent successful fado/folk-inspired acts include Madredeus and Deolinda, the later being part of a folk revival that has led to a newfound interest in this type of music. In popular music, there is a significant number of popular genres. These include rock, with popular acts including Xutos & Pontapés, The Gift (alternative rock), Fingertips (pop rock), Blasted Mechanism (experimental electro-rock) and Wraygunn (rock, blues). Also hip-hop, with acts such as Da Weasel,", "title": "Music of Portugal" }, { "id": "4293886", "score": "1.6867454", "text": "Sage Francis, Monty Are I, Draco and the Malfoys and Billy Gillman. The pop music producer and songwriter Dr. Luke was born in Westerly. Due to the large population of Portuguese immigrants in Southern New England, Portuguese traditional music is played in small communities. Usually Roman Catholic churches are the center of the communities activities, where music is played. Fado is a form of music characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor, and infused with a characteristic sentiment of resignation, fatefulness and melancholia (loosely captured by the word saudade, or \"longing\").", "title": "Music of Rhode Island" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fado\n\nFado (; \"destiny, fate\") is a music genre that can be traced to the 1820s in Lisbon, Portugal, but probably has much earlier origins. Fado historian and scholar Rui Vieira Nery states that \"the only reliable information on the history of fado was orally transmitted and goes back to the 1820s and 1830s at best. But even that information was frequently modified within the generational transmission process that made it reach us today.\"\n\nAlthough the origins are difficult to trace, today fado is commonly regarded as simply a form of song which can be about anything, but must follow a certain traditional structure. In popular belief, fado is a form of music characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor, and infused with a sentiment of resignation, fate and melancholy. This is loosely captured by the Portuguese word \"saudade\", or longing, symbolizing a feeling of loss (a permanent, irreparable loss and its consequent lifelong damage). This is similar to the character of several musical genres in Portuguese ex-colonies such as morna from Cape Verde, which may be historically linked to fado in its earlier form and have retained its rhythmic heritage. This connection to the music of a historic Portuguese urban and maritime proletariat (sailors, bohemians, dock workers, port traders, fishwives and other working-class people) can also be found in Brazilian modinha and Indonesian kroncong, although all these music genres subsequently developed their own independent traditions.\n\nFamous singers of fado include Maria Teresa de Noronha, Alfredo Marceneiro, D. Vicente da Câmara, Frei Hermano da Câmara, Amália Rodrigues, Dulce Pontes, Carlos do Carmo, Mariza, Mafalda Arnauth, António Zambujo, Ana Moura, Camané, Helder Moutinho, Carminho, Mísia, Cristina Branco, Gisela João and Katia Guerreiro. On 27 November 2011, fado was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. It is one of two Portuguese music traditions part of the lists, the other being Cante Alentejano.", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Music of Portugal\n\nPortuguese music includes many different styles and genres, as a result of its history. These can be broadly divided into classical music, traditional/folk music and popular music and all of them have produced internationally successful acts, with the country seeing a recent expansion in musical styles, especially in popular music.\n\nIn traditional/folk music, fado had a significant impact, with Amália Rodrigues still the most recognizable Portuguese name in music, and with more recent acts, like Dulce Pontes and Mariza. The genre is one of two Portuguese music traditions in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, with the other being Cante Alentejano. Regional folk music remains popular too, having been updated and modernized in many cases, especially in the northeastern region of Trás-os-Montes. Some more recent successful fado/folk-inspired acts include Madredeus and Deolinda, the latter being part of a folk revival that has led to a newfound interest in this type of music.\nIn popular music, there is a significant number of popular genres. These include rock, with popular acts including Xutos & Pontapés, The Gift (alternative rock), Fingertips (pop rock), Blasted Mechanism (experimental electro-rock), Noctivagus (gothic rock) and Wraygunn (rock, blues). Also hip-hop, with acts such as Boss AC, Da Weasel, Ithaka, Mind Da Gap and Sam the Kid. Acts such as Moonspell (metal) and Buraka Som Sistema (electro/kuduro/breakbeat) have had significant international success. Other popular modern genres in Portugal include dance, house, kizomba, pimba, pop, reggae, ska and zouk.", "title": "Music of Portugal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of music genres and styles\n\nThis is a list of music genres and styles. Music can be described in terms of many genres and styles. Classifications are often arbitrary, and may be disputed and closely related forms often overlap. Larger genres and styles comprise more specific sub-categories.\n\n", "title": "List of music genres and styles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mariza\n\nMarisa dos Reis Nunes (born 16 December 1973), known professionally as Mariza (), is a Portuguese fado singer.\n\nMariza was born in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique, to a Portuguese father, José Brandão Nunes, and a Mozambican mother, Isabel Nunes. When she was three years old, her family moved to Metropolitan Portugal, and she was raised in Lisbon's historic quarters of Mouraria and Alfama. While very young she began singing in a wide variety of musical styles, including gospel, soul and jazz. Her father strongly encouraged her to adopt fado; he felt that participating in the traditional music would grant her greater acceptance in the Portuguese community. Mariza has sold over 1 million records worldwide.", "title": "Mariza" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Madredeus\n\nMadredeus () are a Portuguese musical ensemble formed in 1985, in Lisbon. Their music combines traditional Portuguese music, fado and folk music. \n\nMadredeus are one of the most successful music groups from Portugal, having sold over 3 million albums worldwide.", "title": "Madredeus" }, { "id": "1478481", "score": "1.6742094", "text": "This connection to the music of a historic Portuguese urban and maritime proletariat (sailors, dock workers, port traders and other working-class people in general) can also be found in Brazilian \"modinha\" and Indonesian \"kroncong\", although all these music genres subsequently developed their own independent traditions. Famous singers of fado include Amália Rodrigues, Dulce Pontes, Carlos do Carmo, Mariza, Mafalda Arnauth, António Zambujo, Ana Moura, Camané, Helder Moutinho, Carminho, Mísia, Cristina Branco, Gisela João and Katia Guerreiro. On 27 November 2011, fado was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. It is one of two Portuguese music traditions part of", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": "1478483", "score": "1.6727757", "text": "term \"fadista\". Fado appeared during the early 19th century in Lisbon, and is believed to have its origins in the port districts such as Alfama, Mouraria and Bairro Alto. There are numerous theories about the origin of fado. Some trace its origins or influences to the Medieval \"cantigas de amigo\" (friends songs) and some ancient Moorish influence, but none is conclusive. It possibly evolved and formed, from a mixture of several older musical genres. Fado performers in the middle of the 19th century were mainly from urban working-class namely sailors, bohemians, courtesans, who not only sang, but also danced and", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": "1478485", "score": "1.6612734", "text": "a traditional feature of this genre. A particular stylistic trait of fado is the use of rubato, where the music pauses at the end of a phrase and the singer holds the note for dramatic effect. The music uses double time rhythm and triple time (waltz style). There are two main varieties of fado, namely those of the cities of Lisbon and Coimbra. The Lisbon style is more well known - alongside the status of Amália Rodrigues, while that of Coimbra is traditionally linked to the city's University and its style is linked to the medieval serenading troubadours. Modern fado", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": "309484", "score": "1.6260766", "text": "tambourines, accordions and small guitars (\"cavaquinho\"). Apart Portuguese folk music other renowned genre is Fado, a melancholic urban music originated in Lisbon in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and \"saudade\", or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of \"troubadour serenading\" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Amália Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, José Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, António Chainho, Mísia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus. In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and", "title": "Portugal" }, { "id": "2866445", "score": "1.6238668", "text": "love, the sense of sadness and longing for someone who has gone away, misfortune, the ups and downs of life, the sea, the life of sailors and fishermen, and last but not least \"Saudade\" (one of the main themes used in fado, that means a kind of longing). Fado is probably the oldest urban folk music in the world and represents the heart of the Portuguese soul, and for that matter fado performance is not successful if an audience is not moved to tears. Portugal has been an important centre of practice and production of music over the centuries, as", "title": "Culture of Portugal" }, { "id": "2866444", "score": "1.6219645", "text": "Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra's is the more refined style. Modern fado is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned musicians. According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing your throat. Mainstream fado performances during the 20th century included only a singer, a Portuguese guitar player and a classical guitar player but more recent settings range from singer and string quartet to full orchestra. The ingredients of Fado are a shawl, a guitar, a voice and heartfelt emotion. Themes include: destiny, deep-seated feelings, disappointments in", "title": "Culture of Portugal" }, { "id": "3542681", "score": "1.6216491", "text": "Coimbra Fado Coimbra Fado (Portuguese: \"Fado de Coimbra\") is a genre of fado originating in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. While adopted by students at the University of Coimbra, and sometimes known as Student Fado (\"Fado de Estudante\"), it is usually considered the typical music of Coimbra itself. Developed from the Iberian lyric style of trovadorismo popular during the Middle Ages, the genre shares additional roots with Occitan troubadors. Performed with the traditional \"Guitarra de Coimbra\" (a kind of Portuguese guitar originating in Coimbra), a modified version of Lisbon's fado guitar allegedly created by Artur Paredes, it is usually accompanied", "title": "Coimbra Fado" }, { "id": "13188420", "score": "1.613789", "text": "(which traditionally involve just a singer and a guitarist) with dance and encompasses other nationalities of Portugal’s former colonies and idioms (such as hip hop, flamenco and reggae). The soundtrack for the film includes several songs that were included in the film: Fados (film) Using Lisbon as its iconic backdrop, the film explores the intricate relationship between the music and the city, and Fado's evolution over the years from its African and Brazilian origins up to the new wave of modern Fadistas. Under the musical supervision of Carlos do Carmo, \"Fados\" completed Saura's musical trilogy form with \"Flamenco\" (1995) and", "title": "Fados (film)" }, { "id": "1478486", "score": "1.6118243", "text": "is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned musicians. According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, while in Coimbra one coughs as if clearing one's throat. This fado is closely linked to the academic traditions of the University of Coimbra and is exclusively sung by men; both the singers and musicians wear the academic outfit (traje académico): dark robe, cape and leggings. Dating to the troubadour tradition of medieval times, it is sung at night, almost in the dark, in city squares or streets. The most typical venues are the stairsteps of the Santa", "title": "Fado" }, { "id": "2369300", "score": "1.6034138", "text": "related form are the guitarradas of the 1920s and 30s, best known for Dr. Antonio Menano and a group of virtuoso musicians he formed, including Artur Paredes and José Joaquim Cavalheiro. Student fado, performed by students at Coimbra University, have maintained a tradition since it was pioneered in the 1890s by Augusto Hilário. Starting in 1939 with the career of Amália Rodrigues, fado was an internationally popular genre. A singer and film actress, Rodrigues made numerous stylistic innovations that have made her probably the most influential fadista of all time. A new generation of young musicians have contributed to the", "title": "Music of Portugal" }, { "id": "15678338", "score": "1.5939903", "text": "Dulce Pontes. And a new wave of Fado singers re-emerge in a revival fashion, surging into the “plaza”, making Fado the most popular kind of music in Portugal. This wave started with Mariza, which became the diva of Fado, since the death of Amália Rodrigues, beating Dulce Pontes by far. Gonçalo Salgueiro, Ana Moura, Kátia Guerreiro, among others, followed their steps. In 2004, Rock in Rio Lisbon happens for the first time, catapulting Portugal to top place in worldwide music. Around this time, the hip hop generation was taking over the worldwide market, and Portugal was no exception, becoming one", "title": "Portuguese contemporary art" }, { "id": "2458010", "score": "1.5914546", "text": "Mexican folk music forming what we now know as Tejano music. \"See: Music of Portugal\" In the United States there are Portuguese American singers and bands known such as Jorge Ferreira, Arlindo Andrade, Marc Dennis, Jack Sebastião (R.I.P.), Nélia, Sergio Royal, Mauricio Morais, Alcides Machado, Chico Avila, Luis Fontes Sousa José Norberto, Ana Lisa, Nelson, Michelle Romeiro, José Lobo, Jorge Pereira and Eratoxica. also perform world music, rock, dance or pimba music. Fado is also popular in the U.S., and there, Ramana Vieira is one of the representers of this music genre. Portuguese American musicians are usually based in New", "title": "Music of immigrant communities in the United States" }, { "id": "12825770", "score": "1.5898106", "text": "styles and/or using electrified instruments. Deolinda’s work also integrates other musical styles, including pop, folks and blues, but they do use only acoustic instruments. Their work is even more distinct in that it is musically more whimsical and playful, sometimes called \"happy fado\" and even when serious, is never brooding. Their lyrics are elliptical and ironic, generally dealing with social interactions and human frailties, often with humor. Their work is an indirect form of protest music, which has its roots in the \"música de intervenção\" tradition of Portuguese folk musicians, before the 1974 Carnation Revolution, which ended five decades of", "title": "Deolinda" }, { "id": "2369299", "score": "1.5893179", "text": "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. It is claimed that fado origins are older, going back to the 15th century, when women cried with longing for their husbands that sailed to the never ending seas. In Late in the 19th century, the city of Coimbra developed a distinctive scene. Coimbra, a literary capital for the country, is now known for being more refined and majestic. The sound has been described as \"the song of those who retain and cherish their illusions, not of those who have irretrievably lost them\" by Rodney Gallop in 1936. A", "title": "Music of Portugal" }, { "id": "2369298", "score": "1.5889995", "text": "organists such as António Carreira and Manuel Rodrigues Coelho; singers Luísa Todi, Elisabete Matos and José Carlos Xavier; pianists Maria João Pires and Sequeira Costa; violinists Elmar Oliveira and Carlos Damas; and cellists such as Guilhermina Suggia. Fado (\"fate\" in Portuguese) is a musical style, which arose in Lisbon as the music of the urban poor. Fado songs are typically lyrically harsh, accompanied by a wire-strung acoustic guitar or the Portuguese Guitar. It is usually sung by solo performers, with the singer resigned to sadness, poverty and loneliness, but remaining dignified and firmly controlled. In 2011, Fado was inscribed on", "title": "Music of Portugal" } ]

[ "Let it Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow (Jessica Simpson single)", "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow", "Let it snow", "let it snow let it snow let it snow", "Let it Snow, Let it Snow, Let it Snow (Jessica Simpson single)", "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!", "Let it Snow", "Let It Snow", "let it snow", "let it snow let it snow let it snow jessica simpson single", "Let it Snow, Let it Snow, Let it Snow", "Let it Snow! Let it Snow! Let it Snow!", "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow", "Let It Snow! Let It Snoe! Let It Snow!", "Let It Snow!", "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow (Jessica Simpson single)", "let it snow let it snoe let it snow" ]

[ { "id": "954272", "score": "1.5487016", "text": "Kamen previously used in \"Brazil\". Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 is playing during the party sequence near the film's beginning. As the film has a Christmas setting, the score also features sleigh bells in some cues, as well as the Christmas pop standard \"Winter Wonderland\". Two 1987 pop songs are used as source music: near the film's beginning, limousine driver Argyle plays the rap song \"Christmas in Hollis\", performed by Run–D.M.C., and later, while talking on the phone in the limousine, Argyle is listening to Stevie Wonder's \"Skeletons\". The end credits of the film begin with the Christmas song \"Let", "title": "Die Hard" }, { "id": "954274", "score": "1.536154", "text": "score that the production had purchased. The piece was part of the score composed by James Horner for the 1986 science fiction action film \"Aliens\". Similarly to \"Aliens\", the score by Michael Kamen was heavily edited, with music samples looped over and over and cues added to scenes. The most notable example is the \"brass blast\" heard when John slams the chair at the window as he confronts Marco, then Heinrich appears and he kills him, and later when Hans Gruber falls to his death. The score as heard in the film was released by Varèse Sarabande in February 2002,", "title": "Die Hard" }, { "id": "2266550", "score": "1.4726593", "text": "the dam). The film would end on a darkly comic note as Simon asks if anyone has a four gallon jug. This draft of the script was rejected early on, so it was never actually filmed. The rocket-launcher sequence was the only alternative ending to be filmed. Michael Kamen returned to score the third film, again incorporating other material into his score (most notably \"When Johnny Comes Marching Home\", not included on the soundtrack album), but excerpts from his score for \"Die Hard 2\" were tracked into the new film. The soundtrack was released by RCA Victor. In 2012, La-La", "title": "Die Hard with a Vengeance" }, { "id": "14433709", "score": "1.4697206", "text": "her 2011 single, \"Live For What I'd Die For\". The track also appeared in series 8, episode 2 of British comedy-drama \"Shameless\" in 2011. The main chord sequence of the song has been noted for its similarity to Radiohead's track, \"Reckoner\". The music video for \"End Credits\" was directed by Kim Gehrig, and features footage from \"Harry Brown\". The promotional CD single features alternate artwork to the official release, and instead portrays Michael Caine pointing a gun (likely at Plan B). The VIP version of the track was released through RAM Records in the UK as a double AA-side of", "title": "End Credits" }, { "id": "10615909", "score": "1.4689544", "text": "the end of the BBC Four 2011 documentary \"Public Enemy: Prophets Of Rage\" which was screened as the fourth episode of the channel's \"Black Music Legends Of The 1980s\" series. It also appeared in the trailer for the 2012 film \"\" and was also the only track to feature on which did not appear in the actual film. The song is also featured at the opening of the 2012 film \"End of Watch\". In the United Kingdom, it was used as the soundtrack in both the 90-second long trailer and as the theme tune to Channel 4's coverage of the", "title": "Harder Than You Think" }, { "id": "4984454", "score": "1.4620054", "text": "\"The Natural\" (1984), including the camera flashes, music and slow-motion. Homer sings The Doors song \"The End\" when he walks through the streets considering suicide. Homer plays a \"Where's Waldo?\" game on the back of the cereal box he eats his breakfast from. While he is doing this, Waldo walks past the window behind him. After Homer bowls his perfect game, he pulls out a \"Before I Die I want To-\" list and checks off the item \"Bowl a Perfect Game\". Below that is listed \"See Stevie Nicks Naked\", which has been checked three times. Stevie Nicks is a singer", "title": "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder" }, { "id": "5607543", "score": "1.4574893", "text": "\"\", \"Guitar Hero Live\", and \"Rocksmith 2014\", as well as the video games \"\", \"\" and \"Mafia III\". The song plays during the end credits of the films \"Full Metal Jacket\" and \"The Devil's Advocate\". In TV, it was used as the opening theme song to the series \"Tour of Duty\" and for the end credits to part five of \"The Vietnam War\" documentary series. It was featured in the \"\" and \"The Mummy\" trailers. The Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball use the song as part of their \"Black Out\" promotions. An orchestral arrangement of the song has been", "title": "Paint It Black" }, { "id": "14313979", "score": "1.4516277", "text": "voices. Coincidentally, the two actors played brothers in the \"Die Hard\" series of films. Speaking at 200 words per minute and pausing for 1.2 seconds between sentences, Irons came very close to the ideal voice model, with the linguist Andrew Linn explaining why his \"deep gravelly tones\" inspired trust in listeners. He recited the spoken sections, most notably 'Late Lament', for The Moody Blues 50th Anniversary Tour of 'Days Of Future Passed', and also appears on the video presentation. In 1985, Irons directed a music video for Carly Simon and her heavily promoted single, \"Tired of Being Blonde\", and in", "title": "Jeremy Irons" }, { "id": "7204399", "score": "1.4458773", "text": "song's most notable appearance outside of the music industry would be its appearance in Oliver Stone's controversial film \"Natural Born Killers\", when Mickey breaks out of his prison cell in search of Mallory. The song made its live debut on March 8, 1992, in San Luis Obispo, California. The acoustic version of the song was only played live once. This was at the KROQ Acoustic Christmas on December 12, 1993. The lyrics, \"Hardline, hardline after hardline!\" are, on occasion, changed to \"Hardline after muthafuckin' hardline!\" as well as the line during the chorus, \"Burn! Burn, yes ya gonna burn!\" are", "title": "Bombtrack" }, { "id": "8525899", "score": "1.4436033", "text": "film \"Krull\" instead. Later, Peter and Cleveland, dressed up as Michael Jackson in the iconic red jacket of his video clip \"Thriller,\" dance to the \"Beverly Hills Cop\" theme. In order to make everything right about the future, Peter and Brian decide to sneak into the prom through a vent. While inside it, Peter recites a line from the 1988 action film \"Die Hard\". The sequence that follows is a parody of the 1985 film \"Back to the Future\". After crashing through the vent to the stage, the band begins playing \"Earth Angel\" by The Penguins, and, after Peter kisses", "title": "Meet the Quagmires" }, { "id": "4933496", "score": "1.4435898", "text": "2006. The title is based on New Hampshire's state motto, \"Live Free or Die\", which is attributed to a quote from General John Stark. International trailers use the \"Die Hard 4.0\" title, as the film was released outside North America with that title. Early into the film's DVD commentary, both Wiseman and Willis note a preference for the title \"Die Hard 4.0\". For the visual effects used throughout the film, actor Bruce Willis and director Len Wiseman stated that they wanted to use a limited amount of CGI. One VFX producer said that \"Len was insisting on the fact that,", "title": "Live Free or Die Hard" }, { "id": "954275", "score": "1.4405544", "text": "but was limited to 3000 copies. It was subsequently reissued by La-La Land Records in November 2011, in a two-disc limited edition of 3500 copies. In addition to the Kamen score, this release also includes the Monroe and Beethoven end credits pieces, Run-D.M.C.'s \"Christmas in Hollis,\" and the John Scott track from \"Man on Fire\". The film spawned four sequels: \"Die Hard 2\" (1990), \"Die Hard with a Vengeance\" (1995), \"Live Free or Die Hard\" (2007), and \"A Good Day to Die Hard\" (2013). In July 2007, Bruce Willis donated the undershirt worn in the film to the National Museum", "title": "Die Hard" }, { "id": "18371474", "score": "1.4360571", "text": "Fresh Kid Ice) also make a cameo. A remix by DJ Noodles appears in both the film \"Furious 7\" (during the Abu Dhabi party scene), and on its soundtrack. The track is also played in other films such as \"Hotel Transylvania 2,\" \"Deadpool\", and \"Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates.\" It also served as one of the theme songs of SummerSlam 2014. The track is also featured in the television shows \"Telenovela, Superstore\" and \"The Real O'Neals.\" G.D.F.R. (song) \"G.D.F.R.\" (abbreviation for Goin' Down for Real) is a song by American rappers Flo Rida and Sage the Gemini from Flo", "title": "G.D.F.R. (song)" }, { "id": "6680957", "score": "1.4351116", "text": "a \"District Attorneys convention on narcotics and dangerous drugs\". It also appears as the last song in the movie's G-rated trailer, mainly accompanying Duke's wild car ride to have Dr. Gonzo catch a plane in time, a scene where in the R-rated trailer and in the actual film, \"Viva Las Vegas\" by Dead Kennedys was used instead. The Three Dog Night version was also used in the 1997 films \"GI Jane\" (played over a montage of scenes showing Jordan O'Neill (Demi Moore) conditioning herself for the extreme physical demands of SEAL training) and \"Boogie Nights\". Also used in the movie", "title": "Mama Told Me Not to Come" }, { "id": "1910518", "score": "1.4322076", "text": "many rock songs. Because CBS always had an announcer talking over the closing credits, Wilson knew that no one would hear the closing theme lyrics. In one pop-cultural nod to the closing theme, a character performs the song in the film \"Ready to Rumble.\" The closing theme is also played at the end of the syndicated morning radio show \"The John Boy and Billy Big Show.\" The show's use of Blondie's \"Heart of Glass\" was widely credited with helping the song become a major U.S. hit, and the band's record label Chrysalis Records presented the producers with a gold record", "title": "WKRP in Cincinnati" }, { "id": "8166257", "score": "1.4295511", "text": "the song, I realized it was also about being born.\". The song ends with a quote attributed to Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca (Every new beginning comes from some other beginning's end). The music video was directed by Chris Applebaum. It features two continuous shots, running side by side on the screen. One side shows the band playing the song in a rehearsal space. The other side features a woman (played by Denise Franco) as the singer Dan Wilson's girlfriend. As the video progresses, Dan and his girlfriend switch sides of screen, as they attempt to meet up. At the end", "title": "Closing Time (Semisonic song)" }, { "id": "16117022", "score": "1.4277365", "text": "theme that is perceived in lines such as \"Let me kiss you hard in the pouring rain, you like your girls insane.\" The original unreleased version of the song featured Del Rey singing \"Let me fuck you hard in the pouring rain\" instead of \"Let me kiss you hard in the pouring rain\"; this version is sung at most of her live shows. Laura Snapes of \"NME\" compared the background to \"melted chocolate waterslide, buffeted by impeccable production\", with the John Barry-esque \"whipping strings\" being noted as similar to the music scores of \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939) and \"Western\"", "title": "Born to Die (song)" }, { "id": "12266804", "score": "1.4275745", "text": "An instrumental version of the song was also used in a Coca-Cola commercial, as Coca-Cola Zero was used to promote the film; however, White subsequently announced that he had not approved of the song being licensed for this use. Roughly the first two minutes of the song were first played on September 13, 2008 on the radio show \"Siglo 21\" on Radio 3 in Spain. The song premiered on British radio on September 18, 2008 on BBC Radio 1's \"The Jo Whiley Show\". \"Newsbeat\" described the reaction from listeners who e-mailed their opinions as mixed. On October 3, 2008 the", "title": "Another Way to Die" }, { "id": "10404672", "score": "1.4196904", "text": "\"Devised by Geoff McQueen\" then appeared over a hold shot of the light, and then the episode would begin. The 1988 titles removed the filter effect, and were updated to reflect cast changes. The first rework of the theme tune, \"Overkill\", debuted in 1988. It also introduced another trademark to the titles: Sergeant Bob Cryer was always the last person to be shown. In this title sequence, he is talking and nodding. The 1991 sequence differs as it does not actually feature the area car driving towards the camera, and simply begins with the police light spinning before cutting through", "title": "The Bill title sequences" }, { "id": "7394285", "score": "1.4195144", "text": "of the charts in several countries, including Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom. In the latter country, \"Hard Knock Life\" saw its biggest success, entering and peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart in December 1998, stalling behind Britain's biggest-selling single of 1998, \"Believe\" by Cher, during its seventh consecutive week at the summit of the chart. The song was parodied by Mike Myers as his character Dr. Evil in the 2002 movie \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\". Comedy rap trio Sudden Death parodied the song on their album \"Die Laughing\" (2005), titled \"Star Trek Life\". Hard Knock Life", "title": "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)" } ]

[ "Butler", "Butler (domestic servant)", "Bouteiller", "under butler", "Butler (servant)", "Underbutler", "chief butler", "Buttler", "butler servant", "head of household staff", "butler domestic worker", "Butlers", "bouteiller", "butlers", "underbutler", "guild of professional english butlers", "Butler administrator", "butler domestic servant", "Under-butler", "Butler (domestic worker)", "international institute of modern butlers", "butler", "Guild of Professional English Butlers", "Head of household staff", "buttler", "Chief Butler", "International Institute of Modern Butlers", "butler administrator" ]

[ { "id": "3501535", "score": "1.7488437", "text": "the more modern \"wine cellar\", the \"buttery\" or \"pantry\" (from French \"pan\" from Latin \"panis\", bread) as it came to be called, which supplied bread, butter, cheese, and other basic provisions, and the \"ewery\", which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties. \"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\", a manual published in Britain in 1861, reported: The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master, from the", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": "3501538", "score": "1.5821881", "text": "butler was in charge of the dining room, the wine cellar, pantry, and sometimes the entire main floor. Directly under the butler was the \"first footman\" (or \"head footman\"), although there could also be a \"deputy butler\" or \"under-butler\" who would fill in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. The \"footman\"—there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household—performed a range of duties including serving meals, attending doors, carrying or moving heavy items, and they often doubled as \"valets\". Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer. Butlers engaged and directed all", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": "4415056", "score": "1.5691345", "text": "food, the maintenance of the kitchen and for keeping accounts with local merchants. The holder of the position reports directly to the lady of the house or sometimes to the housekeeper. The cook supervises all kitchen staff. In large households, especially at a noble or royal court, this comprises an elaborate hierarchy, at the bottom of which come the kitchen boys (who, despite the name, were not always minors), in the largest households even further subdivided, perhaps the lowliest position being that of spitboy or turnbrooch, who had to remain close to the hot fire to turn the roasting meat;", "title": "Cook (domestic worker)" }, { "id": "3501528", "score": "1.554843", "text": "has the highest servant status. He can also sometimes function as a chauffeur. In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as \"majordomo\", \"butler administrator\", \"house manager\", \"manservant\", \"staff manager\", \"chief of staff\", \"staff captain\", \"estate manager\" and \"head of household staff\" are sometimes given. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given, but perhaps, more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer. In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": "4425823", "score": "1.5542694", "text": "in these cases the cook and butler reported directly to the lady of the house. In other households, particularly those of the very wealthy who maintain several residences, the housekeeper is the ultimate head of household staff and may hire and/or fire junior staff, subject to the approval of the lady of the house, and make recommendations for senior staff. In this case, the cook and butler report to the lady of the house through the housekeeper. In developed countries, fewer families can afford live-in help as they once did. Fewer hereditary grand households exist due to the World Wars,", "title": "Housekeeper (domestic worker)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Butler\n\nA butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male, and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status. He can also sometimes function as a chauffeur. \n\nIn older houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as \"majordomo\", \"butler administrator\", \"house manager\", \"manservant\", \"staff manager\", \"chief of staff\", \"staff captain\", \"estate manager\", and \"head of household staff\" are sometimes given. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given, but perhaps, more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer. In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler. The butler can also be assisted by a head footman or footboy called the under-butler.", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Great house\n\nA great house is a large house or mansion with luxurious appointments and great retinues of indoor and outdoor staff. The term is used mainly historically, especially of properties at the turn of the 20th century, i.e., the late Victorian or Edwardian era in the United Kingdom and the Gilded Age in the United States.", "title": "Great house" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Domestic worker\n\nA domestic worker or domestic servant is a person who works within the scope of a residence. The term \"domestic service\" applies to the equivalent occupational category. In traditional English contexts, such a person was said to be \"in service\".<ref>\n</ref> Domestic workers perform a variety of household services for an individual, from providing cleaning and household maintenance, or cooking, laundry and ironing, or care for children and elderly dependents, and other household errands.\n\nSome domestic workers live within their employer's household. In some cases, the contribution and skill of servants whose work encompassed complex management tasks in large households have been highly valued. However, for the most part, domestic work tends to be demanding and is commonly considered to be undervalued, despite often being necessary. Although legislation protecting domestic workers is in place in many countries, it is often not extensively enforced. In many jurisdictions, domestic work is poorly regulated and domestic workers are subject to serious abuses, including slavery.\n\n\"Servant\" is an older English word for \"domestic worker\", though not all servants worked inside the home. Domestic service, or the employment of people for wages in their employer's residence, was sometimes simply called \"service\" and has often been part of a hierarchical system. In Britain a highly developed system of domestic service peaked towards the close of the Victorian era, perhaps reaching its most complicated and rigidly structured state during the Edwardian period (a period known in the United States as the Gilded Age and in France as the Belle Époque), which reflected the limited social mobility before World War I.", "title": "Domestic worker" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Hearst Castle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French cuisine\n\nFrench cuisine () is the cooking traditions and practices from France. It has been influenced over the centuries by the many surrounding cultures of Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium, in addition to the food traditions of the regions and colonies of France.\n\nIn the 14th century, Guillaume Tirel, a court chef known as \"Taillevent\", wrote \"Le Viandier\", one of the earliest recipe collections of medieval France. In the 17th century, chefs François Pierre La Varenne and Marie-Antoine Carême spearheaded movements that shifted French cooking away from its foreign influences and developed France's own indigenous style.\n\nCheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine. They play different roles regionally and nationally, with many variations and \"appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) (regulated appellation) laws.\n\nCulinary tourism and the \"Guide Michelin\" helped to acquaint commoners with the \"cuisine bourgeoise\" of the urban elites and the peasant cuisine of the French countryside starting in the 20th century. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country.\n\nKnowledge of French cooking has contributed significantly to Western cuisines. Its criteria are used widely in Western cookery school boards and culinary education. In November 2010, French gastronomy was added by the UNESCO to its lists of the world's \"intangible cultural heritage\".", "title": "French cuisine" }, { "id": "3501527", "score": "1.551702", "text": "Butler A butler is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male, and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant,", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": "4639678", "score": "1.5323199", "text": "in the rooms occupied by the employer). In Victorian England, the strict rules of precedence were mirrored by the domestic staff in grand or formal homes in the seating arrangements of the Servants' Hall. A senior servant such as the lady's maid took the place of honour but would have to \"go lower\" (i.e. take a place further down the table) if the employer of a visiting servant outranked the mistress of the house. Servants' hall The servants' hall is a common room for domestic workers in a great house. The term usually refers to the servants' dining room. If", "title": "Servants' hall" }, { "id": "11470104", "score": "1.5279746", "text": "relatives, or his retainers. The presence of servants of noble birth imposed a social hierarchy on the household that went parallel to the hierarchy dictated by function. This second hierarchy had at its top the steward (alternatively \"seneschal\" or \"majordomo\"), who had the overriding responsibility for the domestic affairs of the household. Taking care of the personal wellbeing of the lord and his family were the Chamberlain, who was responsible for the chamber or private living-quarters, and the Master of the Wardrobe, who had the main responsibility for clothing and other domestic items. Of roughly equal authority as the steward", "title": "Medieval household" }, { "id": "5381168", "score": "1.5173637", "text": "Grand Panetier of France The Grand Panetier of France (roughly \"Great Breadmaster\", sometimes rendered as Panter) was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, a member of the Maison du Roi (\"King's Household\"), one of the Great Offices of the Maison du Roi, and functional chief of the \"(grande) paneterie\" (the root of the English word pantry) or bread department. Originally the paneterie (known since the 11th century) one of the two sections of the \"gobelet du roi\" ('King's drinking-cup) with a staff of 12 sommeliers, four aides, one \"garde-vaiselle\" (for the dirty dishes), two porte(u)rs and", "title": "Grand Panetier of France" }, { "id": "11470106", "score": "1.5159256", "text": "way of regularising their position within the household. One of the most important functions of the medieval household was the procuration, storage and preparation of food. This consisted both in feeding the occupants of the residence on a daily basis, and in preparing larger feasts for guests, to maintain the status of the lord. The kitchen was divided into a pantry (for bread, cheese and napery) and a buttery (for wine, ale and beer). These offices were headed by a pantler and a butler respectively. Depending on the size and wealth of the household, these offices would then be subdivided", "title": "Medieval household" }, { "id": "3501539", "score": "1.5144259", "text": "these junior staff and each reported directly to him. The \"housekeeper\" was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance. In a household without an official head housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler's management, while in smaller households, the butler usually doubled as valet. Employers and their children and guests addressed the butler (and under-butler, if there was one) by last name alone; fellow servants, retainers, and tradespersons as \"Mr. [Surname]\". Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. Beeton in her manual", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": "13457229", "score": "1.510102", "text": "despotou\") and of the \"Augusta\" (, \"pinkernēs tēs Augoustēs\") are listed among the eunuchs of the palace staff. As the name suggests, the principal charge of the \"pinkernēs\" was the pouring of wine for the emperor; he accompanied the emperor, bearing a goblet suspended on a chain, which he gave to the emperor when the latter wanted to drink. His position at court was not very high, but he had an extensive staff, the παροινοχόοι (\"paroinochoi\", \"assistant wine-pourers\"). The post was imitated in the staff of the Patriarch of Constantinople and in the households of great magnates. The spouse of", "title": "Pinkernes" }, { "id": "5093767", "score": "1.4907284", "text": "century to show the status of women in a household. The woman with the keys to all the many desks, chest of drawers, food hampers, pantries, storage containers, and many other locked cabinets was \"the woman of the household\". As such, she was the one who would direct the servants, housemaids, cooks and delivery servicemen and would open or lock the access to the valuables of the house, possessing total authority over who had access to what. Frequently, this hostess was the senior woman of the house. When a woman married and moved into her father-in-law's house, her husband's mother", "title": "Chatelaine (chain)" }, { "id": "4412512", "score": "1.4841858", "text": "residence, there may be a steward (or the modern equivalent, an estate manager) who oversees direction of the entire establishment. Today, it is not uncommon for a couple to split the duties of management between them. The head of the household is not the butler, but the house manager. An estate manager manages more than one property, and usually has financial and managerial background. Practices vary depending on the size of the household and the preference of the employers, but in general the staff is divided into departments run by the following staff: For the master of the house: For", "title": "Great house" }, { "id": "14574392", "score": "1.476907", "text": "richly decorated to reflect the higher status of its function. Later the monk butterer became the smartly suited \"butler\" that we know today, the household officer in charge of the buttery, and possibly also its provisioner (i.e., the sourcing and purchasing of wine). In the royal household the \"Marshal of the Buttery\" was often a post discharged under the feudal land tenure of grand serjeanty. In less important households such an officer was termed the yeoman of the buttery. Later, as household staff in the great houses became reduced, the butler also became required to personally serve wine to his", "title": "Buttery (room)" }, { "id": "8485541", "score": "1.4693458", "text": "had charge of the monastic church and of all things necessary for the services. He had, as a rule, several assistants: (3) The cellarer, or bursar, who acted as chief purveyor of all foodstuffs to the monastery and as general steward. In recent times the name procurator is often found used for this official. He had as assistants: (4) The refectorian, who had charge of the frater or refectory and its furniture, including such things as crockery, cloths, dishes, spoons, forks etc. (5) The kitchener, who presided over the cookery department, not only for the community but for all guests,", "title": "Obedientiaries" }, { "id": "3501560", "score": "1.4687431", "text": "was also acted with remarkable realism. A female butler, Sarah Stevens, is the principal character in Linda Howard's 2002 \"Dying to Please\", a murder/romance novel. Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work. Butler A butler is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male, and in charge of male", "title": "Butler" }, { "id": "11470105", "score": "1.4550847", "text": "was the marshal. This officer had the militarily vital responsibility for the stables and horses of the household (the \"marshalsea\"), and was also in charge of discipline. The marshal, and other higher-ranking servants, would have assistants helping them perform their tasks. These – called valets de chambre, grooms or pages, ranking from top to bottom in that order – were most often young boys, although in the larger royal courts the valet de chambres included both young noble courtiers, and often artists, musicians and other specialists who might be of international repute. Assigning these the office of valet was a", "title": "Medieval household" }, { "id": "1966783", "score": "1.4482839", "text": "or is still undergoing training. Station-chef titles which are part of the brigade system include: Kitchen assistants are of two types, kitchen-hands and stewards/ kitchen porters. Kitchen-hands assist with basic food preparation tasks under the chef's direction. They carry out relatively unskilled tasks such as peeling potatoes and washing salad. Stewards/ kitchen porters are involved in the scullery, washing up and general cleaning duties. In a smaller kitchen, these duties may be incorporated. A \"communard\" is in charge of preparing the meal for the staff during a shift. This meal is often referred to as the staff or family meal.", "title": "Chef" }, { "id": "600618", "score": "1.4462079", "text": "was run by a chamberlain, while a treasurer took care of the estate's written records. Royal households took essentially the same form as baronial households, although on a much larger scale and the positions were more prestigious. An important role of the household servants was the preparation of food; the castle kitchens would have been a busy place when the castle was occupied, called on to provide large meals. Without the presence of a lord's household, usually because he was staying elsewhere, a castle would have been a quiet place with few residents, focused on maintaining the castle. As social", "title": "Castle" } ]

[ "Leos Jancek", "leos jancek" ]

[ { "id": "1207231", "score": "1.9848659", "text": "'Comedy performed together with music', since the music and the libretto aren't connected to each other\". Janáček's review apparently led to mutual dislike and later professional difficulties when Kovařovic, as director of the National Theatre in Prague, refused to stage Janáček's opera \"Jenůfa\". From the early 1890s, Janáček led the mainstream of folklorist activity in Moravia and Silesia, using a repertoire of folk songs and dances in orchestral and piano arrangements. Most of his achievements in this field were published in 1899–1901 though his interest in folklore would be lifelong. His compositional work was still influenced by the declamatory, dramatic", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "1207248", "score": "1.9534893", "text": "assimilation of the rhythm, pitch contour and inflections of normal Czech speech (Moravian dialect) helped create the very distinctive vocal melodies of his opera \"Jenůfa\" (1904), whose 1916 success in Prague was to be the turning point in his career. In \"Jenůfa\", Janáček developed and applied the concept of \"speech tunes\" to build a unique musical and dramatic style quite independent of \"Wagnerian\" dramatic method. He studied the circumstances in which \"speech tunes\" changed, the psychology and temperament of speakers and the coherence within speech, all of which helped render the dramatically truthful roles of his mature operas, and became", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "1207223", "score": "1.9128817", "text": "Leoš Janáček Leoš Janáček (, baptised Leo Eugen Janáček; 3 July 1854 – 12 August 1928) was a Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher. He was inspired by Moravian and other Slavic folk music to create an original, modern musical style. Until 1895 he devoted himself mainly to folkloristic research. While his early musical output was influenced by contemporaries such as Antonín Dvořák, his later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera \"Jenůfa\", which was premiered in 1904 in Brno. The success of \"Jenůfa\"", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "4185399", "score": "1.8817635", "text": "in the composer's original version, \"Jenůfa\"'s early popularity was due to a revised version by Karel Kovařovic, altering what was considered its eccentric style and orchestration. Thus altered, it was well-received, first in Prague, and particularly after its Vienna première also worldwide. More than 70 years passed before audiences again heard it in Janáček's original version. Janáček wrote an overture to the opera, but decided not to use it. It was partly based on a song called \"Žárlivec\" (\"The jealous man\"). It is now performed as a concert piece under the title \"Žárlivost\" (\"Jealousy\"), JW 6/10. The composer dedicated the", "title": "Jenůfa" }, { "id": "7193941", "score": "1.872647", "text": "to Leoš Janáček's \"Jenůfa\" for its premiere in Prague, and it was in his version that the opera was heard for many years. A recording of \"The Dogheads\", featuring Beno Blachut, exists. Karel Kovařovic Karel Kovařovic (Prague, 9 December 1862 Prague, 6 December 1920) was a Czech composer and conductor. From 1873 to 1879 he studied clarinet, harp and piano at the Prague Conservatory. He began his career as a harpist. In 1900 Kovařovic became the conductor of the national theatre in Prague, due mostly to the success of his opera \"The Dogheads\", after the novel of the same name", "title": "Karel Kovařovic" }, { "id": "4185398", "score": "1.85886", "text": "Jenůfa Jenůfa (Její pastorkyňa, \"Her Stepdaughter\" in Czech) is an opera in three acts by Leoš Janáček to a Czech libretto by the composer, based on the play \"Její pastorkyňa\" by Gabriela Preissová. It was first performed at the National Theatre, Brno on 21 January 1904. Composed between 1896 and 1902, it is among the first operas written in prose. The first of Janáček's operas in which his distinctive voice can clearly be heard, it is a grim story of infanticide and redemption. Like the playwright's original work, it is known for its unsentimental realism. While today it is heard", "title": "Jenůfa" }, { "id": "1207266", "score": "1.8269566", "text": "lifetime, Janáček reluctantly conceded to Karel Kovařovic's instrumental rearrangement of \"Jenůfa\", most noticeably in the finale, in which Kovařovic added a more 'festive' sound of trumpets and French horns, and doubled some instruments to support Janáček's \"poor\" instrumentation. The score of \"Jenůfa\" was later restored by Charles Mackerras, and is now performed according to Janáček's original intentions. Another important Czech musicologist, Zdeněk Nejedlý, a great admirer of Smetana and later a communist Minister of Culture, condemned Janáček as an author who could accumulate a lot of material, but was unable to do anything with it. He called Janáček's style \"unanimated\",", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "1207234", "score": "1.8260198", "text": "success, but Janáček felt this was no more than a provincial achievement. He aspired to recognition by the more influential Prague opera, but \"Jenůfa\" was refused there (twelve years passed before its first performance in Prague). Dejected and emotionally exhausted, Janáček went to Luhačovice spa to recover. There he met Kamila Urválková, whose love story supplied the theme for his next opera, \"Osud\" (\"Destiny\"). In 1905, Janáček attended a demonstration in support of a Czech university in Brno, where the violent death of František Pavlík, a young joiner, at the hands of the police inspired his piano sonata, \"1. X.", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "4189092", "score": "1.7953124", "text": "as \"Jenůfa\" and \"Káťa Kabanová\". In \"The Cunning Little Vixen\", the composer moved away from the more conversational style of previous and subsequent operas in favor of a more folk-like style, and wove into its fabric some of his most experimental opera concepts (ballet, mime, and orchestral interludes). Janáček based \"The Cunning Little Vixen\"s tonality on modes (similarly to much output during his last decade), expanding the music's harmonic range through the utilisation of the seventh and ninth chords. The composition makes frequent use of folk-influenced rhythms and \"sčasovka\" (personally-coined term for a short motif), while it has been noted", "title": "The Cunning Little Vixen" }, { "id": "6157879", "score": "1.7775545", "text": "to Prague on the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, thereafter teaching at the conservatory and the university. In 1946 he was declared a National Composer. He died in Nový Vestec. Foerster produced numerous compositions. His music is not nationalistic in the sense of employing the idioms of Czech folk music. His work, words and music, is considered very subjective and personal, mystical and idealistic. Foerster's opera \"Eva\" is another example, like Leoš Janáček's \"Jenůfa\", of a libretto based on a play by Gabriela Preissová, though his treatment differs. His compositions include five symphonies (No. 1 in D minor;", "title": "Josef Bohuslav Foerster" }, { "id": "6522667", "score": "1.7732073", "text": "the popular male choral cycle \"O horách\" (\"Of mountains\") was a seminal work which established a Slovak national style. This was followed by his monumental cantata, \"The Psalm of the Sub-Carpathian Land\" (1938). Many folksong arrangements date from this period, which culminated in his opera \"Krútňava\" (\"The Whirlpool\", 1949). The success of Krútňava established modern Slovak opera, and drew international attention. From 1948 to 1960 Suchoň was professor and head of the Department of Music Education at the Teacher Training College in Bratislava. Works from this period include the \"Fantasies\" for Violin and Orchestra, \"Metamorphoses\" for piano, and the \"Symphonic", "title": "Eugen Suchoň" }, { "id": "1207258", "score": "1.7701648", "text": "audiences. He would also inspire later composers in his homeland, as well as music theorists, among them Jaroslav Volek, to place modal development alongside harmony of importance in music. The operas of his mature period, \"Jenůfa\" (1904), \"Káťa Kabanová\" (1921), \"The Cunning Little Vixen\" (1924), \"The Makropulos Affair\" (1926) and \"From the House of the Dead\" (after a novel by Dostoyevsky and premièred posthumously in 1930) are considered his finest works. The Australian conductor Sir Charles Mackerras became very closely associated with Janáček's operas. Janáček's chamber music, while not especially voluminous, includes works which are widely considered twentieth-century classics, particularly", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "4185407", "score": "1.7696013", "text": "wishes to spend the rest of his life with her. Notes Sources Jenůfa Jenůfa (Její pastorkyňa, \"Her Stepdaughter\" in Czech) is an opera in three acts by Leoš Janáček to a Czech libretto by the composer, based on the play \"Její pastorkyňa\" by Gabriela Preissová. It was first performed at the National Theatre, Brno on 21 January 1904. Composed between 1896 and 1902, it is among the first operas written in prose. The first of Janáček's operas in which his distinctive voice can clearly be heard, it is a grim story of infanticide and redemption. Like the playwright's original work,", "title": "Jenůfa" }, { "id": "1207233", "score": "1.7592673", "text": "In 1902, Janáček visited Russia twice. On the first occasion he took his daughter Olga to St. Petersburg, where she stayed to study Russian. Only three months later, he returned to St. Petersburg with his wife because Olga had become very ill. They took her back to Brno, but her health worsened. Janáček expressed his painful feelings for his daughter in a new work, his opera \"Jenůfa\", in which the suffering of his daughter had transfigured into Jenůfa's. When Olga died in February 1903, Janáček dedicated \"Jenůfa\" to her memory. The opera was performed in Brno in 1904, with reasonable", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "1207230", "score": "1.7309799", "text": "school, and held this post until 1919, when the school became the Brno Conservatory. In the mid-1880s, Janáček began composing more systematically. Among other works, he created the \"Four male-voice choruses\" (1886), dedicated to Antonín Dvořák, and his first opera, \"Šárka\" (1887–88). During this period he began to collect and study folk music, songs and dances. In the early months of 1887, he sharply criticized the comic opera \"The Bridegrooms\", by Czech composer Karel Kovařovic, in a \"Hudební listy\" journal review: \"Which melody stuck in your mind? Which motif? Is this dramatic opera? No, I would write on the poster:", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "6951396", "score": "1.7301733", "text": "Janáček’s \"Jenůfa\" at the top of his opera repertoire, Lovro von Matačić’s interest covered a huge span from Palestrina, Monteverdi and Henry Purcell, through Handel, Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven to Mussorgsky, Mahler, Janáček, Smetana, R. Strauss, Wagner, Verdi and others. He was especially dedicated to performing the work of Croatian composers. His first appearances with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1936 already included a suite from Krešimir Baranović’s ballet \"Gingerbread Heart\" and Jakov Gotovac’s \"Symphonic Kolo\". The programs of his subsequent international and Croatian performances also included the works of Josip Hatze, Blagoje Bersa, Božidar Širola, Božidar Kunc, Boris Papandopulo,", "title": "Lovro von Matačić" }, { "id": "15217790", "score": "1.7294011", "text": "also heard pieces by Janáček and Martinů conducted in wartime performances by the Czech émigré Vilém Tausky (1910- 2004). Having arrived in Prague, Mucha hoped to take lessons with Vitězslav Novák (1870-1949), a distinguished composer with a definite late-Romantic approach to music. This did not happen, but in her own music Mucha continued to seek to blend her personal romantic spirit with a more modern, mid-twentieth century sound. In this she shared a similarity with her Czech contemporaries Petr Eben (1929-2007) and Luboš Fišer (1935-1999). Selected works include: Geraldine Mucha Geraldine Thomson Mucha (5 July 1917 – 12 October 2012)", "title": "Geraldine Mucha" }, { "id": "1207237", "score": "1.7259417", "text": "dramatist and translator Max Brod. In the same year, \"Jenůfa\", revised by Kovařovic, was finally accepted by the National Theatre. Its performance in Prague in 1916 was a great success, and brought Janáček his first acclaim. He was 62. Following the Prague première, he began a relationship with singer Gabriela Horváthová, which led to his wife Zdenka's attempted suicide and their \"informal\" divorce. A year later (1917), he met Kamila Stösslová, a young married woman 38 years his junior, who was to inspire him for the remaining years of his life. He conducted an obsessive and (on his side at", "title": "Leoš Janáček" }, { "id": "7593022", "score": "1.7197119", "text": "(Johnny's Kingdom, based on a short story by Leo Tolstoy, 1934). His most significant orchestral music includes \"Symphony in A\" (1906), \"Impromptu\" (1912), \"Suite in c minor\" (1914), \"Symfonietta\" (1922), \"Léto\" (Summer, tone poem, 1927), and \"Křížova cesta\" (The Way of the Cross, orchestral variations, 1929). He also composed various works for chamber and choral ensembles. As was the case with his main musical influence, Gustav Mahler, his rigorous conducting schedule rarely allowed free time for composition, with the exception of the summers when the theater was not in season. Like his contemporaries, Vítězslav Novák, Josef Suk, and Otakar Zich,", "title": "Otakar Ostrčil" }, { "id": "1207244", "score": "1.7084079", "text": "to criticism, but a rapid decline in \"Beseda\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s performance quality led to his recall in 1882. His married life, settled and calm in its early years, became increasingly tense and difficult following the death of his daughter, Olga, in 1903. Years of effort in obscurity took their toll, and almost ended his ambitions as a composer: \"I was beaten down\", he wrote later, \"My own students gave me advice – how to compose, how to speak through the orchestra\". Success in 1916 – when Karel Kovařovic finally decided to perform \"Jenůfa\" in Prague – brought its own problems. Janáček grudgingly", "title": "Leoš Janáček" } ]

[ "richard devere", "TTMB", "To the Manor Born", "to manor born", "To The Manor Born", "ttmb", "Richard DeVere" ]

[ { "id": "1630428", "score": "1.8205175", "text": "on 15 June 2004. To the Manor Born To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special edition appeared in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by Christopher Bond, the script associate. The title is a play on the phrase \"to the manner born,\" from Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" (\"Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in", "title": "To the Manor Born" }, { "id": "1630396", "score": "1.7736658", "text": "To the Manor Born To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special edition appeared in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by Christopher Bond, the script associate. The title is a play on the phrase \"to the manner born,\" from Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" (\"Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the", "title": "To the Manor Born" }, { "id": "1630406", "score": "1.7579734", "text": "Life\". Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, \"There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms.\" However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom \"Executive Stress\". The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including a", "title": "To the Manor Born" }, { "id": "9458160", "score": "1.7212338", "text": "Media in the UK on 25 April 2016. Next of Kin (TV series) Next of Kin is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 15 May 1995 to 20 February 1997. It starred Penelope Keith in her last regular sitcom role. The plot follows well-to-do couple Maggie and Andrew Prentice who are forced to abandon their dreams of early retirement after they reluctantly become guardians of their orphaned grandchildren, after the death of their estranged son. It was written by Gavin Petrie and Jan Etherington. It was announced in \"The Mirror\" newspaper in April 1997 that \"Next of Kin\"", "title": "Next of Kin (TV series)" }, { "id": "1391098", "score": "1.7182701", "text": "later starred opposite Penelope Keith in \"To the Manor Born\". Hannah Gordon was considered for the role of Barbara but ruled out, having recently played a similar role in the BBC sitcom \"My Wife Next Door\". Esmonde and Larbey chose Felicity Kendal and Penelope Keith after seeing them on stage together in \"The Norman Conquests\". Outdoor filming took place in the North London suburb of Northwood, although the series was set in Surbiton, southwest London. The producers searched extensively for a suitable pair of houses, eventually chancing on Kewferry Road, Northwood (Google street view , the Leadbetters' house to the", "title": "The Good Life (1975 TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "To the Manor Born\n\nTo the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase \"to the manner born,\" from Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" (\"Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance\".)\n\nIn \"To the Manor Born\", Penelope Keith (who was best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom \"The Good Life\"), plays upper-class Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary.\n\nThe programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s.", "title": "To the Manor Born" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of To the Manor Born episodes\n\nThe following is a list of episodes for the British sitcom \"To the Manor Born\", that first aired on BBC1 from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981, and for a one-off special on 25 December 2007.\n\nEach episode from the original series is thirty minutes long. The episodes were not originally broadcast with episode titles, although many have unofficial working titles. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00pm. All episodes aired on BBC1.\n\nSeveral episodes received high audience figures. In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the series two finale, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The 1981 finale, when Audrey and Richard marry, received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas Special was watched by 10.25 million viewers, and was the 6th most watched programme for that week.\n\n", "title": "List of To the Manor Born episodes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "British sitcom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1979 in British television\n\nThis is a list of British television related events from 1979.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1979 in British television" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Peter Bowles\n\nPeter Bowles (16 October 1936 – 17 March 2022) was an English television and stage actor. He gained prominence for television dramas such as \"Callan: A Magnum for Schneider\" and \"I, Claudius\". He is however, best remembered for his roles in sitcoms and television dramadies, including: \"Rumpole of the Bailey\", \"Only When I Laugh\", \"To the Manor Born\", \"The Bounder\", \"The Irish R.M.\", \"Lytton's Diary\", \"Executive Stress\" and \"Perfect Scoundrels\".", "title": "Peter Bowles" }, { "id": "1388655", "score": "1.7059673", "text": "win the 1976 Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance for the play \"Donkeys' Years\". She became a household name in the UK playing Margo Leadbetter in the sitcom \"The Good Life\" (1975–78), winning the 1977 BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance. In 1978, she won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for \"The Norman Conquests\". She then starred as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton in the sitcom \"To the Manor Born\" (1979–81), a show that received audiences of more than 20 million. She went on to star in another six sitcoms, including \"Executive Stress\" (1986–88), \"No Job for a Lady\"", "title": "Penelope Keith" }, { "id": "1388660", "score": "1.6767074", "text": "Life\" during the day and perform on stage in the West End in the evening. Penelope Keith achieved popular fame in 1975 when the BBC sitcom \"The Good Life\" began. In the first episode, she was only heard and not seen in her role as Margo Leadbetter, but as the episodes and series went on, the scope of her role increased. In 1977, Keith won a BAFTA award for \"Best Comedy Performer\" for her role of Margo Leadbetter. From 1979–81, she played the lead role of Audrey fforbes-Hamilton in the TV series \"To the Manor Born\". Following \"To the Manor", "title": "Penelope Keith" }, { "id": "1391109", "score": "1.6521957", "text": "as well as Belgium and the Netherlands. After the success of \"The Good Life\", the four cast members who were little known beforehand were given their own \"vehicles\" commissioned by the then Head of Comedy and producer of \"The Good Life\", John Howard Davies. Keith starred alongside Peter Bowles in \"To the Manor Born\", which broadcast a year after \"The Good Life\" ended. Eddington joined Nigel Hawthorne and Derek Fowlds in \"Yes Minister\" and its sequel \"Yes Prime Minister\". Kendal, who had become something of a sex symbol, went on to join Elspet Gray in \"Solo\", and Jane Asher in", "title": "The Good Life (1975 TV series)" }, { "id": "2695005", "score": "1.6512321", "text": "successful than \"The Good Life\" was their sitcom for ITV \"Just Liz\" (1980) starring Sandra Payne. This was followed by \"Don't Rock The Boat\" (1982–83) which starred Nigel Davenport. After the short-lived \"Now And Then\" (ITV 1983) they returned to form with \"Ever Decreasing Circles\", which reunited the writers with Briers. Briers starred as Martin Bryce, an insecure and obsessive character whose need to be the leading light of local activities is undermined by the arrival of a talented and charming neighbour, Paul Ryman. The series also featured Penelope Wilton as Martin's long suffering wife Anne, and Peter Egan as", "title": "Esmonde and Larbey" }, { "id": "7810283", "score": "1.6390111", "text": "No Job for a Lady No Job for a Lady is a British sitcom that aired on ITV between 7 February 1990 and 10 February 1992. Starring Penelope Keith, it was written by Alex Shearer, and directed and produced by John Howard Davies. It was made by Thames Television for ITV. Note: In the four Series One episodes in which Nigel Humphreys appeared, he was credited as Nigel Humphries. \"No Job for a Lady\" revolved around Jean Price, the newly elected, somewhat rebellious Labour MP for an inner-city constituency, and her life in the House of Commons. She is married", "title": "No Job for a Lady" }, { "id": "9458141", "score": "1.6342591", "text": "Next of Kin (TV series) Next of Kin is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 15 May 1995 to 20 February 1997. It starred Penelope Keith in her last regular sitcom role. The plot follows well-to-do couple Maggie and Andrew Prentice who are forced to abandon their dreams of early retirement after they reluctantly become guardians of their orphaned grandchildren, after the death of their estranged son. It was written by Gavin Petrie and Jan Etherington. It was announced in \"The Mirror\" newspaper in April 1997 that \"Next of Kin\" had been axed by the BBC and that", "title": "Next of Kin (TV series)" }, { "id": "9364024", "score": "1.6246295", "text": "her maiden name of Fielding. In Series Two, Edgar finds out they are married, but does not sack them and makes them joint managing directors of Oasis. Three series of \"Executive Stress\" were broadcast from 1986 to 1988. The first series, made of seven episodes, aired on Mondays at 20:00 following \"Coronation Street\", as did the six-episode second series. The third series, also of six episodes, aired on Tuesdays at 20.30 following \"The Bill\". In an article published in \"The Daily Mail\" two days before the first episode broadcast, Corinna Honan praised Penelope Keith saying, \"This is Keith at her", "title": "Executive Stress" }, { "id": "1672882", "score": "1.6208792", "text": "episode broadcast on 1 April 1973, the sitcom ran for three series between and , with 20 episodes in total. Each episode was 30 minutes except for the two Christmas specials in 1975 and 1976. A sequel to \"Porridge\", \"Going Straight\", was aired between 24 February and 7 April 1978. Beginning with Fletcher's release from prison on parole, it follows his attempts to \"go straight\" and readjust to a law-abiding life. Richard Beckinsale reprised his role as Godber, now the fiancé of Fletcher's daughter Ingrid (Patricia Brake), and the couple married in the final episode. Nicholas Lyndhurst also featured as", "title": "Porridge (TV series)" }, { "id": "14705673", "score": "1.6137228", "text": "higher-priority productions had been completed first. The first episode was transmitted two days after the strike ended, as schedules were very much \"ad hoc\" at this time as a result of such a long strike. Mixed Blessings (UK TV series) Mixed Blessings is a British sitcom starring Christopher Blake and Muriel Odunton that aired on ITV from 3 March 1978 to 7 June 1980. It was created by comedy writer Sid Green and produced for the ITV network by LWT. The show starred Christopher Blake (later of \"That's My Boy\" fame) and Muriel Odunton as newlyweds Thomas Simpson, who was", "title": "Mixed Blessings (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "20062470", "score": "1.6127264", "text": "Mr. Digby Darling Mr. Digby Darling is a British television sitcom made by Yorkshire Television and broadcast by ITV between 1969 and 1971, and starring Sheila Hancock and Peter Jones which ran for 3 series and 19 episodes. The story centred on a fictional pest control business 'Rid-O-Rat'. Roland Digby (Peter Jones) is the assistant public relations officer who depends entirely on his secretary Thelma Teesdale (Sheila Hancock) to provide for his every need. This includes mending his clothes, cooking his meals, and generally covering up for his many failings at every opportunity. Comedienne and impressionist Janet Brown featured in", "title": "Mr. Digby Darling" }, { "id": "9364020", "score": "1.6097319", "text": "Executive Stress Executive Stress is a British sitcom that aired on ITV from 1986 to 1988. Produced by Thames Television, it first aired on 20 October 1986. After three series, the last episode aired on 27 December 1988. Written by George Layton, \"Executive Stress\" stars Penelope Keith as Caroline Fairchild, a middle-aged woman who decides to go back to work. Her husband, Donald, is played by Geoffrey Palmer in the first series. However, Palmer was unable to return for the second series, so Peter Bowles played Donald in the remaining two series. Keith and Bowles had previously appeared together in", "title": "Executive Stress" }, { "id": "1388661", "score": "1.6087856", "text": "Born\", Keith has appeared in the lead role in six other sitcoms: \"Sweet Sixteen\", \"Moving\", \"Executive Stress\", \"No Job for a Lady\", \"Law and Disorder\" and \"Next of Kin\". She also had the starring role in a TV adaptation of Agatha Christie's play \"Spider's Web\". She won a second BAFTA award as \"Best Actress\" in 1978 for \"The Norman Conquests\". In 1982, Keith starred in a TV production of Frederick Lonsdale's \"On Approval\". In 1988, she hosted one series of the ITV panel show \"What's My Line?\", following the death of its former presenter, Eamonn Andrews. She had a featured", "title": "Penelope Keith" }, { "id": "9367176", "score": "1.6086962", "text": "alone in their large family home. However, when they decide to move Sarah insists on selling it to \"the right person\". However, things soon start to go wrong and their daughter Jane also returns from college. Meanwhile, Sarah's sister Liz Ford is taking Valium. Moving (TV series) Moving is a British sitcom that aired on ITV in 1985. It stars Penelope Keith and was written by Stanley Price. It was made for the ITV network by Thames Television. Stanley Price adapted \"Moving\" from a comedy play of the same name he had written. The play had enjoyed a successful run", "title": "Moving (TV series)" }, { "id": "19522556", "score": "1.6076511", "text": "Spooner's Patch Spooners Patch is a British television sitcom, written by Ray Galton, best known for the sitcom \"Steptoe and Son\" and Johnny Speight best known for \"Till Death Us Do Part\". It ran for 3 series and 19 episodes and was made and broadcast from 1979 to 1982 on the ITV network, by ATV. It is set in a police station in the fictional London suburb of Woodley. The title character of Spooner (Ronald Fraser, then Donald Churchill) is the inspector in charge who is engaged in various corrupt ventures and lives above the station. The other main characters", "title": "Spooner's Patch" }, { "id": "3657469", "score": "1.6025894", "text": "Ingrid (Patricia Brake). Her brother Raymond was played by a teenage Nicholas Lyndhurst. One series of six episodes was made in 1978. It attracted an audience of over 15 million viewers and won a BAFTA award in March 1979, but hopes of a further series had already been dashed by Beckinsale's premature death earlier the same month. Six episodes of \"Going Straight\", all written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, were produced for the BBC. The show began airing on 24 February and ended on 7 April 1978. All episodes had a running time of 30 minutes. The theme", "title": "Going Straight" } ]

[ "Fraction (quantity)", "fraction quantity", "Fraction", "Fraction (disambiguation)", "fraction disambiguation", "fractional", "Fractional", "A fraction", "fraction" ]

[ { "id": "1548682", "score": "1.6124024", "text": "than or equal to formula_1. Those would be 2, 3, and 4. As stated above, we can skip 4 because if 4 evenly divides 17, 2 must also evenly divide 17, which we already would have checked before that. That leaves us with just 2 and 3. After dividing, we find that 17 is not divisible by 2 or 3, and we can confirm that 17 must be prime. The algorithm can be improved further by observing that all primes are of the form , with the exception of 2 and 3. This is because all integers can be expressed", "title": "Primality test" }, { "id": "250329", "score": "1.6034076", "text": "always divisible by , the division is necessary for there to be any chance of finding prime numbers. In fact, this number is the same as the Lucas number , since and are the roots of the quadratic equation , and this number equals 1 when ) We can ask which makes this number prime. It can be shown that such must be primes themselves or equal to 4, and can be 4 if and only if and is prime. (Since . Thus, in this case the pair must be and must be prime. That is, must be in .)", "title": "Mersenne prime" }, { "id": "136579", "score": "1.5966167", "text": "also divide the left-hand side, \"v\". This result is known as Euclid's lemma. Specifically, if a prime number divides \"L\", then it must divide at least one factor of \"L\". Conversely, if a number \"w\" is coprime to each of a series of numbers \"a\", \"a\", …, \"a\", then \"w\" is also coprime to their product, \"a\" × \"a\" × … × \"a\". Euclid's lemma suffices to prove that every number has a unique factorization into prime numbers. To see this, assume the contrary, that there are two independent factorizations of \"L\" into \"m\" and \"n\" prime factors, respectively Since", "title": "Euclidean algorithm" }, { "id": "250305", "score": "1.5958712", "text": "primes , (which is also prime) will divide , e.g., , , , , , , , and . Since for these primes , is congruent to 7 mod 8, so 2 is a quadratic residue mod , and the multiplicative order of 2 mod must divide formula_1 = . Since is a prime, it must be or 1. However, it cannot be 1 since formula_2 and 1 has no prime factors, so it must be . Hence, divides formula_3 and = cannot be prime. The first four Mersenne primes are , , and and because the first Mersenne prime", "title": "Mersenne prime" }, { "id": "319191", "score": "1.5945497", "text": "factorizations are based on Euclid's lemma: If formula_20 is a prime number and formula_20 divides a product formula_33 of integers formula_34 and formula_35, then formula_20 divides formula_34 or formula_20 divides formula_35 (or both). Conversely, if a number formula_20 has the property that when it divides a product it always divides at least one factor of the product, then formula_20 must be prime. There are infinitely many prime numbers. Another way of saying this is that the sequence of prime numbers never ends. This statement is referred to as \"Euclid's theorem\" in honor of the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, since the", "title": "Prime number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Divisibility rule\n\nA divisibility rule is a shorthand and useful way of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor without performing the division, usually by examining its digits. Although there are divisibility tests for numbers in any radix, or base, and they are all different, this article presents rules and examples only for decimal, or base 10, numbers. Martin Gardner explained and popularized these rules in his September 1962 \"Mathematical Games\" column in \"Scientific American\".", "title": "Divisibility rule" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prime number\n\nA prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, or , involve 5 itself.\nHowever, 4 is composite because it is a product (2 × 2) in which both numbers are smaller than 4. Primes are central in number theory because of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: every natural number greater than 1 is either a prime itself or can be factorized as a product of primes that is unique up to their order.\n\nThe property of being prime is called primality. A simple but slow method of checking the primality of a given number formula_1, called trial division, tests whether formula_1 is a multiple of any integer between 2 and formula_3. Faster algorithms include the Miller–Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small chance of error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical. Particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne numbers. the largest known prime number is a Mersenne prime with 24,862,048 decimal digits.<ref name=\"GIMPS-2018\" />\n\nThere are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. No known simple formula separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes within the natural numbers in the large can be statistically modelled. The first result in that direction is the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability of a randomly chosen large number being prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits, that is, to its logarithm.\n\nSeveral historical questions regarding prime numbers are still unsolved. These include Goldbach's conjecture, that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes, and the twin prime conjecture, that there are infinitely many pairs of primes having just one even number between them. Such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory, focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers. Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography, which relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors. In abstract algebra, objects that behave in a generalized way like prime numbers include prime elements and prime ideals.", "title": "Prime number" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mersenne prime\n\nIn mathematics, a Mersenne prime is a prime number that is one less than a power of two. That is, it is a prime number of the form for some integer . They are named after Marin Mersenne, a French Minim friar, who studied them in the early 17th century. If is a composite number then so is . Therefore, an equivalent definition of the Mersenne primes is that they are the prime numbers of the form for some prime .\n\nThe exponents which give Mersenne primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, ... and the resulting Mersenne primes are 3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071, 524287, 2147483647, ... .\n\nNumbers of the form without the primality requirement may be called Mersenne numbers. Sometimes, however, Mersenne numbers are defined to have the additional requirement that be prime.\nThe smallest composite Mersenne number with prime exponent \"n\" is .\n\nMersenne primes were studied in antiquity because of their close connection to perfect numbers: the Euclid–Euler theorem asserts a one-to-one correspondence between even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes. Many of the largest known primes are Mersenne primes because Mersenne numbers are easier to check for primality.\n\n, 51 Mersenne primes are known. The largest known prime number, , is a Mersenne prime. Since 1997, all newly found Mersenne primes have been discovered by the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, a distributed computing project. In December 2020, a major milestone in the project was passed after all exponents below 100 million were checked at least once.", "title": "Mersenne prime" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Euclidean algorithm" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pythagorean triple\n\nA Pythagorean triple consists of three positive integers , , and , such that . Such a triple is commonly written , and a well-known example is . If is a Pythagorean triple, then so is for any positive integer . A primitive Pythagorean triple is one in which , and are coprime (that is, they have no common divisor larger than 1). For example, is a primitive Pythagorean triple whereas is not. A triangle whose sides form a Pythagorean triple is called a Pythagorean triangle, and is necessarily a right triangle.\n\nThe name is derived from the Pythagorean theorem, stating that every right triangle has side lengths satisfying the formula formula_1; thus, Pythagorean triples describe the three integer side lengths of a right triangle. However, right triangles with non-integer sides do not form Pythagorean triples. For instance, the triangle with sides formula_2 and formula_3 is a right triangle, but formula_4 is not a Pythagorean triple because formula_5 is not an integer. Moreover, formula_6 and formula_5 do not have an integer common multiple because formula_5 is irrational.\n\nPythagorean triples have been known since ancient times. The oldest known record comes from Plimpton 322, a Babylonian clay tablet from about 1800 BC, written in a sexagesimal number system. It was discovered by Edgar James Banks shortly after 1900, and sold to George Arthur Plimpton in 1922, for $10.\n\nWhen searching for integer solutions, the equation is a Diophantine equation. Thus Pythagorean triples are among the oldest known solutions of a nonlinear Diophantine equation.", "title": "Pythagorean triple" }, { "id": "10180427", "score": "1.5859131", "text": "≤ 1685 or higher, there appears a second solution \"X\" = 4, \"Y\" = 61. Thus, from then on, the problem is not solvable in the sense that there is no longer a unique solution. Similarly, if \"X\" + \"Y\" ≤ 1970 or higher a third solution appears (\"X\" = 16, \"Y\" = 73). All of these three solutions contain one prime number. The first solution with no prime number is the fourth which appears at \"X\" + \"Y\" ≤ 2522 or higher with values \"X\" = 16 = 2·2·2·2 and \"Y\" = 111 = 3·37. If the condition \"Y\"", "title": "Sum and Product Puzzle" }, { "id": "319228", "score": "1.5795631", "text": "formula_1 is called \"trial division\". This method divides formula_1 by each integer from 2 up to the square root of formula_1. Any such integer dividing formula_1 evenly establishes formula_1 as composite; otherwise it is prime. Integers larger than the square root do not need to be checked because, whenever formula_202, one of the two factors formula_34 and formula_35 is less than or equal to the square root of formula_1. Another optimization is to check only primes as factors in this range. For instance, to check whether 37 is prime, this method divides it by the primes in the range from", "title": "Prime number" }, { "id": "2493774", "score": "1.5568991", "text": "or \"n\" is a multiple of 5 − 1 = 4. Similarly, since 12 is a primitive root mod 7, so if \"n\" ≥ 7, then either 7 divides \"x\" (in this case, \"x\" = 7, since \"x\" ∈ {1, 5, 7, 11}) or |\"x\" − \"y\"| (in this case, \"x\" = \"y\" = 1, since \"x\", \"y\" ∈ {1, 5, 7, 11}. That is, the prime is a repunit) or \"n\" is a multiple of 7 − 1 = 6. Similarly, since 12 is a primitive root mod 17, so if \"n\" ≥ 17, then either 17 divides \"x\"", "title": "Permutable prime" }, { "id": "1665777", "score": "1.5566816", "text": "4 4 (four) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the natural number following 3 and preceding 5. Four is the smallest composite number, its proper divisors being and . 4 is the smallest squared prime (\"p\") and the only even number in this form. 4 is also the only square one more than a prime number. A number is a multiple of 4 if its last two digits are a multiple of 4. For example, 1092 is a multiple of 4 because . In addition, 2 + 2 = 2 × 2 = 2 = 4. Continuing the", "title": "4" }, { "id": "10396799", "score": "1.5529857", "text": "does not divide \"a\". If \"k\" is prime then an AP-\"k\" can begin with \"k\" and have a common difference which is only a multiple of (\"k\"−1)# instead of \"k\"#. (From H. J. Weber, ``Less Regular Exceptional and Repeating Prime Number Multiplets,\" arXiv:1105.4092[math.NT], Sect.3.) For example, the AP-3 with primes {3, 5, 7} and common difference 2# = 2, or the AP-5 with primes {5, 11, 17, 23, 29} and common difference 4# = 6. It is conjectured that such examples exist for all primes \"k\". , the largest prime for which this is confirmed is \"k\" = 19, for", "title": "Primes in arithmetic progression" }, { "id": "18167109", "score": "1.5523729", "text": "e.g. for we get 16 () and the sum of its divisors is 31 (). being a prime implies that the sum of its divisors is since its constituents are the number itself and 1 so . Taking this into account leads to: In the other direction, suppose that an even perfect number has been given, and partially factor it as 2\"x\", where \"x\" is odd. For to be perfect, its sum of divisors must be twice its value: The odd factor on the right side of (∗) is at least 3, and it must divide or equal \"x\", the", "title": "Euclid–Euler theorem" }, { "id": "6447962", "score": "1.5514495", "text": "a prime \"p\" divides \"ab\" then it must divide \"a\" or \"b\"). Since each natural number (> 1) has at least one prime factor, and two successive numbers \"n\" and (\"n\" + 1) have no factor in common, the product \"n\"(\"n\" + 1) has more different prime factors than the number \"n\" itself. So the chain of pronic numbers:<br>1×2 = 2 {2}, 2×3 = 6 {2, 3}, 6×7 = 42 {2,3, 7}, 42×43 = 1806 {2,3,7, 43}, 1806×1807 = 3263443 {2,3,7,43, 13,139}, · · ·<br>provides a sequence of unlimited growing sets of primes. Representing the Leibniz formula for as an", "title": "Euclid's theorem" }, { "id": "1875146", "score": "1.548955", "text": "Thus the lemma is proven. Assume there is a counterexample: an integer \"n\" ≥ 2 such that there is no prime \"p\" with \"n\" < \"p\" < 2\"n\". If 2 ≤ \"n\" < 468, then \"p\" can be chosen from among the prime numbers 3, 5, 7, 13, 23, 43, 83, 163, 317, 631 (each being less than twice its predecessor) such that \"n\" < \"p\" < 2\"n\". Therefore, \"n\" ≥ 468. There are no prime factors \"p\" of formula_87 such that: Therefore, every prime factor \"p\" satisfies \"p\" ≤ 2\"n\"/3. When formula_88 the number formula_89 has at most one", "title": "Proof of Bertrand's postulate" }, { "id": "2326717", "score": "1.5434005", "text": "divide . And since 31 does not divide and measures 496, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic implies that must divide 16 and be amongst the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. Let be 4, then must be 124, which is impossible since by hypothesis is not amongst the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124 or 248. Starting with 2 the last digit is periodic with period 4, with the cycle 2–4–8–6–, and starting with 4 the last two digits are periodic with period 20. These patterns are generally true of any power, with respect to any", "title": "Power of two" }, { "id": "1692381", "score": "1.5408568", "text": "must also divide ; if fails to divide , then is definitely not square. Repeating the divisions of the previous sentence, one concludes that every prime must divide a given perfect square an even number of times (including possibly 0 times). Thus, the number is a square number if and only if, in its canonical representation, all exponents are even. Squarity testing can be used as alternative way in factorization of large numbers. Instead of testing for divisibility, test for squarity: for given and some number , if is the square of an integer then divides . (This is an", "title": "Square number" }, { "id": "148012", "score": "1.5318308", "text": "5s, and no other primes in the product. The requirement that the factors be prime is necessary: factorizations containing composite numbers may not be unique (e.g., 12 = 2 × 6 = 3 × 4). This theorem is one of the main reasons why 1 is not considered a prime number: if 1 were prime, then factorization into primes would not be unique; for example, Book VII, propositions 30, 31 and 32, and Book IX, proposition 14 of Euclid's \"Elements\" are essentially the statement and proof of the fundamental theorem. (In modern terminology: if a prime \"p\" divides the product", "title": "Fundamental theorem of arithmetic" }, { "id": "319229", "score": "1.5301474", "text": "2 to , which are 2, 3, and 5. Each division produces a nonzero remainder, so 37 is indeed prime. Although this method is simple to describe, it is impractical for testing the primality of large integers, because the number of tests that it performs grows exponentially as a function of the number of digits of these integers. However, trial division is still used, with a smaller limit than the square root on the divisor size, to quickly discover composite numbers with small factors, before using more complicated methods on the numbers that pass this filter. Before computers, mathematical tables", "title": "Prime number" }, { "id": "15613140", "score": "1.5287423", "text": "form 4\"k\" + 1, and half of the form 4\"k\" + 3. A reasonable guess would be that π(\"x\"; 4, 1) > π(\"x\"; 4, 3) and π(\"x\"; 4, 1) < π(\"x\"; 4, 3) each also occur 50% of the time. This, however, is not supported by numerical evidence — in fact, π(\"x\"; 4, 3) > π(\"x\"; 4, 1) occurs much more frequently. Indeed this inequality holds for all primes \"x\" < 26833 except 5, 17, 41 and 461, for which there is a tie. In general, if 0 < \"a\", \"b\" < \"q\" are integers, (\"a\", \"q\") = (\"b\", \"q\")", "title": "Chebyshev's bias" }, { "id": "6560992", "score": "1.5253206", "text": "of 3 modulo formula_2 divides formula_12, which is a power of two. On the other hand, the order does not divide formula_13, and therefore it must be equal to formula_14. In particular, there are at least formula_14 numbers below formula_2 coprime to formula_2, and this can happen only if formula_2 is prime. Necessity: assume that formula_2 is prime. By Euler's criterion, where formula_21 is the Legendre symbol. By repeated squaring, we find that formula_22, thus formula_23, and formula_24. As formula_25, we conclude formula_26 from the law of quadratic reciprocity. Because of the sparsity of the Fermat numbers, the Pépin test", "title": "Pépin's test" }, { "id": "3933990", "score": "1.524133", "text": "− 1) / 2 must evaluate to an odd natural number. Combining both forms using lcm(6,4) we determine that a safe prime \"q\" > 7 also must be of the form 12\"k\"−1 or, equivalently, \"q\" ≡ 11 (mod 12). It follows that 3 (also 12) is a quadratic residue mod \"q\" for any safe prime \"q\" > 7. (Thus, 12 is not a primitive root of any safe prime \"q\" > 7, and the only safe primes that are also full reptend primes in base 12 are 5 and 7) These primes are called \"safe\" because of their relationship to", "title": "Safe prime" } ]

[ "2up", "2-up", "two up", "Two up", "Two-up", "Two-Up", "2-Up", "2 up" ]

[ { "id": "790930", "score": "1.77191", "text": "was played extensively by Australia's soldiers during World War I. Gambling games, to which a blind eye was cast, became a regular part of Anzac Day celebrations for returned soldiers, although two-up was illegal at all other times. As time passed, increasingly elaborate illegal \"two-up schools\" grew around Australia, to the consternation of authorities but with the backing of corrupt police. The legendary Thommo's Two-up School, which operated at various locations in Surry Hills, Sydney from the early years of the 20th century until at least 1979, was one of Australia's first major illegal gambling operations. The popularity of two-up", "title": "Two-up" }, { "id": "790927", "score": "1.7718623", "text": "Two-up Two-up is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated \"spinner\" throwing two coins or pennies into the air. Players bet on whether the coins will fall with both heads (obverse) up, both tails (reverse) up, or with one coin a head and one a tail (known as \"Ewan\"). It is traditionally played on Anzac Day in pubs and clubs throughout Australia, in part to mark a shared experience with Diggers through the ages. The game is traditionally played with pennies – their weight, size, and surface design make them ideal for the game. Weight and size make them", "title": "Two-up" }, { "id": "9350821", "score": "1.7563269", "text": "become so widespread by the early 20th century that constituted \"a virtual national act of civil disobedience\". One of the betting games most closely associated with the Aussie pub was the coin game two-up, which was extremely popular during the 19th and earlier 20th century. It is most often associated with the celebration of Anzac Day on 25 April each year. In the years after World War I, it became traditional that, after the early morning commemorative service and march, ex-servicemen would gather at local pubs to drink, reminisce and play two-up. Although still technically illegal, Anzac Day two-up games", "title": "Australian pub" }, { "id": "3740704", "score": "1.7173107", "text": "the end of World War II, he got a call from a friend at the United States State Department. The caller said that there was someone who was looking for a poker game on a weekend in Manhattan. Dandolos reminded his friend that gambling is illegal in New York, but his friend said that he would see to it that no law enforcement would get involved. At the game, according to Dandolos, he introduced Albert Einstein as \"little Al from Jersey.\" Another urban legend has him winning one million dollars against a Texan. In the early hours of the morning,", "title": "Nick Dandolos" }, { "id": "790931", "score": "1.6378762", "text": "declined after the 1950s as more sophisticated forms of gambling like baccarat gained popularity in illegal gaming houses and poker machines (slot machines) were legalised in clubs. Legal two-up arrived with its introduction as a table game at the new casino in Hobart in 1973, but is now only offered at Crown Perth and Crown Melbourne. Two-up has also been legalised on Anzac Day, when it is played in Returned Servicemen's League (RSL) clubs and hotels. Several tourist \"two-up schools\" in the Outback have also been legalised. Under the NSW Gambling (Two-Up) Act 1998, playing two-up in NSW is not", "title": "Two-up" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Two-up\n\nTwo-up is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated \"spinner\" throwing two coins or pennies into the air. Players bet on whether the coins will fall with both heads (obverse) up, both tails (reverse) up, or with one coin a head and one a tail (known as \"Ewan\"). It is traditionally played on Anzac Day in pubs and clubs throughout Australia, in part to mark a shared experience with Diggers through the ages.\n\nThe game is traditionally played with pennies – their weight, size, and surface design make them ideal for the game. Weight and size make them stable on the \"kip\" and easy to spin in the air. Decimal coins are generally considered to be too small and light and they do not fly as well. The design of pre-1939 pennies had the sovereign's head on the obverse (front) and the reverse was totally covered in writing, making the result very easy and quick to see. Pennies now are marked with a white cross on the reverse (Tails) side. Pennies can often be observed being used at games on Anzac Day, as they are brought out specifically for this purpose each year.", "title": "Two-up" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Loot box\n\nIn video games, a loot box (also called a loot crate or prize crate) is a consumable virtual item which can be redeemed to receive a randomised selection of further virtual items, or loot, ranging from simple customization options for a player's avatar or character to game-changing equipment such as weapons and armor. A loot box is typically a form of monetisation, with players either buying the boxes directly or receiving the boxes during play and later buying \"keys\" with which to redeem them. These systems may also be known as \"gacha\" (based on – capsule toys) and integrated into \"gacha\" games.\n\nLoot box concepts originated from loot systems in massively multiplayer online role-playing games, and from the monetisation of free-to-play mobile gaming. They first appeared in 2004 through 2007, and have appeared in many free-to-play games and in some full-priced titles since then. They are seen by developers and publishers of video games not only to help generate ongoing revenue for games while avoiding drawbacks of paid downloadable content or game subscriptions, but to also keep player interest within games by offering new content and cosmetics through loot-box reward systems.\n\nLoot boxes were popularised through their inclusion in several games throughout the mid-2010s. By the later half of the decade, some games, particularly \"Star Wars Battlefront II\", expanded approaches to the concept that caused them to become highly criticised. Such criticism included \"pay to win\" gameplay systems that favor those that spend real money on loot boxes and negative effects on gameplay systems to accommodate them, as well as them being anti-consumer when implemented in full-priced games. Due to fears of them being used as a source in gray-market skin gambling, loot boxes began to become regulated under national gambling laws in various countries at the same time.", "title": "Loot box" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Risk (game)\n\nRisk is a strategy board game of diplomacy, conflict and conquest for two to six players. The standard version is played on a board depicting a political map of the world, divided into forty-two territories, which are grouped into six continents. Turns rotate among players who control armies of playing pieces with which they attempt to capture territories from other players, with results determined by dice rolls. Players may form and dissolve alliances during the course of the game. The goal of the game is to occupy every territory on the board and, in doing so, eliminate the other players. The game can be lengthy, requiring several hours to multiple days to finish. European versions are structured so that each player has a limited \"secret mission\" objective that shortens the game.\n\n\"Risk\" was invented in 1957 by Albert Lamorisse, a French filmmaker, and it became one of the most popular board games in history, inspiring other popular games such as \"Axis & Allies\" and \"Settlers of Catan\". The simple rules but complex interactions make it appealing to adults, children, and families. It is still in production by Hasbro with numerous editions and variants with popular media themes and different rules, including PC software versions, video games, and mobile apps.", "title": "Risk (game)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rugby union\n\nRugby union, commonly known simply as rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends.\n\nRugby union is a popular sport around the world, played by people of all genders, ages and sizes. In 2014, there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide, of whom 2.36 million were registered players. World Rugby, previously called the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) and the International Rugby Board (IRB), has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886, and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members.\n\nIn 1845, the first laws were written by students attending Rugby School; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C. to leave The Football Association in 1863 and, in 1895, the split between rugby union and rugby league. Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time.\n\nRugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, with other early exponents of the sport including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. The sport is followed primarily in the British Isles, France, Georgia, Oceania, Southern Africa, Argentina, and to a lesser extent Italy, Uruguay, the United States, Canada, and Japan, its growth occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and through French proponents (Rugby Europe) in Europe. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their \"de facto\" national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, and Wales.\n\nInternational matches have taken place since 1871 when the first game was played between Scotland and England at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, is held every four years. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are other important international competitions that are held annually.\n\nNational club and provincial competitions include the Premiership in England, the Top 14 in France, the Bunnings NPC in New Zealand, the League One in Japan and the Currie Cup in South Africa. Other transnational club competitions include the United Rugby Championship of club teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales, European Rugby Champions Cup in Europe, and Super Rugby Pacific in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.", "title": "Rugby union" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rock paper scissors\n\nRock paper scissors (also known by other orderings of the three items, with \"rock\" sometimes being called \"stone,\" or as Rochambeau, roshambo, or ro-sham-bo) is a hand game originating in China, usually played between two people, in which each player simultaneously forms one of three shapes with an outstretched hand. These shapes are \"rock\" (a closed fist), \"paper\" (a flat hand), and \"scissors\" (a fist with the index finger and middle finger extended, forming a V). \"Scissors\" is identical to the two-fingered V sign (also indicating \"victory\" or \"peace\") except that it is pointed horizontally instead of being held upright in the air.\n\nA simultaneous, zero-sum game, it has three possible outcomes: a draw, a win or a loss. A player who decides to play rock will beat another player who has chosen scissors (\"rock crushes scissors\" or \"breaks scissors\" or sometimes \"blunts scissors\"), but will lose to one who has played paper (\"paper covers rock\"); a play of paper will lose to a play of scissors (\"scissors cuts paper\"). If both players choose the same shape, the game is tied and is usually immediately replayed to break the tie. The game spread from China while developing different variants in signs over time.\n\nRock paper scissors is often used as a fair choosing method between two people, similar to coin flipping, drawing straws, or throwing dice in order to settle a dispute or make an unbiased group decision. Unlike truly random selection methods, however, rock paper scissors can be played with a degree of skill by recognizing and exploiting non-random behavior in opponents.", "title": "Rock paper scissors" }, { "id": "790929", "score": "1.598288", "text": "obscure, but it seems to have evolved from pitch and toss, a gambling game involving tossing a single coin into the air and wagering on the result. Two-up was popular amongst poorer English and Irish citizens in the 18th century. The predilection of the convicts for this game was noted as early as 1798 by New South Wales's first judge advocate, as well as the lack of skill involved and the large losses. By the 1850s, the two-coin form was being played on the goldfields of the eastern colonies, and it spread across the country following subsequent gold rushes. Two-up", "title": "Two-up" }, { "id": "11990004", "score": "1.5591137", "text": "Otto volunteered to serve in the RAF, but was rejected when it was learned that his parents were still in Vienna. He then volunteered for factory work and was sent to a place producing pistons for fighter aircraft where he worked for a short time. At the age of 22, Otto became a professional gambler until the end of the war. Engaging in sports he was, for two years running, Chelsea & Kensington's 100-yard swimming champion. In the last year of the war, he made the final in the British Open Table tennis championship beating two highly ranked players on", "title": "Otto Newman" }, { "id": "790937", "score": "1.5482244", "text": "run and hide the equipment being used and money being gambled. In 2014, the television program \"Peaky Blinders\" depicts a game of two-up, with a car and a horse used for betting. On 20 February 2015, a game of two-up featured in \"The Doctor Blake Mysteries\", series 3, episode 2, titled \"My Brother's Keeper\". Two-up Two-up is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated \"spinner\" throwing two coins or pennies into the air. Players bet on whether the coins will fall with both heads (obverse) up, both tails (reverse) up, or with one coin a head and one a", "title": "Two-up" }, { "id": "17488511", "score": "1.5376939", "text": "an Allied or Axis army from World War II, reclaiming invaded territories in Europe. As a PvP game, Checkmate supports PvE single player campaigns, however the game includes guild-style social game features, with which players can battle players from opposing factions. Hoolai Poker (胡莱德州扑克) is a social gambling platform. Its current primary poker game is Texas Hold’em. The game deals strictly in virtual currency, however competitive players can participate in tournament events with the chance of winning real life prizes. For casual play, Hoolai Poker offers other poker variants including Caribbean Poker and Video Poker. In 2014, Wartune, a stand", "title": "Hoolai Games" }, { "id": "10714280", "score": "1.5230284", "text": "set in the Pacific Theater of World War II, and follows the lives of a group of marines in special service. Griffin never explains the game in the slightest, but his characters are often playing it when they are interrupted by the war, i.e. required to stop playing to perform some duty. In 1978 a type-in program BASIC video game version was distributed via the book BASIC Computer Games. An unsold 1985 game show pilot hosted by Jim McKrell, entitled \"Split Decision,\" had contestants playing the game Acey Deucey while answering general knowledge questions. Each player picked a card to", "title": "Acey Deucey (card game)" }, { "id": "3005783", "score": "1.5146258", "text": "seemingly desperate situation, Colonel Andrew played his trump card — two Matilda tanks, which he ordered to counterattack with the reserve infantry platoon and some additional gunners turned infantrymen. The counterattack failed — one tank had to turn back after suffering technical problems (the turret would not traverse properly) and the second ignored the German positions in the RAF camp and the edge of the airfield, heading straight for the riverbed. This lone tank stranded itself quickly on a boulder, and faced with the same technical difficulties as the first Matilda, the crew abandoned the vehicle. The exposed infantry were", "title": "Military history of New Zealand during World War II" }, { "id": "11483648", "score": "1.50355", "text": "league in Australia has been common ever since the game began in 1908, governments of the period were strongly dedicated to outlawing sports betting and betting on league was thus illegal until the Wran Government legalised it for the 1983 season, in response to the lucrative illegal betting market since race meetings were banned for one week a month during World War II. Betting in the period between the war had always been based on selecting the winners after points start were added, and a report commissioned by the State Government in late 1981 showed that illegal bookmakers were offering", "title": "FootyTAB" }, { "id": "8217669", "score": "1.5003717", "text": "Cash Card: The Cash Card jackpot itself was fixed at $5,000, but occasionally was worth $10,000; and the \"Joker\" was replaced with the \"Take $5\" card, which allowed the player to remove $5 from one of their opponents' scores. Two years later, in keeping with the \"casino\" theme, the playing cards were replaced with four single-reeled poker machines despite the Cash Card name. Each one was rigged to land on one element, and when the player selected a suit, the co-host pulled the handle to reveal the outcome. In addition, the \"Take $5\" was relegated to celebrity specials, and replaced", "title": "Sale of the Century (Australian game show)" }, { "id": "2705353", "score": "1.4989072", "text": "of many differing designs. Through the rest of the Edo period through the Meiwa, An'ei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1765–1788), a game called \"Mekuri Karuta\" took the place of \"Unsun Karuta\". Consisting of a 48-card deck divided into four sets of 12, it became wildly popular and was one of the most common forms of gambling during this time period. In fact, it became so commonly used for gambling that it was banned in 1791, during the Kansei era. Over the next few decades, several new card games were developed and subsequently banned because they were used almost exclusively for", "title": "Hanafuda" }, { "id": "7568829", "score": "1.4954896", "text": "3-5-8 3-5-8, also known as Sergeant Major for its popularity among members of Britain's Royal Air Force, is a trick-taking card game for 3 players, using a standard 52 card deck. 3-5-8 may be played as a gambling game, or not, and there are many variations with names like \"8-5-3\" and \"9-5-2\" played throughout the world. The version \"9-5-3 variation with no kitty\" was played in the Royal Navy over fifty years ago, when fellow crew would sit around to continue their game from the previous night. 3 players use a 52-card deck. The object is to win as many", "title": "3-5-8" }, { "id": "707407", "score": "1.4896388", "text": "all of the major manufacturers of coin-operated games turned to the manufacture of equipment for the war effort. Some companies, like Williams, bought old games from operators and refurbished them, adding new artwork with a patriotic theme. At the end of the war, a generation of Americans looked for amusement in bars and malt shops, and pinball saw another golden age. Improvements such as the tilt mechanism and free games (known as replays) appeared. Gottlieb's \"Humpty Dumpty\", introduced in 1947, was the first game to add player-controlled flippers to keep the ball in play longer, adding a skill factor to", "title": "Pinball" }, { "id": "14313836", "score": "1.4829762", "text": "designed to boost morale in the U.S. during World War II, \"Jackpot\" failed to garner a following among critics and audiences. A few songs from the show were published: \"I've Got A One Track Mind\", \"Sugarfoot\", \"There Are Yanks (From the Banks of the Wabash)\", and \"What Happened?\". Jackpot (musical) Jackpot is an American musical with music by Vernon Duke, lyrics by Howard Dietz, and a musical book by Guy Bolton, Sidney Sheldon, and Ben Roberts. The musical premiered on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on January 13, 1944. It closed on March 11, 1944 after a total of 69", "title": "Jackpot (musical)" }, { "id": "7567046", "score": "1.4802527", "text": "By 1994, the game was offered at five Northern Nevada casinos, beginning with Harrah's Tahoe. In 2004, Shuffle Master acquired most of Bet Technology's assets, including Casino War. Casino War Casino War is a proprietary casino table game based on the game of War. It is distributed by Shuffle Master, a division of Scientific Games. The game is one of the most easily understood casino card games, and is one of the only card games where players can beat the dealer more than 50% of the time. The game is normally played with six standard 52 card decks. The cards", "title": "Casino War" }, { "id": "16006934", "score": "1.4799078", "text": "it features two soldiers, one New Zealander and one Australian surrounded by two ferns and a mangopare (hammerhead shark) design; with the words \"The Spirit of Anzac We Will Remember Them\" and \"1915-2015\" in reference to the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915. It is the first circulating coin to feature colour, a black background around the soldiers. The coins are limited to 1,000,000 and were minted by Canadian Mint. The second one was released on 1 October 2018. It also features the standard obverse design but on the reverse it features a RSA poopy in the", "title": "New Zealand fifty-cent coin" }, { "id": "396106", "score": "1.4706075", "text": "in 1956 when they were made legal in all registered clubs in the state. There are suggestions that the proliferation of poker machines has led to increased levels of problem gambling; however, the precise nature of this link is still open to research. In 1999 the Australian Productivity Commission reported that nearly half Australia's gaming machines were in New South Wales. At the time, 21% of all the gambling machines in the world were operating in Australia, and on a per capita basis, Australia had roughly five times as many gaming machines as the United States. Australia ranks 8th in", "title": "Slot machine" } ]

[ "appalachian mountains", "The mountains of Appalachia", "Appalachian Range", "The Appalachians", "Appalachian Mountain system", "Appalachian Mountains", "Appalachian Rise", "mountains of appalachia", "appalachian region", "apalachians", "apalachian", "northern appalachian mountains", "apalachian mountains", "Northern Appalachian Mountains", "appalachian mountain", "appalachian mountain range", "Apalachian Mountains", "The Apalachians", "appalachain", "Appalachain", "Appalachian Mountain Range", "Appalachian highlands", "Apalachians", "Appalachian Highlands", "Appalachian region", "Appalacian Mountain system", "Appalachian Mountain", "appalachian mountain system", "appalacian mountain system", "appalachians", "appalachian rise", "Appalachians", "The Apalachian Mountains", "appalachian highlands", "Apalachian", "The Appalachian Mountains", "Appalachian mountains", "Appalachian mountain range", "appalachian range" ]

[ { "id": "880971", "score": "1.5223229", "text": "to Central Alabama in the United States. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around . The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at , which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The term \"Appalachian\" refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region.", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "id": "9689969", "score": "1.4718387", "text": "the state. The most easterly of these ranges—a continuation of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia—enters the state from New Jersey and extends northeast through Rockland and Orange counties to the Hudson River, continuing on the east side of that river as the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess counties. A northerly extension of the same range passes into the Green Mountains of western Massachusetts and Vermont. This range is known in New York as the Hudson Highlands. The highest peaks are above sea level. The rocks that compose these mountains are principally primitive or igneous, and the mountains themselves are", "title": "Geography of New York (state)" }, { "id": "9689970", "score": "1.4637151", "text": "rough, rocky, precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The second series of mountains enters the state from Pennsylvania and extends northeast through Sullivan, Ulster, and Greene counties, terminating and culminating in the Catskill Mountains west of the Hudson. The highest peaks are above sea level. The Shawangunk Mountains, a high and continuous ridge extending between Sullivan and Orange counties and into the southern part of Ulster County, is the extreme eastern range of this series. The Helderberg and Hellibark Mountains are spurs extending north from the main range into Albany and Schoharie counties. This whole mountain system is principally composed of", "title": "Geography of New York (state)" }, { "id": "407904", "score": "1.4620528", "text": "Alabama to Newfoundland. North of the Appalachians, the Arctic Cordillera runs along the eastern coast of Canada. The largest mountain ranges are the Andes and Rocky Mountains. The Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range reach similar altitudes as the Rocky Mountains, but are significantly smaller. In North America, the greatest number of fourteeners are in the United States, and more specifically in the U.S. state of Colorado. The highest peaks of the Americas are located in the Andes, with Aconcagua of Argentina being the highest; in North America Denali (Mount McKinley) in the U.S. state of Alaska is the tallest.", "title": "Americas" }, { "id": "9689972", "score": "1.4426602", "text": "the Mohawk separates the Allegheny Plateau to the south from the highlands leading to the Adirondacks to the north, reaching its narrowest point in the neighborhood of Little Falls, the Noses, and other places. North of the Mohawk the highlands extend northeast in several distinct ranges, all terminating upon Lake Champlain. The culminating point of the whole system, and the highest mountain in the state, is Mount Marcy, standing above sea level. The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains are usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely", "title": "Geography of New York (state)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Erie Canal\n\nThe Erie Canal is a historic canal in upstate New York that runs east-west between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1825, the canal was the first navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, vastly reducing the costs of transporting people and goods across the Appalachians. In effect, the canal accelerated the settlement of the Great Lakes region, the westward expansion of the United States, and the economic ascendancy of New York State. It has been called \"The Nation's First Superhighway.\"\n\nA canal from the Hudson to the Great Lakes was first proposed in the 1780s, but a formal survey was not conducted until 1808. The New York State Legislature authorized construction in 1817. Political opponents of the canal, and of its lead supporter New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, denigrated the project as \"Clinton's Folly\" and \"Clinton's Big Ditch\". Nonetheless, the canal saw quick success upon opening on October 26, 1825, with toll revenue covering the state's construction debt within the first year of operation. The westward connection gave New York City a strong advantage over all other U.S. ports and brought major growth to canal cities such as Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo.\n\nThe construction of the Erie Canal was a landmark civil engineering achievement in the early history of the United States. When built, the canal was the second-longest in the world (after the Grand Canal in China). Initially wide and deep, the canal was expanded several times, most notably from 1905 to 1918 when the \"Barge Canal\" was built and over half the original route was abandoned. The modern Barge Canal measures long, wide, and deep. It has 34 locks, including the Waterford Flight, the steepest locks in the United States. When leaving the canal, boats must also traverse the Black Rock Lock to reach Lake Erie or the Troy Federal Lock to reach the tidal Hudson. The overall elevation difference is about .\n\nThe Erie's peak year was 1855, when 33,000 commercial shipments took place. It continued to be competitive with railroads until about 1902, when tolls were abolished. Commercial traffic declined heavily in the latter half of the 20th century due to competition from trucking and the 1959 opening of the larger St. Lawrence Seaway. The canal's last regularly-scheduled hauler, the \"Day Peckinpaugh\", ended service in 1994.\n\nToday, the Erie Canal is mainly used by recreational watercraft. It connects the three other canals in the New York State Canal System: the Champlain, Oswego, and Cayuga–Seneca. Some long-distance boaters take the Erie as part of the Great Loop. The canal has also become a tourist attraction in its own right—a number of parks and museums are dedicated to its history. The Erie Canalway Trail is a popular cycling path that follows the canal across the state. In 2000, Congress designated the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor to protect and promote the system.", "title": "Erie Canal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Delaware River\n\nThe Delaware River is a major river in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. From the meeting of its branches in Hancock, New York, the river flows for along the borders of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, before emptying into Delaware Bay. It is the longest free-flowing river in the Eastern United States.\n\nThe river has been recognized by the National Wildlife Federation as one of the country's Great Waters. The river's watershed drains an area of and provides drinking water for 17 million people.\n\nThe river has two branches that rise in the Catskill Mountains of New York: the West Branch at Mount Jefferson in Jefferson, Schoharie County, and the East Branch at Grand Gorge, Delaware County. The branches merge to form the main Delaware River at Hancock, New York. Flowing south, the river remains relatively undeveloped, with protected as the Upper, Middle, and Lower Delaware National Scenic Rivers. At Trenton, New Jersey, the Delaware becomes tidal, navigable, and significantly more industrial. This section forms the backbone of the Delaware Valley metropolitan area, serving the port cities of Philadelphia, Camden, New Jersey, and Wilmington, Delaware. The river flows into Delaware Bay at Liston Point, <ref name=\"river-mileage\"/> upstream of the bay's outlet to the Atlantic Ocean between Cape May and Cape Henlopen.\n\nBefore the arrival of European settlers, the river was the homeland of the Lenape Native Americans. They called the river Lenapewihittuk, or Lenape River, and Kithanne, meaning the largest river in this part of the country.\n\nIn 1609, the river was visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson. Hudson, an English navigator, was hired to find a western route to Cathay (China), but his discoveries set the stage for Dutch colonization of North America in the 17th century. Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the lower section of the river and Delaware Bay. Both colonial powers called the river the \"South River\" (Zuidrivier), compared to the Hudson River, which was known as the \"North River\". After the English expelled the Dutch and took control of the New Netherland colony in 1664, the river was renamed \"Delaware\" after Sir Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and the Virginia colony's first royal governor who defended the colony during the First Anglo-Powhatan War.", "title": "Delaware River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/United States, The/Physical ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Canal age" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cherokee\n\nThe Cherokee (; , or ) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States. Prior to the 18th century, they were concentrated in their homelands, in towns along river valleys of what is now southwestern North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, edges of western South Carolina, northern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama.\n\nThe Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. In the 19th century, James Mooney, an early American ethnographer, recorded one oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian peoples have been based. However, anthropologist Thomas R. Whyte, writing in 2007, dated the split among the peoples as occurring earlier. He believes that the origin of the proto-Iroquoian language was likely the Appalachian region, and the split between Northern and Southern Iroquoian languages began 4,000 years ago.\n\nBy the 19th century, White American settlers had classified the Cherokee of the Southeast as one of the \"Five Civilized Tribes\" in the region. They were agrarian, lived in permanent villages, and had begun to adopt some cultural and technological practices of the white settlers. They also developed their own writing system.\n\nToday, three Cherokee tribes are federally recognized: the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) in Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation (CN) in Oklahoma, and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) in North Carolina.\n\nThe Cherokee Nation has more than 300,000 tribal members, making it the largest of the 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States. In addition, numerous groups claim Cherokee lineage, and some of these are state-recognized. A total of more than 819,000 people are estimated to have identified as having Cherokee ancestry on the U.S. census; most are not enrolled members of any tribe.<ref name=\"slate.com\" />\n\nOf the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the UKB have headquarters in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, and most of their members live in the state. The UKB are mostly descendants of \"Old Settlers\", also called Western Cherokee: those who migrated from the Southeast to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817 prior to Indian Removal. They are related to the Cherokee who were later forcibly relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is located on land known as the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina. They are mostly descendants of ancestors who had resisted or avoided relocation, remaining in the area. Because they gave up tribal membership at the time, they became state and US citizens. In the late 19th century, they reorganized as a federally recognized tribe.", "title": "Cherokee" }, { "id": "882442", "score": "1.4189483", "text": "Atlantic Ocean, near L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. The route has since been extended to Greenland, Europe, and Morocco. Although the Appalachian Trail ends in Georgia, the Appalachian Mountains continue south to Flagg Mountain in Alabama. In 2008, the Pinhoti National Recreation Trail in Alabama and Georgia, which terminates at Flagg Mountain, was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via the Benton MacKaye Trail. Promoters of the Southern extension refer to MacKaye's statement at the 1925 conference that the Georgia to New Hampshire trail should, in the future, extend to Katahdin, and \"then to Birmingham, Alabama\".", "title": "Appalachian Trail" }, { "id": "880985", "score": "1.4169149", "text": "Frog Mountain near the Tennessee-Georgia-North Carolina border. Prominent summits in the cross ridges include Waterrock Knob () in the Plott Balsams. Across northern Georgia, numerous peaks exceed , including Brasstown Bald, the state's highest, at and Rabun Bald. There are many geological issues concerning the rivers and streams of the Appalachians. In spite of the existence of the Great Appalachian Valley, many of the main rivers are transverse to the mountain system axis. The drainage divide of the Appalachians follows a tortuous course which crosses the mountainous belt just north of the New River in Virginia. South of the New", "title": "Appalachian Mountains" }, { "id": "20787492", "score": "1.4162277", "text": "valleys that make up the Highlands are part of a relatively long, linear, and narrow regional geological feature that averages 16 to 32 kilometers (10 to 20 miles) in width, with a maximum width of 40 kilometers (25 miles), and extends in a southwest-northeast trending direction for nearly 225 kilometers (140 miles), from southeastern Pennsylvania near Pennsylvania, to southwestern Connecticut in the vicinity of Danbury, where it joins the Taconic Mountains and Housatonic Highlands of the New England Uplands plateau. The Hudson River cuts a deep gorge through the Highlands in New York in the stretch of river between Peekskill", "title": "New England Uplands" }, { "id": "3910410", "score": "1.4119453", "text": "flows south to Long Island Sound, and in the extreme north west of Massachusetts at the Hoosic River, a tributary of the Hudson. From these valleys, uplands to the east appear as a rounded mountain range, rising some 1,600 feet (500 meters) although they are actually a plateau. West of the Housatonic-Hoosic valley system rises the narrower Taconic Range along the New York border. Upper tributaries of the Hoosic separate Massachusetts' highest peak, Mount Greylock 3,491' (1,064 meters) from both ranges, however Greylock's geology connects it with the Taconics. In northern Massachusetts, the higher altitude area to the east of", "title": "Western Massachusetts" }, { "id": "6190708", "score": "1.406404", "text": "other offers the only good glimpse of the lowest High Peak, remote and challenging Rocky Mountain. It continues to the summit through long and fragrant stretches of balsam fir and soil muddy enough to require puncheon bridges in some areas. It is 4.1 miles (6.6 km) to the summit via this route. Many hikers make a loop of the trip if time permits, ascending via the Curtis-Ormsbee Trail and returning down the Burroughs Range Trail, a total trip of 6.85 miles (11 km). The beginning of the Curtis-Ormsbee Trail can also be reached by using the Long Path approach and", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": "1754936", "score": "1.4032931", "text": "The northernmost is the Adirondack Mountains, a southerly extension of the Canadian Shield, which reach the valley along the shores of Lake Champlain and Lake George. To their south, beyond the Mohawk Valley and Albany, New York, the Catskill Mountains—which form the northeastern terminus of the Allegheny Plateau—border the valley in form of the dramatic Catskill Escarpment, which overlooks the middle reaches of the Hudson River and Hudson Valley. Just south of the Catskills, the first folds of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians border the valley, in the form of a continuous ridge known variously (heading southward) as the Shawangunk Ridge in", "title": "Great Appalachian Valley" }, { "id": "3819062", "score": "1.4022377", "text": "known as the Kittatinny Mountains after it crosses the Delaware Water Gap into New Jersey and becomes the Shawangunks at the New York state line. These mountains mark the western and northern edge of the Great Appalachian Valley. The ridge is widest (7.5 miles/12 kilometers) near the northern end and narrow in the middle (1.25 miles/under 2 kilometers), with a maximum elevation of near Lake Maratanza. The ridge rises above a broad, high plain which stretches to the Hudson River to the east. On the west the low foothills of the Appalachian Mountains mingle with a low flat made by", "title": "Shawangunk Ridge" }, { "id": "61490", "score": "1.3989947", "text": "and the Atlantic Provinces, creating rolling hills indented by river valleys. It also runs through parts of southern Quebec. The Appalachian mountains (more specifically the Chic-Choc Mountains, Notre Dame, and Long Range Mountains) are an old and eroded range of mountains, approximately 380 million years in age. Notable mountains in the Appalachians include Mount Jacques-Cartier (Quebec, ), Mount Carleton (New Brunswick, ), The Cabox (Newfoundland, ). Parts of the Appalachians are home to a rich endemic flora and fauna and are considered to have been nunataks during the last glaciation era. The southern parts of Quebec and Ontario, in the", "title": "Geography of Canada" }, { "id": "6090453", "score": "1.3974776", "text": "Journey to Ye Cat Skill Mountains with Billy,\" became popular in the colonies and in Britain. In the early years of the 19th century, American artists seeking a subject matter unique to the new nation were drawn away from New York City and up the Hudson Valley. There they focused on the wildness of the landscape where mountains drew close to the river, first in the Hudson Highlands and then, further north, the Catskill Escarpment, where mountains rise to nearly 4,000 feet (1219 m) from a flat valley floor. Their work was known, at first derisively, as the Hudson River", "title": "North–South Lake" }, { "id": "10606845", "score": "1.3944595", "text": "tundra in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, only surpassed by the Presidential Range and the Katahdin massif. Approximately along the crest of the ridge is in the alpine zone. This area runs from the treeline just below the summit of Little Haystack all the way to the treeline north of Mount Lafayette, and affords constant 360-degree views of the White Mountains. To the east of the ridge lies the rugged and uninhabited Pemigewasset Wilderness. While Mount Liberty and Mount Flume are almost entirely forested, their summits rise just above the treeline, providing views of the area. The", "title": "Franconia Range" }, { "id": "5464", "score": "1.3942306", "text": "occupying a narrow strip on each side of the Tennessee River, is a country of gentle rolling lowlands varying in elevation from . To the northeast of these highlands and lowlands is a rugged section with steep mountain-sides, deep narrow coves and valleys, and flat mountain-tops. Its elevations range from . In the remainder of this region, the southern portion, the most prominent feature is \"Little Mountain\", extending about from east to west between two valleys, and rising precipitously on the north side above them or above the sea. Adjoining the Cumberland Plateau region on the southeast is the Appalachian", "title": "Geography of Alabama" }, { "id": "4003008", "score": "1.3899348", "text": "toward Burlington, Vermont. To the south, they fade into the Hudson Highlands range in New York. Beginning in New York State, a wide region of foothills gradually rises to the crest of the Taconic Mountains along the state's eastern border. To the east, the Taconic Mountains fall off abruptly, ending in the valleys of the Housatonic River, the upper Hoosic River, and the greater Valley of Vermont. The Berkshires and the Green Mountains rise to the east of the Taconics. To the west, the Taconic foothills are bordered by the Hudson River Valley and, near the northern terminus of the", "title": "Taconic Mountains" }, { "id": "2625619", "score": "1.388216", "text": "South Mountain. While South Mountain dwindles to mere hills between Gettysburg and Harrisburg, the band of ancient rocks that form the core of the Blue Ridge continues northeast through the New Jersey and Hudson River highlands, eventually reaching The Berkshires of Massachusetts and the Green Mountains of Vermont. The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island. About 125 peaks exceed in elevation. The highest peak in the Blue Ridge (and in the entire Appalachian chain) is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at . There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains" }, { "id": "5465", "score": "1.3878772", "text": "Valley (locally known as Coosa Valley) region, which is the southern extremity of the Appalachian Mountains, and occupies an area within the state of about . This is a limestone belt with parallel hard rock ridges left standing by erosion to form mountains. Although the general direction of the mountains, ridges, and valleys is northeast and southwest, irregularity is one of the most prominent characteristics. In the northeast are several flat-topped mountains, of which Raccoon and Lookout are the most prominent, having a maximum elevation near the Georgia line of little more than and gradually decreasing in height toward the", "title": "Geography of Alabama" }, { "id": "8923715", "score": "1.3837084", "text": "indeed rise to and satisfy topographic prominence requirements. Northeast 111 The Northeast 111 is a peak-bagging list of mountains in the northeastern states of the United States. It includes the sixty-seven 4000-footers of New England (48 in New Hampshire, 14 in Maine and 5 in Vermont), the 46 Adirondack High Peaks, and Slide and Hunter Mountain, both in the Catskills of New York. This list includes 115 peaks but is still referred to as the \"Northeast 111\" because that name predates the additions of Galehead Mountain and Bondcliff in New Hampshire, as well as Mount Redington and Spaulding Mountain in", "title": "Northeast 111" } ]

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[ { "id": "849160", "score": "1.9229789", "text": "Awards. This was a record unbroken until \"Frasier\" earned its 30th in 2002. Wins: Notes The Mary Tyler Moore Show The Mary Tyler Moore Show (also known simply as Mary Tyler Moore) is an American television sitcom starring Mary Tyler Moore and created by James L. Brooks and Allan Burns that originally aired on CBS from September 19, 1970 to March 19, 1977. Moore starred as Mary Richards, an unmarried, independent woman focused on her career as associate producer at the fictional WJM news program in Minneapolis. A central female character who was not married or dependent on a man", "title": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" }, { "id": "849138", "score": "1.8824952", "text": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show The Mary Tyler Moore Show (also known simply as Mary Tyler Moore) is an American television sitcom starring Mary Tyler Moore and created by James L. Brooks and Allan Burns that originally aired on CBS from September 19, 1970 to March 19, 1977. Moore starred as Mary Richards, an unmarried, independent woman focused on her career as associate producer at the fictional WJM news program in Minneapolis. A central female character who was not married or dependent on a man was a rarity in American television in the early 1970s, leading to numerous publications citing", "title": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" }, { "id": "849140", "score": "1.7820666", "text": "its original run, receiving twenty-nine Primetime Emmy Awards, including for Outstanding Comedy Series three years in a row (1975–1977), and for which Moore received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series three times. The series also launched three spin-offs: \"Rhoda\" (1974–1978), \"Phyllis\" (1975–1977), and \"Lou Grant\" (1977–1982). In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" number six on its list of the \"101 Best Written TV Series of All Time.\" Mary Richards (Moore) is a single woman who, at age 30, moves to Minneapolis on the heels of a broken", "title": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" }, { "id": "9295655", "score": "1.7788872", "text": "Moore and Valerie Harper announced in November 1997 that they had signed with ABC to reprise their roles as Mary and Rhoda in a new sitcom slated for the fall of 1998. ABC had ordered 13 episodes for the new show which featured Mary Richards and Rhoda Morgenstern as widows reunited by chance in New York after many years of estrangement, who each have a 20-something daughter named after the other (Mary's daughter is Rose Cronin and Rhoda's daughter is Meredith Rousseau). According to reports, ABC executives were not pleased with the pilot episode and the proposed sitcom was scrapped", "title": "Mary and Rhoda" }, { "id": "849158", "score": "1.7439032", "text": "series. In the fall of 1992, Nick at Nite began broadcasting the series nightly, launching it with a week-long \"Mary-thon\", and it became the network's top-rated series. The series was broadcast on BBC1 from February 13, 1971 to December 29, 1972. The BBC broadcast the first 34 episodes before the series was dropped. Beginning in 1975 a number of ITV companies picked up the series. Channel 4 repeated the first 39 episodes between January 30, 1984, and August 23, 1985. The full series was repeated on The Family Channel from 1993 to 1996. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has released", "title": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show\n\nThe Mary Tyler Moore Show (also known simply as Mary Tyler Moore) is an American television sitcom created by James L. Brooks and Allan Burns and starring actress Mary Tyler Moore. The show originally aired on CBS from 1970 to 1977. Moore portrayed Mary Richards, an unmarried, independent woman focused on her career as associate producer of a news show at the fictional local station WJM in Minneapolis. Ed Asner co-starred as Mary's boss Lou Grant, alongside Gavin MacLeod, Ted Knight, Georgia Engel, and Betty White, with Valerie Harper as friend and neighbor Rhoda Morgenstern, and Cloris Leachman as friend Phyllis Lindstrom.\n\n\"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" proved to be a groundbreaking series in the era of second-wave feminism; portraying a central female character who was neither married nor dependent on a man was a rarity on American television in the 1970s. The show has been celebrated for its complex, relatable characters and story lines. \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" received consistent praise from critics and high ratings during its original run and earned 29 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series three years in a row (1975–1977). Moore received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series three times. The series also launched three spin-offs: \"Rhoda\", \"Phyllis\", and \"Lou Grant\". In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" No. 6 on its list of the \"101 Best Written TV Series of All Time\".", "title": "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mary Tyler Moore\n\nMary Tyler Moore (December 29, 1936 – January 25, 2017) was an American actress, producer, and social advocate. She is best known for her roles on \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (1961–1966) and \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" (1970–1977), which \"helped define a new vision of American womanhood\" and \"appealed to an audience facing the new trials of modern-day existence\". Moore won seven Primetime Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in \"Ordinary People\". Moore is also known for her supporting role in the musical film \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\". Moore was an advocate for animal rights, vegetarianism and diabetes prevention.", "title": "Mary Tyler Moore" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kyle Richards\n\nKyle Richards Umansky (: born January 11, 1969) is an American actress, socialite, and television personality. Since 2010, she has appeared as a main cast member on \"The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills\", and as of 2022, is the last remaining original cast member on the show. \n\nShe began her career as a child actress, appearing in a recurring role on \"Little House on the Prairie\", and in several adventure and horror films, including Tobe Hooper's \"Eaten Alive\" (1976), \"The Car\" (1977), and Walt Disney’s \"The Watcher in the Woods\" (1980), as well as portraying Lindsey Wallace in John Carpenter's \"Halloween\" (1978) and later \"Halloween Kills\" (2021) and its sequel, \"Halloween Ends\" (2022). In 2017, she was a contestant on \"The New Celebrity Apprentice\" (also known as \"The Celebrity Apprentice 8\"), playing for the charity Children's Hospital Los Angeles.", "title": "Kyle Richards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sheryl Lee Ralph\n\nSheryl Lee Ralph OJ (born December 30, 1956) is an American actress and singer. She made her screen debut in the 1977 comedy film \"A Piece of the Action\", before landing the role of Deena Jones in the Broadway musical \"Dreamgirls\" (1981), for which she received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical nomination. She currently stars as Barbara Howard on the ABC mockumentary sitcom \"Abbott Elementary\", for which she won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 74th Primetime Emmy Awards, and became the first Black woman to win the award in 35 years.\n\nRalph has appeared in a number of films during her career. She starred alongside Denzel Washington in the film \"The Mighty Quinn\" (1989). In 1991, she won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her performance in the 1990 drama film \"To Sleep with Anger\". Ralph starred in the 1992 films \"Mistress\" and \"The Distinguished Gentleman\". She later played the role of Florence Watson in \"\" (1993).\n\nRalph has also starred in the syndicated television sitcom \"It's a Living\" (1986–1989), the short-lived ABC sitcom \"New Attitude\" (1990), the Nick at Nite sitcom \"Instant Mom\" (2013–2015), and, in 2016, played Madame Morrible in the 2003 Broadway musical \"Wicked\". Her role as Dee Mitchell, in the UPN sitcom \"Moesha\", (1996–2001), earned her five nominations for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.", "title": "Sheryl Lee Ralph" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sanford and Son\n\nSanford and Son is an American sitcom television series that ran on the NBC television network from January 14, 1972, to March 25, 1977. It was based on the British sitcom \"Steptoe and Son\", which initially aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom from 1962 to 1974.\n\nKnown for its edgy racial humor, running gags, and catchphrases, the series was adapted by Norman Lear and considered NBC's answer to CBS's \"All in the Family\". \"Sanford and Son\" has been hailed as the precursor to many other African-American sitcoms. It was a rating hit throughout its six-season run, finishing in the Nielsen top ten for five of those seasons.\n\nWhile the role of Fred G. Sanford was known for his bigotry and cantankerousness, the role of Lamont Sanford was that of Fred's long-suffering, conscientious, peacemaker son. At times, both characters involved themselves in schemes, usually as a means of earning cash quickly to pay off their various debts. Other colorful and unconventional characters on the show included Aunt Esther, Grady Wilson, Bubba Bexley, and Rollo Lawson.", "title": "Sanford and Son" }, { "id": "287890", "score": "1.743237", "text": "Mary Tyler Moore Mary Tyler Moore (December 29, 1936 – January 25, 2017) was an American actress, known for her roles in the television sitcoms \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" (1970–1977), in which she starred as Mary Richards, a single woman working as a local news producer in Minneapolis, and \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (1961–1966), in which she played Laura Petrie, a former dancer turned Westchester homemaker, wife and mother. Her film work includes 1967's \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" and 1980's \"Ordinary People\", in which she played a role that was very different from the television characters she had portrayed,", "title": "Mary Tyler Moore" }, { "id": "18630746", "score": "1.7392819", "text": "its run. The series was the first sitcom to air on television, contrary to popular belief that \"I Love Lucy\" which premiered four years later was the first. It was also the first television series to feature a pregnancy, (the Stearns' real life son Christopher), whose birth and character was written in the show in December 1948. It was also the first to feature a couple sharing a bed. After the show ended, the Stearns' moved to California where Johnny pursued a career in production. Stearns did another weekly television series by herself entitled \"Mary Kay's Nightcap\" which aired on", "title": "Mary Kay Stearns" }, { "id": "1798625", "score": "1.7337615", "text": "Rhoda Rhoda is an American sitcom starring Valerie Harper which aired a total of 109 half-hour episodes and one hour-long episode over five seasons from September 9, 1974 to December 9, 1978. The series was a spin-off of \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\", in which Harper between the years 1970 and 1974 had played the role of Rhoda Morgenstern, a spunky, weight-conscious, flamboyantly fashioned Jewish neighbor and native New Yorker in the role of Mary Richards' best friend. After four seasons, Rhoda left Minneapolis and returned to her original hometown of New York City. The series was the winner of", "title": "Rhoda" }, { "id": "8044446", "score": "1.7312715", "text": "Mary Richards Scene 1 from the Mary Tyler Moore Show 1977.jpg Mary Richards, portrayed by Mary Tyler Moore, is the main character of the television sitcom \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\". Mary Richards, born in Roseburg, Minnesota in April 1939, is the only child of Walter and Dottie Richards. Prior to relocating to Minneapolis, she was engaged to a medical student named Bill whom she left after realizing that he would probably never want to get married. After arriving in Minneapolis, Mary leases an apartment in a house from her friend, Phyllis Lindstrom. Also leasing an attic loft from Phyllis", "title": "Mary Richards" }, { "id": "8044451", "score": "1.7288202", "text": "City after having lived for a time in Paris. Looking for a job again for the first time in years, Mary was hired as a segment producer for WNYT in New York. There she worked under the station founder, Jonah Seimeier, who was little more than half Mary’s age. Mary Richards was initially intended to be a divorcée. However, divorce was still controversial at the time, and because CBS was afraid viewers might think that Mary had divorced Rob Petrie, Mary's fictional husband on \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (which also aired on CBS), the premise was changed to that", "title": "Mary Richards" }, { "id": "19966173", "score": "1.7248085", "text": "Mary Tyler Moore filmography and awards Mary Tyler Moore (December 29, 1936 – January 25, 2017) was an American actress, known for her roles in the television sitcoms \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" (1970–77), in which she starred as Mary Richards, a thirtyish single woman who worked as a local news producer in Minneapolis, and \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (1961–66), in which she played Laura Petrie, a former dancer turned Westchester homemaker, wife and mother. Her notable film work includes 1967's \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" and 1980's \"Ordinary People\", in which she played a role that was very different from", "title": "Mary Tyler Moore filmography and awards" }, { "id": "8587766", "score": "1.7241284", "text": "Mary (1978 TV series) Mary is an American comedy-variety show hosted by and starring Mary Tyler Moore that aired Sundays at 8:00 pm (EST) on CBS from September 24 to October 8, 1978, with a total of three episodes produced over one season. \"Mary\" was the attempt by Mary Tyler Moore to return to network television after the triumph of her sitcom (\"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\") from 1970 to 1977. Her sitcom having not been renewed at her producers' request (they didn't want it to get \"stale\"), she had taken a year off before returning to television to conquer", "title": "Mary (1978 TV series)" }, { "id": "8587764", "score": "1.7241284", "text": "Mary (1978 TV series) Mary is an American comedy-variety show hosted by and starring Mary Tyler Moore that aired Sundays at 8:00 pm (EST) on CBS from September 24 to October 8, 1978, with a total of three episodes produced over one season. \"Mary\" was the attempt by Mary Tyler Moore to return to network television after the triumph of her sitcom (\"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\") from 1970 to 1977. Her sitcom having not been renewed at her producers' request (they didn't want it to get \"stale\"), she had taken a year off before returning to television to conquer", "title": "Mary (1978 TV series)" }, { "id": "4381176", "score": "1.7184335", "text": "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman is an American satirical soap opera that aired in daily (weekday) syndication from January 1976 to May 1977. The series was produced by Norman Lear, directed by Joan Darling, Jim Drake, Nessa Hyams, and Giovanna Nigro, and starred Louise Lasser. The series writers were Gail Parent and Ann Marcus. The show's title was the eponymous character's name stated twice, because Lear and the writers believed that dialogue within a soap opera was always said twice. In 2004 and 2007, \"Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman\" was ranked #21 and #26 on \"TV Guide's Top", "title": "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman" }, { "id": "19966174", "score": "1.716603", "text": "the television characters she had portrayed, and for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Mary Tyler Moore filmography and awards Mary Tyler Moore (December 29, 1936 – January 25, 2017) was an American actress, known for her roles in the television sitcoms \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" (1970–77), in which she starred as Mary Richards, a thirtyish single woman who worked as a local news producer in Minneapolis, and \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (1961–66), in which she played Laura Petrie, a former dancer turned Westchester homemaker, wife and mother. Her notable film work includes", "title": "Mary Tyler Moore filmography and awards" }, { "id": "8044447", "score": "1.713521", "text": "is Rhoda Morgenstern, with whom Mary becomes fast friends. Mary also bonds with Phyllis's precocious daughter, Bess. Mary applies for a secretarial job at fictional television station WJM-TV, the area's lowest rated station. After meeting with news producer Lou Grant, she is informed that the position has been filled but she is hired as an Associate Producer. Later, Mary is promoted to News Producer when Lou becomes the station's news director. While at WJM, she quickly becomes friends with news writer Murray Slaughter and the vain (and incompetent) news anchor, Ted Baxter. Within the office, Mary is often the voice", "title": "Mary Richards" }, { "id": "3435167", "score": "1.7129791", "text": "and David Ogden Stiers. The program earned a huge Nielsen rating, causing the network to air it a second time and confirm production for a series, with all of the principal characters with the exception of Stiers. The series formally debuted on September 22, 1976, and ran for five seasons. The show would become a big success not only in the U.S. but, in successive years, in syndication around the world, spawning a cottage industry of peripheral products, particularly in the show's first three seasons, including several series of bubble gum cards, two sets of fashion dolls, numerous posters, puzzles,", "title": "Jaclyn Smith" }, { "id": "12858858", "score": "1.7100658", "text": "respectively on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. In 2002, it was ranked at 13 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time and in 2013, it was ranked at 20 on their list of the 60 Best Series. \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" ran from 1970 to 1977, winning 29 Emmy Awards. MTM Enterprises, the studio formed to produce it, would produce dozens of sitcoms from the 1970s through the 1990s. The series \"M*A*S*H\", aired in the U.S. from 1972 to 1983, was honored with a Peabody Award in 1976 and was ranked number 25", "title": "Sitcom" }, { "id": "8588640", "score": "1.7060039", "text": "of her previous sitcom \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\". With the two shows still suffering from poor ratings in their new time slots, CBS broadcast only three more episodes of each before cancelling both of them after the thirteenth episode of \"Mary\" and fourteenth episode of \"Foley Square\" aired on April 8, 1986. Mary (1985 TV series) Mary is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 11, 1985, to April 8, 1986. The series stars Mary Tyler Moore in her return to series television after an absence of over six years, during which time she appeared on Broadway", "title": "Mary (1985 TV series)" }, { "id": "3258436", "score": "1.7024009", "text": "after just one year on the air. The executives at CBS were wary of launching a second show, but they saw a future in soaps in the person of Mary Stuart after her screen test. It was then that they commissioned a second series. Stuart was cast as housewife \"Joanne Gardner\". The new serial was called \"Search for Tomorrow\" and it turned out to be very successful. Stuart would become synonymous with her character. \"Search for Tomorrow\" ran for thirty-five years until 1986 when it was finally canceled. During that time she was widowed three times and went through many", "title": "Mary Stuart (actress)" } ]

[ "Anagram solver", "Rearranged word", "smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras", "anigram", "anagram solver", "Anigram", "Smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras", "Rearranged words", "rearranged words", "anagram program", "rearranged word", "Anagram program", "Anagrammatic", "Anagram", "anagrammatic", "Anagrammer", "anagrammer", "anagram" ]

[ { "id": "856614", "score": "1.5698423", "text": "decimal separators, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g. C, Java, Fortran, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)) specify a dot. The 22nd General Conference on Weights and Measures declared in 2003 that \"the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line\". It further reaffirmed that \"numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups\" (e.g.). This usage has therefore been recommended by technical organizations, such as the United States' National Institute of", "title": "Decimal separator" }, { "id": "1281393", "score": "1.5549105", "text": "character, . In British typography, the space dot is an interpunct used as the formal decimal point. Its use is advocated by laws and by academic circles such as the Cambridge University History Faculty Style Guide and is mandated by some UK-based academic journals such as \"The Lancet\". When the British currency was decimalised in 1971, the official advice issued was to write decimal amounts with a raised point (for example, £21·48) and to use a decimal point \"on the line\" only when typesetting constraints made it unavoidable. This usage, however, has been declining since the mid-1970s, as the importation", "title": "Interpunct" }, { "id": "17290365", "score": "1.4521908", "text": "widely, over time and regionally. For example, these marks are usually left out of acronyms and initialisms today, and in many British publications they are omitted from contractions such as \"Dr\" for \"Doctor\", where the abbreviation begins and ends with the same letters as the full word. Another use of this character, as the decimal point, is found in mathematics and computing (where it is often nicknamed the \"dot\"), dividing whole numbers from decimal fractions, as in \"2,398.45\". In many languages, the roles of the comma and decimal point are reversed, with the comma serving as the decimal separator and", "title": "Punctuation of English" }, { "id": "6644433", "score": "1.4354687", "text": "manuscript with worked examples available to us, the Bakhshali manuscript (of unclear date), uses a place value system with a dot to denote the zero. The dot was called the \"shunya-sthāna\", \"empty-place.\" The same symbol was also used in algebraic expressions for the unknown (as in the canonical \"x\" in modern algebra). Textual references to a place-value system are seen from the 1st century CE onward. The Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu in the 1st century says \"when [the same] clay counting-piece is in the place of units, it is denoted as one, when in hundreds, one hundred.\" A commentary on Patanjali's", "title": "History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system" }, { "id": "327643", "score": "1.4287996", "text": "dots, or the same number of dots next that have equal or greater \"force\", or the end of the line. Dots next to the signs ⊃, ≡,∨, =Df have greater force than dots next to (\"x\"), (∃\"x\") and so on, which have greater force than dots indicating a logical product ∧. Example 1. The line corresponds to where the colon represents the outer (), the next two dots represent the parentheses around ~p and ~q, the third dot represents the parentheses around p ∧ q, and the fourth dot (rather confusingly) represents the logical symbol ∧ rather than a pair", "title": "Principia Mathematica" }, { "id": "1281408", "score": "1.4278967", "text": "where the interpunct is used as a decimal point (as noted above, by many mathematics teachers in some countries), then the multiplication sign used is usually a full stop (period), not an interpunct. In computing, the middle dot is usually used to indicate white space in various software applications such as word processing, graphic design, web layout, desktop publishing or software development programs. In some word processors, interpuncts are used to denote not only hard space or space characters, but also sometimes used to indicate a space when put in paragraph format to show indentations and spaces. This allows the", "title": "Interpunct" }, { "id": "101295", "score": "1.4156854", "text": "but may be a comma \"\" in other countries (mainly in Europe). For representing a nonnegative number, a decimal consists of It is generally assumed that, if , the first digit is not zero, but, in some circumstances, it may be useful to have one or more 0's on the left. This does not change the value represented by the decimal. For example, . Similarly, if , it may be removed, and conversely, trailing zeros may be added without changing the represented number. For example, and . sometimes, the unnecessary zeros are used for indicating the accuracy of a measurement.", "title": "Decimal" }, { "id": "2544517", "score": "1.4154035", "text": "by a full stop. For example, the hexadecimal number \"0xFF000000\" may be expressed in dot-decimal notation as \"255.0.0.0\". In computer networking, the term is often used as a synonym of \"dotted quad notation\", or \"quad-dotted notation\", a specific use to represent IPv4 addresses. Object identifiers use a style of dot-decimal notation to represent an arbitrarily deep hierarchy of objects identified by decimal numbers. An IPv4 address has 32 bits. For purposes of representation, the bits may be divided into four octets written in decimal numbers, ranging from 0 to 255, concatenated as a character string with full stop delimiters between", "title": "Dot-decimal notation" }, { "id": "856611", "score": "1.4070994", "text": "accommodate it, e.g. 99·95. However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal separator. During the beginning of British metrication in the late 1960s and with impending currency decimalisation, there was some debate in the United Kingdom as to whether the decimal comma or decimal point should be preferred: the British Standards Institution and some sectors of industry advocated the comma and the Decimal Currency Board advocated for the point. In the event, the point was chosen by the Ministry of Technology in 1968.", "title": "Decimal separator" }, { "id": "2060241", "score": "1.4070709", "text": "or halfway between the baseline and the top of the numerals. In many other countries, the radix point is a comma (,) placed on the baseline. It is important to know which notation is being used when working in different software programs. The respective ISO standard defines both the comma and the small dot as decimal markers, but does not explicitly define universal radix marks for bases other than 10. Hence, its decimal value can be calculated as: It is now seen that 1101, which is to the left of the radix point, is the binary representation of the decimal", "title": "Radix point" }, { "id": "4406231", "score": "1.4064362", "text": "decimal point is written as \",\" (comma) and spelled and pronounced . The digits following the decimal point may be read individually or as a pair if there are only two. When dealing with monetary amounts (usually with two decimals), the decimal point is read as , i.e. \"and\": 3,50 (), 7,88 (). Ordinals from \"first\" to \"twelfth\": Those from \"thirteenth\" to \"nineteenth\", as well as \"hundredth\" and \"thousandth\", are formed from cardinal numerals with the suffix \"-de\", e.g. (\"13:e\"), (\"14:e\"), (\"100:e\"), (\"1000:e\"). Ordinals for the multiples of ten (\"twentieth\" to \"ninetieth\") are formed from cardinal numerals with the suffix", "title": "Swedish grammar" }, { "id": "2544516", "score": "1.3978376", "text": "Dot-decimal notation Dot-decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data. It consists of a string of decimal numbers, each pair separated by a full stop (\"dot\"). A common use of dot-decimal notation is in information technology where it is a method of writing numbers in octet-grouped base-10 (decimal) numbers separated by dots (full stops). In computer networking, Internet Protocol Version 4 addresses (IPv4 addresses) are commonly written using the quad-dotted notation of four decimal integers, ranging from 0 to 255 each. Dot-decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data expressed as a string of decimal numbers each separated", "title": "Dot-decimal notation" }, { "id": "2545991", "score": "1.3925426", "text": "letters representing 10–50 and/or one chosen from 9 letters representing 1–9, or a zero symbol). Examples: Related topics: Positional notation Positional notation or place-value notation is a method of representing or encoding numbers. Positional notation is distinguished from other notations (such as Roman numerals) for its use of the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude (for example, the \"ones place\", \"tens place\", \"hundreds place\"). This greatly simplified arithmetic, leading to the rapid spread of the notation across the world. With the use of a radix point (decimal point in base-10), the notation can be extended to include fractions", "title": "Positional notation" }, { "id": "856605", "score": "1.3912514", "text": "Decimal separator A decimal separator is a symbol used to separate the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form. Different countries officially designate different symbols for the decimal separator. The choice of symbol for the decimal separator also affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping, so the latter is also treated in this article. Any such symbol can be called a decimal mark, decimal marker or decimal sign. But symbol-specific names are also used; decimal point and decimal comma refer to an (either baseline or middle) dot and", "title": "Decimal separator" }, { "id": "3031185", "score": "1.3827674", "text": "places. (If you prefer to not round π, then replace \"cosmos\" with \"cielo\".) Translation: \"Níl i mata, a shaoi, eolaíocht nó feidhm.\" (7 decimal places) — \"Wise one, mathematics has neither science nor use.\" One of the Romanian versions of Pi poems is: There is another phrase known in Romanian that will help to memorize the number by eight decimal places: \"Așa e bine a scrie renumitul și utilul număr.\" — \"This is the way to write the renowned and useful number.\" In the Russian language, there is a well-known phrase in the reform of 1917 orthography of old tradition:", "title": "Piphilology" }, { "id": "327641", "score": "1.3756227", "text": "to ⊃, and also adopted a few of Peano's later symbols, such as ℩ and ι, and Peano's practice of turning letters upside down. \"PM\" adopts the assertion sign \"⊦\" from Frege's 1879 \"Begriffsschrift\": Thus to assert a proposition \"p\" \"PM\" writes: Most of the rest of the notation in PM was invented by Whitehead. \"PM\" 's dots are used in a manner similar to parentheses. Each dot (or multiple dot) represents either a left or right parenthesis or the logical symbol ∧. More than one dot indicates the \"depth\" of the parentheses, for example, \".\", \":\" or \":.\", \"::\".", "title": "Principia Mathematica" }, { "id": "468965", "score": "1.3736377", "text": "on the Mathematical Art\". Pingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BC), a Sanskrit prosody scholar, used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code. Pingala used the Sanskrit word \"śūnya\" explicitly to refer to zero. It was considered that the earliest text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is the \"Lokavibhāga\", a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original, which is internally dated to AD 458 (Saka era 380). In this text, \"śūnya\" (\"void, empty\")", "title": "0" }, { "id": "2545989", "score": "1.3729566", "text": "\"W\" is balanced with 3 (3) on its pan and 1 and 27 (3 and 3) on the other, then its weight in decimal is 25 or 101 in balanced base-3. The factorial number system uses a varying radix, giving factorials as place values; they are related to Chinese remainder theorem and residue number system enumerations. This system effectively enumerates permutations. A derivative of this uses the Towers of Hanoi puzzle configuration as a counting system. The configuration of the towers can be put into 1-to-1 correspondence with the decimal count of the step at which the configuration occurs and", "title": "Positional notation" }, { "id": "5070545", "score": "1.3716717", "text": "of the numbers 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. Because there is ultimately no room between 1 and these numbers, the point 1 must be this least point, and so . If one places 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. on the number line, one sees immediately that all these points are to the left of 1, and that they get closer and closer to 1. More precisely, the distance from 0.9 to 1 is , the distance from 0.99 to 1 is , and so on. The distance to 1 from the th point (the one with 9s after the decimal point) is", "title": "0.999..." }, { "id": "957338", "score": "1.3709669", "text": "as follows. The integer part of \"r\" is 0, the \"n\"th decimal place of \"r\" is 1 if the \"n\"th decimal place of \"r\" is not 1, and the \"n\"th decimal place of \"r\" is 2 if the \"n\"th decimal place of \"r\" is 1. The preceding two paragraphs are an expression in English that unambiguously defines a real number \"r\". Thus \"r\" must be one of the numbers \"r\". However, \"r\" was constructed so that it cannot equal any of the \"r\" (thus, \"r\" is an undefinable number). This is the paradoxical contradiction. Richard's paradox results in an untenable", "title": "Richard's paradox" } ]

[ "Lady of the lamp", "The lady with the lamp", "Nightingale, Florence", "florence nightengale", "Nightingale School of Nursing", "nightingale school of nursing", "Florence nightangale", "Florence Nightinggale", "Lady with the Lamp", "florence nightingale", "florence nightangale", "nightingale florence", "Florence nightingale", "Florence Nightingale", "florence nightinggale", "Florence Nightengale", "lady of lamp", "The Lady with the Lamp", "lady with lamp" ]

[ { "id": "2036405", "score": "1.7632794", "text": "known as criticalists, and are generally employed in referral institutions or universities. The ICU's roots can be traced back to the Monitoring Unit of critical patients through nurse Florence Nightingale. The Crimean War began in 1853 when Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) declared war on Russia. Because of the lack of critical care and the high rate of infection, there was a high mortality rate of hospitalised soldiers, reaching as high as 40% of the deaths recorded during the war. Upon Nightingale's arrival and practicing, the mortality rate fell to 2%. Nightingale contracted typhoid, and returned in 1856", "title": "Intensive care medicine" }, { "id": "7861040", "score": "1.759125", "text": "Constantinople, with a party of 38 nurses. Initially the doctors did not want the nurses there and did not ask for their help, but within ten days fresh casualties arrived from the Battle of Inkermann and the nurses were fully stretched. When Nightingale returned from the Crimean War in August 1856, she hid herself away from the public's attention. For her contribution to Army statistics and comparative hospital statistics in 1860, Nightingale became the first woman to be elected a Fellow of the Statistical Society. Another nurse active in the care of soldiers in the Crimean War was a Welsh", "title": "Nursing in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "971033", "score": "1.7115825", "text": "Crimean War. Seacole claimed that associates of Nightingale rebuffed her attempts to work with the English nurse and her contingent, an allegation Nightingale later admitted to. Nightingale also questioned Seacole's morals, and the parentage of her daughter. During the Crimean war, Nightingale gained the nickname \"The Lady with the Lamp\" from a phrase in a report in \"The Times\": She is a \"ministering angel\" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "971079", "score": "1.7011139", "text": "Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale, (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers. She gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of \"The Lady with the Lamp\" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night. Recent commentators have asserted Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by media at the time, but critics agree on the", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "971015", "score": "1.7011139", "text": "Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale, (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers. She gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of \"The Lady with the Lamp\" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night. Recent commentators have asserted Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by media at the time, but critics agree on the", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Florence Nightingale\n\nFlorence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople. She significantly reduced death rates by improving hygiene and living standards. Nightingale gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of \"The Lady with the Lamp\" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.\n\nRecent commentators have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media at the time, but critics agree on the importance of her later work in professionalising nursing roles for women. In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world and is now part of King's College London. In recognition of her pioneering work in nursing, the Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses, and the Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday. Her social reforms included improving healthcare for all sections of British society, advocating better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce.\n\nNightingale was a pioneer in statistics; she represented her analysis in graphical forms to ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data. She is famous for usage of the polar area diagram, also called the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram. This diagram is still regularly used in data visualisation.\n\nNightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. She was also a pioneer in data visualization with the use of infographics, using graphical presentations of statistical data in an effective way.<ref name=\"BBC 2017\"/> Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mary Seacole\n\nMary Jane Seacole (; 23 November 1805 – 14 May 1881) was a British-Jamaican nurse and businesswoman who set up the \"British Hotel\" behind the lines during the Crimean War. She described the hotel as \"a mess-table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescent officers\", and provided succour for wounded service men on the battlefield, nursing many of them back to health. Coming from a tradition of Jamaican and West African \"doctresses\", Seacole displayed \"compassion, skills and bravery while nursing soldiers during the Crimean War\", through the use of herbal remedies. She was posthumously awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in 1991. In 2004, she was voted the greatest black Briton in a survey conducted in 2003 by the black heritage website Every Generation.\n\nIt has been argued that Seacole was the first British nurse practitioner (in the sense of a practising nurse with advanced medical skills). Hoping to assist with nursing the wounded on the outbreak of the Crimean War, Seacole applied to the War Office to be included among the nursing contingent but was refused, so she travelled independently and set up her hotel and tended to the battlefield wounded. She became popular among service personnel, who raised money for her when she faced destitution after the war. In 1857 a four-day fundraising gala took place in London to honour Seacole. About 40,000 attended, including veterans.\n\nShe was largely forgotten for almost a century after her death. Her autobiography, \"Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands\" (1857), was the first autobiography written by a black woman in Britain, although some aspects of its accuracy have been questioned. The erection of a statue of her at St Thomas' Hospital, London, on 30 June 2016, describing her as a \"pioneer\", generated some controversy and opposition, especially among those concerned with Florence Nightingale's legacy.", "title": "Mary Seacole" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Betsi Cadwaladr\n\nBetsi Cadwaladr (24 May 1789 – 17 July 1860), also known as Beti Cadwaladr and Betsi Davis, was a Welsh nurse. She began nursing on travelling ships in her 30s (1820s) and later nursed in the Crimean War alongside Florence Nightingale. Their different social backgrounds was a source of constant disagreement. \n\nHer name today is synonymous with the Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (), the largest health organisation in Wales. In 2016, she was named as one of \"the 50 greatest Welsh men and women of all time\". and was placed ahead of such famous Welsh individuals as the singer Tom Jones, the actor Anthony Hopkins, T.E. Lawrence and Ivor Novello.", "title": "Betsi Cadwaladr" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of nursing\n\nThe word \"nurse\" originally came from the Latin word \"nutrire\", meaning to suckle, referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.\n\nFrom the earliest times most cultures produced a stream of nurses dedicated to service on religious principles. Both Christendom and the Muslim World generated a stream of dedicated nurses from their earliest days. In Europe before the foundation of modern nursing, Catholic nuns and the military often provided nursing-like services. It took until the 19th century for nursing to become a secular profession.", "title": "History of nursing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of nursing in the United Kingdom\n\nThe history of nursing in the United Kingdom relates to the development of the profession since the 1850s. The history of nursing itself dates back to ancient history, when the sick were cared for in temples and places of worship. In the early Christian era, nursing in the United Kingdom was undertaken by certain women in the Christian Church, their services being extended to patients in their homes. These women had no real training by today's standards, but experience taught them valuable skills, especially in the use of herbs and folk drugs, and some gained fame as the physicians of their era. Remnants of the religious nature of nurses remains in Britain today, especially with the retention of the job title \"Sister\" for a senior female nurse.", "title": "History of nursing in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "971028", "score": "1.6843691", "text": "Smith, and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning) were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her friend Mary Clarke. They were deployed about across the Black Sea from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British camp was based. Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "11996831", "score": "1.6833014", "text": "1854 the Crimean War broke out. Frances volunteered to nurse in the military hospitals in Turkey. Though under age she was accepted for the second party of volunteer nurses which went out in December 1854, being joined there by her sister Charlotte in April 1855. She nursed briefly with Florence Nightingale at Scutari Hospital, though she was critical of the organisation (particularly of supplies at the hospital) and she shortly moved to another military hospital at Koulali. There she encountered the Sisters of Mercy and the stoical Irish Catholic soldiery. In the poor conditions of the military hospitals, Frances sought", "title": "Frances Margaret Taylor" }, { "id": "971031", "score": "1.6607573", "text": "the sewers and improved ventilation. Death rates were sharply reduced, but she never claimed credit for helping to reduce the death rate. In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries that were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published in \"The Guardian\" and the \"Sunday Times\". Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as \"often preposterous\", arguing they are not supported by the primary sources. Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air and overworking of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "971027", "score": "1.635304", "text": "took the post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career. Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, including her aunt Mai", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "18459614", "score": "1.6235034", "text": "school designed primarily to train nurses rather than to provide nursing service for the hospital. In the Crimean War against Russia, Nightingale was appointed by Sir Sidney Herbert to oversee the introduction of female nurses into the military hospitals in Turkey. In November 1854, Nightingale arrived at the Barrack Hospital at Scutari, with a party of ten nurses and ten nuns. Initially the doctors did not want the nurses there and did not ask for their help, but within ten days fresh casualties arrived from the Battle of Inkermann and the nurses were fully stretched. Nightingale was horrified at what", "title": "History of nursing in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "971069", "score": "1.6119065", "text": "and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition. When Nightingale moved on to the Crimea itself in May 1855, she often travelled on horseback to make hospital inspections. She later transferred to a mule cart and was reported to have escaped serious injury when the cart was toppled in an accident. Following this, she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and curtains. The carriage was returned to England by Alexis Soyer after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school. The carriage was damaged", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "971023", "score": "1.5968734", "text": "the politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year courtship she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing. In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846) who was on his honeymoon. He and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of War again during the Crimean War, when he and his wife would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in the Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political career, though she was accused by some", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "971070", "score": "1.59108", "text": "when the hospital was bombed during the Second World War. It was restored and transferred to the Army Medical Services Museum, now in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot. A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey and unveiled on Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the inscription: \"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession.\" Other monuments of Nightingale include a statue at Chiba University in Japan,", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "id": "18459615", "score": "1.5840847", "text": "she found in the makeshift hospital: doctors reusing infected rags, the used rags just remaining in a pile, soldiers left unwashed and bleeding. She introduced sanitary protocols and reduced the casualty rate by fifty percent. When Nightingale returned from the Crimean War in August 1856, she hid herself away from the public's attention. For her contribution to Army statistics and comparative hospital statistics in 1860, Nightingale became the first woman to be elected a fellow of the Statistical Society. When state registration of the medical profession had begun in 1858, many observers pointed to the need for a similar system", "title": "History of nursing in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "2909984", "score": "1.5803545", "text": "1850. Initially sent by editor John Delane to Malta to cover British support for the Ottoman Empire against Russia in 1854, Russell despised the term \"war correspondent\" but his coverage of the conflict brought him international renown, and Florence Nightingale later credited her entry into wartime nursing to his reports. The Crimean medical care, shelter and protection of all ranks by Mary Seacole was also publicised by Russell and by other contemporary journalists, rescuing her from bankruptcy. Russell was described by one of the soldiers on the frontlines thus: \"a vulgar low Irishman, [who] sings a good song, drinks anyone's", "title": "William Howard Russell" }, { "id": "20696595", "score": "1.5781443", "text": "Anka Đurović Anka Đurović (1850–1925) was a Serbian nurse in the first Serbian-Turkish War, the Bulgarian-Serbian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War, and World War I. She was awarded the highest medal for humanitarian work, the Florence Nightingale Medal on October 5, 1923. Anka Crvenčanin was born in 1850. She was in Belgrade when World War I broke out, and as all three of her sons had joined the army, she went to the Red Cross where she got some stretchers and material to dress wounds. This was the beginning of her selfless effort to help the", "title": "Anka Đurović" }, { "id": "10216305", "score": "1.5743046", "text": "British soldiers from the Crimean War. A bronze plaque, attached by the British community in Turkey on the plinth of the Crimean Memorial and unveiled on Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Florence Nightingale’s nursing service in this region, bears the inscription: \"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession.\" Other monuments in the cemetery include a symbolic broken column in memorial of German Jäger officers who fell in the Crimea, and a British memorial, which was erected in 1855 initially in", "title": "Haydarpaşa Cemetery" }, { "id": "20710170", "score": "1.5730722", "text": "Miss Nightingale at Scutari, 1854 Miss Nightingale at Scutari, 1854, also known as The Lady with the Lamp, is an 1891 painting by Henrietta Rae. It depicts Florence Nightingale at Scutari Hospital during the Crimean War. The painting is a romanticised three-quarter-length portrait of Nightingale, depicted as a young woman swathed in a white shawl, carrying an oil lamp as she looks down on a wounded soldier, wearing his redcoat draped over his shoulders with its arms around his neck. Other wounded soldiers lie in the background, below military flags. The painting was commissioned by the publishers Cassell & Co", "title": "Miss Nightingale at Scutari, 1854" }, { "id": "14979501", "score": "1.5655487", "text": "Mary Stanley Mary Stanley (1813–1879) philanthropist and nurse, is best known for her dispute in the Crimea with her friend Florence Nightingale. She was born in Alderley, Cheshire the second of five children to Edward Stanley, later to be the Bishop of Norwich, and sister of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster and Owen Stanley, the naval explorer. She was also a close friend of Sidney Herbert, and his wife. She was an ardent Puseyite. She was converted to Catholicism in 1856. Mary Stanley was one of the women who answered the appeal which went out for nurses for the", "title": "Mary Stanley" }, { "id": "17124599", "score": "1.5595562", "text": "nursing educators as well as the Norwegian Nurses' Union. Joys was a co-founder of the Norwegian Nurses' Union in 1912. During the First Balkan War, during the winter of 1912–1913, Joys volunteered at an Ottoman military hospital in Constantinople. She thus became known as one of the first nurses to volunteer in a catastrophic setting abroad—already from her study days she had been an admirer of Florence Nightingale. In 1948 she issued her memoirs, \"Erindringer\", where she described the war among other things. Arntzen was awarded the King's Medal of Merit in gold in 1923 and the international Florence Nightingale", "title": "Marie Joys" } ]

[ "Sleepy Hollow", "Sleepy hollow", "sleepy hollow disambiguation", "Sleepy Hollow (disambiguation)", "sleepy hollow" ]

[ { "id": "659784", "score": "2.0663986", "text": "romance with Katrina. His work went uncredited through the WGA screenwriting credit system. While Johnny Depp was Burton's first choice for the role of Ichabod Crane, Paramount required him to consider Brad Pitt, Liam Neeson and Daniel Day-Lewis. Depp was cast in July 1998 for his third collaboration with Burton. The actor wanted Ichabod to parallel Irving's description of the character in the short story. This included a long prosthetic snipe nose, huge ears, and elongated fingers. Paramount turned down his suggestions, and after Depp read Tom Stoppard's rewrite of the script, he was inspired to take the character even", "title": "Sleepy Hollow (film)" }, { "id": "797503", "score": "1.9607545", "text": "in a snuff film in exchange for money for his family. Depp was a fan and friend of writer Hunter S. Thompson, and played his alter ego Raoul Duke in \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas\" (1998), Terry Gilliam's film adaptation of Thompson's pseudobiographical novel of the same name. Depp's next venture with Burton was the period film \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999), in which he played Ichabod Crane opposite Christina Ricci and Christopher Walken. For his performance, Depp took inspiration from Angela Lansbury, Roddy McDowall and Basil Rathbone. He stated that he \"always thought of Ichabod as a very delicate, fragile", "title": "Johnny Depp" }, { "id": "427551", "score": "1.9256403", "text": "stating, \"I basically wasted a year. A year is a long time to be working with somebody that you don't really want to be working with.\" \"Sleepy Hollow\", released in late 1999, had a supernatural setting and contained another offbeat performance by Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane, a detective with an interest in forensic science rather than the schoolteacher of Washington Irving's original tale. With \"Sleepy Hollow\", Burton paid homage to the horror films of the English company Hammer Films. Christopher Lee, one of Hammer's stars, was given a cameo role. A host of Burton regulars appeared in supporting roles", "title": "Tim Burton" }, { "id": "16528976", "score": "1.7916185", "text": "also starred in \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas\" as Hunter S. Thompson (1998), \"The Ninth Gate\" as Dean Corso (1999), and \"Sleepy Hollow\" as Ichabod Crane (1999). In the 2000s, he was in the films \"Chocolat\" (2000), \"Blow\" (2001), \"From Hell\" (2001), \"Once Upon a Time in Mexico\" (2003), \"Finding Neverland\" (2004), \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2005), \"\" (2007), and \"Public Enemies\" (2009). He has played Captain Jack Sparrow in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series, starting with 2003's \"\", and going on to reprise the role in \"\" (2006), \"\" (2007), \"\" (2011) and \"\" (2017). For", "title": "Johnny Depp filmography" }, { "id": "659785", "score": "1.7583066", "text": "further. \"I always thought of Ichabod as a very delicate, fragile person who was maybe a little too in touch with his feminine side, like a frightened little girl,\" Depp explained. He did not wish to portray the character as a typical action star would have, and instead took inspiration by Angela Lansbury's performance in \"Death on the Nile\". \"It's good,\" Burton reasoned, \"because I'm not the greatest action director in the world, and he's not the greatest action star.\" Depp modeled Ichabod's detective personality from Basil Rathbone in the 1939 \"Sherlock Holmes\" film series. He also studied Roddy McDowall's", "title": "Sleepy Hollow (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ichabod Crane\n\nIchabod Crane is a fictional character and the protagonist in Washington Irving's short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.\" Crane is portrayed, in the original work, as well as in most adaptations, as a tall, lanky individual with a scarecrow effect. He is the local schoolmaster, and has a strong belief in all things supernatural, including the legend of the Headless Horseman. Crane eventually tries unsuccessfully to court the heiress Katrina Van Tassel, a decision that angers Abraham \"Brom Bones\" Van Brunt, a local man who also wishes to marry Katrina. After supposedly proposing to Katrina, Crane is headed home alone at night when the Headless Horseman appears and chases the schoolmaster, until the Horseman throws his pumpkin head at him, causing him to mysteriously disappear without a trace.", "title": "Ichabod Crane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sleepy Hollow (film)\n\nSleepy Hollow is a 1999 gothic supernatural horror film directed by Tim Burton. It is a film adaptation loosely based on Washington Irving's 1820 short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", and stars Johnny Depp and Christina Ricci, with Miranda Richardson, Michael Gambon, Casper Van Dien, Christopher Lee and Jeffrey Jones in supporting roles. The plot follows police constable Ichabod Crane (Depp) sent from New York City to investigate a series of murders in the village of Sleepy Hollow by a mysterious Headless Horseman.\n\nDevelopment began in 1993 at Paramount Pictures, with Kevin Yagher originally set to direct Andrew Kevin Walker's script as a low-budget slasher film. Disagreements with Paramount resulted in Yagher being demoted to prosthetic makeup designer, and Burton was hired to direct in June 1998. Filming took place from November 1998 to May 1999. The film was an international co-production between Germany and the United States.\n\nThe film had its world premiere at Mann's Chinese Theatre on November 17, 1999, and was released in the United States on November 19, 1999, by Paramount Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising the performances, direction, screenplay and musical score, as well as its dark humor, visual effects and atmosphere. It grossed approximately $207 million worldwide. \"Sleepy Hollow\" won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction.", "title": "Sleepy Hollow (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Johnny Depp filmography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Johnny Depp\n\nJohn Christopher Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor and musician. He is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, in addition to nominations for three Academy Awards and two BAFTA awards.\n\nDepp made his feature film debut in the horror film \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\" (1984) and appeared in \"Platoon\" (1986), before rising to prominence as a teen idol on the television series \"21 Jump Street\" (1987–1990). In the 1990s, Depp acted mostly in independent films with auteur directors, often playing eccentric characters. These included \"Cry-Baby\" (1990), \"What's Eating Gilbert Grape\" (1993), \"Benny and Joon\" (1993), \"Dead Man\" (1995), \"Donnie Brasco\" (1997), and \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas\" (1998). Depp also began his longtime collaboration with director Tim Burton, portraying the leads in the films \"Edward Scissorhands\" (1990), \"Ed Wood\" (1994), and \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999)\".\n\nIn the 2000s, Depp became one of the most commercially successful film stars by playing Captain Jack Sparrow in the Walt Disney swashbuckler film series \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" (2003–2017). He also received critical praise for \"Chocolat\" (2000), \"Finding Neverland\" (2004) and \"Public Enemies\" (2009), while also continuing his commercially successful collaboration with Tim Burton with the films \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2005), where he portrayed Willy Wonka, \"Corpse Bride\" (2005), \"\" (2007), and \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010).\n\nIn 2012, Depp was one of the world's biggest film stars, and was listed by the \"Guinness World Records\" as the world's highest-paid actor, with earnings of US$75 million in a year. During the 2010s, Depp began producing films through his company Infinitum Nihil. He also received critical praise for \"Black Mass\" (2015) and formed the rock supergroup Hollywood Vampires with Alice Cooper and Joe Perry, before starring as Gellert Grindelwald in the Wizarding World films \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\" (2016) and \"\" (2018).\n\nBetween 1998 and 2012, Depp was in a relationship with French singer Vanessa Paradis and together they had two children, including actress Lily-Rose Depp. From 2015 to 2017, Depp was married to actress Amber Heard. Their divorce drew much media attention, as both alleged abuse against each other. In 2018, Depp unsuccessfully sued the publishers of British tabloid \"The Sun\" for defamation under English law; a judge ruled the publication labelling him a \"wife beater\" was \"substantially true\". Depp later successfully sued Heard in a 2022 trial in Virginia; a seven-member jury ruled that Heard's allegations of \"sexual violence\" and \"domestic abuse\" were false and defamed Depp under American law.<ref name=CNverdict/><ref name=APverdict/>", "title": "Johnny Depp" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Peter Cushing\n\nPeter Wilton Cushing (26 May 1913 – 11 August 1994) was an English actor. His acting career spanned over six decades and included appearances in more than 100 films, as well as many television, stage, and radio roles. He achieved recognition in his home country for his leading performances in the Hammer Productions horror films from the 1950s to 1970s, while earning international prominence as Grand Moff Tarkin in \"Star Wars\" (1977).\n\nBorn in Kenley, Surrey, Cushing made his stage debut in 1935 and spent three years at a repertory theatre before moving to Hollywood to pursue a film career. After making his motion picture debut in the film \"The Man in the Iron Mask\" (1939), Cushing began to find modest success in American films before returning to England at the outbreak of the Second World War. Despite performing in a string of roles, including one as Osric in Laurence Olivier's film adaptation of \"Hamlet\" (1948), Cushing struggled greatly to find work during this period. His career was revitalised once he started to work in live television plays, and he soon became one of the most recognisable faces in British television. He earned particular acclaim for his lead performance as Winston Smith in a BBC adaptation of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1954).\n\nCushing gained worldwide fame for his appearances in 22 horror films from the Hammer studio, particularly for his role as Baron Frankenstein in six of their seven \"Frankenstein\" films, and Doctor Van Helsing in five \"Dracula\" films. Cushing often appeared alongside actor Christopher Lee, who became one of his closest friends, and occasionally with the American horror star Vincent Price. Cushing appeared in several other Hammer films, including \"The Abominable Snowman\" (1957), \"The Mummy\" and \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\" (both 1959), the last of which marked the first of the several occasions he portrayed the detective Sherlock Holmes. Cushing continued to perform in a variety of roles, although he was often typecast as a horror film actor. He played Dr. Who in \"Dr. Who and the Daleks\" (1965) and \"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.\" (1966) and gained the highest amount of visibility in his career with his part in the original \"Star Wars\" film. Cushing continued acting into the early 1990s and wrote two autobiographies.", "title": "Peter Cushing" }, { "id": "14326377", "score": "1.7235396", "text": "Ichabod Crane (colonel) Ichabod Bennet Crane (July 18, 1787 – October 5, 1857) was a career military officer for 48 years and the probable namesake of the protagonist in Washington Irving's \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\". Crane was born in Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth), New Jersey. He was the son of Gen. William Crane. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1809 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, assigned to the USS \"United States\", a 44-gun frigate commanded by Stephen Decatur. He served aboard the \"United States\" for two years. Crane resigned from the Marines in April 1812,", "title": "Ichabod Crane (colonel)" }, { "id": "2992502", "score": "1.7100543", "text": "Ichabod Crane Ichabod Crane is a fictional character and the protagonist in Washington Irving's short story, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", first published in 1820. In popular culture, this story is sometimes retitled as \"The Headless Horseman.\" Crane is invariably portrayed, in the original work and in most adaptations as a tall, lanky individual with a scarecrow affect. Ichabod -- meaning \"without glory\" -- comes from the biblical name of the grandson of Eli the High Priest and son of Phinehas. Irving might have borrowed the name from that of Ichabod Crane, a colonel in the US Army during the", "title": "Ichabod Crane" }, { "id": "14326385", "score": "1.6934085", "text": "Published for the New Jersey Historical Society by the Grassmann Pub. Co., 1964 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized September 22, 2008 Ichabod Crane (colonel) Ichabod Bennet Crane (July 18, 1787 – October 5, 1857) was a career military officer for 48 years and the probable namesake of the protagonist in Washington Irving's \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\". Crane was born in Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth), New Jersey. He was the son of Gen. William Crane. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1809 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, assigned to the USS \"United States\", a", "title": "Ichabod Crane (colonel)" }, { "id": "797496", "score": "1.6889324", "text": "police officer who goes on an undercover operation in a high school in the Fox television series \"21 Jump Street\", which premiered in 1987. He accepted this role to work with actor Frederic Forrest, who inspired him. Despite his success, Depp felt that the series \"forced [him] into the role of product.\" He subsequently decided to appear only in films that he felt were right for him. In 1990, Depp played the title character in Tim Burton's film \"Edward Scissorhands\", in which he starred opposite Dianne Wiest and Winona Ryder. The film was a critical and commercial success that established", "title": "Johnny Depp" }, { "id": "12404051", "score": "1.6764908", "text": "Tom Mison Thomas James Mison (born 23 July 1982) is an English film, television, and theatre actor, voice artist, and writer. He has had leading and supporting roles in a variety of British theatre, television, and radio productions, as well as independent and mainstream studio films and film shorts. He is best known for his starring role as Ichabod Crane on the Fox series \"Sleepy Hollow\", which ran from September 2013 to March 2017. He played Fainall in the Donmar Warehouse's 2018 production of William Congreve's The Way of the World. In June 2018, it was announced he had been", "title": "Tom Mison" }, { "id": "4744418", "score": "1.6745819", "text": "Irving. Although the film introduces the story as \"Ichabod Crane\", later individual releases retained the story's original title. (As a short story, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was originally published in \"The Sketch Book\" with other stories, not as a single volume as pictured in the film.) In October 1790, Ichabod Crane, a lanky, gluttonous, superstitious yet charming dandy arrives in Sleepy Hollow, New York, a small village north of Tarrytown and New York City, New York, United States that is renowned for its ghostly hauntings, to be the town's new schoolmaster. Despite his odd behavior, appearance, and effeminate mannerisms,", "title": "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad" }, { "id": "14326384", "score": "1.6741736", "text": "admit that the character is named after Colonel Crane, the two men had met in 1814 at Fort Pike located on Lake Ontario in Sackets Harbor, New York. Irving was an aide-de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, who was inspecting defenses in the Sackets Harbor area. Crane's somewhat unusual and memorable first name Ichabod comes from the biblical name of the grandson of Eli the High Priest and son of Phinehas. As we were: the story of old Elizabethtown Volume 13 of Collections of the New Jersey Historical Society New Jersey Historical Society Collections Author Theodore Thayer Publisher", "title": "Ichabod Crane (colonel)" }, { "id": "1394273", "score": "1.6680596", "text": "Thing\" (1982). Director Tim Burton and actor Johnny Depp both said the portrayal of Ichabod Crane in \"Sleepy Hollow\" was intended to resemble that of Cushing's old horror film performances. In 2008, fourteen years after his death, Cushing's image was used in a set of stamps issued by the Royal Mail honouring Hammer Studios films on the fiftieth anniversary of the release of \"Dracula\". Peter Cushing was dedicated to his wife Helen, to whom he was married for twenty-eight years until her death in 1971. Cushing often said he felt his life had ended when hers did, and he was", "title": "Peter Cushing" }, { "id": "659770", "score": "1.649488", "text": "Sleepy Hollow (film) Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 American gothic supernatural horror film directed by Tim Burton. It is a film adaptation loosely based on Washington Irving's 1820 short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", and stars Johnny Depp and Christina Ricci, with Miranda Richardson, Michael Gambon, Casper Van Dien, and Jeffrey Jones in supporting roles. The plot follows police constable Ichabod Crane (Depp) sent from New York City to investigate a series of murders in the village of Sleepy Hollow by a mysterious Headless Horseman. Development began in 1993 at Paramount Pictures, with Kevin Yagher originally set to direct", "title": "Sleepy Hollow (film)" }, { "id": "12404068", "score": "1.6401062", "text": "renew the show for a fifth season. Tom Mison Thomas James Mison (born 23 July 1982) is an English film, television, and theatre actor, voice artist, and writer. He has had leading and supporting roles in a variety of British theatre, television, and radio productions, as well as independent and mainstream studio films and film shorts. He is best known for his starring role as Ichabod Crane on the Fox series \"Sleepy Hollow\", which ran from September 2013 to March 2017. He played Fainall in the Donmar Warehouse's 2018 production of William Congreve's The Way of the World. In June", "title": "Tom Mison" }, { "id": "2992519", "score": "1.629159", "text": "distinctive characteristic Irving gives Ichabod is that of a psalm singer,\" and that Ichabod Crane is the \"most celebrated Covenanter in all of the literature.\" Ichabod Crane Ichabod Crane is a fictional character and the protagonist in Washington Irving's short story, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", first published in 1820. In popular culture, this story is sometimes retitled as \"The Headless Horseman.\" Crane is invariably portrayed, in the original work and in most adaptations as a tall, lanky individual with a scarecrow affect. Ichabod -- meaning \"without glory\" -- comes from the biblical name of the grandson of Eli the", "title": "Ichabod Crane" }, { "id": "15218126", "score": "1.6166093", "text": "the camera crew about his previous acting experiences, recalling how, in his elementary days, he was continually cast as Ichabod Crane (presumably because of his asthenic build) in his school's numerous productions of \"Sleepy Hollow\" (a role he also portrayed in College), as well as once portraying Abraham Lincoln in the eleventh grade. In \"Sex Ed\", Gabe becomes irritated because Andy's titular work meeting is a thinly veiled attempt to learn whether Erin is having sex or not (the answer is \"yes\"). He bluntly tells Andy that he asked for Andy's permission before pursuing Erin (Andy sputters that he only", "title": "Gabe Lewis" }, { "id": "6436769", "score": "1.6082832", "text": "died two years earlier in a house fire in Stratford, Ontario. In May 2014, Carver received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honor in the performing arts, for his lifetime contribution to Canadian theatre. Carver portrayed Ichabod Crane in the 1999 TV film \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" which aired on Odyssey. He played the title role in \"The Trouble With Harry\", an episode of the television series \"Twice in a Lifetime\" directed by David Winning. He portrayed Leonardo da Vinci in \"Leonardo: A Dream of Flight\" in 2002. In 2016, Carver is performing in a musical show", "title": "Brent Carver" }, { "id": "797510", "score": "1.6020374", "text": "in which he portrayed real-life gangster John Dillinger. The next Depp-Burton collaboration was \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), in which he played the Mad Hatter alongside Helena Bonham Carter, Anne Hathaway and Alan Rickman. The following year saw the release of the fourth installment in the \"Pirates\" series, \"\" (2011), which was again a box office success. Depp also voiced the title character, a lizard, in the animated film \"Rango\" (2011). Depp returned to Hunter S. Thompson's work with a film adaptation of the novel \"The Rum Diary\", which also became the first project undertaken by his production company, Infinitum Nihil.", "title": "Johnny Depp" }, { "id": "15695868", "score": "1.6000204", "text": "in 1809, where he wrote the satire, 'A History of New York'. Later, he wrote the short stories Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow which take place regionally. The Kinderhook school district is named \"Ichabod Crane\". for the Irving character, Ichabod Crane, which was based on the original Kinderhook schoolmaster named Jesse Merwin. Irving and Merwin became friends in Kinderhook, where they boarded together at the Van Ness home, and the two friends continued a pen-pal correspondence for thirty years. The Columbia County Historical Society (New York) owns the original Kinderhook Schoolhouse named after the Irving character", "title": "Ichabod Crane Central School District" } ]

[ "Corchea", "Eighth-part-note", "demi soupir", "𝄾", "Eighth-note", "♫", "eighth note", "Eighth note", "Åttondelsnot", "eighth part note", "attondelsnot", "Eighth notes", "Quaver", "Attondelsnot", "Croche", "croche", "åttondelsnot", "corchea", "eighth notes", "♪", "8th note", "Demi-soupir", "achtel note", "quaver", "Achtel-Note" ]

[ { "id": "1784562", "score": "1.8601358", "text": "Double whole note In music, a double whole note (American), breve (international), or double note (; ) is a note lasting two times as long as a whole note (or \"semibreve\"). It is the second-longest note value still in use in modern music notation (; ). In medieval mensural notation, the \"brevis\" was one of the shortest note lengths in use —hence its name, which is the Latin etymon of \"brief\". In \"perfect\" rhythmic mode, the brevis was a third of a \"longa\", or in \"imperfect\" mode, half a \"longa\" . In modern notation, a breve is commonly represented in", "title": "Double whole note" }, { "id": "5279923", "score": "1.7689044", "text": "corresponds to the modern system. The mensural \"brevis\" is nominally the ancestor of the modern double whole note (breve); likewise, the \"semibrevis\" corresponds to the whole note (semibreve), the \"minima\" to the half note (minim), the \"semiminima\" to the quarter note (crotchet), and the \"fusa\" to the eighth note (quaver). Very rarely, mensural notation also used yet smaller subdivisions, such as the \"semifusa\" (corresponding to the sixteenth note or semiquaver). On the other hand, there were also two larger values, the \"longa\" (quadruple whole note or long) and the \"maxima\" (or \"duplex longa\", called a \"large\" in Britain), which are", "title": "Mensural notation" }, { "id": "895887", "score": "1.7569053", "text": "Eighth note An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for half the value of a quarter note (crotchet) and twice that of the sixteenth note (semiquaver), which amounts to one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), one eighth the duration of whole note (semibreve), one sixteenth the duration of a double whole note (breve), and one thirty-second the duration of a longa, hence the name. It is the equivalent of the \"fusa\" in mensural notation Eighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one", "title": "Eighth note" }, { "id": "409980", "score": "1.7449679", "text": "duration between different note values. The relation between the \"breve\" and the \"semibreve\" was called tempus, and the relation between the \"semibreve\" and the \"minim\" was called prolatio. The breve and the semibreve use roughly the same symbols as our modern double whole note (breve) and whole note (semibreve), but they were not limited to the same proportional values as are in use today. There are complicated rules concerning how a breve is sometimes three and sometimes two semibreves. Unlike modern notation, the duration ratios between these different values was not always 2:1; it could be either 2:1 or 3:1,", "title": "Time signature" }, { "id": "895860", "score": "1.7190173", "text": "(or \"breve\", hence the British name \"semibreve\") lasts twice as long as a whole note. A related symbol is the whole rest (or semibreve rest). It usually applies for an \"entire measure\", but may occasionally mean a rest for the duration of a whole note, in longer time signatures such as or . (An entire measure rest is drawn centered within the measure, whereas a rest lasting for a whole note is aligned to where the note would be.) Whole rests are drawn as filled-in rectangles generally hanging under the second line from the top of a musical staff, though", "title": "Whole note" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Note value\n\nIn music notation, a note value indicates the relative duration of a note, using the texture or shape of the \"notehead\", the presence or absence of a \"stem\", and the presence or absence of \"flags/beams/hooks/tails\". Unmodified note values are fractional powers of two, for example one, one-half, one fourth, etc.\n\nA rest indicates a silence of an equivalent duration.", "title": "Note value" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rest (music)\n\nA rest is a musical notation sign that indicates the absence of a sound.\n\nEach rest symbol and name corresponds with a particular note value for length, indicating how long the silence should last.", "title": "Rest (music)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Time signature\n\nThe time signature (also known as meter signature, metre signature, or measure signature) is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats (pulses) are contained in each measure (bar), and which note value is equivalent to a beat.\n\nIn a music score, the time signature appears at the beginning as a time symbol or stacked numerals, such as or (read \"common time\" or \"four-four time\", respectively), immediately following the key signature (or immediately following the clef symbol if the key signature is empty). A mid-score time signature, usually immediately following a barline, indicates a change of meter.\n\nThere are various types of time signatures, depending on whether the music follows regular (or symmetrical) beat patterns, including simple (e.g., and ), and compound (e.g., and ); or involves shifting beat patterns, including complex (e.g., or ), mixed (e.g., & or & ), additive (e.g., ), fractional (e.g., ), and irrational meters (e.g., or ).", "title": "Time signature" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eighth note\n\nAn eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for one eighth the duration of a whole note (semibreve). Its length relative to other rhythmic values is as expected—e.g., half the duration of a quarter note (crotchet), one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), and twice the value of a sixteenth note. It is the equivalent of the \"fusa\" in mensural notation.\n\nEighth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with one note flag (see Figure 1).\nThe stem is on the right of the notehead extending upwards or on the left extending downwards, depending primarily on where the notehead lies relative to the middle line of the staff. A related symbol is the eighth rest (or quaver rest), which denotes a silence for the same duration.\n\nEighth notes may be beamed together in groups (Figure 2). In , , , and they are typically beamed in groups of three. A single eighth note is always stemmed with a flag, while two or more are usually beamed in groups in instrumental music.\n\nIn Unicode, the symbol U+266A (♪) is a single eighth note and U+266B (♫) is a beamed pair of eighth notes. These symbols are inherited from the early 1980s code page 437, where they occupied codes 13 and 14 respectively. Additions to the Unicode standard incorporated eighth note depictions from Japanese emoji sets: ascending eighth notes (U+1F39C, 🎜), descending eighth notes (U+1F39D, 🎝), a graphical generic musical note generally depicted as an eighth note (U+1F3B5, 🎵), and three unconnected eighth notes in sequence (U+1F3B6, 🎶). All of these are graphical dingbats. In contrast, Unicode's Musical Symbols block includes eighth note symbols designed to be used in computerized musical notation.\n\n", "title": "Eighth note" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mensural notation" }, { "id": "5246453", "score": "1.707556", "text": "reliable system by which to indicate note-by-note metrical value. The beginning of such a solution was Franconian notation, so called after the theorist Franco of Cologne, who outlined the system in his c. 1260 treatise, \"Ars cantus mensurabilis\" (The art of mensurable music). This system recognized the double-long, long, breve, and semi-breve as the units of note value, related to one another by triple grouping; the double was always worth two longs, but a long could be perfect (and therefore worth three breves) or imperfect (and worth only two), depending on the exact sequence of notes. The breve was the", "title": "Petrus de Cruce" }, { "id": "7408517", "score": "1.7021258", "text": "Longa (music) A longa (pl. \"longe\" or \"longae\"), long, quadruple note (Am.), or quadruple whole note is a musical note that could be either twice or three times as long as a breve (Am.: double whole note, or double note), four or six times as long as a semibreve (Am.: whole note), that appears in early music. The number of breves in a long was determined by the \"modus\" or \"mode\" of a passage. Sections in perfect mode used three breves to the long while sections in imperfect mode used two breves to the long. Imperfect longs, worth two breves,", "title": "Longa (music)" }, { "id": "4776449", "score": "1.6928934", "text": "renaissance music, and the terms of Latin origin had international currency at that time. Obviously, \"longa\" means 'long', and the rest rarely indicate relative shortness. \"Breve\" is from Latin \"brevis\", 'short', \"minim\" is from \"minimus\", 'very small', and \"quaver\" refers to the quavering effect of very fast notes. The elements \"semi-\", \"demi-\" and \"hemi-\" mean 'half' in Latin, French and Greek respectively. The chain semantic shift whereby notes which were originally perceived as short came progressively to be long notes is interesting both linguistically and musically. However, the \"crotchet\" is named after the shape of the note, from the Old", "title": "Note value" }, { "id": "2856820", "score": "1.6713972", "text": "twenty-eighth note—otherwise known as the \"semihemidemisemiquaver\" —and even shorter notes, are occasionally found. Sixty-fourth note In music notation, a sixty-fourth note (American), or hemidemisemiquaver or semidemisemiquaver (British), sometimes called a half-thirty-second note , is a note played for half the duration of a thirty-second note (or demisemiquaver), hence the name. It first occurs in the late 17th century and, apart from rare occurrences of hundred twenty-eighth notes (semihemidemisemiquavers) and two hundred fifty-sixth notes (demisemihemidemisemiquavers), it is the shortest value found in musical notation . Sixty-fourth notes are notated with a filled-in oval note head and a straight note stem with", "title": "Sixty-fourth note" }, { "id": "1784563", "score": "1.6683342", "text": "either of two ways: by a hollow oval note head, like a whole note, with one or two vertical lines on either side, as on the left of the image, or as the rectangular shape also found in older notation, shown in the middle of the image (; ). Because it lasts longer than a bar in most modern time signatures in common use, the breve is rarely encountered except in English music, where the half-note is often used as the beat unit . A related symbol is the double whole rest (double rest or breve rest), which usually denotes", "title": "Double whole note" }, { "id": "5279967", "score": "1.6510558", "text": "recoverable from the modern text. While 19th and early 20th century editions of Renaissance music often preserved the large note values of the originals, including breves and longs, most modern editions will use scaled-down note values in order to match modern reading habits regarding tempo and beat structure. For 16th century music, a frequent scheme is diminution by a factor of 2 (i.e., rendering semibreves as modern minims), in a modern \"alla breve\" bar. Older music might be diminished by a factor of 4 (rendering semibreves as crotchets) or sometimes 8 (rendering breves as crotchets). For 13th-century pieces, diminution by", "title": "Mensural notation" }, { "id": "1784565", "score": "1.6470466", "text": "the \"brevis\" was to be considered the unit of time (\"tactus\"), instead of the usual \"semibrevis\". The old symbol , used as an alternative to the numerical proportion 2:1 in mensural notation, is carried over into modern notational practice to indicate a smaller relative value per note shape. It is normally used for music in a relatively quick tempo, where it indicates two minim (half note) beats in a bar of four crotchets (quarter notes), while is the equivalent of , with four crotchet beats . Double whole note In music, a double whole note (American), breve (international), or double", "title": "Double whole note" }, { "id": "895890", "score": "1.6432464", "text": "which are graphical dingbats). Eighth notes in , , , and are beamed three eighth notes at a time. A single eighth note is always stemmed with a flag, while two or more are usually beamed in groups . Eighth note An eighth note (American) or a quaver (British) is a musical note played for half the value of a quarter note (crotchet) and twice that of the sixteenth note (semiquaver), which amounts to one quarter the duration of a half note (minim), one eighth the duration of whole note (semibreve), one sixteenth the duration of a double whole note", "title": "Eighth note" }, { "id": "895840", "score": "1.6207318", "text": "Half note In music, a half note (American) or minim (British) is a note played for half the duration of a whole note (or semibreve) and twice the duration of a quarter note (or crotchet). It was given its Latin name (\"minima\", meaning \"least or smallest\") because it was the shortest of the five note values used in early medieval music notation . In time signatures with 4 as the bottom number, such as or , the half note is two beats long. However, when 2 is the bottom number (including \"alla breve\", ), the half note is one beat", "title": "Half note" }, { "id": "349878", "score": "1.617078", "text": "Nova (see Medieval music), there could be either two or three of these for each breve (a double-whole note), which may be looked on as equivalent to the modern \"measure,\" though it was itself a note value and a measure is not. The situation can be considered this way: it is the same as the rule by which in modern music a quarter-note may equal either two eighth-notes or three, which would be written as a \"triplet.\" By the same reckoning, there could be two or three of the next smallest note, the \"minim,\" (equivalent to the modern \"half note\")", "title": "Renaissance music" }, { "id": "895859", "score": "1.6116105", "text": "rest may also be used in music of free rhythm, such as Anglican chant, to denote a whole measure. A whole note (American) or semibreve (British) is a musical note represented by a hollow oval note head—like a half note (or \"minim\")—and no note stem (see Figure 1). Its length is equal to four beats in time, that is the whole measure (or bar). Most other notes are fractions of the whole note. Half notes last for one half the duration of the whole note, quarter notes (or \"crotchets\") last for one quarter the duration, and a double whole note", "title": "Whole note" }, { "id": "2902604", "score": "1.6101176", "text": "Hundred twenty-eighth note In music, a hundred twenty-eighth note or semihemidemisemiquaver or quasihemidemisemiquaver is a note played for of the duration of a whole note. It lasts half as long as a sixty-fourth note. It has a total of five flags or beams. Since human pitch perception begins at 20 Hz (1200/minute), then a 128th-note tremolo becomes a single pitch in perception at quarter note ≈ 160 bpm. A single 128th note is always stemmed with flags, while two or more are usually beamed in groups. Notes this short are very rare in printed music, but not unknown. One reason", "title": "Hundred twenty-eighth note" }, { "id": "895843", "score": "1.6011565", "text": "the earlier black notation resembles the modern quarter note (crotchet). The Greek, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names mean \"half\", and in Greek, the modern word (\"miso\" – μισό) and older (\"imisi\" – ήμισι) are used. Half note In music, a half note (American) or minim (British) is a note played for half the duration of a whole note (or semibreve) and twice the duration of a quarter note (or crotchet). It was given its Latin name (\"minima\", meaning \"least or smallest\") because it was the shortest of the five note values used in early medieval music notation . In time", "title": "Half note" }, { "id": "2856818", "score": "1.5966916", "text": "Sixty-fourth note In music notation, a sixty-fourth note (American), or hemidemisemiquaver or semidemisemiquaver (British), sometimes called a half-thirty-second note , is a note played for half the duration of a thirty-second note (or demisemiquaver), hence the name. It first occurs in the late 17th century and, apart from rare occurrences of hundred twenty-eighth notes (semihemidemisemiquavers) and two hundred fifty-sixth notes (demisemihemidemisemiquavers), it is the shortest value found in musical notation . Sixty-fourth notes are notated with a filled-in oval note head and a straight note stem with four flags. The stem is drawn to the left of the note head", "title": "Sixty-fourth note" }, { "id": "7408522", "score": "1.588061", "text": "(since it is supported by some scorewriters), it is often given the rounded notehead shape of the double whole note, looking like . In this context it is sometimes called a quadruple whole note (; . In LilyPond, the longa stem appears similarly to that of a half note, instead of always appearing on the right of the notehead as it does in mensural notation: this can be seen below. \\time 8/1 c\"\\longa c\"\\breve c\"1 c\"2 c\"4 c\"8 c\"16 c\"32 c\"64 c\"128 c\"256 c\"256 </score> Longa (music) A longa (pl. \"longe\" or \"longae\"), long, quadruple note (Am.), or quadruple whole", "title": "Longa (music)" } ]

[ "Brittish", "British language (disambiguation)", "pretannic", "British (language)", "British (disambiguation)", "britsih", "British", "great british", "british disambiguation", "british language disambiguation", "Great British", "british language", "Pretannic", "Britsih", "brittish", "british" ]

[ { "id": "2494657", "score": "1.5459176", "text": "of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, and then enter the United States under the Visa Waiver Program, they can alternatively enter visa-free using their Cayman Islands passports. To qualify under this latter method, their Cayman Islands passports must confirm their British Overseas Territories citizenship and be endorsed by the Cayman Islands Passport and Corporate Services Office with a Cayman-U.S. visa waiver, issued at a cost of $15–25 and valid for only one entry. They must travel directly between the Cayman Islands and the United States and their Cayman Islands passport must also have a validity of at least six", "title": "Visa Waiver Program" }, { "id": "1256261", "score": "1.5044029", "text": "will cease to be legal tender and be replaced by the Caribbean guilder in the coming years. Almost every store on the island also accepts the United States dollar, although sometimes a more expensive exchange rate is used. Neither side of the island is part of the Schengen Area; full border checks are performed when travelling in and out of the island. Passport controls are also exercised when taking the ferry from Marigot or Princess Juliana International Airport to Anguilla. There are rarely checks at the border between the two sides of the island. In 1994, the Kingdom of the", "title": "Saint Martin" }, { "id": "67762", "score": "1.5016222", "text": "(2003 revision), written by the United Democratic Party government, and subsequently enforced by the People's Progressive Movement Party government. Both governments agree to the term limits on foreign workers, and the majority of Caymanians also agree it is necessary to protect local culture and heritage from being eroded by a large number of foreigners gaining residency and citizenship. In recognition of the CARICOM (Free Movement) Skilled Persons Act which came into effect in July 1997 in some of the CARICOM countries such as Jamaica and which has been adopted in other CARICOM countries, such as Trinidad and Tobago it is", "title": "Cayman Islands" }, { "id": "11949201", "score": "1.4972134", "text": "passports. These states are: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. CARICOM members who have not yet issued the common passport are the Bahamas, Haiti, and Montserrat. As Montserrat is a British Overseas Territory, citizens of Montserrat became full citizens of the United Kingdom in 2002, and so a common passport is unlikely to be introduced for them. The CARICOM passport creates awareness that CARICOM nationals are nationals of the Community, as well as a specific country. The passports of all members", "title": "CARICOM passport" }, { "id": "67738", "score": "1.487704", "text": "English ancestry. The islands continued to be governed as part of the Colony of Jamaica until 1962, when they became a separate Crown colony while Jamaica became an independent Commonwealth realm. On 8 February 1794, the Caymanians rescued the crews of a group of ten merchant ships, including HMS \"Convert\", an incident that has since become known as the Wreck of the Ten Sail. The ships had struck a reef and run aground during rough seas. Legend has it that King George III rewarded the island with a promise never to introduce taxes as compensation for their generosity, as one", "title": "Cayman Islands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "West Indies Federation\n\nThe West Indies Federation, also known as the West Indies, the Federation of the West Indies or the West Indian Federation, was a short-lived political union that existed from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962. Various islands in the Caribbean that were part of the British Empire, including Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica, and those on the Leeward and Windward Islands, came together to form the Federation, with its capital in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state—possibly similar to the Canadian Confederation, Australian Commonwealth, or Central African Federation. Before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts over how it would be governed or function viably. The formation of a West Indian Federation was encouraged by the United Kingdom, but also requested by West Indian nationalists.\n\nThe territories that would have become part of the Federation eventually became the nine contemporary sovereign states of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago; with Anguilla, Montserrat, the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands becoming British overseas territories. British Guiana and British Honduras held observer status within the West Indies Federation.", "title": "West Indies Federation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bermuda\n\nBermuda (; historically known as The Bermudas or Somers Isles) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Bermuda archipelago consists of 181 islands with a total land area of . The closest land outside the territory is in the US state of North Carolina, approximately to the northwest.\n\nBermuda is named after Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez, who discovered the archipelago in 1505. The islands have been permanently inhabited since 1612, and, forming part of British America, became a crown colony in 1684. The first African slaves arrived in 1616, but as the slave trade ceased by the end of the 17th century, the colony developed into a base for merchants, privateers, and the Royal Navy. More recently, tourism has been a significant contributor to Bermuda's economy. After World War II the territory became an offshore financial centre and tax haven.\n\nAs of July 2018, Bermuda had a population of around 70,000 people, making it the most populous of the British overseas territories. Black Bermudians, primarily descended from African slaves, make up around 50% of the population, while White Bermudians, primarily of British, Irish and Portuguese descent, account for 30%.", "title": "Bermuda" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British passport\n\nA British passport is a travel document issued by the United Kingdom or other British dependencies and territories to individuals holding any form of British nationality. It grants the bearer international passage in accordance with visa requirements and serves as proof of citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world. Passports are issued using royal prerogative, which is exercised by His Majesty's Government; this means that the grant of a passport is a privilege, not a right, and may be withdrawn in some circumstances. British citizen passports have been issued in the UK by His Majesty's Passport Office, an agency of the Home Office, since 2014. All passports issued in the UK since 2006 have been biometric.\n\nThe legacy of the United Kingdom as an imperial power has resulted in several types of British nationality, and different types of British passport exist as a result. Furthermore, each of the Crown dependencies and Overseas territories issue their own variants of British passports to those with links to their jurisdictions, which have small differences from the UK-variant passport. All British passports enable the bearer to request consular assistance from British embassies and from certain Commonwealth embassies in some cases. British citizens can use their passport as evidence of right of abode in the United Kingdom.\n\nBetween 1920 and 1992, the standard design of British passports was a navy blue hardcover booklet featuring the royal coat of arms emblazoned in gold. From 1988, the UK adopted machine readable passports in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization standard 9303. At this time, the passport colour was also changed to burgundy red, to bring it into line with the European Community passports of the other member states. The previous blue hardback passport continued to be issued in tandem with the new design until stocks were exhausted in 1992. March 2020 saw the introduction of a new navy blue passport with a continuity design based on the previous blue passport last issued in 1992. This design was phased in over a number of months, and when introduced, the plan was that all passports issued should be blue by mid-2020. All passports are now issued with the blue design and they are made by Thales DIS (formerly Gemalto) in Poland.\n\nSince the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, a new design has been introduced every five years.", "title": "British passport" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens\n\nA British Overseas Territories citizen holds British nationality by virtue of a connection with a British Overseas Territory.\n\nBritish Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) enjoy visa-free entry to a number of countries and territories. However, in some cases, foreign authorities only grant them a visa-free entry if they present a passport with an endorsement stating their right of abode in the United Kingdom.\n\nVisa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British citizens, British Nationals (Overseas), British Overseas citizens, British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different.", "title": "Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British Overseas Territories\n\nThe British Overseas Territories (BOTs), also known as the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), are fourteen territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom. They are the last remnants of the former British Empire and do not form part of the United Kingdom itself. The permanently inhabited territories are internally self-governing, with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations. Three of the territories are inhabited, chiefly or only, by a transitory population of military or scientific personnel. All but one of the rest are listed by the UN Special Committee on Decolonization as non-self-governing territories. All fourteen have the British monarch as head of state.", "title": "British Overseas Territories" }, { "id": "17779161", "score": "1.4841452", "text": "to permanent residents of the United States when arriving directly from the United States, of Canada when arriving directly from Canada or the United States, or of the United Kingdom when arriving directly from the United Kingdom. Nationals of China, India and Jamaica who hold a valid visa issued by the United States, Canada or the United Kingdom can visit the Cayman Islands for up to 30 days only if arriving directly from the country that issued the visa. Passengers can stay in transit for 24 hours without a visa except for nationals of Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Belarus,", "title": "Visa policies of British Overseas Territories" }, { "id": "5825549", "score": "1.4795392", "text": "of these passports in 2015. Passports issued to BOTCs of those territories do not bear the words \"UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND\", but instead have the words \"BRITISH PASSPORT\" above the royal coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth II and the name of the British Overseas Territory below it (e.g. \"TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS\"). The only exception is the design of Bermudian passports, which bears the wordings \"GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA\" under the royal coat of arms. The nationality reads \"British Overseas Territories citizen\" regardless of the residence of the bearer. Previously, in the machine-readable zone, the three-letter", "title": "British passport" }, { "id": "18850507", "score": "1.4753163", "text": "Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. CARICOM members yet to issue the common passports are Bahamas, Montserrat and Haiti. Citizens of Montserrat are citizens of the United Kingdom, so it is unlikely that the common passport will be introduced there. The CARICOM passport creates awareness that CARICOM nationals are nationals of the Community, as well as a specific country. On 1 March 1996, the CARICOM Agreement on Social Security was signed in Georgetown, Guyana and it came into effect on 1 April 1997. From that date", "title": "Projects of the Caribbean Community" }, { "id": "67763", "score": "1.4697502", "text": "possible that CARICOM nationals who hold the \"A Certificate of Recognition of Caribbean Community Skilled Person\" may be allowed to work in the Cayman Islands under normal working conditions. The Cayman Islands is a British overseas territory, listed by the UN Special Committee of 24 as one of the 16 non-self-governing territories. The current Constitution, incorporating a Bill of Rights, was ordained by a statutory instrument of the United Kingdom in 2009. A 19-seat (not including two non-voting members appointed by the Governor which brings the total to 21 members) Legislative Assembly is elected by the people every four years", "title": "Cayman Islands" }, { "id": "67773", "score": "1.4587566", "text": "There are no estate or death inheritance taxes payable on Cayman Islands real estate or other assets held in the Cayman Islands. Foreign policy is controlled by the United Kingdom, as the islands remain an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Although in its early days, the Cayman Islands' most important relationships were with Britain and Jamaica, in recent years, as a result of economic dependence, a relationship with the United States has developed. Though the Cayman Islands is involved in no major international disputes, they have come under some criticism due to the use of their territory for narcotics", "title": "Cayman Islands" }, { "id": "9768818", "score": "1.4550371", "text": "Girlguiding is part of the Caribbean Link for Guiding. The program is a modified form of Guiding in the United Kingdom, adapted to suit local conditions, with the same promise, and Rainbow, Brownie, Guide and Ranger groups. Scouting and Guiding in the Cayman Islands Scouting and Guiding in the Cayman Islands exist as branches of the parent organisations in the United Kingdom. The Scout Association of the Cayman Islands operates as a branch of the United Kingdom Scout Association, due to the Cayman Islands' affiliation as a British Overseas Territory. The Cayman Islands' Scout Oath and Law, as well as", "title": "Scouting and Guiding in the Cayman Islands" }, { "id": "14660235", "score": "1.4509455", "text": "British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands) The Turks and Caicos Islands passport is a British passport issued to British Overseas Territories citizens with a connection to the Turks and Caicos Islands. British Overseas Territories Citizens with a connection to the Turks and Caicos Islands can enter the United States under the Visa Waiver Program with the new standard biometric passport or with the old style passport with a police certificate issued by the Turks and Caicos Islands for short business and pleasure. To qualify, they must not have had a criminal conviction or ineligibility, violated U.S. immigration laws in the", "title": "British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands)" }, { "id": "17779162", "score": "1.4339681", "text": "Burundi, Cameroon, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, India, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Liberia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Northern Cyprus, Pakistan, Palestine, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam and Zimbabwe. Most visitors arriving in the Cayman Islands by air were from the following countries: - A visa-free stay is granted to holders of British passports, all European Union citizens, and nationals of Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Liechtenstein, New Zealand, Norway, San Marino, South Africa, South Korea,", "title": "Visa policies of British Overseas Territories" }, { "id": "7599486", "score": "1.4295294", "text": "Bermuda or countries in the Caribbean other than the French West Indies to hold a valid passport (or certain specific passport replacing documents) since October 1, 2007. Even though travelers might not require a passport to enter a certain country, they \"will\" require a valid passport booklet (booklet only, U.S. Passport Card not accepted) when attempting to depart the U.S. in order to satisfy the U.S. immigration authorities. Exemptions to this requirement to hold a valid passport booklet include: Four Countries and Bermuda have visa exemption access to the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, including three", "title": "Visa policy of the United States" }, { "id": "14660236", "score": "1.4263291", "text": "past and must arrive in the United States and have the right to abode in the Turks and Caicos Islands. In addition to a valid, unexpired passport, all travellers 14 years of age or older with the old style passport must present a police certificate issued by the Royal Turks and Caicos Islands Police Force within the past six months. All British Overseas Territories citizens with a connection to the Turks and Caicos Islands must hold a British passport that is valid for more than six (6) months to travel to the United States. British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands)", "title": "British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands)" }, { "id": "2012028", "score": "1.4260355", "text": "British West Indies The British West Indies, sometimes abbreviated to the BWI, is a collective term for the British territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands. Before the independence of many new nations, they included a larger number of islands in the region, together with two mainland colonies, all forming part of the British Empire. In 1912, the British West Indies were divided into different colonies: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guiana, British Honduras, Jamaica (with its dependencies the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Cayman Islands), Trinidad and Tobago,", "title": "British West Indies" }, { "id": "2012016", "score": "1.4260355", "text": "British West Indies The British West Indies, sometimes abbreviated to the BWI, is a collective term for the British territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands. Before the independence of many new nations, they included a larger number of islands in the region, together with two mainland colonies, all forming part of the British Empire. In 1912, the British West Indies were divided into different colonies: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guiana, British Honduras, Jamaica (with its dependencies the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Cayman Islands), Trinidad and Tobago,", "title": "British West Indies" }, { "id": "9768817", "score": "1.4246316", "text": "Cayman Islands. Cayman Scouts participate in numerous Caribbean camps and events, and Scouts from the Cayman Islands participated in the 1998 World Jamboree in Chile. The Scout emblem incorporates elements of the coat of arms of the Cayman Islands. Girlguiding Cayman Islands (formerly \"The Cayman Islands Girl Guide Association\") is a Guiding organization in the Cayman Islands. It is one of the nine branch associations of Girlguiding UK. It is represented by Girlguiding UK at World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) level and Girlguiding UK's Chief Guide is also Chief Guide for Cayman Islands Girlguiding. Cayman Islands", "title": "Scouting and Guiding in the Cayman Islands" }, { "id": "67807", "score": "1.423439", "text": "Town, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman. Although all administrative links with Jamaica were broken in 1962, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica continue to share many links including a common united church (the United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands) and Anglican diocese (although there is debate about this). They also shared a common currency until 1972. In 1999, 38–40% of the expat population of the Cayman Islands was of Jamaican origin and in 2004/2005 little over 50% of the expatriates working in the Cayman Islands (i.e. 8,000) were Jamaicans (with the next largest expatriate communities coming from the United", "title": "History of the Cayman Islands" }, { "id": "6985836", "score": "1.4222159", "text": "being the Governor of Jamaica and the Superintendent of British Honduras acting as Lieutenant-Governor of the Bay Islands. This relationship existed until 1860 when the Bay Islands were ceded to Honduras. The Cayman Islands were too small to justify a separate administration and having been settled mainly by English from Jamaica, had always been regarded as under the control of the Governor of Jamaica. In addition, the Caymans had been ceded as part of Jamaica to England from Spain in the 1670 Treaty of Madrid. They were formally attached to Jamaica in 1863 and were rather like a parish of", "title": "History of the British West Indies" } ]

[ "Casualty (disambiguation)", "Casualty", "casualty disambiguation", "casualty" ]

[ { "id": "3258623", "score": "1.8721364", "text": "to promote the broadcast on social media. General Hospital General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is an American daytime television medical drama. It is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after \"Guiding Light\". Concurrently, it is the world's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials \"The Archers\" and \"Coronation Street\", as well as the world's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production. \"General Hospital\" premiered on the ABC television network on April 1, 1963. Same-day broadcasts as well as classic episodes", "title": "General Hospital" }, { "id": "7946313", "score": "1.8478464", "text": "with bodily welfare\". Currently, the longest running medical drama in the world is the British series \"Casualty\", airing since 1986. \"City Hospital\", which first aired in 1951, is generally considered to be the first televised medical drama. (The first serialized medical drama was probably the \"Dr. Kildare\" film series (1937-1947), starring a number of actors in the eponymous role, and Lionel Barrymore throughout the series.) \"Medic\", which featured Richard Boone, ran two seasons, from 1954 to 1956. The genre became a staple of prime time television with the enormous popularity of \"Dr. Kildare\" and \"Ben Casey\", both debuting in 1961.", "title": "Medical drama" }, { "id": "3258590", "score": "1.8382401", "text": "General Hospital General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is an American daytime television medical drama. It is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after \"Guiding Light\". Concurrently, it is the world's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials \"The Archers\" and \"Coronation Street\", as well as the world's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production. \"General Hospital\" premiered on the ABC television network on April 1, 1963. Same-day broadcasts as well as classic episodes were aired on SOAPnet from January 20,", "title": "General Hospital" }, { "id": "3258591", "score": "1.8184023", "text": "2000, to December 31, 2013, following Disney-ABC's decision to discontinue the network. \"General Hospital\" is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood, and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history. It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series, with 13 wins. The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. From its beginning, \"General Hospital\" starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin, and both actors stayed", "title": "General Hospital" }, { "id": "7867962", "score": "1.7708447", "text": "Emergency Ward 10 was first broadcast in 1957 on ITV and ran until 1967 and followed the life and loves of the staff and patients of the fictionalised Oxbridge General. ITV later followed this up with General Hospital which borrowed much from Emergency Ward 10 in terms of its themes and focus. The idea of a medical hospital as a suitable and popular setting for a soap opera continued to take root in the 1980s. Casualty, set in an A&E department, was first broadcast in 1986 and has since become the longest running medical drama in the world. At a", "title": "History of the National Health Service" }, { "id": "1505144", "score": "1.7682409", "text": "the 2nd longest medical drama across the globe (behind BBC's \"Casualty\"). It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations. \"ER\" won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series. As of 2014, \"ER\" has grossed over in television revenue. In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room. The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton focused on other topics. In", "title": "ER (TV series)" }, { "id": "7946315", "score": "1.7550373", "text": "both a paramedic program with an emergency room hospital, which also focused on real-life rescues. Also in 1972, the first episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired; the show's tone was generally comedic, but dark—poignant moments emanating from the death caused by war were not uncommon. This trend of comedy with undercurrents of darkness in medical TV shows can also be seen in \"Doogie Howser, M.D.\", \"House M.D.\", \"Grey's Anatomy\", \"Scrubs\", \"Code Black\" and \"Chicago Med\". In 1986, Casualty started airing on BBC One in the United Kingdom. Casualty continues to be aired, making it the longest running TV medical drama. Its sister", "title": "Medical drama" }, { "id": "1505155", "score": "1.7342842", "text": "who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs. Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, \"ER\" premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10:00. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run. \"ER\" is NBC's third longest-running drama, after \"Law & Order\" and \"\", and, the longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time. On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season. The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast", "title": "ER (TV series)" }, { "id": "3311244", "score": "1.7253478", "text": "Casualty (TV series) Casualty, stylised as CASUALY, is a British medical drama series that airs weekly on BBC One (sometimes with a short break in the summer between series, but not always). It is the longest-running emergency medical drama television series in the world, and the most enduring medical drama shown on prime time television in the world. Created by Jeremy Brock and Paul Unwin, it was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 6 September 1986. The original producer was Geraint Morris. The programme is set in the fictional Holby City Hospital and focuses on the", "title": "Casualty (TV series)" }, { "id": "17210957", "score": "1.7179685", "text": "acting. \"General Hospital\" is the third longest-running soap opera in history and the longest-running American soap still in production. Started on April 1, 1963, the show became the highest rated show on daytime television within a decade, eclipsing previous leader \"As the World Turns\". In 1977 \"General Hospital\" started to suffer a major drop in ratings and was at risk of being cancelled when Gloria Monty was hired on as executive producer. Monty refocused the series on younger characters and the show became the most successful daytime soap on television, with the 1981 episode featuring the wedding between characters Luke", "title": "General Hospital's 50th anniversary" }, { "id": "3635094", "score": "1.7056075", "text": "months. They created the medical drama \"General Hospital\", for ABC Daytime in 1963. It was the first serious effort by that network to create a daytime serial. Today, \"General Hospital\" is the longest-running daytime serial on American television. The duo head wrote the show until 1973, when they handed the reins to their daughter and son-in-law, Bridget and Jerome Dobson. In 1969, the Hursleys created and wrote the NBC Daytime soap opera \"Bright Promise\" that starred Dana Andrews as college president Tom Boswell. However, they soon left that series and it was eventually cancelled in 1972. The Hursleys retired from", "title": "Frank and Doris Hursley" }, { "id": "12122097", "score": "1.6726", "text": "turn for the worse when he was diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis. This condition caused the infection he was fighting to spread, which resulted in massive organ failure. His parents had him baptized in the hospital and soon after he died surrounded by his parents. Children of General Hospital \"General Hospital\" is the longest-running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963.", "title": "Children of General Hospital" }, { "id": "1505143", "score": "1.6725334", "text": "ER (TV series) ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning over 15 seasons. It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros. Television. \"ER\" follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, and various critical issues faced by the room's physicians and staff. The show became the longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history, also became", "title": "ER (TV series)" }, { "id": "12858256", "score": "1.671131", "text": "Na dobre i na złe Na dobre i na złe (, \"For better and for worse\") is a Polish television medical drama series, broadcast on TVP2 since November 7, 1999. It is the longest-running weekly primetime drama on Polish TV and one of the longest-running medical dramas in the world. The show revolves around the lives of doctors and patients of a teaching hospital in a fictional town of Leśna Góra near Warsaw. \"Na dobre i na złe\" won the \"Telekamery\" award (the most important television award in the Polish entertainment industry) for the best TV series in 2001, 2002", "title": "Na dobre i na złe" }, { "id": "4657274", "score": "1.6657349", "text": "Warner's online store and only in the United States. At the time the show was canceled, it tied with \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\" (which also ran from 1969 to 1976) as the longest-running medical drama on television at that point. The show's Nielsen ratings are as follows: Warner Bros. has released the seven seasons on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection. These are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. Medical Center (TV series) Medical Center is an American medical drama series which aired on CBS from 1969 to 1976. It was produced by", "title": "Medical Center (TV series)" }, { "id": "4811476", "score": "1.642489", "text": "the show has been described by the media outlets as a television \"phenomenon\" or a \"juggernaut\", owing to its longevity and dominant ratings. It is considered to have had a significant effect on popular culture and has received numerous awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama. It has received thirty-eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including two for Outstanding Drama Series. The cast members have also received several accolades for their respective performances. \"Grey's Anatomy\" is the longest-running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC, the longest scripted primetime ABC show ever, and the second-longest primetime", "title": "Grey's Anatomy" }, { "id": "16597856", "score": "1.6352868", "text": "General Hospital characters (2010s) \"General Hospital\" is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from 2010 to the present day. Curtis Ashford, portrayed by Donnell Turner, was introduced as a private investigator hired by Hayden Barnes (Rebecca Budig). Turner's", "title": "General Hospital characters (2010s)" }, { "id": "5896402", "score": "1.6299968", "text": "Africa, where she succumbed to snake bite. When ratings began to slide it was decided to convert the programme from a soap to a one-hour drama for Saturday nights, produced by Jo Douglas. It didn't work. \"Emergency – Ward 10\" ended in 1967 after the show had been on air for ten years. ATV executive Lew Grade later admitted that cancelling the series was one of the biggest mistakes he ever made in his career. The formula was subsequently revived with the (originally) afternoon series \"General Hospital\" (no connection with the American daytime soap \"General Hospital\") which was broadcast between", "title": "Emergency – Ward 10" }, { "id": "6503826", "score": "1.6274128", "text": "third series started airing Tuesday nights at 9:30pm from 8 April 2008. Then three weeks later it was moved to Wednesdays at 8:00pm. The last new episode aired in 2010, however repeats are still aired on the Seven Network on a regular basis. Medical Emergency (TV series) Medical Emergency is an Australian reality television series screened on the Seven Network. \"Medical Emergency\" is narrated by actor Chris Gabardi who also appeared in drama series \"All Saints\". It was previously hosted and narrated by actress Georgie Parker, who also appeared in \"All Saints\". \"Medical Emergency\" is filmed under strict protocol at", "title": "Medical Emergency (TV series)" }, { "id": "1584897", "score": "1.6192209", "text": "Emergency! Emergency! is an American television series that combines the medical drama and action-adventure genres. It was a joint production of Mark VII Limited and Universal Television. It debuted on NBC as a midseason replacement on January 15, 1972, replacing the two short-lived series \"The Partners\" and \"The Good Life\", and ran until May 28, 1977, with six additional two-hour television films during the next two years. The series stars Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe as two rescuers, who work jointly as paramedics and firefighters in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The duo form Squad 51, a medical and rescue", "title": "Emergency!" } ]

[ "girl s basketball", "Women's Basketball", "Girl's basketball", "women basketball", "Women in basketball", "Women basketball", "women s basketball", "women in basketball", "Women's basketball", "Female basketball", "female basketball" ]

[ { "id": "292736", "score": "1.5277442", "text": "Islands, Fiji and Samoa during the 1970s. Netball Singapore was created in 1962, and the Malaysian Netball Association was created in 1978. In Australia, the term \"women's basketball\" was used to refer to both netball and basketball. During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement arose to change the Australian name of the game from \"women's basketball\" to \"netball\" in order to avoid confusion between the two sports. The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay the costs involved to alter the name, but the netball organisation rejected the change. In 1970, the Council of the All Australia Netball Association officially changed", "title": "Netball" }, { "id": "12818633", "score": "1.4818004", "text": "West Indies – agreeing on a regularised set of rules, with seven-a-side teams; an international body was also formed to govern the sport globally, called the International Federation of Women's Basketball and Netball (now the International Netball Federation). The sport was referred to as \"netball\" in most countries, although New Zealand and Australia still used the name \"women's basketball\"; both countries eventually adopted the name \"netball\" in 1970. This meeting also resulted in the creation of a world tournament to be played every four years, now called the Netball World Cup. The inaugural tournament was played in Eastbourne, England in", "title": "History of netball" }, { "id": "6623459", "score": "1.4733672", "text": "Netball Association. The AANA was incorporated as a public company limited by guarantee on 18 September 1986 and is governed by the Corporations Act 2001 (as amended from time to time). “Netball Australia” was registered as a Business Name in 1993. The Company operates under Memorandum & Articles that are resolved by the Council. This group consists of two Delegates representing each State or Territory, and it meets twice a year, once to focus on operational issues and once to act as a major forum to discuss issues of significance to the long term development and direction of netball. The", "title": "Netball Australia" }, { "id": "15478391", "score": "1.4427114", "text": "not have participated otherwise. Australia's national team toured England in 1957. This tour resulted in a number of Commonwealth countries meeting together in order to try to standardise the rules of the game. The sport's name \"netball\" became official in Australia in 1970. Netball was one of the eight foundation sports when the Australian Institute of Sport was created. The national federation changed their name to Netball Australia in 1995. The Government of New South Wales committed over to creating and improving sporting facilities in the state. Some of this funding went to improving netball facilities. In Australia 80% of", "title": "Netball in Asia" }, { "id": "18372498", "score": "1.437875", "text": "Netball Jamaica Netball Jamaica is the peak governing body for the sport of netball in Jamaica. The organisation's stated objectives for Jamaica netball are to achieve national and international success in competition, encourage greater participation and spectator involvement, and ensure excellence in all spheres of the sport. The senior Jamaican netball team is known as the Sunshine Girls, while the Jamaican Fast 5 netball team is known as Jamaica Fast5 or the FAST5 Girls. In 2013, Netball Jamaica became the trading name for The Netball Foundation of Jamaica, a registered company and an approved charitable organisation. This new entity superseded", "title": "Netball Jamaica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of netball\n\nThe history of netball can be traced to the early development of basketball. A year after basketball was invented in 1895, the sport was modified for women to accommodate social conventions regarding their participation in sport, giving rise to women's basketball. Variations of women's basketball arose across the United States and in England. At the Bergman Österberg physical training college in Dartford, England, the rules of women's basketball were modified over several years to form an entirely new sport: \"net ball\". The sport was invented to encourage young females to be physically active and energetic. The first codified rules of netball were published at the start of the twentieth century, and from there the new sport spread throughout the British Empire.\n\nFrom the beginning, netball was widely accepted as a sport suitable for women. Domestic netball competitions arose in several countries during the first half of the 20th century. Starting from the 1920s, national associations were formed to organise the sport in netball-playing nations. International matches were played sporadically in the early 20th century, but were hampered by varying rules in different countries.\n\nBy 1960, the rules of netball were standardized internationally and an international governing body was formed to oversee the sport globally. Initially called the International Netball Federation (INF), the organization was later renamed World Netball. The second half of the 20th century saw international competition expand, with the sport's premier international competition, the INF Netball World Cup, starting in 1963. Netball has also been contested at the Commonwealth Games since 1998.\n\nToday, netball is popular in Commonwealth nations, and is reportedly played by over 20 million people worldwide. It remains primarily a women's sport, although male participation is increasing in some countries. Further developments to the sport are being trialled, including a shortened version of the game played in a World Series format; netball is also being promoted by sports advocates for possible inclusion in the Olympic Games.", "title": "History of netball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Netball\n\nNetball is a ball sport played on a court by two teams of seven players. It is among a rare number of sports which have been created exclusively for female competitors. The sport is played on indoor and outdoor netball courts and is specifically played in schools. Netball is most popularly played in Commonwealth nations.\n\nA common misunderstanding of the sport's origins has resulted in the mistaken belief that netball was created to prevent women from playing basketball. However, the sport is the result of Clara Baer's misinterpretation of its rules. Baer had asked James Naismith, the Canadian inventor of basketball, to send her a copy of the rules, and Baer's errors resulted in what marked the beginning of the development of a separate sport. \n\nNetball originated in England, UK, in the late 19th century. In the beginning it was described as 'women's basketball' but had emerged as a distinctly separate sport due to its different rules. It was not until the latter half of the 20th century that the name \"netball\" became the sport's commonly referred name. Netball differs greatly from its 'sister' sport of women's basketball because it bars dribbling, bouncing, and running while in possession of the ball. In addition, netball not only identifies the different positions of its players, but also defines where and in which areas of the court specific players are allowed to be when they compete. As a consequence, netball more heavily emphasizes accurate passing and positioning than basketball and physical player contact is more controlled.\n\nIts development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s. By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later renamed World Netball, was formed. World Netball comprises more than 70 national teams organized into five global regions.\nAccording to the sport's international governing body, World Netball, the sport is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries.<ref name=\"INF-History\" /><ref name=\"Thompson-258\" /> Major domestic leagues in the sport include the Netball Superleague in Great Britain, Suncorp Super Netball in Australia and the ANZ Premiership in New Zealand. Four major competitions take place internationally: the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, and the yearly Quad Series and Fast5 Series.\n\nIn 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport federation, but it has not been played at the Olympics.", "title": "Netball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World Netball\n\nWorld Netball, previously known as the International Netball Federation and the International Federation of Netball Associations, is the worldwide governing body for Netball. The INF was created in 1960 and is responsible for world rankings, maintaining the rules for netball and organising the Netball World Cup and Netball at the Commonwealth Games\n\nIn June 2021 INF announced an official rebrand and became known as World Netball.", "title": "World Netball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Suncorp Super Netball\n\nSuncorp Super Netball is the top level netball league featuring teams from Australia. In 2017 it replaced the ANZ Championship, which also included teams from New Zealand, as the top level netball league in Australia. Since 2019, the league has been governed, on behalf of Netball Australia, by an independent commission. Its main sponsor is Suncorp Group. In 2017, Sunshine Coast Lightning were the inaugural Suncorp Super Netball winners.", "title": "Suncorp Super Netball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "England national netball team\n\nThe England national women's netball team, also known as the \"Vitality Roses\", represent England in international netball competition. England are coached by Jess Thirlby, and are currently captained by Natalie Metcalf. As of 1 July 2020, the team is ranked third in the INF World Rankings. England have won one silver and several bronze medals at the World Cup and have won one gold medal at the Commonwealth Games.", "title": "England national netball team" }, { "id": "12818628", "score": "1.4326901", "text": "game also moved outdoors onto grass courts, the playing court was divided into three zones, and the baskets were replaced with rings that had nets. By this time, the new sport had also acquired a new name: \"net ball\". The first codified rules of netball were published in 1900 or 1901 by the Ling Association (later the Physical Education Association), with 250 copies of the rules published. From England, the game of netball was spread to all corners of the British Empire. In some countries, the sport still retained the name \"women's (outdoor) basketball\" upon its arrival. \"Women's basketball\" arrived", "title": "History of netball" }, { "id": "11328132", "score": "1.4263761", "text": "new international rules of netball were agreed upon in 1958, and universally applied in New Zealand by 1961. The first Netball World Championships took place in 1963 in England, with Australia defeating New Zealand in the finals. In 1970, New Zealand became the last country to adopt the name 'netball', which until that time was still referred to as 'women's basketball'. Eventually, the New Zealand Netball Association was formed from the New Zealand Basketball Association. The 1970s saw an increase in regular tours by the New Zealand national team to other countries, as well as other national teams touring New", "title": "Netball in New Zealand" }, { "id": "15468189", "score": "1.421463", "text": "try to get netball included on the Olympic programme. Opinions were initially split inside the newly formed organisation as to whether this was a goal worth striving for, but ultimately it was decided to work towards Olympic recognition. The federation's first application was rejected because it referred to the sport as women's basketball and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) said there could not be two different sports with the same name on the Olympic programme. This rejection was a driving factor for changing the name of the sport. There was tremendous resistance in Australia and New Zealand to this. IFNA", "title": "Netball and the Olympic Movement" }, { "id": "13876494", "score": "1.4174473", "text": "sport's profile and attracting more spectators and greater sponsorship. Netball is now following in the footsteps of cricket and rugby in providing a shorter version of the game to appease existing netball fans and grab the attention of new ones. It was organised by the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations, as well as the Manchester City Council, England Netball, the Northwest Regional Development Agency (NWDA) and UK Sport. The Manchester City Council and UK Sport also contributed funding for the inaugural tournament. The Co-operative Group were announced", "title": "2009 World Netball Series" }, { "id": "6623463", "score": "1.4169117", "text": "become known as netball in 1970, and cricket in the same year. A notable goal attack for Victoria between 1937–1954, Baylis made her international netball debut in August 1948 – just five months after making her Australian cricket debut. Both came against New Zealand. Selected in the Australian Netball Team between 1946–49; 1952–54, including as captain in 1953, Baylis played in the only three international Tests between 1939–1955. The now 92-year-old was a member of Australia's first ever Australian international netball tour in 1948 and contested the second ever international trans-Tasman Test match on debut in Dunedin. Baylis was named", "title": "Netball Australia" }, { "id": "15468203", "score": "1.4100013", "text": "Diro, the Vice-President of the NOC of Papua New, the Trophy for Oceania. This recognition came in part because she had created the nation's national netball organisation in 1965 and actively promoted women's involvement in netball around the country. Netball is most popular in Commonwealth countries, and the most popular women's spectator sport in Australia and Tanzania and the effort to increase media attention and participation for women's sport often goes to Olympic sports with low participation rates, low rates of interest and few facilities. Even then, historically, coverage of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited. Instead,", "title": "Netball and the Olympic Movement" }, { "id": "6623456", "score": "1.4093864", "text": "Territory and Northern Territory joining in 1975 and 1977 respectively. In 1970, the organisation changed its name to the All Australia Netball Association, and in 1986 it became a public company upon incorporation. Its name was changed, finally, to Netball Australia in 1993. Netball Australia is federal in structure, with affiliated associations in all Australian states and mainland territories. It is changed its constitution in 2006 and is governed by a board of directors elected by the State and Territory Affiliated Associations. Aside from promoting the sport of netball, Netball Australia is responsible for determining rules and policies within Australia,", "title": "Netball Australia" }, { "id": "15478375", "score": "1.4080123", "text": "every time they competed. Jamaica's national association was involved in the protests against apartheid policies that discriminated against black South Africans. As a result of the English tour of South Africa in 1973, Jamaica banned players who participated from competing in netball matches held in Jamaica. As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number four in the world. In 2013, Netball Jamaica became the trading name for The Netball Foundation of Jamaica, a registered company and an approved charitable organisation. This new entity supersedes the Jamaica Netball Association (JNA) and brings with it fundamental changes to how", "title": "Netball in the Americas" }, { "id": "15632418", "score": "1.4066927", "text": "Australia. In 2000, New Zealand's national side toured South Africa for the first time, playing three test matches. In 2001, a Tri-Nations Series was launched between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, which was also won by New Zealand. Netball is the most popular women's sport in Botswana, Malawi and Tanzania. In Botswana netball is primarily played by women, with men traditionally serving as officials, coaches and administrators for the sport. There are also a few men-only teams, although many were discontinued in the 2000s in favour of mixed-gender teams. The Botswana Netball Association as founded in the 1970s and", "title": "Geography of netball" }, { "id": "6623455", "score": "1.4035902", "text": "Netball Australia Netball Australia is the peak governing body for the sport of netball in Australia. The organisation's stated objectives for Australian netball are to achieve national and international success in competition, encourage greater participation and spectator involvement, and ensure excellence in all spheres of the sport. The precursor to Netball Australia was the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association, founded in 1927 on the back of efforts to establish a national tournament. This body was formed by netball groups from New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia, with Tasmania joining shortly after and the Australian Capital", "title": "Netball Australia" }, { "id": "6623457", "score": "1.4012582", "text": "and organising competition on behalf of the country. Marne Fechner was appointed chief executive officer of Netball Australia in April 2017. Robert Shaw is the current President, and Paolina Hunt the Chair of the Netball Australia Board after Anne-Marie Corboy was removed from the Board at a Special General Meeting called by the member organisation after a dispute about the new Super Netball competition. The senior Australian netball team is known as the Diamonds, while the Australian Fast 5 netball team is known as the Fast5 Flyers. Moves for the establishment of a central organising body and a National Tournament", "title": "Netball Australia" }, { "id": "8246475", "score": "1.3990757", "text": "who might not have participated otherwise. Australia's national team toured England in 1957. This tour resulted in a number of Commonwealth countries meeting together in order to try to standardise the rules of the game. The sport's name \"netball\" became official in Australia in 1940. In Australia 80% of all netball played is played at netball clubs. The number of netball clubs around Australia has been in decline since the 1940s. Between 1985 and 2003, only two Western Australian towns decreased the distance that netball players had to travel in order to compete; these towns were Brookton and Pingelly. Prior", "title": "Netball in Australia" }, { "id": "292737", "score": "1.3926864", "text": "the name to \"netball\" in Australia. In 1963, the first international tournament was held in Eastbourne, England. Originally called the World Tournament, it later became known as the World Netball Championships. Following the first tournament, one of the organisers, Miss R. Harris, declared, The World Netball Championships have been held every four years since, most recently in 2015. The World Youth Netball Championships started in Canberra in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee designated netball as an Olympic recognised sport. Three years later it debuted at the 1998 Commonwealth Games", "title": "Netball" }, { "id": "12818643", "score": "1.3914933", "text": "that over 20 million people currently play netball in more than 80 countries, with 74 national netball associations affiliated with the worldwide governing body. It is the most popular team sport for women in Australia and New Zealand, and remains a popular women's sport throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, including in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Jamaica. Television coverage has increased the profile of the sport in countries with elite domestic competitions, but in many cases not to the extent of well-established male-dominated sports. Netball has also yet to reach the status of a fully professional sport in any", "title": "History of netball" }, { "id": "12818630", "score": "1.3886591", "text": "Women's participation in netball in the early 20th century was widely accepted, as the sport avoided physical contact and did not involve male participation. The sport spread substantially through the school systems of many netball-playing countries. National netball associations were established, starting from the 1920s, to administer various organised netball leagues and organisations on a national level. The first such organisation was the New Zealand Basketball Association, which was formed in 1924. Equivalent organisations were formed in other countries, including the All England Net Ball Association in 1926, the All Australia Women's Basketball Association in 1927, and the Jamaican Netball", "title": "History of netball" } ]

[ "", "one thousand two hundred and ninety six", "one thousand, two hundred and ninety-six", "1296" ]

[ { "id": "1831196", "score": "1.526954", "text": "\"n\" a product of two primes the coefficients are formula_4 or 0). The first case of two consecutive sphenic integers is 230 = 2×5×23 and 231 = 3×7×11. The first case of three is 1309 = 7×11×17, 1310 = 2×5×131, and 1311 = 3×19×23. There is no case of more than three, because every fourth consecutive positive integer is divisible by 4 = 2×2 and therefore not squarefree. The numbers 2013 (3×11×61), 2014 (2×19×53), and 2015 (5×13×31) are all sphenic. The next three consecutive sphenic years will be 2665 (5×13×41), 2666 (2×31×43) and 2667 (3×7×127) . Sphenic number In number", "title": "Sphenic number" }, { "id": "2897183", "score": "1.5251491", "text": "1, 159, 284, 306 and 387. 265 = 5·53, semiprime, lucky number, Padovan number, number of derangements of 6 elements, centered square number, Smith number, subfactorial 6. 266 = 2·7·19, sphenic number, Harshad number, nontotient, noncototient, self number, repdigit in base 11 (222). 266 is also the index of the largest proper subgroups of the sporadic group known as the Janko group \"J\". 267 = 3·89, semiprime, the number of groups of order 64. 268 = 2·67, noncototient, untouchable number 269 is a prime, twin prime with 271, sum of three consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97), Chen prime,", "title": "260 (number)" }, { "id": "6231380", "score": "1.5239298", "text": "symmetrical around the horizontal axis, and 6 and 9 are the same as each other when rotated 180 degrees. In such a system, the first few strobogrammatic numbers are: 0, 1, 2, 8, 11, 22, 69, 88, 96, 101, 111, 181, 202, 609, 619, 689, 808, 818, 888, 906, 916, 986, 1001, 1111, 1691, 1881, 1961, 2002, 6009, 6119, 6699, 6889, 6969, 8008, 8118, 8698, 8888, 8968, 9006, 9116, 9696, 9886, 9966, ... The first few strobogrammatic primes are: The years 1881, 1961 and 2002 were the most recent strobogrammatic years; the next strobogrammatic year will be 6009. Although amateur", "title": "Strobogrammatic number" }, { "id": "10717146", "score": "1.511621", "text": "to 15. If you simply divide the numbers by 16 and take the remainder, you'll find that the numbers 0–3 occur about 17% more often than others. This is because 16 does not evenly divide 100: the largest multiple of 16 less than or equal to 100 is 6×16 = 96, and it is the numbers in the incomplete range 96–99 that cause the bias. The simplest way to fix the problem is to discard those numbers before taking the remainder and to keep trying again until a number in the suitable range comes up. While in principle this could,", "title": "Fisher–Yates shuffle" }, { "id": "2897180", "score": "1.5090275", "text": "260 (number) 260 (two hundred [and] sixty) is the natural number following 259 and preceding 261. It is also the magic constant of the \"n\"×\"n\" normal magic square and \"n\"-queens problem for \"n\" = 8, the size of an actual chess board. 260 is also the magic constant of the Franklin magic square devised by Benjamin Franklin. The minor diagonal gives 260, and in addition a number of combinations of two half diagonals of four numbers from a corner to the center give 260. 260 are the days in Mayan sacred calendar Tzolkin. 260 may also refer to the years", "title": "260 (number)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fourth power\n\nIn arithmetic and algebra, the fourth power of a number \"n\" is the result of multiplying four instances of \"n\" together. So:\n\nFourth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its cube. Furthermore, they are squares of squares.\n\nThe sequence of fourth powers of integers (also known as biquadrates or tesseractic numbers) is:", "title": "Fourth power" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Multimagic square\n\nIn mathematics, a \"P\"-multimagic square (also known as a satanic square) is a magic square that remains magic even if all its numbers are replaced by their \"k\"th powers for 1 ≤ \"k\" ≤ \"P\". squares are called bimagic, squares are called trimagic, squares tetramagic, and squares pentamagic.", "title": "Multimagic square" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of common resolutions\n\nThis article lists computer monitor screen resolutions that are defined by standards or in common use. Most of them use certain preferred numbers.\n", "title": "List of common resolutions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips\n\nThis is a list of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips (SoC) made by Qualcomm for use in smartphones, tablets, laptops, 2-in-1 PCs, smartwatches, and smartbooks devices.", "title": "List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Powerful number\n\nA powerful number is a positive integer \"m\" such that for every prime number \"p\" dividing \"m\", \"p\" also divides \"m\". Equivalently, a powerful number is the product of a square and a cube, that is, a number \"m\" of the form \"m\" = \"a\"\"b\", where \"a\" and \"b\" are positive integers. Powerful numbers are also known as squareful, square-full, or 2-full. Paul Erdős and George Szekeres studied such numbers and Solomon W. Golomb named such numbers \"powerful\".\n\nThe following is a list of all powerful numbers between 1 and 1000:", "title": "Powerful number" }, { "id": "13791908", "score": "1.5073558", "text": "and not related to the Fibonacci series. Key: o = 10; • = 1; The operation represented is: 32 x 5 = 32 x (2 + 3) = (32 x 2) + (32 x 3) = 64 + 96 = 160 The numbers represented in the columns are, from left to right: 32 (the multiplicand), 64 = 32 x 2 and 32 x 3 = 96 (which together constitute the multiplicand, multiplied by the two factors in which the multiplier has been broken down) and finally 151. In this issue (error) are based all possible criticisms of this interpretation, since", "title": "Yupana" }, { "id": "2694361", "score": "1.5043539", "text": "exists whose aliquot sequence is infinite yet never repeats. Any one of the many numbers whose aliquot sequences have not been fully determined might be such a number. The first five candidate numbers are often called the Lehmer five (named after D.H. Lehmer): 276, 552, 564, 660, and 966. However, it is worth noting that 276 may reach a high apex in its aliquot sequence and then descend; the number 138 reaches a peak of 179931895322 before returning to 1. Guy and Selfridge believe the Catalan–Dickson conjecture is false (so they conjecture some aliquot sequences are unbounded above (or diverge)).", "title": "Aliquot sequence" }, { "id": "3339739", "score": "1.5009551", "text": "2,147,483,647 seconds since the start of the epoch). This means that systems using a 32-bit codice_2 type are susceptible to the Year 2038 problem. 2,147,483,647 The number 2,147,483,647 is the eighth Mersenne prime, equal to 2 − 1. It is one of only four known double Mersenne primes. The primality of this number was proven by Leonhard Euler, who reported the proof in a letter to Daniel Bernoulli written in 1772. Euler used trial division, improving on Pietro Cataldi's method, so that at most 372 divisions were needed. It thus improved upon the previous record-holding prime, 6,700,417, also discovered by", "title": "2,147,483,647" }, { "id": "5059549", "score": "1.4987485", "text": "616 (number) 616 (six hundred [and] sixteen) is the natural number following 615 and preceding 617. While 666 is called the \"number of the beast\" in most manuscripts of Revelation , a fragment of the earliest papyrus 115 gives the number as 616. 616 is a member of the Padovan sequence, coming after 265, 351, 465 (it is the sum of the first two of these). 616 is a polygonal number in four different ways: it is a heptagonal number, as well as 13-, 31- and 104-gonal. It is also the sum of the squares of the factorials of 2,3,4.", "title": "616 (number)" }, { "id": "19901113", "score": "1.4953461", "text": "3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192. Subdivisions of E3 to E192 ensure the maximum error will be divided in the order of 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%. Also, the E192 series is used for 0.25% and 0.1% tolerance resistors. Currently, the E series is split into two major groupings: up to E24 is one group, and E48 and higher is the other group. The two main differences between each major group is the number of significant digits (2 digits for E3 to E24, 3 digits for E48 to E192) and different rounding rules. Since lower E series", "title": "E series of preferred numbers" }, { "id": "8259891", "score": "1.49481", "text": "prime factor of the Euclid number 510511 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 × 17 + 1. As a member of the lazy caterer's sequence, 277 counts the maximum number of pieces obtained by slicing a pancake with 23 straight cuts. 277 is also a Perrin number, and as such counts the number of maximal independent sets in an icosagon. There are 277 ways to tile a 3 × 8 rectangle with integer-sided squares, and 277 degree-7 monic polynomials with integer coefficients and all roots in the unit disk. On an infinite chessboard, there", "title": "277 (number)" }, { "id": "2419376", "score": "1.4909878", "text": "and 68 matroids on four labeled elements. Størmer's theorem proves that, for every number \"p\", there are a finite number of pairs of consecutive numbers that are both \"p\"-smooth (having no prime factor larger than \"p\"). For \"p\" = 13 this finite number is exactly 68. On an infinite chessboard, there are 68 squares three knight's moves away from any cell. As a decimal number, 68 is the last two-digit number to appear in the digits of pi. It is a happy number, meaning that repeatedly summing the squares of its digits eventually leads to 1: 68 (number) 68 (sixty-eight)", "title": "68 (number)" }, { "id": "8006300", "score": "1.4905206", "text": "in \"Star Trek\", the total number of Rules of Acquisition, repdigit in base 7 (555). 286 = 2·11·13, sphenic number, tetrahedral number, nontotient, also shorthand for the Intel 80286 microprocessor chip. 286 is the smallest even pseudoprime (not divisible by 3) to base 3, which implies 3 ≡ 1 (mod 286). 287 = 7·41, sum of three consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101), sum of five consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67), sum of nine consecutive primes (17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47),", "title": "280 (number)" }, { "id": "3112576", "score": "1.490412", "text": "are : The 248-dimensional representation is the adjoint representation. There are two non-isomorphic irreducible representations of dimension 8634368000 (it is not unique; however, the next integer with this property is 175898504162692612600853299200000 ). The fundamental representations are those with dimensions 3875, 6696000, 6899079264, 146325270, 2450240, 30380, 248 and 147250 (corresponding to the eight nodes in the Dynkin diagram in the order chosen for the Cartan matrix below, i.e., the nodes are read in the seven-node chain first, with the last node being connected to the third). The coefficients of the character formulas for infinite dimensional irreducible representations of E depend on", "title": "E8 (mathematics)" }, { "id": "1697371", "score": "1.4853565", "text": "where Kaprekar started investigating them. He calls \"Wonderful Demlo numbers\" those of the form 1, 121, 12321, 1234321, ..., 12345678987654321. The fact that these are the squares of the repunits has led some authors to call Demlo numbers the infinite sequence of these, 1, 121, 12321, ..., 12345678987654321, 1234567900987654321, 123456790120987654321, ..., , although one can check these are not Demlo numbers for \"p\" = 10, 19, 28, ... Repunit In recreational mathematics, a repunit is a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that contains only the digit 1 — a more specific type of repdigit. The term stands for repeated", "title": "Repunit" }, { "id": "487553", "score": "1.4811339", "text": "sequence has been found. For instance, starting with \"n\" = 12, one gets the sequence 12, 6, 3, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. \"n\" = 19, for example, takes longer to reach 1: 19, 58, 29, 88, 44, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. The sequence for \"n\" = 27, listed and graphed below, takes 111 steps (41 steps through odd numbers, in large font), climbing to 9232 before descending to 1. Numbers with a total stopping time longer than that of any smaller starting value form a", "title": "Collatz conjecture" }, { "id": "2373439", "score": "1.4801648", "text": "Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.\" Starting with the 140 series in 1966, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the series, the second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a six-cylinder engine and four doors. However, there were exceptions to this rule – the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally aspirated V6 petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight-cylinder, as the \"eight\" would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine, and the", "title": "Volvo Cars" }, { "id": "5580892", "score": "1.4784245", "text": "desired number of divisions within the major step size of twelve. Similarly a base of two, eight, or sixteen would fit nicely with the binary units commonly found in computer science. Each of the Renard sequences can be reduced to a subset by taking every \"n\"th value in a series, which is designated by adding the number \"n\" after a slash. For example, \"R10″/3 (1…1000)\" designates a series consisting of every third value in the R″10 series from 1 to 1000, that is, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 250, 500, 1000. Renard series Renard series are a", "title": "Renard series" }, { "id": "3670747", "score": "1.4755539", "text": "613 (number) 613 (six hundred [and] thirteen) is the natural number following 612 and preceding 614. 613 is a prime number, the first number of prime triplet (\"p\", \"p\" + 4, \"p\" + 6), middle number of sexy prime triple (\"p\" − 6, \"p\", \"p\" + 6). It is the index of a prime Lucas number. 613 is a centered square number with 18 per side, a circular number of 21 with a square grid and 27 using a triangular grid. It is also 17-gonal. 613 is the sum of squares of two consecutive integers, 17 and 18, and is", "title": "613 (number)" }, { "id": "2419346", "score": "1.4747107", "text": "it is possible to find sequences of 64 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member, 64 is an Erdős–Woods number. In base 10, no integer added up to its own digits yields 64, hence it is a self number. 64 is a superperfect number—a number such that σ(σ(\"n\")) = 2\"n\". 64 is the index of Graham's number in the rapidly growing sequence 3↑↑↑↑3, 3 ↑ 3,… Sixty-four is: 64 (number) 64 (sixty-four) is the natural number following 63 and preceding 65. Sixty-four is the square of 8, the cube", "title": "64 (number)" } ]

[ "Buddha Shakyamuni", "Shakhyamuni", "siddhartha guatama", "Buddah", "Gautama Siddartha", "Siddhartha Gotoma", "śākyamuni", "Buddha and Vishnu", "siddhattha gotama", "Enlightenment of Buddha", "buddah", "siddhartha gutama", "siddhartha gautam", "Lord Buddha", "budda", "बुद्ध", "gotama buddha", "Nepal buddha", "Sakyamuni Buddha", "буда", "sidarta guatema", "Butsu", "Shri Buddha", "Siddhartha gotama", "shakyamuni buddha", "siddhārtha gautama", "Goutham", "sakhyamuni buddha", "goutham", "Thus-gone-one", "Sidarta Guatema", "Awakened One", "story of buddha", "Budda", "siddharta gautama", "siddharta guatama", "Gautam Buddha", "phật", "sakayamuni", "thus gone one", "buddha god or man", "Shakyamuni", "Sakayamuni", "buhhda", "sage of shakyas", "siddhartha gautama", "Gotama Buddha", "Enlightened one", "siddhartha gautam buddha", "enlightened one", "sakyamuni buddha", "Siddharta Gautama", "life of buddha", "Prince Siddhartha", "siddhartha gotoma", "Gautama buddha", "gautama buddha", "gowthama buddha", "Sage of the Shakyas", "Siddhārtha Gautama", "Buhda", "BuddHa", "Guatama", "shaka nyorai", "shakamuni", "shakyamuni gautama", "buddha and vishnu", "The Awakened One", "The Budda", "buddha shakyamuni", "Gautama Buddha", "Siddhartha Gutama", "recluse gotama", "The life of the Buddha", "Shakymuni Buddha", "The Buddha", "Buddha, the Enlightened", "śakyamuni buddha", "Buhhda", "Shijiamounifo", "sage of sakyas", "buddha gautama", "awakened one", "Gautama Siddhartha", "Birthplace of Gautama Buddha", "shakymuni buddha", "nepal buddha", "Gotama buddha", "Siddhartha Gautama", "shakyamuni", "Siddhartha Buddha", "Siddhattha Gotama", "shijiamouni", "Buddha Gautama", "Phật", "Enlightened One", "sakyamuni", "The Enlightened One", "prince siddhartha", "birthplace of gautama buddha", "Thus-come-one", "shri buddha", "The story of buddha", "butsu", "Gautama", "shijiamounifo", "Shijiamouni", "Shakamuni", "Siddharta Guatama", "lord buddha", "shakhyamuni", "Sakyamuni", "buddha enlightened", "Siddhartha Gautam", "siddhartha buddha", "Sakhyamuni Buddha", "śākyamuni buddha", "siddartha gautama", "thus come one", "Śākyamuni", "buddha", "Śakyamuni Buddha", "buddha – god or man", "Gowthama Buddha", "siddhartha gotama", "enlightenment of buddha", "Shaka Nyorai", "Recluse Gotama", "Shakyamuni Gautama", "gautama siddhartha", "Shakyamuni Buddha", "Siddhartha Gautam Buddha", "Sage of the Sakyas", "Buddha", "guatama", "gautam buddha", "Буда", "gautama", "Buddha – God or Man", "shijia mouni", "Śākyamuni Buddha", "Siddhartha Guatama", "Siddartha Gautama", "Shijia Mouni", "Buddha - God or Man", "gautama siddartha", "buhda" ]

[ { "id": "38536", "score": "1.6463302", "text": "as one of the Manifestations of God. The Buddha Gautama Buddha Gautama Buddha (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama (सिद्धार्थ गौतम) in Sanskrit or Siddhāttha Gotama (शिद्धत्थ गोतम) in Pali , Shakyamuni (i.e. \"Sage of the Shakyas\") Buddha, or simply the Buddha, after the title of \"Buddha\", was a monk (śramaṇa), mendicant, and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the northeastern part of ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. Gautama taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "38476", "score": "1.6451135", "text": "Gautama Buddha Gautama Buddha (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama (सिद्धार्थ गौतम) in Sanskrit or Siddhāttha Gotama (शिद्धत्थ गोतम) in Pali , Shakyamuni (i.e. \"Sage of the Shakyas\") Buddha, or simply the Buddha, after the title of \"Buddha\", was a monk (śramaṇa), mendicant, and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the northeastern part of ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. Gautama taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism found in the śramaṇa movement common in his", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "2164470", "score": "1.587012", "text": "who has found meaning (of existence)\" or \"he who has attained his goals\". In fact, the Buddha's own name, before his renunciation, was Siddhartha Gautama, Prince of Kapilavastu. In this book, the Buddha is referred to as \"Gotama\". The story takes place in the Nepalese district of Kapilavastu. Siddhartha decides to leave behind his home in the hope of gaining spiritual illumination by becoming an ascetic wandering beggar of the Shramanas. Joined by his best friend, Govinda, Siddhartha fasts, becomes homeless, renounces all personal possessions, and intensely meditates, eventually seeking and personally speaking with Gautama, the famous Buddha, or Enlightened", "title": "Siddhartha (novel)" }, { "id": "8078751", "score": "1.5670725", "text": "Gautama Siddha Gautama Siddha, (fl. 8th century) astronomer, astrologer and compiler of Indian descent, known for leading the compilation of the \"Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era\" during the Tang Dynasty. He was born in Chang'an, and his family was originally from India, according to a tomb stele uncovered in 1977 in Xi'an. The Gautama family had probably settled in China over many generations, and might have been present in China prior even to the foundation of the Tang Dynasty. He was most notable for his translation of Navagraha calendar into Chinese. He also introduced Indian numerals with zero", "title": "Gautama Siddha" }, { "id": "38480", "score": "1.5554926", "text": "of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians. The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born into the Shakya clan, a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. One of his usual names was \"Sakamuni\" or \"Sakyamunī\" (\"Sage of the Shakyas\"). It was either a small republic, or an oligarchy, and his father was an elected chieftain, or oligarch. According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in Lumbini, now in modern-day Nepal,", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Buddha\n\nSiddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.\n\nAccording to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic (). After leading a life of begging, asceticism, and meditation, he attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in what is now India. The Buddha thereafter wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order. He taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to Nirvana, that is, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His teachings are summarized in the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and meditative practices such as sense restraint, kindness toward others, mindfulness, and (meditation proper). He died in Kushinagar, attaining \"paranirvana\". The Buddha has since been venerated by numerous religions and communities across Asia.\n\nA couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title Buddha, which means \"Awakened One\" or \"Enlightened One.\" His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the Vinaya, his codes for monastic practice, and the Sutta Piṭaka, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects through an oral tradition. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as \"Abhidharma\", biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as \"Jataka tales\", and additional discourses, i.e., the Mahayana sutras.", "title": "The Buddha" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Śuddhodana" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Buddhahood\n\nIn Buddhism, Buddha (; Pali, Sanskrit: 𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥, बुद्ध), \"awakened one\", is a title for those who are awake, and have attained nirvana and Buddhahood through their own efforts and insight, without a teacher to point out the dharma (Sanskrit 𑀥𑀭𑁆𑀫; Pali \"dhamma\"; \"right way of living\"). The title is most commonly used for Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, who is often simply known as \"the Buddha\". Buddhahood (, buddhatva; or ; ) is the condition and rank of a buddha \"awakened one\". This highest spiritual state of being is also termed sammā-sambodhi (skt. samyaksaṃbodhi 'full complete awakening').\n\nThe title is also used for other beings who have achieved \"bodhi\" (awakening) and \"moksha\" (release from craving), such as the other human Buddhas who achieved enlightenment before Gautama, the five celestial Buddhas worshiped primarily in Mahayana, and the bodhisattva named Maitreya, who will achieve enlightenment in the future and succeed Gautama Buddha as the supreme Buddha of the world. \n\nThe goal of Mahayana's bodhisattva path is complete Buddhahood, so that one may benefit all sentient beings by teaching them the path of cessation of \"dukkha\". Mahayana theory contrasts this with the goal of the Theravada path, where the most common goal is individual arhatship<ref name=\"gethin1998p224\" /> by following dharma; the teachings of the supreme Buddha.", "title": "Buddhahood" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Buddha's Birthday\n\nBuddha's Birthday (also known as Buddha Jayanti, also known as his day of enlightenment – Buddha Purnima, Buddha Pournami) is a Buddhist festival that is celebrated in most of East Asia and South Asia commemorating the birth of the Prince Siddhartha Gautama, later the Gautama Buddha, who was the founder of Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, Gautama Buddha was born c. 563–483 BCE in Lumbini, Nepal. Archaeologists from Durham University working in Nepal have uncovered evidence of a structure at the birthplace of the Buddha dating to the sixth century B.C. using a combination of radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence techniques \n\nThe exact date of Buddha's birthday is based on the Asian lunisolar calendars. The date for the celebration of Buddha's birthday varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar, but usually falls in April or May. In leap years it may be celebrated in June.\n\nIn South and Southeast Asia, the Buddha's birth is celebrated as part of \"Vesak\", a festival that also celebrates the Buddha's enlightenment (on the day of the full moon) and death. In East Asia, Vietnam and the Philippines, the awakening and death of the Buddha are observed as separate holidays.", "title": "Buddha's Birthday" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bodhi Tree\n\n\n\nThe Bodhi Tree (\"tree of awakening\"), also called the Bodhi Fig Tree or Bo Tree, is a large sacred fig tree (\"Ficus religiosa\") located in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India. Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher who became known as the Buddha, is said to have attained enlightenment or \"Bodhi\" circa 500 BCE under it. In religious iconography, the Bodhi Tree is recognizable by its heart-shaped leaves, which are usually prominently displayed.\n\nThe proper term \"Bodhi Tree\" is also applied to existing sacred fig (\"Ficus religiosa\") trees, also known as bodhi trees. The foremost example of an existing tree is the Mahabodhi Tree growing at the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, which is often cited as a direct descendant of the original tree. This tree, planted around 250 BCE, is a frequent destination for pilgrims, being the most important of the four main Buddhist pilgrimage sites.\n\nOther holy bodhi trees with great significance in the history of Buddhism are the Anandabodhi Tree at Jetavana in Sravasti in North India and the Sri Maha Bodhi Tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Both are also believed to have been propagated from the original Bodhi Tree.\n\nThe Forest Research Institute of India assists in the upkeep of the tree since 2007. Cloning has been considered in 2008. Its sacred leaves can also be bought by pilgrims as mementos.<ref name=\":0\" /> Religious offerings, which would draw insects, were shifted to some distance from the tree.<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Bodhi Tree" }, { "id": "6561524", "score": "1.5328786", "text": "\"Siddhārtha,\" (\"Achieved the Goal\") which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, and his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddhārtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that", "title": "Buddhism" }, { "id": "11195472", "score": "1.5327673", "text": "as the most recent of ten principal avatars, known as the Dashavatara (\"Ten Incarnations of God\"). Siddhartha Gautama's teachings deny the authority of the Vedas and consequently [at least atheistic] Buddhism is generally viewed as a \"nāstika\" school (heterodox, literally \"It is not so\") from the perspective of orthodox Hinduism. Many of the eighteen orthodox Puranas mention the Buddha in a less favouring light. They present the birth of the Buddha as a ploy by the Supreme God Vishnu to corrupt demons and sway them from Vedic teachings. Only by leading them astray with his teachings could the demons be", "title": "Gautama Buddha in world religions" }, { "id": "8078752", "score": "1.5309443", "text": "(〇) in 718 in China as a replacement of counting rods. Gautama Siddha Gautama Siddha, (fl. 8th century) astronomer, astrologer and compiler of Indian descent, known for leading the compilation of the \"Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era\" during the Tang Dynasty. He was born in Chang'an, and his family was originally from India, according to a tomb stele uncovered in 1977 in Xi'an. The Gautama family had probably settled in China over many generations, and might have been present in China prior even to the foundation of the Tang Dynasty. He was most notable for his translation of", "title": "Gautama Siddha" }, { "id": "3701956", "score": "1.5257962", "text": "movements, schisms, and schools, among them the Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna traditions, with contrasting periods of expansion and retreat. Siddhārtha Gautama was the historical founder of Buddhism. The early sources state he was born in the small Shakya (Pali: Sakka) Republic, which was part of the Kosala realm of ancient India, now in modern-day Nepal. He is thus also known as the \"Shakyamuni\" (literally: \"The sage of the Shakya clan\"). The republic was ruled by a council of household heads, and Gautama was born to one of these elites, so that he described himself as a Kshatriya when talking to", "title": "History of Buddhism" }, { "id": "6468605", "score": "1.525362", "text": "were several great and renowned rishis, who belonged to the Gautam gotra but all of them assumed the generic name of \"Gautam\" only. The name had a conjuring effect by virtue of the merits of the great Vedic rishi Gautam and his illustrious descendent rishis so much so that, numerous other persons sought to assume this name in ancient times. A Gautam gotriya Brahmin named, Indrabhuti of Gochchar village of the ancient Magadha kingdom, who became the chief disciple of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara, was called as Gautam Swami. Siddhartha (founder of Buddhism) was born in the Shakya", "title": "Gautam (given name)" }, { "id": "38493", "score": "1.5245533", "text": "India which can be corroborated from the Jain scriptures, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in Indian history for which significant accounts exist. British author Karen Armstrong writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure. Michael Carrithers goes a bit further by stating that the most general outline of \"birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death\" must be true. The Buddhist tradition regards Lumbini, in present-day Nepal to be the birthplace of the Buddha. He grew", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "38477", "score": "1.5228086", "text": "region. He later taught throughout other regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kosala. Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism. He is believed by Buddhists to be an enlightened teacher who attained full Buddhahood and shared his insights to help sentient beings end rebirth and suffering. Accounts of his life, discourses and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarised after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him were passed down by oral tradition and first committed to writing about 400 years later. In Vaishnava Hinduism, the historic Buddha", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "2181988", "score": "1.5112653", "text": "to be known as Gautama Buddha. Siddhartha was the son of Śuddhodana, the chosen leader of the Śākya Gaṇarājya. The Shakyas are mentioned in later Buddhist texts as well, including the (c. late 2nd century BCE), and , a commentary by Buddhaghoṣa on the Digha Nikaya (c. 5th century CE), mostly in the accounts of the birth of the Buddha, as a part of the \"Adicchabandhu\"s (kinsmen of the sun) or the s and as descendants of the legendary king Ikshvaku: Buddhaghoṣa's work (II, 1–24) traces the origin of the Shakyas to king Ikshvaku and gives their genealogy from Maha", "title": "Shakya" }, { "id": "8753206", "score": "1.5093794", "text": "but was not authored by Gautama Maharishi. Akṣapāda Gotama is the 6th century BCE founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy, not to be confused with Vedic Sage Gautama Maharishi. Buddhist pali canon texts traces Buddhas paternal lineage to Vedic sages Gautama and Angirasa, he is therefore known as \"\"Gautama\"\" Buddha. Jainism traces tirthankara Indrabhuti Gautama paternal lineage to Vedic sage Gautama. Gautama Maharishi Gautama Maharishi ( \"Maharṣiḥ Gautama\") was a Rigvedic sage in Hinduism, and also finds mentions in Jainism and Buddhism. The Rig Veda has several suktas (Sanskrit: 'hymns') that mentions him. The Vedic sage Gautama is", "title": "Gautama Maharishi" }, { "id": "38478", "score": "1.5049152", "text": "is considered to be an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. Of the ten major avatars of Vishnu, Vaishnavites believe Gautama Buddha to be the ninth and most recent incarnation. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most people accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the Mahajanapada era during the reign of Bimbisara (, or c. 400 BCE), the ruler of the Magadha empire, and died during the early years of the reign of Ajatasatru, who was the successor of Bimbisara, thus making him a younger", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "38487", "score": "1.5046141", "text": "60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but also reminds that such a text was originally intended more as hagiography than as an exact historical record of events). The sources for the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies. These include the \"Buddhacarita\", \"Lalitavistara Sūtra\", \"Mahāvastu\", and the \"Nidānakathā\". Of these, the \"Buddhacarita\" is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet Aśvaghoṣa in the first century CE. The \"Lalitavistara Sūtra\" is the next oldest biography, a Mahāyāna/Sarvāstivāda biography dating to the 3rd century", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "1492040", "score": "1.5031078", "text": "The tenth epithet is sometimes listed as \"The World Honored Enlightened One\" (Skt. \"Buddha-Lokanatha\") or \"The Blessed Enlightened One\" (Skt. \"Buddha-Bhagavan\"). In the Pāli Canon, Gautama Buddha is known as being a \"teacher of the gods and humans\", superior to both the gods and humans in the sense of having nirvana or the greatest bliss, whereas the devas, or gods, are still subject to anger, fear and sorrow. In the Madhupindika Sutta (MN 18), Buddha is described in powerful terms as the Lord of the Dhamma (Pali: Dhammasami, skt.: Dharma Swami) and the bestower of immortality (Pali: Amatassadata). Similarly, in", "title": "Buddhahood" }, { "id": "9877970", "score": "1.4987671", "text": "Gautama Buddha (film) Tathagatha Buddha: The Life & Times of Gautama Buddha (), also known as Gautama Buddha and as The Path Finder, is a multilingual feature film on the life and times of the Buddha directed by Allani Sridhar and is based upon the story by Sadguru Sivananda Murty. The film was released in Telugu in 2007 and in other languages in 2008. Initially released in 2007 by Dharmapatha Creations, the film tells the story of Siddhartha Gautama, Prince of Kapilavastu, situated in Nepal, who lived during 6th century B.C. He was born on Vaisakha Poornima. The history of", "title": "Gautama Buddha (film)" }, { "id": "38496", "score": "1.4964972", "text": "on a full moon day. Various sources hold that the Buddha's mother died at his birth, a few days or seven days later. The infant was given the name Siddhartha (Pāli: Siddhattha), meaning \"he who achieves his aim\". During the birth celebrations, the hermit seer Asita journeyed from his mountain abode and announced that the child would either become a great king (chakravartin) or a great sadhu. By traditional account, this occurred after Siddhartha placed his feet in Asita's hair and Asita examined the birthmarks. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day, and invited eight Brahmin scholars to", "title": "Gautama Buddha" }, { "id": "19596740", "score": "1.4926039", "text": "Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film) Sri Siddhartha Gautama (ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ ගෞතම) is a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film directed by Saman Weeraman and starring Gagan Malik, Anchal Singh, Ranjan Ramanayake, Anjani Perera, Roshan Ranawana, Gautam Gulati, Saranga Disasekara, Dilhani Ekanayake, and Wilson Gooneratne. Veteran film maker Chandran Rutnam was the main adviser to the project. The film was released in Sri Lanka on 24 January 2013 on EAP theaters. The film has been dubbed into many languages such as in Mandarin, Thai, Vietnamese and Hindi. It has also been subtitled in French, Japanese, Vietnamese, Mandarin and Hindi. The film received five", "title": "Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)" } ]

[ "hahn otto", "otto hahn", "Hahn, Otto", "Otto Hahn" ]

[ { "id": "4503730", "score": "1.7809417", "text": "putting themselves and their three-year-old son at risk. Strassmann's expertise in analytical chemistry was employed by Hahn and Meitner in their investigations of the products of bombarding uranium with neutrons. In December 1938, Hahn and Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"Naturwissenschaften\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission, although Fritz Strassmann had been acknowledged as an equal collaborator in the discovery. From 1939 to 1946 he contributed to research at the Kaiser-Wilhelm", "title": "Fritz Strassmann" }, { "id": "11697778", "score": "1.7793028", "text": "years be used by Dunning, Glasoe, and Anderson in a historic experiment based on the discovery of nuclear fission in Europe in December 1938 and January 1939. In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"Naturwissenschaften\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear", "title": "G. N. Glasoe" }, { "id": "6317981", "score": "1.7458037", "text": "Fritz Straßmann (1902-1980) led to the discovery of nuclear fission in December 1938. Otto Hahn was Director of the Institute from 1928 to 1946. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944. During the war, in 1944, the Institute building was severely damaged as a result of air raids. Everything that hadn't been destroyed was then stored in a closed textile factory in Tailfingen, Württemberg (present-day Albstadt), where the Institute continued the work it had started in Berlin for a time. After World War II the institute moved to the campus of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in 1949.", "title": "Max Planck Institute for Chemistry" }, { "id": "4503733", "score": "1.7383479", "text": "1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. Fritz Strassmann Friedrich Wilhelm \"Fritz\" Strassmann (; 22 February 1902 – 22 April 1980) was a German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in early 1939, identified barium in the residue after bombarding uranium with neutrons, results which, when confirmed, demonstrated the previously unknown phenomenon of nuclear fission. Born in Boppard, he began his chemistry studies in 1920 at the Technical University of Hannover and earned his Ph.D. in 1929. He did his Ph.D. work on", "title": "Fritz Strassmann" }, { "id": "11671350", "score": "1.732185", "text": "uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Some historians have documented the history of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn. Even before it was published, Meitner’s and Frisch’s interpretation of the work of Hahn and Strassmann crossed the Atlantic Ocean with Niels Bohr, who was to lecture", "title": "Francis G. Slack" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lise Meitner\n\nElise Meitner ( , ; 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist who was one of those responsible for the discovery of the element protactinium and nuclear fission. While working on radioactivity at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Chemistry in Berlin, she discovered the radioactive isotope protactinium-231 in 1917. In 1938, Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, discovered nuclear fission. She was praised by Albert Einstein as the \"German Marie Curie\".<ref name=\"wapost\" />\n\nCompleting her doctoral research in 1905, Meitner became the second woman from the University of Vienna to earn a doctorate in physics. She spent most of her scientific career in Berlin, Germany, where she was a physics professor and a department head at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute; she was the first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany. She lost these positions in the 1930s because of the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws of Nazi Germany, and in 1938 she fled to Sweden, where she lived for many years, ultimately becoming a Swedish citizen.\n\nIn mid-1938, Meitner with chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute found that bombarding thorium with neutrons produced different isotopes. Hahn and Strassmann later in the year showed that isotopes of barium could be formed by bombardment of uranium. In late December, Meitner and Frisch worked out the phenomenon of such a splitting process. In their report in February issue of \"Nature\" in 1939, they gave it the name \"fission\". This principle led to the development of the first atomic bomb during World War II, and subsequently other nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.\n\nMeitner did not share the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for nuclear fission, which was awarded exclusively to her long-time collaborator Otto Hahn. Several scientists and journalists have called her exclusion \"unjust\". According to the Nobel Prize archive, she was nominated 19 times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1924 and 1948, and 29 times for the Nobel Prize in Physics between 1937 and 1965. Despite not having been awarded the Nobel Prize, Meitner was invited to attend the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in 1962. She received many other honours, including the naming of chemical element 109 meitnerium after her in 1997.", "title": "Lise Meitner" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Otto Hahn" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Werner Heisenberg\n\nWerner Karl Heisenberg () (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976)\n\nHeisenberg also made contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II. He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957.\n\nFollowing World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970.\n\nHeisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.<ref name=formemrs/>", "title": "Werner Heisenberg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Discovery of nuclear fission" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Enrico Fermi" }, { "id": "6233273", "score": "1.7253878", "text": "discovered by James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in February 1932. In December 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at Hahn's laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem bombarded uranium with slow neutrons, and discovered that barium had been produced, and therefore that the uranium nucleus had been split. Hahn wrote to his colleague Lise Meitner, who, with her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, developed a theoretical justification for the process, which they published in \"Nature\" in 1939. This phenomenon was a new type of nuclear disintegration, and was more powerful than any seen before. Frisch and Meitner calculated that", "title": "MAUD Committee" }, { "id": "451449", "score": "1.713149", "text": "December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"Naturwissenschaften\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a \"bursting\" of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. In June 1939, Heisenberg bought a summer home for his family in", "title": "Werner Heisenberg" }, { "id": "4503731", "score": "1.7109332", "text": "Institute on the fission products of thorium, uranium, and neptunium. In 1946 he became professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Mainz and 1948 director of the newly established Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. He later founded the Institute for Nuclear Chemistry. In 1957 he was one of the Göttingen Eighteen, who protested against the Adenauer government's plans to equip the Bundeswehr, Western Germany's army, with tactical nuclear weapons. In 1966 President Johnson honored Hahn, Meitner and Strassmann with the Enrico Fermi Award. The International Astronomical Union named an asteroid after him: 19136 Strassmann. In 1985 Fritz Strassmann was", "title": "Fritz Strassmann" }, { "id": "12073919", "score": "1.7073598", "text": "energy project, shortly after Hanle went to Göttingen. From 1937 to 1941, Hanle was again at the University of Göttingen. In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"Naturwissenschaften\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to The Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. Paul Harteck was director of", "title": "Wilhelm Hanle" }, { "id": "11702491", "score": "1.7070608", "text": "reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Some historians have documented the history of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn. Even before it was published, Meitner’s and Frisch’s interpretation of the work of Hahn and Strassmann crossed the", "title": "Eugene T. Booth" }, { "id": "4622970", "score": "1.7040131", "text": "French scientist Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor. None of the contributors to the discovery of nuclear fission won the prize for Physics. Instead, the prize for Chemistry was awarded to Otto Hahn for his discovery of fission in Berlin in 1938. Lise Meitner also contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission, through her collaboration with Hahn. From the beginning, she had worked with Hahn on the neutron bombardment of Uranium, but left Germany for Sweden before fission was discovered. Working there with the experimental data supplied to her by Hahn, she managed, with Otto Robert Frisch's participation, to incorporate Niels Bohr's", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "id": "4503728", "score": "1.7010378", "text": "Fritz Strassmann Friedrich Wilhelm \"Fritz\" Strassmann (; 22 February 1902 – 22 April 1980) was a German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in early 1939, identified barium in the residue after bombarding uranium with neutrons, results which, when confirmed, demonstrated the previously unknown phenomenon of nuclear fission. Born in Boppard, he began his chemistry studies in 1920 at the Technical University of Hannover and earned his Ph.D. in 1929. He did his Ph.D. work on the solubility of iodine gaseous carbonic acid. Strassmann started an academic career because the employment situation in the chemical industry was much worse than at", "title": "Fritz Strassmann" }, { "id": "576646", "score": "1.6969804", "text": "awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei.\" Some American historians have documented their view of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn. Hahn was still being detained at Farm Hall when the announcement was made; thus, his whereabouts were a secret, and it was impossible for the Nobel committee to send him a congratulatory telegram. Instead, he learned about his award through the \"Daily Telegraph\" newspaper. His fellow interned German scientists celebrated his award on 18 November by giving speeches,", "title": "Otto Hahn" }, { "id": "14526565", "score": "1.6896405", "text": "Elektrochemistry in Berlin. Together they discovered the Haber–Weiss reaction. He fled with Haber (who was born Jewish) from Nazi Germany to Cambridge in 1933. He later moved to University College London, where he got his PhD in 1935 from Prof Frederick George Donnan. in 1937 he started teaching at the King's College in Durham, which later became the Newcastle University. In 1956 he was appointed a professor of Radiation Chemistry at the Newcastle University. In 1968 he received an honorary degree from the Technical University of Berlin. In 1970 he received the Marie Curie Medal of the Curie Institute. In", "title": "Joseph Joshua Weiss" }, { "id": "3219828", "score": "1.6868992", "text": "February 1932. In April 1932, his Cavendish colleagues John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton split lithium atoms with accelerated protons. Enrico Fermi and his team in Rome conducted experiments involving the bombardment of elements by slow neutrons, which produced heavier elements and isotopes. Then, in December 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at Hahn's laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem bombarded uranium with slowed neutrons, and discovered that barium had been produced, and therefore that the uranium nucleus had been split. Hahn wrote to his colleague Lise Meitner, who, with her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, developed a theoretical justification which they published in \"Nature\"", "title": "Tube Alloys" }, { "id": "4139557", "score": "1.6855907", "text": "a result of his discovery. In 1963, he was invited to Greece and received with great sympathy and celebrated as national hero. Paul Hermann Müller Paul Hermann Müller also known as Pauly Mueller (12 January 1899 – 13 October 1965) was a Swiss chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. Müller was born on January 12, 1899 in Olten, Solothurn to Gottlieb and Fanny (née Leypoldt or Leypold) Müller. He was the oldest", "title": "Paul Hermann Müller" }, { "id": "11691626", "score": "1.682193", "text": "were Eugene T. Booth, G. Norris Glasoe, Hugh Glassford, and, of course, professor Dunning. In anticipation of conducting experiments with the cyclotron, Anderson also built an ionization chamber and a linear amplifier in late 1938. In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"Naturwissenschaften\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel", "title": "Herbert L. Anderson" }, { "id": "576648", "score": "1.6815739", "text": "I contributed something not insignificant to the clarification of the process of uranium fission – how it originates and that it produces so much energy, and that was something very remote from Hahn.Meitner's former assistant Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker later added: The radiochemist and Jewish émigré Elizabeth Rona (later a Professor of Chemistry in Miami) wrote in her memoirs: \"I often thought, that he would have deserved a second Nobel Prize - the Nobel Prize for peace.\" Hahn attended the Nobel festivities the year after he was awarded the prize. On 10 December 1946, King Gustav V of Sweden presented", "title": "Otto Hahn" }, { "id": "132958", "score": "1.679383", "text": "accepted a post at Columbia University, where he had already given summer lectures in 1936. He received the news that in December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons, which Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch correctly interpreted as the result of nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939. The news of Meitner and Frisch's interpretation of Hahn and Strassmann's discovery crossed the Atlantic with Niels Bohr, who was to lecture at Princeton University. Isidor Isaac Rabi and Willis Lamb, two Columbia University physicists", "title": "Enrico Fermi" }, { "id": "291380", "score": "1.6762106", "text": "In 1938, Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\"\". In 1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission, or the fractionation of uranium nuclei into light elements, induced by neutron bombardment. In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"\"for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei.\"\" The discovery of nuclear fission would lead to the development of nuclear power and the atomic bomb by the", "title": "Neutron" } ]

[ "general von hindenburg", "Paul von hindenburg", "Von Hindenburg", "president hindenburg", "paul hindenburg", "paul anton hans ludwig von hindenburg", "Paul von Beneckendorf und Hindenburg", "old paul", "President hindenburg", "President Hindenburg", "Paul Hindenburg", "Paul von Hindenburg", "Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg", "Paul von Hindenberg", "paul von hindenburg", "Paul Von Hindenburg", "Paul Anton Hans Ludwig von Hindenburg", "Old Paul", "von Hindenburg", "General von Hindenburg", "paul ludwig hans anton von beneckendorff und von hindenburg", "paul von beneckendorf und hindenburg", "paul von hindenberg", "von hindenburg" ]

[ { "id": "2435551", "score": "1.8604256", "text": "Hitler's government issued a law providing that upon Hindenburg's death (which occurred in August 1934) merging the offices of President and Chancellor in Hitler's person. However, Hitler now styled himself only \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (\"Leader and Chancellor\"), not using the title of Reichspräsident. The law was \"approved\" by a staged referendum on 19 August. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, as World War II in Europe drew to a close. In his Final Political Testament, Hitler intended to split again the two offices he had merged: he appointed Karl Dönitz as new President, and propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels was", "title": "President of Germany (1919–1945)" }, { "id": "2435536", "score": "1.8347051", "text": "of President and Chancellor) of Germany from 2 August 1934 to 30 April 1945. Upon \"Generalfeldmarschall\" von Hindenburg's death, Adolf Hitler merged the offices of Chancellor and head of state in his person. He styled himself \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (\"Leader and Chancellor\"), but did not use the title of Reichspräsident. Upon his suicide on 30 April 1945, Hitler nominated \"Großadmiral\" Karl Dönitz to be President. Dönitz was arrested on 23 May 1945 and the office was dissolved. Under the Weimar constitution, the President was directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a term of seven years; reelection was not limited.", "title": "President of Germany (1919–1945)" }, { "id": "4517220", "score": "1.8237691", "text": "his intercessor Chancellor Brüning and appointed Franz von Papen, a declared anti-democrat, his successor. Although Hitler lost the presidential election of 1932, he achieved his goals when he was appointed chancellor on 30 January 1933. On February 27, Hindenburg paved the way to dictatorship and war by issuing the Reichstag Fire Decree which nullified civil liberties. Hitler succeeded Hindenburg as head of state upon his death in 1934, whereafter he abolished the office entirely, and replaced it with the new position of \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (\"Leader and Reich Chancellor\"), cementing his rule. The 1932 election was the second of only", "title": "1932 German presidential election" }, { "id": "1691858", "score": "1.791819", "text": "the president with that of Chancellor, so that Hitler became \"Führer and Reichskanzler\" – although eventually \"Reichskanzler\" was quietly dropped. Hitler therefore assumed the President's powers without assuming the office itself – ostensibly out of respect for Hindenburg's achievements as a heroic figure in World War I. Though this law was in breach of the Enabling Act, which specifically precluded any laws concerning the Presidential office, it was approved by a referendum on 19 August. Hitler saw himself as the sole source of power in Germany, similar to the Roman emperors and German medieval leaders. He used the title \"Führer", "title": "Führer" }, { "id": "2435540", "score": "1.7915893", "text": "nominated by the right-wing parties after their original candidate had dropped out after the first ballot, managed to win a majority. Hindenburg served a full term and was reelected in 1932, this time nominated by the pro-republican parties who thought only he could prevent the election of Adolf Hitler to the office. Hindenburg died in office in August 1934, a little over two years after his reelection, having since appointed Hitler as Chancellor. Hitler then assumed the powers of head of state, but did not use the title of President until his own death, when he named Karl Dönitz his", "title": "President of Germany (1919–1945)" }, { "id": "18871125", "score": "1.7900836", "text": "in January 1933. After the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, and elections that returned Hitler to power on 5 March, Hitler moved rapidly to consolidate his power with the passing of the Enabling Act on 23 March 1933, which allowed Hitler bypass the German legislature and pass laws at will. After the death of President Paul von Hindenburg on 2 August, a referendum was passed on 19 August, with 88.1% voting to confirm the merger of the post of President with that of Chancellor, and Hitler became Führer und Reichskanzler. The declaration states confidence in the leadership of Adolf", "title": "Aufruf der Kulturschaffenden" }, { "id": "2435535", "score": "1.7827024", "text": "preferred to rule as \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (\"Leader and Reich Chancellor\"), highlighting the positions he already held in party and government. In his last will in April 1945, Hitler named Joseph Goebbels his successor as Chancellor but named Karl Dönitz as \"Reichspräsident\", thus reviving the individual office for a short while until the German surrender. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany established the office of Federal President (\"Bundespräsident\"), which is, however, a chiefly ceremonial post largely devoid of political power. † denotes people who died in office. Adolf Hitler was served as Führer (the office position mergence", "title": "President of Germany (1919–1945)" }, { "id": "284647", "score": "1.7809275", "text": "30 June to 2 July 1934 in an event that became known as the Night of the Long Knives. On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the \"Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich\", which stated that upon Hindenburg's death the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (\"Leader and Chancellor\") – although eventually \"Reichskanzler\" was quietly dropped. Germany was now a totalitarian state", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "id": "7855941", "score": "1.7796434", "text": "of hospitalisation in Neudeck, East Prussia, President Paul Von Hindenburg of Germany died of uremia poisoning on 2 August 1934. Shortly after news of the 86-year-old's passing made Berlin, Chancellor Adolf Hitler was named President by Constitutional amendment. By the start of Toronto event for Great War veterans, German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels was reported to be working on a \"high-pressure drive to bring Germans in mass to the polls Aug. 19 to vote Adolf Hitler into office as... \"Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor\".\" The host city itself was busy dealing with the Ontario Hunger Marchers. Marchers were holding meeting", "title": "Centennial of the City of Toronto" }, { "id": "3844734", "score": "1.7740374", "text": "Death of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and \"Führer\" (\"Leader\") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He killed himself by gunshot on 30 April 1945 in his \"Führerbunker\" in Berlin. Eva Braun, his wife of one day, committed suicide with him by taking cyanide. In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs through the bunker's emergency exit, doused in petrol, and set alight in the Reich Chancellery garden outside the bunker.", "title": "Death of Adolf Hitler" }, { "id": "6338967", "score": "1.7713945", "text": "he traveled to a spa in Bad Harzburg, where he died on 12 February 1960. He was buried at Waldfriedhof Medingen. Allegations that President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor because of pressure from his son Oskar has never been conclusively established. Nevertheless, Franz von Papen, who had served previously as Reich Chancellor until he was supplanted by Schleicher in December 1932, was negotiating behind Hitler's back to again be named chancellor of a presidential government (a government that would rule by decree under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) and almost succeeded, had it not been in large part for the", "title": "Oskar von Hindenburg" }, { "id": "4517211", "score": "1.7678356", "text": "motivated to run for a second term primarily by a desire to stop Hitler from winning the presidency. Nevertheless, following his re-election, Hindenburg failed to prevent the Nazis from assuming power. Two successive federal elections left the Nazis as the largest party in the Reichstag and anti-Weimar parties in control of a majority of its seats. Under this political climate, Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Incumbent President Paul von Hindenburg was 84 years old and in poor health. Never enthusiastic about the presidency (or public office in general), Hindenburg had planned to stand down", "title": "1932 German presidential election" }, { "id": "4517212", "score": "1.7632989", "text": "after his first term. However, the prospect of Adolf Hitler being elected President of Germany persuaded the reluctant incumbent to seek a second term. The German government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning had developed plans to evade direct elections by a Reichstag resolution to extend Hindenburg's time in office and arranged significant concessions to be made to Hitler's Nazi Party and the German National People's Party (DNVP) under chairman Alfred Hugenberg. However, both party leaders, unified in the Harzburg Front alliance of October 1931, rejected his proposals. In the 1930 federal election, the Nazi Party had dramatically increased its number of", "title": "1932 German presidential election" }, { "id": "13645212", "score": "1.7559533", "text": "move, taking the title \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (Führer and Chancellor). On 1 August, with Hindenburg's death imminent, the \"Reichstag\" had passed the Law on the Head of State of the German Reich, merging the offices of head of state (president) and head of government (chancellor). Immediately after Hindenburg's death on 2 August, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Werner von Blomberg, ordered all members of the \"Reichswehr\" (armed forces) to take an oath to the Führer. When President Hindenburg dictated his testament in May, he included as his \"last wish\" that the Hohenzollern monarchy would be restored by Hitler. His", "title": "1934 German referendum" }, { "id": "6072335", "score": "1.7523408", "text": "Office of the Reich\". This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government, and was formally named as \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (leader and chancellor), although \"Reichskanzler\" was eventually quietly dropped. With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenberg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the \"Reichswehr\", the traditional loyalty", "title": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "id": "14944339", "score": "1.7480221", "text": "the Hitler Youth. The American William L. Shirer reported that all ranks ate the same rations, socialized when off duty, and that officers were concerned with their men's personal problems. On 1 August 1934, a new law stated that on Hindenburg's death the presidency would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the Chancellor. From that day onward, Hitler would be known as Führer and Reich Chancellor. As head of state, Hitler became supreme commander of all armed forces. Hindenburg died the following day. (The new office was confirmed by a plebiscite on 19 August 1934.) Blomberg, on", "title": "Military career of Adolf Hitler" }, { "id": "504904", "score": "1.7415189", "text": "a \"de facto\" military dictatorship that dominated German policymaking for the rest of the war. Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life in 1925 to be elected the second President of Germany. In 1932, he was persuaded to run for re-election as German President, even though he was 84 years old and in poor health, because he was considered the only candidate who could defeat Hitler. Hindenburg was re-elected in a runoff. He was opposed to Hitler and was a major player in the increasing political instability in the Weimar Republic that ended with Hitler's rise to", "title": "Paul von Hindenburg" }, { "id": "165193", "score": "1.7406332", "text": "system. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency to be vacant and transferred the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler as Chancellor and Führer (Leader). The Nazi regime was particularly hostile towards Jews, who became the target of unending antisemitic propaganda attacks. The Nazis attempted to convince the German people to view and treat Jews as \"subhumans\" and immediately after winning almost 44% of parliamentary seats in the 1933 federal elections the Nazis imposed a nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses. In March 1933 the first official Nazi concentration", "title": "History of Germany" }, { "id": "174849", "score": "1.7382212", "text": "government of the Weimar Republic was unable to improve the economy, so many voters turned to the political extreme, which included the NSDAP. Hitler used populist rhetoric, including blaming scapegoats—particularly the Jews—for the economic hardships. In the 1932 election, the Nazis won 37.3 percent of the vote and 230 seats in the Reichstag. Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933, heading a short-lived coalition of his Nazis and the German National People's Party. The new cabinet initially included only three members of the NSDAP: Hitler, Hermann Göring as minister without portfolio and", "title": "Heinrich Himmler" }, { "id": "12988538", "score": "1.7313762", "text": "in operational maintenance, navigation, and aerial combat training over the next decade until the Germans finally left in September 1933. After the death of President Paul von Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Adolf Hitler assumed the office of President of Germany, and thus became commander in chief. In February 1934, the Defence Minister Werner von Blomberg, acting on his own initiative, had all of the Jews serving in the \"Reichswehr\" given an automatic and immediate dishonorable discharge. Again, on his own initiative Blomberg had the armed forces adopt Nazi symbols into their uniforms in May 1934. In August of the", "title": "Wehrmacht" } ]

[ "priscilla maria veronica white", "Cilla White", "Priscilla Maria Veronica White", "cilla white", "Priscilla Maria Veronica Willis", "Cilla Black", "priscilla maria veronica willis", "cilla black" ]

[ { "id": "10736304", "score": "1.5454047", "text": "the 1989 album by Bas Muys entitled \"Secret Songs: Lennon & McCartney\" and on the 1998 release \"It's Four You\" by the Australian tribute band The Beatnix. Steve Dawson of rock band Saxon recorded a version on his 2003 \"Pandemonium Circus\" album, released on Angel Air Records. The Wedding Present recorded a version for the Huw Stephens' Radio Show, in 2006, it was finally released on a Huw Stephens' EP in November 2018 along with 3 cover version songs. Step Inside Love \"Step Inside Love\" is a song written by Paul McCartney (credited as \"Lennon–McCartney\") for Cilla Black in 1967", "title": "Step Inside Love" }, { "id": "10736297", "score": "1.5304672", "text": "Step Inside Love \"Step Inside Love\" is a song written by Paul McCartney (credited as \"Lennon–McCartney\") for Cilla Black in 1967 as a theme for her TV series \"Cilla\", which first aired on 30 January 1968. In late 1967 Paul McCartney was approached to write the theme by Black and her series producer Michael Hurll. He recorded the original demo version at his London home, accompanying himself on guitar, which consisted of just one verse and the chorus. Black's recording of this song was used as the theme during the early weeks of the show, until it was decided that", "title": "Step Inside Love" }, { "id": "10736300", "score": "1.4540031", "text": "1960s vocal were released in 2009 on her album \"Cilla All Mixed Up\". Judd Proctor played the guitar on the single. In 2002, DJ Tommy Sandhu managed to coax Black into the recording studio again to re-record \"Step Inside Love\". Sandhu then remixed the song and 3,000 white labels of it were sent to British clubs under the name \"TS vs CB\". The 12\" charted at number three on \"Music Week\"'s club chart. A maxi single of all of these remixes was released to download worldwide on 30 November 2009. In 2010, during a BBC interview, Black revealed that the", "title": "Step Inside Love" }, { "id": "10736301", "score": "1.4199343", "text": "song had been banned in South Africa due to fears that the lyrics contained hidden sexual elements. The grave marker beneath the headstone on Black's burial plot in Allerton Cemetery in inscribed with six of the seven lines from the third verse of \"Step Inside Love\". Lyrics from Black's hits \"Alfie\" and \"You're My World\" also appear on the marker. The black marble headstone and marker were installed 18 April 2016, some eight months after Black's 1 August 2015 death. Following the December 2015 theft of its original bronze nameplate, Black's grave remained unmarked until drier weather permitted the installation", "title": "Step Inside Love" }, { "id": "19398305", "score": "1.4038849", "text": "entitled \"Step Inside Love\", which became another chart success for Black (this song was later covered by Madeline Bell). The series featured guest appearances by many stars of the era, including Henry Mancini, Johnny Mathis, Andy Williams, Charles Aznavour, Matt Monro, Sacha Distel, Donovan, Georgie Fame, Ethel Merman, the Shadows and Phil Everly. This success paved the way for a lengthy television career for Black, which continued until 2003. Black began the 1970s by appearing on the BBC's highly rated review of the sixties music scene \"Pop Go The Sixties\", performing \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" on the show, broadcast", "title": "Cilla (TV series)" }, { "id": "11658491", "score": "1.4004934", "text": "(Nasdijj), \"Love and Consequences\" (Margaret Seltzer), and \"Go Ask Alice\" (Anonymous) garnered praise from \"The New York Times\" before it was exposed as false. \"Love and Consequences\" (Margaret Seltzer) and \"Odd Man Out\" (Matt McCarthy) were published by Penguin Group USA. \"A Million Little Pieces\" was published by Random House. Two authors of recent fake memoirs, James Frey (\"A Million Little Pieces\"), and Herman Rosenblat (who was featured before he wrote \"Angel at the Fence\"), as well as an imposter assuming the name Anthony Godby Johnson (\"A Rock and a Hard Place\"), appeared on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". All eventually", "title": "Fake memoir" }, { "id": "14374543", "score": "1.3934631", "text": "(1980), which starred the Village People. Nelson was a cancer survivor, having conquered breast cancer after a mastectomy in 1973. Four years later, Popular Library published Nelson's milestone book, \"There's a Hole in My Sidewalk: The Romance of Self-Discovery\". (Beyond Words Publishing reissued it in 1993.) Its cover appears on a poster displayed in the office of Sean McGuire, the fictional psychologist portrayed by Robin Williams in the film \"Good Will Hunting\" (1997). Nelson turned the book into an off-Broadway musical, presented at the York Theatre in Manhattan. One of her poems, \"Autobiography in Five Short Chapters\", went on to", "title": "Portia Nelson" }, { "id": "2790186", "score": "1.3873749", "text": "Fuller. This effort, too, came to naught, and she continued to search for a center for her world citizen project. In 1953, Caresse wrote and published her autobiography, \"The Passionate Years\". She wrote it mostly based on her personal recollection rather than a specific set of sources. It contained \"many amusing and intense anecdotes ... but precious little about what was going on with him [Harry] is revealed.\" In the winter of 1954–55, Caresse's son Billy Peabody was in charge of the Paris office for American Overseas Airlines. He and his wife Josette had a small third-floor walk-up apartment on", "title": "Caresse Crosby" }, { "id": "15807685", "score": "1.3762543", "text": "Inside Love \"Inside Love\" is a song by the British AOR band Seven, released in 1990 as their debut single. It was written by Keith McFarlane and Simon LeFevre, and produced by John Parr. \"Inside Love\" reached No. 78 in the UK, and remained in the Top 100 for four weeks. Seven had secured a contract with Polydor in 1989. They produced two singles from the label; \"Inside Love\" and \"Man With a Vision\". Both were produced by Parr. A promotional video was filmed to promote the single. \"Inside Love\" was released by Polydor in the UK only on 7\"", "title": "Inside Love" }, { "id": "10736302", "score": "1.3685662", "text": "of the marble headstone and marker. McCartney recorded the song on 16 September 1968 during \"The Beatles\" (a.k.a. \"\"The White Album\"\") sessions, but it did not appear on the album. After an impromptu performance of \"Step Inside Love\", McCartney led the group into \"Los Paranoias\", which (despite George Harrison not being present) was credited to all four members of the band. The two songs were released as a single track on \"Anthology 3\" in 1996, and also appear on the deluxe version of 2018's 50th anniversary edition of \"The White Album\". Madeline Bell later of pop band Blue Mink recorded", "title": "Step Inside Love" }, { "id": "5778578", "score": "1.367842", "text": "Giant Steps (band) Giant Steps was a pop duo from England that consisted of vocalist/producer Colin Campsie and bassist/keyboardist/producer George McFarlane. They had previously recorded as The Quick. Giant Steps' only album, \"The Book of Pride\", was released in 1988, and its first single \"Another Lover\" became a hit in the United States, peaking at No. 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It became very popular in Italy in 1988 as well, garnering considerable airplay on pop radio. It was subsequently featured over the opening credits of the 1989 film \"Loverboy\", starring Patrick Dempsey. Giant Steps' follow-up single \"Into You\"", "title": "Giant Steps (band)" }, { "id": "5811507", "score": "1.3672152", "text": "deals with his short career in the military, his first theatre experiences and successes, his entrance into an insane asylum. The third chapter deals with his comeback. Chapter Five deals with his marriage. The manuscript was written in German. It was translated by the author and was published as a book in English in 1988. It was retranslated by Joachim Neugröschel and reissued in 1996 with a new title. Each edition has material omitted from the other. All I Need Is Love All I Need Is Love: A Memoir is the autobiography of the German actor Klaus Kinski first published", "title": "All I Need Is Love" }, { "id": "5811505", "score": "1.3631368", "text": "All I Need Is Love All I Need Is Love: A Memoir is the autobiography of the German actor Klaus Kinski first published in 1988. It was withdrawn from publication then, after the author's death, retranslated, retitled, and republished in 1996 as Kinski Uncut: The Autobiography of Klaus Kinski. When the 1988 edition was published, Klaus Kinski's daughter, Nastassja Kinski, sued her father for libel but the lawsuit was quickly withdrawn. The 1988 edition was withdrawn from publication because of a copyright dispute between Random House and a West German publisher, and because Marlene Dietrich threatened to sue for libel.", "title": "All I Need Is Love" }, { "id": "10736303", "score": "1.361431", "text": "a version on her 1968 \"Doin' Things\" album, released on Philips Records. The Paper Dolls recorded a version on their 1968 album \"Paper Dolls House\", released on Pye and again on \"Paper Dolls House: The Pye Anthology\", released on CD on Sanctuary in 2001. On 15 September 1997 EMI Records released \"The Abbey Road Decade: 1963–73\", a three-disc compilation album of Black's recordings. It featured the single version of \"Step Inside Love\", an Italian-language version (M'Innamoro), the original demo (featuring McCartney), and an alternate take. Recordings of \"Step Inside Love\" as the Beatles may have performed it are available on", "title": "Step Inside Love" }, { "id": "17620128", "score": "1.3600645", "text": "in the book about two serious romantic relationships he has had with a woman and a man. In the days following the book's release, he issued a statement emphasising that he did not consider himself to be gay: \"I am attracted to humans. But, of course, not many\". The book was not issued with an index, although an informal and unauthorised \"online index\" created by a fan was released on 22 May 2014. Neil McCormick in \"The Daily Telegraph\" gave the book a 5-star review that called it \"the best written musical autobiography since Bob Dylan's \"\"\", while Boyd Tonkin", "title": "Autobiography (Morrissey)" }, { "id": "5109504", "score": "1.3520218", "text": "Step Inside This House Step Inside This House is the seventh album by Lyle Lovett, released in 1998. In contrast with his earlier albums, populated mostly by songs penned by Lovett, \"House\" is a double-length album of cover songs written by fellow Texans. In choosing songs to record, Lovett favored songwriters whose works influenced his own style instead of immensely popular artists whose name recognition might boost sales. The writers selected include Robert Earl Keen, Michael Martin Murphey, Willis Alan Ramsey, and Guy Clark. The second disc is largely dedicated to songs written by Steven Fromholz, Townes Van Zandt and", "title": "Step Inside This House" }, { "id": "5611440", "score": "1.3507363", "text": "a series of personal essays called \"Waiting to Love: Rude Essays on Life After Spirituality\". His book \"Finding God Through Sex\" was released in 2002 and outlined practices for dissolving fear and self-boundaries during intercourse. Deida’s semi-autobiographical novel \"Wild Nights: Conversations with Mykonos about Passionate Love, Extraordinary Sex, and How to Open to God\" was published in 2005 and tells the story of developing friends, sexual intimacy, and God awareness through the guidance of a spiritual teacher. Deida published his book \"The Enlightened Sex Manual: Sexual Skills for the Superior Lover\" in 2004 and he discusses the topics of love", "title": "David Deida" }, { "id": "13362225", "score": "1.3431563", "text": "BBC TV variety show \"Cilla\". The album was re-issued in the 1970s with different cover art and re-titled \"Step Inside Love\", on the EMI Music For Pleasure (MFP) label. On September 7, 2009, EMI Records released a special edition of the album exclusively to digital download. This re-issue features all of the album's original recordings re-mastered by Abbey Road Studios from original 1/4\" stereo master tapes. A digital booklet containing original album artwork, detailed track information and rare photographs will be available from iTunes with purchases of the entire album re-issue. Side One Side Two Personnel Sher-oo! Sher-oo! is the", "title": "Sher-oo!" }, { "id": "9426825", "score": "1.341991", "text": "includes a book written by Hawkes and Barbara Barrington Jones entitled \"The Inside Outside Beauty Book\" (1989), \"Living in but not of The World\" (1997), and \"Kissing a Frog: Four Steps to Finding Comfort Outside Your Comfort Zone\". She is also a singer and has released albums called \"When We Will All Believe\" (1994) and \"Songs of the Morning Stars\" (1996). Hawkes holds a master's degree in integrated marketing communications from the University of Utah. Hawkes was a horse racing and college football reporter with ESPN from 1987 to 2002. Since 2007, Hawkes has worked to help veterans and their", "title": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes" }, { "id": "8098148", "score": "1.3414088", "text": "Book of Love (2004 film) Book of Love is a 2004 film written and directed by Alan Brown. It stars Frances O'Connor, Simon Baker, and Gregory Smith. A young woman named Elaine (Frances O'Connor) and her husband, David Walker (Simon Baker) meet a lonely fifteen-year-old, Chet Becker, (Gregory Smith) in an ice-cream shop. Over time, the couple becomes friendly with Chet, who develops a crush on Elaine that culminates in a one-night stand. Elaine later confesses her infidelity to David, and their marriage is destroyed by the affair. The movie also represented the debut of Bryce Dallas Howard in a", "title": "Book of Love (2004 film)" } ]

[ "Général Bonaparte", "emperor of france napoleon i", "Boneparte", "Napoleon I of France", "Napoleaon", "Napeoleon", "Napoleon Bonapart", "Napoleón Bonaparte", "napoleon i of italy", "general bonaparte", "Napoleon I Bonaparte", "Napoleon the Great", "Napolean", "Emperor Napoleon I", "napolian", "napoleone di buonaparte", "napoléon buonaparte", "napolean bonarparte", "napoleon i bonaparte", "napoleon boneparte", "napoleon i of french bibliography", "napolen s coup", "Napoleon's", "napoleon emperor of france", "Napoloen", "napolean", "Napoleon of France", "napoléon i emperor of french", "napoleon i of french", "napoleon ier", "Napoleon I of Italy", "napoleon s", "Napoléon I, Emperor of the French", "jupiter scapin", "napoleon i great of french bibliography", "napoleon bonepart", "Napoleon I of the French", "napoléon ier", "emperor napoleon", "napoleaon", "Napoleone di Buonaparte", "napoléon i bonaparte", "napolean bonaparte", "Napoleone Buonaparte", "Napoleon bonaparte", "napeoleon", "napolean bonapart", "Napoléon I Bonaparte", "Napoleón", "général bonaparte", "napoleon buonaparte", "Napoleon Ier", "Napolean Bonaparte", "napoleonist", "jean d epee", "boneparte", "Jean d'Epee", "Napoleon I", "le petit caporal", "napoléon", "Le petit caporal", "napoleon great", "Bonaparte", "napoloen", "napoleon i emperor of french", "emperor napoleon i", "nepolian", "napoleon s height", "napoleon i", "Armed Soldier of Democracy", "Napoleon i of france", "Napoleon's height", "Napoleon", "Napoleon I of the French bibliography", "Napoleon Emperor of France", "Napolean bonarparte", "Napoleonist", "Napolen's coup", "napoleon", "Napolean Bonapart", "Napoleon Boneparte", "Emperor Napoleon", "Napoleon Bonaparte", "Age of Napoleon", "Napoleon bonepart", "Napoléon Bonaparte", "Napoleon Buonaparte", "Emperor of France Napoleon I", "napoléon i", "Napolean bonapart", "Napoléon Ier", "Jupiter Scapin", "little corporal", "napoléon i of france", "napoleonic", "Napoleonic", "napoleón bonaparte", "Napoléon Buonaparte", "armed soldier of democracy", "bonaparte", "Little Corporal", "napoleone buonaparte", "napoleon bonapart", "napoleon i of france", "Napoléon", "napoleón", "napoleone bonaparte", "Napoléon I", "napoleon of france", "Napoleon i of france bibliography", "Napolian", "napoleon i of france bibliography", "Nepolian", "Napoleon I of France bibliography", "Napoleon I, Emperor of the French", "Napoleon I the Great of the French bibliography", "napoléon bonaparte", "Napoleone Bonaparte", "age of napoleon", "napoleon bonaparte", "General Bonaparte", "Napoléon I of France" ]

[ { "id": "8630745", "score": "2.0194986", "text": "Fire of Moscow (1812) The 1812 Fire of Moscow broke out on 14 September 1812, when Russian troops and most of the remaining residents abandoned the city of Moscow just ahead of Napoleon's vanguard troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino. The fire all but destroyed the city, which had been mostly abandoned by its residents the previous month. Before leaving Moscow Count Rostopchin gave orders to have the Kremlin and major public buildings (including churches and monasteries) either blown up or set on fire. But this was not the foremost cause of the fire that destroyed the", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630746", "score": "1.9893972", "text": "city. As the bulk of the French army moved into the city, there were some fires. Their cause has never been determined and both neglect as well as Rostopchin's orders may be among possible reasons. Today, the majority of historians blame the initial fires on Russian sabotage. This version of events is confirmed by General Armand de Caulaincourt. He states that they had been in Moscow for three days. That evening a small fire had broken out but was extinguished and 'attributed to the carelessness of the troops'. Later that evening (10h 30min) Coulaincourt was woken by his valet with", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630748", "score": "1.911781", "text": "Emperor.' He goes on to write 'The examination of the police rank-and-file... all proved that the fire had been prepared and executed by order of Count Rostopchin'. The catastrophe started as many small fires, which promptly grew out of control and formed a massive blaze. The fires spread quickly since most buildings in Moscow were made of wood. And although Moscow had a fire brigade, their equipment had previously either been removed or destroyed on Rostopchin's orders. When Napoleon retreated to a castle outside the city, his troops finally lost their discipline and began to loot and pillage all across", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630753", "score": "1.8955275", "text": "the Batashov Palace (present-day Yauzskaya Hospital), occupied by Murat's headquarters: after two days of firefighting, it was consumed by fire that razed Taganka. Still, the remaining buildings had enough space for the French army. As General de Marbot reasoned: \"It is often claimed that the fire of Moscow... was the principal cause of the failure of the 1812 campaign. This assertion seems to me to be contestable. To begin with, the destruction of Moscow was not so complete that there did not remain enough houses, palaces, churches and barracks to accommodate the entire army [for a whole month].\" However, many", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630754", "score": "1.8428206", "text": "units were stationed not in the city, but in remote suburbs like Ostankino (light cavalry) or Khimki (Italian corps); others were dispatched south to screen Russian movements. A shortage of funds, state and private, delayed reconstruction of Moscow by at least five years. In those years, many properties were sold by ruined owners, and whole neighborhoods changed their social status; for example, all properties on once-diverse Maroseika Street were bought out by the merchant class. The disaster allowed the authorities a unique opportunity to plan the city from scratch. In February, 1813, Alexander I of Russia set up the Commission", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fire of Moscow (1812)\n\nDuring the French occupation of Moscow the 1812 Fire of Moscow persisted from 14 to 18 September 1812 and all but destroyed the city. The Russian troops and most of the remaining residents had abandoned Moscow on 14 September 1812 just ahead of French Emperor Napoleon's troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino. The Moscow military governor, Count Fyodor Rostopchin, has often been blamed for organising the destruction of the sacred former capital to weaken the French army in the scorched city even more.", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "French invasion of Russia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French occupation of Moscow\n\nFrench Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte's \"Grande Armée\" occupied Moscow from 14 September to 19 October 1812 during the Napoleonic Wars. It marked the summit of the French invasion of Russia. During the occupation, which lasted 36 days, the city was devastated by fire and looted by both Russian peasants and the French.\n\nNapoleon's invasion of Russia began in June of 1812, and he had made considerable progress by fall. With French victory in the Battle of Borodino on 7 September, the way to Moscow was open. The opposing Russian army under Mikhail Kutuzov had suffered heavy losses and chose to retreat. A week of close escapes on the part of the Russian army followed. Napoleon and Kutuzov even slept on the same bed in the manor of Bolshiye Vyazyomy just one night apart, as the French chased the Russians down. Napoleon and his army entered Moscow on 14 September. To Napoleon's surprise, Kutuzov had abandoned the city, and it fell without a fight. Hundreds of thousands of civilians fled along with the retreating Russian army, leaving the city nearly empty.\n\nThe capture of the city was a hollow victory for the French, as the Russiansmost likely on orders of governor Fyodor Rostopchinset much of the city on fire in a scorched earth tactic (though the cause of the fire is disputed). For four days until 18 September, the city burned. The French, who had intended to pilfer the city for supplies, were now deep in enemy territory without adequate food as winter was approaching. The French thoroughly looted what had not burned, including ransacking churches. French misery was compounded by guerilla warfare by the Cossacks against French supplies, and total war by peasants. This kind of attrition war weakened the French army at its most vulnerable point: logistics.\n\nOn 19 October, after losing Battle of Tarutino, Napoleon and his Grande Armée, slowly weakened by the attrition warfare against him, lacking provisions, and facing the first snows, abandoned the city voluntarily and marched southwards until the Battle of Maloyaroslavets stopped the advance. The retreating French set further fires in the city, and blew up monuments. The Russians retook the city on 19 October, and quelled rioting and looting by peasants. The destruction of the city was considerable: it would take more than half a century to return to its pre-war population.", "title": "French occupation of Moscow" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Napoleonic Wars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1812 Overture\n\nThe Year 1812, Solemn Overture, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture, is a concert overture in E major written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defense against Napoleon I's invading Grande Armée in 1812.\n\nThe overture debuted in Moscow on , conducted by Ippolit Al'tani under a tent near the then-almost-finished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which also memorialised the 1812 defense of Russia. \n\nThe fifteen-minute overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire, ringing chimes, and a brass fanfare finale. It has also become a common accompaniment to fireworks displays on the United States' Independence Day. The \"1812 Overture\" went on to become one of Tchaikovsky's most popular works, along with his ballet scores to \"The Nutcracker\", \"The Sleeping Beauty\", and \"Swan Lake\".", "title": "1812 Overture" }, { "id": "8630749", "score": "1.8382319", "text": "Moscow. Even hard punishments could not prevent the plundering, beating or raping of Moscow's citizens by French soldiers during the fire. The flames spread into the Kremlin's arsenal, but the fire was put out by French Guardsmen. The burning of Moscow is reported to have been visible up to 215 km away. Tolstoy, in his novel \"War and Peace\", suggests that the fire was not deliberately set, either by the Russians or the French, but was the natural result of placing a deserted and mostly wooden city in the hands of invading troops, when fires start nearly every day even", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630747", "score": "1.8317653", "text": "the news that 'for three quarters of an hour the city has been in flames'. Fires continued to break out in multiple separate points. Incendiarists were arrested and interrogated and declared that their commanding officer had ordered them to burn everything. 'Houses had been designated to this end.' Later on in the same chapter he asserts 'The existence of inflammable fuses, all made in the same fashion and placed in different public and private buildings, is a fact of which I, as many others, had personal evidence. I saw the fuses on the spot and many were taken to the", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630751", "score": "1.8074982", "text": "wounded Russian soldiers perished in the fire. Moscow State University, Buturlin's library, Petrovsky and Arbatsky theaters were completely destroyed; many pieces of art, notably the source manuscript of epic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign, were lost forever. The Moscow Orphanage near Kitai-gorod, converted to a hospital, was saved by local police. The population of Moscow in 1811 is estimated at 270,000; after the war, when residents returned to the city, it decreased to 215,000; by 1840, it had increased to 349,000. Maps compiled by Russian authorities after the war (notably the 1817 military map reprinted for the public in", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "13797358", "score": "1.7949685", "text": "of French occupation a fire broke out in the Bazaar. There was no administrative means on hand to organize fighting the fire, and no pumps or hoses could be found. Later that night several more broke out in the suburbs. These were thought to be due to carelessness on the part of the soldiers. Some looting occurred and a military government was hastily set up in an attempt to keep order. The following night the city began to burn in earnest. Fires broke out across the north part of the city, spreading and merging over the next few days. Rostopchin", "title": "French invasion of Russia" }, { "id": "8630750", "score": "1.7890179", "text": "with the owners present and a fully functioning police department, and that the soldiers will start fires–from smoking their pipes, cooking their food twice a day, and burning enemy's possessions in the streets. Some of those fires will inevitably get out of control. Without an efficient firefighting action, these individual building fires will spread to become neighborhood fires, and ultimately a citywide conflagration. Dates in Gregorian calendar (new style) and numbers referenced to Clausewitz and Tarle Ivan Katayev (1911) summarized losses as 3/4 of all properties in the city: Some 12,000 bodies were recovered of which an estimated 2,000 were", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "8630755", "score": "1.7703142", "text": "of Building in Moscow, with the instruction to produce a viable master plan for the city. The 1813 plan by William Hastie was deemed inadequate for the task, thus the Commission hired numerous local architects and topographers who produced the final, 1817, master plan (incorporating Hastie's ideas of clearing the Central Squares of Moscow). In 1816–30, city planners set up the Garden Ring, a circular highway in place of an old fortification rampart, and widened many other streets. Later in 1817, the city held groundbreaking ceremony for Alexander Witberg's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, a monument to the 1812 War", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "2071341", "score": "1.7643754", "text": "in evading Napoleon's pincers. A final stand for the defence of Moscow led to the massive Battle of Borodino on September 7, 1812. There the Armée won a bloody but indecisive and arguably Pyrrhic victory. Seven days after Borodino, La Grande Armée entered Moscow only to find the city largely empty and ablaze. Its soldiers were now forced to deal with the fires while hunting down the arsonists and guarding Moscow's historic districts. Napoleon and his army spent over a month in Moscow, vainly hoping that the Czar would respond to the French peace feelers. After these efforts failed, the", "title": "Grande Armée" }, { "id": "2348571", "score": "1.7559154", "text": "2 September to 11 October 1812, following the French invasion of Russia. When Napoleon retreated from Moscow, he ordered the whole Kremlin to be blown up. The Kremlin Arsenal, several portions of the Kremlin Wall and several wall towers were destroyed by explosions and the Faceted Chamber and other churches were damaged by fire. Explosions continued for three days, from 21 to 23 October 1812. However, rain damaged the fuses, and the damage was less severe than intended. Restoration works were undertaken in 1816–19, supervised by Osip Bove. During the remainder of the reign of Alexander I, several ancient structures", "title": "Moscow Kremlin" }, { "id": "13797355", "score": "1.7460814", "text": "not give up his rear guard duties until September 14, allowing Moscow to be evacuated. Miloradovich finally retreated under a flag of truce. On September 14, 1812, Napoleon moved into Moscow. However, he was surprised to have received no delegation from the city. At the approach of a victorious general, the civil authorities customarily presented themselves at the gates of the city with the keys to the city in an attempt to safeguard the population and their property. As nobody received Napoleon he sent his aides into the city, seeking out officials with whom the arrangements for the occupation could", "title": "French invasion of Russia" }, { "id": "251928", "score": "1.7424049", "text": "as \"Peterburskoye Schosse\" after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov as a railway station specifically reserved for royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed from Vsekhsvyatskoye station. When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's \"Grande Armée\" was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during", "title": "Moscow" }, { "id": "11431000", "score": "1.7326257", "text": "students during the war in the Moscow fire that destroyed Moscow. In August 1812, Moscow University was evacuated to Nizhny Novgorod. 42 boxes with the most valuable exhibits of the Museum of Natural History, books, instruments and instruments were sent. Also in the evacuation were sent to the professors, students and students, the university treasury, the most valuable books and things (including the minutes of the Conference, referring to the first years of the university). The road to Nizhny Novgorod, where Moscow University received a temporary shelter, took 19 days. At the beginning of September, the main building of the", "title": "Imperial Moscow University" }, { "id": "8725907", "score": "1.7300637", "text": "palace, the Oprichnina palace, and the suburbs burned down completely in six hours. It was a great disaster because no one could escape.\" People fled into stone churches to escape the flames, but the stone churches collapsed (either from the intensity of the fire or the pressure of the crowds.) People also jumped into the Moscow River to escape, where many drowned. The powder magazine of the Kremlin exploded and those hiding in the cellar there asphyxiated. The tsar ordered the dead found on the streets to be thrown into the river, which overflowed its banks and flooded parts of", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1571)" }, { "id": "8630757", "score": "1.7294135", "text": "handled the \"façade department\", authorizing façade designs for all new buildings. A severe shortage of brick, stone and cement forced many developers to build in wood; the city had to agree with the inevitable, on condition that the houses follow the neoclassical standards. Local craftsmen responded with mass-produced wooden imitations of classical ornaments. Most of these houses were eventually destroyed. Extant examples include a recently restored house on the corner of Glazovsky and Denezhny Lanes in Arbat District, and Vasily Pushkin house in Staraya Basmannaya Street. Fire of Moscow (1812) The 1812 Fire of Moscow broke out on 14 September", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1812)" }, { "id": "13797359", "score": "1.7290542", "text": "had left a small detachment of police, whom he charged with burning the city to the ground. Houses had been prepared with flammable materials. The city's fire-engines had been dismantled. Fuses were left throughout the city to ignite the fires. French troops endeavored to fight the fire with whatever means they could, struggling to prevent the armory from exploding and to keep the Kremlin from burning down. The heat was intense. Moscow, composed largely of wooden buildings, burnt down almost completely. It was estimated that four-fifths of the city was destroyed. Relying on classical rules of warfare aiming at capturing", "title": "French invasion of Russia" }, { "id": "8724840", "score": "1.7269652", "text": "Fire of Moscow (1547) The great fire of Moscow in 1547 destroyed sections of Moscow that had been built almost entirely of wood. The fire swept into the Kremlin and blew up the powder stores in several of the Kremlin's towers. The fire began on 24 June, several months after Ivan IV, better known as \"Ivan the Terrible,\" was officially crowned as first Tsar of Russia. The fire displaced about 80,000 people and killed about 2,700 to 3,700 (not including children), and led to widespread poverty among the survivors. Metropolitan Makarius was apparently injured in the fire when the Cathedral", "title": "Fire of Moscow (1547)" } ]

[ "mio fratello è figlio unico", "Mio fratello e figlio unico", "my brother is only child", "Mio fratello è figlio unico (film)", "mio fratello e figlio unico", "My Brother is an Only Child", "mio fratello è figlio unico film", "Mio fratello è figlio unico", "My Brother Is an Only Child", "My Brother Is An Only Child" ]

[ { "id": "10174126", "score": "1.718064", "text": "along with Javier Bardem. Luchetti has also directed a number of documentaries and advertisements. Daniele Luchetti Daniele Luchetti (born 25 July 1960) is an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor. Luchetti was born in Rome. He debuted as assistant director for Nanni Moretti in \"Bianca\" (1983) and \"La messa è finita\" (1985). Luchetti's first film as director was \"Domani accadrà\" of 1988, which won a David di Donatello as best debuting film and received a mention in the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. His subsequent work was the successful \"Il portaborse\" (1991), featuring Silvio Orlando as the ghost-writer of a ruthless", "title": "Daniele Luchetti" }, { "id": "10174124", "score": "1.7022316", "text": "Daniele Luchetti Daniele Luchetti (born 25 July 1960) is an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor. Luchetti was born in Rome. He debuted as assistant director for Nanni Moretti in \"Bianca\" (1983) and \"La messa è finita\" (1985). Luchetti's first film as director was \"Domani accadrà\" of 1988, which won a David di Donatello as best debuting film and received a mention in the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. His subsequent work was the successful \"Il portaborse\" (1991), featuring Silvio Orlando as the ghost-writer of a ruthless politician, played by Nanni Moretti. It was seen as a forecast of the Mani", "title": "Daniele Luchetti" }, { "id": "17747273", "score": "1.6972883", "text": "Capponi as Lamberti. I ragazzi del massacro I ragazzi del massacro is a 1968 crime novel by the Italian writer Giorgio Scerbanenco. It revolves a murder case where a young Northern Italian woman is found dead and naked in a classroom. It was the third installment in Scerbanenco's Milan Quartet about the medical doctor and investigator Duca Lamberti. The novel was published in 1968 through Garzanti in Milan. It has been translated into French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Japanese. The novel was the basis for the 1969 Italian film \"Naked Violence\". The film was directed by Fernando Di Leo and", "title": "I ragazzi del massacro" }, { "id": "16876499", "score": "1.6941702", "text": "But they've paid him off in a somewhat offensive way, given that, as the professor has noted, today's youth are in most cases changed, drifters and without a sense of civic duty. La scuola La scuola (also known as School) is a 1995 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Daniele Luchetti. It is loosely based on two books by Domenico Starnone, \"Ex Cattedra\" and \"Sottobanco\". The film was awarded with the David di Donatello for Best Film. In a grammar school in the outskirts of Rome, it's the last day of school before the summer holidays. Professor Vivaldi, Italian literature teacher,", "title": "La scuola" }, { "id": "10174125", "score": "1.6743343", "text": "Pulite corruption scandal that struck Italy the following year. The film won four David di Donatello awards. Luchetti's theatre spectacle \"Sottobanco\", inspired to Domenico Starnone's works, was later turned into a feature film entitled \"La scuola\" (\"The School\", 1995). His most recent films are \"Mio fratello è figlio unico\" (2006), for which Elio Germano won the David di Donatello as best actor in a leading role, and \"La nostra vita\" (2010), which was the only Italian film selected for official competition at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Elio Germano shared the prize for Best Actor for his interpretation of \"Claudio\",", "title": "Daniele Luchetti" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "My Brother Is an Only Child\n\nMy Brother Is an Only Child () is a 2007 Italian drama film directed by Daniele Luchetti. It is based on an Antonio Pennacchi novel. The title comes from a song by Rino Gaetano from 1976.", "title": "My Brother Is an Only Child" }, { "id": "6818605", "score": "1.6655571", "text": "The film was based on a novel written by Melania Gaia Mazzucco called \"Un giorno perfetto (A Perfect Day)\". The film version of \"Un giorno Perfetto\" starred Isabella Ferrari and Valerio Mastandrea and was presented at the 65th Venice International Film Festival. It grossed 3 million euro at the box-office. In 2008, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, dedicated a retrospective on him, screening all of his movies. He has been one of the few Italian directors to be given this honour. In April 2009, he directed a short movie called \"Nonostante tutto è Pasqua\" (Despite Everything", "title": "Ferzan Özpetek" }, { "id": "10341845", "score": "1.6519823", "text": "Storico\" (1982) directed by Roberto Giannarelli. He also worked with the famous Neapolitan writer Raffaele La Capria on a TV movie \"A Private Affair\" directed by Alberto Negrin and adapted from the novel \"Una questione privata\" (\"A Private Affair\") by Beppe Fenoglio, starring young British actor and star of \"Room with a View\", Rupert Graves. Virzì made his directorial début in 1994, with \"La bella vita\", originally titled \"Dimenticare Piombino\" (\"Forgetting Piombino\") after the Tuscan city the film is set in. Virzì's first feature film stars Sabrina Ferilli and Massimo Ghini, and tells the story of a love triangle set", "title": "Paolo Virzì" }, { "id": "15085839", "score": "1.651055", "text": "Carlo, the French criminal Barnard, the young singer-songwriter Fabrizio and his fan Alessandro, the beauty Maritza and Salvatore's cousin, Annino. The character of Maritza is a novelization of \"Bocca di Rosa\", main character of a song of De André. Two other characters (Fabrizio and Alessandro) are the authors themselves. Un destino ridicolo Un destino ridicolo (\"A ridiculous destiny\") is a 1996 novel written by the Italian singer-songwriter Fabrizio De André together with the writer Alessandro Gennari. The 2008 film \"\"Amore che vieni, amore che vai\"\", directed by Daniele Costantini, is based on that novel. The novel is set between Sardinia", "title": "Un destino ridicolo" }, { "id": "17747272", "score": "1.648799", "text": "I ragazzi del massacro I ragazzi del massacro is a 1968 crime novel by the Italian writer Giorgio Scerbanenco. It revolves a murder case where a young Northern Italian woman is found dead and naked in a classroom. It was the third installment in Scerbanenco's Milan Quartet about the medical doctor and investigator Duca Lamberti. The novel was published in 1968 through Garzanti in Milan. It has been translated into French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Japanese. The novel was the basis for the 1969 Italian film \"Naked Violence\". The film was directed by Fernando Di Leo and stars Pier Paolo", "title": "I ragazzi del massacro" }, { "id": "12497265", "score": "1.6281738", "text": "2007, a production of his musical comedy \"Era l'estate dell'amore\" (That was the Summer of Love) was performed in Rome, directed by Greg, with Pennone as writer of both the script and music. Since 2006, he has taught History of Cinema at the University of Rome 'La Sapienza'. Danilo Pennone Danilo Pennone (born July 14, 1963 in Rome) is an Italian writer. An Arts graduate, Pennone teaches in Rome. His first published works, essays on Celtic mythology, date back to the eighties. In 2008, his first novel, \"Confessioni di una mente criminale\" (Confessions of a Criminal Mind), was published from", "title": "Danilo Pennone" }, { "id": "16876498", "score": "1.6211376", "text": "La scuola La scuola (also known as School) is a 1995 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Daniele Luchetti. It is loosely based on two books by Domenico Starnone, \"Ex Cattedra\" and \"Sottobanco\". The film was awarded with the David di Donatello for Best Film. In a grammar school in the outskirts of Rome, it's the last day of school before the summer holidays. Professor Vivaldi, Italian literature teacher, before the end bitterly remembers what happened in that year and he wonders what will happen to those young students that he cared for as children from their first day of school.", "title": "La scuola" }, { "id": "4397504", "score": "1.6132331", "text": "giorni di Fernando Pessoa\", as well as the novel that brought him the most recognition: \"Sostiene Pereira\", winner of the Prizes Super Campiello, Scanno and Jean Monnet for European Literature. The protagonist of this novel becomes the symbol of the defence of freedom for information for the political opponents of all anti-democratic regimes. In Italy, during the election campaign, the opposition against the controversial communication magnate Silvio Berlusconi aggregated around this book. The director Roberto Faenza drew from it the eponymous film (1995) in which he cast Marcello Mastroianni as Pereira and Daniel Auteuil as Dr. Cardoso. In 1997 Tabucchi", "title": "Antonio Tabucchi" }, { "id": "10341859", "score": "1.6073881", "text": "was the Italian Oscar nomination as Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it didn't make the final shortlist. In October 2012, \"Every Blessed Day\", his tenth feature film was released in Italy. Loosely based on the novel \"La generazione\" by Simone Lenzi (who is also the lead singer and composer of the alternative rock band Virginiana Miller), the film follows the lives of Guido and Antonia, played by Luca Marinelli and the singer-songwriter Thony, and their attempts to start a family. In 2013, Virzì was appointed director of the 31st Torino Film Festival. His tenure was", "title": "Paolo Virzì" }, { "id": "8997447", "score": "1.605978", "text": "success brought him prominence as a sex symbol and boosted requests for his acting skills, leading to his role in \"Texas\" (2005), directed by Fausto Paravidino and soon to him joining the cast of \"Romanzo Criminale\", playing a monosyllabic, enigmatic thug character in a powerful portrait of a mafiosi community directed by Michele Placido. In 2006 he acted in \"The Black Arrow\", a TV series broadcast by Canale 5, adapted from the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson, and took on four new film roles: \"My Brother Is an Only Child\" (2007), directed by Daniele Luchetti, based on the novel \"Il", "title": "Riccardo Scamarcio" }, { "id": "14781249", "score": "1.6038969", "text": "Noi credevamo Noi credevamo (We Believed) is a 2010 Italian drama film directed by Mario Martone, based on a screenplay by the same director and by Giancarlo De Cataldo inspired by actual historical events that occurred and by the writing of the late Anna Banti. The film was nominated for the Golden Lion at the 67th Venice International Film Festival. and was released on 12 November 2010. The film, articulated in four chapters (\"Le scelte\", \"Domenico\", \"Angelo\" and \"L'alba della Nazione\"), tells the story of three boys of the Cilento valley: Salvatore, with patriotic spirit, Domenico, who believes in friendship", "title": "Noi credevamo" }, { "id": "12817024", "score": "1.6038808", "text": "largest collection in the first day of programming, about one million euros). A novel of great success was taken from this film. In January 2008 he won his second Telegatto as \"Best Film of the Year\". In the summer of 2008 a remake of \"The Night Before The Exams\" was published with Michel Blanc in the role of Professor Martineau (in the Italian version \"Martinelli\", that was interpreted by Giorgio Faletti). In December 2008, during the Professional Film Days in Sorrento, he has been awarded the \"Golden Ticket\" (the 9th consecutive) for the screenplay of \"Natale in crociera\" (The Christmas", "title": "Fausto Brizzi" }, { "id": "16457781", "score": "1.6035702", "text": "the private hospital where she used to work, which is directed by the charming Fatima Turchini. Lucignolo Lucignolo is a 1999 Italian movie directed by and starring Massimo Ceccherini, with the inseparable Alessandro Paci and Claudia Gerini. Lucio (Massimo Ceccherini) is an unemployed thirty-year-old red-haired guy who's extremely lazy and doesn't wake up until three o'clock in the afternoon; he treats his parents very poorly and always hang out at the nearest bar, especially with his best friend Pino (Alessandro Paci), who's also unemployed and equally weird (his clothes are all the same color of his sofa's cover). One day,", "title": "Lucignolo" }, { "id": "19867495", "score": "1.6030134", "text": "I milanesi ammazzano al sabato I milanesi ammazzano al sabato is a 1969 crime novel by the Italian writer Giorgio Scerbanenco. It revolves the disappearance of the beautiful daughter of a truck driver, which leads the investigator to the slums and brothels of Milan. It was the final installment in Scerbanenco's Milan Quartet about the medical doctor and investigator Duca Lamberti. The novel was published in 1969 through Garzanti in Milan. It has been translated into French, Spanish, Catalan and German. The novel was the basis for the 1970 Italian-German film \"La morte risale a ieri sera\". The film was", "title": "I milanesi ammazzano al sabato" }, { "id": "12817025", "score": "1.6026955", "text": "Cruise). In 2008 he wrote the film Amici miei 400 directed by Neri Parenti, Oggi Sposi directed by Luca Lucini and a new work to Marco Martani, The thriller La notte di Peter Pan (The night of Peter Pan). His third project as director, the ensemble comedy \"Ex\", dedicated to the finished love, was released on 6 February 2009. Among the cast: Silvio Orlando, Claudia Gerini, Claudio Bisio, Flavio Insinna, Cristiana Capotondi, Gianmarco Tognazzi, Elena Sofia Ricci, Fabio De Luigi, Nancy Brilli, Alessandro Gassman, Claudia Gerini, Cécile Cassel, Malik Zidi, Vincenzo Salemme and Giorgia Wurth. In November 2017, he has", "title": "Fausto Brizzi" }, { "id": "15793674", "score": "1.5955956", "text": "senza di te\" was released in 2004 and was inspired by François Truffaut's film \"The Woman Next Door\": the murder-suicide of two lovers narrated by their best friend. In 2006 she published \"Perché tu mi hai sorriso\" (Bompiani), a sort of psychological duel between an old mother and her daughter, imprisoned in a mysterious and passionate relationship. In 2009 she published \"Noi due come un romanzo\" (Mondadori), published also in Germany (\"Und immer Wieder Liebe\", Goldmann), France (\"L’amour est à la lettre A\", Presses de la Cité and 10/18); the Netherlands (\"Voor Liefde zie de Letter L\"), Spain (\"Nosotros dos", "title": "Paola Calvetti" } ]

[ "alligator", "Aligator", "Alligator", "aligator", "alligators", "Alligators" ]

[ { "id": "12528640", "score": "1.5799474", "text": "Ctenosaura acanthura Ctenosaura acanthura, commonly known as the northeastern spinytail iguana, is a species of iguanid lizard endemic to Mexico. The northeastern spinytail iguana was first described by British zoologist George Shaw in 1802. The generic name, \"Ctenosaura\", is derived from two Greek words: \"ctenos\" (Κτενός), meaning \"comb\" (referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back and tail), and \"saura\" (σαύρα), meaning \"lizard\". Its specific name is the Greek word \"akanthos\" (Ἄκανθος), meaning \"thorn\". Northeastern spinytail iguanas have distinctive keeled scales on their long tails, which give them their common name. The males are capable of growing up to", "title": "Ctenosaura acanthura" }, { "id": "13409264", "score": "1.574516", "text": "grown together, and \"odous\", which means teeth. The common English name for the species is \"sand diver\" and for the genus \"lizardfishes\". In French, the fish is named \"noli de sable\" and in Spanish it is known under various names, such as \"chile manchado, doncella, guaripete, guavina, lagarto gigante, lagarto mato\", \"lagarto manchado\", or \"manuelito\". Lizardfishes are aulopiforms in the order Synodontidae, which is represented in the western Atlantic by three genera: \"Synodus\", comprising six species, \"Saurida\", comprising four species, and \"Trachinocephalus\" which includes a single species. The fossil record indicates an evolutionary divergence of the Aulopidae dating back to", "title": "Synodus intermedius" }, { "id": "2137678", "score": "1.5669942", "text": "Xenosauridae Xenosauridae is a family of anguimorph lizards whose only living representative is the genus \"Xenosaurus\", which is native to Central America. Xenosauridae also includes the extinct genera \"Exostinus\" and \"Restes\". Also known as knob-scaled lizards, they have rounded, bumpy scales and osteoderms. Most living species prefer moist or semi-aquatic habitats, although they are widespread within their native regions, with some even inhabiting semi-arid scrub environments. They are carnivorous or insectivorous, and give birth to live young. \"Shinisaurus\", the Chinese crocodile lizard, was once also regarded as a member of Xenosauridae, but most recent studies of the evolutionary relationships of", "title": "Xenosauridae" }, { "id": "3053091", "score": "1.5614843", "text": "Lanka), \"Sceloporus edwardtaylori\" (Taylor's spiny lizard, from Oaxaca, Mexico), \"Sphenomorphus taylori\" (Taylor's wedge skink, from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea), ; Snakes: \"Agkistrodon taylori\" (ornate cantil, from Tamaulipas, Mexico), \"Pseudorabdion taylori\" (Taylor's reedsnake, from Mindanao, Philippines). Eleven reptile subspecies named in E.H.Taylor’s honor are still recognized as valid: Lizards: \"Brachymeles boulengeri taylori\" (Negros short-legged skink, from Philippines), \"Gerrhonotus liocephalus taylori\" (Taylor's alligator lizard, from Chihuahua, Mexico), \"Lipinia pulchella taylori\" (Negros beautiful lipinia, a skink from the Philippines), \"Sceloporus occidentalis taylori\" (Sierra fence lizard, from California), \"Sphenomorphus assatus taylori\" (Taylor's forest skink, from southern Mexico), \"Uta stansburiana taylori\" (Taylor's side-blotched lizard, from", "title": "Edward Harrison Taylor" }, { "id": "7302587", "score": "1.5560946", "text": "named earlier, by Young in 1948, \"Dilophosaurus\" \"sinensis\" became its junior synonym. The composite term \"Sinosaurus\" comes from \"Sinae\", the Latin word for the Chinese, and the Greek word \"sauros\" (σαυρος) meaning \"lizard\"; thus \"Chinese lizard\". The specific name, \"triassicus\", refers to the Triassic, the period that the fossils were originally thought to date from. \"Sinosaurus\" was described and named by Chung Chien Young, who is known as the 'Father of Chinese Vertebrate Paleontology', in 1948. Over the years, paleontologists referred additional specimens to \"D. sinensis\" which are now assigned to \"Sinosaurus\". Dong (2003) referred specimen LDM-LCA10 which consists of", "title": "Sinosaurus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alligator\n\nAn alligator is a large reptile in the Crocodilia order in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. The two extant species are the American alligator (\"A. mississippiensis\") and the Chinese alligator (\"A. sinensis\"). Additionally, several extinct species of alligator are known from fossil remains. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 million years ago. \n\nThe name \"alligator\" is probably an anglicized form of \"\", the Spanish term for \"the lizard\", which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Later English spellings of the name included \"allagarta\" and \"alagarto\".", "title": "Alligator" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Turtle\n\nTurtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked turtles), which differ in the way the head retracts. There are 360 living and recently extinct species of turtles, including land-dwelling tortoises and freshwater terrapins. They are found on most continents, some islands and, in the case of sea turtles, much of the ocean. Like other amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) they breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. \n\nTurtle shells are made mostly of bone; the upper part is the domed carapace, while the underside is the flatter plastron or belly-plate. Its outer surface is covered in scales made of keratin, the material of hair, horns, and claws. The carapace bones develop from ribs that grow sideways and develop into broad flat plates that join up to cover the body. Turtles are ectotherms or \"cold-blooded\", meaning that their internal temperature varies with their direct environment. They are generally opportunistic omnivores and mainly feed on plants and animals with limited movements. Many turtles migrate short distances seasonally. Sea turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances to lay their eggs on a favored beach.\n\nTurtles have appeared in myths and folktales around the world. Some terrestrial and freshwater species are widely kept as pets. Turtles have been hunted for their meat, for use in traditional medicine, and for their shells. Sea turtles are often killed accidentally as bycatch in fishing nets. Turtle habitats around the world are being destroyed. As a result of these pressures, many species are extinct or threatened with extinction.", "title": "Turtle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of largest extant lizards\n\nCurrently there are about 40 extant families of Lacertilia. These vary considerably, e.g. in shades, colours, and sizes. For example, the largest representative among Geckos, the New Caledonian giant gecko (\"Rhacodactylus leachianus\"), has a length of up to 36 cm (14 in), while the largest species in the family Varanidae, Komodo dragon (\"Varanus komodoensis\"), has a length up to 3 metres (10 ft), and a body mass of 70 kg (154 lbs).", "title": "List of largest extant lizards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Newt\n\nA newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Not all aquatic salamanders are considered newts, however. More than 100 known species of newts are found in North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia. Newts metamorphose through three distinct developmental life stages: aquatic larva, terrestrial juvenile (eft), and adult. Adult newts have lizard-like bodies and return to the water every year to breed, otherwise living in humid, cover-rich land habitats.\n\nNewts are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and pollution. Several species are endangered, and at least one species, the Yunnan lake newt, has become extinct recently.", "title": "Newt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chameleon\n\nChameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, being capable of shifting to different hues and degrees of brightness. The large number of species in the family exhibit considerable variability in their capacity to change color. For some, it is more of a shift of brightness (shades of brown); for others, a plethora of color-combinations (reds, yellows, greens, blues) can be seen.\n\nChameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet, their prehensile tail, their laterally compressed bodies, their head casques, their projectile tongues, their swaying gait, and crests or horns on their brow and snout. Chameleons' eyes are independently mobile, and because of this there are two separate, individual images that the brain is analyzing of the chameleon’s environment. When hunting prey, they focus forward in coordination, affording the animal stereoscopic vision.\n\nChameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting. The use of their prehensile tail offers stability when they are moving or resting while on a branch in the canopy; because of this, their tail is often referred to as a \"fifth limb.\" Another character that is advantageous for being arboreal is how laterally compressed their bodies are; it is important for them to distribute their weight as evenly as possible as it confers stability on twigs and branches in the trees. They live in warm habitats that range from rainforest to desert conditions, with various species occurring in Africa, Madagascar, southern Europe, and across southern Asia as far as Sri Lanka. They have been introduced to Hawaii, California, and Florida.", "title": "Chameleon" }, { "id": "3053090", "score": "1.5534346", "text": "II, the OSS employed Taylor to teach jungle survival in British Ceylon. Taylor described about 120 reptile species that are still recognized today, most of them from the Philippine Islands, but many others from Mexico and other parts of the world. Ten reptile species named in E.H.Taylor’s honor are still recognized as valid: Turtles: \"Trachemys taylori\" (Cuatrociénegas slider, from Coahuila, Mexico); Lizards: \"Anolis taylori\" (Taylor's anole, from Guerrero, Mexico), \"Cyrtodactylus edwardtaylori\" (Badulla bow-fingered gecko, from Sri Lanka), \"Dibamus taylori\" (Lesser Sunda blind lizard, from Lombok to Wetar), \"Gekko taylori\" (Taylor's gecko, from Thailand), \"Lankascincus taylori\" (Taylor's tree skink, from Sri", "title": "Edward Harrison Taylor" }, { "id": "5812264", "score": "1.5409373", "text": "Nothosaurus Nothosaurus (\"false lizard\", from the Ancient Greek nothos (νόθος), \"illegitimate\", and sauros (σαῦρος), \"lizard\") is an extinct genus of sauropterygian reptile from the Triassic period, approximately 240-210 million years ago, with fossils being distributed from North Africa and Europe to China. It is the best known member of the nothosaur order. \"Nothosaurus\" was a semi-oceanic animal which probably had a lifestyle similar to that of today's seals. It was about , with long, webbed toes and possibly a fin on its tail. However, some species such as \"N. zhangi\" and \"N. giganteus\" were larger, up to . When swimming,", "title": "Nothosaurus" }, { "id": "3017952", "score": "1.5383772", "text": "Greater short-horned lizard The greater short-horned lizard (\"Phrynosoma hernandesi\"), also commonly known as the mountain short-horned lizard, is a species of lizard endemic to western North America. Like other horned lizards, it is often called a \"horned toad\" or \"horny toad\", but it is not a toad at all. It is a reptile, not an amphibian. It is one of seven native species of lizards in Canada. The specific name, \"hernandesi\", honors Francisco Hernández (1514–1587) a Spanish physician who wrote an early account of a horned lizard, which was published in 1615. The greater short-horned lizard is often mistaken for", "title": "Greater short-horned lizard" }, { "id": "15461792", "score": "1.5358219", "text": "geological mapping project with a diverse record of marine life called Luoping Biota, that yielded, apart from \"Sinosaurosphargis\", various invertebrates, fish, basal ichthyosaurs, \"Atopodentatus\", the basal saurosphargid \"Largocephalosaurus\", and several species of eosauropterygian, including both pachypleurosaurs and nothosaurids. \"Sinosaurosphargis\" was first described and named by Chun Li, Olivier Rieppel, Xiao-Chun Wu, Li-Jun Zhao and Li-Ting Wang in 2011 and the type species is \"Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis\". The generic name is derived from Greek \"sino\", meaning \"China\", \"sauros\", meaning \"lizard\", and \"sphargis\", the old genus name for the leatherback turtle, (in reference to the many similarities \"Sinosaurosphargis\" shares with \"Saurosphargis\", a taxon", "title": "Sinosaurosphargis" }, { "id": "12528643", "score": "1.5346086", "text": "babies digging their way out of the sand. These juveniles are typically green with brown markings, although all-brown hatchlings have been recorded as well. Ctenosaura acanthura Ctenosaura acanthura, commonly known as the northeastern spinytail iguana, is a species of iguanid lizard endemic to Mexico. The northeastern spinytail iguana was first described by British zoologist George Shaw in 1802. The generic name, \"Ctenosaura\", is derived from two Greek words: \"ctenos\" (Κτενός), meaning \"comb\" (referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back and tail), and \"saura\" (σαύρα), meaning \"lizard\". Its specific name is the Greek word \"akanthos\" (Ἄκανθος), meaning \"thorn\". Northeastern", "title": "Ctenosaura acanthura" }, { "id": "3117655", "score": "1.531577", "text": "of \"M. hochuanensis\". \"Mamenchisaurus\" means 'Mamenchi lizard', from the Chinese Pinyin \"mǎ\" (马 'horse') and \"mén\" (门 'gate'), while \"chi\" is a transliteration of \"xī\" (溪 'stream' or 'brook'), combined with the suffix \"-saurus\" (from Greek \"sauros\" meaning 'lizard'). It was intended to name the reptile after the place where its fossil was first found — a construction site next to the Mǎmíngxī (马鸣溪) Ferry Crossing by the Jinsha River (金沙江, the westernmost major headwater stream of the Yangtze River), near Yibin (宜宾) in Sichuan Province of China. However, due to an accentual mix-up by Young, the location name \"Mǎmíngxī\"", "title": "Mamenchisaurus" }, { "id": "897460", "score": "1.5298194", "text": "in stating that the lizards lived in the Americas [\"habitat in America\"], and he included other types of lizards shown and mentioned by Seba under his species name \"Agama\". Daudin later created the new genus, \"Agama\", to incorporate various African and Asian lizards, as well as species from Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. He noted that the name \"agama\" was used by inhabitants of Guiana for a species that he included in the genus \"Agama\". The word \"agama\" has been traced to West African Gbe languages as a name for the chameleon. The word was brought to", "title": "Agama (lizard)" }, { "id": "18996244", "score": "1.5282089", "text": "\"lizard\", a common suffix for genus names of extinct reptile. The specific name \"orientalis\" is derived from Latin \"oriental\", meaning \"of the east\", as an emphasis on the east-Asian occurrence of \"Kwangsisaurus\" whose relatives were known from Europe and the Middle East at the time of its discovery. Kwangsisaurus Kwangsisaurus is an extinct genus of a basal pistosauroid known from the Early or Middle Triassic (Olenekian or Anisian age) of Guangxi, southern China. It contains a single species, Kwangsisaurus orientalis. \"Kwangsisaurus\" is known solely from the holotype IVPP V2338, a fragmentary postcranial skeleton housed at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology", "title": "Kwangsisaurus" }, { "id": "2567390", "score": "1.527826", "text": "The genus name means \"two-crested lizard\", and the species name honors John Wetherill, a Navajo councilor. Further specimens have since been found, including an infant. Footprints have also been attributed to the animal, including resting traces. Another species, \"Dilophosaurus sinensis\" from China, was named in 1993, but was later found to belong to the genus \"Sinosaurus\". At about in length, with a weight of about , \"Dilophosaurus\" was one of the earliest large predatory dinosaurs, though it was smaller than some later theropods. It was slender and lightly built, and the skull was proportionally large, but delicate. The snout was", "title": "Dilophosaurus" }, { "id": "19641646", "score": "1.523905", "text": "Acrodonta (lizard) Acrodonts are a subclade of iguanian squamates consisting entirely of Old World taxa. Extant representation include the families Chamaeleonidae (chameleons) and Agamidae (dragon lizards), with at least over 500 species described. A fossil genus though \"Gueragama\" was found in Brazil making it the only known American representative of the group. The group is eponymously named from the formation of the teeth whereby the teeth are consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge of the jaw without sockets. There are, however, other animals that have acrodont dentition such as tuataras.. Usually acrodonts are divided into two families Chamaeleonidae", "title": "Acrodonta (lizard)" }, { "id": "6828990", "score": "1.5229161", "text": "\"little-shielded lizard\", and is derived from the Latin word \"scutellum\" meaning \"little shield\", and the Greek word \"sauros\" (σαύρα) meaning \"lizard\". The type and only valid species known today is \"Scutellosaurus lawleri\". The specific name honors David Lawler who collected the fossil. \"Scutellosaurus\" was lightly built, and was probably capable of walking on its hind legs. It had an unusually long tail, possibly to provide a counterbalance against the weight of the armored body. It was around long, tall at the hips, and weighed . The fossil evidence includes several partial skeletons recovered from Arizona by the Museum of Northern", "title": "Scutellosaurus" }, { "id": "5598441", "score": "1.5213668", "text": "Shinisaurus. \"Shinisaurus\" (literally \"Shin's lizard\") honours the biologist (), a member of a joint Chinese-German expedition that discovered this species (as well as the frog \"Quasipaa shini\"). Its specific name – like the separate genus \"Crocodilurus\" – means \"crocodile-tail\". \"Shinisaurus\" was once also regarded as a member of Xenosauridae, but most recent studies of the evolutionary relationships of anguimorphs consider \"Shinisaurus\" to be more closely related to monitor lizards and helodermatids than to \"Xenosaurus\". It is now placed in its own family: Shinisauridae. Two subspecies are recognized: The Chinese crocodile lizard is green, colored with reddish neck markings and alternating", "title": "Chinese crocodile lizard" }, { "id": "2180344", "score": "1.5204381", "text": "anguimorphs. Like snakes, monitor lizards have forked tongues which they use to sense odors. During the Pleistocene epoch, giant monitor lizards lived in Southeast Asia and Australasia, the best known fossil being the megalania (\"Varanus priscus\", a giant goanna formally known as \"Megalania prisca\"). This species is an iconic member of the Pleistocene megafauna of Australia, thought to have survived up until around 50,000 years ago. The generic name \"Varanus\" is derived from the Arabic word \"waral/waran\" ورن/ورل, from a common Semitic root \"ouran\", \"waran\", or \"waral\", meaning \"dragon\" or \"lizard beast\". In English, they are known as \"monitors\" or", "title": "Monitor lizard" }, { "id": "12980914", "score": "1.5198221", "text": "to several modern-day lizards in the family Xenosauridae, the knob-scaled lizards. Its relatives include the modern Chinese crocodile lizard (\"Shinisaurus\") of southern China, the extinct \"Exostinus\" of Montana and Wyoming, and the extinct \"Carusia\" of Mongolia. It is differentiated from \"Carusia\" by having fewer, more conical shaped teeth. Differences in skull and mandible shape separate it from \"Shinisaurus\". The long legs of \"Dalinghosaurus\" indicate that it was a proficient runner across open environments, potentially capable of bipedal locomotion. However, it may also have been capable of arboreal locomotion. Dalinghosaurus Dalinghosaurus (often incorrectly spelled \"Dalinghesaurus\") is an extinct genus of lizards,", "title": "Dalinghosaurus" }, { "id": "12074789", "score": "1.5158573", "text": "never have actually taken place. The biological details given in the \"Lettera\"s account of Fernando de Noronha agree with what is known of the natural history of the island, lending weight to the view that it derives from an actual visit, whether by Vespucci himself or by another explorer. The lizard is probably \"Trachylepis atlantica\" and the record of snakes most likely refers to \"Amphisbaena ridleyi\", which is actually an amphisbaenian instead of a snake. During excavations conducted in 1973, American ornithologist Storrs L. Olson found fossils of a moderately large rat on Fernando de Noronha, which were described as", "title": "Noronhomys" } ]

[ "America's invasion of Whitehaven", "john paul jones", "america s invasion of whitehaven", "paul jones pirate", "I have not yet begun to fight", "Paul Jones (pirate)", "john paul jones sailor", "i have not yet begun to fight", "John Paul Jones (sailor)", "captain john paul jones", "John Paul Jones", "Captain John Paul Jones" ]

[ { "id": "8174076", "score": "1.7130039", "text": "battle and he finally took up the position as Governor of Kronstad (1). He knew the port of Danzig well since, apart from his times as a merchant seaman, he also escorted convoys of Scottish ships back to Scotland whilst in command of the \"Royal Mary\". France had sent sixteen warships and three regiments to Leszczyński’s aid, so it had been necessary for Russia to increase her attacking force, which she did by sending Gordon’s ships. He flew his flag in the battleship \"Peter1 and 11\" and commanded a fleet of fourteen battleships, five frigates, and several small vessels. He", "title": "Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)" }, { "id": "20385001", "score": "1.7070038", "text": "owned a small estate in Auchleuchries (near Ellon, was connected to the clan's Haddo branch. Alexander Gordon (1670–1752) was a general who fought under Peter the Great from 1696 to 1711 and for the Jacobites in the Jacobite rising of 1715. Gordon is mentioned as \"Sandy Don\" in the song, \"Cam Ye O'er Frae France\". He wrote a history of Peter the Great (including a brief account of his own life) which was published in Aberdeen in 1755 and in Leipzig a decade later and is available online. Thomas Gordon (c. 1658–1741) was a commodore of the Royal Scots Navy", "title": "Scottish Russians" }, { "id": "8174080", "score": "1.6982489", "text": "the Russian Navy and was the founder of the city of Sevastopol in 1783. On 9 July 1771 young Thomas MacKenzie was awarded the Knight of the Order of St. George IV Class for successfully navigating one of only two fire ships which contributed to the destruction of the Turkish Fleet during the Russo-Turkish war at the Battle of Chesma in July 1770. Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer) Admiral Thomas Gordon (c. 1658–1741) was a commodore of the Royal Scots Navy and Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. Gordon is believed to have been the son of Doctor Thomas", "title": "Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)" }, { "id": "20385003", "score": "1.6744275", "text": "a rear admiral in Russian service. His mother, Ann MacKenzie (née Young), was the granddaughter of Kronstadt governor Thomas Gordon. Scottish Russians Scottish Russians are Russians with full (or partial) Scottish ancestry. Scottish migration to Russia occurred primarily during the early-17th-century Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18), Ingrian War (1610–1617) and Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1507, four Scottish gunners were sent by King Christian III of Denmark to support Russian-allied forces. During the Polish–Russian War (1605–18), a regiment originally under the command of William Grim and later under Captain (Rittmeister) Jacob Shaw was in the service of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the", "title": "Scottish Russians" }, { "id": "8174068", "score": "1.6700143", "text": "bottom.\" He joined the Russian Navy of Peter the Great on 1 June 1717 and remained a Russian officer until his death on 18 March 1741. Gordon, who was now considered as a refugee, was engaged by the Tsar in Holland along with Captain Saunders, who is described as an Englishman, Captain Hay and Captain-Lieutenants Urquhart and Serocoled; along with two land officers, all British. After Gordon arrived in Russia, the Jacobites saw an opportunity to interest the Tsar in their affairs. There were a number of letters sent to the Tsar for just this purpose: nine from Prince James", "title": "Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Imperial Russian Navy\n\nThe Imperial Russian Navy () operated as the navy of the Russian Tsardom and later the Russian Empire from 1696 to 1917. Formally established in 1696, it lasted until dissolved in the wake of the February Revolution of 1917. It developed from a smaller force that had existed prior to Tsar Peter the Great's founding of the modern Russian navy during the Second Azov campaign in 1696. It expanded in the second half of the 18th century and reached its peak strength by the early part of the 19th century, behind only the British and French fleets in terms of size.\n\nThe Imperial Navy drew its officers from the aristocracy of the Empire, who belonged to the state Russian Orthodox Church. Young aristocrats began to be trained for leadership at a national naval school. From 1818 on, only officers of the Imperial Russian Navy were appointed to the position of Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company, based in Russian America (present-day Alaska) for colonization and fur-trade development. Although the early Imperial Navy initially employed paid foreign sailors, the government began to recruit native-born sailors as conscripts, drafted (as were men to serve in the army). Service in the navy was lifelong. Many naval commanders and recruits came from Imperial Russia's non-Russian lands with maritime traditions - Finland and (especially) the Baltic governorates.\n\nThe Russian Navy went into a period of decline due to the Empire's slow technical and economic development in the first half of the 19th century. It had a revival in the latter part of the century during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II (), but most of its Pacific Fleet (along with the Baltic Fleet sent to the Far East) was destroyed in the humiliating Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.\n\nThe navy had mixed experiences during the First World War, with the Germans generally gaining the upper hand in the Baltic Sea, while the Russians took control of the Black Sea. The Russian Revolution marked the end of the Imperial Navy; its officers had mostly aligned with the emperor, and the sailors split to fight on either side during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922. The Soviet Navy, established as the Red Fleet in 1918 after the Revolution, took over the available surviving ships.\n\nStrategically, the Imperial Russian Navy faced two over-arching issues: the use of ice-free ports and open access to the high seas. Saint Petersburg and the other Baltic ports, as well as Vladivostok, could not operate in winter, hence the push for Russia to establish naval facilities on the Black Sea coast and (eventually) at Murmansk. And even substantial naval forces in the Baltic Sea remained confined by the lack of free access to the Atlantic via the Øresund, just as the Black Sea Fleet could not always rely on passage through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. As a result, separate naval groupings developed in relative isolation in the Baltic, the Black Sea, the Russian Far East and the Arctic.", "title": "Imperial Russian Navy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Seven Years' War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Impressment\n\nImpressment, colloquially \"the press\" or the \"press gang\", is the taking of men into a military or naval force by compulsion, with or without notice. European navies of several nations used forced recruitment by various means. The large size of the British Royal Navy in the Age of Sail meant impressment was most commonly associated with Great Britain and Ireland. It was used by the Royal Navy in wartime, beginning in 1664 and during the 18th and early 19th centuries as a means of crewing warships, although legal sanction for the practice can be traced back to the time of Edward I of England. The Royal Navy impressed many merchant sailors, as well as some sailors from other, mostly European, nations. People liable to impressment were \"eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years\". Non-seamen were sometimes impressed as well, though rarely. In addition to the Royal Navy's use of impressment, the British Army also experimented with impressment from 1778 to 1780.\n\nImpressment was strongly criticized by those who believed it to be contrary to the British constitution. Though the public opposed conscription in general, impressment was repeatedly upheld by the courts, as it was deemed vital to the strength of the navy and, by extension, to the survival of the British realm and influence.\n\nImpressment was essentially a Royal Navy practice, reflecting the sheer size of the British fleet and its substantial manpower demands. While other European navies applied forced recruitment in times of war, this was generally done as an extension of the practice of formal conscription applied by most European armies from the Napoleonic Wars on. The U.S. Continental Navy also applied a form of impressment during the American War of Independence.\n\nThe impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in the years leading up to the Revolutionary War. One of the 27 colonial grievances enumerated in the Declaration of Independence directly highlights the practice. It was again a cause of tension leading up to the War of 1812. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Britain formally ended the practice; later conscription was not limited to the Royal Navy but covered all British armed forces.", "title": "Impressment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of pirates\n\nThis is a list of known pirates, buccaneers, corsairs, privateers, river pirates, and others involved in piracy and piracy-related activities. This list includes both captains and prominent crew members. For a list of female pirates, see women in piracy. For pirates of fiction or myth, see list of fictional pirates.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of pirates" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "7470783", "score": "1.6660439", "text": "Samuel Greig Samuel Greig, or Samuil Karlovich Greig (), as he was known in Russia (30 November 1735, Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland – 15 October 1788, Tallinn, Estonia, Russian Empire) was a Scottish-born Russian admiral who distinguished himself in the Battle of Chesma (1770) and the Battle of Hogland (1788). His son Alexey Greig also made a spectacular career in the Imperial Russian Navy. He was born on 30 November 1735 in the burgh of Inverkeithing in Fife. Initially he was a seaman who worked on his father's ships before entering the Royal Navy before 1758 as a Master's mate. He", "title": "Samuel Greig" }, { "id": "4378078", "score": "1.6626894", "text": "that of England. The office of Lord High Admiral was subsumed within the office of the Admiral of Great Britain. The three vessels of the small Royal Scottish Navy were transferred to the Royal Navy. A number of Scottish officers eventually left the Royal Navy for service in the fledgling Russian navy of Peter the Great. These included the captain of the \"Royal Mary\" Thomas Gordon, who became a commodore in 1717 took service and rose to be Admiral and commander-in-chief of the Baltic Fleet. The most accessible work on the Old Scots Navy and Scots naval matters, prior to", "title": "Royal Scots Navy" }, { "id": "8174073", "score": "1.6605837", "text": "that. The next day Peter called the two admirals together and made them drink a glass of wine together hoping that this would end their bickering. In 1726 Admiral Gordon took out a fleet to meet the powerful British fleet under Admiral Sir C. Wagner that had been sent to the Baltic Sea to anticipate or prevent any action of Russia as a party to the Treaty of Vienna. However, since Gordon had told Catherine I that action was hopeless, courtesies were exchanged instead of cannonballs. On 6 May 1727 he was promoted to admiral and in November he became", "title": "Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)" }, { "id": "19280337", "score": "1.6554894", "text": "the granddaughter of Admiral Thomas Gordon, Governor of Kronstadt. Mackenzie entered into the Russian Navy in 1765 with the rank of midshipman, initially serving in the Baltic Sea. Later, with a rank of captain lieutenant, he took part in a number of battles in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74), including the Battle of Nauplia (1770). He was wounded in the Battle of Chesma, where he served under Scottish-born Admiral Samuel Greig and commanded a fireship which contributed to the destruction of the Turkish fleet. On 9 July 1771 he was awarded the Order of St. George Fourth class. For distinction in", "title": "Thomas MacKenzie (Russian admiral)" }, { "id": "14484625", "score": "1.6526008", "text": "chase off the Americans. In October Morrison transferred to command the newly-launched schooner , which was, however, a smaller vessel. His replacement in 1805 was Lieutenant John Brown. On 26 October 1807 Tsar Alexander I of Russia declared war on Great Britain. The official news did not arrive in the United Kingdom until 2 December, at which time the British declared an embargo on all Russian vessels in British ports. \"Queen Charlotte\" was one of some 70 vessels that shared in the seizure of the 44-gun Russian frigate \"Speshnoy\" (\"Speshnyy\"), then in Portsmouth harbour. The British seized the Russian storeship", "title": "Hired armed cutter Queen Charlotte" }, { "id": "8174069", "score": "1.6515093", "text": "(1721–30), two from the Earl of Mar (1716–1717), five from Captain Hay, and others. Promotion was soon to come since there were old Russian Admirals retiring. There were also newly built ships to be manned. On New Year's Day Prince Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov was promoted Rear Admiral of the White, Captain-Commodore Sievers made Rear Admiral of the Blue and Captain-Commodore Gordon Rear-Admiral of the Red. The Russian Fleet was divided into three sections after the system used by the British and the Dutch. Regrettably there was jealousy between Rear Admiral Seivers and Gordon. Seivers had been born at Copenhagen and", "title": "Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)" }, { "id": "20384999", "score": "1.6501938", "text": "to Catherine's death in 1796. Count Andrey Matveyev (1666–1728), whose mother was Scottish, was one of the first Russian ambassadors and Peter the Great's agent in London and the Hague. The Greig branch ( of Clan Gregor changed its name due to British persecution of the MacGregors after the 16 April 1746 Battle of Culloden. Samuel Greig (), (1735, Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland – 15 October 1788, Tallinn, Estonia, Russian Empire) was an admiral who distinguished himself in the Battle of Chesma (1770) and the Battle of Hogland (1788). His son, Alexey Greig, also had a career in the Imperial Russian", "title": "Scottish Russians" }, { "id": "7623779", "score": "1.6437676", "text": "and 1795 he served as a volunteer aboard the 36-gun HMS \"Oiseau\", under her captain, Robert Murray. Lisyansky recalled in his memoirs his experiences on the North American Station operating against French convoys and privateers, and how while in the West Indies he was struck by yellow fever, recalling how Murray had helped his recovery, even giving up part of his own accommodation for the sick Lisyansky. In 1803-1806 Lisyanski as the commanding officer of the Russian-American Company's merchant sloop \"Neva\" took part in the first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth. The expedition was under the command of Count Nikolay", "title": "Yuri Lisyansky" }, { "id": "9855429", "score": "1.639436", "text": "a salute to the fourth Duchess of Edinburgh during her visit to Marseilles, France – the Duchess being the daughter of Russian Czar Alexander III and the daughter-in-law of British Queen Victoria. Skrydloff went on to become the \"bulldog admiral\" of the Czarist navy, commander of the Baltic Fleet and Russian Navy Minister. Three years after the \"Strelok\" incident, William H. Face's son and fellow Virginia Pilot, George Washington Face, was also abducted by a foreign ship captain, John Owens in command of the British steamer \"North Erin\", who evaded a U.S. marshal and absconded to Liverpool with $14,000 worth", "title": "William H. Face" }, { "id": "217857", "score": "1.6361881", "text": "ships. After having killed one of his crew members with a sword, he fled to the Colony of Virginia and around 1775 joined the newly founded Continental Navy in their fight against Britain in the American Revolutionary War. He commanded U.S. Navy ships stationed in France and led several assaults on England and Ireland. Left without a command in 1787, he joined the Imperial Russian Navy and obtained the rank of rear admiral. John Paul (he added \"Jones\" in later life to hide from law enforcement) was born on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright", "title": "John Paul Jones" }, { "id": "8174049", "score": "1.626811", "text": "the Most Serene Empress of Russia, is a man of noble birth in this our kingdom of Scotland, being honourably descended from the ancient race of Gordons whose present chief is the most powerful Duke of Gordon; that he was from his early years a most worthy citizen of this city of Aberdeen; that this same brave man, when in the British navy, strenuously defended the commerce and ships of this city from pirates and enemies of every kind; and that he, being an account of his great valour deservedly promoted to the highest honours by the Empress of Russia,", "title": "Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)" }, { "id": "4489915", "score": "1.6250794", "text": "Tsar Peter the Great in 1697-1699 Mitchell captained the flagship HMS York which brought him to England. During the voyage the Tsar was given instruction on ship handling by Mitchell—mostly in Dutch since they were both fluent in it. At the Tsar's request Mitchell was assigned as his official escort and translator during the nearly six months Peter was in London. David Mitchell (Royal Navy officer) Sir David Mitchell (ca. 1650 – 1 June 1710) was a Scottish admiral, courtier and parliamentary official. He came from humble origins, being descended from, as John Charnock put it, a family \"more distinguished", "title": "David Mitchell (Royal Navy officer)" }, { "id": "17078984", "score": "1.6250668", "text": "the Royal Navy at this time, though she was only renamed \"Blonde\" in 1805, and was not in commission in 1789. Winfield instead records Murry as being appointed to the 32-gun \"Blanche\" in 1789, and serving in command until 1792. c. Lisyansky became a prominent officer and explorer after his return to the Imperial Russian Navy, serving on the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe under Adam Johann von Krusenstern. While in the West Indies he was struck by yellow fever, and later recalled how Murray had helped his recovery, even giving up part of his own accommodation for the", "title": "Robert Murray (Royal Navy officer)" }, { "id": "20385000", "score": "1.6211188", "text": "Navy. Friedrich von Löwis of Menar (, 6 September 1767, Haapsalu – 16 April 1824) was a lieutenant-general during the Napoleonic Wars. His family (commonly spelled \"Lewis\" in English) came to Sweden from South Scotland around 1630. By the time of Fedor's birth, his family was established in Livonia. William Fermor was an Imperial Russian Army officer best known for leading his country's army at the Battle of Zorndorf during the Seven Years' War. The House of Gordon included Patrick Gordon (1635, Auchleuchries, Aberdeenshire, Scotland – 1699, Moscow), a general and rear admiral. Gordon, descended from an Aberdeenshire family who", "title": "Scottish Russians" }, { "id": "1874356", "score": "1.6199985", "text": "he was captured by a ship manned by Englishmen but sailing under a Russian flag, whose captain claimed that his Imperial mistress (Catherine the Great) was \"at war with all Muselmen\" (see Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)). He and the ship he had been sailing in were brought to Ostend in Belgium in December 1789 but the British consul managed to get him and the ship released. He set off again in the same ship, but the captain, who claimed to be afraid of his ship being captured again, set him ashore in Dover. In England his story was recorded. Shabeeni gave", "title": "Timbuktu" } ]

[ "Climate of Kansas", "KS, USA", "state of kansas", "geography of kansas", "34th State", "Sunflower State", "Thirty-fourth State", "cansas", "Geography of Kansas", "kans", "demographics of kansas", "sunflower state", "34th state", "ks usa", "religion in kansas", "economy of kansas", "Kans.", "Economy of Kansas", "Kansas (state)", "State of Kansas", "Sports in Kansas", "politics of kansas", "Kansas (State)", "kansas u s state", "Kansasanian Soviet Socialist Republic", "Brownbackistan", "kansas united states", "culture of kansas", "Kansas, United States", "transport in kansas", "Kan.", "The Sunflower State", "kan", "kansas", "Law of Kansas", "Demographics of Kansas", "Cansas", "Politics of Kansas", "brownbackistan", "law of kansas", "transportation in kansas", "Kansas (U.S. state)", "climate of kansas", "Culture of Kansas", "kansas state", "Transport in Kansas", "Thirty-Fourth State", "Religion in Kansas", "Transportation in Kansas", "thirty fourth state", "kansasanian soviet socialist republic", "Kansas", "sports in kansas" ]

[ { "id": "9489655", "score": "1.6740346", "text": "would last for 14 years, becoming increasingly unpopular during the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression. A repeal movement pointed out the hypocrisy of Prohibition activists and politicians, the rise of organised crime, and how it undermined respect for the law. Seeking tax revenue and to weaken the base of organised crime, Franklin Roosevelt and other politicians sought to end prohibition, and did so with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on 5 December 1933. By its terms, states were allowed to set their own laws for the control of alcohol. During the Prohibition era", "title": "New Jersey wine" }, { "id": "293318", "score": "1.6495605", "text": "content. In the United States, 3.2 beer was the highest alcohol content beer allowed to be produced legally for nine months in 1933. As part of his New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Cullen–Harrison Act that repealed the Volstead Act on March 22, 1933. In December 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, negating the federal government's power to regulate the sale of alcoholic beverages, though states retained the power to regulate. After the repeal of Prohibition, a number of state laws prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors remained in effect. As these were", "title": "Low-alcohol beer" }, { "id": "14614572", "score": "1.64481", "text": "amendment and on January 16, 1919, Nebraska became the 36th state to do so, securing its passage with the required three-fourths of the states. By the end of February 1919, only three states remained as hold-outs to ratification: New Jersey, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, was enacted on October 18, 1919. Prohibition in the United States went into effect on January 17, 1920. Nationwide prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20 and its ratification on December 5. This table lists the effective dates", "title": "Dry state" }, { "id": "6174738", "score": "1.6431121", "text": "used his expertise as the Attorney General who first enforced Prohibition to promote a plan to expedite its repeal through state conventions rather than the state legislatures. The Cullen–Harrison Act, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 22, 1933, authorized the sale of 3.2 percent beer (thought to be too low an alcohol concentration to be intoxicating) and wine, which allowed the first legal beer sales since the beginning of Prohibition on January 16, 1920. In 1933 state conventions ratified the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed Prohibition. The Amendment was fully ratified on December 5, 1933. Federal laws enforcing Prohibition", "title": "Repeal of Prohibition in the United States" }, { "id": "6174739", "score": "1.6252139", "text": "were then repealed. Following repeal some states continued prohibition within their own jurisdictions. Almost two-thirds of the states adopted some form of local option which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. For a time, 38 percent of Americans lived in areas with Prohibition. By 1966, however, all states had repealed their statewide prohibition laws, with Mississippi the last state to do so. Repeal of Prohibition in the United States The repeal of Prohibition in the United States was accomplished with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 5,", "title": "Repeal of Prohibition in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prohibition in the United States\n\nIn the United States from 1920 to 1933, a nationwide constitutional law prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures, and finally ended nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on January 16, 1919. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933.\n\nLed by pietistic Protestants, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption. Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate. Prohibition supporters, called \"drys\", presented it as a battle for public morals and health. The movement was taken up by progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and Republican parties, and gained a national grassroots base through the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. After 1900, it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. Opposition from the beer industry mobilized \"wet\" supporters from the wealthy Roman Catholic and German Lutheran communities, but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the U.S. into the First World War against Germany.\n\nThe Eighteenth amendment passed in 1919 \"with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate\" and was ratified by 46 out of 48 states. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. Not all alcohol was banned; for example, religious use of wine was permitted. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, but local laws were stricter in many areas, some states banning possession outright.\n\nFollowing the ban, criminal gangs gained control of the beer and liquor supply in many cities. By the late 1920s, a new opposition to Prohibition emerged nationwide. Critics attacked the policy as causing crime, lowering local revenues, and imposing \"rural\" Protestant religious values on \"urban\" America. The Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition, though it continued in some states. To date, this is the only time in American history in which a constitutional amendment was passed for the purpose of repealing another.\n\nSome research indicates that alcohol consumption declined substantially due to Prohibition. Rates of liver cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis, and infant mortality also declined. Other research indicates that Prohibition did not reduce alcohol consumption in the long-term.", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thomas E. Dewey\n\nThomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was an American lawyer, prosecutor, and politician who served as the 47th governor of New York from 1943 to 1954. He was the Republican candidate for president in 1944 and 1948. \n\nRaised in Owosso, Michigan, he was a member of the Republican Party. As a New York City prosecutor and District Attorney in the 1930s and early 1940s, Dewey was relentless in his effort to curb the power of the American Mafia and of organized crime in general. Most famously, he successfully prosecuted Mafioso kingpin Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano on charges of forced prostitution in 1936. Luciano was given a 30- to 50-year prison sentence. He also prosecuted and convicted Waxey Gordon, another prominent New York City gangster and bootlegger, on charges of tax evasion. Dewey almost succeeded in apprehending mobster Dutch Schultz as well, but Schultz was murdered in 1935 in a hit ordered by The Commission itself; he had disobeyed The Commission's order forbidding him from making an attempt on Dewey's life.\n\nDewey led the moderate faction of the Republican Party during the 1940s and 1950s, in opposition to conservative Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft. Dewey was an advocate for the professional and business community of the Northeastern United States, which would later be called the Eastern Establishment. This group consisted of internationalists who were in favor of the United Nations and the Cold War fight against communism and the Soviet Union, and it supported most of the New Deal social-welfare reforms enacted during the administration of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.\n\nDewey served as the 47th governor of New York from 1943 to 1954. In 1944, he was the Republican Party's nominee for the presidency, but lost the election to incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt in the closest of Roosevelt's four presidential elections. He was again the Republican presidential nominee in 1948, but lost to President Harry S. Truman in one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history. Dewey played a large role in winning the Republican presidential nomination for Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, helping Eisenhower win the presidential election that year. He also played a large part in the choice of Richard Nixon as the Republican vice-presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956. He was the first major party nominee for president of the Greatest Generation, and the first to have been born in the 20th century.\n\nFollowing his political retirement, Dewey served from 1955 to 1971 as a corporate lawyer and senior partner in his law firm Dewey Ballantine in New York City. In March 1971, while on a golfing vacation in Miami, Florida, he died from a heart attack. Following a public memorial ceremony at St. James' Episcopal Church in New York City, Dewey was buried in the town cemetery of Pawling, New York.", "title": "Thomas E. Dewey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Apartheid\n\nApartheid (, , ; , ) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on \"baasskap\" ( 'boss-hood' or 'boss-ship'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically through minoritarianism by the nation's dominant minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans.\n\nBroadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into \"petty apartheid\", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and \"grand apartheid\", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949, followed closely by the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines. The Population Registration Act, 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: \"Black\", \"White\", \"Coloured\", and \"Indian\", the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial classification. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated \"tribal homelands\", also known as \"bantustans\", four of which became nominally independent states.<ref name=Routledge/> The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans.<ref name=\"Crompton\"/>\n\nApartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the 20th century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations and brought about extensive international sanctions during apartheid including arms embargoes and economic sanctions on South Africa. During the 1970s and 1980s, internal resistance to apartheid became increasingly militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the National Party ruling government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed to appease most activist groups.\n\nBetween 1987 and 1993, the National Party entered into bilateral negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC), the leading anti-apartheid political movement, for ending segregation and introducing majority rule. In 1990, prominent ANC figures such as Nelson Mandela were released from prison. Apartheid legislation was repealed on 17 June 1991,", "title": "Apartheid" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Racial segregation in the United States\n\nIn the United States, racial segregation is the systematic separation of facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation on racial grounds. The term is mainly used in reference to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from whites, but it is also used in reference to the separation of other ethnic minorities from majority and mainstream communities. While mainly referring to the physical separation and provision of separate facilities, it can also refer to other manifestations such as prohibitions against interracial marriage (enforced with anti-miscegenation laws), and the separation of roles within an institution. Notably, in the United States Armed Forces up until 1948, black units were typically separated from white units but were still led by white officers.\n\nSigns were used to indicate where African Americans could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of segregation in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), so long as \"separate but equal\" facilities were provided, a requirement that was rarely met in practice. The doctrine's applicability to public schools was unanimously overturned in \"Brown v. Board of Education\" (1954) by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren. In the following years the Warren Court further ruled against racial segregation in several landmark cases including \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\" (1964), which helped bring an end to the Jim Crow laws.\n\nRacial segregation follows two forms. \"De jure\" segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war. \"De jure\" segregation was outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. \"De facto\" segregation, or segregation \"in fact\", is that which exists without sanction of the law. \"De facto\" segregation continues today in areas such as residential segregation and school segregation because of both contemporary behavior and the historical legacy of \"de jure\" segregation.", "title": "Racial segregation in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Lyndon B. Johnson" }, { "id": "9246795", "score": "1.6239877", "text": "enacted in 1925. The Wright law was part of a national trend toward stricter prohibition legislation and imposed severe penalties for alcohol possession. The Great Depression and the election of Democratic party candidates in 1932 ended widespread national support for Prohibition. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who included repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment as a major issue of his presidential campaign in 1932, made good on his promise to American voters. On December 5, 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended nationwide Prohibition. However, Indiana's legislature continued to regulate alcohol within the state through allocation of state liquor licenses", "title": "History of Indiana" }, { "id": "9785521", "score": "1.623631", "text": "in 1870. Around 1900, there were around 4,400 pounds produced. By 1910, hops production had been reduced to near zero. On January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment (Federal Prohibition) which outlawed the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol was passed by 3/4 of US states and became law. On December 5, 1933 Federal Prohibition came to an end. In 1935, two alcoholics from Vermont, Bill Wilson, from East Dorset, and Bob Smith, from St. Johnsbury, started Alcoholics Anonymous with a twelve step program. In 1988, after spending three years lobbying the Vermont legislature to legalize brewpubs Greg Noonan opened the", "title": "Brewing in Vermont" }, { "id": "14041651", "score": "1.6175802", "text": "in Wisconsin during Prohibition (1920-1933). But even before Prohibition ended, Wisconsin created work-arounds. In 1926, voters approved a referendum allowing the manufacture of beer, if not its consumption. The state repealed its law enforcing Prohibition in 1929. Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine sponsored the Act that later became the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, ending Prohibition. The state was the second to ratify the amendment on April 25, 1933. State law prohibits retail sale of liquor and wine between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., and beer between midnight and 6:00 a.m. State law allows local municipalities to further", "title": "Alcohol laws of Wisconsin" }, { "id": "828601", "score": "1.6169583", "text": "Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on December 5, 1933, repealing nationwide prohibition. The gradual relaxation of licensing laws went on throughout the 20th century, with Mississippi being the last state to end prohibition in 1966. In Australia, early hotel closing times were reverted in the 1950s and 1960s. Initially, prohibition had some positive effects in some states, with Ford reporting that absenteeism in his companies had decreased by half. Alcohol consumption decreased dramatically. Also, statistical analysis has shown that the temperance movement during this time had a positive, though moderate, effect on later adult educational outcomes through providing", "title": "Temperance movement" }, { "id": "14614571", "score": "1.610683", "text": "it. By 1913 nine states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws, placing more than 50 percent of the United States population under some form of alcohol prohibition. Following two unsuccessful attempts at national prohibition legislation (one in 1913 and the other in 1915), Congress approved a resolution on December 19, 1917, to prohibit the manufacture, sale, transportation, and importation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The resolution was sent to the states for ratification and became the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. On January 8, 1918, Mississippi became the first state to ratify the", "title": "Dry state" }, { "id": "8776913", "score": "1.6101367", "text": "1, 1916. Stories have Adolph Coors dumping thousands of gallons of beer into Clear Creek on the first day of 1916. National Prohibition began on January 20, 1920 as the Volstead Act/18th Amendment. Prohibition lasted in Colorado until December 5, 1933 with the repeal of Prohibition or the 21st Amendment. With State Prohibition, Colorado created Prohibition Agents to enforce state liquor laws in 1915. Most agents were local police and sheriffs deputies. In 1923, the Colorado Law Enforcement Department was created as an extension of the Prohibition Department and to assist police and sheriffs in case of emergencies. Due to", "title": "Colorado State Patrol" }, { "id": "9246793", "score": "1.6076913", "text": "was reduced to twenty-six. Despite the setback prohibition advocates continued to lobby legislators for support. In December 1917 several temperance organizations formed the Indiana Dry Federation to fight the politically powerful liquor interests, with the IASL joining the group a short time later. The Federation and the League vigorously campaigned for statewide prohibition, which the Indiana General Assembly adopted in February 1917. Subsequent legal challenges delayed implementation of statewide prohibition until 1918, when a court ruled in June that Indiana's prohibition law was constitutionally valid. On January 14, 1919, Indiana became the twenty-fifth state to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment, which", "title": "History of Indiana" }, { "id": "13258802", "score": "1.6059513", "text": "crime, lowering local revenues, and imposing \"rural\" Protestant religious values on \"urban\" United States. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Research shows that prohibition reduced overall alcohol consumption by half during the 1920s, and consumption remained below pre-Prohibition levels until the 1940s, suggesting that Prohibition did socialize a significant proportion of the population in temperate habits, at least temporarily. Rates of liver cirrhosis \"fell by 50% early in Prohibition and recovered promptly after", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "id": "428939", "score": "1.6052568", "text": "The resolution required state conventions, rather than the state legislatures, to approve the amendment, effectively reducing the process to a one-state, one-vote referendum rather than a popular vote contest. That December, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the amendment, achieving the necessary majority for repeal. A few states continued statewide prohibition after 1933, but by 1966 all of them had abandoned it. Since then, liquor control in the United States has largely been determined at the local level. Just after the Eighteenth Amendment's adoption, there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "id": "9246794", "score": "1.5925486", "text": "mandated nationwide prohibition. Three days later Nebraska became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the amendment, providing the two-thirds majority of states required to amend the U.S. Constitution. With the beginning of nationwide Prohibition on January 17, 1920, after formal ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment the previous day, efforts turned to enforcement of the new law. Protestant support for Prohibition remained intense in Indiana in the 1920s. Shumaker and the IASL lead a statewide grassroots campaign that successfully passed a new prohibition law for the state. Sponsored by Indiana representative Frank Wright and known as the Wright bone-dry law, it was", "title": "History of Indiana" }, { "id": "335114", "score": "1.5904307", "text": "in 1869, remained major players in the temperance movement until the early twentieth century, when the Anti-Saloon League, formed in 1895, emerged as the movement's leader. Between 1880 and 1890, although several states enacted local option laws that allowed counties or towns to go dry by referendum, only six states had statewide prohibition by state statute or constitutional amendment. The League, with the support of evangelical Protestant churches and other Progressive-era reformers continued to press for prohibition legislation. Opposition to prohibition was strong in America's urban industrial centers, where a large, immigrant, working-class population generally opposed it, as did Jewish", "title": "Prohibition" }, { "id": "1516085", "score": "1.5884674", "text": "and light wine in 1933, the wet coalition launched a successful campaign to legalize these beverages at the state level. Floridians subsequently joined in the national campaign to repeal the 18th Amendment, which succeeded in December 1933. The following November, state voters repealed Florida's constitutional ban on liquor and gave local governments the power to legalize or outlaw alcoholic beverages. The Great Depression began with the Stock Market crash of 1929. By that time, the economy had already declined in much of Florida from the collapse three years earlier of the land boom. The New Deal (1933–40) changed and reaffirmed", "title": "History of Florida" }, { "id": "13258807", "score": "1.5878642", "text": "scourge of organized crime. On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. On December 5, 1933, ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use. Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the colonial period. In May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts made", "title": "Prohibition in the United States" }, { "id": "12825884", "score": "1.5811249", "text": "Oregonians voted to ban all alcohol, preceding national alcohol prohibition by four years. In 1933, national prohibition ended with a repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Oregon's governor, Julius Meier, appointed Dr. William S. Knox to study the situation. Knox recommended adopting the Canadian system of sales of alcohol by the state. The reasoning was that this would provide revenue and lower alcohol abuse. The Oregon Legislative Assembly held a special session and the OLCC was created days after the repeal of national prohibition. Eighteen states in total chose to regulate alcohol. Oregon Revised Statutes Chapters", "title": "Alcoholic beverages in Oregon" }, { "id": "828586", "score": "1.5789118", "text": "the United States. In 1838, Massachusetts banned certain sales of spirits. The law was repealed two years later, but it set a precedent. In 1845, Michigan allowed its municipalities to decide whether they were going to prohibit. In 1846, a law was passed in Maine which was a full-fledged prohibition, and this was followed by bans in several other states in the next two decades. The movement became more effective, with alcohol consumption in the US being decreased by half between 1830 and 1840. During this time, prohibition laws came into effect in twelve US states, such as Maine. Maine", "title": "Temperance movement" } ]

[ "hockey team", "hocky", "hockey positions", "Knee hockey", "Hockey positions", "Hocky", "Hockey", "knee hockey", "hockey", "Hockey team" ]

[ { "id": "2905003", "score": "1.5653846", "text": "tossing the ball in the air, while the players on the outside attempt to gain possession when it comes down. A similar technique, known as a bully-off, is used in field hockey. The two opposing players alternately touch their sticks on the ground and against each other before attempting to strike the ball. Its use as the method of starting play was discontinued in 1981. A face-off is also similar to a jump ball in basketball, a ball-up in Australian rules football, and a dropped-ball (if contested) in association football. All of these also involve two opposing players attempting to", "title": "Face-off" }, { "id": "16195025", "score": "1.4744751", "text": "hockey) games. Bully (song) \"Bully\" is the lead single from American rock band Shinedown's fourth studio album, \"Amaryllis\". Speaking to \"Rolling Stone\", Shinedown front man Brent Smith discussed the lyrics of the song as \"about not feeling like you can't stand up for yourself and take back your self respect if you feel as if someone is belittling you or trying to push you around. The song is not condoning violence. What it is condoning is survival. I don't think that anyone should ever have their self-respect or their dignity taken from them.\" He also mentioned that his father had", "title": "Bully (song)" }, { "id": "17990829", "score": "1.4551646", "text": "line (now known as the 23-metre line). The penalty bully would cease when either a goal had been scored or the ball was played out of the \"penalty circle\" or over the \"back line\" by the attacker. Play was then resumed with a normal bully-off at the centre of the 25-yard line. If the ball was played over the back line by the defender (outside the goal) then the penalty bully was retaken. A foul during the penalty bully could result in a penalty goal. In 1963, the penalty stroke replaced the penalty bully and was awarded for deliberately stopping", "title": "Penalty stroke" }, { "id": "5704798", "score": "1.4502805", "text": "Gary to the roof. Gary taunts Jimmy, claiming that he will win no matter what. Jimmy tackles him over the side and the two end up falling through the roof of Crabblesnitch's office. Once freed, he has Gary expelled and fires Mr. Burton for his actions against Zoe. He allows Jimmy and Zoe to return to Bullworth, and appoints Petey as head boy, replacing the now expelled Gary. As his friends and allies cheer on, Jimmy shares a kiss with Zoe. Rockstar announced \"Bully\" on May 2005 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox with an original expected release date of", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "5704791", "score": "1.4418515", "text": "Jimmy turns his attention to the Preppies. Just as he begins to win them over, Gary tricks them into turning against him. In response, Jimmy signs up for a boxing tournament hosted by the Preppies' leader, Derby Harrington (John Lavelle). Though he wins, the Preppies refuse to accept defeat and gang up on him, resulting in a massive fight that ends with Jimmy declaring himself the new leader. With the Preppies subdued, Jimmy then sets out to conquer their rivals, the Greasers. Johnny Vincent (Rocco Rosanio), their leader, asks Jimmy to help him expose an affair between his girlfriend Lola", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "2531324", "score": "1.4369922", "text": "Schutze. The film was released in the United States on June 15, 2001, and met with mixed critical responses, though many critics noted the film's disturbing and straightforward handling of youth crime and murder. Ali Willis and Lisa Connelly are friends with Bobby Kent and Marty Puccio. They all go out on a double date. While in a parked car, Ali performs oral sex on Bobby, while Lisa and Marty have sex in the back seat. Lisa later learns she is pregnant, but is afraid that the child is Bobby's instead of Marty's, since Bobby raped her after beating Marty", "title": "Bully (2001 film)" }, { "id": "16195024", "score": "1.4348793", "text": "into my house and mess with my girlfriend or my son.\" The song was released on January 3, 2012. Included in the video game NHL 13. The official video premiered on the band's YouTube channel on March 6, 2012. The video was directed by Darren Doane, who previously directed the video for \"Sound of Madness\". A version of \"Bully\" was arranged by John Brennan for the 2012 football season for the Ohio State University Marching and Athletic bands. It is played as a pep song by the marching band at football games and by the athletic band at basketball (and", "title": "Bully (song)" }, { "id": "5704799", "score": "1.4267681", "text": "October 2005. Early information released by Take-Two Interactive seemed to indicate that the player would be taking the role of a bully, and screenshots printed in \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" showed the player-controlled antagonist administering a \"swirlie\" and throwing a punch at another student. However, the tone of the final game was different, with the player in the role of a problem student who stood up to and fought back against bullies, in effect, bullying on behalf of the victims, or in self-defense. The PlayStation 2 version of the game uses an advanced \"\" engine through RenderWare. Rockstar Vancouver decided to", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "15290350", "score": "1.4220264", "text": "one of his eyes and a spiked collar around his neck. By the mid-1970s, Bully's look changed again so that he had dark brown fur and no collar. In 1980, a more cartoonish Bully graced the sidelines at Mississippi State games, one that looks similar to the one seen in the present day. During the early 1980s, he typically wore a tank top and/or maroon or white shorts if wearing any clothes at all, but as years passed, he more frequently wore Mississippi State's uniform for whatever sport he was appearing at. Today, Bully's team consists of six students plus", "title": "Bully (mascot)" }, { "id": "2591338", "score": "1.4059086", "text": "by the club as the most plausible, links the term to the old Victorian idiom \"bully\" meaning first-rate or high standard and suggests that Clyde, a small club, would have been regularly referred to as \"Bully Wee Clyde\", with the first two words eventually becoming the standalone nickname. Originally from Glasgow, Clyde developed local rivalries with other teams from in and around the city including Celtic, Rangers, Partick Thistle and Queen's Park and from previous years now defunct teams like Clydebank and Third Lanark. Any game between any of these two would be known as a Glasgow derby. It has", "title": "Clyde F.C." }, { "id": "5704810", "score": "1.4031014", "text": "of shipping the game, noting that there was no content in the game that was not already on late night television. Thompson responded to the ruling with fiery speech directed at the judge. When given a preview build, the mainstream American media took a generally positive view of the game. Press coverage described the game as free-form, focusing on building a social network and learning new skills from classes, with strictly enforced punishments for serious misbehaviour. In November 2009, The Gaming Liberty interviewed musician Shawn Lee, who scored \"Bully\", and was asked if he was scoring any more games in", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "5704794", "score": "1.3997178", "text": "hideout in retaliation, and Jimmy fights them off. After the drama dies down, the Nerds reveal a plan to sabotage the Jocks' big home game and Jimmy does all of the hard work, embarrassing not just the Jocks, but also the cheerleaders and the school mascot. Humiliated, the Jocks and their leader, Ted Thompson (Alexander Cendese), challenge Jimmy to a fight in the school's football field, which they subsequently lose. With the cliques united under Jimmy's rule, peace is restored to Bullworth and Jimmy, who basks in his newfound glory, is well respected by everyone. Secretly, Gary convinces the cliques", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "14659907", "score": "1.3986077", "text": "sport, listed as shown in the engraving, six athletes, the center made a good kick start, namely a \"bully\", while the other four, Two on each side, expecting the move.The Native Americans, both the North and the South, practiced for many centuries a sport similar. In some tribes the women playing. They have employed various kinds of balls and sticks, wooden balls, and others made of deer skin, and in addition to the wooden sticks were also used bone sticks, adorned with the most varied designs. Some clubs have curvature and other, longer, are straight. The targets consisted of two", "title": "Israel Roller Hockey League" }, { "id": "5704784", "score": "1.3980472", "text": "class, which is a main gameplay aspect. In \"Scholarship Edition\", a two-player competitive multiplayer mode lets two players compete for the highest score in different classes. Despite initial controversy for its expected violence and homosexual content, \"Bully\" received positive reviews, with praise directed at the game's missions, narrative and characters. The original version of \"Bully\" sold over 1.5 million copies, and received multiple year-end accolades. \"Bully\" is an action-adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The game's single-player mode lets the player control a high school student—teenage rebel James \"Jimmy\" Hopkins. Throughout the", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "2812418", "score": "1.3970605", "text": "\"Bup\" and the \"Fly\". Behinds The 'behinds' are a group of players made up of two 'Shorts' and a 'Long'. The job of the Shorts is to kick the ball over the Bully, and allow players of their own side to run onto the ball, and hopefully to either score a goal or rouge. The opposing Shorts are trying to do the same thing, and so a kicking war often develops between the two teams of Shorts. This can be advantageous for a team with a fitter bully, as it gives them an opportunity to create an off-side \"Sneaking\", and", "title": "Eton field game" }, { "id": "5395273", "score": "1.3908875", "text": "centre of the ground; these include the Cambridge rules of 1856, the Sheffield rules of 1858, and the rules for Harrow football of 1858. One exception is the laws for the Eton field game (1862), which specify instead a \"bully\" in the middle of the field (similar to a scrummage in rugby union). The novel \"Tom Brown's School Days\" (published in 1857 but based on the author's experiences at Rugby School from 1834 to 1842) gives a detailed description of the kick-off: The original FA laws of 1863 specify that \"[t]he game shall be commenced by a place kick from", "title": "Kick-off (association football)" }, { "id": "5704809", "score": "1.3898621", "text": "the game a \"nuisance\" and \"Columbine simulator\". Thompson's petition, filed with the 11th Judicial Circuit Court, asked for Wal-Mart and Take-Two Interactive to furnish him with an advance copy of \"Bully\" so he could have \"an independent third party\" play the game and determine if it would constitute a public nuisance in the state of Florida, in which case it could be banned. Take-Two Interactive offered to bring in a copy and let both the judge and Thompson view the game in the judge's chambers on 12 October 2006. On 13 October 2006, Judge Ronald Friedman subsequently ruled in favor", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "6068589", "score": "1.3877698", "text": "was a bully himself as a child, known for using name calling over physical force and had bullied one boy named Marcus so intensely that he had to be sent to a mental institution. Seizing this opportunity, the bully teams expose Gus' secret to the public, shaming Gus into resigning from the team. However, on his wife Liz's advice, Gus sincerely apologizes to Marcus just before the final game. In return, Marcus forgives Gus in an incredibly moving speech in front of everyone right on the field at the beginning of the final game. Gus re-joins the team, announcing that", "title": "The Benchwarmers" }, { "id": "5704782", "score": "1.3874178", "text": "Bully (video game) Bully is an action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar Vancouver and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 17 October 2006 for PlayStation 2. A remastered version of the game, subtitled \"Scholarship Edition\", was developed by Mad Doc Software and was released on 4 March 2008 for Xbox 360 and Wii and on 21 October 2008 for Microsoft Windows. \"Bully\" was re-released for PlayStation 4 available via PlayStation Network on 22 March 2016. An updated version of the \"Scholarship Edition\", titled \"Anniversary Edition\", was developed by War Drum Studios and was released for Android and iOS", "title": "Bully (video game)" }, { "id": "17524805", "score": "1.3871034", "text": "basketball or cheerleading team. The \"student\" is greeted by forms of both physical and verbal bullying by team members (such as name calling and pushing), before the narrator says \"Stop!\" and the scene freezes. The audience is then asked to reflect on the scene performed, first by identifying the forms of bullying portrayed. A question and answer period then begins where the program recovers how to handle such situations. The players and coaches then take a moment to share stories of their own experiences with bullying. The program concludes with student/player interaction time. The program has been gaining momentum throughout", "title": "Bully-Free ABA!" } ]

[ "Veined", "venous", "vein valve", "Vein valves", "Phlebology", "veins", "Venous", "venously", "vein", "Venous valve", "venous system", "Venous system", "Vein valve", "venous valve", "Vein", "veined", "Veins", "vein valves", "Venous valves", "venous valves", "Venously", "phlebology", "veiny", "Veiny" ]

[ { "id": "648890", "score": "1.5544213", "text": "drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest artery, the aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen, waste products, and hormones from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver. The body consists of a number", "title": "Human body" }, { "id": "1816848", "score": "1.5451185", "text": "heart: the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body. Together, the venae cavae (in addition to the coronary sinus, which carries blood from the muscle of the heart itself) form the venous counterparts of the aorta. It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column. It enters the right atrium at the lower right, back side of the heart. The name derives from . The inferior vena", "title": "Inferior vena cava" }, { "id": "473065", "score": "1.5145658", "text": "into a main left and a main right trunk, which travel up the groove between the ventricles that exists on the heart's surface, receiving smaller vessels as they travel up. These vessels then travel into the atrioventricular groove, and receive a third vessel which drains the section of the left ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. The left vessel joins with this third vessel, and travels along the pulmonary artery and left atrium, ending in the inferior tracheobronchial node. The right vessel travels along the right atrium and the part of the right ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. It usually then", "title": "Heart" }, { "id": "473054", "score": "1.5112929", "text": "role in cardiac conduction. It arises from the lower part of the interventricular septum and crosses the interior space of the right ventricle to connect with the inferior papillary muscle. The right ventricle tapers into the pulmonary trunk, into which it ejects blood when contracting. The pulmonary trunk branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry the blood to each lung. The pulmonary valve lies between the right heart and the pulmonary trunk. The left heart has two chambers: the left atrium, and the left ventricle, separated by the mitral valve. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood back", "title": "Heart" }, { "id": "6360127", "score": "1.5047812", "text": "\"ductus venosus\" and is carried to the inferior vena cava, while the other half enters the liver proper from the inferior border of the liver. The branch of the umbilical vein that supplies the right lobe of the liver first joins with the portal vein. The blood then moves to the right atrium of the heart. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the \"foramen ovale\"), and most of the blood flows from the right into the left atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation. The majority of blood flow is into the left ventricle from", "title": "Fetal circulation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Blood\n\nBlood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as \"peripheral blood\", and the blood cells it carries, \"peripheral blood cells\".\n\nBlood is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),<ref>\n</ref> and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes). The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas thereby increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma.\n\nVertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated.\n\nSome animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks, use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. In most insects, this \"blood\" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to suffice for supplying oxygen.\n\nJawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system, based largely on white blood cells. White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the clotting of blood. Arthropods, using hemolymph, have hemocytes as part of their immune system.\n\nBlood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.\n\nMedical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word (\"haima\") for \"blood\". In terms of anatomy and histology, blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue, given its origin in the bones and the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of fibrinogen.", "title": "Blood" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Circulatory system\n\nThe blood circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek \"kardia\" meaning \"heart\", and from Latin \"vascula\" meaning \"vessels\"). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit.\n\nThe network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Some invertebrates such as arthropods have an open circulatory system. Diploblasts such as sponges, and comb jellies lack a circulatory system. \n\nBlood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and waste materials away. Circulated nutrients include proteins and minerals, other components transported are gases such as oxygen, and carbon dioxide, hormones, and hemoglobin; providing nourishment, help in the immune system to fight diseases, and in maintaining homeostasis by stabilizing temperature and natural pH. \n\nIn vertebrates, complementary to the circulatory system is the lymphatic system. This system carries excess plasma filtered from the capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells, away from the body tissues in an accessory route to return the excess fluid back to the blood circulation as lymph. The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood. The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it the blood would become depleted of fluid. The lymphatic system works together with the immune system. Unlike the closed circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system. Some sources describe it as a \"secondary circulatory system\". \n\nThe circulatory system can be affected by many cardiovascular diseases. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders of the blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.", "title": "Circulatory system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vein\n\nVeins are blood vessels in humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In contrast to veins, arteries carry blood away from the heart.\n\nVeins are less muscular than arteries and are often closer to the skin. There are valves (called \"pocket valves\") in most veins to prevent backflow.", "title": "Vein" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The human heart" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Blood vessel\n\nThe blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Blood vessels are needed to sustain life, because all of the body's tissues rely on their functionality.\n\nThere are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.\n\nThe word \"vascular\", meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin \"vas\", meaning vessel. Some structures – such as cartilage, the epithelium, and the lens and cornea of the eye – do not contain blood vessels and are labeled \"avascular\".\n", "title": "Blood vessel" }, { "id": "14451052", "score": "1.5041838", "text": "collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygen to the body and returns relatively de-oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circuit. Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta into the systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery (also trunk) branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries to supply each lung. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards (regurgitation) by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves. The function of the \"right heart\",", "title": "Cardiac physiology" }, { "id": "473052", "score": "1.5024362", "text": "right atrium and the right ventricle, separated by a valve, the tricuspid valve. The right atrium receives blood almost continuously from the body's two major veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae. A small amount of blood from the coronary circulation also drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus, which is immediately above and to the middle of the opening of the inferior vena cava. In the wall of the right atrium is an oval-shaped depression known as the fossa ovalis, which is a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale. Most", "title": "Heart" }, { "id": "10609896", "score": "1.4948195", "text": "include more muscle in order to push high quantities of blood throughout the body. Normal blood flow throughout the heart begins at the superior vena cava coming from the upper half of the body and the inferior vena cava coming from the lower half of the body. Next blood will be in the right atrium and will flow uninterrupted through the tricuspid valve through to the right ventricle. The blood from the right ventricle should go to the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve.The blood from the pulmonary vein enters the left atrium, then flows through the mitral valve to", "title": "Crisscross heart" }, { "id": "677608", "score": "1.494529", "text": "the areas above the heart) and the inferior vena cava (roughly speaking from areas below the heart). These two great vessels empty into the right atrium of the heart. The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small \"loop\" of the systemic circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers. The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into veins leading back to the heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this. In humans the only significant example is the hepatic portal vein which", "title": "Circulatory system" }, { "id": "2950218", "score": "1.4819658", "text": "reaching the right side of the heart passed through small 'pores' in the septum into the left side to be oxygenated, as theorized by Galen; however, the discovery of pulmonary circulation disproves this theory, which had previously been accepted since the 2nd century. Thirteenth century anatomist and physiologist Ibn Al-Nafis accurately theorized that there was no 'direct' passage between the two sides (ventricles) of the heart. He believed that the blood must have passed through the pulmonary artery, through the lungs, and back into the heart to be pumped around the body. This is believed by many to be the", "title": "Pulmonology" }, { "id": "473072", "score": "1.4817924", "text": "to and from the body and the pulmonary circulation to and from the lungs. Blood in the pulmonary circulation exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs through the process of respiration. The systemic circulation then transports oxygen to the body and returns carbon dioxide and relatively deoxygenated blood to the heart for transfer to the lungs. The right heart collects deoxygenated blood from two large veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood collects in the right and left atrium continuously. The superior vena cava drains blood from above the diaphragm and empties into the upper back part of", "title": "Heart" }, { "id": "5391221", "score": "1.4798284", "text": "blood is pumped to the rest of the body. According to Galen in the 2nd century, blood reached the left ventricle through invisible passages in the septum. By some means, Ibn al-Nafis, a 13th-century Syrian physician, found the previous statement on blood flow from the right ventricle to the left to be false. Ibn al-Nafis discovered that the ventricular septum was impenetrable, lacking any type of invisible passages, showing Galen's assumptions to be false. Ibn al-Nafis discovered that the blood in the right ventricle of the heart is instead carried to the left by way of the lungs. This discovery", "title": "Medicine in the medieval Islamic world" }, { "id": "1952433", "score": "1.4778297", "text": "the medical field. The heart is the driver of the circulatory system, pumping blood through rhythmic contraction and relaxation. The rate of blood flow out of the heart (often expressed in L/min) is known as the cardiac output (CO). Blood being pumped out of the heart first enters the aorta, the largest artery of the body. It then proceeds to divide into smaller and smaller arteries, then into arterioles, and eventually capillaries, where oxygen transfer occurs. The capillaries connect to venules, and the blood then travels back through the network of veins to the right heart. The micro-circulation — the", "title": "Hemodynamics" }, { "id": "473041", "score": "1.4770488", "text": "and along the conduction system of the heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. The heart beats at a resting rate close to", "title": "Heart" }, { "id": "639664", "score": "1.4743454", "text": "retroperitoneal and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the abdominal aorta along the spine. Large veins feed into these two veins, and smaller veins into these. Together this forms the venous system. Whilst the main veins hold a relatively constant position, the position of veins person to person can display quite a lot of variation. The pulmonary veins carry relatively oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The superior and inferior venae cavae carry relatively deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower systemic circulations, respectively. The portal venous system is a series of veins or venules that", "title": "Vein" }, { "id": "1776207", "score": "1.4698144", "text": "these branches joins with the hepatic portal vein (connecting to its left branch), which carries blood into the liver. The second branch (known as the ductus venosus) bypasses the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood towards the heart. The two umbilical arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries and pass on either side of the urinary bladder into the umbilical cord, completing the circuit back to the placenta. In absence of external interventions, the umbilical cord occludes physiologically shortly after birth, explained both by a swelling and collapse of Wharton's jelly in response to a", "title": "Umbilical cord" }, { "id": "10868461", "score": "1.4668514", "text": "They drain the myocardium and run a perpendicular course to the endocardial surface, directly connecting the heart chambers to the medium-sized, and larger coronary veins. Thebesian veins have been successfully identified by following the route of contrast flow - during catheterization procedures - from the subendocardium, through the thebesian veins, into larger veins, and into the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium. The thebesian venous network is considered an alternative venous drainage of the myocardium. Thebesian veins draining into the left heart, along with deoxygenated blood originating from the bronchial veins draining into the pulmonary veins,", "title": "Smallest cardiac veins" }, { "id": "677609", "score": "1.4649788", "text": "combines from capillaries around the gastrointestinal tract where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather than leading directly back to the heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary system in the liver. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side", "title": "Circulatory system" }, { "id": "639686", "score": "1.4632504", "text": "the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit...\" In addition, Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary", "title": "Vein" }, { "id": "6360123", "score": "1.4584334", "text": "of the liver first joins with the portal vein. The blood then moves to the right atrium of the heart. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the \"foramen ovale\"), and most of the blood flows through this hole directly into the left atrium from the right atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation. The continuation of this blood flow is into the left ventricle, and from there it is pumped through the aorta into the body. Some of the blood moves from the aorta through the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries, and re-enters", "title": "Fetal circulation" } ]

[ "hallmarks", "hallmark", "Hallmarks", "Hall-mark", "Hall Mark", "hall mark", "Hall mark", "Hall-Mark", "Hallmark" ]

[ { "id": "3691697", "score": "1.7158251", "text": "the article surrounded by a small shield; 2. The fineness mark - The purity of the metal, in parts per thousand; 3. The official mark - the Head of Aphrodite until December 2001 and a ship as from January 2002 denotes that the article is made of Gold, and the fish that the articles is made of Silver. The manufacturer's mark must be struck on the articles by the manufacturer before its submitted to the Assay Office for Hallmarking. The manufacturer may make arrangements for the manufacture's mark to be struck by the Assay Office upon submission of the article", "title": "Assay office" }, { "id": "16434597", "score": "1.6352267", "text": "with copper or other metals to create an alloy that is more suitable to the requirements of the jeweller or silversmith. The hallmark indicates the amount of precious metal in the alloy in parts per thousand (the millesimal fineness). In addition to indicating the town where the item was marked, a unique sponsor's or maker's mark identifies the item's origin and a date letter to represents the year of marking. The Goldsmiths’ Company Assay Office is still based at Goldsmiths’ Hall and remains the oldest company in Britain to be continually trading from the same site. However, it also has", "title": "The Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office" }, { "id": "2859752", "score": "1.6107904", "text": "Hallmarking of Precious Metal Objects. Articles which are assayed and found by the qualifying office of a signatory country to conform to the standard, receive a mark, known as the Common Control Mark (CCM), attesting to the material's fineness. The multi-tiered motif of the CCM is the balance scales, superimposed, for gold, on two intersecting circles; for platinum, a diamond shape and for silver a mark in the shape of the Latin letter \"M\". This mark is recognized in all the other contracting states, including: Austria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, the", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": "11724812", "score": "1.6100636", "text": "apply assay marks, city marks or date marks, they did apply a maker's mark. This is generally not done today. The old hallmarks were as unique as today's logos, and disputes often arose when one company copied another's stamp. \"In the USA, The National Gold and Silver Marketing Act does not require precious metals to be marked with quality. However, if a quality mark is used, the mark must be accompanied by a manufacturer's hallmark that is a registered trademark or the name of the manufacturer. If there is ever a question about the content of a piece of jewelry,", "title": "Silver hallmarks" }, { "id": "2859745", "score": "1.5963004", "text": "of marking commences on May 19, the Feast Day of Saint Dunstan, patron saint of gold- and silversmiths. In other nations, such as Poland, the hallmark is a single mark indicating metal and fineness, augmented by a responsibility mark (known as a sponsor's mark in the UK). Within a group of nations which are signatories to an international convention known as the Vienna Convention on the Control of the Fineness and the Hallmarking of Precious Metal Objects, additional, optional yet official, marks may also be struck by the assay office. These can ease import obligations among and between the signatory", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Howard Hughes\n\nHoward Robard Hughes Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, record-setting pilot, engineer, film producer, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most influential and richest people in the world. He first became prominent as a film producer, and then as an important figure in the aviation industry. Later in life, he became known for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle—oddities that were caused in part by his worsening obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic pain from a near-fatal plane crash, and increasing deafness.\n\nAs a film tycoon, Hughes gained fame in Hollywood beginning in the late 1920s, when he produced big-budget and often controversial films such as \"The Racket\" (1928), \"Hell's Angels\" (1930), and \"Scarface\" (1932). He later acquired the RKO Pictures film studio in 1948, recognized then as one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood's Golden Age, although the production company struggled under his control and ultimately ceased operations in 1957.\n\nThrough his interest in aviation and aerospace travel, Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers, designers, and defense contractors.\n\nDuring his final years, Hughes extended his financial empire to include several major businesses in Las Vegas, such as real estate, hotels, casinos, and media outlets. Known at the time as one of the most powerful men in the state of Nevada, he is largely credited with transforming Vegas into a more refined cosmopolitan city. After years of mental and physical decline, Hughes died of kidney failure in 1976. His legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Howard Hughes Corporation.", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of unsolved murders in the United Kingdom (1990s)\n", "title": "List of unsolved murders in the United Kingdom (1990s)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Pilgrim's Progress\n\nThe Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come is a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. It is regarded as one of the most significant works of theological fiction in English literature and a progenitor of the narrative aspect of Christian media. It has been translated into more than 200 languages and never been out of print. It appeared in Dutch in 1681, in German in 1703 and in Swedish in 1727. The first North American edition was issued in 1681. It has also been cited as the first novel written in English. According to literary editor Robert McCrum, \"there's no book in English, apart from the Bible, to equal Bunyan's masterpiece for the range of its readership, or its influence on writers as diverse as C. S. Lewis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Charles Dickens, Louisa May Alcott, George Bernard Shaw, William Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Mark Twain, John Steinbeck and Enid Blyton. The words on which the hymn \"To be a Pilgrim\" is based come from the novel.\n\nBunyan began his work while in the Bedfordshire county prison for violations of the Conventicle Act of 1664, which prohibited the holding of religious services outside the auspices of the established Church of England. Early Bunyan scholars such as John Brown believed \"The Pilgrim's Progress\" was begun in Bunyan's second, shorter imprisonment for six months in 1675, but more recent scholars such as Roger Sharrock believe that it was begun during Bunyan's initial, more lengthy imprisonment from 1660 to 1672 right after he had written his spiritual autobiography \"Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners\".\n\nThe English text comprises 108,260 words and is divided into two parts, each reading as a continuous narrative with no chapter divisions. The first part was completed in 1677 and entered into the Stationers' Register on 22 December 1677. It was licensed and entered in the \"Term Catalogue\" on 18 February 1678, which is looked upon as the date of first publication. After the first edition of the first part in 1678, an expanded edition, with additions written after Bunyan was freed, appeared in 1679. The Second Part appeared in 1684. There were eleven editions of the first part in John Bunyan's lifetime, published in successive years from 1678 to 1685 and in 1688, and there were two editions of the second part, published in 1684 and 1686.", "title": "The Pilgrim's Progress" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II\n\nThe Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II was the international celebration in 2022 marking the 70th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952, the first British monarch to ever celebrate one.\n\nIn the United Kingdom, there was an extra bank holiday on 3 June and the usual spring bank holiday was moved from the end of May to 2 June to create the four-day Platinum Jubilee Central Weekend from Thursday, 2 June, to Sunday, 5 June. It was the first time that any monarch in British history celebrated a platinum jubilee, as is the case in the histories of the other Commonwealth realms. Initiatives to commemorate the jubilee were announced by the governments of many realms—including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and the United Kingdom—of territories, such as the Cayman Islands and Gibraltar, and celebrations were also held in other Commonwealth member states, like the Gambia, Malaysia, Malta, Pakistan, and Samoa. Leaders from across the world, including from China, France, Germany, Israel, and the United States, sent messages of congratulations to the Queen on reaching the milestone.\n\nCommemorative stamps and coins were issued by several Commonwealth nations and beacons were lit in every Commonwealth capital for the first time. In many places, trees were planted in the Queen's honour.\n\nThe Queen died in her Platinum Jubilee year, on 8 September 2022, at the age of 96. Her funeral was held on 19 September 2022, and she was buried at the King George VI Memorial Chapel later that day.", "title": "Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Citizen Kane\n\nCitizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film produced by, directed by, and starring Orson Welles. He also co-wrote the screenplay with Herman J. Mankiewicz. The picture was Welles' first feature film. \"Citizen Kane\" is frequently cited as one of the greatest films ever made.<ref name=\"all time\">The \"Sight & Sound\" Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time\n\nThe quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane, played by Welles, a composite character based on American media barons William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick, as well as aspects of the screenwriters' own lives. Upon its release, Hearst prohibited the film from being mentioned in his newspapers.\n\nAfter the Broadway success of Welles's Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast \"The War of the Worlds\" on \"The Mercury Theatre on the Air\", Welles was courted by Hollywood. He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939. Although it was unusual for an untried director, he was given freedom to develop his own story, to use his own cast and crew, and to have final cut privilege. Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground, he wrote the screenplay for \"Citizen Kane\", collaborating with Herman J. Mankiewicz. Principal photography took place in 1940, the same year its innovative trailer was shown, and the film was released in 1941.\n\nAlthough it was a critical success, \"Citizen Kane\" failed to recoup its costs at the box office. The film faded from view after its release, but it returned to public attention when it was praised by French critics such as André Bazin and re-released in 1956. In 1958, the film was voted number 9 on the prestigious Brussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo. \"Citizen Kane\" was selected by the Library of Congress as an inductee of the 1989 inaugural group of 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "id": "2859746", "score": "1.58958", "text": "states. Signatory countries each have a single representative hallmark which would be struck next to the Convention mark which represents the metal and fineness. The control or inspection of precious metals was an ancient concept of examination and marking, by means of inspection stamps (punch marks). The use of hallmarks, at first on silver, has a long history dating back to the 4th century AD — there is evidence of silver bars marked under authority of the Emperor Augustinian around AD 350 — and represents the oldest known form of consumer protection. A series or system of five marks has", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": "2859747", "score": "1.5739071", "text": "been found on Byzantine silver dating from this period, though their interpretation is still not completely resolved. From the Late Middle Ages, hallmarking was administered by local governments through authorized assayers. These assayers examined precious metal objects, under the auspices of the state, before the object could be offered for public sale. By the age of the Craft Guilds, the authorized examiner's mark was the \"master's mark\", which consisted frequently of his initials and/or the coat of arms of the goldsmith or silversmith. At one time, there was no distinction between silversmiths and goldsmiths, who were all referred to as", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": "16434596", "score": "1.5548952", "text": "visit them all so the merchants were ordered to bring their items to Goldsmiths’ Hall for testing and marking and a permanent Assay Office was established in the building. This is the origin of the term hallmark – struck with the King's mark at Goldsmiths’ Hall. In 1544 the Goldsmith's Company adopted the King's mark as their town mark and the mark of the leopard's head is now internationally recognised as the mark of this assay office. Precious metals are rarely used in their pure form, as they are too soft. Gold, silver, platinum and palladium are generally mixed (alloyed)", "title": "The Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office" }, { "id": "19664373", "score": "1.5547179", "text": "items of Chinese Export Silver are not hallmarks. Hallmarks are small markings stamped on the object that indicates that an official (usually a local assayer) in a particular country guarantees that the item is made from a certain percentage of silver. There is actually no assay system in Chinese China. We can only describe these small marking as marker's mark. It represents the firm producing the Silver. Some are in Chinese character while others are in alphabets. Chinese export silver Chinese export silver is objects in silver made in foreign taste for export, mainly to Europe . In the eighteenth", "title": "Chinese export silver" }, { "id": "11724807", "score": "1.5497983", "text": "Silver hallmarks A silver object that is to be sold commercially is, in most countries, stamped with one or more silver hallmarks indicating the purity of the silver, the mark of the manufacturer or silversmith, and other (optional) markings to indicate date of manufacture and additional information about the piece. In some countries, the testing of silver objects and marking of purity is controlled by a national assayer's office. Hallmarks are applied with a hammer and punch, a process that leaves sharp edges and spurs of metal. Therefore, hallmarking is generally done before the piece goes for its final polishing.", "title": "Silver hallmarks" }, { "id": "3691698", "score": "1.5440528", "text": "to be struck with the approved hallmarks. The manufacturer's mark which is registered under the relevant section of the Law shall include the initial letters of the name or names of the manufacturer and shall be of such design as may be approved by the Assay Office. The standards of fineness of Gold and Silver articles that are hallmarked are for gold : 375, 585, 750 and 916 parts per thousand; for silver: 800, 830 and 925 parts per thousand; no negative tolerance is permitted on the above standards of fineness. There is one assay office at Praha. Assay Office", "title": "Assay office" }, { "id": "16434595", "score": "1.5425639", "text": "to be at least of equal quality as that of the coin of the realm (silver currency). The four wardens of The Goldsmiths’ Company were tasked with visiting workshops in the City of London to assay (test) silver articles. If these articles were found to be below standard they were originally forfeit to the King, but if they passed, each article received the King's mark of authentication which was the mark of a leopard's head. By 1478, there were several hundred workshops and merchants manufacturing silver articles in the City of London. It was not possible for the wardens to", "title": "The Goldsmiths' Company Assay Office" }, { "id": "2859744", "score": "1.521496", "text": "in the U.S. if metal fineness is claimed, even though there is no official hallmarking scheme in that country. Nevertheless, in nations with an official hallmarking scheme, the hallmark is only applied after the item has been assayed to determine that its purity conforms not only to the standards set down by the law but also with the maker's claims as to metal content. In some nations, such as the UK, the hallmark is made up of several elements, including: a mark denoting the type of metal, the maker/sponsor's mark and the year of the marking. In England, the year", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": "11724810", "score": "1.5198953", "text": "of Minerva, next to which is a \"2\". French silver made for export carries an assay mark in the shape of the head of Mercury, along with a number to indicate the millesimal fineness: \"1\" for .920, \"2\" for .840 and \"3\" for .750. French silver also is punched with the mark of the maker. In the early United States, no national assaying system was adopted, although the city of Baltimore did maintain its own assay office between 1814 and 1830. Prior to the general adoption of sterling silver as the standard of purity in 1868, silver was generally obtained", "title": "Silver hallmarks" }, { "id": "2859751", "score": "1.5181149", "text": "quality\" in 1864.) In 1424, the French cardinal Jean de Brogny, after consulting a council of eight Master Goldsmiths from Geneva, enacted a regulation on the purity and hallmarking of silver objects, following the French standards, for application in Geneva. Although gold was certainly used for articles, the regulation was silent on standards and hallmarking for gold. In the modern world, in an attempt at standardizing the legislation on the inspection of precious metals and to facilitate international trade, in November 1972 a core group of European nations signed the Vienna Convention on the Control of the Fineness and the", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": "11724813", "score": "1.5041554", "text": "the manufacturer can be traced using the hallmark stamped on the piece...US law requires a maker's mark in the form of a hallmark or registered trademark in addition to the quality mark if the goods are quality marked. The name of the artist or manufacturer may now be used for this.\" Between 1867 and 1933, Austria-Hungary and later, Hungary used the crescent moon crowned head of ancient Greek heroine Diana as the hallmarking symbol of legal silver alloys. The head was encircled by a frame, optionally composed of convex, concave and straight lines. One concave line represented 140/1000 fineness, a", "title": "Silver hallmarks" }, { "id": "11724811", "score": "1.4963632", "text": "from the melting of coins. Since these could vary considerably in purity, from around .750 millesimal fineness to around .900, silver known as \"coin silver\" varies in purity. Silver at that time was sometimes marked \"COIN\" or \"PURE COIN\", but can also be without a standard mark altogether. After the adoption of the sterling standard, pieces were marked with \"STERLING\", the number \"925\" or the notation \"925/1000\". The United States also had no date marking system. Because of this, some companies within the U.S., such as Tiffany and Gorham, adopted their own date marking systems. While American manufacturers did not", "title": "Silver hallmarks" }, { "id": "16194145", "score": "1.4919472", "text": "of hallmarking of gold jewellery began in April 2000. The standard specifications governing this system are IS 1417 (Grades of Gold and Gold Alloys, Jewellery/Artefacts), IS 1418 (Assaying of Gold in Gold Bullion, Gold alloys and Gold Jewellery/Artefacts), IS 2790 (Guidelines for Manufacture of 23,22,21,20,19,18,17,16,14 and 9 carat Gold Alloys), IS 3095 (Gold solders for use in manufacture of jewellery). BIS hallmark for gold jewellery consists of several components: BIS introduced hallmarking for silver jewellery in December 2005 under IS 2112, the standard specification for 'Hallmarking of Silver Jewellery/Artefacts'. The testing of the jewellery as well as the marking is", "title": "BIS hallmark" }, { "id": "2859742", "score": "1.485724", "text": "Hallmark A hallmark is an official mark or series of marks struck on items made of metal, mostly to certify the content of noble metals—such as platinum, gold, silver and in some nations, palladium. In a more general sense, the term \"\" can also be used to refer to any distinguishing characteristic. Historically, hallmarks were applied by a trusted party: the 'guardians of the craft' or more recently by an assay office. Hallmarks are a guarantee of certain purity or fineness of the metal, as determined by official metal (assay) testing. Hallmarks are often confused with \"trademarks\" or \"maker's marks\".", "title": "Hallmark" }, { "id": "8759383", "score": "1.4855663", "text": "marks, plus many other variations, on items from the 1930s, 1940s, etc., which would have to be marked \"Rolled Gold Plate\". The Federal Trade Commission allows the use of the terms \"rolled gold plate,\" \"R.G.P\" or \"gold overlay\" on items with lower thicknesses of gold than are required for \"gold-filled.\" An example would be an item stamped as \"1/40 10kt RGP\" meaning that the object is plated with 10kt gold at a thickness that makes weight of the plated layer equal to one-fortieth of the weight of the metal parts of the object. \"Double clad\" gold-filled sheet is produced with", "title": "Gold-filled jewelry" } ]

[ "moving stairs", "electrical staircase", "Electrical staircase", "longest escalator", "Moving stairway", "escalate", "moving staircase", "Esculator", "moving stairway", "eclinator", "Moving staircase", "Escalate", "Escalators", "Eclinator", "esculator", "Escalator", "escalator", "escalators", "Moving stairs", "The longest escalator" ]

[ { "id": "13399418", "score": "1.5423217", "text": "abandoned on 10 June 1915. Upon the insistence of the inventor, modifications were made, a new commission was formed and new trials organized on 4 November 1915, for the benefit of the Engineer Arm. The machine, loaded with nine tonnes of simulation weights, successfully flattened an eight metre wide barbed wire obstacle, overcame a funnel with a diameter of five metres and crossed a trench two metres wide. It reached a speed of 1,6 km/h. A second test on 13 November showed however that it was still extremely difficult to change direction. The whole assembly had to be lifted by", "title": "Boirault machine" }, { "id": "1870520", "score": "1.5167623", "text": "one where riders could stand or walk. It ran in a loop down the length of a lakefront pier to a casino. Six years later a moving walkway was also presented to the public at the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900. The walkway consisted of three elevated platforms, the first was stationary, the second moved at a moderate speed, and the third at about . These demonstrations likely served as inspiration for some of H. G. Wells' settings mentioned in the \"Science Fiction\" section below. \"The Beeler Organization\", a New York City consulting firm, proposed a Continuous Transit System with", "title": "Moving walkway" }, { "id": "1532647", "score": "1.5042032", "text": "This device was first publicly demonstrated in Paris in 1914, and is considered the world's first computer game. Mechanical arms moved the pieces in the prototype, but by 1920, electromagnets under the board were employed for this task. Torres's experimentation in the area of cableways and cable cars began very early during his residence in the town of his birth, Molledo. There, in 1887, he constructed the first cableway to span a depression of some 40 metres. The cableway was some 200 metres across and was pulled by a pair of cows, with one log seat. This experiment was the", "title": "Leonardo Torres y Quevedo" }, { "id": "15630396", "score": "1.4883308", "text": "could be advanced on mechanical sprockets. He made his first moving picture, titled \"Le Bain d'une Mondaine\" in September–October of that year. On 8 October 1895 Joly filed a patent for another machine, the \"Photozootrope\", which was essentially a large Kinetoscope with four eyepieces. He sold a few units, but did not achieve major success with this development. Pathé realized the commercial possibility of Joly's camera, and in 1896 he dissolved his agreement with Joly. He managed to secure the rights to the camera and the film process, going on to great success in the motion picture world. During 1896", "title": "Henri Joly" }, { "id": "20398830", "score": "1.4871666", "text": "Ditton in Surrey. It may also be connected with the fact that his old rival John Keen had patented a similar machine in about 1885. The earliest reference that has been found to Cooper’s machine is dated 1890. It required three cyclists to power it and it could attain a speed of 8 m.p.h., although it was said to be hard work even at 6 or 7 m.p.h. In May 1893 Cooper and his team completed the 101 miles from Oxford to Putney in 19 hours 27 minutes. He continued to use his hydrocycle on a regular basis throughout the", "title": "Fred Cooper (bicyclist)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of television\n\nThe concept of television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first practical transmissions of moving images over a radio system used mechanical rotating perforated disks to scan a scene into a time-varying signal that could be reconstructed at a receiver back into an approximation of the original image. Development of television was interrupted by the Second World War. After the end of the war, all-electronic methods of scanning and displaying images became standard. Several different standards for addition of color to transmitted images were developed with different regions using technically incompatible signal standards. \nTelevision broadcasting expanded rapidly after World War II, becoming an important mass medium for advertising, propaganda, and entertainment. \nTelevision broadcasts can be distributed over the air by VHF and UHF radio signals from terrestrial transmitting stations, by microwave signals from Earth orbiting satellites, or by wired transmission to individual consumers by cable TV. Many countries have moved away from the original analog radio transmission methods and now use digital television standards, providing additional operating features and conserving radio spectrum bandwidth for more profitable uses. Television programming can also be distributed over the Internet.\n\nTelevision broadcasting may be funded by advertising revenue, by private or governmental organizations prepared to underwrite the cost, or in some countries, by television license fees paid by owners of receivers. Some services, especially carried by cable or satellite, are paid by subscriptions. \nTelevision broadcasting is supported by continuing technical developments such as long-haul microwave networks, which allow distribution of programming over a wide geographic area. Video recording methods allow programming to be edited and replayed for later use. Three-dimensional television has been used commercially but has not received wide consumer acceptance owing to the limitations of display methods.", "title": "History of television" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the telephone\n\nThis history of the telephone chronicles the development of the electrical telephone, and includes a brief overview of its predecessors. The first telephone patent was granted to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.\nSection::::Mechanical and acoustic devices.\nBefore the invention of electromagnetic telephones, mechanical acoustic devices existed for transmitting speech and music over a greater distance. This distance was greater than that of normal direct speech. The earliest mechanical telephones were based on sound transmission through pipes or other physical media.<ref name=\"McVeigh\" /> The acoustic tin can telephone, or \"lovers' phone\", has been known for centuries.<ref name=\"McVeigh\" /> It connects two diaphragms with a taut string or wire, which transmits sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire (and not by a modulated electric current). The classic example is the children's toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups, metal cans, or plastic bottles with tautly held string.<ref name=\"McVeigh\" /><ref name=\"Jacobs\" />\n\nSome of the earliest known experiments were conducted by the British physicist and polymath, Robert Hooke, from 1664 to 1685.<ref name=\"McVeigh\">McVeigh, Daniel P.\nAn Early History of the Telephone: 1664-1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Silent Inventions , Columbia University website. Retrieved 15 January 2013. This work in turn cites:\n\nFor a few years in the late 1800s, acoustic telephones were marketed commercially as a competitor to the electrical telephone. When the Bell telephone patents expired and many new telephone manufacturers began competing, acoustic telephone makers quickly went out of business. Their maximum range was very limited.<ref name=\"Jacobs\">Jacobs, Bill. Acoustic Telephones, TelefoonMuseum.com website. Retrieved 15 January 2013. This article in turn cites:\n\nAdditionally, speaking tubes have long been common, especially within buildings and aboard ships, and they are still in use today.", "title": "History of the telephone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the automobile\n\nDevelopment of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam-powered vehicle, which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation, built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Inventors began to branch out at the start of the 19th century, creating the de Rivas engine, one of the first internal combustion engines,\n\nDevelopment was hindered in the mid-19th century by a backlash against large vehicles, yet progress continued on some internal combustion engines. The engine evolved as engineers created two- and four-cycle combustion engines and began using gasoline as fuel. The first practical modern automobile and the first car put into series production appeared in 1886, when Carl Benz developed a gasoline-powered automobile and made several identical copies. Later automobile production was marked by the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company in 1908, which became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line.", "title": "History of the automobile" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Electrical telegraph" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kinetoscope\n\nThe Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device, designed for films to be viewed by one person at a time through a peephole viewer window. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but it introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video: it created the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. First described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1888, it was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. Dickson and his team at the Edison lab in New Jersey also devised the Kinetograph, an innovative motion picture camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go, film movement, to photograph movies for in-house experiments and, eventually, commercial Kinetoscope presentations.\n\nA Kinetoscope prototype was first semipublicly demonstrated to members of the National Federation of Women's Clubs invited to the Edison laboratory on May 20, 1891. The completed version was publicly unveiled in Brooklyn two years later, and on April 14, 1894, the first commercial exhibition of motion pictures in history took place in New York City, using ten Kinetoscopes. Instrumental to the birth of American movie culture, the Kinetoscope also had a major impact in Europe; its influence abroad was magnified by Edison's decision not to seek international patents on the device, facilitating numerous imitations of and improvements on the technology. In 1895, Edison introduced the Kinetophone, which joined the Kinetoscope with a cylinder phonograph. Film projection, which Edison initially disdained as financially nonviable, soon superseded the Kinetoscope's individual exhibition model. Numerous motion picture systems developed by Edison's firm in later years were marketed with the name Projecting Kinetoscope.", "title": "Kinetoscope" }, { "id": "5133885", "score": "1.486512", "text": "which had been ravaged by wars. Illiterate, the Sualem brothers were from a family of master carpenters from the mines of Liège. They were the only ones to have mastered the mechanism for remote power transmission, the flatrod system necessary for the proper functioning of the machine of Marly. The Walloon craftsmen went on to become the primary maintenance men essential for the enormous task of keeping the machine in working order. The work began in June 1681 with the canalization of the Seine. The construction of the machine began at the end of 1681. On June 14, 1682, a", "title": "Machine de Marly" }, { "id": "14218009", "score": "1.4811064", "text": "sketches of the machine dating to 1690. In the 18th century the noble families of Viterbo sponsored lavish machines of Saint Rose. In 1790 the machine fell during the move. In 1801 the cries of a spectator robbed of her jewels by some pickpockets in the Piazza Fontana Grande panicked some cavalry horses. Twenty-two people in the crowd died in the ensuing confusion and later that night the machine caught fire in Piazza delle Erbe. Because of these events, the transport was temporarily banned by Pope Pius VII, only to resume around 1810. In 1814 tilted backwards and a few", "title": "Macchina di Santa Rosa" }, { "id": "8081693", "score": "1.4809887", "text": "a year later, that was precisely achieved. A demonstration of his Phototachygraphe machine was made to journalists from all over France. It was 1897 when the combination of two shots together in something similar to \"a sequence\" was not even a thoughtful reality, the film industry was decades away. The \"moving image\" or \"motion picture\" was not on anyone's radar, only a few bourgeois thinkers had paid attention. and yet, in France, Sanson was imagining an immersive and incredible future. The obtaining of motion pictures projected on a screen was just the first step in his real vision. The movie", "title": "Cinéorama" }, { "id": "3434760", "score": "1.4772291", "text": "discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the magnetic river, that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. Working at the British Rail Research Division in Derby, along with teams at several civil engineering firms, the \"transverse-flux\" system was developed into a working system. The first commercial maglev people mover was simply called \"MAGLEV\" and officially opened in 1984 near Birmingham, England. It operated on an elevated section of monorail track between Birmingham Airport and Birmingham International railway station, running at speeds up", "title": "Maglev" }, { "id": "830985", "score": "1.4762814", "text": "with 14 people across a wide river. It was also in 1839/40 that other developers managed to build motors with similar and then higher performance. The first commutator capable of turning machinery was invented by British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor was built by American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and bankrupted Davenport. Several inventors followed Sturgeon", "title": "Electric motor" }, { "id": "2642369", "score": "1.4742649", "text": "of fraud (they lost nearly five million dollars). Keely's machine, it was discovered after his death, was based on hidden air pressure tubes. In 1900, Nikola Tesla claimed to have discovered an abstract principle on which to base a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. No prototype was produced. He wrote: David Unaipon, Australian inventor, had a lifelong fascination with perpetual motion. One of his studies on Newtonian mechanics led him to create a shearing machine in 1910 that converted curvilineal motion into straight line movement. The device is the basis of modern mechanical shears. In the 1910s and", "title": "History of perpetual motion machines" }, { "id": "6129148", "score": "1.4724376", "text": "his machine at fairs and circuses in the eastern United States in 1867, and built a total of 10 examples. These early attempts at propelling a bicycle by means other than the human body were not successful, either practically or commercially. It was not until the 1890s, with the advent of the gasoline-powered internal combustion engine (ICE), that the motorized bicycle could be considered a practical machine. One of the first gas motor-assisted bicycle designs was the Millet motorcycle developed by Félix Millet in France in 1892. Millet's designs had both pedals and a fixed-crankshaft radial engine built into the", "title": "Motorized bicycle" }, { "id": "4737274", "score": "1.4714293", "text": "Tower and returned to its starting point. By now, the airship was established as the first practicable form of air travel. Da Vinci's design for a pyramid-shaped parachute remained unpublished for centuries. The first published design was the Croatian Fausto Veranzio's \"homo volans\" (flying man) which appeared in his book \"Machinae novae\" (New machines) in 1595. Based on a ship's sail, it comprised a square of material stretched across a square frame and retained by ropes. The parachutist was suspended by ropes from each of the four corners. Louis-Sébastien Lenormand is considered the first human to make a witnessed descent", "title": "Early flying machines" }, { "id": "14707690", "score": "1.4713073", "text": "in summarizing information and, later, accounting. The results of a tabulation are electrically coupled with a sorter while displayed on clock-like dials. The concept of automated data processing had been born. In 1890, Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine, a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards. 1890 Shredded wheat 1890 Babcock test 1890 Smoke detector 1891 Ferris wheel A Ferris wheel is a non-building structure, consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas attached to the rim. Opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, the", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)" }, { "id": "13399416", "score": "1.4701587", "text": "protected from enemy fire and could move on the extremely irregular terrain of battlefields. As early as 24 August 1914, the French colonel Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne articulated the vision of a cross-country armoured vehicle: One of the first attempts was made in France with the early experiment made with the Boirault machine, developed in 1914 by French engineer Louis Boirault, proposed to the French War Ministry in December 1914, and ordered for construction on 3 January 1915. On 19 January a commission, headed by Sub-secretary of State of Inventions Paul Painlevé, was formed to evaluate the project. The objective", "title": "Boirault machine" }, { "id": "4600822", "score": "1.4694642", "text": "detent with variable pressure. In 1901, Benjamin Bellows filled a patent for his device which used \"gravity alone for all movements of the cards\" by dividing guiding them through moving compartments. Various mechanisms were proposed during the following years with different combinations of rollers, card-holding boxes, combs and pins systems. Most of these machines were manually run by turning a crank which would activate the inner gears and rollers. Randomness could be improved by increasing the number of shuffling turns performed by the operators or by increasing the number of boxes, combs or partitioning chambers in the machines. Some devices", "title": "Shuffling machine" }, { "id": "19500550", "score": "1.4674348", "text": "physicist Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819–1868) in 1852, who also named the device, while researching in the same line that led him to use the eponymous pendulum, for which he was awarded a Copley Medal by the Royal Society. The gyrocompass was patented in 1885 by Marinus Gerardus van den Bos in The Netherlands after continuous spinning was made possible by small electric motors, which were in turn a technological outcome of the discovery of magnetic induction. Yet only in 1906 was the German inventor Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe (1872–1931) able to build the first practical gyrocompass. It had two major advantages", "title": "History of the compass" }, { "id": "20511424", "score": "1.4640272", "text": "clerk or horse or wheel on a cantilever-mounted boom. The system was so light that it could be temporarily moved over the fields without much effort. Transport costs were reduced to one-sixth compared with horse-drawn vehicles and the time required to one-third. In June 1898, Henry Jules Caillet, who lived in 7 Boulevard St. Denis, Paris, granted a license to Eaton Devonshire of Chislehurst. Then in October 1898, the 'Monorail Portable Railway Company' was founded, which held the rights in Great Britain and the Commonwealth colonies. On November 17, 1905 an advertisement appeared in The Engineer for a book of", "title": "Caillet monorail" }, { "id": "8081688", "score": "1.4628241", "text": "Cinéorama Cinéorama was an early film experiment and amusement ride presented for the first time at the 1900 Paris Exposition. It was invented by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson and it simulated a ride in a hot air balloon over Paris. It represented a union of the earlier technology of panoramic paintings and the recently invented technology of cinema. It worked by means of a circulatory screen which projects images helped by ten synchronized projectors. Grimoin-Sanson began experimenting with movie cameras and projectors in 1895, and was in contact with other early researchers such as Étienne-Jules Marey. He patented the Cinéorama on 27", "title": "Cinéorama" }, { "id": "2330251", "score": "1.4627045", "text": "riders took to the sidewalks and moved far too quickly, endangering pedestrians. Consequently, authorities in Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and even Calcutta banned its use, which ended its vogue for decades. Drais also invented the earliest typewriter with a keyboard (1821). He later developed an early stenograph machine which used 16 characters (1827), a device to record piano music on paper (1812), the first meat grinder, and a wood-saving cooker including the earliest hay chest. He also invented two four-wheeled human powered vehicles (1813/1814), the second of which he presented in Vienna to the congress carving up Europe", "title": "Karl Drais" } ]

[ "MW6825000", "mw6825000", "formic anammonide", "H-C≡N", "Bleiby process", "Hydrocyan", "Methanenitrile", "Hydridonitridocarbon", "bleiby process", "formonitrile", "74-90-8", "methanenitrile", "Hydrogen cyanide gas", "Carbon hydride nitride", "hydrogen cyanide", "Hydrogen Cyanide", "hydridonitridocarbon", "hydrodyanic acid", "cyanane", "Hydrodyanic acid", "Cyanide gas", "Formic anammonide", "Formonitrile", "carbon hydride nitride", "74908", "hydrocyanic acid", "Prussic Acid", "Hydrocyanide", "Hydrocyanic acid", "cyclon", "prussic acid", "74 90 8", "Cyanane", "hydrogen cyanide gas", "Hydrogen cyanide", "Hydrocyanic Acid", "cyanide gas", "Cyclon", "h c≡n", "Prussic acid", "hydrocyan", "hydrocyanide" ]

[ { "id": "755", "score": "1.6948466", "text": "a single gene, the bitter flavor furthermore being recessive, both aspects making this trait easier to domesticate. The fruits from \"Prunus dulcis\" var. \"amara\" are always bitter, as are the kernels from other species of genus \"Prunus\", such as peach and cherry (although to a lesser extent). The bitter almond is slightly broader and shorter than the sweet almond and contains about 50% of the fixed oil that occurs in sweet almonds. It also contains the enzyme emulsin which, in the presence of water, acts on the two soluble glucosides amygdalin and prunasin yielding glucose, cyanide and the essential oil", "title": "Almond" }, { "id": "2576284", "score": "1.684299", "text": "if ingested. The seeds contained within the cherries are poisonous like the rest of the plant, containing cyanogenic glycosides and amygdalin. This chemical composition is what gives the smell of almonds when the leaves are crushed. Laurel water, a distillation made from the plant, contains prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) and other compounds and is toxic. \"Prunus lusitanica\", Portuguese laurel, is similar sharply toothed leaves and red petioles.<ref>Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012 \"Webb's An Irish Flora.\" Prunus laurocerasus Prunus laurocerasus, also known as cherry laurel, common laurel and sometimes English laurel in North America, is an evergreen species of cherry", "title": "Prunus laurocerasus" }, { "id": "17530629", "score": "1.6818669", "text": "dye, and a green dye can be obtained from its leaves. Plants in the \"Prunus\" species contain amygdalin and prunasin, substances which break down in water to produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, extremely poisonous chemical that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. These substances are found mainly in the leaves and seed and can be detected by the bitter taste. It is usually present in too small a quantity to do any harm but any very bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten. Consumption of small quantities of hydrogen cyanide stimulates respiration and improves digestion. Excessive consumption", "title": "Prunus microcarpa" }, { "id": "9475880", "score": "1.644165", "text": "Ursolic acid Ursolic acid (sometimes referred to as urson, prunol, malol, or 3-beta-3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic-acid), is a pentacyclic triterpenoid identified in the epicuticular waxes of apples as early as 1920 and widely found in the peels of fruits, as well as in herbs and spices like rosemary and thyme. Ursolic acid is present in many plants, such as \"Mirabilis jalapa\", as well as in many fruits and herbs used in daily life (e.g. apples, basil, bilberries, cranberries, elder flower, peppermint, rosemary, lavender, oregano, thyme, hawthorn, and prunes). Apple peels contain large quantities of ursolic acid and related compounds. A number of potential", "title": "Ursolic acid" }, { "id": "17527220", "score": "1.6004009", "text": "pairs during the spring. Its 2-to-3 cm unpalatable fruit is globose and turns yellow to dark orange when ripe but may be toxic if consumed excessively. The fuit can be used to obtain a dark grey to green dye and a green dye can be obtained from the leaves. Plants in the \"Prunus\" species contain amygdalin and prunasin, substances which break down in water to produce hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, extremely poisonous chemical that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. These substances are found mainly in the leaves and seed and can be detected by the bitter taste.", "title": "Prunus ursina" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prunus laurocerasus\n\nPrunus laurocerasus, also known as cherry laurel, common laurel and sometimes English laurel in North America, is an evergreen species of cherry (\"Prunus\"), native to regions bordering the Black Sea in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe, from Albania and Bulgaria east through Turkey to the Caucasus Mountains and northern Iran.\n\nThe common names of \"P. laurocerasus\" refer to the similarity of foliage and appearance to bay laurel (\"Laurus nobilis\", the true laurel, in the family Lauraceae), and like the bay laurel, \"Prunus laurocerasus\" was used for making laurel wreaths, but the two plants are not closely related. It is not to be confused with its American relative \"Prunus caroliniana\", which is also called cherry laurel.", "title": "Prunus laurocerasus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of poisonous plants\n\nPlants that produce toxins are referred to as poisonous plants. Plants that cause irritation on contact are also described as \"poisonous\".\n\nThe toxins in poisonous plants affect herbivores, and deter them from consuming the plants. Plants cannot move to escape their predators, so they must have other means of protecting themselves from herbivorous animals. Some plants have physical defenses such as thorns, spines and prickles, but by far the most common type of protection is chemical.\n\nOver millennia, through the process of natural selection, plants have evolved the means to produce a vast and complicated array of chemical compounds to deter herbivores. Tannin, for example, is a defensive compound that emerged relatively early in the evolutionary history of plants, while more complex molecules such as polyacetylenes are found in younger groups of plants such as the Asterales. Many of the known plant defense compounds primarily defend against consumption by insects, though other animals, including humans, that consume such plants may also experience negative effects, ranging from mild discomfort to death.\n\nMany of these poisonous compounds also have important medicinal benefits. The varieties of phytochemical defenses in plants are so numerous that many questions about them remain unanswered, including:\n\n\nThese questions and others constitute an active area of research in modern botany, with important implications for understanding plant evolution and medical science.\n\nBelow is an extensive, if incomplete, list of plants containing one or more poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury, or death to humans or domestic animals. There is significant overlap between plants considered poisonous and those with psychotropic properties, some of which are toxic enough to present serious health risks at recreational doses. There is a distinction between plants that are poisonous because they naturally produce dangerous phytochemicals, and those that may become dangerous for other reasons, including but not limited to infection by bacterial, viral, or fungal parasites; the uptake of toxic compounds through contaminated soil or groundwater; and/or the ordinary processes of decay after the plant has died; this list deals exclusively with plants that produce phytochemicals. Many plants, such as peanuts, produce compounds that are only dangerous to people who have developed an allergic reaction to them, and with a few exceptions, those plants are not included here (see list of allergens instead). Despite the wide variety of plants considered poisonous, human fatalities caused by poisonous plants – especially resulting from accidental ingestion – are rare in the developed world.", "title": "List of poisonous plants" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Essential oil\n\nAn essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term \"essential\" used here does \"not\" mean indispensable or usable by the human body, as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by a living organism.\n\nEssential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, \"sfumatura\", absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, air fresheners and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for adding scents to incense and household cleaning products.\n\nEssential oils are often used for aromatherapy, a form of alternative medicine in which healing effects are ascribed to aromatic compounds. Aromatherapy may be useful to induce relaxation, but there is not sufficient evidence that essential oils can effectively treat any condition. Improper use of essential oils may cause harm including allergic reactions, inflammation and skin irritation. Children may be particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of improper use. Essential oils can be poisonous if ingested or absorbed through the skin.<ref name=poison.org/>", "title": "Essential oil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Plant defense against herbivory\n\nPlant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores. These chemical defenses can act as repellents or toxins to herbivores or reduce plant digestibility. Another defensive strategy of plants is changing their attractiveness. To prevent overconsumption by large herbivores, plants alter their appearance by changing their size or quality, overall decreasing their consumption rate.\n\nOther defensive strategies used by plants include escaping or avoiding herbivores at any time and/or in any place, for example, by growing in a location where plants are not easily found or accessed by herbivores or by changing seasonal growth patterns. Another approach diverts herbivores toward eating non-essential parts or enhances the ability of a plant to recover from the damage caused by herbivory. Some plants encourage the presence of natural enemies of herbivores, which in turn protect the plant. Each type of defense can be either \"constitutive\" (always present in the plant) or \"induced\" (produced in reaction to damage or stress caused by herbivores).\n\nHistorically, insects have been the most significant herbivores, and the evolution of land plants is closely associated with the evolution of insects. While most plant defenses are directed against insects, other defenses have evolved that are aimed at vertebrate herbivores, such as birds and mammals. The study of plant defenses against herbivory is important, not only from an evolutionary viewpoint, but also for the direct impact that these defenses have on agriculture, including human and livestock food sources; as beneficial 'biological control agents' in biological pest control programs; and in the search for plants of medical importance.", "title": "Plant defense against herbivory" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Hydrogen cyanide" }, { "id": "5188264", "score": "1.582505", "text": "remedy.\" Although a number of compounds labelled \"pangamic acid\" have been studied or sold, no chemical compound, including those claimed by the Krebses to be pangamic acid, has been scientifically verified to have the characteristics that defined the original description of the compound. Amygdalin, CHNO, is a glycoside initially isolated from the seeds of a cultivar of the almond tree, \"Prunus dulcis\" var. \"amara\", also known as bitter almonds, by Pierre-Jean Robiquet and Antoine-François Boutron-Charlard (1796-1879) in 1830, and subsequently investigated by Liebig and Wöhler in 1830, and others. It was promoted in a modified form called laetrile as a", "title": "Ernst T. Krebs" }, { "id": "768301", "score": "1.5730186", "text": "antioxidant properties of almonds. Flavonoids are a group of structurally related compounds that are arranged in a specific manner and can be found in all vascular plants on land. They also contribute to the antioxidant properties of almonds. Some of the nonflavonoid compounds present are protocatechuic, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. Flavonoid compounds that can be found in the skin of the almond are flavanols, dihydroflavonols, and flavanones. Of all of the different species of stone fruits, plums are the most rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) varies within each fruit, but in plums, TAC is", "title": "Prunus" }, { "id": "768300", "score": "1.5586365", "text": "these natural antioxidants include ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and epigallocatechin gallate; they can be found in certain cherry extracts. Similar to cherries, strawberries, and raspberries, almonds are also rich in phenolics. Almonds have a high oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), which is another indicator of being rich in antioxidants. As stated before, high levels of the free radicals is harmful and thus, having the capacity to absorb those radicals is greatly beneficial. The bioactive compounds, polyphenols and anthocyanins, that are found in berries and cherries, are also present in almonds. Almonds also contain nonflavonoid and flavonoid compounds, which contribute to the", "title": "Prunus" }, { "id": "756", "score": "1.554467", "text": "of bitter almonds, which is nearly pure benzaldehyde, the chemical causing the bitter flavor. Bitter almonds may yield 4–9 mg of hydrogen cyanide per almond and contain 42 times higher amounts of cyanide than the trace levels found in sweet almonds. The origin of cyanide content in bitter almonds is via the enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin. Extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally but even in small doses, effects are severe or lethal, especially in children; the cyanide must be removed before consumption. The acute oral lethal dose of cyanide for adult humans is reported to be of body", "title": "Almond" }, { "id": "768296", "score": "1.5289044", "text": "be edible by humans and livestock (in addition to the ubiquitous fructivory of birds), seeds, leaves and other parts may be toxic, some highly so. The plants contain no more than trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide, but on decomposition after crushing and exposure to air or on digestion, poisonous amounts may be generated. The trace amounts may give a characteristic taste (\"bitter almond\") with increasing bitterness in larger quantities, less tolerable to people than to birds, which habitually feed on specific fruits. People are often encouraged to consume many fruits because they are rich in a variety of nutrients and", "title": "Prunus" }, { "id": "7266136", "score": "1.5257757", "text": "a wide variety of edible plants such as peanuts, navy beans, tomatoes, carrots, basil and garlic. It is found in wine and vinegar. It is also found in barley grain. \"p\"-Coumaric acid from pollen is a constituent of honey. \"p\"-Coumaric acid glucoside can also be found in commercial breads containing flaxseed. Diesters of \"p\"-coumaric acid can be found in carnauba wax. It is biosynthesized from cinnamic acid by the action of the P450-dependent enzyme 4-cinnamic acid hydroxylase (C4H). It is also produced from -tyrosine by the action of tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL). \"p\"-Coumaric acid is the precursor of 4-ethylphenol produced", "title": "P-Coumaric acid" }, { "id": "20410668", "score": "1.5248376", "text": "decanoic acid (1.62%), and lauric acid (1.31%). Unsaturated fats include oleic acid (22.18%), palmitoleic acid (13.55%), linolelaidic acid (12.39%), γ-linolenic acid (12.23%), linoleic acid (4.95%), elaidic acid (2.50%), and myristoleic acid (1.89%). The fruit's pulp is typically eaten raw and has the fragrance of roasted almonds or burnt caramel. The taste is described as sweet and cheesy or similar to eating an avocado or pimento cheese. Sometimes, it is it is fermented into the condiment \"tempoyak\". The red-fleshed type is used with freshwater fish to make a type of \"sayur\". The seeds can also be ground into flour (\"\"), which", "title": "Durio graveolens" }, { "id": "742", "score": "1.5144092", "text": "Almond The almond (\"Prunus dulcis\", syn. \"Prunus amygdalus\") is a species of tree native to Mediterranean climate regions of the Middle East, from Syria and Turkey to India and Pakistan, although it has been introduced elsewhere. Almond is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus \"Prunus\", it is classified with the peach in the subgenus \"Amygdalus\", distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed. The fruit of the almond is a drupe, consisting of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed, which", "title": "Almond" }, { "id": "1999863", "score": "1.5121198", "text": "contain various amounts of gallic acid, especially fruits (including strawberries, grapes, bananas), as well as teas, cloves, and vinegars. Gallic acid is easily freed from gallotannins by acidic or alkaline hydrolysis. When gallic acid is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, rufigallol is produced by condensation. Oxidation with arsenic acid, permanganate, persulfate, or iodine yields ellagic acid, as does reaction of methyl gallate with iron(III) chloride. Reference Also known as galloylated esters: Gallic acid Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and", "title": "Gallic acid" }, { "id": "6839809", "score": "1.5048177", "text": "gooseberry). Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (\"Euterpe oleracea\"), is rich in p-hydroxybenzoic acid (892 ± 52 mg/kg). It is also found in cloudy olive oil. It is also found in the edible mushroom \"Russula virescens\" (green-cracking russula). \"p\"-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside can be found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces (\"Picea abies\"). Violdelphin is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigments, found in blue flowers and incorporating two p-hydroxy benzoic acid residues, one rutinoside and two glucosides associated with a delphinidin. Agnuside is the ester of aucubin and \"p\"-hydroxybenzoic acid. Chorismate lyase is an", "title": "4-Hydroxybenzoic acid" }, { "id": "5150999", "score": "1.5041041", "text": "to that in lemons. Other detected compounds include flavonoids derived from myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol; hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, β-elemene, myristic acid and ethyl hexadecanoate; and some glycerogalactolipids. The fruit further contains 1–2.7% of free aminoacids; chiefly proline, and including γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and betaine. Other compounds include β-sitosterol, scopoletin, p-coumaric acid, lyciumide A and L-monomenthyl succinate. The alkaloid atropine, common in plants of the Solanaceae family, is not detectable. The compounds present in the roots have been less studied, but they include betaine, choline, linoleic acid, and β-sitosterol [79]. Of particular interest are cyclic oligopeptides with 8 aminoacid", "title": "Lycium barbarum" }, { "id": "2543486", "score": "1.4952219", "text": "hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phioroglucin ester of para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and hesperetin, the phloroglucin ester of meta-oxy-para-methoxycinnamic acid or isoferulic acid, CHO. These are generally substituted anthraquinones; many have medicinal applications, being used as purgatives, while one, ruberythric acid, yields the valuable dyestuff madder, the base of which is alizarin. Chrysophanic acid, a dioxymethylanthraquinone, occurs in rhubarb, which also contains emodin, a trioxymethylanthraquinone; this substance occurs in combination with rhamnose in \"Frangula\" bark. The most important cyanogenetic glucoside is amygdalin, which occurs in bitter almonds. The enzyme maltase decomposes it into glucose and", "title": "Glucoside" }, { "id": "9418906", "score": "1.4873102", "text": "Angelic acid Angelic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is mostly found in the plants of the family Apiaceae. German pharmacist Ludwig Andreas Buchner isolated angelic acid in 1842 from the roots of garden angelica (\"Angelica archangelica\") which gave the acid its name. Angelic acid is a volatile solid with a biting taste and pungent sour odor. It is the \"cis\" isomer of 2-methyl-2-butenoic acid, which easily converts to the \"trans\" isomer, tiglic acid, upon heating or reaction with inorganic acids. The reverse transformation occurs much less readily. The salts and esters of angelic acid are called angelates.", "title": "Angelic acid" }, { "id": "2516311", "score": "1.4790492", "text": "around the time of the lunar festival. The similar association in Europe of laurels with victory and success led to its translation into Chinese as the or \"Moon \"gui\"\". The most abundant component found in laurel essential oil is 1,8-cineole, also called eucalyptol. The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (\"ol. lauri folii\"), consisting of 45% eucalyptol, 12% other terpenes, 8-12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4% sesquiterpenes, 3% methyleugenol, and other α- and β-pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, and terpineol. It contains lauric acid also. Both essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit. The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to obtain", "title": "Laurus nobilis" }, { "id": "14017434", "score": "1.4718752", "text": "Hygrophorus agathosmus Hygrophorus agathosmus, commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap or the almond woodwax, is a species of fungus in the Hygrophoraceae family. It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815; Fries gave it its current name in 1838. A widespread species, it is distributed in the United States, Europe, Africa, and India, and can be found growing under spruce and pine in mixed forests. The fruit bodies are characterized by a light grayish cap that measures up to in diameter, waxy gills, a dry stem, and the distinct odor of bitter almonds. An edible but", "title": "Hygrophorus agathosmus" } ]

[ "female athletes were not allowed to compete at all", "Female athletes were not allowed to compete at all" ]

[ { "id": "591489", "score": "2.2489924", "text": "woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on 11 April, the day after the men had run the official race. Although she was not permitted to enter the stadium at the end of her race, Revithi finished the marathon in about five hours and 30 minutes, and found witnesses to sign their names and verify the starting and finishing times. Revithi intended to present this documentation to the Hellenic Olympic Committee, hoping that they would recognise her achievement. Neither her reports nor documents from the Hellenic Olympic Committee have been discovered to provide corroboration. 1896 Summer Olympics The 1896 Summer", "title": "1896 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "6893957", "score": "2.1924746", "text": "Stamata Revithi Stamata Revithi (; 1866 – after 1896) was a Greek woman who ran the 40-kilometre marathon during the 1896 Summer Olympics. The Games excluded women from competition, but Revithi insisted that she be allowed to run. Revithi ran one day after the men had completed the official race, and although she finished the marathon in approximately 5 hours and 30 minutes and found witnesses to sign their names and verify the running time, she was not allowed to enter the Panathinaiko Stadium at the end of the race. She intended to present her documentation to the Hellenic Olympic", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893969", "score": "2.17379", "text": "completed the distance in 4½ hours at the end of February or the beginning of March. The organizing committee, however, did not allow her to run, and the newspaper \"Akropolis\" criticized the committee for its decision. The Olympic Marathon took place on 10 April 1896, and another female runner, Stamata Revithi, took 5½ hours to run the course on 11 April 1896. The newspapers \"Asti\", \"New Aristophanes\" and \"Atlantida\" reported this on 12 April 1896. However, Tarasouleas argues that no contemporary press reports in Greek newspapers mention Melpomene by name, while the name Revithi appears many times; Tarasouleas suggests that", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893960", "score": "2.1625893", "text": "inspiration from Pheidippides, who, according to legend, ran the distance from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia at the Battle of Marathon, and died immediately after giving his message. En route to Athens, Revithi encountered a male runner along the road. He gave her money and advised her to run the marathon to become famous, and, consequently, earn money or more easily find a job. After this discussion Revithi decided to run the race: she had enjoyed long-distance running as a child, and believed she could beat the male competitors. The 1896 Olympic Games were the", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893971", "score": "2.1150818", "text": "Tarasouleas notes that on 13 March 1896, another local newspaper indicated that a woman and her baby had registered to run the marathon, but again her name is not mentioned. Trying to resolve the mystery, Tarasouleas asserts that \"perhaps Revithi had two names, or perhaps for reasons unknown she was attributed the name of the Muse Melpomene\". Stamata Revithi Stamata Revithi (; 1866 – after 1896) was a Greek woman who ran the 40-kilometre marathon during the 1896 Summer Olympics. The Games excluded women from competition, but Revithi insisted that she be allowed to run. Revithi ran one day after", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stamata Revithi\n\nStamata Revithi (; 1866 – after 1896) was a Greek woman who ran the 40-kilometre marathon during the 1896 Summer Olympics. The Games excluded women from competition, but Revithi insisted that she be allowed to run. Revithi ran one day after the men had completed the official race, and although she finished the marathon in approximately 5 hours and 30 minutes and found witnesses to sign their names and verify the running time, she was not allowed to enter the Panathinaiko Stadium at the end of the race. She intended to present her documentation to the Hellenic Olympic Committee in the hopes that they would recognize her achievement, but it is not known whether she did so. No known record survives of Revithi's life after her run.\n\nAccording to contemporary sources, a second woman, \"Melpomene\", also ran the 1896 marathon race. There is debate among Olympic historians as to whether or not Revithi and Melpomene are the same person.", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon\n\nThe men's marathon event was a special race invented as part of the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. Seventeen athletes from 5 nations competed. It was the capstone of the athletics programme. The event was won by Spyridon Louis and was the only Greek victory in athletics.", "title": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics\n\nAt the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympiad, twelve athletics events were contested. A total of 25 medals (12 silver for winners, 13 bronze for runner-up, none for third) were awarded. The medals were later denoted as 37 modern medals (12 gold, 13 silver, 12 bronze). All of the events except the marathon were held in the Panathinaiko Stadium, which was also the finish for the marathon.<ref name=Olympedia/> Events were held on 6 April, 7 April, 9 April, and 10 April 1896 (all dates are according to the Gregorian calendar).<ref name=Olympedia/> Altogether, 63 athletes, all men, from nine nations competed.<ref name=Olympedia/> This made athletics the most international of the nine sports at the 1896 Games.", "title": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1896 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1896 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad () and commonly known as Athens 1896 (), was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896.\n\nFourteen nations (according to the IOC, though the number is subject to interpretation) and 241 athletes (all males; this number is also disputed) took part in the games.<ref name=\":0\" /> Participants were all European, or living in Europe, with the exception of the United States team. Over 65% of the competing athletes were Greek. Winners were given a silver medal, while runners-up received a copper medal. Retroactively, the IOC has converted these to gold and silver, and awarded bronze medals to third placed athletes. Ten of the 14 participating nations earned medals. The United States won the most gold medals, 11, while host nation Greece won the most medals overall, 47. The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spyridon Louis. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four events.\n\nAthens had been unanimously chosen to stage the inaugural modern Games during a congress organised by Coubertin in Paris on 23 June 1894, during which the IOC was also created, because Greece was the birthplace of the Ancient Olympic Games. The main venue was the Panathenaic Stadium, where athletics and wrestling took place; other venues included the Neo Phaliron Velodrome for cycling, and the Zappeion for fencing. The opening ceremony was held in the Panathenaic Stadium on 6 April, during which most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield, grouped by nation. After a speech by the president of the organising committee, Crown Prince Constantine, his father officially opened the Games. Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas.\n\nThe 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. The Panathenaic Stadium overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event. After the Games, Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures, including Greece's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens, to hold all the following Games in Athens. However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, except for the Intercalated Games of 1906, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics, 108 years later.", "title": "1896 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Marathon\n\nThe marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of , usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There are also wheelchair divisions. More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.\n\nThe marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896. The distance did not become standardized until 1921. The distance is also included in the World Athletics Championships, which began in 1983. It is the only running road race included in both championship competitions (walking races on the roads are also contested in both).", "title": "Marathon" }, { "id": "6893967", "score": "2.1142256", "text": "inaugural race in a time of 2 hours and 24 minutes. In March 1896, a French-language newspaper in Athens (the \"Messager d'Athènes\") reported that there was \"talk of a woman who had enrolled as a participant in the Marathon race. In the test run which she completed on her own [...] she took 4½ hours to run the distance of 42 kilometres which separates Marathon from Athens.\" Later that year, Franz Kémény, a founding International Olympic Committee member from Hungary, wrote in German that, \"indeed a lady, Miss Melpomene, completed the 40 kilometres marathon in 4½ hours and requested an", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893958", "score": "2.0721543", "text": "Committee in the hopes that they would recognize her achievement, but it is not known whether she did so. No known record survives of Revithi's life after her run. According to contemporary sources, a second woman, \"Melpomene\", also ran the 1896 marathon race. There is debate among Olympic historians as to whether or not Revithi and Melpomene are the same person. Stamata Revithi was born in Syros in 1866. Records of her life from 1896 show that she was living in poverty in Piraeus in 1896. At that point she had given birth to two children, a son who died", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893959", "score": "2.026337", "text": "in 1895, aged seven, and another child who was seventeen months old by the time of the 1896 Olympics. According to Olympic historian Athanasios Tarasouleas, Revithi, who was blonde and thin with large eyes, looked much older than her age. Revithi believed that she could gain employment in Athens, and so walked there from her home—a distance of . Her journey took place several days prior to the Olympic marathon, a special race of invented as part of the athletics program, and based on Michel Bréal's idea of a race from the city of Marathon to the Pnyx. Bréal took", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893964", "score": "2.0154076", "text": "she would compete with a team of American women in another race in Athens, which never took place. Beginning at 8:00 the following day, Revithi ran the marathon course on her own. Before starting, she had the town's only teacher, the mayor, and the city magistrate sign a statement testifying to the time she departed from the village. She ran the race at a steady pace and reached Parapigmata (the place where the Evangelismos Hospital stands today, near the Hilton Athens) at 13:30 (5½ hours). Revithi was not allowed to enter Panathinaiko Stadium—her race was stopped in Parapigmata by a", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893962", "score": "1.9910291", "text": "be distinguished in sports and to applaud a man's effort. Revithi arrived at the race location, the small village of Marathon, on Thursday, 9 April , where the athletes had already assembled for the following day's race. She attracted the attention of the reporters and was warmly greeted by Marathon's mayor, who sheltered her in his house. She answered the reporters' questions and was quick-witted when a male runner from Chalandri teased her, predicting that when she entered the Stadium, there would be no crowds left. Revithi retorted that he should not insult women, since male Greek athletes had already", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893968", "score": "1.9705646", "text": "entry into the Olympic Games competition. This was reportedly denied by the commission.\" According to Martin and Gynn, \"a peculiarity here is why there is no first name for Melpomene\". The \"Messager\" report faded into obscurity for about 30 years before it was revived in 1927 in an issue of \"Der Leichtathlet\". Olympic historian Karl Lennartz contends that two women ran the marathon in 1896, and that the name \"Melpomene\" was confirmed by both Kémény and Alfréd Hajós, two-time Olympic swim champion of 1896. Lennartz presents the following account: a young woman named Melpomene wanted to run the race and", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893963", "score": "1.9506326", "text": "been humiliated by the Americans. Prior to the start of the race on the morning of Friday, 10 April , the old priest of Marathon, Ioannis Veliotis, was scheduled to say a prayer for the athletes in the church of Saint John. Veliotis refused to bless Revithi because she was not an officially recognized athlete. The organizing committee ultimately refused her entry into the race. Officially, she was rejected because the deadline for participation had expired; however, as Olympic historians David Martin and Roger Gynn point out, the real problem was her gender. According to Tarasouleas, the organizers promised that", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893966", "score": "1.9287525", "text": "in the build-up to the marathon, these reports did not follow up on her life after the race. It is not known whether she met Philimon or if she ever found a job. As Tarasouleas stated, \"Stamata Revithi was lost in the dust of history\". Violet Piercy, of the United Kingdom, was the first woman to complete an officially timed marathon race: she clocked a time of 3 hours and 40 minutes in a British race on 3 October 1926. Women were finally allowed to run the Olympic marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics, when American Joan Benoit won the", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "6893970", "score": "1.9250519", "text": "Melpomene and Revithi are the same person, and Martin and Green argue that \"a contemporary account referring to Revithi as a well-known marathon runner could explain the earlier run by a woman over the marathon course—this was by Revithi herself, not Melpomene\". The daily Athens newspaper \"Estia\" of 4 April 1896 refers to \"the strange woman, who, having run a few days ago in the Marathon as a try-out, intends to compete the day after tomorrow. Today she came to our offices and said 'should my shoes hinder me, I will remove them on the way and continue barefoot'.\" Moreover,", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "7498013", "score": "1.8926067", "text": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon The men's marathon event was a special race invented as part of the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. Michel Bréal originated the idea of a race from the city of Marathon to Athens, taking inspiration from the legend of Pheidippides. The first such marathon race was a Greek national competition that served as a qualifier for the Olympic marathon, won by Charilaos Vasilakos. The length of the marathon in 1896 was approximately 40 km (25 mi). Twenty-five athletes traveled to Marathon for the race from there to Athens, though", "title": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon" }, { "id": "771758", "score": "1.869298", "text": "a two-day run to seek Spartan help against the invading Persians in the Battle of Marathon, and then ran from the town of Marathon to Athens days later to announce the victory, dying as a result of his heroic efforts. The race started in Marathon, and ran for 40 kilometres over dusty roads to Athens. The Greek public, disappointed as there had not yet been a Greek victor in athletics, was overjoyed when it was announced during the race that a Greek runner had taken the lead. When Spiridon Louis, a water carrier from Maroussi, arrived in the stadium he", "title": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "5393892", "score": "1.8625591", "text": "pursued running. On March 22, 1896, Greece held the first modern Panhellenic Games. The main purpose of the games was to select the team that would compete in the first Modern Olympic Games later the same year. All participants were members of Greek sports clubs. Vasilakos had a reputation as a strong long-distance runner. He won the marathon race with a time of 3 hours and 18 minutes. Vasilakos was one of seventeen athletes to start the Olympic race on April 10, 1896. He finished in second place, behind Spiridon Louis, with a time of 3:06.03 as one of only", "title": "Charilaos Vasilakos" }, { "id": "6893965", "score": "1.848346", "text": "few Greek military officers whom she asked to sign her handwritten report to certify her time of arrival in Athens. She stated to the reporters that she wanted to meet Timoleon Philimon (the General-Secretary of the Hellenic Olympic Committee) to present her case. Historians believe that she intended to present her documents to the Hellenic Olympic Committee in the hopes that they would recognize her achievement. Neither her reports nor documents from the Hellenic Olympic Committee have been discovered to provide corroboration. There is no account of Revithi's life following the marathon. Although some newspapers printed articles about her story", "title": "Stamata Revithi" }, { "id": "7498015", "score": "1.8407965", "text": "than three hours. Vasilakos finished second, followed 30 seconds later by Spyridon Belokas and Gyula Kellner. Kellner subsequently lodged a protest claiming Belokas had covered part of the course by carriage after having supposedly dropped out of the race; the protest was upheld, and Belokas was disqualified. Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon The men's marathon event was a special race invented as part of the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. Michel Bréal originated the idea of a race from the city of Marathon to Athens, taking inspiration from the legend of Pheidippides. The first", "title": "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon" }, { "id": "597389", "score": "1.840746", "text": "initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the glory of ancient Greece. The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks. The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 22 March 1896 (Gregorian) that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon,", "title": "Marathon" } ]

[ "First Duke of Wellington", "arthur wellesly 1st duke of wellington", "lord wellington", "1st Duke of Wellington", "Duke Wellington", "Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley", "Count of Vimeiro", "Arthur Wellesley Wellington", "arthur wellesley wellington", "marquess of wellington", "General Wellington", "Marques de Torres Vedras", "arthur wellesley first duke of wellington", "The Duke of Wellington", "Duke of Wellingon (1st)", "Marquess Douro", "Earl of Wellington", "duke of vitoria", "arthur wesley", "Sir Arthur Wellesley", "Marquess of Wellington", "Duque da Vitoria", "Arthur Wellesly, 1st Duke of Wellington", "Duke of wellington", "Marquess of Torres Vedras", "Baron Douro", "marquess douro", "iron duke", "duke of wellington", "arthur wellesly", "duke of wellington arthur wellesley", "Arthur Wesley", "Lord Wellington", "count of vimeiro", "marquis of torres vedras", "1st duke of wellington", "Marquis of Torres Vedras", "first duke of wellington", "Duke of Wellington", "general wellington", "conde de vimeiro", "sir arthur wellesley", "major general arthur wellesley", "marques de torres vedras", "Conde de Vimeiro", "duke wellington", "arthur wellesley 1st duke of wellington", "baron douro", "Arthur Wellesly", "Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington", "duque da vitoria", "viscount wellington", "Duke of Vitoria", "Major-General Arthur Wellesley", "Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington", "Marquês de Torres Vedras", "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "Duke of Wellington Great Duke", "marquess of torres vedras", "marquês de torres vedras", "The Iron Duke", "Viscount Wellington", "earl of wellington", "duke of wellington great duke", "duke of wellingon 1st" ]

[ { "id": "217316", "score": "1.6042305", "text": "but it is generally thought he was born in London. Irish historian W. H. Grattan Flood claimed that he was born in Dalkey, near Dublin, but no corroborating evidence has ever been found either for that statement or for Thomas Fuller's claim that he was born in Westminster. There is however one very clear piece of evidence pointing to Dublin as his place of origin: he dedicated the song \"From Silent Night\" to 'my loving countryman Mr. John Forster the younger, merchant of Dublin in Ireland'. The Forsters were a prominent Dublin family at the time, providing several Lord Mayors", "title": "John Dowland" }, { "id": "13412078", "score": "1.5774368", "text": "Castle Ricard, County Meath in 1710. Vincent (Vicente) became one of these wild geese and fathered both Sebastian and Juan in the 1750s in Spain. He married Maria Francisca O'Regan y MacManus, daughter of Mauricio O'Regan and Rosa MacManus, on 15 Apr 1741 in Fraga. Vincent is credited as the forebear of all the Spanish Kindelans, and of many in the Americas. Kindelán Kindelan is a surname of Irish origin that has been adopted into Spanish. The extended Kindelan Family originated in Ireland and hosted a clan gathering there in August 2013 and in 2015 in Cordoba. Up to the", "title": "Kindelán" }, { "id": "5596758", "score": "1.5588647", "text": "Jennings was known for his personal reserve and as one of the most charismatic Irish generals of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period. Jennings was born on 19 October 1751 at Saul's Court, Temple Bar, Dublin, Ireland. His father, Dr. Theobald Jennings, of Polaniran (Ironpool), Tuam, County Galway (see Soraca Jonin) was a prominent physician, and his mother was Lady Eleanor Saul of Dublin. In 1738 Dr. Jennings and Lady Eleanor left Ireland and settled in Tonnay-Charente in south-west France. In 1751, when Lady Eleanor became pregnant, she left France for Dublin in order that her child might be born in", "title": "Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine" }, { "id": "13171560", "score": "1.5545914", "text": "\"\"greatly increased; it is now hanging over his neck and shoulders, nearly as large as his head, from which circumstance he derives his appellative, \"the man with two heads.\"\" Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh (Donnchadh Ó Hámsaigh), known in English as Denis Hampsey, Denis Hampson or Denis Hempson (1695 – 5 or 11 November 1807), was an Irish harper. Ó hAmhsaigh was born in Craigmore, County Londonderry, in 1695. Both his parents were from the area around Magilligan, County Londonderry, where his father, Bryan Darrogher Ó hAmhsaigh \"held the whole town-land of Tyrcrevan; his mother's relations were in possession", "title": "Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh" }, { "id": "15791989", "score": "1.5509897", "text": "evidence from Registry of Deeds entry of an assignment dated 7 October 1762, mentioned in RSAI Journal in 1893 and from a reference to the RDS, written in 1915, refers to a Royal Dublin Society prize for life drawing in March 1746 was won by a 'Mr. Fombally', these all suggest that a Fombally or Fombely family resided in Dublin and were associated with this lane in the mid-18th century. In addition, records retrieved from the \"International Genealogical Index\" show a Charles, David, Ester, Jacques, Jean, Jeanne, Phillippe and Susanne Fonvielle all born or christened in Dublin at Peter St.", "title": "Fumbally Lane" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington\n\nArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and Tory statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain, serving twice as prime minister of the United Kingdom. He is among the commanders who won and ended the Napoleonic Wars when the coalition defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.\n\nWellesley was born in Dublin into the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. He was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive lords lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons. He was a colonel by 1796 and saw action in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, won a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy at the Battle of Assaye in 1803.\n\nWellesley rose to prominence as a general during the Peninsular campaign of the Napoleonic Wars, and was promoted to the rank of field marshal after leading the allied forces to victory against the French Empire at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. Following Napoleon's exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the allied army which, together with a Prussian Army under Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellington's battle record is exemplary; he ultimately participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career.\n\nWellington is famous for his adaptive defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest defensive commanders of all time, and many of his tactics and battle plans are still studied in military academies around the world. After the end of his active military career, he returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as a member of the Tory party from 1828 to 1830 and for a little less than a month in 1834. He oversaw the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. He continued as one of the leading figures in the House of Lords until his retirement and remained Commander-in-Chief of the British Army until his death.", "title": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington" }, { "id": "104457", "score": "1.5494962", "text": "Street, Dublin, now the Merrion Hotel. But his mother Anne, Countess of Mornington, recalled in 1815 that he had been born at 6 Merrion Street, Dublin. Other places have been put forward as the location of his birth, including Mornington House (the house next door on Upper Merrion), as his father had asserted; the Dublin packet boat; and the mansion in the family estate of Athy (consumed in the fires of 1916), as the Duke apparently put on his 1851 census return. He spent most of his childhood at his family's two homes, the first a large house in Dublin", "title": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington" }, { "id": "15354353", "score": "1.5392101", "text": "of what is grandest and most effective in [Calderon's] genius... to a degree which I had previously thought impossible. Nothing, I think, in the English language will give us so true an impression of what is most characteristic of the Spanish drama, and of Spanish poetry generally.\" Below are lists of his published works, some of which are available on-line at Project Gutenberg (see Online works below). Denis Florence MacCarthy Denis Florence MacCarthy (1817–1882) was an Irish poet, translator, and biographer, born in Lower O'Connell Street, Dublin. MacCarthy was born in Lower O'Connell Street, Dublin, on 26 May 1817, and", "title": "Denis Florence MacCarthy" }, { "id": "1802989", "score": "1.5349249", "text": "and revolutionary and was one of the commanders in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Valentine Lawless (1773–1853) the second Baron Cloncurry, was an Irish politician and landowner that had a summer residence in Blackrock called Maretimo. He is reputed to have played a part in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and 1803. Patrick Byrne (1783–1864) lived at 3 Waltham Terrace from 1855. He was an architect who built many Catholic churches in Dublin including the local Catholic parish church, St. John the Baptist. He also served as a vice president of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. James", "title": "Blackrock, Dublin" }, { "id": "13171551", "score": "1.5250936", "text": "Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh (Donnchadh Ó Hámsaigh), known in English as Denis Hampsey, Denis Hampson or Denis Hempson (1695 – 5 or 11 November 1807), was an Irish harper. Ó hAmhsaigh was born in Craigmore, County Londonderry, in 1695. Both his parents were from the area around Magilligan, County Londonderry, where his father, Bryan Darrogher Ó hAmhsaigh \"held the whole town-land of Tyrcrevan; his mother's relations were in possession of the wood-town (both considerable farms in Magilligan).\" He was raised here and it was also where his musical education began when: Ó hAmhsaigh began to play for himself", "title": "Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh" }, { "id": "12284587", "score": "1.5227709", "text": "identified: those who arrived when the surname was first recorded in Ireland in 1177, attached to an adventurer seeking swordlands in Ulster, known as Sir John de Courcy of Carrickfergus Castle, earl of Ulster. These Fitzsimons are now native to the east-central seaboard of Ulster, in Lecale, Ards and Down. In 1323, a junior member of the Fitzsymons' of Simonshide, Herefordshire, settled in Dublin. This family is thought to be distinct from the Ulster Fitzsimons. Settling in Dublin, and the north and south reaches of Dublin County, they expanded into Meath, Westmeath, King's and Queen's County of the central English", "title": "Fitzsimons" }, { "id": "14207344", "score": "1.5221008", "text": "whom Cuffe St. is named), who were relatives of the Aungiers, Lord Arran (son of the Duke of Ormonde), Lady Antrim and Lord Merrion and Lieutenant-general Archibald Hamilton, who fought at the Siege of Derry, in 1688. Sir John Jeffreyson, judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland), was buried here in 1700. William Molyneux resided just behind the church in Peter's Place. The novelist Charles Robert Maturin (1780–1824) was born in Dublin of a Huguenot family. In 1805 he became curate of St Peter's, where he remained until his death. The church was the parochial church of the family", "title": "St. Peter's Church, Aungier Street, Dublin" }, { "id": "5143018", "score": "1.5216985", "text": "ennobled as a \"conde\" (count), and granted a coat of arms. Alexander O'Reilly (Irish: Ó Raghallaigh) was born in Dublin in the Kingdom of Ireland in 1722. His grandfather John Reyly was a colonel in the army of James II, whose regiment—O’Reilly’s Dragoons—fought at the siege of Derry. The family was from Baltrasna, in County Meath. Like many so-called \"Wild Geese\" of his generation, O'Reilly left Ireland to serve in foreign, Catholic armies. He joined Spanish forces fighting in Italy against the Austrians. After campaigning in the Spanish invasion of Portugal, O'Reilly swore allegiance to Spain and rose to become", "title": "Alejandro O'Reilly, 1st Count of O'Reilly" }, { "id": "13385598", "score": "1.5198138", "text": "the result of what is usually described In Irish History as the Flight of the Wild Geese at the ends of the 17th century. Bernardo O'Connor Bernardo O'Connor y Ophaly, Spanish - Irish General, (Strasbourg, 1696–1780). First Count of Ofalia in 1776 by King Charles III of Spain in remembrance of the Baronetcy of Ophaly, County Kildare, Ireland, where his family came from. He was a military governor of Tortosa, Pamplona and Barcelona. He was also Captain General of Castilla la Vieja and Captain General of Granada. No family issue. The title was inherited by Felix Maria de Salabert O´Brien-O´Connor", "title": "Bernardo O'Connor" }, { "id": "1395026", "score": "1.5176536", "text": "in Dublin to the Earl of Mornington, head of a prominent Anglo-Irish family in Dublin; and in the 20th century Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord Alexander of Tunis, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson and Field Marshal Sir Garnet Wolseley. (see also Irish military diaspora). Frederick Matthew Darley emigrated to Australia, where he became Chief Justice of New South Wales. Prolific art music composers included Michael William Balfe, John Field, George Alexander Osborne, Thomas Roseingrave, Charles Villiers Stanford, John Andrew Stevenson, Robert Prescott Stewart, William Vincent Wallace, and Charles Wood. In the visual arts, sculptor John Henry Foley, art", "title": "Anglo-Irish people" }, { "id": "14074359", "score": "1.5167682", "text": "Charles Haliday Charles Haliday (1789–1866) was an Irish historian and antiquary who made significant contributions to the study of the history of Dublin, being particularly interested in the Scandinavian antiquities of the city. He was born in Carrick-on-Suir in County Tipperary in 1789. In 1812, after spending a short time in London as a clerk in Lubbock's Bank, he settled in Dublin and became a wealthy man trading in bark on Arran Quay — a business his late brother's father-in-law gave up to him. In 1832, when cholera first appeared in Dublin, he became a campaigner for improved living conditions", "title": "Charles Haliday" }, { "id": "2912774", "score": "1.5158916", "text": "Murchada, Ri of Leinster. Diarmait was at war with the Ard Rí, Ruari O'Conor and Tighernan O'Ruairc, Prince of Breffni who together had unseated him. After the Treaty of Windsor in 1175, through feudal land grants and intermarriage, the Cambro Norman knights came into possession of land in south and west Dublin. Family names associated with the area at this time included Mac Giolla Mocolmog (FitzDermot), O'Cathasaidhe, Fitzwilliam, Le Gros (Grace), O'Dualainghe, Tyrrell, O'Hennessy, O'Morchain, Dillon, O'Kelly, De Barneval (Barnewall), and Newcomyn (Newcomen). In 1307 the manor of Ballyfermot was held by William Fitzwilliam and his wife Avice, who leased", "title": "Ballyfermot" }, { "id": "13014192", "score": "1.5142238", "text": "of Ireland, especially in the southern part of County Wexford, where the first Norman settlements were established. Other Norman names, such as Furlong, predominate there. Another common Norman-Irish name was Morell (Murrell), derived from the French Norman name Morel. Names beginning with Fitz (from the Norman for son) indicate Norman ancestry. These included Fitzgerald, FitzGibbons (Gibbons) dynasty, Fitzmaurice. Families bearing such surnames as Barry (de Barra) and De Búrca (Burke) are also of Norman extraction. One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's", "title": "Normans" }, { "id": "11012483", "score": "1.5135446", "text": "counterattacked a large body of French troops spread out in marching order, capturing three thousand prisoners. The regiment was awarded the battle honour Salamanca. In the following year's campaign, the battalion saw service at the Battle of Vittoria, on 23 June 1813, where it led the 3rd Division's crossing of the River Zadara. The 83rd saw heavy fighting, with 35 dead and 78 wounded; after the battle, medals were awarded to two senior officers, the regiment was awarded the battle honour \"Vittoria\", and the commander of the 83rd's brigade personally gave a one-guinea bounty to a large number of men", "title": "83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot" }, { "id": "17552444", "score": "1.512824", "text": "the King of Spain. Dr. Curtis of Armagh, Dr. Murray Archbishop of Dublin, Dr. Kelley of Tuam, Archbishops Laffan, and Everard of Cashel were all alumni of Salamanca, the last four being fellow-students. Irish College at Salamanca The Irish College at Salamanca was founded by Rev. Thomas White, formerly of Clonmel, Ireland, in 1592 to house the students of that country who came to Salamanca due to the English persecution of the Catholics. The students resided at the College while attending lectures at the University of Salamanca. The religious persecution under Elizabeth and James I lead to the suppression of", "title": "Irish College at Salamanca" }, { "id": "2305060", "score": "1.5085821", "text": "in popular metres for a local audience. This was particularly the case in Munster, in the south-west of Ireland, and notable names included Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin and Aogán Ó Rathaille of Sliabh Luachra. A certain number of local patrons were still to be found, even in the early 19th century, and especially among the few surviving families of the Gaelic aristocracy. In the first half of the 18th century Dublin was the home of an Irish-language literary circle connected to the Ó Neachtain (Naughton) family, a group with wide-ranging Continental connections. With the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland", "title": "Postcolonial literature" } ]

[ "Louis Treize", "Louis Xiii of France", "louis xiii", "louis ii of navarre", "Louis Xiii", "louis xiii of france s", "louis 13th", "Louis the 13", "louis xiii of france", "Louis 13", "louis treize", "Louis XIII Bourbon", "louis xiii bourbon", "Louis XIII of France's", "Louis xiii", "Louis XIII of France", "King Louis XIII", "louis 13", "Louis Xiii Bourbon", "Louis 13th", "lewis xiii", "Louis the 13th", "Louis II of Navarre", "ludwig xiii", "Ludwig XIII", "king louis xiii", "Louis XIII", "Lewis XIII" ]

[ { "id": "642822", "score": "1.666038", "text": "a grand scale. The first phase of the expansion (c. 1661–1678) was designed and supervised by the architect Louis Le Vau. Initially he added two wings to the forecourt, one for servants quarters and kitchens, the other for stables. In 1668 he added three new wings built of stone, known as the \"envelope\", to the north, south and west (the garden side) of the original château. These buildings had nearly-flat roofs covered with lead. The king also commissioned the landscape designer André Le Nôtre to create the most magnificent gardens in Europe, embellished with fountains, statues, basins, canals, geometric flower", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "642828", "score": "1.6617582", "text": "almost all of his courtiers. After the death of Maria Theresa of Spain in 1683, Louis XIV undertook the enlargement and remodeling of the royal apartments in the original part of the palace, within the former hunting lodge built by his father. He instructed Mansart to begin the construction of the Royal Chapel of Versailles, which towered over the rest of the palace. Hardouin-Mansart died in 1708 and so the chapel was completed by his assistant Robert de Cotte in 1710. Louis XIV died in 1715, and the young new King, Louis XV, just five years old, and his government", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "16429244", "score": "1.6341", "text": "landscape architect André Le Nôtre, and painter-decorator Charles Lebrun began a detailed renovation and expansion of the château. This was done to fulfill Louis XIV's desire to establish a new centre for the royal court. Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, he began to gradually move the court to Versailles. The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682. By moving his court and government to Versailles, Louis XIV hoped to extract more control of the government from the nobility and to distance himself from the population of Paris. All the power of France emanated from this centre:", "title": "History of the Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "642871", "score": "1.6251074", "text": "\"Glory Holding the Medallion of Louis XV\", by Antoine Vassé; and \"Royal Magnanimity\" by Jacques Bousseau. The Royal Opera of Versailles was originally commissioned by Louis XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Louis XV with a new design by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1748, but this also was temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "20515134", "score": "1.6155934", "text": "Le Vau to construct an immense new palace at Versailles, to augment a smaller palace transformed from a hunting lodge by Louis XIII. This gradually became, over the decades, the master work of the Louis XIV style. Following the death of Le Vau in 1680, Jules Hardouin-Mansart took over the Versailles project; he broke away from the picturesque projections and dome and made a more sober and uniform facade of columns, with a flat roof topped by a balustrade and row of columns (1681). He used the same style to harmonize the other new buildings he created at Versailles, including", "title": "Style Louis XIV" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Palace of Versailles\n\nThe Palace of Versailles ( ; ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, under the direction of the French Ministry of Culture, by the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Some 15,000,000 people visit the palace, park, or gardens of Versailles every year, making it one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.\n\nLouis XIII built a simple hunting lodge on the site of the Palace of Versailles in 1623 and replaced it with a small château in 1631–34. Louis XIV expanded the château into a palace in several phases from 1661 to 1715. It was a favorite residence for both kings, and in 1682, Louis XIV moved the seat of his court and government to Versailles, making the palace the \"de facto\" capital of France. This state of affairs was continued by Kings Louis XV and Louis XVI, who primarily made interior alterations to the palace, but in 1789 the royal family and capital of France returned to Paris. For the rest of the French Revolution, the Palace of Versailles was largely abandoned and emptied of its contents, and the population of the surrounding city plummeted.\n\nNapoleon I, following his coronation, used Versailles as a summer residence from 1810 to 1814, but did not restore it. Following the Bourbon Restoration, when the king was returned to the throne, he resided in Paris and it was not until the 1830s that meaningful repairs were made to the palace. A museum of French history was installed within it, replacing the apartments of the southern wing.\n\nThe palace and park were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 for its importance as the center of power, art, and science in France during the 17th and 18th centuries. The French Ministry of Culture has placed the palace, its gardens, and some of its subsidiary structures on its list of culturally significant monuments.", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hall of Mirrors\n\nThe Hall of Mirrors () is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France. The grandiose ensemble of the hall and its adjoining salons was intended to illustrate the power of the absolutist monarch Louis XIV. Located on the first floor (\"piano nobile\") of the palace's central body, it faces west towards the Palace Gardens. The Hall of Mirrors has been the scene of events of great historic significance, including the Proclamation of the German Empire and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.", "title": "Hall of Mirrors" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tuileries Palace\n\nThe Tuileries Palace (, ) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine, directly in front of the Louvre. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henry IV to Napoleon III, until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871.\n\nBuilt in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres. Since the destruction of the Tuileries, the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden, forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper.", "title": "Tuileries Palace" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gardens of Versailles\n\nThe Gardens of Versailles ( ) occupy part of what was once the \"Domaine royal de Versailles\", the royal demesne of the château of Versailles. Situated to the west of the palace, the gardens cover some 800 hectares of land, much of which is landscaped in the classic French formal garden style perfected here by André Le Nôtre. Beyond the surrounding belt of woodland, the gardens are bordered by the urban areas of Versailles to the east and Le Chesnay to the north-east, by the National Arboretum de Chèvreloup to the north, the Versailles plain (a protected wildlife preserve) to the west, and by the Satory Forest to the south.\n\nAdministered by the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles, an autonomous public entity operating under the aegis of the French Ministry of Culture, the gardens are now one of the most visited public sites in France, receiving more than six million visitors a year.\n\nIn addition to the meticulous manicured lawns, parterres, and sculptures are the fountains, which are located throughout the garden. Dating from the time of Louis XIV and still using much of the same network of hydraulics as was used during the Ancien Régime, the fountains contribute to making the gardens of Versailles unique. On weekends from late spring to early autumn, the administration of the museum sponsors the \"Grandes Eaux\" – spectacles during which all the fountains in the gardens are in full play. Designed by André Le Nôtre, the Grand Canal is the masterpiece of the Gardens of Versailles. In the Gardens too, the Grand Trianon was built to provide Sun King with the retreat he wanted. The Petit Trianon is associated with Marie-Antoinette, who spent her time there with her closest relatives and friends.\n\nIn 1979, the gardens along with the château were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their cultural importance during the 17th and 18th centuries.", "title": "Gardens of Versailles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Louis XIV\n\nLouis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable. Although Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe, the King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Bossuet, Colbert, Le Brun, Le Nôtre, Lully, Mazarin, Molière, Racine, Turenne, and Vauban.\n\nLouis began his personal rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister, the Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralised state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France; by compelling many members of the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, he succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde during his minority. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchy in France that endured until the French Revolution. Louis also enforced uniformity of religion under the Gallican Catholic Church. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes abolished the rights of the Huguenot Protestant minority and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades, effectively forcing Huguenots to emigrate or convert, as well as virtually destroying the French Protestant community.\n\nDuring Louis's long reign, France emerged as the leading European power and regularly asserted its military strength. A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while during his reign, the kingdom took part in three major continental conflicts, each against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. In addition, France also contested shorter wars, such as the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare defined Louis's foreign policy and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by \"a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\", he sensed that war was the ideal way to enhance his glory. In peacetime, he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military. Upon his death in 1715, Louis XIV left his great-grandson and successor, Louis XV, a powerful kingdom, albeit in major debt after the War of the Spanish Succession that had waged on since 1701. \n\nSignificant achievements during his reign which would go on to have a wide influence on the early modern period well into the Industrial Revolution and until today, include the construction of the Canal du Midi, the patronage of artists, and the founding of the French Academy of Sciences. ", "title": "Louis XIV" }, { "id": "642830", "score": "1.6069534", "text": "built between 1769 and 1770. The new theater was completed in time for the celebration of the wedding of the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI, and Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria. He also made numerous additions and changes to the royal apartments, where he, the Queen, his daughters, and his heir lived. In 1738, Louis XV remodeled the king's \"petit appartement\" on the north side of the Cour de Marbre, originally the entrance court of the old château. He discreetly provided accommodations in another part of the palace for his famous mistresses, Madame de Pompadour and later Madame du Barry.", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "16429252", "score": "1.589813", "text": "and construction of the \"grands appartements\" is that the rooms of both apartments are of the same configuration and dimensions – a hitherto unprecedented feature in French palace design. It has been suggested that this parallel configuration was intentional as Louis XIV had intended to establish Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche as queen of Spain, and thus thereby establish a dual monarchy. Louis XIV's rationale for the joining of the two kingdoms was seen largely as recompense for Philip IV's failure to pay his daughter Marie-Thérèse's dowry, which was among the terms of capitulation to which Spain agreed with the promulgation of the", "title": "History of the Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "13911453", "score": "1.5804911", "text": "from Paris. It can be assumed that he replaced Nicolas Huau, the previous court architect who died in 1626. From 1631 he was employed in the creation of a small chateau replacing the existing hunting lodge. This phase of construction was completed in 1634. It was this small chateau of three wings around an open court that would eventually become the core of the great chateau at Versailles built by Louis XIV. Le Roy's original chateau was of a simple construction. Its walls were of cream coloured stone which framed stuccoed panels. These panels were painted to resemble bricks. The", "title": "Philibert Le Roy" }, { "id": "1648491", "score": "1.5779159", "text": "Paris known as \"Les Invalides\". Hardouin-Mansart served as Louis XIV's chief architect, first enlarging the royal château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, then at Versailles from 1675. He became the \"surintendant des Bâtiments du Roi\" (Superintendent of royal buildings). He designed all the extensions and rebuildings at Versailles for the King, including the north and south wings, the Royal Chapel (with Robert de Cotte, 1710), and the celebrated Hall of Mirrors decorated by Charles Le Brun, his collaborator. Outside the château proper, he built the Grand Trianon and the Orangerie, as well as subsidiary royal dwellings not far away, such as the Château", "title": "Jules Hardouin-Mansart" }, { "id": "642892", "score": "1.5776324", "text": "the construction of Versailles and the evolution of the role of the palace, construction costs were essentially a private matter. Initially, Versailles was planned to be an occasional residence for Louis XIV and was referred to as the \"king's house\". Accordingly, much of the early funding for construction came from the king's own purse, funded by revenues received from his \"appanage\" as well as revenues from the province of New France (Canada), which, while part of France, was a private possession of the king and therefore exempt from the control of the Parliaments. Once Louis XIV embarked on his building", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "16429255", "score": "1.5756655", "text": "only with the interior decoration of the new additions of the palace, but also collaborated with Le Nôtre's in landscaping the palace gardens. As symbol of France's new prominence as a European super-power, Louis XIV officially installed his court at Versailles in May 1682. Soon after the crushing defeat of the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697) and owing possibly to the pious influence of Madame de Maintenon, Louis XIV undertook his last building campaign at Versailles. The fourth building campaign (1699–1710) concentrated almost exclusively on construction of the royal chapel designed by Hardouin-Mansart and finished by Robert de", "title": "History of the Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "642821", "score": "1.5752362", "text": "The gardens and park were also enlarged, laid out by Jacques Boyceau and his nephew, Jacques de Menours (1591–1637), and reached essentially the size they have today. Louis XIV first visited the château on a hunting trip in 1651 at the age of twelve, but returned only occasionally until his marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain in 1660 and the death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661, after which he suddenly acquired a passion for the site. He decided to rebuild, embellish and enlarge the château and to transform it into a setting for both rest and for elaborate entertainments on", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "448825", "score": "1.5708289", "text": "1661, when Louis XIV commenced his personal reign, that the young king showed interest in Versailles. The idea of leaving Paris, where, as a child, he had experienced first-hand the insurrection of the Fronde, had never left him. Louis XIV commissioned his architect Le Vau and his landscape architect Le Nôtre to transform the castle of his father, as well as the park, in order to accommodate the court. In 1678, after the Treaty of Nijmegen, the king decided that the court and the government would be established permanently in Versailles, which happened on 6 May 1682. At the same", "title": "Versailles, Yvelines" }, { "id": "642823", "score": "1.5666018", "text": "beds and groves of trees. He also added two grottos in the Italian style and an immense orangerie to house fruit trees, as well as a zoo with a central pavilion for exotic animals. After Le Vau's death in 1670, the work was taken over and completed by his assistant François d'Orbay. The main floor (above the ground floor) of the new palace contained two symmetrical sets of apartments, one for the king and the other for the queen, looking over the gardens. The two apartments were separated by a marble terrace, overlooking the garden, with a fountain in the", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "642829", "score": "1.5656241", "text": "were moved temporarily from Versailles to Paris under the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. In 1722, when the King came of age, he moved his residence and the government back to Versailles, where it remained until the French Revolution in 1789. Louis XV remained faithful to the original plan of his great-grandfather, and made few changes to the exteriors of Versailles. His main contributions were the construction of the Salon of Hercules, which connected the main building of the Palace with the north wing and the chapel (1724–36); and the royal opera theater, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and", "title": "Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "3636227", "score": "1.5624664", "text": "Louis XIII in initial planning for an expansion of the hunting lodge at Versailles, a project which was only realized by other architects, notably Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, under the guidance of Louis XIV. One of his last commissions was the design of the Church of Saint-Roch, where the cornerstone was laid by Louis XIV in 1653. With a length of m. it is one of the largest churches of Paris. the deep choir emphasizes the extent of the interior, scarcely interrupted by the discreet low dome over the crossing, which is hidden on the exterior beneath the", "title": "Jacques Lemercier" }, { "id": "5802093", "score": "1.559438", "text": "danced; wandering revelers discovered hidden grottos in the gardens. The initial impetus for this transformation of Versailles is generally linked to the private château Vaux-le-Vicomte built for Louis XIV's minister of Finance Nicolas Fouquet. Having offered a lavish festival for the king in the newly finished residence in 1661 (Le Brun, Le Vau, Le Nôtre, the poet La Fontaine, the playwright Molière were all under Fouquet's patronage), the minister was accused of misappropriation of funds and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The architects and artists under his patronage were all put to work on Versailles. In this period, Louis' minister", "title": "17th-century French art" }, { "id": "2759365", "score": "1.5561241", "text": "de France), the church of St. Sulpice, and Hôtel Lambert, on the Île Saint-Louis, Paris. Notes Bibliography Louis Le Vau Louis Le Vau (1612 – 11 October 1670) was a French Classical Baroque architect, who worked for Louis XIV of France. He was born and died in Paris. He was responsible, with André Le Nôtre and Charles Le Brun, for the redesign of the château of Vaux-le-Vicomte. His later works included the Palace of Versailles and his collaboration with Claude Perrault on the \"Palais du Louvre\". Le Vau also designed two mirroring additions across the Parterre to the evergrowing Château", "title": "Louis Le Vau" }, { "id": "16429256", "score": "1.5550349", "text": "Cotte and his team of decorative designers. There were also some modifications in the \"appartement du roi\", namely the construction of the \"Salon de l’Œil de Bœuf\" and the King's Bedchamber. With the completion of the chapel in 1710, virtually all construction at Versailles ceased; building would not be resumed at Versailles until some twenty one years later during the reign of Louis XV. After the death of the Louis XIV in 1715, the five-year-old king Louis XV, the court, and the \"Régence\" government of Philippe d’Orléans returned to Paris. In May 1717, during his visit to France, the Russian", "title": "History of the Palace of Versailles" }, { "id": "245785", "score": "1.5524297", "text": "Work\". Over the course of four building campaigns, Louis converted a hunting lodge built by Louis XIII into the spectacular Palace of Versailles. With the exception of the current Royal Chapel (built near the end of Louis' reign), the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign, which was followed by an official move of the royal court to Versailles on 6 May 1682. Versailles became a dazzling, awe-inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries. At Versailles, the king alone commanded attention. Several reasons have been suggested for the creation of the", "title": "Louis XIV of France" } ]

[ "cuban news agency", "cuba", "Cuba", "subdivisions of cuba", "Name of Cuba", "cuba island", "Cuban News Agency", "Republic of Cuba", "República de Cuba", "red cuba", "name of cuba", "People's Republic of Cuba", "ISO 3166-1:CU", "Administrative divisions of Cuba", "Red Cuba", "Second Republic of Cuba", "CUBA", "Isla Juana", "communist cuba", "republica de cuba", "Republica de Cuba", "prehistory of cuba", "iso 3166 1 cu", "republic of cuba", "people s republic of cuba", "república de cuba", "Etymology of Cuba", "administrative divisions of cuba", "isla juana", "Cuba (island)", "second republic of cuba", "etymology of cuba", "Communist Cuba", "The Republic of Cuba", "Prehistory of Cuba", "Subdivisions of Cuba" ]

[ { "id": "1550864", "score": "1.8491898", "text": "by non-Cuban North Americans. Between 1906 and 1909, 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island, and returned in 1912, 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs, sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government. In March 1952, a Cuban general and politician, Fulgencio Batista, seized power on the island, proclaimed himself president and deposed the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico. Batista canceled the planned presidential elections, and described his new system as \"disciplined democracy\". Although Batista gained some popular support, many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one-man dictatorship. Many opponents of", "title": "Bay of Pigs Invasion" }, { "id": "604478", "score": "1.8439108", "text": "Agüero the winner. On December 11, 1958, U.S. Ambassador Earl Smith visited Batista at his hacienda, \"Kuquine\". There, Smith informed him that the United States could no longer support his government. Batista asked if he could go to his house in Daytona Beach. The ambassador denied the request and suggested that he seek asylum in Spain instead. On December 31, 1958, at a New Year's Eve party, Batista told his cabinet and top officials that he was leaving the country. After seven years, Batista knew his presidency was over, and he fled the island in the early morning. At 3:00", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604439", "score": "1.8408691", "text": "Fulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1945, and the U.S.-backed authoritarian ruler from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants, which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces, with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member \"pentarchy\" that functioned as the collective head of state. He maintained", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604484", "score": "1.8083099", "text": "the Communist \"reds\"), because of the green uniforms his soldiers wore. in Cuban post-revolution books, documentaries and movies Batista's troops were are also referred as the \"helmets\" or \"casquitos\" (in Spanish), because of the helmets they used. Fulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1945, and the U.S.-backed authoritarian ruler from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants, which overthrew the provisional government", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "16530587", "score": "1.803139", "text": "Havana in Cuba in January 1, 1959 in the Cuban Revolution, shortly before Betancourt took office on the 13th of February. He was considered a reformist compared with the unscrupulous dictator Fulgencio Batista, a man who as a sergeant had carried out his first coup in Cuba back in 1933. The first sign that Castro was different from all the caudillos that Latin America had ever had, was that he ordered the public executions of over a hundred Batista army men and policemen, although he himself had benefited by a pardon from Batista when he had tried to take over", "title": "Second presidency of Rómulo Betancourt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cuban Revolution\n\nThe Cuban Revolution () was a military and political effort to overthrow the government of Cuba between 1953 and 1959. It began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in court, Fidel Castro organized an armed attack on the Cuban military's Moncada Barracks. The rebels were arrested and while in prison formed the 26th of July Movement. After gaining amnesty the M-26-7 rebels organized an expedition from Mexico on the Granma yacht to invade Cuba. In the following years the M-26-7 rebel army would slowly defeat the Cuban army in the countryside, while its urban wing would engage in sabotage and rebel army recruitment. Over time the originally critical and ambivalent Popular Socialist Party would come to support the 26th of July Movement in late 1958. By the time the rebels were to oust Batista the revolution was being driven by the Popular Socialist Party, 26th of July Movement, and the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil.\n\nThe rebels finally ousted Batista on 31 December 1958, replacing his government. 26 July 1953 is celebrated in Cuba as (from Spanish: \"Day of the Revolution\"). The 26th of July Movement later reformed along Marxist–Leninist lines, becoming the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.\n\nThe Cuban Revolution had powerful domestic and international repercussions. In particular, it transformed Cuba–United States relations, although efforts to improve diplomatic relations, such as the Cuban thaw, gained momentum during the 2010s.", "title": "Cuban Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Fidel Castro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Political career of Fidel Castro\n\nThe political career of Fidel Castro saw Cuba undergo significant economic, political, and social changes. In the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro and an associated group of revolutionaries toppled the ruling government of Fulgencio Batista, forcing Batista out of power on 1 January 1959. Castro, who had already been an important figure in Cuban society, went on to serve as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976. He was also the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the communist state, from 1961 to 2011. In 1976, Castro officially became President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers. He retained the title until 2008, when the presidency was transferred to his brother, Raúl Castro. Fidel Castro remained the first secretary of the Communist Party until 2011.\n\nFidel Castro's government was officially atheist from 1962 until 1992. Cuba attained international prominence under Fidel Castro's rule, for reasons including his staunch belief in communism, his criticisms of other international figures, and the economic and social changes that were initiated. Castro's Cuba became a key element within the Cold War struggle between the United States and its allies versus the Soviet Union and its allies. Castro's desire to take the offensive against capitalism and spread communist revolution ultimately led to the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (\"Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias\" – FAR) fighting in Africa. His aim was to create many Vietnams, reasoning that American troops bogged down throughout the world could not fight any single insurgency effectively. An estimated 7,000–11,000 Cubans died in conflicts in Africa.\n\nCastro died of natural causes in late 2016 at Havana. Castro's ideas continue to be the primary foundation and manner in which the Cuban government functions to this day.", "title": "Political career of Fidel Castro" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)\n\nThe Republic of Cuba, covering the historical period in Cuban history between 1902 and 1959, was an island country comprised the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. It was located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. The period began in 1902 following the end of its first U.S. military occupation years after Cuba declared independence in 1898 from the Spanish Empire. This era included various changing governments and US military occupations, and ended with the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. During this period, the United States exerted great influence on Cuban politics, notably through the Platt Amendment. The post-1959 revolutionary communist government refers to this republic as the Neocolonial Republic while the Cuban exiles also refer to this period as Free Cuba as opposed to the present communist rule in the country. \n\nThe governments of Cuba between independence from Spain and the Revolution have been regarded as client states of the United States. From 1902 to 1932 Cuban and United States law included the Platt Amendment, which guaranteed the US right to intervene in Cuba and placed restrictions on Cuban foreign relations. In 1934, Cuba and the United States signed the Treaty of Relations in which Cuba was obligated to give preferential treatment of its economy to the United States, in exchange the United States gave Cuba a guaranteed 22 percent share of the US sugar market that later was amended to a 49 percent share in 1949. \n\nThe country continued to use the 1940 Constitution until the new constitution was promulgated in 1976.", "title": "Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)" }, { "id": "604467", "score": "1.7848685", "text": "people, and we failed to press for free elections. On July 26, 1953, just over a year after Batista's second coup, a small group of revolutionaries attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago. Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders, while many others fled the country. The primary leader of the attack, Fidel Castro, was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled 1952 elections. Although Castro was never officially nominated, he felt that Batista's coup had sidetracked what would have been a promising political career for him. In the wake of the Moncada assault,", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "3860508", "score": "1.7762445", "text": "apparatus from 1964-1968. A Soviet reorganization of the DGI forced Piñeiro out of his position and he was then placed in charge of the DGI's Latin American affairs division. Piñeiro participated in student protests or demonstrations against the 10 March 1952 \"coup d'état\", which brought to power dictator Fulgencio Batista. In September 1953, his relatively prosperous family (he was the son of a Bacardí executive) sent him to study business management at Columbia University in New York, to take him away from the political turmoil of the time. While studying in the US, he began to oppose the social, racial", "title": "Manuel Piñeiro" }, { "id": "604440", "score": "1.7665932", "text": "this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940, when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform. He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944. After finishing his term he lived in Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that preempted the election. Back in power, and receiving financial, military, and logistical support from the United States government, Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties, including the right to strike. He", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604453", "score": "1.7634996", "text": "Batista again ran for president. In a three-way race, Roberto Agramonte of the Orthodox Party led in all the polls, followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party. Batista's United Action coalition was running a distant third. On March 10, 1952, three months before the elections, Batista, with army backing, staged a coup and seized power. He ousted outgoing President Carlos Prío Socarrás, canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president. The United States recognized his government on March 27. When asked by the U.S. government to analyze Batista's Cuba, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. said", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604452", "score": "1.7630465", "text": "children were born in the United States. For the next eight years, Batista remained in the background, spending time in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City and a home in Daytona Beach, Florida. He continued to participate in Cuban politics, and was elected to the Cuban Senate \"in absentia\" in 1948. Returning to Cuba, he decided to run for president and received permission from President Grau, whereupon he formed the United Action Party. On taking power he founded the Progressive Action Party, but he never regained his former popular support, though the unions supported him until the end. In 1952,", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604466", "score": "1.7619116", "text": "with the U.S. government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him: Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years ... and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete police state—destroying every individual liberty. Yet our aid to his regime, and the ineptness of our policies, enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror. Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands, destroying the last vestiges of freedom, and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "1932968", "score": "1.7581599", "text": "a period of U.S. military occupation. Fulgencio Batista, a former soldier who had served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, became president for the second time in 1952, after seizing power in a military coup and canceling the 1952 elections. Although Batista had been relatively progressive during his first term, in the 1950s he proved far more dictatorial and indifferent to popular concerns. While Cuba remained plagued by high unemployment and limited water infrastructure, Batista antagonized the population by forming lucrative links to organized crime and allowing American companies to dominate the Cuban economy, especially sugar-cane", "title": "Cuban Revolution" }, { "id": "604480", "score": "1.7564014", "text": "government spread through Havana, \"The New York Times\" described jubilant crowds pouring into the streets and automobile horns honking. The black and red flag of July 26 Movement waved on cars and buildings. The atmosphere was chaotic. On January 8, 1959, Castro and his army rolled victoriously into Havana. Already denied entry to the United States, Batista sought asylum in Mexico, which also refused him. Portugal's leader António Salazar allowed him to settle there on the condition that he completely abstain from politics. By the end of Batista's rule, later described by U.S. President Kennedy as \"one of the most", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604443", "score": "1.7553673", "text": "the Battle of Santa Clara on New Year's Day 1959. Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic, where strongman and previous military ally Rafael Trujillo held power. Batista eventually found political asylum in Oliveira Salazar's Portugal, where he first lived on the island of Madeira and then in Estoril, outside Lisbon. He was involved in business activities in Spain and was staying there in Guadalmina near Marbella at the time of his death from a heart attack on August 6, 1973. Batista was born in the town of Veguita, located in the municipality", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "2960270", "score": "1.7538297", "text": "rulers. However, after a series of failed puppet presidents Batista himself became president from 1940–1944. Batista's first term as president went peacefully and saw large amounts of economic growth due to public works programs he implemented. After his term as president Batista moved to Florida where he lived until he decided to come back to Cuba run for president in 1952. But, just three months before election day, a military coup put Batista back in power. He justified this coup by claiming the sitting president was planning his own coup in order to remain in power. The Batista dictatorship lasted", "title": "Cold War (1953–1962)" }, { "id": "604475", "score": "1.7471098", "text": "the guerrillas. In 1958, 45 organizations signed an open letter supporting July 26 Movement, among them national bodies representing lawyers, architects, dentists, accountants, and social workers. Castro, who had originally relied on the support of the poor, was now gaining the backing of the influential middle classes. The United States supplied Batista with planes, ships, tanks and the latest technology, such as napalm, which he used against the insurgency. However, in March 1958, the U.S. announced it would stop selling arms to the Cuban government. Soon after, the U.S. imposed an arms embargo, further weakening the government's position, although land", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "2666308", "score": "1.745671", "text": "1959, the Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro who subsequently installed a Marxist–Leninist government. When the U.S. refused to trade with Cuba, Cuba allied with the Soviet Union who imported Cuban sugar, Cuba's main export. The government installed by Fidel Castro has been in power ever since. In 2016, the U.S. eased trade and travel restrictions against Cuba. United Airlines submitted a formal application to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for authority to provide service from four of its largest U.S. gateway cities – Newark/New York, Houston, Washington, D.C. and Chicago – to Havana's", "title": "51st state" }, { "id": "4454811", "score": "1.7408323", "text": "several other contemporary records were: \"El juego de la vida\", \"El 5 y 6\", \"El ajiaco\", \"El niño majadero\", \"Ramoncito campeón\" and \"El tíbiri tábara\". On March 10, 1952, Fulgencio Batista organized a successful coup d'état and took control of the island's government. Santos, known for his Puerto Rican independentist preferences, was never in the good graces of the dictator. He made his nationalistic and democratic views well known throughout Latin America. As many people during those days, he viewed Fidel Castro's fight against Batista very favorably. In 1958, forbidden by Batista from returning to the island, he composed the", "title": "Daniel Santos (singer)" }, { "id": "604449", "score": "1.7394347", "text": "Brú ruled from December 1936 to October 1940. Batista, supported by the Democratic Socialist Coalition which included Julio Antonio Mella's Communist Party, defeated Grau in the first presidential election under the new Cuban constitution in the 1940 election, and served a four-year term as President of Cuba, the first and to this day only, non-white Cuban in that office. Although Batista supported capitalism and admired the United States, he was endorsed by the old Communist Party of Cuba, which at the time had little significance and no chance of an electoral victory. This support was primarily due to Batista's labor", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" }, { "id": "604479", "score": "1.7378322", "text": "a.m. on January 1, 1959, Batista boarded a plane at Camp Columbia with 40 of his supporters and immediate family members and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. A second plane flew out of Havana later in the night, carrying ministers, officers and the Governor of Havana. Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $300 million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs. Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $700 million in fine art and cash with them as they fled into exile. As news of the fall of Batista's", "title": "Fulgencio Batista" } ]

[ "Herpes zoster", "Shingles", "inflammatory skin lesions following zoster infection", "shingles", "Inflammatory skin lesions following zoster infection", "Zoster sine herpete", "zoster sine herpete", "Herpes Zoster", "Trigeminal zoster", "Disseminated herpes zoster", "trigeminal zoster", "The shingles", "disseminated herpes zoster", "mandibular zoster", "disseminated shingles", "herpes zoster", "Mandibular zoster", "Isotopic response", "isotopic response", "zoster", "Disseminated shingles", "Zoster" ]

[ { "id": "2561895", "score": "1.6476457", "text": "The family name of all the herpesviridae derives from the Greek word \"herpein\" (\"to creep\"), referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. \"Zoster\" comes from Greek \"zōstēr\", meaning \"belt\" or \"girdle\", after the characteristic belt-like dermatomal rash. The common name for the disease, \"shingles\", derives from the Latin \"cingulus\", a variant of Latin \"cingulum\" meaning \"girdle\". In Arabic its name means \"belt of fire\", while in Spanish it means \"small snake\"; in Hindi it means \"big rash\" and in Norwegian its name is \"helvetesild\", literally \"hell's fire\". Until the mid 1990s, infectious complications of the", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561870", "score": "1.4234228", "text": "to it. Besides the skin, other organs, such as the liver or brain, may also be affected (causing hepatitis or encephalitis respectively), making the condition potentially lethal. The causative agent for shingles is the varicella zoster virus (VZV) – a double-stranded DNA virus related to the Herpes simplex virus. Most individuals are infected with this virus as children which causes an episode of chickenpox. The immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant (or latent) in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord (called the dorsal root ganglion) or the trigeminal ganglion in the base", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561859", "score": "1.408963", "text": "Shingles Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide stripe either on the left or right side of the body or face. Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or local pain in the area. Otherwise there are typically few symptoms though some may have fever, headache, or feel tired. The rash usually heals within two to four weeks; however, some people develop ongoing nerve pain which can last for months or years,", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "5942325", "score": "1.3872805", "text": "material in the United States. Shingle is a corruption of German schindle (schindel) meaning a roofing slate. Shingles historically were called tiles and shingle was a term applied to wood shingles, as is still mostly the case outside the US. Shingles are laid in \"courses\" usually with each shingle \"offset\" from its neighbors. The first course is the \"starter course\" and the last being a \"ridge course\" or \"ridge slates\" for a slate roof. The ridge is often covered with a \"ridge cap\", \"board\", \"piece\", or \"roll\" sometimes with a special \"ridge vent\" material. Roof shingles are almost always highly", "title": "Roof shingle" }, { "id": "2561860", "score": "1.3591577", "text": "a condition called postherpetic neuralgia. In those with poor immune function the rash may occur widely. If the rash involves the eye, vision loss may occur. Shingles is due to a reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) within a person's body. The disease chickenpox is caused by the initial infection with VZV. Once chickenpox has resolved, the virus may remain inactive in nerve cells. When it reactivates, it travels from the nerve body to the endings in the skin, producing blisters. Risk factors for reactivation include old age, poor immune function, and having had chickenpox before 18 months of age.", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shingles\n\nShingles, also known as zoster or herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide mark either on the left or right side of the body or face. Otherwise, there are typically few symptoms though some people may have fever or headache, or feel tired. however, some people develop ongoing nerve pain which can last for months or years, a condition called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).\n\nShingles is caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV) that also causes chickenpox. In the case of chickenpox, also called varicella, the initial infection with the virus typically occurs during childhood or adolescence. for years or decades, How the virus remains dormant in the body or subsequently re-activates is not well understood.<ref name=Pink2015/>\n\nThe disease has been recognized since ancient times. Risk factors for reactivation of the dormant virus include old age, poor immune function, and having contracted chickenpox before 18 months of age.<ref name=Pink2015/> Diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms presented.<ref name=NEJM2013/> \"Varicella zoster virus\" is not the same as \"herpes simplex virus\", although they belong to the same family of herpesviruses.<ref name=CDC2014Over/>\n\nShingles vaccines reduce the risk of shingles by 50% to 90%, depending on the vaccine used. Vaccination also decreases rates of postherpetic neuralgia, and, if shingles occurs, its severity. Evidence does not show a significant effect of antivirals or steroids on rates of postherpetic neuralgia. Paracetamol, NSAIDs, or opioids may be used to help with acute pain.<ref name=NEJM2013/>\n\nIt is estimated that about a third of people develop shingles at some point in their lives. According to the US National Institutes of Health, the number of new cases per year ranges from 1.2 to 3.4 per 1,000 person-years among healthy individuals to 3.9 to 11.8 per 1,000 person-years among those older than 65 years of age. About half of those living to age 85 will have at least one attack, and fewer than 5% will have more than one attack. Although symptoms can be severe, risk of death is very low: 0.28 to 0.69 deaths per million.<ref name=\"pmid35340552\" />", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wood shingle\n\nWood shingles are thin, tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather. Historically shingles, also known as shakes, were split from straight grained, knot free \"bolts\" of wood. Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes, which are made by being split out of a bolt.\n\nWooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies (for example in the Cape-Cod-style house), while in central and southern Europe at the same time, thatch, slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials. In rural Scandinavia, wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s. Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past.\n\nDistinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size, shape, and application method. Special treatments such as swept valleys, combed ridges, decorative butt ends, and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building. Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance, with unique roof details and contours.", "title": "Wood shingle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Roof shingle\n\nRoof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements. These elements are typically flat, rectangular shapes laid in courses from the bottom edge of the roof up, with each successive course overlapping the joints below. Shingles are held by the roof rafters and are made of various materials such as wood, slate, flagstone, metal, plastic, and composite materials such as fibre cement and asphalt shingles. Ceramic roof tiles, which still dominate in Europe and some parts of Asia, are still usually called tiles. Roof shingles may deteriorate faster and need to repel more water than wall shingles. They are a very common roofing material in the United States.", "title": "Roof shingle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Varicella zoster virus\n\nVaricella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3, HHV3) or Human alphaherpesvirus 3 (taxonomically), is one of nine known herpes viruses that can infect humans. It causes chickenpox (varicella) commonly affecting children and young adults, and shingles (herpes zoster) in adults but rarely in children. VZV infections are species-specific to humans. The virus can survive in external environments for a few hours.\n\nVZV multiplies in the tonsils, and causes a wide variety of symptoms. Similar to the herpes simplex viruses, after primary infection with VZV (chickenpox), the virus lies dormant in neurons, including the cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia. Many years after the person has recovered from initial chickenpox infection, VZV can \"reactivate\" to cause shingles.", "title": "Varicella zoster virus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Zoster (disambiguation)" }, { "id": "2561891", "score": "1.3501943", "text": "ergotism, and erysipelas. In the late 18th century William Heberden established a way to differentiate between shingles and smallpox, and in the late 19th century shingles was differentiated from erysipelas. In 1831 Richard Bright hypothesized that the disease arose from the dorsal root ganglion, and an 1861 paper by Felix von Bärensprung confirmed this. The first indications that chickenpox and shingles were caused by the same virus were noticed at the beginning of the 20th century. Physicians began to report that cases of shingles were often followed by chickenpox in the younger people who lived with the person with shingles.", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561901", "score": "1.3451737", "text": "of these herpes virus conditions was limited to severe cases. DNA techniques have made it possible to diagnose \"mild\" cases, caused by VZV or HSV, in which the symptoms include fever, headache, and altered mental status. Mortality rates in treated patients are decreasing. Shingles Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide stripe either on the left or right side of the body or face. Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561865", "score": "1.3448495", "text": "the first appearance of hives; however, unlike hives, shingles causes skin changes limited to a dermatome, normally resulting in a stripe or belt-like pattern that is limited to one side of the body and does not cross the midline. \"Zoster sine herpete\" (\"zoster without herpes\") describes a person who has all of the symptoms of shingles except this characteristic rash. Later the rash becomes vesicular, forming small blisters filled with a serous exudate, as the fever and general malaise continue. The painful vesicles eventually become cloudy or darkened as they fill with blood, and crust over within seven to ten", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561861", "score": "1.3374366", "text": "How the virus remains in the body or subsequently re-activates is not well understood. Exposure to the virus in the blisters can cause chickenpox in someone who has not had it, but will not trigger shingles. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms. Varicella zoster virus is not the same as herpes simplex virus; however, they belong to the same family of viruses. The shingles vaccine reduces the risk of shingles by 50 to 90%, depending on the vaccine used. It also decreases rates of postherpetic neuralgia, and if shingles occurs, its severity. If shingles develops, antiviral", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561873", "score": "1.3345017", "text": "understood, but shingles is more likely to occur in people whose immune systems are impaired due to aging, immunosuppressive therapy, psychological stress, or other factors. Upon reactivation, the virus replicates in neuronal cell bodies, and virions are shed from the cells and carried down the axons to the area of skin innervated by that ganglion. In the skin, the virus causes local inflammation and blistering. The short- and long-term pain caused by shingles outbreaks originates from inflammation of affected nerves due to the widespread growth of the virus in those areas. As with chickenpox and/or other forms of herpes, direct", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561866", "score": "1.3333268", "text": "days; usually the crusts fall off and the skin heals, but sometimes, after severe blistering, scarring and discolored skin remain. Shingles may have additional symptoms, depending on the dermatome involved. The trigeminal nerve is the most commonly involved nerve, of which the ophthalmic division is the most commonly involved branch. When the virus is reactivated in this nerve branch it is termed \"zoster ophthalmicus\". The skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and orbit of the eye may be involved. Zoster ophthalmicus occurs in approximately 10% to 25% of cases. In some people, symptoms may include conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and optic", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561868", "score": "1.3226478", "text": "or gums of the lower teeth) respectively. Oral involvement may occur alone or in combination with a rash on the skin over the cutaneous distribution of the same trigeminal branch. As with shingles of the skin, the lesions tend to only involve one side, distinguishing it from other oral blistering conditions. In the mouth, shingles appears initially as 1–4 mm opaque blisters (vesicles), which break down quickly to leave ulcers that heal within 10–14 days. The prodromal pain (before the rash) may be confused with toothache. Sometimes this leads to unnecessary dental treatment. Post herpetic neuralgia uncommonly is associated with", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "12317655", "score": "1.319452", "text": "keeps the virus at bay, but later in life, usually in an adult, it can be reactivated and cause a different form of the viral infection called shingles (also known as herpes zoster). The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) suggests that every adult over the age of 50 years get the \"herpes zoster\" vaccine. Shingles affects one in five adults infected with chickenpox as children, especially those who are immune-suppressed, particularly from cancer, HIV, or other conditions. Stress can bring on shingles as well, although scientists are still researching the connection. Shingles are most commonly found in", "title": "Chickenpox" }, { "id": "5942324", "score": "1.3131229", "text": "Roof shingle Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements. These elements are typically flat, rectangular shapes laid in courses from the bottom edge of the roof up, with each successive course overlapping the joints below. Shingles are made of various materials such as wood, slate, flagstone, metal, plastic, and composite materials such as fibre cement and asphalt shingles. Ceramic roof tiles, which still dominate in Europe and some parts of Asia, are still usually called tiles. Roof shingles may deteriorate faster and need to repel more water than wall shingles. They are a very common roofing", "title": "Roof shingle" }, { "id": "2561877", "score": "1.312572", "text": "crusted over or via the airborne route over long distances (>3 feet). The risk of airborne transmission is increased in people with disseminated (widespread) herpes zoster or who have localized herpes zoster but have a weakened immune system. Therefore, individuals hospitalized for disseminated herpes zoster infections or who have localized herpes zoster but an increased risk of disseminated herpes zoster due a weakened immune system should be placed on airborne and contact precautions to minimize the risk of transmitting the virus to susceptible individuals. There are several shingles vaccines that reduce the risk of developing shingles or developing severe shingles", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561874", "score": "1.3061538", "text": "contact with an active rash can spread VZV to a person who has no immunity to the virus. This newly infected individual may then develop chickenpox, but will not immediately develop shingles. If the rash has appeared, identifying this disease (making a differential diagnosis) requires only a visual examination, since very few diseases produce a rash in a dermatomal pattern (see map). However, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can occasionally produce a rash in such a pattern (zosteriform herpes simplex). The Tzanck smear is helpful for diagnosing acute infection with a herpes virus, but does not distinguish between HSV and VZV.", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "8800414", "score": "1.2980984", "text": "Solar shingle Solar shingles, also called photovoltaic shingles, are solar panels designed to look like and function as conventional roofing materials, such as asphalt shingle or slate, while also producing electricity. Solar shingles are a type of solar energy solution known as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). There are several varieties of solar shingles, including shingle-sized solid panels that take the place of a number of conventional shingles in a strip, semi-rigid designs containing several silicon solar cells that are sized more like conventional shingles, and newer systems using various thin-film solar cell technologies that match conventional shingles both in size and", "title": "Solar shingle" }, { "id": "2561890", "score": "1.291918", "text": "that 26% of those who contract shingles eventually present complications. Postherpetic neuralgia arises in approximately 20% of people with shingles. A study of 1994 California data found hospitalization rates of 2.1 per 100,000 person-years, rising to 9.3 per 100,000 person-years for ages 60 and up. An earlier Connecticut study found a higher hospitalization rate; the difference may be due to the prevalence of HIV in the earlier study, or to the introduction of antivirals in California before 1994. Shingles has a long recorded history, although historical accounts fail to distinguish the blistering caused by VZV and those caused by smallpox,", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561875", "score": "1.28634", "text": "When the rash is absent (early or late in the disease, or in the case of zoster sine herpete), shingles can be difficult to diagnose. Apart from the rash, most symptoms can occur also in other conditions. Laboratory tests are available to diagnose shingles. The most popular test detects VZV-specific IgM antibody in blood; this appears only during chickenpox or shingles and not while the virus is dormant. In larger laboratories, lymph collected from a blister is tested by polymerase chain reaction for VZV DNA, or examined with an electron microscope for virus particles. Molecular biology tests based on in", "title": "Shingles" }, { "id": "2561892", "score": "1.2831864", "text": "The idea of an association between the two diseases gained strength when it was shown that lymph from a person with shingles could induce chickenpox in young volunteers. This was finally proved by the first isolation of the virus in cell cultures, by the Nobel laureate Thomas Huckle Weller, in 1953. Until the 1940s the disease was considered benign, and serious complications were thought to be very rare. However, by 1942, it was recognized that shingles was a more serious disease in adults than in children, and that it increased in frequency with advancing age. Further studies during the 1950s", "title": "Shingles" } ]

[ "Polly", "polly" ]

[ { "id": "154381", "score": "1.9726503", "text": "Fawlty Towers Fawlty Towers is a British television sitcom broadcast on BBC2 in 1975 and 1979. Just two series of six episodes were made. The show was created and written by John Cleese and Connie Booth, who also starred in the show and were married at the time of the first series, but divorced before recording the second series. The show was ranked first on a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000. The series is set in Fawlty Towers, a fictional hotel in the seaside town of Torquay on", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "211514", "score": "1.9616053", "text": "school, and then Cambridge-educated Cleese and the working class, self-educated Mancunian Dawson) were marked, but both worked well together from series 8 onwards until the series ended in 1976. Cleese achieved greater prominence in the United Kingdom as the neurotic hotel manager Basil Fawlty in \"Fawlty Towers\", which he co-wrote with his wife Connie Booth. The series won three BAFTA awards when produced and in 2000, it topped the British Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes. The series also featured Prunella Scales as Basil's acerbic wife Sybil, Andrew Sachs as the much abused Spanish waiter Manuel", "title": "John Cleese" }, { "id": "1508531", "score": "1.9481537", "text": "Connie Booth Constance Booth (born 1941 or 1944) is an American-born writer, actress, comedian and psychotherapist based in Britain. She has appeared in several British television programmes and films, including her role as Polly Sherman on BBC2's \"Fawlty Towers\", which she co-wrote with her then-husband John Cleese. For 30 years Booth declined to talk about \"Fawlty Towers\" until she agreed to participate in a documentary about the series for the digital channel Gold in 2009. Booth's father was a Wall Street stock broker and her mother an actress. They moved to New York State after Connie's birth in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "title": "Connie Booth" }, { "id": "1508535", "score": "1.934062", "text": "Creatures\". Booth and Cleese divorced in 1978. With Cleese, Booth wrote the scripts for and co-starred in both series of \"Fawlty Towers\", even though the two were actually divorced before the second series was finished and aired. Booth's daughter Cynthia married screenwriter Ed Solomon in 1992. Booth married John Lahr, author and former senior drama critic of \"The New Yorker\", in 2000. They live in north London. Connie Booth Constance Booth (born 1941 or 1944) is an American-born writer, actress, comedian and psychotherapist based in Britain. She has appeared in several British television programmes and films, including her role as", "title": "Connie Booth" }, { "id": "3105631", "score": "1.92389", "text": "Lawday played the title role for Oxford University Press. The Leeds-born actress Wendy van der Plank took over when the series was picked up by ITV between 1993 and 1996. From 1997, Lizzie McPhee took over the role, as Wendy was away on maternity leave. Wendy came back for the last set of episodes from 18 December 1997 up to the end of the show's run. A pilot show starred \"Fawlty Towers\" writer and actress Connie Booth, who had been alerted to the character by John Cleese who had taken an interest in the production. The pilot was never broadcast.", "title": "Wizadora" }, { "id": "1508533", "score": "1.9099545", "text": "by Cleese from a short story by Anton Chekhov; and \"The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It\" (1977), Cleese's Sherlock Holmes spoof, as Mrs. Hudson. Booth and Cleese went on to write and co-star in \"Fawlty Towers\" (1975 and 1979), in which she played waitress and chambermaid Polly. Booth played various roles on British television, including Sophie in \"Dickens of London\" (1976), Mrs. Errol in a BBC adaptation of \"Little Lord Fauntleroy\" (1980) and Miss March in a dramatisation of Edith Wharton's \"The Buccaneers\" (1995). She also starred in the lead role of a drama", "title": "Connie Booth" }, { "id": "154384", "score": "1.8715227", "text": "became known as Basil Fawlty was developed in an episode (\"No Ill Feeling\") of the third \"Doctor\" series (titled \"Doctor at Large\"). In this edition, the main character checks into a small-town hotel, his very presence seemingly winding up the aggressive and incompetent manager (played by Timothy Bateson) with a domineering wife. The show was broadcast on 30 May 1971. Cleese said in 2008 that the first \"Fawlty Towers\" script he and Booth wrote was rejected by the BBC. At a 30th anniversary event honouring the show, Cleese said, Cleese was paid £6,000 for 43 weeks' work and supplemented his", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154429", "score": "1.8691478", "text": "comedy because they are \"too old and tired\" and expectations would be too high. In a television interview (shown in Australia on Seven Network and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation) on 7 May 2009, Cleese also commented that he and Booth took six weeks to write each episode. In 1977 and 1978 alone, the original TV show was sold to 45 stations in 17 countries and was the BBC's best-selling overseas program for that year. \"Fawlty Towers\" became a huge success in almost all countries in which it aired. Although it initially was a flop in Spain, largely because of the", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154414", "score": "1.8407087", "text": "funny, but I couldn't do it at the time. Making 'Fawlty Towers' work at 90 minutes was a very difficult proposition. You can build up the comedy for 30 minutes, but at that length there has to be a trough and another peak. It doesn't interest me. I don't want to do it. Cleese also may have relented because of the lack of Connie Booth's involvement. She had practically retreated from public life after the show finished (and had been initially unwilling to collaborate on a second series, which explains the four-year gap between productions). The decision by Cleese and", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154427", "score": "1.8329463", "text": "co-write the official theatrical adaptation of \"Fawlty Towers\", which premiered in Melbourne at the Comedy Theatre. It was critically well received, subsequently embarking on a successful tour of Australia. Cleese was intimately involved in the creation of the stage version from the beginning, including in the casting. He visited Australia to promote the adaptation, as well as oversee its success. Melbourne was chosen to premiere the adaptation due to \"Fawlty Towers' \" enduring popularity in Australia, and also because it has become a popular international test market for large-scale theatrical productions in recent years, having recently been the city where", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154382", "score": "1.8320181", "text": "the \"English Riviera\". The plots centre on the tense, rude and put-upon owner Basil Fawlty (Cleese), his bossy wife Sybil (Prunella Scales), the sensible chambermaid Polly (Booth) who often is the peacemaker and voice of reason, and the hapless and English-challenged Spanish waiter Manuel (Andrew Sachs), showing their attempts to run the hotel amidst farcical situations and an array of demanding and eccentric guests and tradespeople. In May 1970, the Monty Python comedy group stayed at the Gleneagles Hotel in Torquay, Devon while filming on location in Paignton. John Cleese was fascinated with the behaviour of the owner, Donald Sinclair,", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154428", "score": "1.8176712", "text": "the revised \"Love Never Dies\" and the new \"King Kong\" were also premiered. Cleese also noted he did not believe the London press would give the adaptation fair, unbiased reviews, so he deliberately choose to premier it elsewhere. In 2009, Tiger Aspect Productions produced a two-part documentary for the digital comedy channel Gold, called \"Fawlty Towers: Re-Opened.\" The documentary features interviews with all four main cast members, including Connie Booth, who had refused to talk about the series for 30 years. John Cleese confirmed at the 30-year reunion in May 2009 that they will never make another episode of the", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154383", "score": "1.780879", "text": "later describing him as \"the rudest man I've ever come across in my life.\" Among such behaviour by Sinclair was his criticism of Terry Gilliam's \"too American\" table etiquette and tossing Eric Idle's briefcase out of a window \"in case it contained a bomb.\" Sinclair justified his actions by claiming the hotel had \"staff problems\". Cleese and Connie Booth stayed on at the hotel after filming, furthering their research of its owner. At the time, Cleese was a writer on the 1970s British TV sitcom \"Doctor in the House\" for London Weekend Television. An early prototype of the character that", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "154387", "score": "1.7712264", "text": "exists, but André's now is a Chinese and Indian restaurant called Wings. Both Cleese and Booth were keen on every script being perfect, and some episodes took four months and required as many as ten drafts until they were satisfied. The series focuses on the exploits and misadventures of short-fused hotelier Basil Fawlty and his acerbic wife Sybil, as well as their employees: porter and waiter Manuel, maid Polly Sherman, and, in the second series, chef Terry. The episodes typically revolve around Basil's efforts to \"raise the tone\" of his hotel and his increasing frustration at numerous complications and mistakes,", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "7940618", "score": "1.7710748", "text": "Miss Tibbs and Miss Gatsby Miss Abitha Tibbs and Miss Ursula Gatsby are fictional characters, played by Gilly Flower and Renee Roberts respectively, in the BBC television sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". Miss Tibbs and Miss Gatsby are two mostly inseparable and slightly scatty elderly spinsters who are permanent residents of Fawlty Towers (the only other long-term guest being Major Gowen). Basil Fawlty switches from being overly kind to being utterly rude during his various conversations with them, although they rarely understand his sarcasm. They are depicted as being \"on the edge of their eighties\". The two ladies appear in every episode", "title": "Miss Tibbs and Miss Gatsby" }, { "id": "154393", "score": "1.7636309", "text": "he attempts to climb the social ladder, frequently expressing disdain for the \"riff-raff\", \"cretins\" and \"yobbos\" that he believes regularly populate his hotel. His desperation is readily apparent as he makes increasingly hopeless manoeuvres and painful faux pas in trying to curry favour with those he perceives as having superior social status. Yet he finds himself forced to serve those individuals that are \"beneath\" him. As such, Basil's efforts tend to be counter-productive, with guests leaving the hotel in disgust and his marriage (and sanity) stretching to breaking point. Basil Fawlty, played by John Cleese, is a cynical and snobbish", "title": "Fawlty Towers" }, { "id": "7895041", "score": "1.7598583", "text": "character to allow the girl the chance to make this wish come true. Manuel (Fawlty Towers) Manuel is a fictional character from the BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\", played by Andrew Sachs. He reappeared for a small sketch with John Cleese in \"We Are Most Amused\" in November 2008. Manuel himself appeared on the audio adaptations of \"Fawlty Towers\" as a linking narrator, explaining things from his point of view, when the series was released in audio format. The first two episodes released did not feature him at all, as the dialogue was edited and a short burst of piano music", "title": "Manuel (Fawlty Towers)" }, { "id": "7882749", "score": "1.7457135", "text": "character of Sybil was used by special permission of John Cleese. Sybil Fawlty Sybil Fawlty is a fictional character from the BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". She is played by Prunella Scales. Her age is listed as 34 years old as seen on her medical chart in the 1975 episode \"The Germans\", thus presumably indicating that she was born in 1941. Scales was 43 years old when \"Fawlty Towers\" began. She is Basil Fawlty's wife, and the only regular character in the series who usually refers to him by his first name (Major Gowen addresses Basil by his first name in", "title": "Sybil Fawlty" }, { "id": "15595423", "score": "1.7443523", "text": "Polly Sherman Polly Sherman is a fictional character in the BBC sitcom \"Fawlty Towers\". Played by Connie Booth, she is Fawlty Towers' long-suffering waitress and maid. Polly is the hotel waitress during the series, and one of only three staff members seen there, the others being Manuel and Terry. Although she at one point claims to be employed part-time, she is shown working there as a maid, and is occasionally saddled with more duties than this, which she will often go along with for the extra money. Polly is, by far, the most sensible character in the series, and often", "title": "Polly Sherman" }, { "id": "17663622", "score": "1.7430912", "text": "suggestion for alternative dinner arrangements for the guests while \"Fawlty Towers\" was undergoing renovations. Gleneagles Hotel, Torquay The Gleneagles Hotel was a hotel in Torquay, Devon, England. The 41-bed establishment, which opened in the 1960s, was the inspiration for \"Fawlty Towers\", a British situation comedy first broadcast in the mid-1970s. John Cleese, and his then wife Connie Booth, were inspired to write the series after they had stayed at the hotel and witnessed the eccentric behaviour of its owner, Donald Sinclair (who sold the hotel in 1973). Later the hotel was managed by Best Western. In February 2015 the hotel", "title": "Gleneagles Hotel, Torquay" } ]

[ "Spread Spectrum Watermarking", "Watermark", "dandy roll", "watermarked", "Watermarked", "watermark", "Watermarks", "unwatermarked", "watermarks", "Unwatermarked", "Dandy roll", "spread spectrum watermarking" ]

[ { "id": "15185595", "score": "1.4063176", "text": "an impression in the wet paper pulp, the impression usually consisting of an official emblem or letter(s). The actual watermark portion of the paper is thinner than the surrounding paper. The difference in paper thickness can usually be detected by holding the stamp up to a light, however some countries have issued stamps whose watermarks are very difficult to detect in this manner and require watermark detection fluid. Watermarks were originally used by governments for documents, currency and other applications to help prevent counterfeiting. The U.S. Post office began using a \"double-line\" watermark bearing the initials \"USPS\" in 1895, when", "title": "Washington–Franklin Issues" }, { "id": "3119417", "score": "1.3764768", "text": "small transparent window (a few millimeters in size) as a security feature that is difficult to reproduce using common counterfeiting techniques. A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears lighter or darker than surrounding paper when viewed with a light from behind the paper, due to paper density variations. A watermark is made by impressing a water coated metal stamp or dandy roll onto the paper during manufacturing. Watermarks were first introduced in Bologna, Italy in 1282; as well as their use in security printing, they have also been used by papermakers to identify their product.", "title": "Security printing" }, { "id": "390415", "score": "1.3742299", "text": "POWs tried to write a hidden message, the special paper rendered it visible. The US granted at least two patents related to the technology, one to Kantrowitz, , \"Water-Detecting paper and Water-Detecting Coating Composition Therefor,\" patented 18 July 1950, and an earlier one, \"Moisture-Sensitive Paper and the Manufacture Thereof,\" , patented 20 July 1948. A similar strategy issues prisoners with writing paper ruled with a water-soluble ink that runs in contact with water-based invisible ink. In computing, steganographically encoded package detection is called steganalysis. The simplest method to detect modified files, however, is to compare them to known originals. For", "title": "Steganography" }, { "id": "454715", "score": "1.3698949", "text": "have been developed, such as \"watermark fluid\" that wets the paper without damaging it. A watermark is very useful in the examination of paper because it can be used for dating, identifying sizes, mill trademarks and locations, and determining the quality of a sheet of paper. The word is also used for digital practices that share similarities with physical watermarks. In one case, overprint on computer-printed output may be used to identify output from an unlicensed trial version of a program. In another instance, identifying codes can be encoded as a digital watermark for a music, video, picture, or other", "title": "Watermark" }, { "id": "8460666", "score": "1.3415098", "text": "located behind the printing plate. A flood bar pushed a pool of ink over the plate, and a doctor blade removes the ink from the plate surface, leaving ink on the etched artwork area ready for the pad to pick up. Sealed ink cup systems employ a sealed container which acts as the ink supply, flood bar and doctor blade all at the same time. A ceramic ring with a highly polished working edge provides the seal against the printing plate. Pads are three-dimensional objects typically molded of silicone rubber. They function as a transfer vehicle, picking up ink from", "title": "Pad printing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Watermark\n\nA watermark is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper.\nWatermarks have been used on postage stamps, currency, and other government documents to discourage counterfeiting. There are two main ways of producing watermarks in paper; the \"dandy roll process\", and the more complex \"cylinder mould process\".\n\nWatermarks vary greatly in their visibility; while some are obvious on casual inspection, others require some study to pick out. Various aids have been developed, such as \"watermark fluid\" that wets the paper without damaging it. \n\nA watermark is very useful in the examination of paper because it can be used for dating documents and artworks, identifying sizes, mill trademarks and locations, and determining the quality of a sheet of paper.\n\nThe word is also used for digital practices that share similarities with physical watermarks. In one case, overprint on computer-printed output may be used to identify output from an unlicensed trial version of a program. In another instance, identifying codes can be encoded as a digital watermark for a music, video, picture, or other file.", "title": "Watermark" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Postage stamp gum\n\nIn philately, gum is the substance applied to the back of a stamp to enable it to adhere to a letter or other mailed item. The term is generic, and applies both to traditional types such as gum arabic and to synthetic modern formulations. Gum is a matter of high importance in philately.", "title": "Postage stamp gum" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Printmaking\n\nPrintmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. \"Traditional printmaking\" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand processed technique, rather than a photographic reproduction of a visual artwork which would be printed using an electronic machine (a printer); however, there is some cross-over between traditional and digital printmaking, including risograph. Except in the case of monotyping, all printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an \"original\" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an \"impression\", not a \"copy\" (that means a different print copying the first, common in early printmaking). However, impressions can vary considerably, whether intentionally or not. Master printmakers are technicians who are capable of printing identical \"impressions\" by hand. Historically, many printed images were created as a preparatory study, such as a drawing. A print that copies another work of art, especially a painting, is known as a \"reproductive print\".\n\nPrints are created by transferring ink from a matrix to a sheet of paper or other material, by a variety of techniques. Common types of matrices include: metal etching plates, usually copper or zinc, or polymer plates and other thicker plastic sheets for engraving or etching; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screen printing process. Other types of matrix substrates and related processes are discussed below.\n\nMultiple impressions printed from the same matrix form an edition. Since the late 19th century, artists have generally signed individual impressions from an edition and often number the impressions to form a limited edition; the matrix is then destroyed so that no more prints can be produced. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated books or artist's books.", "title": "Printmaking" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Postage stamp paper\n\nPostage stamp paper is the foundation or substrate of the postage stamp to which the ink for the stamp's design is applied to one side and the adhesive is applied to the other. The paper is not only the foundation of the stamp but it has also been incorporated into the stamp's design, has provided security against fraud and has aided in the automation of the postal delivery system.\n\nStamp catalogs like Scott's Standard Postage Stamp Catalog (SC) often document the paper the stamp is printed on to describe a stamp's classification. The same stamp design can appear on several kinds of paper. Stamp collectors and philatelists understand that a stamp's paper not only defines a unique stamp but could also mean the difference between an inexpensive stamp from one that is rare and worth more than its common counterpart.\n\nMaking an accurate determination of the stamp's paper may require special tools such as a micrometer to measure the thickness of a stamp, certain fluid chemicals to reveal hidden features, magnifying glasses or loupes to see fine details, digital microscopes to examine the minutest details of the paper or ultraviolet light to illuminate the paper to reveal its \"glowing\" aspects. Certain paper types may require the services of an expert as the only sure way of knowing the true identity of the stamp's paper.", "title": "Postage stamp paper" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Printed circuit board\n\nA printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It takes the form of a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers: each of the conductive layers is designed with an artwork pattern of traces, planes and other features (similar to wires on a flat surface) etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Electrical components may be fixed to conductive pads on the outer layers in the shape designed to accept the component's terminals, generally by means of soldering, to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Another manufacturing process adds vias: plated-through holes that allow interconnections between layers. \n\nPrinted circuit boards are used in nearly all electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Electronic design automation software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout has to be done only once. PCBs can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.\n\nPCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.\n\nThe world market for bare PCBs exceeded $60.2 billion in 2014 and is estimated to reach $79 billion by 2024.", "title": "Printed circuit board" }, { "id": "454720", "score": "1.334157", "text": "is the preferred type of watermarked paper for banknotes, passports, motor vehicle titles, and other documents where it is an important anti-counterfeiting measure. In philately, the watermark is a key feature of a stamp, and often constitutes the difference between a common and a rare stamp. Collectors who encounter two otherwise identical stamps with different watermarks consider each stamp to be a separate identifiable issue. The \"classic\" stamp watermark is a small crown or other national symbol, appearing either once on each stamp or a continuous pattern. Watermarks were nearly universal on stamps in the 19th and early 20th centuries,", "title": "Watermark" }, { "id": "12302802", "score": "1.3146338", "text": "Wet wipe marker Wet-wipe markers or wet-erase markers are a type of writing implement, which are used primarily on overhead transparencies, tablets at restaurants, and office calendars. Other uses include writing on mirrors, chalkboards, plastics, ceramics, glass windows and other non-porous surfaces. The contents of these markers are: water, resin, and titanium dioxide. The markers are similar to other products such as dry erase markers, in both their uses and applications, and also in that they come in an assortment of colors. They differ, however, in their use of a quick drying liquid paste as their medium. By using a", "title": "Wet wipe marker" }, { "id": "13693342", "score": "1.3125916", "text": "absorbent, usually in contrast to less absorbent paper used in the stamps of the same country. Porosity is a characteristic of paper. Wood fibers are hydrophilic or water loving. Sizing is added to paper to create a resistance to water as well as to fill in the gaps between the fibers. Porosity is a measure of how the paper responds to a liquid. There are several popular stamp collecting terms. \"On-paper\" refers to any stamp that is still adhering to another piece of paper. Similarly, \"off-paper\" is used to describe a postally used stamp that is no longer adhering to", "title": "Postage stamp paper" }, { "id": "13693341", "score": "1.3099066", "text": "printing through the paper. If the stamp's design can be seen through the back of the stamp, then it is semi-transparent. Another comparative set of terms refers to the paper's hardness. \"Hard\", \"stout hard\", and \"soft\" have been used to describe the paper. Experts have described the \"snap\" of the stamp when \"flicked\" as a means to determine if the stamp was printed on hard or soft paper. A sharper snap implied hard paper because the hardness is a characteristic of the amount or kind of sizing used when making the paper. \"Porous\" paper is used to describe paper as", "title": "Postage stamp paper" }, { "id": "13813301", "score": "1.3083539", "text": "tub containing a liquid so that the transcription film is kept afloat on the liquid, a structure which makes the liquid flow in a direction in which the film is supplied, and a structure which slantingly immerses an article to be printed into the liquid in the transcription tub from an upstream position to a downstream position of the liquid.\" The water transfer printing process is extensively used to decorate items that range from entire all-terrain vehicles and car dashboards, to small items like bike helmets or other automotive trim. Films can be applied to all types of substrates including", "title": "Hydrographics (printing)" }, { "id": "748592", "score": "1.3078423", "text": "purpose stylus, stamp, fountain pen, toothpick, calligraphy pen, or even a finger dipped in the liquid. Once dry, the written surface looks as if it were blank, with a similar texture and reflectivity as the surrounding surface. The ink can be later made visible by different methods according to the type of invisible ink used. The ink may be revealed by heat or by application of an appropriate chemical, or it may be made visible by viewing under ultraviolet light. Inks which are developed by a chemical reaction may depend on an acid-base reaction (like litmus paper), reactions similar to", "title": "Invisible ink" }, { "id": "10484826", "score": "1.307785", "text": "a liquid crystal display tag is the difficulties in displaying certain letters. The communication technology used for the transmitter to connect to the label is through diffused infrared communication. The values on the LCD tags is established by infrared bouncing off of surfaces. However, the speed of transmission is heavily compromised due to the data compression of each data packets from the transmitter. Electronic paper (E-paper) are sometimes referred to as electronic ink or e-ink. It describes a technology that mimics the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. An e-paper display is made up of capsules in a thin film,", "title": "Electronic shelf label" }, { "id": "1634040", "score": "1.3063475", "text": "powdered polymer that adheres to the ink. The paper is vacuumed or agitated, mechanically or by hand, to remove excess powder, and then heated to near combustion. The wet ink and polymer bond and dry, resulting in a raised print surface similar to the result of an engraving process. Embossing is a printing technique used to create raised surfaces in the converted paper stock. The process relies upon mated dies that press the paper into a shape that can be observed on both the front and back surfaces. Engraving is a process that requires a design to be cut into", "title": "Stationery" }, { "id": "491231", "score": "1.2979025", "text": "to make two-sided or fully three-dimensional impressions in wax, with a \"tag\", a piece of ribbon or strip of parchment, running through them. These \"pendent\" seal impressions dangled below the documents they authenticated, to which the attachment tag was sewn or otherwise attached (single-sided seals were treated in the same way). Some jurisdictions consider rubber stamps or specified signature-accompanying words such as \"seal\" or \"L.S.\" (abbreviation of \"locus sigilli\", \"place of the seal\") to be the legal equivalent of, \"i.e.\", an equally effective substitute for, a seal. In the United States, the word \"seal\" is sometimes assigned to a facsimile", "title": "Seal (emblem)" }, { "id": "2311572", "score": "1.2910988", "text": "a document, contract, etc., or cause to become certified through a notary public or bill. Registered professional engineers also use embossing seals to certify drawings, thereby guaranteeing to the recipient that due diligence has been exercised in the design. Government agencies use embossed seals to certify that an important document, such as a birth certificate, court order, etc., is an authentic, original copy, rather than a photocopy that could be altered in the copying process. Embossing has been used regularly on postage and other types of stamps. The embossed paper of a letter sheet or stamped envelope is called an", "title": "Paper embossing" }, { "id": "2675496", "score": "1.2910018", "text": "evaporate to dry the ink. Permanent marker is another name for \"waterproof\" marker. They have a potential for abuse as a recreational drug. The permanent marker was invented in 1952 by Sidney Rosenthal. They are used for writing on metals, plastics, ceramics, wood, stone, cardboard etc. However, the mark made by them is semi-permanent on some surfaces. Most permanent marker ink can be erased from some plastic surfaces (like polypropylene and teflon) with little rubbing pressure. Fine-tipped permanent markers are used to write on CD / DVD surfaces. They can be used on normal paper, but the ink tends to", "title": "Permanent marker" }, { "id": "491229", "score": "1.290267", "text": "pressure on the paper where the high parts of the matrix touch, the seal is known as a \"dry seal\"; in other cases ink or another liquid or liquefied medium is used, in another color than the paper. In most traditional forms of dry seal the design on the seal matrix is in intaglio (cut below the flat surface) and therefore the design on the impressions made is in relief (raised above the surface). The design on the impression will reverse (be a mirror-image of) that of the matrix, which is especially important when script is included in the design,", "title": "Seal (emblem)" }, { "id": "13693332", "score": "1.2879725", "text": "on the paper to ensure a proper impression of the watermark design into the paper. Too little pressure and the watermark may not be detectable. Philatelically, there are several descriptive terms used to categorize watermarks. Watermark detection can be as simple as holding the stamp up to a light or by placing it face down on a black surface. If this does not reveal the watermark there are fluids, electrical devices and ink pads that may reveal the thinning of the paper; While the words \"flaws\" and \"errors\" as synonymous, they are used to distinctly describe either a defect in", "title": "Postage stamp paper" }, { "id": "1489895", "score": "1.2868998", "text": "the needle is closer to using a pencil than the engraver's burin. The term is also used for inkless scratched inscriptions, such as glosses in manuscripts. The lines produced by printing a drypoint are formed by the burr thrown up at the edge of the incised lines, in addition to the depressions formed in the surface of the plate. A larger burr, formed by a steep angle of the tool, will hold a lot of ink, producing a characteristically soft, dense line that differentiates drypoint from other intaglio methods such as etching or engraving which produce a smooth, hard-edged line.", "title": "Drypoint" }, { "id": "4205091", "score": "1.2831669", "text": "and postage stamp gum for a more detailed discussion. Label may be produced individually, or in sheets, which case they are usually separated by perforations or rouletting, see postage stamp separation. Adhesive label An adhesive label or sticky label is a small piece of paper designed to be affixed to another larger piece of paper or other object, typically by the action of a layer of adhesive on the back of the label. The most familiar type of label is the postage stamp, which was developed in the mid-19th century. In 1935 R. Stanton Avery invented a machine to make", "title": "Adhesive label" } ]

[ "Australia II of Australia", "australia ii of australia" ]

[ { "id": "1461661", "score": "1.9374433", "text": "part of 2021. The cup was originally awarded in 1851 by the Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, which was won by the schooner \"America\". The trophy, originally named the '£100 Cup', was renamed the America's Cup after the yacht and was donated to the New York Yacht Club (NYYC) under the terms of the Deed of Gift, which made the cup available for perpetual international competition. Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the deed of gift has the right to challenge the yacht club that holds the", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "14624337", "score": "1.9298048", "text": "1851 America's Cup The 100 Guineas Cup or Hundred Guinea Cup (£100 Cup) regatta of 1851 was the first competition for the America's Cup trophy. Originally, Cup of One Hundred Sovereigns, the value of the trophy was 100 pounds-sterling, hence its names, variations on 100 Pound Cup. The race was won by the yacht \"America\", leading to the trophy being renamed \"America's Cup\". The 1851 competition was the first to compete for the trophy now called the \"America's Cup\", hence the 1851 America's Cup or 0th America's Cup being zeroth, sequentially preceding the first America's Cup of 1870. The event", "title": "1851 America's Cup" }, { "id": "14624342", "score": "1.9289169", "text": "\"Gipsy Queen\", \"Ione\", \"Mona\", \"Volante\", and \"Wyvern\". The trophy would be renamed \"America's Cup\" after the yacht \"America\", that won the trophy. In 1857, the competition for \"America's Cup\" was declared, with the creation of the deed of gift. The first challenge would take place in 1870 under the deed of gift. This would initiate the oldest championship in sport. 1851 America's Cup The 100 Guineas Cup or Hundred Guinea Cup (£100 Cup) regatta of 1851 was the first competition for the America's Cup trophy. Originally, Cup of One Hundred Sovereigns, the value of the trophy was 100 pounds-sterling, hence", "title": "1851 America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461709", "score": "1.9271406", "text": "cup was irreparable. London's Garrards silversmiths, who had manufactured the cup in 1848, painstakingly restored the trophy to its original condition over three months, free of charge. In 2003, an extra 20 cm was added to the cup's base to accommodate the names of future winners. At Auckland in 1999–2000, Team New Zealand, led by Sir Peter Blake, and again skippered by Russell Coutts, defeated the Italian Prada Challenge from the Yacht Club Punta Ala. The Italians had previously beaten the \"AmericaOne\" syndicate from the St Francis Yacht Club in the Louis Vuitton Cup final. This was the first America's", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461669", "score": "1.9070649", "text": "the cup via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup to the NYYC on 8 July 1857, specifying that it be held in trust as a perpetual challenge trophy to promote friendly competition among nations. No challenge to race for the Cup was issued until British railway tycoon James Lloyd Ashbury's topsail schooner \"Cambria\" (188 tons, 1868 design) beat the Yankee schooner \"Sappho\" (274.4 tons, 1867 design) in the Solent in 1868. This success encouraged the Royal Thames Yacht Club in believing that the cup could be brought back home, and officially placed the first challenge in 1870. Ashbury", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Deed of Gift of the America's Cup\n\nThe Deed of Gift of the America's Cup is the primary instrument that governs the rules to make a valid challenge for the America's Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. The current version of the deed of gift is the third revision of the original deed. The original deed was written in 1852 and forwarded to the New York Yacht Club on July 8, 1857.", "title": "Deed of Gift of the America's Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World Chess Championship\n\nThe World Chess Championship is played to determine the world champion in chess. The current world champion is Magnus Carlsen of Norway, who has held the title since 2013.\n\nThe first event recognized as a world championship was the 1886 match between the two leading players in the world, Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort. Steinitz won, becoming the first world champion. From 1886 to 1946, the champion set the terms, requiring any challenger to raise a sizable stake and defeat the champion in a match in order to become the new world champion. Following the death of reigning world champion Alexander Alekhine in 1946, FIDE (the International Chess Federation) took over administration of the World Championship, beginning with the 1948 World Championship tournament. From 1948 to 1993, FIDE organized a set of tournaments to choose a new challenger every three years. In 1993, reigning champion Garry Kasparov broke away from FIDE, which led to a rival claimant to the title of World Champion for the next thirteen years. The titles were unified at the World Chess Championship 2006, and all subsequent matches have once again been administered by FIDE.\n\nSince 2014, the championship has settled on a two-year cycle, although the 2020 match was postponed to 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the next match will be held in 2023. Magnus Carlsen has been world champion since he defeated Viswanathan Anand in 2013. He successfully defended the title in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2021. In 2022, he announced that he would not defend his title a fifth time, and so the 2023 championship will be played between the top two finishers of the qualifying 2022 Candidates Tournament instead: Ian Nepomniachtchi of Russia and Ding Liren of China.\n\nThough the world championship is open to all players, there are separate championships for women, under-20s and lower age groups, and seniors; as well as one for computers. There are also chess world championships in rapid, blitz, correspondence, problem solving, and Fischer Random Chess.", "title": "World Chess Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Don Young\n\nDonald Edwin Young (June 9, 1933 – March 18, 2022) was an American politician from the state of Alaska. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving Republican in congressional history, having been the U.S. representative for for 49 years, from 1973 until his death in 2022.\n\nBorn and raised in California, Young moved to Alaska in 1959 after a stint in the U.S. Army. He worked various careers, including sailing and teaching, in the small city of Fort Yukon, where he was elected mayor in 1964. He entered state politics two years later, when he won a seat in the Alaska House of Representatives, and advanced to the Alaska Senate in 1970. In 1972, he ran for a seat in the House of Representatives against incumbent Democrat Nick Begich. Weeks before the election, Begich disappeared and was presumed dead in a plane crash, though he still posthumously won the vote. Young ran in a special election to fill the vacant post the following year, defeating Democrat Emil Notti. He was reelected to the seat 24 times.\n\nIn Congress, Young chaired the House Resources Committee from 1995 to 2001 and the House Transportation Committee from 2001 to 2007. The Associated Press said that he was known for his \"brusque\" and \"off-color\" demeanor, and \"The New York Times\" described him as having \"cultivated the image of a rugged frontiersman\"; his prominent personality, long tenure, and position as his state's sole House member led to him occasionally being dubbed \"Alaska's third senator\".\n\nYoung became the 45th dean of the United States House of Representatives in December 2017, after John Conyers resigned. He was the last serving member of Congress who was first elected during the Nixon administration.", "title": "Don Young" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:San Francisco Bay Area/Selected article/Archive" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "New Hampshire" }, { "id": "19148908", "score": "1.8931665", "text": "season in 1873 has the reigning champion receive a bye to the final. The America's Cup is contested according to the terms of its 1887 deed of gift between yachts representing the champion yacht club and a challenging club. Since 1970, the usual practice, by mutual consent, is for an initial formal \"challenger of record\" replaced by the actual challenger after a qualifying tournament. However, in 1988 and 2010 there were court cases arising from non-consensual challenges. When the champion dies or otherwise vacates the title, a tournament among leading contenders may be used to crown a new champion prior", "title": "Challenge (competition)" }, { "id": "1461668", "score": "1.8903749", "text": "competing in yachting regattas and match races. The syndicate contracted with pilot boat designer George Steers for a schooner, which was christened \"America\" and launched on 3 May 1851. On 22 August 1851, \"America\" raced against 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron in the Club's annual regatta around the Isle of Wight. \"America\" won, finishing 8 minutes ahead of the closest rival. Apocryphally, Queen Victoria, who was watching at the finish line, was reported to have asked who was second, the famous answer being: \"Ah, Your Majesty, there is no second.\" The surviving members of the \"America\" syndicate donated", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "16623067", "score": "1.8860334", "text": "II won the Cup. 1983 America's Cup was the occasion of the first winning challenge to the New York Yacht Club, which had successfully defended the cup over a period of 132 years. An Australian syndicate representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club fielded the Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand against defender Liberty, skippered by Dennis Conner, won the match races to win the America's Cup, ending the longest winning streak in sporting history and ending U.S. domination of the racing series. Alan Bond arrived at Newport with Australia II, billed as one of the biggest threats to American dominance", "title": "Kirk Cooper" }, { "id": "10783414", "score": "1.8736265", "text": "Cup” or the “RYS Cup for One Hundred Sovereigns”), donated the America's Cup through a deed of gift to the New York Yacht Club on July 8, 1857. The cup would be held in trust as a “challenge trophy\" to promote friendly competition among nations, with the deed of gift being the primary instrument governing the rules to make a valid challenge for the America’s Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. After the 1881 Cup match, the New York Yacht Club officially returned the Cup to George L. Schuyler, the sole surviving member of the syndicate that", "title": "Deed of Gift of the America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461706", "score": "1.871291", "text": "in what observers described as the most controversial cup match to that point. (The 2010 America's Cup was a direct descendant of the 1988 cup, as it featured two gigantic multi-hull yachts and generated even more legal activity and controversy ). In the wake of the 1988 controversies, the International America's Cup Class (IACC) was introduced, replacing the 12-metre class that had been used since 1958. In 1992, USA-23 of the \"America³\" team, skippered by billionaire Bill Koch and sailing legend Harry “Buddy” Melges, defeated the Italian challenger \"Il Moro ITA-25\", owned by billionaire Raul Gardini's Il Moro di Venezia,", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461667", "score": "1.8704476", "text": "is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the \"America's Cup\" after the 1851 winning yacht, and is affectionately called the \"Auld Mug\" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it, and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names. In 1851 Commodore John Cox Stevens, a charter member of the fledgling New York Yacht Club (NYYC), formed a six-person syndicate to build a yacht with intention of taking her to England and making some money", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461664", "score": "1.8670973", "text": "Cup as a prize for the winner of the challenger selection series. Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with the J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used from 1958 until 1987. It was replaced in 1990 by the International America’s Cup Class which was used until 2007. After a long legal battle, the 2010 America's Cup", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "5279130", "score": "1.8665872", "text": "money was the objective among most members. In 1851, a syndicate of NYYC enthusiasts built and raced \"America\", capturing the \"One Hundred Sovereign Cup\" at the annual regatta of the Royal Yacht Squadron. On July 8, 1857, the coveted trophy was donated to the NYYC, to serve as a challenge cup for sportsmanlike competition between nations. The \"America's Cup Race\", named for its first winner, played a central role in the history of the club until this day. In 1865, the Club was incorporated, adopting the Latin motto: \"Nos agimur tumidis velis\" -- \"We go with swelling sails\" (adapted from", "title": "New York Yacht Club" }, { "id": "14624338", "score": "1.8628752", "text": "\"The America's Cup\" would not be founded until 1857, when the deed of gift established the America's Cup racing regattas. The 1851 edition was a fleet race, unlike modern America's Cups finals, which are currently match races. The race originated with an invitation for the Great Exhibition of 1851 by the Earl of Winton, then Commodore of the Royal Yacht Squadron (RYS), inviting the recently formed New York Yacht Club (NYYC) to enjoy the facilities of the clubhouse of the RYS. John Cox Stevens, Commodore of the NYYC responded positively, and anticipated racing. Due to the RYS rules of the", "title": "1851 America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461662", "score": "1.8531394", "text": "cup. If the challenging club wins the match, it gains stewardship of the cup. The history and prestige associated with the America's Cup attracts not only the world's top sailors and yacht designers but also the involvement of wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors. It is a test not only of sailing skill and boat and sail design, but also of fundraising and management skills. The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 (when the syndicate that won the cup donated the trophy to the club) until 1983. The NYYC successfully defended the trophy twenty-four times in a row before being", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "1461696", "score": "1.8481944", "text": "original yacht club presenting the challenge accepted for the match) to organize a regatta among multiple challengers with the winner being substituted as challenger and going on to the cup match. This innovation has been used ever since, except for the default deed of gift matches in 1988 and 2010. Alan Bond, an Australian businessman, made three unsuccessful challenges between 1974 and 1980. In 1974 the cup was successfully defended by \"Courageous\", which successfully defended again in 1977, at which time she was skippered by Ted Turner. In 1980 the Cup was defended by \"Freedom\". Bond returned in 1983 for", "title": "America's Cup" }, { "id": "10282689", "score": "1.8448021", "text": "the boat a name. On January 19, 2003 the Swiss challenger Ernesto Bertarelli’s \"Alinghi\", skippered by Russell Coutts, won the Louis Vuitton Cup Finals by defeating the American challenger, Larry Ellison's \"Oracle\", 5–1, once again eliminating the United States from the America's Cup competition. Racing for the America's Cup began On February 15, 2003. In a stiff breeze, \"Alinghi\" won the first race easily after \"New Zealand\", skippered throughout the series by Dean Barker, withdrew due to multiple gear failures in the rigging and the low cockpit unexpectedly taking onboard large quantities of water. Race 2, on February 16, 2003,", "title": "2003 America's Cup" }, { "id": "1412879", "score": "1.8428507", "text": "as the challenger in 1987. He was the skipper of the first defender to be defeated in the 132-year history of the cup, also ending 132 years of successful defense by the New York Yacht Club with their loss in 1983 to Alan Bond's wing-keeled challenger \"Australia II\" 4 races to 3. Following the loss Conner formed his own syndicate, the Sail America Foundation, through which he raised funds to mount a challenge culminating with winning the Cup back from Australia in 1987. After taking The Cup back to American soil, this time for the San Diego Yacht Club (SDYC)", "title": "Dennis Conner" }, { "id": "4215080", "score": "1.840538", "text": "Cup series that led up to the main event. Louis Vuitton offered a trophy to the winner of the challenger selection series; the idea was Paul Madden's, but is generally credited to Bruno Trouble, a French yachtsman. The initial Louis Vuitton Cup was contested off Newport, United States, with \"Australia II\" prevailing, thereby earning the right to meet the NYYC’s defending yacht \"Liberty\" in that year’s America’s Cup. With the exception of the America's Cup races in 1988 and 2010, the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup has been awarded the right to challenge the current defender for the America's", "title": "Louis Vuitton Cup" }, { "id": "1461660", "score": "1.8367124", "text": "America's Cup The America's Cup, affectionately known as the Auld Mug, is a trophy awarded to the winner of the America's Cup match races between two sailing yachts. One yacht, known as the defender, represents the yacht club that currently holds the America's Cup and the second yacht, known as the challenger, represents the yacht club that is challenging for the cup. The timing of each match is determined by an agreement between the defender and the challenger. The America's Cup is the oldest international sporting trophy. It will next be raced for in the southern summer, in the early", "title": "America's Cup" } ]

[ "carlton heston", "Charleton Heston", "Holly Heston Rochell", "Heston, Charlton", "holly rochell", "charleton heston", "heston charlton", "holly heston", "Carlton Heston", "Charlton Heston", "Charleston Heston", "john charles carter", "Holly Heston", "chuck heston", "Charlton heston", "holly heston rochell", "Holly Rochell", "Chuck Heston", "charlton heston", "charleston heston", "John Charles Carter" ]

[ { "id": "829458", "score": "1.8689582", "text": "of Josephus and Eusebius in order to \"fill in\" the missing years of Moses' life, and as the film's last opening title card states, \"the Holy Scriptures.\" Charlton Heston, who had previously worked with DeMille in \"The Greatest Show on Earth\", won the part of Moses after he impressed DeMille (at his audition) with his knowledge of ancient Egypt. William Boyd, DeMille's first choice to be auditioned to be Moses in the film, refused the part. Heston was also chosen to be the voice of God in the form of a burning bush, toned down to a softer and lower", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "829483", "score": "1.8434426", "text": "\"hits the peak of beauty with a sequence that is unelaborate, this being the Passover supper wherein Moses is shown with his family while the shadow of death falls on Egyptian first-borns.\" The film's cast was also complimented. \"Variety\" called Charlton Heston an \"adaptable performer\" who, as Moses, reveals \"inner glow as he is called by God to remove the chains of slavery that hold his people.\" It considered Yul Brynner \"expert\" as Rameses, too. Anne Baxter's performance as Nefretiri was criticized by \"Variety\" as leaning \"close to old-school siren histrionics,\" but Crowther believed that it, along with Brynner's, is", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "829460", "score": "1.8340781", "text": "Joan Taylor were considered for the part. DeMille liked Audrey Hepburn but dismissed her because of her figure, which was considered too slim for the character's Egyptian gowns. Anne Baxter (who was considered for the part of Moses' wife) was cast in the role. Judith Ames, Anne Bancroft, Anne Baxter, Shirley Booth, Diane Brewster, Peggie Castle, June Clayworth, Linda Darnell, Laura Elliot, Rhonda Fleming, Rita Gam, Grace Kelly, Jacqueline Green, Barbara Hale, Allison Hayes, Frances Lansing, Patricia Neal, Marie Palmer, Jean Peters, Ruth Roman, Barbara Rush, and Elizabeth Sellers were considered for the part of Sephora. Grace Kelly, DeMille's first", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "829489", "score": "1.8086929", "text": "#79 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers, and named Moses as the #43 hero in AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains. Critics have argued that considerable liberties were taken with the biblical story of Exodus, compromising the film's claim to authenticity, but neither this nor its nearly four-hour length has had any effect on its popularity. In fact, many of the supposed inaccuracies were actually adopted by DeMille from extra-biblical ancient sources, such as Josephus, the Sepher ha-Yashar, and the Chronicle of Moses. Moses's career in Ethiopia, for instance, is based on ancient midrashim. For decades, a showing of \"The Ten", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "3219086", "score": "1.790329", "text": "reached its peak when eminent producer-director Cecil B. DeMille cast her as Moses' Midianite wife, Sephora, her most prominent role, in his biblical epic \"The Ten Commandments\" (1956), which was immensely successful at the box office and remains an annual tradition on television. Her success continued with starring roles in \"Flame of the Islands\" (1956), \"Death of a Scoundrel\" (1956), \"Band of Angels\" (1957), and \"The Sword and the Cross\" (1958), in which she portrayed Mary Magdalene. She also accepted supporting roles in \"McLintock!\" (1963) and \"A Global Affair\" (1964). She gained a new generation of fans as a star", "title": "Yvonne De Carlo" }, { "id": "829446", "score": "1.785219", "text": "he receives, from God, the Ten Commandments. The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role, Yul Brynner as Rameses, Anne Baxter as Nefretiri, Edward G. Robinson as Dathan, Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora, Debra Paget as Lilia, and John Derek as Joshua; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi, Nina Foch as Bithiah, Martha Scott as Yoshebel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others. Filmed on location in Egypt, Mount Sinai and the Sinai Peninsula, the film was DeMille's last and most successful work. It is a partial remake of his 1923 silent film of", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "829463", "score": "1.7694125", "text": "least 14,000 extras and 15,000 animals were used while filming this movie. Commentary for the film's DVD edition chronicles the historical research done by DeMille and associates. Katherine Orrison says that many details of Moses' life left out of the Bible are present in the Quran, which was sometimes used as a source. She also presents some coincidences in production. The man who designed Moses' distinctive rust-white-and-black-striped robe used those colors because they looked impressive, and only later discovered that these are the actual colors of the Tribe of Levi. Arnold Friberg would later state that he was the one", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "829486", "score": "1.7624741", "text": "Best Color Cinematography (Loyal Griggs), Best Color Costume Design (Edith Head, Ralph Jester, John Jensen, Dorothy Jeakins, and Arnold Friberg), Best Film Editing (Anne Bauchens), Best Motion Picture (Cecil B. DeMille) and Best Sound Recording (Paramount Studio Sound Department and sound director Loren L. Ryder). Paramount submitted the names of Yvonne De Carlo, John Derek, and Debra Paget for the supporting player categories (even though they received star billing in the film) at the 29th Academy Awards, but the actors did not receive nominations. Charlton Heston's performance as Moses was ranked as the 4th Best Performance by a Male Star", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "3219122", "score": "1.7567914", "text": "reunited her with Duff in \"Flame of the Islands\" (1956), shot in the Bahamas. In September 1954, producer-director Cecil B. DeMille cast her as Sephora, the wife of Moses (played by Charlton Heston), in his biblical epic \"The Ten Commandments\", a Paramount Pictures production which premiered in November 1956. In his autobiography, DeMille explained he decided to cast De Carlo as Moses' wife after his casting director, Bert McKay, called his attention to one scene she played in \"Sombrero\". Even though the film \"was a picture far removed in theme from \"The Ten Commandments\",\" wrote DeMille, \"I sensed in her", "title": "Yvonne De Carlo" }, { "id": "829457", "score": "1.7465502", "text": "due to his disobedience to the Lord at the Waters of Strife. He instead names Joshua as leader, and spends the rest of his life at Mount Nebo until his death. The final shooting script was written by Aeneas MacKenzie, Jesse L. Lasky Jr., Jack Gariss, and Fredric M. Frank. It also contained material from the books \"Prince of Egypt\" by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, \"Pillar of Fire\" by Joseph Holt Ingraham, and \"On Eagle's Wings\" by Arthur Eustace Southon. Henry Noerdlinger, the film's researcher, consulted ancient historical texts such as the Midrash Rabbah, Philo's \"Life of Moses\", and the writings", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "2634883", "score": "1.743063", "text": "had never been previously heard not only from a casting standpoint but from a voice manipulation standpoint as well. The solution was to use the voice of actor Val Kilmer to suggest the kind of voice we hear inside our own heads in our everyday lives, as opposed to the larger than life tones with which God has been endowed in prior cinematic incarnations.\" Although, in \"The Ten Commandments (1956 film),\" Charlton Heston, who played Moses, also provided the voice of God. Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz began working on writing songs for the film from the beginning of its", "title": "The Prince of Egypt" }, { "id": "829447", "score": "1.7384316", "text": "the same title, and features one of the largest sets ever created for a film. The film was released to cinemas in the United States on November 8, 1956 and, at the time of its release, was the most expensive film ever made. In 1957, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (John P. Fulton, A.S.C.). Charlton Heston was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture (Drama) for his role as Moses. Yul Brynner won the National Board of", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "5745986", "score": "1.7278023", "text": "would be the father of a mighty nation. As Charlton Heston's son Fraser acted out the infant Moses in the 1956 Hollywood production of \"The Ten Commandments,\" so Burt Lancaster's son Bill, credited as William Lancaster, acted out the role of Moses as a young man in \"Moses the Lawgiver.\" The Italian government suggested to the series' producer, Lew Grade, that he should meet Pope Paul VI, and subsequently did so at his wife's insistence. Grade and his wife Kathie had a private audience with Paul who told them of his pleasure at the film and offered his endorsement to", "title": "Moses the Lawgiver" }, { "id": "829459", "score": "1.7254412", "text": "register. Heston's newborn son, Fraser (born February 12, 1955), was cast by DeMille (on the suggestion of Henry Wilcoxon, who said to him \"The timing's just right. If it's a boy, who better to play the Baby Moses?\") as soon as Heston announced to DeMille that his wife Lydia was pregnant. Fraser Heston was three months old during filming. The part of Nefretiri, the Egyptian throne princess, was considered \"the most sought after role of the year\" in 1954. Ann Blyth, Vanessa Brown, Joan Evans, Rhonda Fleming, Coleen Gray, Jane Griffiths, Audrey Hepburn, Jean Marie, Vivien Leigh, Jane Russell, and", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "566424", "score": "1.7207189", "text": "Horizons\" (1955) alongside Fred MacMurray. He tried a comedy \"The Private War of Major Benson\" (1955) at Universal, then supported Jane Wyman in a drama \"Lucy Gallant\" (1955). Heston became an icon for playing Moses in the hugely successful biblical epic \"The Ten Commandments\" (1956), selected by director Cecil B. DeMille, who thought Heston bore an uncanny resemblance to Michelangelo's statue of Moses. DeMille cast Heston's three-month-old son, Fraser Clarke Heston, as the infant Moses. \"The Ten Commandments\" became one of the greatest box office successes of all time and is the seventh highest-grossing film adjusted for inflation. His portrayal", "title": "Charlton Heston" }, { "id": "829484", "score": "1.7077852", "text": "\"unquestionably apt and complementary to a lusty and melodramatic romance.\" The performances of Yvonne De Carlo and John Derek were acclaimed by Crowther as \"notably good.\" He also commended the film's \"large cast of characters\" as \"very good, from Sir Cedric Hardwicke as a droll and urbane Pharaoh to Edward G. Robinson as a treacherous overlord.\" Leonard Maltin, a contemporary film critic, gave the film four out of four stars and described it as \"vivid storytelling at its best... parting of the Red Sea, writing of the holy tablets are unforgettable highlights.\" Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 33 reviews and gave", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "4099526", "score": "1.7074726", "text": "of her most memorable roles is that of Miriam, the sister of Moses (portrayed by Theodore Roberts), in the biblical prologue of Cecil B. DeMille's \"The Ten Commandments\" (1923), one of the most successful films of the silent era. Her performance in the DeMille film was considered a great acting achievement. Taylor's younger sister, Helen, was hired by Sid Grauman to play Miriam in the Egyptian Theatre's onstage prologue to the film. Despite being ill with arthritis, she won the supporting role of Mary, Queen of Scots in \"Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall\" (1924), starring Mary Pickford. \"I've since wondered", "title": "Estelle Taylor" }, { "id": "829462", "score": "1.7069404", "text": "considered and Bette Davis was interviewed (DeMille's casting journal also notes Marjorie Rambeau and Marie Windsor) but DeMille chose Judith Anderson after screening Alfred Hitchcock's \"Rebecca\". Henry Wilcoxon's wife Joan Woodbury was cast as Korah's wife in the Golden Calf sequence. DeMille was reluctant to cast anyone who had appeared in 20th Century Fox's \"The Egyptian\", a rival production at the time. Several exceptions to this are the casting of John Carradine and Mimi Gibson (in credited supporting roles) and Michael Ansara and Peter Coe (in uncredited minor roles), who appeared in both films. For the Large Crowd shots, at", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "829445", "score": "1.6831276", "text": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film) The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American epic religious drama film produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision (color by Technicolor), and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on \"Prince of Egypt\" by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, \"Pillar of Fire\" by J.H. Ingraham, \"On Eagle's Wings\" by A.E. Southon, and the Book of Exodus. \"The Ten Commandments\" dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses, an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren, the enslaved Hebrews, and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai, where", "title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)" }, { "id": "11059499", "score": "1.6725552", "text": "Tales humor\". Lou Carlozo of the \"Chicago Tribune\" was more positive, stating \"There's an endearing, earnest quality to The Ten Commandments that transcends its star-studded cast and computer-generated animation\". The Ten Commandments (2007 film) The Ten Commandments is a 2007 American computer animated film directed by John Stronach and Bill Boyce, and released by Promenade Pictures. The film follows Moses from his childhood, as the adopted son of Pharaoh, to his adulthood, as the chosen one of Yahweh and liberator of his people. The film is narrated by Ben Kingsley, and stars Christian Slater as Moses, Alfred Molina as Ramses", "title": "The Ten Commandments (2007 film)" } ]

[ "Barry briggs", "Barry Briggs", "barry briggs" ]

[ { "id": "9930127", "score": "1.9239154", "text": "Barry Briggs Barry Briggs MBE (born 30 December 1934) from Christchurch, New Zealand is a former Speedway rider. He won the World Individual Championship title four times – in 1957, 1958, 1964 and 1966. He appeared in a record 17 consecutive World Individual finals (1954–70), and a record 18 in all, during which he scored a record 201 points. He also won the London Riders' Championship in 1955 whilst riding for the Wimbledon Dons. He is also a six-time winner of the British Championship. He won the first final in 1961 and then dominated the sixties titles by winning in", "title": "Barry Briggs" }, { "id": "9930131", "score": "1.9104155", "text": "also lent his voice to television, becoming a respected speedway commentator in England and Europe, as well as the USA. Barry Briggs Barry Briggs MBE (born 30 December 1934) from Christchurch, New Zealand is a former Speedway rider. He won the World Individual Championship title four times – in 1957, 1958, 1964 and 1966. He appeared in a record 17 consecutive World Individual finals (1954–70), and a record 18 in all, during which he scored a record 201 points. He also won the London Riders' Championship in 1955 whilst riding for the Wimbledon Dons. He is also a six-time winner", "title": "Barry Briggs" }, { "id": "10743988", "score": "1.7730293", "text": "Mieczysław Połukard Mieczysław Połukard (1930 in Warsaw, Poland – October 26, 1985 in Bydgoszcz, Poland) was a Polish speedway rider and coach, the first Polish rider to ride in the Individual World Championship Final in 1959 and won the World Team Cup in 1961. He began his racing career with Sparta Wrocław. In 1955 he moved to Polonia Bydgoszcz. He was the first Polish rider to ride in the Individual World Championship Final (1959) where he finished 12th with 5 points. He also represented Poland in the World Team Cup three times, in 1960 (4th place), 1961 (gold medal) and", "title": "Mieczysław Połukard" }, { "id": "10686843", "score": "1.7613124", "text": "at the 1966 World Championship in Gothenburg Ivan Mauger, a 26-year-old New Zealander who had had a slow breakthrough in British league speedway, made his debut. He finished fourth, but won two out of five races, and showed potential by winning the European final (without Swedes) at Wembley. And he lived up to it. He raced until the age of 39, winning six World titles, including three in a row from 1968 to 1970 - including nine successive races in finals events. After 1970, though, he showed himself to be more human, as Ole Olsen took over - winning in", "title": "Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": "11029362", "score": "1.754519", "text": "1936 Individual Speedway World Championship The 1936 Individual Speedway World Championship was the first ever Speedway World Championship and was won by Lionel Van Praag of Australia. It was the first of a record 26 times that London's Wembley Stadium would host the World Final with the last being in 1981. Despite being unbeaten in the Final, Australian Bluey Wilkinson only finished third as the Championship was decided by bonus points accumulated in previous rounds plus the score from the final. Van Praag defeated England's Eric Langton in a runoff to be declared the inaugural Speedway World Champion. As they", "title": "1936 Individual Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barry Briggs\n\nBarry Briggs (born 30 December 1934) is a New Zealand former speedway rider.", "title": "Barry Briggs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ove Fundin\n\nOve Fundin (born 23 May 1933) is a Swedish former professional motorcycle speedway rider. He competed in the Speedway World Championships from 1951 to 1970. Fundin is notable for winning the Speedway World Championship Final five times (1956, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1967), a record bettered only by Ivan Mauger and fellow Swede Tony Rickardsson who each won six World Championships. He finished runner-up in the championship 3 times (1957–59) and was third in 1962, 1964 and 1965 meaning that from his first win in 1956 until his last in 1967, Fundin did not finish lower than a podium place in a record eleven World Finals. He was known by the nickname of the \"Flying Fox\" or just \"the Fox\" because of his red hair. In 2013, Fundin was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.", "title": "Ove Fundin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ivan Mauger\n\nIvan Gerald Mauger (4 October 1939 – 16 April 2018) was a New Zealand motorcycle speedway rider. He won a record six World Championships (Finals), a feat equalled only with the inclusion of the Speedway GP Championships by Tony Rickardsson of Sweden who won one World Final and five GP Championships. Mauger rode for several British teams – Wimbledon Dons, Newcastle Diamonds, Belle Vue Aces, Exeter Falcons, and the Hull Vikings. In 2010, Mauger was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.\n\nMauger and his wife of over 60 years, Raye, lived on Australia's Gold Coast. He was an active supporter of speedway, attending many meetings throughout the Australian season, as well as the Speedway Grand Prix of New Zealand, held at the Western Springs Stadium in Auckland.", "title": "Ivan Mauger" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of the national championships of the SV Dynamo\n\nWith 280,000 members, it is not surprising that the SV Dynamo multi-sport club has won 2.187 championships in the GDR, so that a separate category should be needed.\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of the national championships of the SV Dynamo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand national speedway team\n\nThe New Zealand national speedway team are a national speedway team from New Zealand. They were winners of the World Team Cup in 1979\n\n", "title": "New Zealand national speedway team" }, { "id": "4957165", "score": "1.7504915", "text": "world championship races. Briggs also won the Speedway World Team cup with Great Britain in 1968 and 1971. Between 1954 and 1970, Briggs appeared in a record 17 consecutive World Individual Finals. Ronnie Moore became New Zealand's first motorsport World Champion when he won the 1954 Speedway World Championship, backing that up to win a second time in 1959. Moore also won the World Pairs Championship with Ivan Mauger in 1970. Although born in Hobart, Australia in 1933, Moore's parents moved to New Zealand while he was still a child and he always considered himself to be a Kiwi and", "title": "Sport in New Zealand" }, { "id": "12497962", "score": "1.7478924", "text": "as being from West Germany. 1973 Individual Speedway World Championship The 1973 Individual Speedway World Championship. The 1973 World Final was won by Polish rider Jerzy Szczakiel following a run-off in with defending champion Ivan Mauger after both riders had finished on 13 points. On the second lap of the run-off, Mauger fell in turn 3 after trying a risky passing move leaving Szczakiel to win easily. Another Polish rider, Zenon Plech finished third. Rank outsider Szczakiel, who had finished last with no points scored in his only other World Final appearance in Sweden in 1971, rode the meeting of", "title": "1973 Individual Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": "12497955", "score": "1.7468603", "text": "1973 Individual Speedway World Championship The 1973 Individual Speedway World Championship. The 1973 World Final was won by Polish rider Jerzy Szczakiel following a run-off in with defending champion Ivan Mauger after both riders had finished on 13 points. On the second lap of the run-off, Mauger fell in turn 3 after trying a risky passing move leaving Szczakiel to win easily. Another Polish rider, Zenon Plech finished third. Rank outsider Szczakiel, who had finished last with no points scored in his only other World Final appearance in Sweden in 1971, rode the meeting of his life and was only", "title": "1973 Individual Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": "9930128", "score": "1.7456901", "text": "1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, and 1969. Briggs also twice won his home title, the New Zealand Championship, winning in 1959 and again in 1963. Briggs also created a domestic record by winning the British League Riders Championship for six consecutive years from 1965–1970, representing the Swindon Robins. Briggs retired from British league racing in 1972 after an accident during Heat 5 of the World Final at Wembley Stadium with Swedish rider Bernt Persson. As a result of the accident, Briggs lost the index finger of his left hand, but returned in 1974, then announcing in 1975 that this would be", "title": "Barry Briggs" }, { "id": "9078803", "score": "1.743173", "text": "in winning 22 World Championships for Denmark (out of the 46 won by Danish riders/teams in all competitions to the end of 2014). This included the individual World Championship in 1986, 1987 (the only time the final was held over two days), 1989 and the first ever championship ran in the Grand Prix format in 1995. Nielsen and Sweden's Tony Rickardsson are the only 2 riders to have won world titles in both the old single meeting format and the Speedway Grand Prix series. Nielsen also rode in the 1978 European Under-21 Final at the Pista Speedway in Lonigo, Italy", "title": "Hans Nielsen (speedway rider)" }, { "id": "10686842", "score": "1.7424899", "text": "took all 3 top positions. It was also the last American victory until 1981. Commonwealth countries dominated, with the UK, Australia and New Zealand taking four titles each up to 1959, including the first two time and back to back winner, Australia's Jack Young who won in 1951 and 1952. The first non-English-speaking victor came in 1956, when the Swede Ove Fundin won the first of his five titles. The late 1950s and 1960s were dominated by Fundin along with the two New Zealanders Ronnie Moore (two titles) and Barry Briggs (four titles), and Englishman Peter Craven (two titles). Then,", "title": "Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": "7651563", "score": "1.7416579", "text": "Ove Fundin Ove Fundin (born 23 May 1933) is a Swedish former speedway rider who won the Speedway World Championship Final five times (1956, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1967), a record bettered only by Ivan Mauger and fellow Swede Tony Rickardsson who each won six World Championships. He finished runner-up in the championship 3 times (1957–59) and was third in 1962, 1964 and 1965 meaning that from his first win in 1956 until his last in 1967, Ove Fundin did not finish lower than a podium place in a record eleven World Finals. He was known by the nickname of the", "title": "Ove Fundin" }, { "id": "4957164", "score": "1.7356157", "text": "his Long Track title in 1971 he also became the first rider to have won all four World Championship competitions, while winning in 1972 saw him become the first rider to win both the Speedway and Long Track World Championships in the same year. In 1999, Ivan Mauger was voted the best speedway rider of the Millennium by the readers of Speedway Star and Vintage Speedway magazines. Barry Briggs, born in Christchurch on 30 December 1934, is a New Zealand motorcyclist who won four individual Speedway World Championships (1957, 1958, 1964 and 1966) and took part in a record 87", "title": "Sport in New Zealand" }, { "id": "1759724", "score": "1.7241569", "text": "Barry Briggs (four times), Ole Olsen (three times), Ove Fundin (five times), Lionel Van Praag (inaugural World Champion in 1936), Hans Nielsen (nicknamed \"The Professor\", four-time World Champion), Tony Rickardsson (six times), Erik Gundersen and Jason Crump, both three-time World Champions, and the sports first two-time champion Jack Young who won in 1951 & 1952. Currently, no world team championship is contested for senior riders. The first such championship was the Speedway World Team Cup, which was contested annually from 1960 to 2000. It was replaced by the Speedway World Cup, another annual event, in 2001. Both competitions featured teams", "title": "Motorcycle speedway" }, { "id": "9356057", "score": "1.7174466", "text": "FIM World Championship held for Pairs. He would finish runner up in the championship in 1971, 1972, 1978 and 1981, before one last podium in 1984 when he finished third with Mitch Shirra. Mauger was also the Speedway World Team Cup Champion in 1968, 1969 and 1971 while riding for Great Britain (the British team regularly consisted of riders from the Commonwealth nations). He would win the title again in 1979 as captain of New Zealand. During his career, Ivan Mauger also raced in the World Long Track Championship, winning the title in 1971, 1972 and 1976, bringing his total", "title": "Ivan Mauger" }, { "id": "12497062", "score": "1.7111919", "text": "1979 Individual Speedway World Championship The 1979 Individual Speedway World Championship. In his 14th straight World Final appearance (dating back to 1966), New Zealand's Ivan Mauger won his 6th Speedway World Championship, breaking the previous record of 5 wins held by himself and legendary Swede Ove Fundin. Mauger scored 14 points to defeat local favourite Zenon Plech (13) and young English tearaway Michael Lee (11), with Lee the only rider to defeat Mauger on the day. Lee also had to defeat Kelly Moran (USA), Billy Sanders (Australia) and defending champion Ole Olsen in a runoff for third after all four", "title": "1979 Individual Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": "7651565", "score": "1.7102386", "text": "as his five wins. He also helped Sweden win the World Team Cup in 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967 and 1970 as well as the Speedway World Pairs Championship in 1968. He is considered by many to be the greatest rider of all time and this is reflected by the Speedway World Cup being named after him. Fundin went through the World Team Cup (including qualifying rounds and the final in Gothenburg) undefeated in 1960, a feat not matched until Australia's Jason Crump went through the 2001 Speedway World Cup undefeated. Fundin also made several visits to Australia during his", "title": "Ove Fundin" }, { "id": "12497648", "score": "1.7085311", "text": "falling in his second and not being able to contest the rest of the meeting. 1974 Individual Speedway World Championship The 1974 Individual Speedway World Championship. Sweden's own Anders Michanek scored a 15-point maximum to claim his only Individual world title in front of a capacity crowd at the Ullevi stadium in Göteborg. Four time champion Ivan Mauger finished second on 11 points after winning a run-off with Swede Sören Sjösten who also scored 11. With the defending champion Jerzy Szczakiel not qualifying after finishing last in the 2nd Continental Semi-final, the only other World Champion in the field was", "title": "1974 Individual Speedway World Championship" }, { "id": "9356061", "score": "1.7059032", "text": "These included titles in the Bewdley Bonanza, the Lydden International and the Western Winner. Ivan Mauger Ivan Gerald Mauger (4 October 1939 – 16 April 2018) was a motorcycle speedway rider from New Zealand. He won a record six World Championships (Finals), a feat equalled only with the inclusion of the Speedway GP Championships by Tony Rickardsson of Sweden who won one World Final and five GP Championships. Mauger rode for several British teams – Wimbledon Dons, Newcastle Diamonds, Belle Vue Aces, Exeter Falcons, and the Hull Vikings. Ivan Mauger and his wife of over 50 years, Raye, lived on", "title": "Ivan Mauger" }, { "id": "10682912", "score": "1.7033335", "text": "in 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963 and 1964, all at Rowley Park Speedway. Young would win the Queensland State Championship in 1953 at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground, and the Victorian State Championship in 1957 at the Tracey's Speedway in Melbourne. Despite his two World Championships, nine South Australian Championships and the Queensland and Victorian titles, Jack Young would never win or even place in the Australian Individual Speedway Championship, which during his time were held almost exclusively in New South Wales (at the Sydney Showground or Sydney Sports Ground), or in Queensland at the Exhibition Ground. Young declined", "title": "Jack Young (speedway rider)" } ]

[ "fieldfare", "turdus pilaris", "fieldfares", "Fieldfair", "Turdus pilaris", "fieldfair", "Fieldfare", "Fieldfares" ]

[ { "id": "1648682", "score": "1.835976", "text": "and expanded its range in Wales, northern England, Norway and the High Atlas mountain range in North Africa. \"S. e. asiatica\" breeds intermittently in Finland and northern Sweden following irruptions. Because large trees are essential, felling or fragmentation of old woodland can lead to local declines or losses. Eurasian nuthatch The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch (\"Sitta europaea\") is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe, where its name is the nuthatch. Like other nuthatches, it is a short-tailed bird with a long bill, blue-grey upperparts and a black eye-stripe. It is a vocal bird with", "title": "Eurasian nuthatch" }, { "id": "788254", "score": "1.8166984", "text": "with mud. The western capercaillie is a very dark and large rooster that lives in forest environments, so it is very difficult to observe. Among the forest raptors are the accipiter, the eurasian sparrowhawk or the tawny owl, which frequently attack other smaller birds such as eurasian jay, european green woodpecker, fringilla, great spotted woodpecker and typical warbler. The bustard frequents the open plains with rain-fed crops; It is large and has a grayish head and neck and a brown back. In the Castilian-Leonese wetlands during the winter many specimens of greylag goose, which breeds in northern Europe and visits", "title": "Castile and León" }, { "id": "10637143", "score": "1.8123524", "text": "Chestnut-capped blackbird The chestnut-capped blackbird (\"Chrysomus ruficapillus\") is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Paraguay, and Uruguay, where its natural habitats are swamps, ricefields and pastureland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature rates its conservation status as \"least concern\". The chestnut-capped blackbird is sexually dimorphic. It has a straight dark-coloured beak with a sharp tip, and dark legs. The male has a chestnut-coloured head and throat but is otherwise glossy black; birds in the southern part of the range have darker heads than those in the north. The", "title": "Chestnut-capped blackbird" }, { "id": "1648654", "score": "1.7901467", "text": "Eurasian nuthatch The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch (\"Sitta europaea\") is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe, where its name is the nuthatch. Like other nuthatches, it is a short-tailed bird with a long bill, blue-grey upperparts and a black eye-stripe. It is a vocal bird with a repeated loud \"dwip\" call. There are more than 20 subspecies in three main groups; birds in the west of the range have orange-buff underparts and a white throat, those in Russia have whitish underparts, and those in the Far East have a similar appearance to European birds,", "title": "Eurasian nuthatch" }, { "id": "2304487", "score": "1.7882986", "text": "length. The upper parts are dark-streaked greyish green, with a yellow rump. The yellow breast and white belly are also heavily streaked. The male has a brighter yellow face and breast, yellow wing bars and yellow tail sides. The song of this bird is a buzzing trill, very familiar in Mediterranean countries. It breeds across southern and central Europe and north Africa. Southern and Atlantic coast populations are largely resident, but the northern breeders migrate further south in Europe for the winter. Open woodland and cultivation, often with some conifers, is favoured for breeding. It builds its nest in a", "title": "European serin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wild turkey\n\nThe wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey).", "title": "Wild turkey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Birds/Selected picture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/mammal articles by size" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Core Content/Articles" }, { "id": "10635516", "score": "1.7881602", "text": "birds occur in farmland, scrub and woodland edges. Chestnut bunting The chestnut bunting (\"Emberiza rutila\") is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae found in eastern Asia. It is a fairly small bunting, 14 to 15 cm in length. The tail is fairly short with little or no white on the outer feathers. Breeding males have bright chestnut-brown upperparts and head. The breast and belly are yellow with streaks on the sides. Non-breeding males are similar but duller with the chestnut partly hidden by pale fringes to the feathers. The female is mostly dull brown with dark streaks above", "title": "Chestnut bunting" }, { "id": "10637601", "score": "1.7875347", "text": "Chestnut-belted gnateater The chestnut-belted gnateater (\"Conopophaga aurita\") is a species of bird in the Conopophagidae family, the gnateaters. It is found in the Amazon Basin of northern Brazil, southern Colombia and eastern Peru and Ecuador; also the Guianan countries of Guyana, Suriname and eastern French Guiana. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is a small dark bird with a relatively stout bill, brown upperparts and crown (the latter often tinged rufous), a white supercilium, and pinkish-grey legs. The male has a black frontlet, face and throat, a rufous chest, and buff or white belly. The female has", "title": "Chestnut-belted gnateater" }, { "id": "2237546", "score": "1.7634642", "text": "a grey head and red-brown spotting on the underparts. It has an insectivore's fine pointed bill. Sexes are similar, although the male may be contrasted in appearance. Young birds have browner heads and underparts. It is found throughout the mountains of southern temperate Europe, Lebanon and Asia at heights above 2000 m. It is mainly resident, wintering more widely at lower latitudes, but some birds wander as rare vagrants as far as Great Britain. It is a bird of bare mountain areas with some low vegetation. It builds a neat nest low in a bush or rock crevice, laying 3-5", "title": "Alpine accentor" }, { "id": "3457992", "score": "1.7606597", "text": "Chestnut-collared longspur The chestnut-collared longspur (\"Calcarius ornatus\") is a species of bird in the family Calcariidae. Like the other longspurs, it is a small ground-feeding bird that primarily eats seeds. It breeds in prairie habitats in Canada and the northern United States and winters to the south in the United States and Mexico. These birds have a short conical bill, a streaked back and a white tail with a dark tip. In breeding plumage, the male has black underparts, a chestnut nape, a yellow throat and a black crown. Other birds have light brown underparts, a dark crown, brown wings", "title": "Chestnut-collared longspur" }, { "id": "10650829", "score": "1.7574486", "text": "Chestnut-flanked white-eye The chestnut-flanked white-eye (\"Zosterops erythropleurus\") is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is migratory, breeding in Manchuria and migrating to central China, Yunnan and northern Southeast Asia in the winter. It is the most migratory species of white-eye. It breeds in poplar, alder and willow forests, thickets and groves, and winters in deciduous and evergreen forests, usually above 1000 m. 10.5 cm length. Distinct chestnut patch on flanks. Bill base and lower mandible may be pinkish. Underparts whiter. Similar species: Japanese White-eye is pale brown on flanks. Habitat: Forests, prefers rather deep mixed and coniferous.", "title": "Chestnut-flanked white-eye" }, { "id": "10650828", "score": "1.7574486", "text": "Chestnut-flanked white-eye The chestnut-flanked white-eye (\"Zosterops erythropleurus\") is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is migratory, breeding in Manchuria and migrating to central China, Yunnan and northern Southeast Asia in the winter. It is the most migratory species of white-eye. It breeds in poplar, alder and willow forests, thickets and groves, and winters in deciduous and evergreen forests, usually above 1000 m. 10.5 cm length. Distinct chestnut patch on flanks. Bill base and lower mandible may be pinkish. Underparts whiter. Similar species: Japanese White-eye is pale brown on flanks. Habitat: Forests, prefers rather deep mixed and coniferous.", "title": "Chestnut-flanked white-eye" }, { "id": "10552801", "score": "1.7565576", "text": "adult chestnut-backed bush warbler is a drab, unobtrusive bird about long. The sexes are similar. The upperparts are reddish brown, the chin and throat pale grey, the breast deeper grey and the belly, flanks and undertail coverts various shades of brown. There is a pale streak above the eye and a dark eye-stripe. The bill is black and the legs reddish brown. The chestnut-backed bush warbler is found in undisturbed primary montane forest and in secondary forest, as well as adjoining thick scrub, bushes and rank grassland. It has a preference for moss-covered rocks and tree trunks densely clad with", "title": "Chestnut-backed bush warbler" }, { "id": "9656096", "score": "1.7564929", "text": "in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats). Chestnut-breasted mannikin The chestnut-breasted mannikin (\"Lonchura castaneothorax\"), also known as the chestnut-breasted munia or bully bird (in Australia), is a small brown-backed munia with a black face and greyish crown and nape. It has a broad ferruginous breast bar above a white belly. The species is found in Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. This species has also been introduced to French Polynesia and France. The chestnut-breasted mannikin has a total of six subspecies and seven forms. The subspecies are as follows: \"L. castaneothorax\" occurs in Tahiti.", "title": "Chestnut-breasted mannikin" }, { "id": "9656092", "score": "1.7556965", "text": "Chestnut-breasted mannikin The chestnut-breasted mannikin (\"Lonchura castaneothorax\"), also known as the chestnut-breasted munia or bully bird (in Australia), is a small brown-backed munia with a black face and greyish crown and nape. It has a broad ferruginous breast bar above a white belly. The species is found in Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. This species has also been introduced to French Polynesia and France. The chestnut-breasted mannikin has a total of six subspecies and seven forms. The subspecies are as follows: \"L. castaneothorax\" occurs in Tahiti. Apparently, it is descended from \"L. c. castaneothorax\". They are distinguished", "title": "Chestnut-breasted mannikin" }, { "id": "3914709", "score": "1.7546467", "text": "Black-throated accentor The black-throated accentor (\"Prunella atrogularis\") is a small passerine bird found in the Ural, Tian Shan and Altai Mountains. It is migratory, wintering in Afghanistan and neighboring countries. It is a rare vagrant in western Europe. The black-throated accentor builds a neat nest low in spruce thickets, laying 3-5 unspotted blue eggs. It winters in scrub or cultivation. This is a dunnock-sized bird, 13.5–14 cm in length. It has a streaked dark brown back, somewhat resembling a house sparrow, but adults have a black crown, face patch and throat, and a white supercilium. The breast is orange, and", "title": "Black-throated accentor" }, { "id": "10641967", "score": "1.7528778", "text": "dark grey with white tips to the outer feathers. The female is similar to the male but duller with a browner head and pale throat. It has harsh \"chuck-chuck\" and \"see-ip\" calls and a bubbling alarm call. It breeds in south-east Siberia, north-east China and Korea and may breed in Japan, especially on Tsushima Island. It is largely migratory, wintering in southern and central Japan, South Korea and southern China, occasionally reaching as far as Yunnan, Taiwan and the Philippines. It inhabits forests, scrub, gardens and parks. It is a shy bird which keeps to cover. It can occur in", "title": "Pale thrush" }, { "id": "4053828", "score": "1.74715", "text": "short rounded wings, and a long tapering tail with each feather tipped with black and white. In breeding plumage, adults are grey-brown above, with dark streaking. The underparts are whitish with buff flanks, and the bill is short and black. The sexes are similar. In winter, adults are brighter sandy brown above with weaker streaking, there is more buff on the sides, and the bill is paler. There are 12 subspecies, of which \" P. g. akyildizi\", of southern Turkey is the darkest, brownest, and most heavily streaked above, and has the brightest buff flanks. The long tail is often", "title": "Graceful prinia" }, { "id": "10628078", "score": "1.7437255", "text": "black. The black collar is parallel to a second deep black stripe, an eye-stripe across the lower eye from the side to the bill. The deep chestnut cap and two black stripes enclose two parallel bright white stripes. The bill is stout, short and medium black, with a decurved tip. The bird has black eyes, black legs, and also short light-buff whiskered-feathers surrounding the base of its bill (moustachial). These bright head colors contrast with a duller colored body and breast. It is found in northwestern South America in the western Amazon Basin of Brazil, in Amazonian Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,", "title": "Chestnut-capped puffbird" }, { "id": "1545393", "score": "1.7409518", "text": "The male of the nominate subspecies, which is found throughout most of Europe, is all black except for a yellow eye-ring and bill and has a rich, melodious song; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown plumage. This species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, mud-lined, cup-shaped nest. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms, berries, and fruits. Both sexes are territorial on the breeding grounds, with distinctive threat displays, but are more gregarious during migration and in wintering areas. Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently", "title": "Common blackbird" }, { "id": "10628887", "score": "1.7404945", "text": "White-browed coucal The white-browed coucal or lark-heeled cuckoo (\"Centropus superciliosus\"), is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa. It inhabits areas with thick cover afforded by rank undergrowth and scrub, including in suitable coastal regions. Burchell's coucal is sometimes considered a subspecies. The white-browed coucal is a medium-sized species growing to in length. The sexes are similar, adults having a blackish crown and nape, a white supercilium, rufous-brown back, chestnut wings, blackish rump and black tail, glossed with green, with a white tip. The underparts are creamy-white, the eyes red, the beak black,", "title": "White-browed coucal" } ]

[ "Albatross", "Diomedeidae", "Goony bird", "diomedeidae", "Goonie bird", "albatrosses", "Albatrosses", "goonie bird", "giant albatross", "אלבטרוס", "goony bird", "Giant Albatross", "albatross" ]

[ { "id": "2163899", "score": "1.5770836", "text": "northern fulmar has a wingspan of and is in length. Body mass can range from . This species is gray and white with a pale yellow, thick, bill and bluish legs; however there is both a light morph and dark, or 'blue' morph. In the Pacific Ocean there is an intermediate morph as well. All morphs have certain similarities, such as only the dark morph has more than dark edges on the underneath, and they all have pale inner primaries on the top of the wings. The Pacific morph has a darker tail than the Atlantic morph. Like other petrels,", "title": "Northern fulmar" }, { "id": "7735809", "score": "1.5242221", "text": "years to get their full adult breeding plumage. The wingspans of the largest great albatrosses (genus \"Diomedea\") are the largest of any bird, exceeding , although the other species' wingspans are considerably smaller at no more than . The wings are stiff and cambered, with thickened streamlined leading edges. Albatrosses travel huge distances with two techniques used by many long-winged seabirds: dynamic soaring and slope soaring. Dynamic soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind, thus gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. The only effort expended is in the turns at the top and bottom of every such", "title": "Albatross" }, { "id": "2817390", "score": "1.5170248", "text": "the living bird with the largest wingspan is the wandering albatross, at . Since \"A. magnificens\" is known to have been a land bird, another good point of comparison is the Andean condor, one of the largest extant land birds, with a wingspan of up to and weight of up to , and which is not too distantly related to \"Argentavis\". The ability to fly is not a simple question of weight ratios, except in extreme cases; size and structure of the wing must also be taken into account. As a rule of thumb, a wing loading of 25 kg/m", "title": "Argentavis" }, { "id": "5359543", "score": "1.5164278", "text": "Aiolornis Aiolornis incredibilis (syn \"Teratornis incredibilis\"), of the teratorn family, was the largest known North American flight-capable bird, with a wingspan of up to approximately and a huge, deep, powerful bill. The typical body mass of this bird was estimated to be , significantly heavier than any extant flying bird. \"A. incredibilis\" presumably became extinct at the same time as the other megafauna in North America. It is sometimes called the giant condor because of its resemblance to the modern condors of California and South America, although it is bigger and in a different family. It is not well known", "title": "Aiolornis" }, { "id": "6137840", "score": "1.5158238", "text": "of per Saito (2009). The Steller's sea eagle's absolute maximum wingspan is less certain; many sources place it at up to 2.45 m (8 ft 2 in). However, less substantiated records indicate that it may also reach even greater wingspans. Three separate sources claim unverified Steller's sea eagles spanning up to , and , respectively. It is unique among all sea eagles in having a yellow bill even in juvenile birds, and possessing 14, not 12, rectrices. As in most \"Haliaeetus\" eagles, the tarsus and tail are relatively short compared to other very large eagles at and in length, respectively,", "title": "Steller's sea eagle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Albatross\n\nAlbatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. They are absent from the North Atlantic, although fossil remains show they once occurred there and occasional vagrants are found. Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and species of the genus \"Diomedea\" (great albatrosses) have the longest wingspans of any extant birds, reaching up to . The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, but disagreement exists over the number of species.\n\nAlbatrosses are highly efficient in the air, using dynamic soaring and slope soaring to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on squid, fish, and krill by either scavenging, surface seizing, or diving. Albatrosses are colonial, nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. Pair bonds between males and females form over several years, with the use of \"ritualised dances\", and last for the life of the pair. A breeding season can take over a year from laying to fledging, with a single egg laid in each breeding attempt. A Laysan albatross, named Wisdom, on Midway Island is the oldest-known wild bird in the world; she was first banded in 1956 by Chandler Robbins.\n\nOf the 22 species of albatrosses recognised by the IUCN, 21 are listed as at some level of concern; two species are Critically Endangered, seven species are Endangered, six species are Vulnerable, and six species are Near Threatened. Numbers of albatrosses have declined in the past due to harvesting for feathers. Albatrosses are threatened by introduced species, such as rats and feral cats that attack eggs, chicks, and nesting adults; by pollution; by a serious decline in fish stocks in many regions largely due to overfishing; and by longline fishing. Longline fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the bait, become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified stakeholders such as governments, conservation organisations, and people in the fishing industry are all working toward reducing this bycatch.", "title": "Albatross" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Laysan albatross\n\nThe Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) is a large seabird that ranges across the North Pacific. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are home to 99.7% of the population. This small (for its family) gull-like albatross is the second-most common seabird in the Hawaiian Islands, with an estimated population of 1.18 million birds, and is currently expanding (or possibly re-expanding) its range to new islands. The Laysan albatross was first described as \"Diomedea immutabilis\" by Lionel Walter Rothschild, in 1893, on the basis of a specimen from Laysan Island.", "title": "Laysan albatross" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wandering albatross\n\nThe wandering albatross, snowy albatross, white-winged albatross or goonie<ref name=\"Robertsonft\"/> (Diomedea exulans) is a large seabird from the family Diomedeidae, which has a circumpolar range in the Southern Ocean. It was the last species of albatross to be described, and was long considered the same species as the Tristan albatross and the Antipodean albatross. A few authors still consider them all subspecies of the same species.<ref name=\"Clements\"/> The SACC has a proposal on the table to split this species,<ref name=Remsen/> and BirdLife International has already split it. Together with the Amsterdam albatross, it forms the wandering albatross species complex.\n\nThe wandering albatross is one of the two largest members of the genus \"Diomedea\" (the great albatrosses), being similar in size to the southern royal albatross. It is one of the largest, best known, and most studied species of bird in the world. It has the greatest known wingspan of any living bird, and is also one of the most far-ranging birds. Some individual wandering albatrosses are known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times, covering more than , in one year.", "title": "Wandering albatross" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Seabird\n\nSeabirds (also known as marine birds) are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment. While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking convergent evolution, as the same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations. The first seabirds evolved in the Cretaceous period, and modern seabird families emerged in the Paleogene.\n\nIn general, seabirds live longer, breed later and have fewer young than other birds do, but they invest a great deal of time in their young. Most species nest in colonies, which can vary in size from a few dozen birds to millions. Many species are famous for undertaking long annual migrations, crossing the equator or circumnavigating the Earth in some cases. They feed both at the ocean's surface and below it, and even feed on each other. Seabirds can be highly pelagic, coastal, or in some cases spend a part of the year away from the sea entirely.\n\nSeabirds and humans have a long history together: they have provided food to hunters, guided fishermen to fishing stocks and led sailors to land. Many species are currently threatened by human activities, such as from oil spills, getting trapped in nets, and by climate change and severe weather. Conservation efforts include the establishment of wildlife refugees and adjustments to fishing techniques.", "title": "Seabird" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of largest birds\n\nThe largest extant species of bird measured by mass is the common ostrich (\"Struthio camelus\"), closely followed by the Somali ostrich (\"Struthio molybdophanes\"). The Struthioniformes family are from the plains of Africa. A male ostrich can reach a height of and weigh over , A mass of has been cited for the ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified. Ostrich eggs are the largest of any bird, weighing up to .\n\nThe bird with the largest wingspan is the wandering albatross (\"Diomedea exulans\") of the Sub-Antarctic oceans. The largest dimensions found in this species are an approximate head-to-tail length of and a wingspan of .", "title": "List of largest birds" }, { "id": "6004782", "score": "1.5113138", "text": "Northern giant petrel The northern giant petrel (\"Macronectes halli\"), also known as Hall's giant petrel, is a large predatory seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly, but is slightly north of, the similar southern giant petrel (\"Macronectes giganteus\"). Both giant petrel species make up the genus \"Macronectes\". They belong to the order Procellariiformes, the tube-nosed seabirds or petrels. All tube-noses have tubular nostrils, and all those in the family Procellariidae, the true petrels, have their nostrils united along the top of the bill. Procellariform birds have between seven and nine distinct horny plates for their bill, and in", "title": "Northern giant petrel" }, { "id": "1641799", "score": "1.4961447", "text": "albatross is one of the two largest members of the genus \"Diomedea\" (the great albatrosses), being similar in size to the southern royal albatross. It is one of the largest birds in the world and has the greatest known wingspan of any living bird, and one of the best known and studied species of bird in the world. This is also one of the most far ranging birds. Some individual wandering albatrosses are known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times, covering more than , in one year. The wandering albatross was first described as \"Diomedea exulans\" by Carl Linnaeus,", "title": "Wandering albatross" }, { "id": "7735791", "score": "1.4936923", "text": "Albatross Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. They are absent from the North Atlantic, although fossil remains show they once occurred there and occasional vagrants are found. Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the genus great albatrosses have the longest wingspans of any extant birds, reaching up to . The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, but disagreement exists over the number of species. Albatrosses", "title": "Albatross" }, { "id": "8547683", "score": "1.4934486", "text": "is along the coast of the northern Pacific Ocean, extending from northern California to northeast Asia. They mainly feed on planktonic crustaceans, small fish and squid, but will also consume offal. Similarly to other storm-petrels, it forages by picking food of the surface of the water while in flight. The fork-tailed storm petrel is small seabird that is 20 cm in length with a wingspan of 45.9 cm. Its foraging behaviour resembles other storm-petrels, where it flies with short stiff wingbeats close to the surface of the water. Despite its name, the forked tail in this bird is not always", "title": "Fork-tailed storm petrel" }, { "id": "2166108", "score": "1.4873239", "text": "David Ainley estimated the minimum population of the Pacific at around 15,750 birds in 1995 after 15 years of field observations. Red-billed tropicbirds disperse widely when not breeding, the juveniles more so than the adults, with birds in the Pacific reaching the 45th parallel north off Washington State and 32nd parallel south off Chile, with 19 records as of 2007 from Hawaii—some from Mexico. It sometimes wanders further, including five records from Great Britain, and two from Australia: October–December 2010 on Lord Howe Island and September 2014 on Ashmore Reef. In July 2005, one was found in eastern New Brunswick,", "title": "Red-billed tropicbird" }, { "id": "6293984", "score": "1.4871955", "text": "to Italy and was stranded with his companions who were turned to birds. The wandering albatross and the southern royal albatross are the largest of the albatrosses and are amongst the largest of flying birds. They have the largest wingspans of any bird, being up to from tip to tip, although the average is a little over . Large adult males of these two species may exceed in weight, as heavy as a large swan. The great albatrosses are predominantly white in plumage as adults, with birds becoming whiter as they age. The two royal albatrosses at all ages and", "title": "Great albatross" }, { "id": "8497560", "score": "1.4871023", "text": "Stejneger's petrel The Stejneger's petrel (\"Pterodroma longirostris\") is a species of seabird and a member of the gadfly petrels. The bird is 26–31 cm in size, with a 53–66 cm wingspan. This species is highly pelagic, rarely approaching land, except to nest and rear young. It occurs in the Pacific Ocean, nesting in the Cerro de Los Inocentes mountain of the Juan Fernández Islands off Chile. It is a transequatorial migrant, finding its way to subtropical waters off Japan before returning to its nesting sites. It has been reported well off the west coast of the United States. Stejneger's petrel", "title": "Stejneger's petrel" }, { "id": "13693235", "score": "1.4850457", "text": "Magnificent frigatebird The magnificent frigatebird (\"Fregata magnificens\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae. With a length of it is the largest species of frigatebird. It occurs over tropical and subtropical waters off America, between northern Mexico and Ecuador on the Pacific coast and between Florida and southern Brazil along the Atlantic coast. There are also populations on the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific and the Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic. The magnificent frigatebird is a large, lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage, long narrow wings and a deeply forked tail. The male has a striking red gular", "title": "Magnificent frigatebird" }, { "id": "4231385", "score": "1.4843626", "text": "it breeds on the Kermadec Islands. Elsewhere in the Pacific it breeds in Fiji, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Hawaii, with a large colony on Kure Atoll, the Cook Islands, Pitcairn Island, and islands off Japan and Chile. It frequents areas of ocean with water temperatures from and salinity under 35% in the southern hemisphere and 33.5% in the northern hemisphere. In the Pacific Ocean, the southern boundary of its range runs along the summer surface isotherm. The warm waters of the Leeuwin Current facilitate the species nesting at Cape Leeuwin in southwestern Australia, yet is only a rare visitor to", "title": "Red-tailed tropicbird" }, { "id": "6059483", "score": "1.4833059", "text": "Great frigatebird The great frigatebird (\"Fregata minor\") is a large seabird in the frigatebird family. There are major nesting populations in the tropical Pacific (including the Galapagos Islands) and Indian Oceans, as well as a tiny population in the South Atlantic. The great frigatebird is a lightly built, large seabird up to 105 cm long with predominantly black plumage. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism; the female is larger than the adult male and has a white throat and breast, and the male's scapular feathers have a purple-green sheen. In the breeding season, the male is able to distend its striking", "title": "Great frigatebird" }, { "id": "3619107", "score": "1.4823043", "text": "except for the which are rusty. The streaking becomes less prominent lower in the body. The surfbird has the longest and narrowest non-breeding distribution of any North American bird, being found from Kodiak Island in Alaska to the Straits of Magellan at the southern tip of South America. Along that range it is rarely found more than a few meters from the shore. During the breeding season it is found on the mountains of Alaska and the western Yukon, from . The surfbird starts leaving its breeding grounds from July (the last leaving in October), and begins reaching its main", "title": "Surfbird" }, { "id": "1737077", "score": "1.480299", "text": "found, with the earliest being from the Upper Miocene. Northern storm petrels are the smallest of all the seabirds, ranging in size from 13–25 cm in length. The Hydrobatidae have longer wings than the austral storm petrels, forked or wedge-shaped tails and shorter legs. The legs of all storm petrels are proportionally longer than those of other Procellariiformes, but they are very weak and unable to support the bird's weight for more than a few steps. All but two of the Hydrobatidae are mostly dark in colour with varying amounts of white on the rump. Two species have different plumage", "title": "Northern storm petrel" }, { "id": "1641801", "score": "1.4795289", "text": "living bird, typically ranging from , with a mean span of in the Bird Island, South Georgia colony and an average of exactly in 123 birds measured off the coast of Malabar, New South Wales. On the Crozet Islands, adults averaged in wingspan. The longest-winged examples verified have been about . Even larger examples have been claimed, with two giants reportedly measuring and but these reports remain unverified. As a result of its wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without flapping its wings for several hours at a time (travelling 22 m for every metre of drop).", "title": "Wandering albatross" }, { "id": "1540204", "score": "1.4766333", "text": "this practice taking place in the Gilbert Islands and Tuvalu. Frigatebird Frigatebirds (also listed as \"frigate bird\", \"frigate-bird\", \"frigate\", frigate-petrel\") are a family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, Fregata. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Females have white underbellies and males have a distinctive red gular pouch, which they inflate during the breeding season to attract females. Their wings are long and pointed and can span up to , the largest wing area to body", "title": "Frigatebird" }, { "id": "2163905", "score": "1.4745765", "text": "picked from the water's surface. It is a fairly large, bulky petrel, long with a wingspan of . The male has an average weight of while the smaller female weighs around . These weights increase to at the start of a shift incubating the eggs. The male has a wing length of , bill length of , tarsus length of and tail length of . The female has a wing length of , bill length of , tarsus length of and tail length of . The bird flies with a mixture of shallow flaps and long glides, often looking down", "title": "Southern fulmar" } ]

[ "bullitt", "Bullitt", "Lieutenant Frank Bullitt", "lieutenant frank bullitt" ]

[ { "id": "1292242", "score": "1.8347528", "text": "which he stars opposite Candice Bergen and Richard Attenborough (with whom he had previously worked in \"The Great Escape\"). He followed his Oscar nomination with 1968's \"Bullitt\", one of his best-known films, which co-starred Jacqueline Bisset, Robert Vaughn, and Don Gordon. It featured an unprecedented (and endlessly imitated) auto chase through San Francisco. Although McQueen did do the driving that appeared in closeup, this was about 10% of what is seen in the film's car chase. The rest of the driving by McQueen's character was done by stunt drivers Bud Ekins and Loren Janes. The antagonist's black was driven by", "title": "Steve McQueen" }, { "id": "19171466", "score": "1.753808", "text": "the police. The gang is overcome with tear gas, after which Will takes the boy safely home. Streets of San Francisco (film) Streets of San Francisco is a 1949 American crime film directed by George Blair, written by John K. Butler, and starring Robert Armstrong, Mae Clarke, Gary Gray, Wally Cassell, Richard Benedict and John Harmon. It was released on April 15, 1949, by Republic Pictures. Frankie Fraser finds out his father Luke has committed a theft netting $250,000. The boy is forced to go along with Fraser and his three accomplices, missing school. Lt. Will Logan of the police", "title": "Streets of San Francisco (film)" }, { "id": "19171464", "score": "1.7037601", "text": "Streets of San Francisco (film) Streets of San Francisco is a 1949 American crime film directed by George Blair, written by John K. Butler, and starring Robert Armstrong, Mae Clarke, Gary Gray, Wally Cassell, Richard Benedict and John Harmon. It was released on April 15, 1949, by Republic Pictures. Frankie Fraser finds out his father Luke has committed a theft netting $250,000. The boy is forced to go along with Fraser and his three accomplices, missing school. Lt. Will Logan of the police puts the pieces together and investigates. In a confrontation, Will kills Fraser, but then is unable to", "title": "Streets of San Francisco (film)" }, { "id": "2536072", "score": "1.7026979", "text": "Shooting from multiple angles simultaneously and creating a montage from the footage to give the illusion of different streets also resulted in the speeding cars passing the same vehicles at several different times, including, widely noted, a green Volkswagen Beetle. At one point the Charger crashes into the camera in one scene and the damaged front fender is noticeable in later scenes. Local authorities did not allow the car chase to be filmed on the Golden Gate Bridge, but did permit it in Midtown locations including Bernal Heights and the Mission District, and on the outskirts of neighboring Brisbane. McQueen,", "title": "Bullitt" }, { "id": "15048711", "score": "1.7022877", "text": "best remembered, and it has been extensively discussed over the years. Leonard Maltin has called it a \"now-classic car chase, one of the screen's all-time best.\" Emanuel Levy wrote in 2003 that, \"\"Bullitt\" contains one of the most exciting car chases in film history, a sequence that revolutionized Hollywood's standards. Chasing the hoodlums, McQueen drives up and down the hills of San Francisco, while an impressive hand-held camera records the perilous pursuit and traffic in thrilling minutia detail, as his sexy vehicle narrowly misses intersecting cars and trucks; other barriers during the chase are pedestrians, buildings, and so on.\" Paul", "title": "Frank P. Keller" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bullitt\n\nBullitt is a 1968 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Peter Yates and produced by Philip D'Antoni. The picture stars Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, and Jacqueline Bisset. The screenplay by Alan R. Trustman and Harry Kleiner was based on the 1963 novel \"Mute Witness\", by Robert L. Fish, writing under the pseudonym Robert L. Pike. Lalo Schifrin wrote the original jazz-inspired score.\n\nThe film was made by McQueen's Solar Productions company, with his partner Robert Relyea as executive producer. Released by Warner Bros.-Seven Arts on October 17, 1968, the film was a critical and box-office success, later winning the Academy Award for Best Film Editing (Frank P. Keller) and receiving a nomination for Best Sound. Writers Trustman and Kleiner won a 1969 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. \"Bullitt\" is famous for its car chase scene through the streets of San Francisco, which is regarded as one of the most influential in film history.<ref name=Ebert /><ref name=Maltin /><ref name=Levy /><ref name=Weber />\n\nIn 2007, \"Bullitt\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "title": "Bullitt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Dead Pool\n\nThe Dead Pool is a 1988 American action thriller film directed by Buddy Van Horn written by Steve Sharon and starring Clint Eastwood as Inspector \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan. It is the fifth and final film in the \"Dirty Harry\" film series and is set in San Francisco, California.\n\nThe story concerns the manipulation of a dead pool game by a serial killer, whose efforts are confronted by the hardened detective Callahan. It co-stars Liam Neeson and Patricia Clarkson, with Jim Carrey in his first dramatic role.\n\nIt is the only film in the series not to feature Albert Popwell, an actor who had played a different character in each of the previous four films.\n\nAt 91 minutes, it is the shortest of the five \"Dirty Harry\" films. Like those films, \"The Dead Pool\" is notable for coining catchphrases uttered by Clint Eastwood's gun-wielding character, one of which is: \"Opinions are like assholes; everybody has one\".", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Steve McQueen\n\nTerrence Stephen McQueen (March 24, 1930November 7, 1980) was an American actor. His antihero persona, emphasized during the height of the counterculture of the 1960s, made him a top box-office draw for his films of the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was nicknamed the \"King of Cool\" and used the alias Harvey Mushman in motor races.\n\nMcQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in \"The Sand Pebbles\" (1966). His other popular films include \"Love With the Proper Stranger\" (1963), \"The Cincinnati Kid\" (1965), \"Nevada Smith\" (1966), \"The Thomas Crown Affair\" (1968), \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"Le Mans\" (1971), \"The Getaway\" (1972), and \"Papillon\" (1973). In addition, he starred in the all-star ensemble films \"The Magnificent Seven\" (1960), \"The Great Escape\" (1963), and \"The Towering Inferno\" (1974).\n\nIn 1974, McQueen became the highest-paid movie star in the world, although he did not act in film for another four years. He was combative with directors and producers, but his popularity placed him in high demand and enabled him to command the largest salaries.", "title": "Steve McQueen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bill Hickman\n\nWilliam Hickman (January 25, 1921 – February 24, 1986) was an American professional stunt driver, stunt coordinator and actor in the U.S. film industry. His film career spanned from the 1950s through to the late 1970s, and included films such as \"Bullitt\", \"The French Connection\" and \"The Seven-Ups\".", "title": "Bill Hickman" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Frank P. Keller\n\nFrank P. Keller (February 4, 1913 – December 25, 1977) was an American film and television editor with 24 feature film credits from 1958 - 1977. He is noted for the series of films he edited with director Peter Yates, for his four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing (\"Oscars\"), and for the \"revolutionary\" car chase sequence in the film \"Bullitt\" (1968) that likely won him the editing Oscar.", "title": "Frank P. Keller" }, { "id": "15048712", "score": "1.7021449", "text": "Monaco has written, \"The most compelling street footage of 1968, however, appeared in an entirely contrived sequence, with nary a hint of documentary feel about it -- the car chase through the streets of San Francisco in \"Bullitt\", created from footage shot over nearly five weeks. Billy Fraker, the cinematographer for the film, attributed the success of the chase sequence primarily to the work of the editor, Frank P. Keller. At the time, Keller was credited with cutting the piece in such a superb manner that he made the city of San Francisco a \"character\" in the film.\" In 1957,", "title": "Frank P. Keller" }, { "id": "1909199", "score": "1.6736672", "text": "chase in the 1968 police thriller \"Bullitt\", in which the police detective played by Steve McQueen, driving a green Ford Mustang GT 390, chases hit men in a 1968 Dodge Charger 440 R/T (automatic transmission) through the streets of San Francisco. McQueen is shown double clutching on most shifts. Double clutching may not have actually happened that many times. Many racing enthusiasts consider double clutching a synchronized transmission a waste of time. However the chase footage, as edited, makes it appear so. Apart from acting, McQueen was also an avid race car and motorcycle enthusiast. Double clutch (technique) Double clutching", "title": "Double clutch (technique)" }, { "id": "2536082", "score": "1.6693949", "text": "it won that year's Academy Award for Best Editing\". Among 21st-century critics, it holds a 97% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, representing positive reviews from 34 of 35 critics with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Steve McQueen is cool as ice in this thrilling police procedural that also happens to contain the arguably greatest car chase ever.\" The film was nominated for and won several critical awards. Frank P. Keller won the 1969 Academy Award for Best Film Editing, and it was also nominated for Best Sound. Five nominations at the BAFTA Film Awards for", "title": "Bullitt" }, { "id": "3628622", "score": "1.6503623", "text": "the trailer and onto the road. McQueen wakes in the middle of traffic and speeds off the highway to find Mack, but instead ends up lost in the run-down desert town of Radiator Springs, where he inadvertently ruins the pavement of its main road by accident. After being arrested, impounded overnight and guarded by a rusty yet friendly tow truck named Mater, McQueen is ordered by the town judge Doc Hudson to leave town immediately. However, the local lawyer Sally Carrera, requests that McQueen should instead be given community service to repave the road to which Doc reluctantly agrees. McQueen", "title": "Cars (film)" }, { "id": "4069748", "score": "1.6420709", "text": "west of Van Ness Avenue in an area where many car dealerships were once located (Van Ness was San Francisco's \"Auto Row\"). The production did not have permission from the city to drive cars down the concrete steps in Alta Plaza Park in San Francisco; these were badly damaged during filming and still show the scars today. At the end of the car chase, almost everyone ends up foundering in San Francisco Bay — except O'Neal and Streisand, comfortably afloat in their Volkswagen Beetle. This was a play on Volkswagen print and TV ads from a few years earlier that", "title": "What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)" }, { "id": "20469453", "score": "1.6295136", "text": "him the only Academy Award for Best Actor nomination of his career. In 1968, McQueen appeared as millionaire Thomas Crown in the crime film \"The Thomas Crown Affair\", and in the thriller \"Bullitt\" as the eponymous police detective Frank Bullitt. These films fared well at the box office, with the latter garnering acclaim for its stunt sequences, particularly the car chase. For his performance in \"The Reivers\" (1969), McQueen earned a third Golden Globe Award nomination. McQueen began the 1970s with the sports drama \"Le Mans\" (1971), a fictional take on the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance races.", "title": "Steve McQueen filmography" }, { "id": "5699767", "score": "1.6170714", "text": "Zeissl and Walter von Walthoffen. McQueen undertook his own stunts, which include playing polo and driving a dune buggy at high speed along the Massachusetts coastline. This was similar to his starring role in the movie \"Bullitt\", released a few months afterwards, in which he drove a Ford Mustang through San Francisco at more than . In an interview, McQueen would later say this was his favorite film. The car driven by Dunaway, referred to as \"one of those red Italian things,\" is the first of only ten Ferrari 275 GTB/4 NART Spyders built. Today, this model is one of", "title": "The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)" }, { "id": "1292247", "score": "1.6111557", "text": "a modern-day bounty hunter, both released in 1980. McQueen was offered the lead male role in \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\", but was unable to accept due to his \"Wanted: Dead or Alive\" contract (the role went to George Peppard). He turned down parts in \"Ocean's 11\", \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" (his attorneys and agents could not agree with Paul Newman's attorneys and agents on top billing), \"The Driver\", \"Apocalypse Now\", \"California Split\", \"Dirty Harry\", \"A Bridge Too Far\", \"The French Connection\" (he did not want to do another cop film), and \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\". According to", "title": "Steve McQueen" }, { "id": "5309097", "score": "1.6018634", "text": "The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery (also called The St. Louis Bank Robbery, the film title in the opening credits) is a 1959 heist film, directed by Charles Guggenheim and starring Steve McQueen as a college dropout hired to be the getaway driver in a bank robbery. Based on a 1953 bank robbery attempt of Southwest Bank in St. Louis, the film was shot on location in 1958 with some of the men and women from the St. Louis Police Department, as well as local residents and bank employees, playing the same parts they", "title": "The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery" }, { "id": "2536066", "score": "1.6011751", "text": "with its extended car chase. Joe Levine, whose Embassy Pictures had distributed \"Robbery\", didn't much like it, but Alan Trustman, who saw the picture the very week he was writing the \"Bullitt\" chase scenes, insisted that McQueen, Relyea and D'Antoni (none of whom had ever heard of Yates) see \"Robbery\" and consider Yates as director for \"Bullitt\". McQueen based the character of Frank Bullitt on San Francisco Inspector Dave Toschi, with whom he worked prior to filming. McQueen even copied Toschi's unique \"fast draw\" shoulder holster. Toschi later became famous, along with Inspector Bill Armstrong, as the lead San Francisco", "title": "Bullitt" }, { "id": "19705031", "score": "1.5997448", "text": "in Atlanta, Georgia. Scenes were filmed in Dallas, Georgia in early October. Finding Steve McQueen Finding Steve McQueen is an upcoming American heist thriller film directed by Mark Steven Johnson and written by Keith Sharon and Ken Hixon. The film stars Travis Fimmel, Rachael Taylor, Forest Whitaker, and William Fichtner, telling the story of a gang planning to steal millions of dollars from President Nixon's illegal political slush fund. Travis Fimmel, Rachael Taylor, Forest Whitaker and William Fichtner would star in the heist film, \"Finding Steve McQueen\", to be directed by Mark Steven Johnson, from a script by Keith Sharon", "title": "Finding Steve McQueen" }, { "id": "5782338", "score": "1.5930738", "text": "car chase scene with Snake is a reference to the car chase scene in the 1968 film \"Bullitt\". Music similar to the soundtrack of the television series \"The Streets of San Francisco\" is heard in the scene. Alf Clausen, a composer on \"The Simpsons\" who had previously worked on several police shows, wrote the music for the scene. In another reference to \"The Streets of San Francisco\" and other Quinn Martin productions, a voice-over and caption proclaims the name of act two of the episode, \"Act II - Death Drives a Stick\", after the episode's first act break in the", "title": "Separate Vocations" }, { "id": "2536076", "score": "1.5860456", "text": "through the streets of San Francisco in \"Bullitt\", created from footage shot over nearly five weeks. Billy Fraker, the cinematographer for the film, attributed the success of the chase sequence primarily to the work of the editor, Frank P. Keller. At the time, Keller was credited with cutting the piece in such a superb manner that he made the city of San Francisco a \"character\" in the film.\" The editing of the scene was not without difficulties; Ralph Rosenblum wrote in 1979 that \"those who care about such things may know that during the filming of the climactic chase scene", "title": "Bullitt" }, { "id": "1292256", "score": "1.5829866", "text": "512S. This same Porsche 908 was entered by his production company Solar Productions as a camera car for \"Le Mans\" in the 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans later that year. McQueen wanted to drive a Porsche 917 with Jackie Stewart in that race, but the film backers threatened to pull their support if he did. Faced with the choice of driving for 24 hours in the race or driving for the entire summer making the film, McQueen opted for the latter. McQueen competed in off-road motorcycle racing, frequently running a BSA Hornet. He was also set to co-drive in", "title": "Steve McQueen" }, { "id": "1609154", "score": "1.5827041", "text": "a sex addict whose life is suddenly turned upside-down when his estranged sister (Carey Mulligan) reappears. McQueen's next film was \"12 Years a Slave\" (2013). Based on the 1853 autobiography of the same name by Solomon Northup, the film tells the story of a free black man who is kidnapped in 1841 and sold into slavery, working on plantations in the state of Louisiana for twelve years before being released. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture in March 2014, becoming the first Best Picture winner to have a black director or producer. McQueen signed on to develop", "title": "Steve McQueen (director)" } ]

[ "sandy hook lighthouse new jersey", "Sandy Hook Lighthouse, New Jersey" ]

[ { "id": "13806123", "score": "1.7854486", "text": "rubble of the original tower is still visible at the base of the current lighthouse, which dates from 1923. Next came the Sambro Island Light in 1760. Located at the entrance to Halifax harbor, it has been upgraded over the years but remains the oldest continuously operating lighthouse in North America, predating New Jersey's Sandy Hook Light by 4 years, and such venerable lighthouses as Virginia's Cape Henry Light, Maine's photogenic Portland Head Light, and Long Island's Montauk Point Light by three decades. Another early lighthouse in the Maritime provinces, at Cape Roseway dates from 1788 when Shelburne was booming", "title": "History of lighthouses in Canada" }, { "id": "3362731", "score": "1.7448859", "text": "Sandy Hook Light The Sandy Hook Lighthouse, located about one and a half statute miles (2.4 km) inland from the tip of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, is the oldest working lighthouse in the United States. It was designed and built on June 11, 1764 by Isaac Conro. At that time, it stood only from the tip of Sandy Hook; however, today, due to growth caused by littoral drift, it is almost inland from the tip. The light was built to aid mariners entering the southern end of the New York Harbor. It was originally called New York Lighthouse because it", "title": "Sandy Hook Light" }, { "id": "8482136", "score": "1.732394", "text": "Lighthouse Database Isaac Conro Isaac Conro was a stonemason from New York City. He is best remembered today for having built New Jersey's Sandy Hook Lighthouse in 1764, a structure whose principal task has been from the outset to guide ships into New York Harbor. Today it is the oldest standing navigational aid of any kind in the United States. Several later towers were based upon Conro's design, although he had no hand in their construction. His work was so solid that an 1852 Congressional inquiry determined Sandy Hook one of the three best-built lighthouses in the country. He died", "title": "Isaac Conro" }, { "id": "3893771", "score": "1.730844", "text": "in 1977 as Ocracoke Light Station. Various claims have been made about the light, including \"the Ocracoke Light is the second oldest operating lighthouse in the nation,\" from the National Park Service. The original 1795 construction a mile away would qualify only as fifth oldest and the current 1823 tower is about twelfth oldest. Ocracoke Light Ocracoke Light was built in Hyde County, on Ocracoke Island, North Carolina in 1823 by Massachusetts builder Noah Porter. The lighthouse stands tall. Its diameter narrows from at the base to at its peak. In 1864, Confederate troops dismantled the fourth-order Fresnel Lens, but", "title": "Ocracoke Light" }, { "id": "3362734", "score": "1.7236568", "text": "the Atlantic Ocean, Sandy Hook Bay and the New York City skyline. Sandy Hook Light The Sandy Hook Lighthouse, located about one and a half statute miles (2.4 km) inland from the tip of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, is the oldest working lighthouse in the United States. It was designed and built on June 11, 1764 by Isaac Conro. At that time, it stood only from the tip of Sandy Hook; however, today, due to growth caused by littoral drift, it is almost inland from the tip. The light was built to aid mariners entering the southern end of the", "title": "Sandy Hook Light" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sandy Hook Light\n\nThe Sandy Hook Lighthouse, located about one and a half statute miles (2.4 km) inland from the tip of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, is the oldest working lighthouse in the United States. It was designed and built on June 11, 1764 by Isaac Conro. At that time, it stood only from the tip of Sandy Hook; however, today, due to growth caused by littoral drift, it is almost inland from the tip. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, for its significance in commerce and transportation.<ref name=\"nris\"/>", "title": "Sandy Hook Light" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of lighthouses\n\nThe history of lighthouses refers to the development of the use of towers, buildings, or other types of structure, as an aid to navigation for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.", "title": "History of lighthouses" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of lighthouses in the United States\n\nThis is a list of lighthouses in the United States. The United States has had approximately a thousand lights as well as light towers, range lights, and pier head lights. Michigan has the most lights of any state with over 150 past and present lights. Lighthouses that are in former U.S. territories are not listed here.\n\nMost of the lights in the United States have been built and maintained by the Coast Guard (since 1939) and its predecessors, the United States Lighthouse Service (1910–1939) and the United States Lighthouse Board (1852–1910). Before the Lighthouse Board was established, local collectors of customs were responsible for lighthouses under Stephen Pleasonton. As their importance to navigation has declined and as public interest in them has increased, the Coast Guard has been handing over ownership and in some cases responsibility for running them to other parties, the chief of them being the National Park Service under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000. \n", "title": "List of lighthouses in the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of the oldest buildings in New York\n\nThis article attempts to list the oldest buildings in the state of New York, including the oldest houses and any other surviving structures. Some dates are approximate and based on architectural studies and historical records; other dates are based on dendrochronology. All entries should include citation with reference to: architectural features indicative of the date of construction; a report by an architectural historian; or dendrochronology. Sites on the list are generally from the First Period of American architecture. Only houses built prior to 1725 are suitable for inclusion on this list, or the building must be the oldest of its type. If the exact year of initial construction is estimated, it will be shown as a range of dates.\n\n", "title": "List of the oldest buildings in New York" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fort Hancock, New Jersey\n\nFort Hancock is a former United States Army fort at Sandy Hook in Middletown Township New Jersey. The coastal artillery base defended the Atlantic coast and the entrance to New York Harbor, with its first gun batteries operational in 1896. The fort served from then until 1950 as part of the Harbor Defenses of New York and predecessor organizations. Between 1874 and 1919, the adjacent US Army Sandy Hook Proving Ground was operated in conjunction with Fort Hancock. It is now part of Fort Hancock Memorial Park. It was preceded by the Fort at Sandy Hook, built 1857–1867 and demolished beginning in 1885.\n\nThe Sandy Hook Light, built in 1764 and the oldest working lighthouse in the United States, is located on the grounds of Fort Hancock.", "title": "Fort Hancock, New Jersey" }, { "id": "8482135", "score": "1.7179084", "text": "Isaac Conro Isaac Conro was a stonemason from New York City. He is best remembered today for having built New Jersey's Sandy Hook Lighthouse in 1764, a structure whose principal task has been from the outset to guide ships into New York Harbor. Today it is the oldest standing navigational aid of any kind in the United States. Several later towers were based upon Conro's design, although he had no hand in their construction. His work was so solid that an 1852 Congressional inquiry determined Sandy Hook one of the three best-built lighthouses in the country. He died in 1771.", "title": "Isaac Conro" }, { "id": "12298094", "score": "1.7165623", "text": "bricks in efforts of restoration. The interior of the lighthouse is equipped with a circular cast-iron staircase that leads to the top. The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, and is one of the oldest lighthouses in Massachusetts. The original wooden keeper's house from 1801 is still used as a housing for United States Coast Guard personnel who manage the site. In 2000, a major restoration of the tower was conducted by the Coast Guard. In 2008, the building made an appearance, supposedly as a lighthouse in Maine, in the film remake \"The Women\"", "title": "Annisquam Harbor Light" }, { "id": "10640195", "score": "1.6870604", "text": "Sambro Island Light Sambro Island Lighthouse is a landfall lighthouse located at the entrance to Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, on an island near the community of Sambro in the Halifax Regional Municipality. It is the oldest surviving lighthouse in North America and its construction is a National Historic Event. The Sambro lighthouse was built during the Seven Years' War by the very first act passed by Nova Scotia's House of Assembly on October 2, 1758 which placed a tax on incoming vessels and alcohol imports to pay for the lighthouse. An earlier attempt by the colonial officials in 1752 to", "title": "Sambro Island Light" }, { "id": "1172054", "score": "1.6695826", "text": "of September 1883. Old Baldy was downgraded from a lighthouse to a navigational radio beacon in 1935. It was completely decommissioned in 1959 when the Oak Island Light was built. Old Baldy Lighthouse now stands as the oldest lighthouse in North Carolina, having survived neglect, war and weather. It is on the National Register of Historic Places and is open to the public. Old Baldy lighthouse, built in 1817, was not tall enough or bright enough to aid vessels trying to avoid Frying Pan Shoals in all weather conditions. To remedy the problem, a lightship was stationed on the shoals", "title": "Bald Head Island, North Carolina" }, { "id": "8064071", "score": "1.6693847", "text": "Boston Light Boston Light is a lighthouse located on Little Brewster Island in outer Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The first lighthouse to be built on the site dates back to 1716, and was the first lighthouse to be built in what is now the United States. The current lighthouse dates from 1783, is the second oldest working lighthouse in the United States (after Sandy Hook Lighthouse in New Jersey), and is the only lighthouse to still be actively staffed by the United States Coast Guard, being automated in 1998 though there is still a keeper acting as tour guide. The structure", "title": "Boston Light" }, { "id": "3856994", "score": "1.6640376", "text": "is now abandoned but has long continued to be the subject of preservation efforts. The Calcasieu Historical Preservation Society – with interest because the lighthouse was once in Calcasieu Parish – has listed that the lighthouse may be the oldest brick structure still standing in Southwest Louisiana. On March 3, 1849, the United States Congress appropriated $7,500 for a lighthouse in Sabine Pass. Commander Henry A. Adams was sent to investigate a site location but reported, \"the coast is so free from danger in that vicinity, the place itself so easy of access, and the business done there so inconsiderable,", "title": "Sabine Pass Lighthouse" }, { "id": "16907461", "score": "1.6625137", "text": "have been notorious for the many vessels that became shipwrecked in the area over the centuries. After years of local petitions to Trinity House, the organisation agreed for a lighthouse to be built at Portland Bill. George I granted the patent in 1716. Two lighthouses were built at Portland Bill – the Old Higher Lighthouse at Branscombe Hill, and the other on lower land. They shone out for the first time on 29 September 1716. In 1789, Trinity House hired the Weymouth builder William Johns to demolish and rebuild the lower lighthouse. The new lighthouse, 63 feet high and built", "title": "Old Lower Lighthouse" }, { "id": "10985503", "score": "1.6514895", "text": "now known as the Old Higher Lighthouse and Old Lower Lighthouse, operated as a pair at Portland Bill. They were constructed in 1716, both rebuilt in 1869, and decommissioned following the completion of the present lighthouse. At the turn of the 20th-century, Trinity House put forward plans for building a new lighthouse at Bill Point. They acquired the required land in 1903. The builders, Wakeham Bros. of Plymouth, began work on the foundations in October 1903. Chance & Co of Birmingham supplied and fitted the lantern. The lighthouse was completed in 1905 at a cost of £13,000, and the lamp", "title": "Portland Bill Lighthouse" }, { "id": "12032606", "score": "1.6502048", "text": "there was a significant increase in vessel traffic past the light. The northeast tower was torn down and the remaining tower upgraded from a sixth order Fresnel lens to one of the fourth order. The fourth order lens is now on display at the Lifesaving Museum in Hull, Massachusetts. The light is the oldest wooden lighthouse in the United States. The light was relocated approximately to the north in December 1998 because of beach erosion. The property and the Duxbury Pier Light, in open water to the SW are both managed by Project Gurnet and Bug Lights, Inc. The actual", "title": "Plymouth Light" }, { "id": "3074334", "score": "1.6496601", "text": "Portland Head Light Portland Head Light, is an historic lighthouse in Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The light station sits on a head of land at the entrance of the primary shipping channel into Portland Harbor, which is within Casco Bay in the Gulf of Maine. Completed in 1791, it is the oldest lighthouse in the state of Maine. The light station is automated, and the tower, beacon, and foghorn are maintained by the United States Coast Guard, while the former lighthouse keepers' house is a maritime museum within Fort Williams Park. Construction began in 1787 at the directive of George Washington,", "title": "Portland Head Light" }, { "id": "1169060", "score": "1.6480236", "text": "1823. It was built by the United States government for $2,500. The rest of the lighthouse was finished in 1824 for an additional $1,500. The first light came from nine whale oil lamps and was magnified by a large glass reflector. In 1868, a new lighthouse was built, with kerosene lamps. In 1933, an automatic revolving light was installed. When the lighthouse was in use, the caretaker used the Old Field Village Hall as a home. The Old Field Constable and his family currently occupy the Old Field house. The U.S. government gave it back to Old Field in 1935,", "title": "Old Field, New York" }, { "id": "8064085", "score": "1.6459522", "text": "weekends. The lighthouse underwent major renovations in 2014, and was covered with scaffolding. It reopened to visitors in 2015. Boston Light Boston Light is a lighthouse located on Little Brewster Island in outer Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The first lighthouse to be built on the site dates back to 1716, and was the first lighthouse to be built in what is now the United States. The current lighthouse dates from 1783, is the second oldest working lighthouse in the United States (after Sandy Hook Lighthouse in New Jersey), and is the only lighthouse to still be actively staffed by the United", "title": "Boston Light" }, { "id": "10720115", "score": "1.6415272", "text": "in the United States to retain its original bird-cage lantern. The light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The lighthouse keeper's house was swept away in the 1938 New England hurricane, and five people were washed out to sea and drowned, including the lighthouse keeper's wife. The keeper was also washed into the sea, but he was thrown back ashore and survived. Prudence Island Light The Prudence Island Lighthouse, more commonly known locally as the Sandy Point Lighthouse, is located on Prudence Island, Rhode Island and is the oldest lighthouse tower in the state. Sandy", "title": "Prudence Island Light" }, { "id": "5557607", "score": "1.6414891", "text": "to North Carolina, where navigation was difficult and treacherous. These were generally made of wood, as it was readily available. Due to the fire hazard, masonry towers were increasingly built - the oldest standing masonry tower was Sandy Hook Lighthouse, built in 1764 in New Jersey. Screw-pile lighthouses were used in the Chesapeake Bay and along the Carolina coast in the United States. The first screw pile light in the United States was Brandywine Shoal in the Delaware Bay. They became especially popular after the Civil War when the Lighthouse Board approved a policy to replace lighthouses in the interior.", "title": "History of lighthouses" }, { "id": "9382858", "score": "1.6392266", "text": "It was the first lighthouse in the world to be powered by natural gas, which Campbell transported from a \"burning spring\" about a mile distant by means of wooden pipes. Thirty years later, in 1859, the lighthouse was deactivated, but it still stands lit today after over 100 years in private ownership, it is now owned by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Congress appropriated $5,000 on May 23, 1828, \"for building a lighthouse at a proper site, at or near Portland,", "title": "Barcelona Light" } ]

[ "Right angled", "right angled" ]

[ { "id": "417415", "score": "1.7178223", "text": "angles is equal to 90°, adding up to a total of 270°. Specifically, on a sphere the sum of the angles of a triangle is where \"f\" is the fraction of the sphere's area which is enclosed by the triangle. For example, suppose that we draw a triangle on the Earth's surface with vertices at the North Pole, at a point on the equator at 0° longitude, and a point on the equator at 90° West longitude. The great circle line between the latter two points is the equator, and the great circle line between either of those points and", "title": "Triangle" }, { "id": "5598279", "score": "1.6736418", "text": "is 90°, leaving the remaining angle to be 30°. Right triangles whose sides are of integer lengths, with the sides collectively known as Pythagorean triples, possess angles that cannot all be rational numbers of degrees. (This follows from Niven's theorem.) They are most useful in that they may be easily remembered and any multiple of the sides produces the same relationship. Using Euclid's formula for generating Pythagorean triples, the sides must be in the ratio where \"m\" and \"n\" are any positive integers such that . There are several Pythagorean triples which are well-known, including those with sides in the", "title": "Special right triangle" }, { "id": "2213751", "score": "1.6546383", "text": "hypotenuse measures 90 degrees, with the other two angles adding up to 90 for a total of 180 degrees. Thus, an angle measuring 90 degrees is called a right angle. Ninety is: 90 (number) 90 (ninety) is the natural number preceded by 89 and followed by 91. In the English language, the numbers 90 and 19 are often confused, as sounding very similar. When carefully enunciated, they differ in which syllable is stressed: 19 /naɪnˈtiːn/ vs 90 /ˈnaɪnti/. However, in dates such as 1999, and when contrasting numbers in the teens and when counting, such as 17, 18, 19, the", "title": "90 (number)" }, { "id": "5598276", "score": "1.6540012", "text": "triangles are used to aid in calculating common trigonometric functions, as below: The 45°–45°–90° triangle, the 30°–60°–90° triangle, and the equilateral/equiangular (60°–60°–60°) triangle are the three Möbius triangles in the plane, meaning that they tessellate the plane via reflections in their sides; see Triangle group. In plane geometry, constructing the diagonal of a square results in a triangle whose three angles are in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2, adding up to 180° or radians. Hence, the angles respectively measure 45° (), 45° (), and 90° (). The sides in this triangle are in the ratio 1 : 1", "title": "Special right triangle" }, { "id": "2099141", "score": "1.6476129", "text": "is acute, right or obtuse depends only on the angle at its apex. In Euclidean geometry, the base angles cannot be obtuse (greater than 90°) or right (equal to 90°) because their measures would sum to at least 180°, the total of all angles in any Euclidean triangle. Since a triangle is obtuse or right if and only if one of its angles is obtuse or right, respectively, an isosceles triangle is obtuse, right or acute if and only if its apex angle is respectively obtuse, right or acute. In Edwin Abbott's book \"Flatland\", this classification of shapes was used", "title": "Isosceles triangle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Angle\n\nIn Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the \"sides\" of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the \"vertex\" of the angle.\nAngles formed by two rays lie in the plane that contains the rays. Angles are also formed by the intersection of two planes. These are called dihedral angles. Two intersecting curves may also define an angle, which is the angle of the rays lying tangent to the respective curves at their point of intersection. \n\n\"Angle\" is also used to designate the measure of an angle or of a rotation. This measure is the ratio of the length of a circular arc to its radius. In the case of a geometric angle, the arc is centered at the vertex and delimited by the sides. In the case of a rotation, the arc is centered at the center of the rotation and delimited by any other point and its image by the rotation.", "title": "Angle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Polar coordinate system\n\nIn mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction. The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system) is called the \"pole\", and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the \"polar axis\". The distance from the pole is called the \"radial coordinate\", \"radial distance\" or simply \"radius\", and the angle is called the \"angular coordinate\", \"polar angle\", or \"azimuth\". Angles in polar notation are generally expressed in either degrees or radians (2 rad being equal to 360°).\n\nGrégoire de Saint-Vincent and Bonaventura Cavalieri independently introduced the concepts in the mid-17th century, though the actual term \"polar coordinates\" has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana in the 18th century. The initial motivation for the introduction of the polar system was the study of circular and orbital motion.\n\nPolar coordinates are most appropriate in any context where the phenomenon being considered is inherently tied to direction and length from a center point in a plane, such as spirals. Planar physical systems with bodies moving around a central point, or phenomena originating from a central point, are often simpler and more intuitive to model using polar coordinates.\n\nThe polar coordinate system is extended to three dimensions in two ways: the cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems.", "title": "Polar coordinate system" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Triangle\n\nA triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices \"A\", \"B\", and \"C\" is denoted formula_1.\n\nIn Euclidean geometry, any three points, when non-collinear, determine a unique triangle and simultaneously, a unique plane (i.e. a two-dimensional Euclidean space). In other words, there is only one plane that contains that triangle, and every triangle is contained in some plane. If the entire geometry is only the Euclidean plane, there is only one plane and all triangles are contained in it; however, in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces, this is no longer true. This article is about triangles in Euclidean geometry, and in particular, the Euclidean plane, except where otherwise noted.", "title": "Triangle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golden ratio\n\n}}</math>\n\nIn mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for quantities formula_2 and formula_3 with formula_4,\n\nwhere the Greek letter phi ( or formula_5) denotes the golden ratio. The constant formula_6 satisfies the quadratic equation formula_7 and is an irrational number with a value of<ref name=a001622 />\n\nThe golden ratio was called the extreme and mean ratio by Euclid,<ref name=\"Elements 6.3\" /> and the divine proportion by Luca Pacioli,<ref name=Pacioli /> and also goes by several other names. \n\nMathematicians have studied the golden ratio's properties since antiquity. It is the ratio of a regular pentagon's diagonal to its side and thus appears in the construction of the dodecahedron and icosahedron. A golden rectangle—that is, a rectangle with an aspect ratio of formula_6—may be cut into a square and a smaller rectangle with the same aspect ratio. The golden ratio has been used to analyze the proportions of natural objects and artificial systems such as financial markets, in some cases based on dubious fits to data.<ref name=\"strogatz nytimes\" /> The golden ratio appears in some patterns in nature, including the spiral arrangement of leaves and other parts of vegetation.\n\nSome 20th-century artists and architects, including Le Corbusier and Salvador Dalí, have proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratio, believing it to be aesthetically pleasing. These uses often appear in the form of a golden rectangle.", "title": "Golden ratio" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reuleaux triangle\n\nA Reuleaux triangle is a curved triangle with constant width, the simplest and best known curve of constant width other than the circle. It is formed from the intersection of three circular disks, each having its center on the boundary of the other two. Constant width means that the separation of every two parallel supporting lines is the same, independent of their orientation. Because its width is constant, the Reuleaux triangle is one answer to the question \"Other than a circle, what shape can a manhole cover be made so that it cannot fall down through the hole?\"\n\nReuleaux triangles have also been called spherical triangles, but that term more properly refers to triangles on the curved surface of a sphere.\nThey are named after Franz Reuleaux, a 19th-century German engineer who pioneered the study of machines for translating one type of motion into another, and who used Reuleaux triangles in his designs. However, these shapes were known before his time, for instance by the designers of Gothic church windows, by Leonardo da Vinci, who used it for a map projection, and by Leonhard Euler in his study of constant-width shapes. Other applications of the Reuleaux triangle include giving the shape to guitar picks, fire hydrant nuts, pencils, and drill bits for drilling filleted square holes, as well as in graphic design in the shapes of some signs and corporate logos.\n\nAmong constant-width shapes with a given width, the Reuleaux triangle has the minimum area and the sharpest (smallest) possible angle (120°) at its corners. By several numerical measures it is the farthest from being centrally symmetric. It provides the largest constant-width shape avoiding the points of an integer lattice, and is closely related to the shape of the quadrilateral maximizing the ratio of perimeter to diameter. It can perform a complete rotation within a square while at all times touching all four sides of the square, and has the smallest possible area of shapes with this property. However, although it covers most of the square in this rotation process, it fails to cover a small fraction of the square's area, near its corners. Because of this property of rotating within a square, the Reuleaux triangle is also sometimes known as the Reuleaux rotor.<ref name=\"howround\" />\n\nThe Reuleaux triangle is the first of a sequence of Reuleaux polygons whose boundaries are curves of constant width formed from regular polygons with an odd number of sides. Some of these curves have been used as the shapes of coins. The Reuleaux triangle can also be generalized into three dimensions in multiple ways: the Reuleaux tetrahedron (the intersection of four balls whose centers lie on a regular tetrahedron) does not have constant width, but can be modified by rounding its edges to form the Meissner tetrahedron, which does. Alternatively, the surface of revolution of the Reuleaux triangle also has constant width.", "title": "Reuleaux triangle" }, { "id": "516982", "score": "1.6390532", "text": "Right triangle A right triangle (American English) or right-angled triangle (British English) is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle (that is, a 90-degree angle). The relation between the sides and angles of a right triangle is the basis for trigonometry. The side opposite the right angle is called the \"hypotenuse\" (side \"c\" in the figure). The sides adjacent to the right angle are called \"legs\" (or \"catheti\", singular: \"cathetus\"). Side \"a\" may be identified as the side \"adjacent to angle B\" and \"opposed to\" (or \"opposite\") \"angle A\", while side \"b\" is the side \"adjacent to", "title": "Right triangle" }, { "id": "516970", "score": "1.6390532", "text": "Right triangle A right triangle (American English) or right-angled triangle (British English) is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle (that is, a 90-degree angle). The relation between the sides and angles of a right triangle is the basis for trigonometry. The side opposite the right angle is called the \"hypotenuse\" (side \"c\" in the figure). The sides adjacent to the right angle are called \"legs\" (or \"catheti\", singular: \"cathetus\"). Side \"a\" may be identified as the side \"adjacent to angle B\" and \"opposed to\" (or \"opposite\") \"angle A\", while side \"b\" is the side \"adjacent to", "title": "Right triangle" }, { "id": "5598278", "score": "1.6383213", "text": "are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and respectively measure 30° (), 60° (), and 90° (). The sides are in the ratio 1 : : 2. The proof of this fact is clear using trigonometry. The geometric proof is: The 30°–60°–90° triangle is the only right triangle whose angles are in an arithmetic progression. The proof of this fact is simple and follows on from the fact that if \"α\", , are the angles in the progression then the sum of the angles = 180°. After dividing by 3, the angle must be 60°. The right angle", "title": "Special right triangle" }, { "id": "5598277", "score": "1.6261859", "text": ": , which follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem. Of all right triangles, the 45°–45°–90° degree triangle has the smallest ratio of the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely . Of all right triangles, the 45°–45°–90° degree triangle has the greatest ratio of the altitude from the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely . Triangles with these angles are the only possible right triangles that are also isosceles triangles in Euclidean geometry. However, in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many different shapes of right isosceles triangles. This is a triangle whose three angles", "title": "Special right triangle" }, { "id": "14368434", "score": "1.6195503", "text": "with sides \"a\", \"b\" and \"c\", and every such triangle has a right angle between the sides of lengths \"a\" and \"b\". An alternative statement is: For any triangle with sides \"a\", \"b\", \"c\", if then the angle between \"a\" and \"b\" measures 90°. This converse also appears in Euclid's \"Elements\" (Book I, Proposition 48): It can be proven using the law of cosines or as follows: Let \"ABC\" be a triangle with side lengths \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\", with Construct a second triangle with sides of length \"a\" and \"b\" containing a right angle. By the Pythagorean theorem, it", "title": "Pythagorean theorem" }, { "id": "5598275", "score": "1.6052284", "text": "allows one to quickly calculate various lengths in geometric problems without resorting to more advanced methods. \"Angle-based\" special right triangles are specified by the relationships of the angles of which the triangle is composed. The angles of these triangles are such that the larger (right) angle, which is 90 degrees or radians, is equal to the sum of the other two angles. The side lengths are generally deduced from the basis of the unit circle or other geometric methods. This approach may be used to rapidly reproduce the values of trigonometric functions for the angles 30°, 45°, and 60°. Special", "title": "Special right triangle" }, { "id": "417372", "score": "1.5970073", "text": "of these conditions hold: (a) each of the angles is positive, and (b) the angles sum to 180°. If degenerate triangles are permitted, angles of 0° are permitted. Three positive angles \"α\", \"β\", and \"γ\", each of them less than 180°, are the angles of a triangle if and only if any one of the following conditions holds: the last equality applying only if none of the angles is 90° (so the tangent function's value is always finite). There are thousands of different constructions that find a special point associated with (and often inside) a triangle, satisfying some unique property:", "title": "Triangle" }, { "id": "121158", "score": "1.5961345", "text": "equal (SAS), or two angles and a side equal (ASA) (Book I, propositions 4, 8, and 26). Triangles with three equal angles (AAA) are similar, but not necessarily congruent. Also, triangles with two equal sides and an adjacent angle are not necessarily equal or congruent. The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to a straight angle (180 degrees). This causes an equilateral triangle to have three interior angles of 60 degrees. Also, it causes every triangle to have at least two acute angles and up to one obtuse or right angle. The celebrated Pythagorean theorem (book I,", "title": "Euclidean geometry" }, { "id": "14584383", "score": "1.5939342", "text": "cosine equals 0, ±1/2, or ±1. The only ones of these giving an angle strictly between 0° and 180° are the cosine value 1/2 with the angle 60°, the cosine value –1/2 with the angle 120°, and the cosine value 0 with the angle 90°. The only combination of three of these, allowing multiple use of any of them and summing to 180°, is three 60° angles. Conditions are known in terms of elliptic curves for an integer triangle to have an integer ratio \"N\" of the circumradius to the inradius. The smallest case, that of the equilateral triangle, has", "title": "Integer triangle" }, { "id": "12287485", "score": "1.5935388", "text": "angles of any triangle add up to 180 degrees. The two acute angles therefore add up to 90 degrees: they are complementary angles. The shape of a triangle is completely determined, except for similarity, by the angles. Once the angles are known, the ratios of the sides are determined, regardless of the overall size of the triangle. If the length of one of the sides is known, the other two are determined. These ratios are given by the following trigonometric functions of the known angle \"A\", where \"a\", \" b\" and \"c\" refer to the lengths of the sides in", "title": "Trigonometry" }, { "id": "5170897", "score": "1.5928111", "text": "angle of departure being 90° minus the angle of the opposite vertex. (In the case of the opposite angle being obtuse, drawing a line at a negative angle means going outside the triangle.) In coastal navigation, a triangle's circumcircle is sometimes used as a way of obtaining a position line using a sextant when no compass is available. The horizontal angle between two landmarks defines the circumcircle upon which the observer lies. In the Euclidean plane, it is possible to give explicitly an equation of the circumcircle in terms of the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the inscribed triangle.", "title": "Circumscribed circle" }, { "id": "417368", "score": "1.5914699", "text": "it; this is the exterior angle theorem. The sum of the measures of the three exterior angles (one for each vertex) of any triangle is 360 degrees. Two triangles are said to be \"similar\" if every angle of one triangle has the same measure as the corresponding angle in the other triangle. The corresponding sides of similar triangles have lengths that are in the same proportion, and this property is also sufficient to establish similarity. Some basic theorems about similar triangles are: Two triangles that are congruent have exactly the same size and shape: all pairs of corresponding interior angles", "title": "Triangle" }, { "id": "14384409", "score": "1.5835239", "text": "distinguished by left-handed fittings. In trigonometry and mathematics in general, plane angles are conventionally measured counterclockwise, starting with 0° or 0 radians pointing directly to the right (or east), and 90° pointing straight up (or north). However, in navigation, compass headings increase clockwise around the compass face, starting with 0° at the top of the compass (the northerly direction), with 90° to the right (east). A circle defined parametrically in a positive Cartesian plane by the equations and is traced counterclockwise as the angle \"t\" increases in value, from the right-most point at . An alternative formulation with sin and", "title": "Clockwise" }, { "id": "1481388", "score": "1.5834682", "text": "a triangle with any two sides \"a\" and \"b\", and an angle \"C\" between them is Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°, so The sine of 60° is formula_50. Thus since all sides of an equilateral triangle are equal. Equilateral triangles have frequently appeared in man made constructions: Equilateral triangle In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, an equilateral triangle is also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°. It is also a regular polygon,", "title": "Equilateral triangle" }, { "id": "1787935", "score": "1.5801487", "text": "geometry is that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is greater than 180 degrees. In the spherical model, for example, a triangle can be constructed with vertices at the locations where the three positive Cartesian coordinate axes intersect the sphere, and all three of its internal angles are 90 degrees, summing to 270 degrees. For sufficiently small triangles, the excess over 180 degrees can be made arbitrarily small. The Pythagorean theorem fails in elliptic geometry. In the 90°–90°–90° triangle described above, all three sides have the same length, and consequently do not satisfy formula_1. The Pythagorean result", "title": "Elliptic geometry" } ]

[ "madison james", "presidency of james madison", "President Madison", "4th president of united states", "James Madison, Jun.", "James Madison, Jr.", "Madison Administration", "president madison", "Jimmy Madison", "jimmy madison", "James madison", "madison administration", "Fourth President of the United States", "Presidency of James Madison", "President James Madison", "James Madison", "Nelly Conway Madison", "Father of the Constitution", "fourth president of united states", "james madison", "nelly conway madison", "james madison jr", "4th President of the United States", "father of constitution", "Madison, James", "james madison jun", "president james madison" ]

[ { "id": "9427997", "score": "1.4650965", "text": "Army during the American Revolutionary War and as President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Once the Constitution was approved, it was widely expected that Washington would become the first President of the United States, despite his own desire to retire from public life. In his first inaugural address, Washington expressed both his reluctance to accept the presidency and his inexperience with the duties of civil administration, but he proved an able leader. Washington presided over the establishment of the new federal governmentappointing all of the high-ranking officials in the executive and judicial branches, shaping numerous political practices, and establishing the", "title": "Presidency of George Washington" }, { "id": "18133655", "score": "1.4399209", "text": "men who owned property. No party made a nomination for the presidency in the 1788–1789 presidential election, but several individuals vied for electoral votes. After his service in the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington was the first choice of many for president, but Washington was somewhat reluctant to re-enter public service. The American public at large, however, wanted Washington to be the nation's first president. The first U.S. presidential campaign was, to some degree, what today would be called a grassroots effort to convince Washington to accept the office. Alexander Hamilton was one of the most dedicated in his", "title": "1788–89 United States elections" }, { "id": "19829460", "score": "1.438767", "text": "election on November 8, 2016 and became the President-elect. Trump and his running mate, Mike Pence, were formally elected by the Electoral College on December 19, 2016. The win was certified by an electoral vote tally by a joint session of Congress on January 6, 2017. Upon his inauguration, Trump became the first person to become President without any prior public sector experience. He is also the oldest person to assume the Presidency, as well as the wealthiest. His wife, Melania, is the second First Lady to be born outside the U.S. (after Louisa Adams), the first naturalized citizen to", "title": "Inauguration of Donald Trump" }, { "id": "9989174", "score": "1.4212126", "text": "votes would be President and the second would become Vice President. Adams received 34 electoral college votes in the election, second place behind George Washington, who garnered 69 votes. As a result, Washington became the nation's first president, and Adams became its first vice president. Adams finished well ahead of all others except Washington, but was still offended by Washington receiving more than twice as many votes. To Benjamin Rush, he wrote, \"Is not my election to this office, in the dark and scurvy manner in which it was done, a curse rather than a blessing?\" Unbeknownst to Adams, Hamilton", "title": "John Adams" }, { "id": "14132", "score": "1.4074891", "text": "D. Ingham of Pennsylvania as Secretary of Treasury, John Branch of North Carolina as Secretary of Navy, John M. Berrien of Georgia as Attorney General, and William T. Barry of Kentucky as Postmaster General. Jackson's first choice of cabinet proved to be unsuccessful, full of bitter partisanship and gossip. Jackson blamed Adams in part for what was said about Rachel during the campaign, and refused to meet him after arriving in Washington. Therefore, Adams chose not to attend the inauguration. On March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first United States president-elect to take the oath of office on the", "title": "Andrew Jackson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vice President of the United States\n\nThe vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, as the president of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president is empowered to preside over Senate deliberations at any time, but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote. The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College.<ref name=USlegal-VP/>\n\nThe modern vice presidency is a position of significant power and is widely seen as an integral part of a president's administration. While the exact nature of the role varies in each administration, most modern vice presidents serve as a key presidential advisor, governing partner, and representative of the president. The vice president is also a statutory member of the National Security Council\n\nThe role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Originally something of an afterthought, the vice presidency was considered an insignificant office for much of the nation's history, especially after the Twelfth Amendment meant that vice presidents were no longer the runners-up in the presidential election. The vice president's role began steadily growing in importance during the 1930s, with the Office of the Vice President being created in the executive branch in 1939, and has since grown much further. Due to its increase in power and prestige, the vice presidency is now often considered to be a stepping stone to the presidency. Since the 1970s, the vice president has been afforded an official residence at Number One Observatory Circle.\nThe Constitution does not expressly assign the vice presidency to a branch of the government, causing a dispute among scholars about which branch the office belongs to (the executive, the legislative, both, or neither). The modern view of the vice president as an officer of the executive branch—one isolated almost totally from the legislative branch—is due in large part to the assignment of executive authority to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Nevertheless, many vice presidents have often previously served in Congress, and are often tasked with helping to advance an administration's legislative priorities.\n\nKamala Harris is the 49th and current vice president of the United States. She is the first African American, first Asian American, and first female occupant of the office. She assumed office on January 20, 2021.", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "President of the United States\n\nThe president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.\n\nThe power of the presidency has grown substantially since the first president, George Washington, took office in 1789. As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power.\n\nArticle II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests the executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's most expensive military, which has the second largest nuclear arsenal.\n\nThe president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of checks and balances, of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Since modern presidents are also typically viewed as the leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president. In recent decades, presidents have also made increasing use of executive orders, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy.\n\nThe president is elected indirectly through the Electoral College to a four-year term, along with the vice president. Under the Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation. In all, 45 individuals have served 46 presidencies spanning 58 full four-year terms.\n\nJoe Biden is the 46th and current president of the United States, having assumed office on January 20, 2021.", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "George Washington" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office\n\nSince the office was established in 1789, 45 persons have served as president of the United States. Of these, eight have died in office: four were assassinated, and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is presently governed by Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967, which declares that, \"the Vice President shall become President\" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns. The initial authorization for this practice was provided by of the Constitution, which states that:\n\nThe first incumbent U.S. president to die was William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only one month after Inauguration Day. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be pneumonia. The second American president to die in office, Zachary Taylor, died on July 9, 1850, from acute gastroenteritis. Abraham Lincoln (who had just begun his second term in office) was the first U.S. president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning. Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, surviving for over two months before dying on September 19, 1881.\n\nRe-elected to a second term in November 1900, William McKinley died eight days after being shot by Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt (who had just begun his fourth term in office) collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage. The most recent U.S. president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.", "title": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office" }, { "id": "219943", "score": "1.4072059", "text": "and Hanson became the first to do so. Contrary to the claims of some of his later advocates, however, he was not the first president to serve under the Articles, nor the first to be elected under the Articles. When the Articles went into effect in March 1781, Congress did not bother to elect a new president; instead, Samuel Huntington continued serving a term that had already exceeded a year. On July 9, 1781, Samuel Johnston became the first man to be elected as president of Congress after the ratification of the Articles. He declined the office, however, perhaps to", "title": "John Hanson" }, { "id": "503371", "score": "1.4019799", "text": "formal political parties had arisen, so it was unclear who would become the first vice president. Prior to the election, Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader like Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders like Patrick Henry (who ultimately did not run) and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also loomed as potential choices. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, thus making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes, making him the vice", "title": "1788–89 United States presidential election" }, { "id": "12942337", "score": "1.4002162", "text": "be president and the person who came in second would be vice president. Burr and Jefferson tied in the Electoral College, so the choice was thrown to the House of Representatives, where Alexander Hamilton helped swing the vote in Jefferson's favor on the 36th ballot. It was a mild day in Washington, D.C., the first time an inauguration had been held in the city, with a High Noon temperature estimated at 55 degrees Fahrenheit. That morning an artillery company on Capitol Hill had shots fired to welcome the daybreak, and in a first for a newspaper, Jefferson gave a copy", "title": "First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson" }, { "id": "6199128", "score": "1.3978932", "text": "and when President Thomas Collins died in office on March 29, 1789, the Speaker's office in the State Senate or Legislative Council, was vacant. Consequently, Davis became President. He served until June 2, 1789, when the Delaware General Assembly held a special vote to choose Collins' replacement. During Davis' short term George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. The event of his passing through Wilmington on the way to New York for this ceremony caused a great deal of excitement, as described by Elizabeth Montgomery in her \"Reminiscences of Wilmington: and it must have been soon", "title": "Jehu Davis" }, { "id": "219948", "score": "1.3942453", "text": "of Hanson by journalist Seymour Wemyss Smith. Smith's book asserted that the American Revolution had two primary leaders: George Washington on the battlefield, and John Hanson in politics. Smith's book, like Douglas H. Thomas's 1898 book, was one of a number of biographies written seeking to promote Hanson as the \"first President of the United States\". Regarding the opinion, historian Ralph Levering stated: \"They're not biographies by professional historians; they aren't based on research into primary sources.\" According to historian Richard B. Morris, if a president of Congress were to be called the \"first\" president of the United States, \"a", "title": "John Hanson" }, { "id": "18133652", "score": "1.3925407", "text": "those policies. Opposing them was the Anti-Administration faction, which sought a smaller role for the federal government. In these elections, the Pro-Administration faction won majorities in both houses of Congress. Meanwhile, General George Washington was elected as the country's first president, while John Adams, who finished with the second largest number of electoral votes, was elected as the first vice president. The presidential election of 1788–1789 was the first election of a federal head of state or head of government in United States history. Prior to the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788, the U.S. had been governed", "title": "1788–89 United States elections" }, { "id": "9428001", "score": "1.391387", "text": "furthering the partisanship he sought to avoid by identifying himself with Hamilton, Washington is nonetheless considered by scholars and political historians as one of the greatest presidents in American history, usually ranking in the top three with Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Following the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787, a fatigued Washington returned to his estate in Virginia, Mount Vernon. He seemed intent on resuming his retirement and letting others govern the nation with its new frame of government. The American public at large, however, wanted Washington to be the nation's first president. The first U.S. presidential campaign was", "title": "Presidency of George Washington" }, { "id": "9013013", "score": "1.391165", "text": "and vice president were elected from opposing parties. The rivalry between New England and the South, with the middle states holding the balance of power, began to germinate at this time as well. Adams was inaugurated as the nation's 2nd president on March 4, 1797 in the House of Representatives Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia. Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth administered the oath of office, making Adams the first president to receive the oath from a Supreme Court chief justice. Adams began his inaugural address () with a review of the struggle for independence, The 2,308 word speech included an", "title": "Presidency of John Adams" }, { "id": "14651722", "score": "1.3805149", "text": "strong pre-Civil War president. Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass and becoming the first man elected to the Presidency without having held any previous elected office. He served in the Army for over forty years, had a reputation for never losing a battle, and was nicknamed \"Old Rough and Ready\". During the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Taylor became a national hero, and with this fame he was elected to the presidency. Millard", "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps" }, { "id": "11143245", "score": "1.3772602", "text": "1789, he returns to Massachusetts for the first presidential election and he and Abigail are reunited with their children, now grown. George Washington is elected the first President of the United States and John Adams as the first Vice President. Initially, Adams is disappointed and wishes to reject the post of Vice President because he feels there is a disproportionate number of electoral votes in favor of George Washington (Adams' number of votes pales in comparison to those garnered by Washington). In addition, John feels the position of Vice President is not a proper reflection of all the years of", "title": "John Adams (miniseries)" }, { "id": "151248", "score": "1.3764315", "text": "of the United States. Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes; John Adams received the next highest vote total and was elected Vice President. Washington had \"anxious and painful sensations\" over leaving the \"domestic felicity\" of Mount Vernon, but he departed Mount Vernon for New York City on April 23 to be inaugurated. Washington was unanimously elected President by the electoral college on February 4, 1789 and was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, at the age of 57, taking the first presidential oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City. He arrived in a coach led", "title": "George Washington" }, { "id": "2334827", "score": "1.3763602", "text": "1884. He served as a Regent of the University of California in 1884 and 1885. Although Rosecrans was mentioned on a few occasions as a possible presidential candidate, the first Democratic president elected after the war was Grover Cleveland in 1884. Newspaper stories circulated that Rosecrans was under serious consideration to be appointed his Secretary of War, but he was appointed instead as the Register of the Treasury, serving from 1885 to 1893. Rosecrans spoke at the dedication of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park on September 19, 1889, during which he delivered an address that was considered the", "title": "William Rosecrans" }, { "id": "2658446", "score": "1.3749886", "text": "US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \"generational shift\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\".", "title": "History of the United States (1991–2008)" }, { "id": "2957148", "score": "1.3746667", "text": "to the northwest. The first person to bear the title of President, John Mercer Langston, was one of the best-known blacks of his day. Until 1992, he was the only black ever elected to the United States Congress from Virginia (elected in 1888), and he was the great-uncle of the famed writer Langston Hughes. From 1888 to 1968, four presidents - James H. Johnston, John M. Gandy, Luther H. Foster, Robert P. Daniel served an average of 20 years, helping the school to overcome adversity and move forward. The next twenty years, 1968-1992, saw six more presidents—James F. Tucker, Wendell", "title": "Virginia State University" }, { "id": "14651741", "score": "1.3746395", "text": "publisher at the \"Marion Daily Star\". He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903) and later as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1903–1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921). John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) from Plymouth, Vermont, was the 30th President of the United States serving from 1923 to 1929. Coolidge became president upon the death of Warren G. Harding. On February 22, 1924, he became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio, and his 1925 inauguration was the first to be broadcast on radio. He was", "title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps" } ]

[ "", "5", "five" ]

[ { "id": "6700875", "score": "1.3344691", "text": "law even the Swedish Armed Forces. Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet The Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet was a radiotelephony alphabet made up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish. The Swedish Armed Forces are since 2006 instructed to use the NATO alphabet instead of the original Swedish alphabet, along with and adaption of the NATO voice procedures to communicate, since most activity is in various international UN and NATO missions. This has been changed back again since the administrative authorities are required to use", "title": "Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet" }, { "id": "6700874", "score": "1.3102984", "text": "Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet The Swedish Armed Forces' radio alphabet was a radiotelephony alphabet made up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish. The Swedish Armed Forces are since 2006 instructed to use the NATO alphabet instead of the original Swedish alphabet, along with and adaption of the NATO voice procedures to communicate, since most activity is in various international UN and NATO missions. This has been changed back again since the administrative authorities are required to use the Swedish language according to Swedish", "title": "Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet" }, { "id": "691808", "score": "1.3036653", "text": "by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a", "title": "NATO phonetic alphabet" }, { "id": "1845878", "score": "1.2948841", "text": "have different gender connotations from country to country or language to language. The popularity (frequency) distribution of given names typically follows a power law distribution. Since about 1800 in England and Wales and in the U.S., the popularity distribution of given names has been shifting so that the most popular names are losing popularity. For example, in England and Wales, the most popular female and male names given to babies born in 1800 were Mary and John, with 24% of female babies and 22% of male babies receiving those names, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding statistics for England and Wales", "title": "Given name" }, { "id": "2980456", "score": "1.2842801", "text": "individuals might choose to use and engage their bodies to be pregnant, birth a baby, and chestfeed. In the United States, the ratio of trans men within the general population is unclear, but estimates range between 1:2,000 and 1:100,000. A U.S. Census Bureau study in 2015 suggests that there were around 58,000 name changes in census records consistent with female to male transgenderism although only 7,500 of these changed their sex coding as well. In a study by Kara Devaney, entitled \"Transgender Research Literature Review\", it is addressed that the term \"transgender\" encompasses a myriad of different and unique identities", "title": "Trans man" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hungarian names\n\nHungarian names include surnames and given names. Some people have more than one given name, but only one is normally used. In the Hungarian language, whether written or spoken, names are invariably given in the \"Eastern name order\", or family name followed by given name (in foreign-language texts in languages that use Western name order, names are often given with the family name last). Hungarian is one of the few national languages in Europe to use the Eastern name order, like Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and some Basque nationalists.", "title": "Hungarian names" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of most popular given names\n\nThe most popular given names vary nationally, regionally, and culturally. Lists of widely used given names can consist of those most often bestowed upon infants born within the last year, thus reflecting the current naming trends, or else be composed of the personal names occurring most within the total population.", "title": "List of most popular given names" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John (given name)\n\nJohn (; \"\") is a common male given name in the English language of Hebrew origin. The name is the English form of \"Iohannes\" and \"Ioannes\", which are the Latin forms of the Greek name Ioannis (Ιωάννης), originally borne by Hellenized Jews transliterating the Hebrew name \"Yochanan\" (), the contracted form of the longer name (), meaning \"Yahweh is Gracious\" or \"Yahweh is Merciful\". There are numerous forms of the name in different languages; these were formerly often simply translated as \"John\" in English, but are increasingly left in their native forms (see sidebar).\n\nIt is among the most commonly given names in Anglophone, Arabic, European, Latin American, Persian and Turkish countries. Traditionally in the Anglosphere, it was the most common, although it has not been since the latter half of the 20th century. John owes its unique popularity to two highly revered saints, John the Baptist (forerunner of Jesus Christ) and the apostle John (traditionally considered the author of the Gospel of John); the name has since been chosen as the regnal or religious name of many emperors, kings, popes and patriarchs. Initially, it was a favorite name among the Greeks but it flourished in all of Europe after the First Crusade.", "title": "John (given name)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spelling alphabet\n\nA spelling alphabet (also called by various other names) is a set of words used to represent the letters of an alphabet in oral communication, especially over a two-way radio or telephone. The words chosen to represent the letters sound sufficiently different from each other to clearly differentiate them. This avoids any confusion that could easily otherwise result from the names of letters that sound similar, except for some small difference easily missed or easily degraded by the imperfect sound quality of the apparatus. For example, in the Latin alphabet, the letters B, P, and D (\"bee\", \"pee\" and \"dee\") sound similar and could easily be confused, but the words \"bravo\", \"papa\" and \"delta\" sound completely different, making confusion unlikely.\n\nAny suitable words can be used in the moment, making this form of communication easy even for people not trained on any particular standardized spelling alphabet. For example, it is common to hear a nonce form like \"A as in 'apple', D as in 'dog', P as in 'paper'\" over the telephone in customer support contexts. However, to gain the advantages of standardization in contexts involving trained persons, a standard version can be convened by an organization. Many (loosely or strictly) standardized spelling alphabets exist, mostly owing to historical siloization, where each organization simply created its own. International air travel created a need for a worldwide standard.\n\nToday the most widely known spelling alphabet is the ICAO International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, also known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, which is used for Roman letters. Spelling alphabets also exist for Greek and for Russian.", "title": "Spelling alphabet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Surname\n\nIn some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community.\n\nPractices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name, as the forename, or at the end; the number of surnames given to an individual also varies. As the surname indicates genetic inheritance, all members of a family unit may have identical surnames or there may be variations; for example, a woman might marry and have a child, but later remarry and have another child by a different father, and as such both children could have different surnames. It is common to see two or more words in a surname, such as in compound surnames. Compound surnames can be composed of separate names, such as in traditional Spanish culture, they can be hyphenated together, or may contain prefixes.\n\nUsing names has been documented in even the oldest historical records. Examples of surnames are documented in the 11th century by the barons in England. English surnames began as a way of identifying a certain aspect of that individual, such as by trade, father's name, location of birth, or physical features, and were not necessarily inherited. By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of hereditary surnames.", "title": "Surname" }, { "id": "3141034", "score": "1.2840202", "text": "high frequency sounds given their smaller larynxes. The traditional hypocoristic forms of Bulgarian masculine names end with \"-cho\", for example: Ivan - Ivancho - Vancho, Stoyan - Stoyancho, Petur - Peturcho, Angel - Angelcho. The traditional hypocoristic forms of Bulgarian feminine names end with \"-ka\", for example: Ivana - Ivanka, Snezhana - Snezhanka, Bozhana - Bozhanka. In recent times, however, the hypocoristic forms of many Bulgarian names receive English and Russian endings, for example: Male Female Male one syllable names are sometimes lengthened Female names are sometimes shortened to the last two syllables Increasingly, the official form of Dutch given", "title": "Hypocorism" }, { "id": "14328369", "score": "1.2815449", "text": "and with only occasional exceptions, a name's grammatical gender must match the sex of the person bearing the name. As of the end of 2012, the Personal Names Register () contained 1,712 male names and 1,853 female names. Jón Gnarr, former mayor of Reykjavík, protested the committee's denial of his request to legally drop \"Kristinsson\" from his name despite his desire to disassociate himself from his father. Jón pointed out that if Robert Mugabe moved to Iceland, as a foreigner he would be allowed to keep that non-conforming name, but that native Icelanders were not allowed to have non-conforming names.", "title": "Icelandic Naming Committee" }, { "id": "1372358", "score": "1.2803142", "text": "of a transmission (from which stations' informal nicknames are often derived) includes some kind of identifier, for the station itself, the intended recipient, or both. This can take the form of numeric or radio-alphabet \"code names\" (e.g. \"Charlie India Oscar\", \"250 250 250\", \"Six-Niner-Zero-Oblique-Five-Four\"), characteristic phrases (e.g. \"¡Atención!\", \"Achtung!\", \"Ready? Ready?\", \"1234567890\"), and sometimes musical or electronic sounds (e.g. \"The Lincolnshire Poacher\", \"Magnetic Fields\"). Sometimes, as in the case of radio-alphabet stations, the prelude can also signify the nature or priority of the message to follow (e.g., it may indicate that no message follows). Often the prelude repeats for a", "title": "Numbers station" }, { "id": "2624787", "score": "1.2796371", "text": "in the national census, and the girl in question was registered with the default given name \"stelpa\" (\"girl\") as the name was not on the list of about 1,853 approved female names. A lower court deemed the name additionally legal for females and the state decided not to use its right to appeal. Among the few exceptions to the gender agreement rule are the traditional name Sturla, linguistically feminine, from medieval history always applies to males; and Ilmur (\"fragrance\" or \"odour\"), linguistically masculine, must apply to females. In Italy, unisex names are very rare. There are basically male names like", "title": "Unisex name" }, { "id": "1845876", "score": "1.2768098", "text": "make them seem decidedly unfeminine to Europeans accustomed to Indo-European tendencies to end masculine names in \"o\". In many Westernised Asian locations, many Asians also have an unofficial or even registered Western (typically English) given name, in addition to their Asian given name. This is also true for Asian students at colleges in countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as among international businesspeople. Most names in English are traditionally masculine or feminine, but there are unisex names as well, such as Jordan, Jamie, Jesse, Alex, Ash, Chris/Kris, Hilary/Hillary, Kim, Leslie/Lesley, Joe/Jo, Jackie, Pat, Dana, or", "title": "Given name" }, { "id": "6030410", "score": "1.2656697", "text": "for a male. The feminine component in male compound names is mostly \"Marie\", as in Jean-Marie Vianney. In the past, some Frenchmen would have \"Marie\" or \"Anne\" as first name (example: Anne du Bourg), which is still nowadays in practice in rare traditional Catholic families (but then the man will have other given names and one of those will be used in everyday life). Second or third given names, which usually are kept private, may also include names normally used by the opposite gender. For instance, in 2006, 81 Frenchmen have \"Brigitte\" among their given names, 97 \"Catherine\", 133 \"Anne\",", "title": "French name" }, { "id": "691831", "score": "1.2647126", "text": "to modify a few words based on U.S. Air Force research. After all of the above study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new \"Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet\" to all member states in November 1955. The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on , and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, \"Radio Regulations\". Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by most radio", "title": "NATO phonetic alphabet" }, { "id": "16828224", "score": "1.2619176", "text": "name. There were also 531 women with the name, of which 128 had it as their given name. In 2003, 344 boys got the name, and of those, 182 got it as given name. The same year, 24 girls got the name, of which 6 got it as given name. The name day in Sweden is 2 October (1986-1992: 3 December; 1993-2000: 26 November). SCB Love (given name) Love (), or more uncommon Lowe, is a Swedish version of the French name \"Louis\". It can also be a version of Lovisa, and can thus be used both for men and", "title": "Love (given name)" }, { "id": "8748249", "score": "1.2607462", "text": "telephone directory data, the five most popular male given names are Ivan (43,882 holders), Georgi (40,288), Dimitar (31,471) and Petar (20,602). The most popular female names are Maria (20,108), Ivanka (11,872) Elena (9,568), Yordanka (7,962) and Penka (6,696). The top ten family names are Ivanov/a, Georgiev/a, Dimitrov/a, Petrov/a, Nikolov/a, Hristov/a, Stoyanov/a, Todorov/a and Iliev/a In English: In Bulgarian: Bulgarian name The Bulgarian name system has considerable similarities with most other European name systems, and with those of other Slavic peoples such as the Russian name system, though it has certain unique features. Bulgarian names usually consist of a given name,", "title": "Bulgarian name" }, { "id": "6030407", "score": "1.2575564", "text": "further given names are traditionally those of the godparents or the grandparents. Some older names, such as \"Suzanne\", \"Violette\", and \"Madeleine\", have become fashionable again in the upper class and in the upper middle class. Others such as \"Jean\", \"Pierre\", \"Louis\", and \"François\" never really went out of fashion. \"Alexandre\" (Alexander) was never very popular, but is not uncommon in middle and upper classes. Almost all traditional given names are gender-specific. However, a few given names, such as \"Dominique\" (see above: completely gender-neutral), \"Claude\" (traditionally masculine), and \"Camille\" (traditionally masculine, now mostly feminine), are given to both males and females;", "title": "French name" }, { "id": "691833", "score": "1.2535868", "text": "French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final \"t\" as silent. In some English versions of the alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling. Defined by various international conventions on radio, including: For the 1938 and 1947 phonetics, each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by the words \"as a number\" spoken twice. The ITU adopted the International Maritime Organization's phonetic spelling alphabet in 1959, and in 1969 specified that it be \"for application in the maritime mobile service only\". Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959. For the 1959–Present phonetics, the", "title": "NATO phonetic alphabet" }, { "id": "18934091", "score": "1.2525921", "text": "station was set to go quietly on-air by 1 December, 15 December or when 1998 starts, but they selected so the radiostation goes on-air by 8 December 1997 for cabalistic question: for John Lennon, Jim Morrison (The Doors) and for being the Announcer's Day. Long meetings were held among Juan Carlos, Ninoska and Hugo to find the name of the new station. They had the surname \"Rock & Pop\", the name was missing though. The new radiostation could be called \"Radioactiva\" (\"Radioactive\"), \"Planeta\" (\"Planet\"), \"Andrómeda\" (\"Andromed\"), \"Blue\", \"Onyx\", \"Oxígeno\" (\"Oxygen\") or \"La Clásica\" (\"The Classic\") but none of these names", "title": "Radio Zeta Rock & Pop" }, { "id": "1281006", "score": "1.2506139", "text": "(\"Bob\", \"Jesus\", \"Karl\" and \"Li\") and four for women (\"Anna\", \"Mary\", \"Peace\" and \"Yin\"). Instead of surnames, individuals are distinguished by a nine-character alphanumeric code, their \"\"nameber\"\" (a neologism from \"name\" and \"number\"), e.g. \"WL35S7497\". Everyone eats \"totalcakes\", drinks \"cokes\", wears exactly the same thing and is satisfied – every day. Li RM35M4419, nicknamed \"Chip\" (as in \"chip off the old block\") by his nonconformist grandfather Jan, is a typical child Member who, through a mistake in genetic programming, has one green eye. Through his grandfather's encouragement, he learns how to play a game of \"wanting things\", including imagining what", "title": "This Perfect Day" }, { "id": "10777295", "score": "1.2495522", "text": "four lists of 39 names. Each list contained 19 female names and 20 male names. Half of the lists had famous female names, and the other half had famous male names. They showed the lists to two test groups. The first group was shown a list and asked to recall as many names as possible. The second group was shown a list and asked to determine if there were more female or more male names. The subjects who heard the list with famous female names said there were more female names than there were male names. Similarly, the subjects who", "title": "Familiarity heuristic" }, { "id": "19255828", "score": "1.2453694", "text": "AM radio stations use \"XE\" call signs (such as XEW-AM), while the majority of FM radio and television stations use \"XH\". Broadcast callsigns are normally four or five letters in length, plus the \"-FM\" or \"-TV\" suffix where applicable, though several older stations have only three letters. The longest callsign is six letters, plus suffix: XHMORE-FM. All Mexican TV Stations using Digital TV signals use the \"-TDT\" suffix. In South America call signs have been a traditional way of identifying radio and TV stations. Some stations still broadcast their call signs a few times a day, but this practice is", "title": "Broadcast call signs" } ]

[ "regatta enclosure", "Diamond Sculls", "Royal Henley Regatta", "Royal Henly Regatta", "henley royal regatta", "stewards enclosure", "Henley Regatta", "henley regatta", "royal henley regatta", "Henly Royal Regatta", "henly royal regatta", "Stewards' Enclosure", "diamond sculls", "Henley Royal Regatta", "Regatta Enclosure", "royal henly regatta" ]

[ { "id": "594689", "score": "1.8439221", "text": "the stretch of river from Chiswick to Putney. Two rowing events on the River Thames are traditionally part of the wider English sporting calendar: The University Boat Race (between Oxford and Cambridge) takes place in late March or early April, on the Championship Course from Putney to Mortlake in the west of London. Henley Royal Regatta takes place over five days at the start of July in the upstream town of Henley-on-Thames. Besides its sporting significance the regatta is an important date on the English social calendar alongside events like Royal Ascot and Wimbledon. Other significant or historic rowing events", "title": "River Thames" }, { "id": "4503676", "score": "1.7702312", "text": "competition into 2 separate days, with Beginners racing over a shorter course on one day, and Seniors racing on the longer course on the other. However, due to inclement weather, the event was cancelled. The event was again held in Peterborough in 2010, 2011 and 2012, and was due to be held there in 2013. However, due to flooding, the event was moved to Boston that year, with Newcastle topping the medal table. The 2014 event was cancelled due to bad weather, It was held in Boston again in 2015, with racing on Saturday only for the \"intermediate\" and \"championship\"", "title": "University rowing (UK)" }, { "id": "2701695", "score": "1.7596362", "text": "Henley Royal Regatta Henley Royal Regatta (or Henley Regatta, its original name pre-dating Royal patronage) is a rowing event held annually on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. It was established on 26 March 1839. It differs from the three other regattas rowed over approximately the same course, Henley Women's Regatta, Henley Masters Regatta and Henley Town and Visitors' Regatta, each of which is an entirely separate event. The regatta lasts for five days (Wednesday to Sunday) ending on the first weekend in July. Races are head-to-head knock out competitions, raced over a course of 1 mile,", "title": "Henley Royal Regatta" }, { "id": "4503678", "score": "1.7316297", "text": "poor weather, but the second day (for senior crews) went ahead, with London topping the medal table and taking the Victor Ludorum. The 2018 event saw separate men's and women's Victor Ludorum awards, with London taking the women's peruse and Newcastle taking the men's. From 2019, the event will be held for three years on the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal, hosted by the University of Bristol, Hartpury University Centre and Gloucester Rowing Club. A 2 km regatta held (usually at Holme Pierrepont) over the May Day weekend. Points for the Victor Ludorum are awarded for finishing places in the finals", "title": "University rowing (UK)" }, { "id": "11725340", "score": "1.7231168", "text": "and punting regatta held at approximately the same location in July. Thames Ditton Regatta Thames Ditton Regatta is a rowing regatta, on the River Thames in England which takes place at Thames Ditton, Surrey opposite Hampton Court Palace. Thames Ditton Regatta was established in 1948, and is held annually in May. The regatta attracts top crews from schools, clubs and universities from around the UK, and over 250 entries are received each year. Racing takes place on the 1050 metre course that stretches alongside Hampton Court Palace and ends just downstream of the River Mole. The regatta should not be", "title": "Thames Ditton Regatta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Henley Royal Regatta\n\nHenley Royal Regatta (or Henley Regatta, its original name pre-dating Royal patronage) is a rowing event held annually on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. It was established on 26 March 1839. It differs from the three other regattas rowed over approximately the same course, Henley Women's Regatta, Henley Masters Regatta, and Henley Town and Visitors' Regatta, each of which is an entirely separate event.\n\nThe regatta lasts for six days (Tuesday to Sunday) ending on the first weekend in July. Races are head-to-head knock out competitions, raced over a course of . The regatta regularly attracts international crews to race. The most prestigious event at the regatta is the Grand Challenge Cup for Men's Eights, which has been awarded since the regatta was first staged.\n\nAs the regatta pre-dates any national or international rowing organisation, it has its own rules and organisation, although it is recognised by both British Rowing (the governing body of rowing in England and Wales) and FISA (the International Federation of Rowing Associations). The regatta is organised by a self-perpetuating body of Stewards, who are largely former rowers themselves.\n\nThe regatta is regarded as part of the English social season. As with other events in the season, certain enclosures at the regatta have strict dress codes.", "title": "Henley Royal Regatta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Boat Race\n\nThe Boat Race is an annual set of rowing races between the Cambridge University Boat Club and the Oxford University Boat Club, traditionally rowed between open-weight eights on the River Thames in London, England. There are separate men's and women's races, as well as races for reserve crews. It is also known as the University Boat Race and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. The men's race was first held in 1829 and has been held annually since 1856, except during the First and Second World Wars (although unofficial races were conducted) and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The first women's event was in 1927 and the race has been held annually since 1964. Since 2015, the women's race has taken place on the same day and course, and since 2018 the combined event of the two races has been referred to as the Boat Race. \n\nThe Championship Course has hosted the vast majority of the races. It covers a stretch of the Thames in West London, from Putney to Mortlake. Other locations have been used, including a stretch of the River Great Ouse which was the venue for the 2021 race. Members of both crews are traditionally known as blues and each boat as a \"Blue Boat\", with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford in dark blue. As of 2022, Cambridge has won the men's race 85 times and Oxford 81 times, with one dead heat, and has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1930. In the women's race, Cambridge have won the race 45 times and Oxford 30 times, and has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1966. A reserve boat race has been held since 1965 for the men and since 1966 for the women.\n\nIn most years over 250,000 people watch the race from the banks of the river. In 2009, a record 270,000 people watched the race live. A further 15 million or more watch it on television.", "title": "The Boat Race" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Boat racing\n\nBoat racing is a sport in which boats, or other types of watercraft, race on water. Boat racing powered by oars is recorded as having occurred in ancient Egypt, and it is likely that people have engaged in races involving boats and other water-borne craft for as long as such watercraft have existed.\n\nA regatta is a series of boat races. The term comes from the Venetian language, with \"regata\" meaning \"contest\" and typically describes racing events of rowed or sailed water craft, although some powerboat race series are also called regattas. A regatta often includes social and promotional activities which surround the racing event, and except in the case of boat type (or \"class\") championships, is usually named for the town or venue where the event takes place.\n\nAlthough regattas are typically amateur competitions, they are usually formally structured events, with comprehensive rules describing the schedule and procedures of the event. Regattas may be organized as championships for a particular area or type of boat, but are often held just for the joy of competition, camaraderie, and general promotion of the sport.\n\nOne of the largest and most popular rowing regattas is the Henley Royal Regatta held on the River Thames, England. One of the largest and oldest yachting regattas in the world is Cowes Week, which is held annually by the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes, England, and usually attracts over 900 sailing boats. Cowes Week is predated by the Cumberland Cup (1775), Port of Dartmouth Royal Regatta (1822) and Port of Plymouth Regatta (1823). North America's oldest regatta is the Royal St. John's Regatta held on Quidi Vidi Lake in St. John's, Newfoundland every year since 1818.\n\nThe term \"regatta\" is from Venetian \"regata\" (\"contention for mastery\"), from \"regatare\" (\"compete, haggle, sell at retail\"), possibly from \"recatare\".\n\nThere exist other traditional and centuries old boat races like Vallam kali of Kerala, India and Dragon Boat Race from China.\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Boat racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rowing (sport)\n\nRowing, sometimes called crew in the United States, is the sport of racing boats using oars. It differs from paddling sports in that rowing oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks, while paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into two disciplines: sculling and sweep rowing. In sculling, each rower holds two oars—one in each hand, while in sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes in which athletes may compete, ranging from single sculls, occupied by one person, to shells with eight rowers and a coxswain, called eights. There are a wide variety of course types and formats of racing, but most elite and championship level racing is conducted on calm water courses long with several lanes marked using buoys.\n\nModern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when professional watermen held races (regattas) on the River Thames in London, England. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies. Amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of \"boat clubs\" at British public schools. Similarly, clubs were formed at colleges within Oxford and Cambridge in the early nineteenth century. Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time in England, Germany, the United States. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale College.\n\nRowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take place due to bad weather. Male rowers have competed since the 1900 Summer Olympics. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics.<ref name=\"Tokyo 2020\" /> \nIn addition, the sport's governing body, the World Rowing Federation, holds the annual World Rowing Championships with twenty-two boat classes.\n\nAcross six continents, 150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport. Major domestic competitions take place in dominant rowing nations and include The Boat Race and Henley Royal Regatta in the United Kingdom, the Australian Rowing Championships in Australia, the Harvard–Yale Regatta and Head of the Charles Regatta in the United States, and the Royal Canadian Henley Regatta in Canada. Many other competitions often exist for racing between clubs, schools, and universities in each nation.", "title": "Rowing (sport)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Harvard–Yale Regatta\n\nThe Harvard–Yale Regatta or Yale-Harvard Boat Race (often abbreviated The Race) is an annual rowing race between the men's heavyweight rowing crews of Harvard University and Yale University. First contested in 1852, it has been held annually since 1859 with exceptions during major wars fought by the United States and the COVID-19 pandemic. The Race is America's oldest collegiate athletic competition, pre-dating The Game by 23 years. It is sometimes referred to as the \"Yale-Harvard\" regatta, though most official regatta programs brand it \"Harvard-Yale.\"\n\nOriginally rowed on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, it has since moved to the Thames River, near New London, Connecticut. Although other locations for the race have included the Connecticut River at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Lake Quinsigamond at Worcester, Massachusetts, the Thames has hosted The Race on all but five occasions since 1878 and both teams have erected permanent training camps on the Thames at Gales Ferry for Yale and at Red Top for Harvard.\n\nThe race has been exclusively between Yale and Harvard except for 1897, when the race was held as part of a three-boat race with Cornell on the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, New York, where, although it lost to Cornell, Yale was deemed the winner of the Harvard-Yale race. Due to the COVID-19, there was no Yale-Harvard Regatta in 2020, the first cancellation since 1945.<ref name=USRowing/><ref name=veneziano/>", "title": "Harvard–Yale Regatta" }, { "id": "12084744", "score": "1.7052598", "text": "four months in Reading Gaol for attacking an umpire and tipping him into the river with a punt pole in retaliation for disqualification in the previous year's regatta. Reading Amateur Regatta Reading Amateur Regatta is a rowing regatta, on the River Thames in England which takes place at Reading, Berkshire on the reach above Caversham Lock. The regatta takes place in June and attracts top crews from around the UK. Racing takes place on the 1500-metres downstream course that stretches from St Mary's Island until just short of Reading Rowing Club clubhouse. The regatta takes place on Saturday and Sunday", "title": "Reading Amateur Regatta" }, { "id": "6913450", "score": "1.7052469", "text": "in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland in 2016. Competition thrives, both in a league system, and \"one off\" challenges. The London Great River Race is the major British event for traditional boats, attracting up to 350 crews, but there are many regular events throughout the long March to October season. A similar event takes place in Cork, Ireland every year; the Ocean to City race is traversing Cork harbour. In 2006, 150 traditional boats completed the event. The Welsh Sea Rowing Association organises a total of 21 offshore and estuary events each year. These range from league races to the Celtic", "title": "Coastal and offshore rowing" }, { "id": "10653635", "score": "1.7023389", "text": "Great River Race The Great River Race is an annual competition held on the River Thames for any traditional-style coxed boat propelled by oars or paddles. The competition was started in 1988 and covers a 21-mile (34 km) course on the tidal Thames between Ham, London and Greenwich. It is usually held on a Saturday in September. Since 2009 the race has been run in the opposite direction, i.e. upstream with the tide from Greenwich to Ham. This appears to be the preferred arrangement for the organisers and the competitors alike. The rules stipulate that boats must be moved by", "title": "Great River Race" }, { "id": "9748708", "score": "1.6984844", "text": "Wingfield Sculls The Wingfield Sculls is a rowing race held annually on the River Thames in London, England, on the Championship Course from Putney to Mortlake. The race is between single scullers and is usually on the Saturday three to four weeks before the Scullers Head of the River Race which is the same race in reverse, attracts more international entries and is held in November every year. Due to tide changes on the Tideway, the race may therefore be in October or in November. The race was founded on 10 August 1830, at the instigation of barrister Henry Colsell", "title": "Wingfield Sculls" }, { "id": "11722763", "score": "1.6959691", "text": "was first raced on 1 and 2 June 1857 and, for the first 80 years, was run from Kingston Rowing Club whose boathouse was on Raven's Ait. The Regatta was a major event in both the sporting and social calendar. The Regatta moved from Raven’s Ait in 1937 to Canbury Gardens after the Club moved to Turk’s Boat House in Lower Ham Road. The Regatta moved to its current site opposite the town centre in 1991. Kingston Regatta Kingston Regatta is a rowing regatta, on the River Thames in England which takes place at Kingston upon Thames, Surrey on the", "title": "Kingston Regatta" }, { "id": "12084742", "score": "1.6905881", "text": "Reading Amateur Regatta Reading Amateur Regatta is a rowing regatta, on the River Thames in England which takes place at Reading, Berkshire on the reach above Caversham Lock. The regatta takes place in June and attracts top crews from around the UK. Racing takes place on the 1500-metres downstream course that stretches from St Mary's Island until just short of Reading Rowing Club clubhouse. The regatta takes place on Saturday and Sunday in June and its importance stems from its date, being immediately before entries close for Henley Royal Regatta. Reading Amateur Regatta was established in 1842 although it had", "title": "Reading Amateur Regatta" }, { "id": "4503679", "score": "1.6876978", "text": "(more points for champ events and bigger boats). The regatta was first run (as the BUSA regatta) in 1994, replacing the UAU 'Regatta' that had been a two-hour slot for University races in the Nottingham City Regatta. The first Regatta attracted 105 crews; by 2000 this had grown to 354. The 2001 Regatta was the first to be held over two days, and attracted over 500 crews. In 2006 the Regatta grew to three days with almost 1000 crews taking part. In its early years the Regatta was dominated by Nottingham, but in 2004 it was won for the first", "title": "University rowing (UK)" }, { "id": "11722762", "score": "1.6866028", "text": "Kingston Regatta Kingston Regatta is a rowing regatta, on the River Thames in England which takes place at Kingston upon Thames, Surrey on the reach above Teddington Lock. The regatta takes place in July and forms part of the Kingston River Festival. It attracts top crews from schools, clubs and universities from around the UK. Racing takes place on the 1000 metre downstream course that stretches alongside Hampton Court Palace Park and ends just upstream of Kingston Bridge. International and Olympic rowers who have won at Kingston Regatta include Jack Beresford, Tim Crooks, Kieran West and James Cracknell. Kingston Regatta", "title": "Kingston Regatta" }, { "id": "12106219", "score": "1.6863902", "text": "nearly three feet high was won by London Rowing Club. The regatta takes place in the 4th weekend in July and attracts top crews from around the UK. The regatta currently takes place on the 500-metre downstream course from St Peter's Church until 'Silvery Sands'. The regatta is launch umpired. Whilst the regatta and boat club are two different organisations, Staines Boat Club members now act as volunteers in running the regatta. The regatta itself has run in several different guises, including a longer 1500m, and 1000m course - currently it is a \"sprint\" regatta at 500m. Staines Amateur Regatta", "title": "Staines Amateur Regatta" }, { "id": "10308731", "score": "1.6821028", "text": "2007 saw the first 2 day Marlow Regatta at Dorney, with over 11 hours of racing on the Saturday and racing on the Sunday for the first time. Marlow Regatta The Marlow Regatta is an international rowing regatta, that takes place annually at Dorney Lake, Buckinghamshire near Eton next to the River Thames in southern England. It attracts crews from schools, clubs and universities from around the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States. The regatta takes place on the same weekend as Henley Women's Regatta and two weeks before Henley Royal Regatta. In 2001, after 145 years on the", "title": "Marlow Regatta" }, { "id": "2701737", "score": "1.6781826", "text": "and a four-day regatta was duly staged. Competition was not for the usual Henley trophies but for different cups and some events were restricted to ‘armed services’ crews. A two-day ‘Royal Henley Regatta’ (as opposed to Henley Royal Regatta) was staged between VE Day and VJ Day. Crews rowed three-abreast over a shortened course beginning at the Remenham Barrier. As in 1919, different trophies to the usual regatta prizes were on offer. The canoeing and rowing events for the 1948 London Olympic Games were contested in early August, a month after the Royal Regatta. The course was widened to accommodate", "title": "Henley Royal Regatta" }, { "id": "14279477", "score": "1.6777678", "text": "for both men and women in their first year of rowing. The race was held on a Wednesday, to complement the Welsh Varsity event and continued this way until 2009. It was then moved to a weekend date to enable more people to attend. The 2010 Welsh Boat Race was held on the River Tawe, in Swansea on Saturday 24 April. The aim was to alternate the venue between the two university rivers, but with superior facilities in Cardiff, it has been the venue of choice since. It was again held on the River Tawe, Swansea, in 2015 and 2016,", "title": "The Welsh Boat Race" }, { "id": "11722894", "score": "1.6698947", "text": "Sunday. Molesey Regatta was established in 1867 and the main supporting club has been Molesey Boat Club. The Molesey Amateur Regatta Committee also organizes the Molesey Veteran Head held in the Spring about six weeks before the UK's Head of the River Race. In 2007, the regatta was cancelled for the first time because of river conditions. Molesey Regatta Molesey Regatta is a rowing regatta, on the River Thames in England which takes place at Molesey, Surrey on the reach above Molesey Lock with the finish line between Hurst Park which hosts all of its stalls and marquees and the", "title": "Molesey Regatta" }, { "id": "11698121", "score": "1.66925", "text": "Skiff Championships Regatta The Skiff Championships Regatta is the premier skiff racing regatta on the River Thames in England. It is held annually at Henley on the Sunday of August Bank Holiday weekend. The regatta is run under the rules of the Skiff Racing Association and there are five Championship events: There is also a full regatta programme for all other status levels The course is approximately 750 metres down stream, starting just downstream of Henley Bridge and finishing at the Remenham Club clubhouse, whence the regatta is organised. The Upper Thames Rowing Club facilities are also made available for", "title": "Skiff Championships Regatta" }, { "id": "4597126", "score": "1.6676687", "text": "Doggett's Coat and Badge Doggett's Coat and Badge is the prize and name for the oldest rowing race in the world. Up to six apprentice watermen of the River Thames in England compete for this prestigious honour, which has been held every year since 1715. The 4 miles 5 furlongs (7,400 m) race is held on the Thames between London Bridge and Cadogan Pier, Chelsea, passing under a total of eleven bridges en route. Originally, it was raced every 1 August against the outgoing (falling or ebb) tide, in the boats used by watermen to ferry passengers across the Thames.", "title": "Doggett's Coat and Badge" } ]

[ "Vincent van gogh", "Vincent Willem van Gogh", "Vince Van Gogh", "Van Goh", "Van Gogh's ear", "Vincent Willem Van Gogh", "vincent van goth", "van go", "vincent vangogh", "Van Goth", "Vincent Van gough", "van gough", "vincent van gogh", "Vincent van Gogh's ear", "Van go", "Van Gough", "Vince van Gogh", "vangogh", "Vincent Van Gogh", "Van goh", "Vangogh", "vincent van gogh s ear", "Vincent Van Gough", "van gogh", "Vincent VanGogh", "van gogh s ear", "vincent willem van gogh", "Vincent van Gogh", "van goth", "van goh", "vincent van gough", "Vincent Van Goth", "vince van gogh", "Van Gogh" ]

[ { "id": "8617188", "score": "1.7187105", "text": "The Painter of Sunflowers The Painter of Sunflowers (in French: Le Peintre de Tournesols) is a portrait of Vincent van Gogh by Paul Gauguin in December 1888. The painting is exhibited at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. The portrait was painted when Gauguin visited Van Gogh in Arles, France. Vincent had pleaded with Gauguin to come to Arles to start an art-colony. Gauguin eventually agreed after funding for the transportation and expenses was provided by Vincent's brother Theo Van Gogh; however Gauguin only stayed for two months as the two often quarreled and the famous incident where Van Gogh", "title": "The Painter of Sunflowers" }, { "id": "3942537", "score": "1.6880579", "text": "the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established 1962 by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist's nephew, and on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. Five other versions are recorded in the Van Gogh estate papers: Two Arles versions left the artist's estate unrecorded: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series) Sunflowers (original title, in French: Tournesols) is the name of two series of still life paintings by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The first series, executed in Paris in 1887, depicts the flowers lying on the ground, while the second set, executed a year later in Arles, shows a bouquet of", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "3942536", "score": "1.6835128", "text": "resided for a short time with Félix Roux, but was reacquired by Vollard and sold to Degas, then from his estate to Rosenberg, then to Hahnloser and bequested to the Kunstmuseum Bern. The second was acquired by the Dutch collector Hoogendijk at the sale of his collection by Kann, who ceded the painting to Richard Bühler and then via Thannhauser to the Metropolitan Museum in New York. Two of van Gogh's \"Sunflowers\" paintings never left the artist's estate: the study for one of the Paris versions (F377) and the repetition of fourth version (F458). Both are in the possession of", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "3942525", "score": "1.6794546", "text": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series) Sunflowers (original title, in French: Tournesols) is the name of two series of still life paintings by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The first series, executed in Paris in 1887, depicts the flowers lying on the ground, while the second set, executed a year later in Arles, shows a bouquet of sunflowers in a vase. In the artist's mind both sets were linked by the name of his friend Paul Gauguin, who acquired two of the Paris versions. About eight months later van Gogh hoped to welcome and to impress Gauguin again with \"Sunflowers\", now", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "20115154", "score": "1.6790307", "text": "type of artistic signature, stating in a letter to his brother, Theo van Gogh, in January 1889, \"You know that Jeannin has the peony, Quost has the hollyhock, but I have the sunflower, in a way.\" The symbolic significance of the sunflower to van Gogh as an artist is reflected in the Van Gogh Project. In Cross’ view, van Gogh associated the sunflower with life, symbolising the possibilities of hope and renewal. In this way, the Big Easel emerges as a tribute to both van Gogh’s \"Sunflowers\" painting, as well as to Emerald’s local sunflower agriculture and its annual Central", "title": "The Big Easel, Emerald, Central Queensland" }, { "id": "5057017", "score": "1.6750934", "text": "of Artists. Though derided by art critics of the day, it was a fairly conventional post-impressionistic painting of sunflowers—one that has much in common with Van Gogh's treatment of the subject from nearly forty years before, but which Canadian critics rejected. Accustomed to the smooth blending and muted tones of Canadian academic art in the style of the Canadian Art Club, the critics were taken aback by the brightness and intensity of the colours. The art critic for the \"Toronto Daily Star\" called it \"an incoherent mass of color\". Hostile art critics thereafter singled out MacDonald for attacks in the", "title": "J. E. H. MacDonald" }, { "id": "3942531", "score": "1.6749145", "text": "In the Amsterdam version a strip of wood was added at the top—probably by van Gogh himself. The Tokyo version, however, was enlarged on all sides with strips of canvas, which were added at a later time—presumably by the first owner, Émile Schuffenecker. The series is perhaps van Gogh's best known and most widely reproduced. In the 2000s debate arose regarding the authenticity of one of the paintings, and it has been suggested that this version may have been the work of Émile Schuffenecker or of Paul Gauguin. Most experts, however, conclude that the work is genuine. In January 1889,", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "8617189", "score": "1.6467763", "text": "severed his left ear with a razor occurred after an argument with Gauguin. Van Gogh’s first impression on seeing the painting was that Gauguin had depicted him as a madman. He later softened his view. \"My face has lit up after all a lot since, but it was indeed me, extremely tired and charged with electricity as I was then\". The Painter of Sunflowers The Painter of Sunflowers (in French: Le Peintre de Tournesols) is a portrait of Vincent van Gogh by Paul Gauguin in December 1888. The painting is exhibited at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. The portrait", "title": "The Painter of Sunflowers" }, { "id": "3942530", "score": "1.6417396", "text": "of flowers depicted from van Gogh's announcement. The second was evidently enlarged and the initial composition altered by insertion of the two flowers lying in the foreground, center and right. Neither the third nor the fourth shows the dozen or 14 flowers indicated by the artist, but more—fifteen or sixteen. These alterations are executed \"wet-in-wet\" and therefore considered genuine rework—even the more so as they are copied to the \"repetitions\" of January 1889; there is no longer a trace of later alterations, at least in this aspect. Both \"repetitions\" of the 4th version are no longer in their original state.", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "3942528", "score": "1.6408973", "text": "this subject again, I've told you just how matters stand.\" The two \"Sunflowers\" in question show two buttons each; one of them was preceded by a small study, and a fourth large canvas combines both compositions. These were Van Gogh's first paintings with \"\"nothing but sunflowers\"\"—yet, he had already included sunflowers in still life and landscape earlier. In a letter to Theo, dating from 21 or 22 August 1888, Vincent wrote: \"I'm painting with the gusto of a Marseillais eating bouillabaisse, which won’t surprise you when it's a question of painting large sunflowers.\" At this time he had three paintings", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "14904248", "score": "1.6343565", "text": "Crau.\" The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of Van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. He worked continuously to keep up with his ideas for paintings. This was also likely one of Van Gogh's happier periods of life. He was confident, clear-minded and seemingly content. His work during this period represents a culmination of influences, such as Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism and Japanese art (see Japonism) from his period in Paris the prior two years. His style evolved into one with vivid colors and energetic, impasto brush strokes. The close association of peasants and the cycles of nature particularly", "title": "Arles: View from the Wheat Fields" }, { "id": "3942526", "score": "1.631804", "text": "part of the painted \"Décoration for the Yellow House\" that he prepared for the guestroom of his home in Arles, where Gauguin was supposed to stay. After Gauguin's departure, van Gogh imagined the two major versions as wings of the \"Berceuse Triptych\", and finally he included them in his Les XX in Bruxelles exhibit. Little is known of Van Gogh's activities during the two years he lived with his brother, Theo, in Paris, 1886–1888. The fact that he had painted \"Sunflowers\" already is only revealed in the spring of 1889, when Gauguin claimed one of the Arles versions in exchange", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "14850312", "score": "1.6278367", "text": "find joy and meaning in life. After he left Paris and settled in Arles, van Gogh painted his second group of \"Sunflowers\" in 1888 and 1889. His paintings of sunflowers in vases are among his most well known paintings. In Paris friends and acquaintances sent bouquets of flowers weekly for his still life paintings. He also purchased bouquets inexpensively, choosing flowers in a variety of colors for his paintings. In a letter to his sister Wil he wrote, \"Last year I painted almost nothing but flowers so I could get used to colors other than grey - pink, soft or", "title": "Vase with Red Poppies" }, { "id": "3942534", "score": "1.6261451", "text": "that Jeannin has the peony, Quost has the hollyhock, but I have the sunflower, in a way.\" On March 30, 1987, Japanese insurance magnate Yasuo Goto paid the equivalent of US $39,921,750 for van Gogh's \"Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers\" at auction at Christie's London, at the time a record-setting amount for a work of art. The price was over three times the previous record of about $12million paid for Andrea Mantegna's \"Adoration of the Magi\" in 1985. The record was broken a few months later with the purchase of another Van Gogh, \"Irises\", by Alan Bond for $53.9million", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "20115153", "score": "1.6187977", "text": "which have either a connection to sunflower agriculture or an affiliation with the artist Vincent van Gogh. During his time in Arles, between 1888 and 1889, van Gogh created seven different, but similarly themed, still life paintings depicting sunflowers in a vase. The artist originally intended to paint twelve panels of sunflowers to decorate the Yellow House at Arles. Emerald’s Big Easel is a copy of the repetition van Gogh made of the fourth version of his \"Sunflowers\" (1888), which is currently part of the National Gallery of London’s collection. Van Gogh came to think of the sunflower as a", "title": "The Big Easel, Emerald, Central Queensland" }, { "id": "3942533", "score": "1.6159294", "text": "the following year. One went to decorate his friend Paul Gauguin's bedroom. The paintings show sunflowers in all stages of life, from full bloom to withering. The paintings were considered innovative for their use of the yellow spectrum, partly because newly invented pigments made new colours possible. In a letter to Theo, Vincent wrote: \"It's a type of painting that changes its aspect a little, which grows in richness the more you look at it. Besides, you know that Gauguin likes them extraordinarily. He said to me about them, among other things: ‘that — ... that's... the flower’. You know", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "15456792", "score": "1.6083095", "text": "paintings represented different aspects of ordinary life, such as \"Harvest at La Crau\" and this painting, \"La Mousmé\". The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. He worked continuously to keep up with his ideas for paintings. This is likely one of van Gogh's happier periods of life. He is confident, clear-minded and seemingly content. In a letter to his brother, Theo, he wrote, \"Painting as it is now, promises to become more subtle - more like music and less like sculpture - and above all, it promises color.\" As a", "title": "La Mousmé" }, { "id": "3942535", "score": "1.6051072", "text": "at Sotheby's, New York on November 11, 1987. While it is uncertain whether Yasuo Goto bought the painting himself or on behalf of his company, the Yasuda Fire and Marine Insurance Company of Japan, the painting currently resides at Seiji Togo Yasuda Memorial Museum of Modern Art in Tokyo. After the purchase, a controversy arose whether this is a genuine van Gogh or an Émile Schuffenecker forgery. Two Paris versions van Gogh exchanged with Gauguin in December 1887 or January 1888, were both sold to Ambroise Vollard: one in January 1895 and the other in April 1896. The first canvas", "title": "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)" }, { "id": "20624322", "score": "1.6037295", "text": "a mural, \"Sunflowers, a Tribute to Aimee Willard,\" in Hope Garden Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1999. It is part of the City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program. Another mural, on Fifth and Berks streets in Philadelphia is \"Tropical Landscape With Waterfall\" (1999). The mural includes a large waterfall, at the request of the community, who wanted the flowing water \"to show how things were going to be cleaned up and get better.\" Also in 1999, she exhibited \"Tangled Paint\" at the Salon des Amis Gallery. \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" wrote that the pictures in the show together had \"vigor, with", "title": "Ana Uribe" }, { "id": "19525163", "score": "1.6024213", "text": "The Sunflower (Țuculescu) Sunflower (Romanian: Floarea Soarelui) is a painting by Romanian artist Ion Țuculescu from 1954. The picture is painted in oil on canvas and has dimensions of 47 x 55 centimeters. The picture is part of the National Museum of Art of Romania in Bucharest. Sunflower is part of the second phase in the work of Ion Țuculescu, covering the period from 1947 to 1956. In this period, his works were influenced by folklore. The use of natural elements and autobiographical references in the context of Romanian art between the two world wars and after the Second World", "title": "The Sunflower (Țuculescu)" } ]

[ "South American continent", "South amerika", "s america", "Aouth america", "South American capital cities", "South America (region)", "Southamerican", "South Americans", "América do Sul", "list of national capitals in south america", "aouth america", "américa do sul", "south america continent", "southamerica", "southamerican", "southamericans", "South american capital cities", "south american capital cities", "South-America", "South American", "America do Sul", "tourism in south america", "South america", "Southern America", "south america", "Tourism in South America", "S. America", "List of national capitals in South America", "america do sul", "South America (continent)", "South Amerika", "prehistory of south america", "south american continent", "south amerika", "Prehistory of South America", "Southamerica", "south american", "South Americas", "South-American", "south america region", "southern america", "South America", "Southamericans", "south americans", "south americas" ]

[ { "id": "361894", "score": "1.5270717", "text": "Andes (whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at ); the driest non-polar place on earth, the Atacama Desert; the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, excluding research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile. South America's major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in", "title": "South America" }, { "id": "2837049", "score": "1.5101657", "text": "of sheer blocks of Precambrian quartz arenite sandstone that rise abruptly from the jungle, giving rise to spectacular natural scenery. Auyantepui is the source of Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall. The Colombian capital city of Bogota sits on an Andean plateau known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense roughly the size of Switzerland. Averaging a height of 2,600 metres above sea level, this northern Andean plateau is situated in the country's eastern range and is divided into three main flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso. The parallel Sierra of", "title": "Plateau" }, { "id": "19876575", "score": "1.4929147", "text": "further Raleigh noted a change on the landscape and described a \"tepuy\" (table top mountain). He saw and recorded the largest, Mount Roraima, its summit area bounded on all sides by cliffs rising . In addition, Raleigh observed around twelve waterfalls but noted the largest \"higher than any church spire\" he had seen—they disembarked and walked on foot to get a closer view and described the surrounding area as the most beautiful he had seen. There could be a claim that Raleigh may have been the first European to view Angel Falls, although these claims are considered farfetched. By this", "title": "Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition" }, { "id": "282793", "score": "1.4906013", "text": "is marked by wide, braided rivers such as the Wairau, Waimakariri and Rangitātā; formed from glaciers, they fan out into many strands on gravel plains. The Waikato, flowing through the North Island, is the New Zealand's longest river, with a length of . New Zealand's rivers feature hundreds of waterfalls; the most visited set of waterfalls are the Huka Falls that drain Lake Taupo. Lake Taupo, located near the centre of the North Island, is the largest lake by surface area in the country. It lies in a caldera created by the Oruanui eruption, the largest eruption in the world", "title": "Geography of New Zealand" }, { "id": "14207478", "score": "1.4898167", "text": "\"catalyst for commerce.\" The map includes images and annotations describing different regions of the world. Africa is noted to have the world's highest mountain and longest river. The brief description of North America mentions \"humped oxen\" or bison (駝峰牛 \"tuófēngníu\"), feral horses (野馬, \"yěmǎ\"), and names Canada (加拿大, \"Jiānádà\"). The map identifies Florida as \"Huādì\" (花地), the \"Land of Flowers.\" Several Central and South American places are named, including Guatemala (哇的麻剌, \"Wādemálá\"), Yucatan (宇革堂, \"Yǔgétáng\"), and Chile (智里, \"Zhīlǐ\"). The map's cartographer, Matteo Ricci, gave a brief description of the discovery of the Americas. \"In olden days, nobody had ever", "title": "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "South America\n\nSouth America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southern subregion of a single continent called America.\n\nSouth America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent generally includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one internal territory: French Guiana. In addition, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ascension Island (dependency of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a British Overseas Territory), Bouvet Island (dependency of Norway), Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago may also be considered parts of South America.\n\nSouth America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population has been estimated at more than floor(/1e6) million. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the continent's population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela and Peru. In recent decades, Brazil has also generated half of the continent's GDP and has become the continent's first regional power.\n\nMost of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of the Southern Cone located in the middle latitudes.\n\nThe continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese, and societies and states are rich in Western traditions. Relative to Europe, Asia and Africa, 20th-century South America has been a peaceful continent with few wars.", "title": "South America" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Location of Lake Titicaca" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Colombia\n\nThe Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the northwest of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.\n\nColombia has a land size of and it is the 25th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America (after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru). Colombia's population is not evenly distributed, and most of the people live in the mountainous western portion of the country as well as along the northern coastline; the highest number live in or near the capital city of Bogotá. The southern and eastern portions of the country are sparsely inhabited, consisting of tropical rainforest, and inland tropical plains that contain large estates or large livestock farms, oil and gas production facilities, small farming communities, and indigenous tribes with their territories. Colombia has the 35th largest Exclusive Economic Zone of .", "title": "Geography of Colombia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Cambodia\n\nCambodia is a country in mainland Southeast Asia, border Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, the Gulf of Thailand and covers a total area of . The country is situated in its entirety inside the tropical Indomalayan realm and the (ICT).\n\nCambodia's main geographical features are the low lying Central Plain that includes the Tonlé Sap basin, the lower Mekong River flood-plains and the Bassac River plain surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, east, in the south-west and south. The central lowlands extend into Vietnam to the south-east. The south and south-west of the country constitute a long coast at the Gulf of Thailand, characterized by sizable mangrove marshes, peninsulas, sandy beaches and headlands and bays. Cambodia's territorial waters account for over 50 islands. The highest peak is Phnom Aural, sitting above sea level.\n\nThe landmass is bisected by the Mekong river, which at is the longest river in Cambodia. After extensive rapids, turbulent sections and cataracts in Laos, the river enters the country at Stung Treng province, is predominantly calm and navigable during the entire year as it widens considerably in the lowlands. The Mekong's waters disperse into the surrounding wetlands of central Cambodia and strongly affect the seasonal nature of the Tonlé Sap lake.\n\nTwo third of the country's population live in the lowlands, where the rich sediment deposited during the Mekong's annual flooding makes the agricultural lands highly fertile. As deforestation and over-exploitation affected Cambodia only in recent decades, forests, low mountain ranges and local eco-regions still retain much of their natural potential and although still home to the largest areas of contiguous and intact forests in mainland Southeast Asia, multiple serious environmental issues persist and accumulate, which are closely related to rapid population growth, uncontrolled globalization and inconsequential administration.\n\nThe majority of the country lies within the Tropical savanna climate zone, as the coastal areas in the South and West receive noticeably more and steady rain before and during the wet season. These areas constitute the easternmost fringes of the south-west monsoon, determined to be inside the Tropical monsoon climate. Countrywide there are two seasons of relatively equal length, defined by varying precipitation as temperatures and humidity are generally high and steady throughout the entire year.", "title": "Geography of Cambodia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mercosur\n\nThe Southern Common Market, commonly known by Spanish abbreviation Mercosur, and Portuguese Mercosul, is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1 December 2016. Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname.\n\nMercosur's origins are linked to the discussions for the constitution of a regional economic market for Latin America, which go back to the treaty that established the Latin American Free Trade Association in 1960, which was succeeded by the Latin American Integration Association in the 1980s. At the time, Argentina and Brazil made progress in the matter, signing the Iguaçu Declaration (1985), which established a bilateral commission, which was followed by a series of trade agreements the following year. The Integration, Cooperation and Development Treaty, signed between both countries in 1988, set the goal of establishing a common market, to which other Latin American countries could join. Paraguay and Uruguay joined the process and the four countries became signatories to the Treaty of Asunción (1991), which established the Southern Common Market, a trade alliance aimed at boosting the regional economy, moving goods, people among themselves, workforce and capital. Initially a free trade zone was established, in which the signatory countries would not tax or restrict each other's imports. As of 1 January 1995, this area became a customs union, in which all signatories could charge the same quotas on imports from other countries (common external tariff). The following year, Bolivia and Chile acquired membership status. Other Latin American nations have expressed interest in joining the group.\n\nMercosur's purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. Since its foundation, Mercosur's functions have been updated and amended many times; it currently confines itself to a customs union, in which there is free intra-zone trade and a common trade policy between member countries. In 2022, the Mercosur had generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around 5.1 trillion US dollars, placing the bloc as the 6th largest economy in the world. The bloc places high on the human development index. It has signed free trade agreements with Israel, Egypt, Japan and the European Union, among others.", "title": "Mercosur" }, { "id": "9689", "score": "1.488225", "text": "across much of the Middle East. The Yangtze River in China is the longest river in the continent. The Himalayas between Nepal and China is the tallest mountain range in the world. Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north. A survey carried out in 2010 by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change. Each nation's vulnerability was calculated using 42 socio, economic and environmental indicators, which identified the likely climate change impacts during the next 30 years. The Asian countries of Bangladesh, India,", "title": "Asia" }, { "id": "1592675", "score": "1.4862416", "text": "southern Africa's longest, and the Tugela River. These mountains also have the world's second-highest waterfall, the Tugela Falls (Thukela Falls), which has a total drop of . The rivers that run from the Drakensberg are an essential resource for South Africa's economy, providing water for the industrial provinces of Mpumalanga and Gauteng, which contains the city of Johannesburg. The climate is wet and cool at the high elevations, which experience snowfall in winter. Meanwhile, the grassy lower slopes (from ) of the Drakensberg in Swaziland, South Africa and Lesotho constitute the \"Drakensberg Montane Grassland, Woodland, and Forest\". The mountains are", "title": "Drakensberg" }, { "id": "17655612", "score": "1.484726", "text": "lighter water, thus creating a downward flow of water, or waterfall. It is thought that the Denmark Strait cataract has a flow rate exceeding 175 million cubic feet (5.0 million cubic meters) per second, making it 350 times as voluminous as the extinct Guaíra Falls on the border of Brazil and Paraguay, which was once thought to be the most voluminous waterfall on Earth, which was 12 times more voluminous than Victoria Falls. The waterfall was jokingly called The Alan Davies Cascade, after the regular panelist on the television quiz show \"QI\", in response to host Stephen Fry's mentioning its", "title": "Denmark Strait cataract" }, { "id": "5414854", "score": "1.4823279", "text": "combination of height and water volume, and Kaieteur is among the most powerful waterfalls in the world with an average flow rate of 663 cubic metres per second (23,400 cubic feet per second). Kaieteur Falls is about four times higher than Niagara Falls, on the border between Canada and the United States, and about twice the height of Victoria Falls, on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe in Africa. It is a single drop waterfall. Upriver from the falls, the Potaro Plateau stretches out to the distant escarpment of the Pakaraima Mountains. The Potaro River empties into the Essequibo River", "title": "Kaieteur Falls" }, { "id": "14709246", "score": "1.4822268", "text": "are neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, it is claimed to be the largest sheet of falling water in the world measuring some 184,500 sq meters. c. The 1982 match between the Zimbabwe and East Africa is often listed in popular online databases as being Zimbabwe v Kenya. In fact it was played by East Africa on the Seventh Tuskers Tour to Zambia and Zimbabwe. Though this team was almost exclusively (if not entirely) made up of Kenyan players, it is not technically a Kenya v Zimbabwe result. As the Lions is made up of players", "title": "Victoria Cup (rugby union)" }, { "id": "2837051", "score": "1.4804294", "text": "due to its aridity. At the Bolivia-Peru border lies Lake Titicaca, the largest lake in South America. The highest African plateau is the Ethiopian Highlands which cover the central part of Ethiopia. It forms the largest continuous area of its altitude in the continent, with little of its surface falling below 1500 m (4,921 ft), while the summits reach heights of up to 4550 m (14,928 ft). It is sometimes called the Roof of Africa due to its height and large area. Another example is the Highveld which is the portion of the South African inland plateau which has an", "title": "Plateau" }, { "id": "361893", "score": "1.4760516", "text": "the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border, although some may consider the border instead to be the Panama Canal. Geopolitically and geographically all of Panama – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is typically included in North America alone and among the countries of Central America. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate. South America is home to the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the highest single drop waterfall Kaieteur Falls in Guyana; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the", "title": "South America" }, { "id": "12362600", "score": "1.4753872", "text": "that become progressively banned as the situation worsens. Billabong is the Australian name given to the oxbow lakes that can form along a meandering river's course. In a worldwide comparison of height, Australia's waterfalls are relatively insignificant, with the longest drop ranked 135th according to the World Waterfall Database. Australia consists of six states, two major mainland territories, and other minor territories. The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. The two major mainland territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. Western Australia is the largest state covering just under one", "title": "Geography of Australia" }, { "id": "2601333", "score": "1.4733169", "text": "tributary the Marañón River in Peru. The highest point in the watershed of the Amazon is the peak of Yerupajá at . With a length of about before it drains into the Atlantic Ocean, it is one of the two longest rivers in the world; a team of Brazilian scientists has claimed that the Amazon is longer than the Nile but debate about its exact length continues. The Amazon system transports the largest volume of water of any river system, accounting for about 20% of the total water carried to the oceans by rivers. Some of the Amazon rainforests are", "title": "Amazon basin" }, { "id": "586370", "score": "1.4728577", "text": "feet, are a third shorter). Often, Iguazu also is compared with Victoria Falls in Southern Africa, which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe. Iguazu is wider, but because it is split into roughly 275 distinct falls and large islands, Victoria has the largest curtain of water in the world, at more than wide and over in height (in low flow, Victoria is split into five by islands; in high flow it may be uninterrupted). The only wider falls are extremely large rapid-like falls, such as the Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls). With the flooding of the Guaíra Falls in 1982, Iguazu currently has", "title": "Iguazu Falls" }, { "id": "13399083", "score": "1.4715993", "text": "highest waterfalls (250 meters) at the Zambia/Tanzania border. The Chambeshi contributes to the Bangweulu Swamp, home to both the black lechwe and the Bemba people. (Livingstone died there searching for the Nile source.) Other denizens include the oribi, tsessebe (relative of the gnu), African lungfish and the stork-like shoebill. The Luapula and Lualaba Rivers are followed, as is the Lake Tanganyika effluent river, the Lukuga. Tanganyika provides habitat for \"Limnocnida\" (freshwater jellyfish), the Bichir (a primitive fish), water cobra, the spotted-necked otter and diverse populations of cichlids. The abandoned “country estate” of Col. Stewart Gore-Browne (incorrectly called “Henry” in the", "title": "Congo (TV series)" }, { "id": "155879", "score": "1.4708065", "text": "Mariee (bride's veil) in Dubreka, Kinkon cascades of about 80 m high on the Kokoula river in the prefecture of Pita, the Kambadaga falls on the same river that can reach 100 m high during the raining season, the Ditinn & Mitty waterfalls in Dalaba, Fetoré waterfalls and the stone bridge in the region of Labe are among the well known water-related tourist sites. In 2002, the IMF suspended Guinea's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) because the government failed to meet key performance criteria. In reviews of the PRGF, the World Bank noted that Guinea had met its spending", "title": "Guinea" }, { "id": "10491185", "score": "1.4689823", "text": "and Kang Rinpoche and Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains in the north, has less severe climate than the more northern (and higher-altitude) parts of Tibet, and is home to most of the population of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, formed by a horse-shoe bend in the river where it leaves the Tibetan Plateau and flows around Namcha Barwa, is the deepest, and possibly longest canyon in the world. The Yarlung Tsangpo River has three major waterfalls in its entire course. The largest waterfall of the river, the \"Hidden Falls\", was not publicized in the West until 1998, when", "title": "Yarlung Tsangpo River" }, { "id": "18378", "score": "1.4643075", "text": "outer ranges. The main drainage of the continent is to the north and west, or towards the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. To the main African rivers belong: Nile (the longest river of Africa), Congo (river with the highest water discharge on the continent) and the Niger, which flows half of its length through the arid areas. The largest lakes are the following: Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), Lake Chad, in the centre of the continent, Lake Tanganyika, lying between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia. There is also the considerably large Lake Malawi stretching along the eastern", "title": "Geography of Africa" }, { "id": "14115005", "score": "1.458261", "text": "include Cooper Creek with its two major tributaries Thomson River and the Barcoo River as well as the Georgina River. The Wenlock River contains the highest diversity of freshwater fish of all Australian rivers. Barron Falls in the north of the state is one of the most striking. During heavy rains the landscape is transformed into a gushing torrent. Similarly Purlingbrook Falls in the Gold Coast Hinterland is most spectacular after strong downpours. Wallaman Falls west of Ingham in North Queensland is Australia's largest single drop waterfall. Other notable waterfalls include Milla Milla Falls, Purlingbrook Falls and Coomera Falls. Some", "title": "Geography of Queensland" } ]

[ "R. Janeiro", "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro", "UN/LOCODE:BRRIO", "Rio, Brazil", "BRRIO", "Rio de Janeiro City", "The Marvelous City", "río de janeiro", "rio de janeiro rj", "río de janeiro brazil", "rio de jainero", "rio di janeiro", "rio de janerio", "sao sebastiao do rio de janeiro", "rio de janeiro rio de janeiro", "Rio de janeiro", "Rio de Janiero, Brazil", "un locode brrio", "Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro", "Rio Janeiro", "rio janeiro", "Río de Janeiro, Brazil", "Rio de Janeiro, RJ", "r janeiro", "Rio de Janerio", "river of january", "são sebastião do rio de janeiro", "Rio de Janeiro (city)", "Rio De Janiero", "Rio de Janero", "rio de janiero brazil", "rio de janeiro brazil", "Río de Janeiro", "brrio", "january river", "rio de janeiro", "Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)", "Rio De Janeiro, Brazil", "Rio di Janeiro", "Rio De Janeiro", "marvelous city", "R Janeiro", "rio brazil", "Rio de Janeiro", "January River", "Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro", "Rio de janerio", "rio de janero", "Rio-de-Janeiro", "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "Rio de Janeiro city", "Rio de Janiero", "Rio de janero", "River of January", "Rio de Jainero", "rio de janiero", "rio de janeiro city", "río de jeneiro", "Río de Jeneiro" ]

[ { "id": "10480454", "score": "1.7241263", "text": "From 1807 to 1811 Napoleonic French forces invaded Portugal three times. As a result, the Portuguese royal family was transferred to the Portuguese colony of Brazil, where it remained until 1821. From Brazil, the Portuguese king João VI ruled his transcontinental empire for thirteen years. Following the defeat of the French forces in 1814, Portugal experienced a prolonged period of political turmoil, in which many sought greater self-rule for the Portuguese people. Eventually this unrest put an end to the King's long stay in Brazil, when his return to Portugal was demanded by the revolutionaries. Even though the Portuguese had", "title": "Liberal Revolution of 1820" }, { "id": "5173666", "score": "1.7219208", "text": "1807. British intervention in the Peninsular War, under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, helped to restore Portuguese independence, the last French troops being expelled in 1812. Kingdom of Northern Lusitania The Kingdom of Northern Lusitania (Portuguese: \"Reino da Lusitânia Setentrional\") was a kingdom proposed by Napoleon in 1807 for the King of Etruria, Charles II, located in the North of Portugal. In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom. Napoleon, having signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 27 October, 1807, with Spain, defined the occupation of Portugal, proposing that", "title": "Kingdom of Northern Lusitania" }, { "id": "6466885", "score": "1.71707", "text": "the British ambassador, informing him of Napoleon's plan to conquer Portugal. To implement the terms of the treaty, Napoleon had ordered its invasion and occupation. On 27 November, the Prince Regent, the Queen and the entire royal family, accompanied by many rich merchants as well as their servants, boarded fifteen Portuguese ships gathered in the Tagus with an escort of several English ships, as planned the year before when the British ambassador advised the prince that the Portuguese Crown should be transferred to Brazil. Approximately 10,000 people, including the entire governmental administration and the judiciary, joined the royal family as", "title": "History of Portugal (1777–1834)" }, { "id": "13134462", "score": "1.7011364", "text": "immediately opened the ports of Brazil to foreign shipping and turned the colonial capital into the seat of government.\" In 1807, at the outset of the Peninsular War, Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal due to the Portuguese alliance with Great Britain. The prince regent of Portugal at the time, John VI, had formally governed the country on behalf of Maria I of Portugal since 1799. Anticipating the invasion of Napoleon's army, John VI ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed. Setting sail for Brazil on November 29, the royal party navigated under the", "title": "Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil" }, { "id": "5173665", "score": "1.6969055", "text": "Kingdom of Northern Lusitania The Kingdom of Northern Lusitania (Portuguese: \"Reino da Lusitânia Setentrional\") was a kingdom proposed by Napoleon in 1807 for the King of Etruria, Charles II, located in the North of Portugal. In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom. Napoleon, having signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau on 27 October, 1807, with Spain, defined the occupation of Portugal, proposing that the country would be divided into three different states: A French invasion under Marshal Junot followed, and the capital city of Lisbon was captured on 1 December", "title": "Kingdom of Northern Lusitania" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Portugal (1777–1834)\n\nThe history of the kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves, from the First Treaty of San Ildefonso and the beginning of the reign of Queen Maria I in 1777, to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834, spans a complex historical period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the absolutist regime and to the installation of a constitutional monarchy in the country.\n\nIn 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal and subsequently the royal family and its entire court migrated to Brazil, Maria I declaring the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815. This would be one of the causes for the declaration of Brazilian independence by Pedro I of Brazil in 1822, following a liberal revolution in Portugal.\n\nThe liberal period was stormy and short as Miguel of Portugal (Pedro's brother) supported an absolutist revolution endeavoring to restore all power to the monarchy. Pedro eventually returned to Portugal and fought and defeated his brother in the Liberal Wars in which liberalism prevailed and Portugal became a constitutional monarchy.", "title": "History of Portugal (1777–1834)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portuguese Empire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves\n\nThe United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a pluricontinental monarchy formed by the elevation of the Portuguese colony named State of Brazil to the status of a kingdom and by the simultaneous union of that Kingdom of Brazil with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of the Algarves, constituting a single state consisting of three kingdoms.\n\nThe United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed in 1815, following the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil during the Napoleonic invasions of Portugal, and it continued to exist for about one year after the return of the Court to Europe, being \"de facto\" dissolved in 1822, when Brazil proclaimed its independence. The dissolution of the United Kingdom was accepted by Portugal and formalized \"de jure\" in 1825, when Portugal recognized the independent Empire of Brazil.\n\nDuring its period of existence the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves did not correspond to the whole of the Portuguese Empire: rather, the United Kingdom was the transatlantic metropolis that controlled the Portuguese colonial empire, with its overseas possessions in Africa and Asia.\n\nThus, from the point of view of Brazil, the elevation to the rank of a kingdom and the creation of the United Kingdom represented a change in status, from that of a colony to that of an equal member of a political union. In the wake of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, attempts to compromise the autonomy and even the unity of Brazil, led to the breakdown of the union.", "title": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kingdom of Portugal\n\nThe Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.\n\nThe nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the \"Reconquista\", by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede. The kingdom was ruled by the Alfonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz.\n\nDuring the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire. From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain.\n\nAfter the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil. After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.\n\nPortugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a constitutional monarchy until its fall.", "title": "Kingdom of Portugal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil\n\nThe Portuguese royal court transferred from Lisbon to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in a strategic retreat of Queen Maria I of Portugal, Prince Regent John, the Braganza royal family, its court, and senior functionaries, totaling nearly 10,000 people, on 27 November 1807. The embarkment took place on the 27th, but due to weather conditions, the ships were only able to depart on the 29 November. The Braganza royal family departed for Brazil just days before Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal on 1 December 1807. The Portuguese crown remained in Brazil from 1808 until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on 26 April 1821.\n\nFor thirteen years, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, functioned as the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal in what some historians call a metropolitan reversal (i.e., a colony exercising governance over the entirety of an empire). The period in which the court was located in Rio brought significant changes to the city and its residents, and can be interpreted through several perspectives. It had profound impacts on Brazilian society, economics, infrastructure, and politics. The transfer of the king and the royal court \"represented the first step toward Brazilian independence, since the king immediately opened the ports of Brazil to foreign shipping and turned the colonial capital into the seat of government.\"", "title": "Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil" }, { "id": "1352388", "score": "1.6923809", "text": "Portuguese monarchy, not even counting more than five thousand insignia and commendations of the honorific orders of Portugal. When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, the European powers held the Congress of Vienna to reorganize the political map of the continent. Portugal participated in these negotiations, but given British machinations contrary to the interests of the House of Braganza, Portugal's ambassador to the Congress, the Count of Palmela, counseled the regent to remain in Brazil, as did the powerful Prince Talleyrand, in order to strengthen the ties between metropolis and colony, including the suggestion to elevate Brazil to the condition of", "title": "John VI of Portugal" }, { "id": "6466886", "score": "1.6905491", "text": "they moved to Brazil, a \"de facto\" colonial possession of Portugal, and established the capital of the Portuguese Empire in Rio de Janeiro. General Jean-Andoche Junot and his troops had entered Spain on 18 October 1807 and crossed the peninsula to reach the Portuguese border. Junot encountered no resistance and reached Abrantes by 24 November, Santarém on 28 November, and the Portuguese capital at the end of the month, arriving a day after the Court had fled to Brazil. Before the Prince Regent departed, he left orders with the Regency Junta to greet the French in peace. Once he arrived,", "title": "History of Portugal (1777–1834)" }, { "id": "309358", "score": "1.6822236", "text": "to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815,", "title": "Portugal" }, { "id": "4384941", "score": "1.6819314", "text": "Navy was also engaged in operations in the waters of Southeast Asia. Between November 1809 and February 1810, the Portuguese naval forces based in Macau conduct a campaign against the Chinese pirates, defeating them in a series of naval actions in Bocca Tigris. Political instability dominated Portugal during the 19th century after the Napoleonic invasions. In 1820, after a Revolution in the city of Oporto, the Constitutional regime is established in Portugal. The Parliament in Lisbon requires the return of the King from Brazil to Europe. King John VI returns in 1821, leaving his heir, Prince Peter, as regent of", "title": "Portuguese Navy" }, { "id": "129470", "score": "1.6806858", "text": "of the Spanish Bourbons (Napoleon I arrested them and made his brother Joseph king). When the French general Jean-Andoche Junot arrived in Lisbon, the Portuguese fleet had already left with all the local elite. In 1808, under a British naval escort, the fleet arrived in Brazil. Later, in 1815, the Portuguese Prince Regent (since 1816 King João VI) proclaimed the \"United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves\", as a union of three kingdoms, lifting Brazil from its colonial status. After the fall of Napoleon I and the Liberal revolution in Portugal, the Portuguese royal family returned to Europe (1821).", "title": "Emperor" }, { "id": "6466901", "score": "1.6797017", "text": "John of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in December 1815, Brazil's new importance worsened the situation in continental Portugal: politically, it became the Portuguese capital (shedding the pretense of being a colony), and economically, was now able to trade directly with other European powers. A report was sent from the Regency to John VI on 2 June 1820, stating: Portugal's neighbor Spain, during its resistance to the Napoleonic invasions, had approved a liberal Constitution when King Ferdinand VII was in exile, but it was quickly abrogated on his return, and he reigned as absolute monarch. The", "title": "History of Portugal (1777–1834)" }, { "id": "10949616", "score": "1.6785614", "text": "Janeiro became a far more practical export port than Salvador, and the colonial administration was moved in 1763. In 1808 the Portuguese royal family and most of the aristocracy in the Portuguese capital Lisbon fled Portugal ahead of Napoleon's invasion. The Portuguese capital was temporarily transferred from Europe to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained the capital after the independence of Brazil in 1822 and after the abolition of the monarchy in 1889. In the 1950s plans were considered for moving the federal capital from the east coast to the interior; the interior was sparsely populated and it was hoped", "title": "Capitals of Brazil" }, { "id": "7206192", "score": "1.6678561", "text": "Queen Maria I of Portugal and the Royal Court, fled to the colony of Brazil in 1808. With the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, there were calls for the return of the Portuguese Monarch to Lisbon; the Portuguese Prince Regent enjoyed life in Rio de Janeiro, where the monarchy was at the time more popular and where he enjoyed more freedom, and he was thus unwilling to return to Europe. However, those advocating the return of the Court to Lisbon argued that Brazil was only a colony and that it was not right for Portugal to be governed from a", "title": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves" }, { "id": "38063", "score": "1.667833", "text": "Guiana. With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent João return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for the prior six years, the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state. However, such a ploy didn't last long, since the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its", "title": "Brazil" }, { "id": "2875835", "score": "1.6674005", "text": "invasion forced the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil in 1807, with Rio de Janeiro becoming the capital of the Portuguese Monarchy. From Rio de Janeiro, the Portuguese monarch denounced the Treaty of Badajoz as having been signed under coercion, declaring it \"null and ineffective\". Later on, the Treaty of Vienna - signed by Spain in 1817 - stated clearly that the winning countries are to \"endeavour with the mightiest conciliatory effort to return Olivença to Portuguese authority\". After the Napoleonic Wars, and the Congress of Vienna, neither Spain nor Portugal gave back the territories acquired both in America", "title": "War of the Oranges" }, { "id": "11122445", "score": "1.6655", "text": "did nothing along those lines. Napoleon proposed that Lisbon should be incorporated directly into the French Empire, while the old \"Portucale\" of northern Portugal would be resurrected as the 'Kingdom of Northern Lusitania' in the province of Entre Douro e Minho. Meanwhile, 50,000 Spanish and French troops roamed the countryside arresting, killing, plundering and raping the citizenry. The lack of any movement by General Junot to enact reforms and the violent behavior of the French soldiers finally compelled the \"Junta Provisional do Supremo Governo do Reino\" (Provisional Board of the Supreme Government of the Kingdom) to seek the aid of", "title": "History of Lisbon" }, { "id": "1934951", "score": "1.6638247", "text": "years the Portuguese slowly expanded westwards until they had reached nearly all of the borders of modern Brazil. In 1808, the army of French Emperor Napoleon I invaded Portugal, forcing the Portuguese royal family—the House of Braganza, a branch of the thousand-year-old Capetian dynasty—into exile. They re-established themselves in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, which became the unofficial seat of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, the Portuguese crown prince Dom João (later Dom João VI), acting as regent, created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which raised the status of Brazil from colony to kingdom.", "title": "Empire of Brazil" }, { "id": "4384940", "score": "1.6615248", "text": "1808. The new Portuguese capital is established in Rio. Carried in the fleet, the Royal Academy of Midshipmen also arrives and is installed in Rio, as well as a part of the Royal Brigade of the Navy. In retaliation for the French invasion of Portugal, the Portuguese forces in Brazil conquer the French Guiana in January 1809. The amphibious invasion is done by a Portuguese naval flotilla supported by a British frigate, a force of 550 marines of the Royal Brigade of the Navy and 700 Brazilian regulars. While participating in the Napoleonic Wars in the Western hemisphere, the Portuguese", "title": "Portuguese Navy" }, { "id": "1760206", "score": "1.657954", "text": "occur after the arrival of the court. In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal, and Dom João, Prince Regent in place of his mother, Dona Maria I, ordered the transfer of the royal court to Brazil. In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (\"Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves\"), and the capital was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the only instance of a European country being ruled from one of its colonies. There was also the election of Brazilian representatives to", "title": "Portuguese Empire" }, { "id": "1760207", "score": "1.6514926", "text": "the Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas (Portuguese Constitutional Courts), the Parliament that assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the Liberal Revolution of 1820. Although the royal family returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to a growing desire for independence amongst Brazilians. In 1822, the son of Dom João VI, then prince-regent Dom Pedro I, proclaimed the independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822, and was crowned Emperor of the new Empire of Brazil. Unlike the Spanish colonies of South America, Brazil's independence was achieved without significant bloodshed. At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had", "title": "Portuguese Empire" } ]

[ "د افغانستان اسلامي دولت دولت اسلامی افغانستان", "Afeganistao", "AfghanistaN", "Da Afghanistan Islami Dawlat Dawlat-e Eslami-e Afghanestan", "Afghanistan, Rep. of.", "The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "Afghinastan", "Afghanstan", "Afganistan", "iso 3166 1 af", "Afghanistan-Central Asia", "afgahanistan", "afghanistan rep of", "kinetic action", "afghanistan i s of", "jomhūrī ye eslāmī ye afġānestān", "Afghnistan", "i r o", "afghanistan", "Avghanistaun", "avghanistaun", "da afghanistan islami dawlat dawlat e eslami e afghanestan", "Afghanistan", "ISO 3166-1:AF", "iroa", "Afghanistan/Article from the 1911 Encyclopedia", "Afghanestan", "stan", "afghānistān", "Affghanistan", "afghanistan article from 1911 encyclopedia", "IROA", "AFGHANISTAN", "Kinetic action", "afganistan", "soviet occupied afghanistan", "Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Afġānestān", "islamic republic of afghanistan", "Afğānistān", "Afghanistan (1911 Encyclopedia)", "Islamic Transitional Government of Afghanistan", "graveyard of empires", "Etymology of Afghanistan", "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan", "islamic transitional government of afghanistan", "afghansitan", "I.R.O.A.", "etymology of afghanistan", "afgjanistan", "افغانستان", "Soviet-occupied Afghanistan", "Afghanistan, I.S. of", "afghanastan", "afghanistan central asia", "Afghānistān", "Afgahanistan", "Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jomhoriyat", "Afgjanistan", "afghanistan 1911 encyclopedia", "afghanestan", "afghinastan", "Afghansitan", "da afġānistān islāmī jomhoriyat", "afghanstan", "dowlat e eslami ye afghanestan", "affghanistan", "afganhistan", "A-Stan", "The Graveyard of Empires", "afğānistān", "Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan", "afeganistao", "afghnistan", "Afghanastan", "Afganhistan" ]

[ { "id": "230484", "score": "1.7937245", "text": "Kandahar Kandahār () or Qandahār (; ; known in older literature as Candahar) is the second-largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 557,118. Formerly called Alexandria Arachosia, the city is named after Alexander the Great, who founded it in 329 BC around an ancient Arachosian town. Kandahar is located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River, at an elevation of . It is the capital of Kandahar Province, and also the center of the larger cultural region called Loy Kandahar. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom and turned Kandahar into the", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "10067522", "score": "1.6586148", "text": "of national police in the district is 350. Kandahar District Kandahar District or Dand District is situated in the central part of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, surrounding the city of Kandahar. It borders with Panjwai District to the west, Arghandab District to the north, Shah Wali Kot District to the northeast and Daman District to the east and south. The population is 468,200 (2006). The district center is the city of Kandahar. In March 2009, the Dand District Centre was destroyed by a suicide bombing of two Taliban insurgents. In December 2009 it was rebuilt by the Department of Foreign Affairs", "title": "Kandahar District" }, { "id": "10067520", "score": "1.6332169", "text": "Kandahar District Kandahar District or Dand District is situated in the central part of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, surrounding the city of Kandahar. It borders with Panjwai District to the west, Arghandab District to the north, Shah Wali Kot District to the northeast and Daman District to the east and south. The population is 468,200 (2006). The district center is the city of Kandahar. In March 2009, the Dand District Centre was destroyed by a suicide bombing of two Taliban insurgents. In December 2009 it was rebuilt by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Canadian civilian police at the Kandahar PRT.", "title": "Kandahar District" }, { "id": "230485", "score": "1.6308954", "text": "capital of the Hotak dynasty. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani dynasty, made Kandahar the capital of the Afghan Empire. Kandahar is one of the most culturally significant cities of the Pashtuns and has been their traditional seat of power for more than 300 years. It is a major trading center for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. The region produces fine fruits, especially pomegranates and grapes, and the city has plants for canning, drying, and packing fruit, and is a major source of marijuana and hashish en route to", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "230517", "score": "1.6238625", "text": "rival India in Afghanistan and the Afghan claim regarding the disputed Durand Line border. The overwhelming majority of the victims in the attacks are ordinary Afghan civilians. On 6 June 2012, at least 21 civilians were killed and 50 others injured when two Taliban suicide bombers on motorcycles blew themselves up in a market area near Kandahar International Airport. The Arghandab River runs along the west of Kandahar. The city has 15 districts and a total land area of 27,337 hectares. The total number of dwellings in Kandahar is 61,902. Kandahar is the Regional Hub in southern Afghanistan, close to", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kandahar\n\nKandahar (; Kandahār, , Qandahār) is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River, at an elevation of . It is Afghanistan's second largest city after Kabul, with a population of about 614,118. It is the capital of Kandahar Province as well as the de facto capital of the Taliban, formally known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. It also happens to be the centre of the larger cultural region called Loy Kandahar. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom and turned Kandahar into the capital of the Hotak dynasty. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani dynasty, made Kandahar the capital of the Afghan Empire. Historically this province is considered as important political area for Afghanistan revelations. \n\nKandahar is one of the most culturally significant cities of the Pashtuns and has been their traditional seat of power for more than 300 years. It is a major trading center for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. The region produces fine fruits, especially pomegranates and grapes, and the city has plants for canning, drying, and packing fruit, and is a major source of marijuana and hashish.\n\nThe region around Kandahar is one of the oldest known human settlements. A major fortified city existed at the site of Kandahar, probably as early as 1000–750 BC, and it became an important outpost of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire in the 6th century BC. Alexander the Great had laid-out the foundation of what is now \"Old Kandahar\" in the 4th century BC and gave it the Ancient Greek name Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἀραχωσίας ().\n\nMany empires have long fought over the city due to its strategic location along the trade routes of southern, central and western Asia.", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kandahar Province\n\nKandahār (; Kandahār, ; \"Qandahār\") is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country, sharing a border with Pakistan, to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city, which is located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar. The Emir of Afghanistan sends orders to Kabul from Kandahar making it the de facto capital of Afghanistan, although the main government body operates in Kabul. All meetings with the Emir take place in Kandahar, meetings excluding the Emir are in Kabul. \n\nThe province contains about 18 districts, over 1,000 villages, and approximately 1,431,876 people (the 6th most populous province), which is mostly tribal and a rural society.<ref name=nsia /> The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the ethnic Pashtuns. They are followed by the Baloch people, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens and Hazaras.<ref name=nps-kandahar/>", "title": "Kandahar Province" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Afghanistan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Taliban" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of cities in Afghanistan\n\nThe only city in Afghanistan with over 1 million people is its capital, Kabul. The rest are smaller cities and towns. According to the National Statistic and Information Authority of Afghanistan (NSIA), an estimated total number of people living inside Afghanistan was 32,225,560 in 2020. Of this, around 7.8 million were reported to be living in urban areas and the rest in rural or countryside.", "title": "List of cities in Afghanistan" }, { "id": "16348184", "score": "1.6194724", "text": "ruler. After the destruction of this old city all the remaining inhabitants were relocated to a nearby area which became known as \"Naderabad\" for a short time, named after Nader Shah Afshar. By 1750, Ahmad Shah Durrani had laid out the current city of Kandahar and turned it into the capital of his Durrani Empire. Old Kandahar Old Kandahar (locally known as Zorr Shaar; , meaning \"Old City\") is a historical section of the city of Kandahar in southern Afghanistan. It is thought its foundation was laid out by Alexander the Great in 330 BC under the name Alexandria Arachosia.", "title": "Old Kandahar" }, { "id": "16377636", "score": "1.6103693", "text": "Loy Kandahar Lōy Kandahār (, lit. \"Greater Kandahar\") is a historical and cultural region of Afghanistan, comprising the modern Afghanistan provinces of Kandahar, Helmand, Farah, Urozgan, and Zabul, as well as parts of Nimruz, and the Pashtun majority northern part of Balochistan Province, Pakistan (the latter known as \"South Pashtunkhwa\"). In 1709, Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom and turned Kandahar city into the capital of the Hotak dynasty. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani dynasty, made Kandahar the capital of the Afghan Empire. Loy Kandahar is vaguely defined by a common culture and history", "title": "Loy Kandahar" }, { "id": "2609443", "score": "1.6066504", "text": "Kandahar Province Kandahar (; ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country next to Pakistan. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, which is located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar. The province contains about 18 districts, over 1,000 villages, and approximately 1,151,100 people, which is mostly tribal and a rural society. The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the native ethnic Pashtuns, although smaller", "title": "Kandahar Province" }, { "id": "230487", "score": "1.5969896", "text": "revolution, the city has been a magnet for groups such as Haqqani network, Quetta Shura, Hezbi Islami, al-Qaida and other terrorist groups. From late-1996 to 2001, it served as the de facto capital of the Taliban government until the Taliban were overthrown by US-led NATO forces during Operation Enduring Freedom in late-2001 and replaced by the government of President Hamid Karzai. One hypothesis of the name suggests that \"\"Kandahar\"\" has evolved from \"\"Iskandar\"\", the local dialect version of the name Alexander, after Alexander the Great who founded the city in 330 BC and named it Alexandria in Arachosia. A temple", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "16348182", "score": "1.5955248", "text": "Old Kandahar Old Kandahar (locally known as Zorr Shaar; , meaning \"Old City\") is a historical section of the city of Kandahar in southern Afghanistan. It is thought its foundation was laid out by Alexander the Great in 330 BC under the name Alexandria Arachosia. and served as the local seat of power for many rulers in the last 2,000 years. It became part of many empires, including the Mauryans (322 BC–185 BC), Indo-Scythians (200 BC–400 AD), Sassanids, Arabs, Zunbils, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals, Safavids, and others. It was one of the main cities of Arachosia, a historical region", "title": "Old Kandahar" }, { "id": "230522", "score": "1.5926063", "text": "cities. Commuters of the city use the public bus system (Milli Bus), and taxicabs and rickshaws are common. Private vehicle use is increasing, partially due to road and highway improvements. Large dealerships are importing cars from Dubai, UAE. Before the 1978 coup in Kabul, majority of the city's population were enrolled in schools. Nearly all of the elite class of the city fled to neighboring Pakistan during the early 1980s, and from there they began immigrating to North America, the European Union, Australia and other parts of the world. The two oldest known schools are Ahmad Shah Baba High School", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "8338424", "score": "1.5867941", "text": "operated Beechcraft MC-12W Liberty aircraft from here for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. Kandahar International Airport Kandahar International Airport (; referred to by ISAF as Kandahar Airfield, KAF) is located south-east of Kandahar City in Afghanistan. It serves as the nation's second main international airport and as one of the largest military bases, capable of housing up to 250 aircraft of all type. The airport was designed and built by the United States in the late 1950s. It was occupied by the Soviets during the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War. Following their withdrawal the airport remained in control of Najibullah's government", "title": "Kandahar International Airport" }, { "id": "230529", "score": "1.5833172", "text": "Muslims and Sikhs. Close to Baba Wali's shrine is a military base established by the United States armed forces in about 2007. Decades of war left Kandahar and the rest of the country destroyed and depopulated, but in recent years billions of dollars began pouring in for construction purposes and millions of expats have returned to Afghanistan. New neighborhoods have been established around the city, and a number of modern-style buildings have been constructed. Some residents of the city have access to clean drinking water and electricity, and the government is working to extend these services to every home. The", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "230523", "score": "1.5832455", "text": "and Zarghona Ana High School. There are a number of new schools that opened in the last decade, with more being built in the future as the city's population grows with the large returning Afghans from neighboring countries. Afghan Turk High Schools is one of the top private schools in the city. The main university is Kandahar University. A number of training centers have also opened in the last decade. Telecommunication services in the city are provided by Afghan Wireless, Roshan, Etisalat, MTN Group and Afghan Telecom. In November 2006, the Afghan Ministry of Communications signed a $64.5 million agreement", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "2609459", "score": "1.5813669", "text": "been attacked this year. Over 60,000 students cannot attend school because of the risk of attack. Some of the well known schools in Kandahar are Ahmad Shah Baba High School, Zarghuna Ana High School, Mir Wais High School, Shah Mahmud High School, and Mahmud Tarzi High School, Afghan Turk High Schools. Kandahar Province Kandahar (; ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country next to Pakistan. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar,", "title": "Kandahar Province" }, { "id": "2609448", "score": "1.5780402", "text": "Shah Hussain was defeated in what is now Old Kandahar. Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founding father of Afghanistan, gained control of the province in 1747 and made the city of Kandahar the capital of his new Afghan Empire. In the 1770s, the capital of the empire was transferred to Kabul. Ahmad Shah Durrani's mausoleum is located in the center of the city. British-led Indian forces occupied the province during the First Anglo-Afghan War from 1832 to 1842. They also occupied the city during the Second Anglo-Afghan War from 1878 to 1880. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until the", "title": "Kandahar Province" }, { "id": "2609452", "score": "1.5778681", "text": "in 2014 and is the current governor of Kandahar Province. The population of the province is about 1,151,100, which is mostly tribal and a rural society. The inhabitants of Kandahar province are ethnic Pashtuns, although smaller communities of Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks and Baloch are also found in parts of the city of Kandahar. The main language spoken in the province is Pashto but in some urban centers Dari (Afghan Persian) is also in use as a second language. The main tribes in the province are as follows: Kandahar International Airport is located east of the city of Kandahar. It is", "title": "Kandahar Province" }, { "id": "2609450", "score": "1.5758746", "text": "States established bases in the province. The various soldiers of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) are also housed in the bases. The main base is at Kandahar International Airport. Their main objective is to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) as well as build government institutions and assist the local population. In spring 2010, the province as well as its capital city became a target of American operations following \"Operation Moshtarak\" in neighbouring Helmand province. Kandahar has been the site of much of the violence in the War on Terror in Afghanistan. Gul Agha Sherzai was Governor of the", "title": "Kandahar Province" }, { "id": "230511", "score": "1.5746546", "text": "by Yousef Pashtun until Asadullah Khalid took the post in 2005. The current Governor of the province is Toryalai Wesa. He was appointed by President Hamid Karzai in December 2008 after Rahmatullah Raufi's four-month rule. As of 2002, Kandahar International Airport is used by members of the United States armed forces and NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). NATO began training the newly formed Afghan National Police and are now given the security responsibility of the city. The military of Afghanistan, backed by NATO forces, has gradually expanded its authority and presence throughout most of the country. The 205th Corps", "title": "Kandahar" }, { "id": "8338408", "score": "1.5694683", "text": "Kandahar International Airport Kandahar International Airport (; referred to by ISAF as Kandahar Airfield, KAF) is located south-east of Kandahar City in Afghanistan. It serves as the nation's second main international airport and as one of the largest military bases, capable of housing up to 250 aircraft of all type. The airport was designed and built by the United States in the late 1950s. It was occupied by the Soviets during the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War. Following their withdrawal the airport remained in control of Najibullah's government until he stepped down in 1992. Thereafter, local warlords and the Taliban took control", "title": "Kandahar International Airport" } ]

[ "Culture of Paraguay", "republic of paraguay", "iso 3166 1 py", "culture of paraguay", "Paraguay", "Culture of paraguay", "etymology of paraguay", "paruaguayan", "Republic of Paraguay", "república del paraguay", "paraguay", "Name of Paraguay", "República del Paraguay", "paraguai", "Etymology of Paraguay", "Paraguayan literature", "Tetã Paraguái", "Paraguayan", "name of paraguay", "paraguayan literature", "teta paraguai", "Paruaguayan", "paraguayans", "Teta Paraguai", "Paraguayans", "ISO 3166-1:PY", "Republic Paraguay", "Paragauy", "paraguayan", "paragauy", "tetã paraguái", "administrative divisions of paraguay", "Administrative divisions of Paraguay", "republic paraguay", "Paraguai" ]

[ { "id": "8150075", "score": "1.8586833", "text": "and Uruguay would sign the Treaty of the Triple Alliance in Buenos Aires on May 1, 1865, allying the three River Plate countries against Paraguay. They named Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, as supreme commander of the allied troops. During the first phase of the war Paraguay took the initiative. The armies of López dictated the location of initial battles — invading Mato Grosso in the north in December 1864, Rio Grande do Sul in the south in the first months of 1865 and the Argentine province of Corrientes. Two bodies of Paraguayan troops invaded Mato Grosso simultaneously. Due to", "title": "Military history of Brazil" }, { "id": "2874535", "score": "1.8526524", "text": "1865, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay had signed the \"Secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance\" in Buenos Aires. They named Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, as supreme commander of the allied forces. The signatories of the treaty were Rufino de Elizalde (Argentina), Octaviano de Almeida (Brazil) and Carlos de Castro (Uruguay). The Treaty states that \"Paraguay is to be blamed on all the consequences of the conflict and has to pay all the debt of war\", \"Paraguay has to remain without any fortress and military force\". Large portions of Paraguayan territories were to be taken by Argentina and Brazil at the", "title": "Paraguayan War" }, { "id": "6694846", "score": "1.839156", "text": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance The Treaty of the Triple Alliance was a treaty which allied the Empire of Brazil and the Republics of Argentina and Uruguay against the Republic of Paraguay. Signed in 1865 after the outbreak of the Paraguayan War, its articles prescribed the allies' actions both during and after the war. Although the Empire of Brazil and Argentina had been traditional enemies, nevertheless, they, together with Uruguay, in 1865 united against Paraguay. The causes of the war were various, and have been hotly disputed by modern writers. But for the purposes of this article it may be", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" }, { "id": "6694850", "score": "1.8269432", "text": "forces because it thought that the outside world—Brazil, Argentina, the United States, and the British Empire in particular—was disrespecting it. In 1864, the Blanco faction of the Uruguayan War (against Brazil), short of allies, tried to lure Paraguay to its side. In November 1864 Paraguay fired upon and seized the Brazilian government ship \"Marqués de Olinda\" as it was proceeding up the Paraguay on its routine monthly voyage to the Mato Grosso. (It proved to be carrying military stores). On 14 January 1865 the Paraguayan government asked Argentina for permission to attack Brazil across the Province of Corrientes, which was", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" }, { "id": "437203", "score": "1.8252103", "text": "that confirmed Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs. In accordance with the 1851 treaties, Brazil intervened militarily in Uruguay as often as it deemed necessary. In 1865, the Triple Alliance was formed by the emperor of Brazil, the president of Argentina, and the Colorado general Venancio Flores, the Uruguayan head of government whom they both had helped to gain power. The Triple Alliance declared war on the Paraguayan leader Francisco Solano López and the resulting Paraguayan War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo, which was used as", "title": "Uruguay" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paraguayan War\n\nThe Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was a South American war that lasted from 1864 to 1870. It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay. It was the deadliest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history. Paraguay sustained large casualties, but the approximate numbers are disputed. Paraguay was forced to cede disputed territory to Argentina and Brazil. The war began in late 1864, as a result of a conflict between Paraguay and Brazil caused by the Uruguayan War. Argentina and Uruguay entered the war against Paraguay in 1865, and it then became known as the \"War of the Triple Alliance\".\n\nAfter Paraguay was defeated in conventional warfare, it conducted a drawn-out guerrilla resistance, a strategy that resulted in the further destruction of the Paraguayan military and the civilian population. Much of the civilian population lost their lives due to battle, hunger, and disease. The guerrilla war lasted for 14 months until President Francisco Solano López was killed in action by Brazilian forces in the Battle of Cerro Corá on 1 March 1870. Argentine and Brazilian troops occupied Paraguay until 1876.", "title": "Paraguayan War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance\n\nThe Treaty of the Triple Alliance was a treaty that allied the Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay against Paraguay. Signed in 1865, after the outbreak of the Paraguayan War, its articles (plus a Protocol) prescribed the allies' actions both during and after the war. The war led to the near-annihilation of Paraguay.\n\nAfter the defeat of Paraguay in 1870, Brazil and Argentina (who were traditional enemies) hovered on the brink of mutual warfare for six years because of disputes and misunderstandings about the treaty.", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paraguayan War casualties\n\nThe number of people who died in the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) is unknown. Widely diverging estimates have been made. \"Determining the size of Paraguay's population has always been an exercise in frustration.\" However, there is a widespread impression that the casualties (military and civilian) were immense; there was also some population loss from non-lethal causes such as migration. The Dutch human geographer Jan Kleinpenning thought that Paraguay lost between a quarter and a half of its population, but much higher and lower estimates have been made. No academic demographic scholarship makes it less than 7% (including migration) or greater than 69%.", "title": "Paraguayan War casualties" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paraguay\n\nParaguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay (; ), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. It has a population of seven million, nearly three million of whom live in the capital and largest city of Asunción, and its surrounding metro. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America (Bolivia is the other), Paraguay has ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.\n\nSpanish conquistadores arrived in 1524, and in 1537, they established the city of Asunción, the first capital of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata. During the 17th century, Paraguay was the center of Jesuit missions, where the native Guaraní people were converted to Christianity and introduced to European culture. \nAfter the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767, Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony, with few urban centers and settlers. Following independence from Spain in the early 19th century, Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments characterized by nationalist, isolationist and protectionist policies. This period ended with the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–70), during which the country lost half its prewar population and around 25–33% of its territory to the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In the 20th century, Paraguay faced another major international conflictthe Chaco War (1932–35) against Boliviain which it prevailed. Afterwards, the country came under a succession of military dictators, culminating in the 35-year regime of Alfredo Stroessner, which lasted until his overthrow in 1989 by an internal military coup. This marked the beginning of Paraguay's democratic era, which continues to this day.\n\nParaguay is a developing country, ranking 105th in the Human Development Index. It is a founding member of Mercosur, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Lima Group. Additionally, the city of Luque, in metropolitan Asuncion, is the seat of the South American Football Confederation.\n\nThe majority of Paraguay's seven million people are \"mestizo\", and Guarani culture remains widely influential; more than 90% of the population speak various dialects of the Guarani language alongside Spanish. Despite a history of poverty and political repression, in a 2017 Positive Experience Index based on global polling data, Paraguay ranked as the \"world's happiest place\".", "title": "Paraguay" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Francisco Solano López" }, { "id": "13558472", "score": "1.813118", "text": "war on Brazil's side. The triple alliance - Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay - were outnumbered at the start of the conflict on land, but held a clear advantage at sea, thanks to Brazil's naval Armada. Initially, Paraguayan forces had the advantage and advanced rapidly. The alliance responded at the naval battle of Riachuelo in 1865, where the Brazilian fleet commanded by Francisco Manoel Barroso da Silva won, destroying the Paraguayan navy. The battle decided the outcome of the war in favour of the Triple Alliance, as the limitations on road transport mean that rivers were critical to military maneuver. By", "title": "Military history of South America" }, { "id": "3867020", "score": "1.8109083", "text": "the 1850s and early 1860s, the Army along with Navy, entered in action against Argentinian and Uruguayan forces, which opposed to Brazilian empire's interests. The Brazilian success with such \"\"Gun Diplomacy\"\", eventually lead to a shock of interests with another country with similar aspirations, the Paraguay in December, 1864. On May 1, 1865, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina signed the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay, which was ruled by the dictator Francisco López. López troops, after invading Brazilian territory through the state of Mato Grosso and the north of Argentina, were heading for the South of Brazil", "title": "Brazilian Army" }, { "id": "13558470", "score": "1.8064642", "text": "Paraguayan War (also known as the War of the Triple Alliance), one of the most violent wars to be fought in South America, commenced in 1864 between Paraguay and the allied countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Paraguay had evolved since independence under the rule of the López family; government was harsh, and the López family ruled the country as it would a large property estate. Paraguay's President Francisco Solano López was deeply patriotic, but also ambitious, perhaps arrogant, and possibly insane. In the years before the war, he had invested heavily in building up a military and a standing", "title": "Military history of South America" }, { "id": "7518164", "score": "1.8030729", "text": "\"Hunter Battalion\" (\"Batallón de Cazadores\"), and he would again command during the war against Brazil. The Cisplatine War (known in Brazil as the \"Guerra da Cisplatina\") pitted the two countries against each other for the territories at that time called \"Provincia Oriental\" (nowadays Uruguay) and the Misiones Orientales, occupied by the Brazilians since their victory of the Battle of Tacuarembó over José Gervasio Artigas in 1820. The war between Argentina and Brazil started in 1825 and it was concluded in August 27, 1828, with the Treaty of Montevideo by which Brazil and Argentina recognized Uruguay's Independence. In the Battle of", "title": "José María Paz" }, { "id": "6694897", "score": "1.7917969", "text": "the auspices of the Allies. The country continued to be occupied by Allied troops, chiefly Brazilian. Additionally, Brazilian forces were occupying the Isla del Cerrito, an island near the mouth of the Paraguay River claimed by Argentina, but which had served as Brazil's main naval base during the war. Despite Article VI, which forbade individual countries from negotiating peace treaty, in 1872 Brazil sent Baron Cotegipe to Asunción to negotiate a separate treaty with Paraguay without any explanation to Argentina or Uruguay. This infuriated Argentina, whose foreign minister Carlos Tejedor sent a harshly worded missive excoriating Brazil for trying to", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" }, { "id": "2595496", "score": "1.7902293", "text": "government of his Argentine partisans, and announced that Paraguay had annexed Corrientes Province and Argentinas Entre Ríos Province. On 1 May 1865, Brazil joined Argentina and Uruguay in signing the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, which stipulated that they should unitedly pursue war with Paraguay until the existing government of Paraguay was overthrown and \"until no arms or elements of war should be left to it.\" This agreement was literally carried out. This treaty also stipulated that more than half of the Paraguayan territories would be conquered by the Allies after the war. The treaty, when made public, caused international", "title": "Francisco Solano López" }, { "id": "19792984", "score": "1.7887944", "text": "Army forces (December 30, 1868). This led to a series of victorious battles won by Triple Alliance armies (also known as December Campaigns). Battle of Angostura (1868) The Angostura Fortress was a Paraguayan Army fortification, located by pykysyry stream (a tributary to Paraguay major river) rio Paraguai, in Paraguayan territory. The Paraguayan War, (also known as the War of the Triple Alliance and the Great War in Paraguay), was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance nations (Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay). Angostura Fortress were a battery of Paraguayan defense", "title": "Battle of Angostura (1868)" }, { "id": "17804255", "score": "1.781652", "text": "to a wider regional conflict involving Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay which culminated in the Paraguayan War (also known as the War of the Triple Alliance). The Colorado leader Venancio Flores started a rebellion in 1863 to overthrow Blanco President Bernardo Berro, who led a coalition Colorado–Blanco government. After a series of battles, the Colorados and the Brazilian army controlled most of the country, with the Blancos left in control of just the capital, Montevideo. On March 1, 1864, President Berro stepped down and was replaced by a hard-line senator, Atanasio Aguirre. On 2 February 1865, the Brazilian navy began", "title": "Tomás Villalba" }, { "id": "8150070", "score": "1.7808485", "text": "be the fuse of the War of the Triple Alliance. These interventions were aligned to the British desire for the fragmentation of the River Plate region to stop any attempt to monopolize the region's minerals as well as the control of both shores of the River Plate, therefore, controlling the access of all ships going upriver. In April 1864, Brazil sent a diplomatic mission to Uruguay led by José Antônio Saraiva to demand payment for the damages caused to gaucho farmers in border conflicts with Uruguayan farmers. The Uruguayan president Atanásio Aguirre, of the National Party, refused the Brazilian demands.", "title": "Military history of Brazil" }, { "id": "19696014", "score": "1.7638717", "text": "appointed Consul-General and Chargé d'Affaires to the Republic of Uruguay. In 1864 and early 1865 Paraguayan forces under the orders of Francisco Solano López seized Brazilian and Argentine shipping and invaded the provinces of the Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Corrientes (Argentina). On 1 May 1865 Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. By Article XVIII of the Treaty its provisions were to be kept secret until its \"principal object\" should be obtained. One of its provisions concerned the acquisition by Argentina of large tracts of territory then in dispute", "title": "William Garrow Lettsom" }, { "id": "6694851", "score": "1.7634318", "text": "refused. On 13 April Paraguayan ships fired upon and seized two Argentine naval vessels moored in the Argentine port of Corrientes and the Paraguayans proceeded to invade the province of that name. Paraguay had now made war on the much more populous Empire of Brazil; on Argentina (also more populous); and on the Colorado faction of Uruguay. The three countries had been accustomed to thinking about Paraguay as a backward upstart and were outraged. The foreign ministers met in Buenos Aires and signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance on 1 May 1865. In March 1865 following a change of", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" }, { "id": "2874506", "score": "1.7612714", "text": "Paraguayan War The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance and the Great War in Paraguay, was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay. It was the deadliest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin America's history. It particularly devastated Paraguay, which suffered catastrophic losses in population: almost 70% of its adult male population died, according to some counts, and it was forced to cede territory to Argentina and Brazil. According to some estimates, Paraguay's pre-war population of 525,000 was reduced", "title": "Paraguayan War" }, { "id": "6694901", "score": "1.7542403", "text": "there was formed \"a new Riverine Republic … [which] would be composed of Uruguay, Entre Rios, Corrientes and Paraguay\" . In 1875, Argentina started fortifying Martín García Island again, which the United States saw as a full treaty violation threatening free navigation. \"The problem was compounded by the appearance of two new Argentina ironclads, which caused further Brazilian apprehension and curiosity\" . In 1875, the Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil decided to try to prevent a war with Argentina, taking up the matter with Carlos Tejedor himself. Matters seemed to be progressing well, when Tejedor suddenly left Brazil. It", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" }, { "id": "437290", "score": "1.753808", "text": "War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo, which was used as a supply station by the Brazilian navy, experienced a period of prosperity and relative calm during the war. The Uruguayan War was fought between governing Blancos and alliance of Empire of Brazil, Colorados who were supported by Argentina. In 1863 the Colorado leader Venancio Flores launched the Liberating Crusade aimed at toppling President Bernardo Berro and his Colorado–Blanco coalition (\"Fusionist\") government. Flores was aided by Argentina's President Bartolomé Mitre. The \"Fusionist\" coalition collapsed as Colorados joined Flores' ranks.", "title": "History of Uruguay" }, { "id": "6694900", "score": "1.7535746", "text": "whom the Argentines said was a Brazilian puppet . In April 1874, Uruguay, the junior partner in the Alliance, negotiated a separate treaty of friendship with Paraguay under the auspices of Brazil. Argentina broke off diplomatic relations with Uruguay. The American minister thought that if war did break out between Argentina and Brazil, Uruguay would be on Brazil's side, and that the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos (where there was considerable opposition to the government in Buenos Aires, and which in those days were virtually self-governing) would break away; he would not be surprised if, under Brazilian influence,", "title": "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" } ]

[ "metro de nueva york", "New York City subway system", "new york city subway", "mta subways", "MTA Subways", "nysubway", "ny subway", "New York Subway System", "Token sucking", "NYCS", "New York Subway", "Nyc subway", "NYC Subways", "new york subway system", "new york subway", "NYC subway", "MTA Subway", "MTA New York City Subway", "token sucking", "nycs", "Nyc subway system", "New York subway", "nyc subways", "new york city subway system", "metro de la ciudad nueva york", "New York subways", "NYCT subway", "Metro de la Ciudad Nueva York", "metro de la ciudad de nueva york", "NYSubway", "nycsubway", "New York City Subway", "NYCSubway", "Ny subway", "MTA subway", "nyct subway", "Metro de la Ciudad de Nueva York", "New York City Metro", "new york city metro", "mta new york city subway", "NYC Subway", "nyc subway system", "Metro de Nueva York", "nyc subway", "new york subways", "mta subway", "New York subway system", "New York City subway" ]

[ { "id": "3746459", "score": "1.5880382", "text": "defeated the sitting mayor, Seth Low (independent Fusion), for a two-year term. He was re-elected in 1905, after the restoration of four-year mayoral terms, but not considered for a third term in 1909. He is notable in the history of movie censorship for canceling all moving-picture exhibition licenses on Christmas Eve 1908, claiming that the new medium degraded the morals of the community and that celluloid film was an unacceptable fire hazard. On October 27, 1904, the Interborough Rapid Transit, New York City's first subway, opened. McClellan was to start the first train at the City Hall Station, and then", "title": "George B. McClellan Jr." }, { "id": "997749", "score": "1.5618691", "text": "candidate in May 1868, and this interest died. McClellan worked on engineering projects in New York City and was offered the position of president of the newly formed University of California (established in 1868). McClellan was appointed chief engineer of the New York City Department of Docks in 1870. Evidently the position did not demand his full-time attention because, starting in 1872, he also served as the president of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad. He and his family then embarked on another three-year stay in Europe (1873–75) In March 1877 the Governor of New York, Lucius Robinson, nominated McClellan", "title": "George B. McClellan" }, { "id": "8064704", "score": "1.5302231", "text": "David McLellan (Ontario politician) David McLellan (January 11, 1841 – March 16, 1892) was mayor of Hamilton, Ontario from 1890 to 1891. He was born in Toronto, the son of Malcolm McLellan and Agnes Bennett, both natives of Scotland. McLellan was educated there and worked in Toronto for four years before moving to Buffalo and then Louisville, Kentucky. He married Elizabeth Dittey in 1864. He returned to Canada in 1861 and found work with Robert H. Gray, going on to become a partner in the business. McLellan went to Hamilton to open a new branch office in 1871. In 1877,", "title": "David McLellan (Ontario politician)" }, { "id": "7145402", "score": "1.5174117", "text": "north: Washington Street; Rio Grande St.; Denver become Howard St.; Santa Fe become Elizabeth St.; Topeka St.; Atchison St.; Erie become Woodbury Rd. east of Lake; New York Dr.; Albany become closed (portions renamed Sonoma Dr); Maine become closed; and Boston St. In 1920 he built a new home on the corner of Atchison and Mar Vista which, after Pasadena annexation was stopped, remains in Altadena. David Macpherson (engineer) David Joseph Macpherson (born January 12, 1854, in Canada West – died October 16, 1927, in Pasadena, California, United States), was a civil engineer graduate from Cornell University. His first work", "title": "David Macpherson (engineer)" }, { "id": "5366727", "score": "1.4948235", "text": "of the leading protagonists of the new construction methods and materials which were then beginning to break down the conservatism of building techniques. In achieving the strength and space of the building McRae used steel, iron, concrete, reinforcing, machine-made bricks, glass, imported tiles, fire-proofing, riveting and hydraulics on an unprecedented scale. The huge building was finally completed and opened with great ceremony on Mayor Matthew Harris on 21 July 1898. In a lavish ceremony, Alderman Harris said that the building was intended to be more than a municipal market. With judicious management, he said \"a marvellous centre of trade will", "title": "Queen Victoria Building" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Early history of the IRT subway\n\nThe first regularly operated subway in New York City was opened on October 27, 1904, and was operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The early IRT system consisted of a single trunk line below 96th Street in Manhattan, running under Broadway, 42nd Street, Park Avenue, and Lafayette Street. The line had three northern branches in Upper Manhattan and the Bronx, and a southern branch to Brooklyn. The system had four tracks between Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall and 96th Street, allowing for local and express service. The original line and early extensions consisted of:\n\nPlanning for the subway started in 1894 with the enactment of the Rapid Transit Act. The plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. Heins & LaFarge designed elaborate decorative elements for the early system. The city government started construction on the first IRT subway in 1900, leasing it to the IRT for operation under Contracts 1 and 2. After the initial line was opened, several modifications and extensions were made in the 1900s and 1910s.\n\nIn 1918, a new \"H\" system was placed in service as part of the Dual Contracts, splitting the original line into several segments. Most of the original IRT remains intact and operates as part of the New York City Subway; however, several stations were subsequently closed.", "title": "Early history of the IRT subway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "City Hall station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\n\nThe City Hall station, also known as City Hall Loop, was a terminal station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It was under City Hall Park next to New York City Hall in Civic Center, Manhattan.\n\nThe City Hall station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as the southern terminal of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the segment of the line that includes the City Hall station started on September 12 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. As ridership grew, it was deemed infeasible to lengthen the original platform to accommodate ten-car trains. The station was closed on December 31, 1945, because of its proximity to the Brooklyn Bridge station.\n\nThe City Hall station, with its single track and curved side platform, was the showpiece of the original IRT subway. The single platform and mezzanine feature Guastavino tile, skylights, colored glass tilework, and brass chandeliers. The Rafael Guastavino-designed station is unique in the system for the usage of Romanesque Revival architecture. The tunnel passing through the City Hall station is still used as a turning loop for the . The station is a New York City designated landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "title": "City Hall station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New York City Subway\n\nThe New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the government of New York City and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, an affiliate agency of the state-run Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Opened on October 27, 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the most-used, and the one with the most stations, with 472 stations in operation (424 if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx.\n\nThe system has operated 24/7 service every day of the year throughout most of its history, barring emergencies and disasters. By annual ridership, the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit system in both the Western Hemisphere and the Western world, as well as the seventh-busiest rapid transit rail system in the world. In , the subway delivered rides, or about per weekday as of . On October 29, 2015, more than 6.2 million people rode the subway system, establishing the highest single-day ridership since ridership was regularly monitored in 1985.\n\nThe system is also one of the world's longest. Overall, the system contains of routes, Many lines and stations have both express and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used by local trains, while the inner one or two are used by express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations.\n\n, the New York City Subway's budgetary burden for expenditures was $8.7 billion, supported by collection of fares, bridge tolls, and earmarked regional taxes and fees, as well as direct funding from state and local governments.", "title": "New York City Subway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "George B. McClellan\n\nGeorge Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was an American soldier, Civil War Union general, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician who served as the 24th governor of New Jersey. A graduate of West Point, McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican–American War and later left the Army to serve as an executive and engineer on railroads until the outbreak of the American Civil War Early in the conflict, McClellan was appointed to the rank of major general and played an important role in raising a well-trained and disciplined army, which would become the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater; he served a brief period (November 1861 to March 1862) as Commanding General of the United States Army of the Union Army.\n\nMcClellan organized and led the Union army in the Peninsula Campaign in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862. It was the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. Making an amphibious clockwise turning movement around the Confederate Army in northern Virginia, McClellan's forces turned west to move up the Virginia Peninsula, between the James River and York River, landing from Chesapeake Bay, with the Confederate capital, Richmond, as their objective. Initially, McClellan was somewhat successful against General Joseph E. Johnston, but the emergence of General Robert E. Lee to command the Army of Northern Virginia turned the subsequent Seven Days Battles into a Union defeat. However, historians note that Lee's victory was in many ways pyrrhic as he failed to destroy the Army of the Potomac and suffered a bloody repulse at Malvern Hill.\n\nGeneral McClellan and President Abraham Lincoln developed a mutual distrust, and McClellan was privately derisive of Lincoln. McClellan was removed from command in November in the aftermath of the 1862 midterm elections. A major contributing factor in this decision was McClellan's failure to pursue Lee's army following the tactically inconclusive but strategic Union victory at the Battle of Antietam outside Sharpsburg, Maryland.\n\nMcClellan never received another field command and went on to become the unsuccessful Democratic Party nominee in the 1864 presidential election against the Republican Lincoln. The effectiveness of his campaign was damaged when he repudiated his party's platform, which promised an end to the war and negotiations with the Confederacy. He served as the 24th Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881; he eventually became a writer, and vigorously defended his Civil War conduct.", "title": "George B. McClellan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Times Square–42nd Street station" }, { "id": "13903704", "score": "1.4930214", "text": "preoccupied the leaders of Oakland since the city's founding, with a negotiated agreement with Southern Pacific. The railroad gave up its rights to the waterfront in exchange for a fifty-year franchise on the property it then held. In 1909, Mayor Mott welcomed President William H. Taft to Oakland. The Mayor laid the cornerstone for the present City Hall. The massive harbor improvements which immediately followed were part of an unprecedented era of public works projects, including the dredging of Lake Merritt, the building of the current City Hall and the Civic Auditorium (now known as the Kaiser Convention Center), establishment", "title": "Frank K. Mott" }, { "id": "6022274", "score": "1.4868574", "text": "than previous bridges at the location and streets on each side of the river were graded higher to meet the level of the bridge. To make room for the new bridge, the old one was shifted to the south to carry road traffic during construction. The bridge was opened for streetcars on October 8, 1911, and for other road traffic 5 days later. The bridge was renovated in the 1990s and public art was added. At the top of the western side of the bridge is a piece of public art created in 1996 by Eldon Garnet. The bridge is", "title": "Queen Street Viaduct" }, { "id": "5366726", "score": "1.4864573", "text": "Romanesque\". The style chosen was the latter and the foundation stone was laid in December 1893 by the Mayor, Sir William Manning. This foundation stone was a five-tonne block of granite, levered and lowered into position at the corner of George and Druitt Streets. The ceremony was the first of a series in which successive mayors laid stones and plaques to mark the progress of construction. The building was notable for its employment in the expansive barrel-form roof of engineering systems which were very advanced at the time of construction. McRae is considered by architectural historians to have been one", "title": "Queen Victoria Building" }, { "id": "5600315", "score": "1.4855924", "text": "structure with buff terracotta trim, red tile roof, and a colonnade, opened on April 9, 1908. It was officially designed by SP architect Daniel J. Patterson in a similar style to Émile Bénard's original plans for the university, though the high quality of its design and circumstantial evidence led some historians to believe it was actually designed by Howard. The SP lines were fully electrified in 1911. Downtown Berkeley opened on January 29, 1973, as part of the extension from MacArthur to Richmond, with service southward to Fremont until the opening of the Transbay Tube and subsequent service to San", "title": "Downtown Berkeley station" }, { "id": "18211680", "score": "1.473382", "text": "became City Engineer in 1929. Hooper died February 9, 1939. George K. Hooper George Kennard Hooper (July 1, 1868 – February 9, 1939) was an engineer and architect in New York City. Later he became city engineer in Pasadena, California. Hooper was born in Boston on July 1, 1868. His father, George Kennard Hooper, was a local merchant. He was educated in Boston Public Schools, graduating from Dwight School in 1883. Hooper entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1887, graduating in mechanical engineering in the class of 1891. Hooper designed foundries and industrial plants during much of his career. Nelson", "title": "George K. Hooper" }, { "id": "17842160", "score": "1.4666407", "text": "of the core Scottish staff moved from Glasgow to Shrewsbury. In 1918 the company was acquired by William Beardmore & Co., Ltd, and opened another subsidiary, The Sentinel Valve Works, in Worcester, England, to expand its manufacture of valves. Both factory buildings were prefabricated in Glasgow, and reassembled on site, again a group of core Scottish staff moved to Worcester from Glasgow. The company manufactured a variety of compressors, including ones used in foghorns. By 1937, Alley & MacLellan was once more an independent company. In 1945 it became a subsidiary of Glenfield & Kennedy Ltd. Alley & McLellan continued", "title": "Alley & MacLellan Ltd" }, { "id": "19244236", "score": "1.4647021", "text": "serving as a model for other cities for many years. The Mackay City Council undertook an ambitious plan for the beautification and modernisation of the city. The scheme included the provision of new parks, kerbing and channelling, new water mains, a new powerhouse and the establishment of the sewerage system. At the opening of the East Gordon Street Sewerage Works on 25 January 1936 the chairman of the Mackay Harbour Board, Charles Frederick Bagley, paid tribute to the city council for its initiative in carrying out the scheme and to the consulting engineer AE Harding Frew who designed it. Alison", "title": "East Gordon Street Sewerage Works" }, { "id": "17484959", "score": "1.4644449", "text": "started preparing to lay track up Sixth Street. The station was designed by Joseph M. Wilson, architect and principal assistant engineer of the construction department of the Pennsylvania Railroad; the engineer in charge was Joseph Wood. The site presented problems since it was a former marsh, the bed of Tiber Creek; the station was built over the old Washington City Canal. A foundation of five feet of Ohio freestone was laid over pilings driven ten feet deep. The new station opened in 1873. Construction was completed on July 16, 1874, and a celebration with a collection for the workmen was", "title": "Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station" }, { "id": "20224021", "score": "1.461304", "text": "Society in 1889. In 1882 he returned to Canada as Divisional Engineer for the Manitoba area to the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1883 he made a career jump from railway engineer to sanitary engineer, and became a principal advisor to numerous Canadian municipalities on sewerage and waterworks provision. During this period he oversaw works in Ontario at St. Catharines, Stratford, Goderich, Peterborough, Belleville, Thunder Bay, and Brandon. Beyond Ontario he was responsible for major improvements in both Calgary and Vancouver. In 1887 he became City engineer to Toronto. He helped to found the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers and served", "title": "Alan MacDougall" }, { "id": "10970600", "score": "1.4533713", "text": "younger brother William, supplying builders in Toronto's growing outlying areas. He began studying law at Osgoode Hall 1914, while still running his hardware business, and graduated in 1922. McBrien was named King's Counsel in 1934. He first ran for city council in 1908, and after three tries, was elected on 1 January 1911 as the Alderman for the old City of Toronto Ward 6, in the west-end. At the time, Toronto had yearly city council elections on New Year's Day. He decided to run for mayor in 1914; at the time, he was the youngest person to run for that", "title": "Fred McBrien" }, { "id": "3278048", "score": "1.4523075", "text": "station was the chosen place for hanging commemorative plaques recognizing the achievement of building the entire New York City Subway system. A mezzanine area above the platform once had an ornamented oak ticket booth (which no longer exists). The subway opened to the public on October 27, 1904, after opening ceremonies the day before attended by Mayor George B. McClellan Jr.. More than 15,000 people were issued passes for the first series of rides from the platform. At precisely 2:35 p.m., the first subway train departed from City Hall station with Mayor McClellan at the controls. The event was so", "title": "City Hall (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)" }, { "id": "1536093", "score": "1.4479102", "text": "City Engineer), which is on the other side of the rail line to the proposed Main Parkway Boulevard, is in essence part of the proposed traffic system for the Grey Street Bridge as per Earle's recommended ring road system. The existing Gilchrist Avenue's original drawings are dated 25 June 1930. The Council called applications for a bridge engineer to design a steel or reinforced concrete bridge on 10 July 1926. Alison Eavis Harding Frew (1883-1952), a local but prominent civil engineer, was appointed Engineer for the bridge on 12 November 1926. Problems were encountered with the design of the bridge", "title": "William Jolly Bridge" }, { "id": "20439995", "score": "1.4426916", "text": "Hammermen of Glasgow, rising to be appointed Deacon-Convener of The Trades’ House in 1831. He held the office for two years. He was a member of the Glasgow Dilettanti Society in 1825 (president in 1834), trustee of Anderson's University from 1840, Glasgow Art Union's management committee, and president of the City of Glasgow Fine Art Association at its foundation in 1853. An article by him resulted in efforts to renovate Glasgow Cathedral. His personal art collection was left to the City of Glasgow and formed the basis of its civic art collection. The McLellan Galleries in Sauchiehall Street are named", "title": "Archibald McLellan" }, { "id": "18000863", "score": "1.4421859", "text": "at First and Broadway in Chico. It would later be renamed the \"Chico Granite and Marble Works,\" and later \"Chico Marble Works.\" As mayor, he oversaw the building of the old City Hall which was dedicated in 1911. He also accepted the deed to Children's Playground from Annie Bidwell in 1911. He oversaw the building of roads through lower Bidwell Park so that the, \"people of Chico could see their new park.\" In 1910, he was a founding member of the Butte Humane Society board of directors. In 1918, the Spanish Flu claimed the life of his son George, while", "title": "William Robbie" }, { "id": "15008362", "score": "1.441726", "text": "it until its completion in 1874. Some of the boldest features of this great enterprise, such as the method of erection without falsework, were due to Colonel Flad. During 1875 and 1876 he was engaged as consulting engineer in various works in conjunction with Mr. Charles Pfeiffer, who had been associated with him on the St. Louis bridge, Mr. Thomas J. Whitman, chief engineer of the Waterworks, and Prof. Charles A. Smith of Washington University. Amongst other engagements he was engineer for the commissioners who purchased and laid out Forest Park. In the autumn of 1876 the new charter of", "title": "Henry Flad" } ]

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[ { "id": "9689970", "score": "1.6543434", "text": "rough, rocky, precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The second series of mountains enters the state from Pennsylvania and extends northeast through Sullivan, Ulster, and Greene counties, terminating and culminating in the Catskill Mountains west of the Hudson. The highest peaks are above sea level. The Shawangunk Mountains, a high and continuous ridge extending between Sullivan and Orange counties and into the southern part of Ulster County, is the extreme eastern range of this series. The Helderberg and Hellibark Mountains are spurs extending north from the main range into Albany and Schoharie counties. This whole mountain system is principally composed of", "title": "Geography of New York (state)" }, { "id": "6190717", "score": "1.6285484", "text": "all but one of the other 34 Catskill High Peaks (Thomas Cole may or may not be hidden by Hunter). At one time the view was even more expansive, but since camping on the summit is now banned except during winter and in emergencies, the balsam fir has grown back in around the edges of the clearing, giving the area a more natural look. Close inspection, in fact, can find remnants of the two lean-tos that once stood here before 1975 when camping was permitted. There is also a spring 0.25 mile (400 m) down the trail to the east.", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": "6190696", "score": "1.6264383", "text": "of points of interest. The summit is still the highest point on the entire trail. A major change in management of the mountain occurred in the mid-1970s, after the state's Conservation Commission had become the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Temporary Commission on the Future of the Catskills had recommended that it establish a master plan for all the Catskill lands. Slide would wind up lending its name to the state-designated Slide Mountain Wilderness Area, the largest in the Catskills at 47,500 acres (190 km²). New regulations also ended abuse of the summit by campers. For many years, the", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": "2644456", "score": "1.6065078", "text": "Catskills are located approximately north-northwest of New York City and southwest of Albany, starting west of the Hudson River. The Catskills occupy much or all of five counties: (Delaware, Greene, Schoharie, Sullivan, and Ulster), with some areas falling into the boundaries of southwestern Albany, eastern Broome, northwestern Orange, and southern Otsego counties. Foothills are also found in southeastern Chenango, southern Montgomery, northern Otsego, and western Schenectady counties. At the eastern end of the range, the mountains begin quite dramatically with the Catskill Escarpment rising up suddenly from the Hudson Valley. The western boundary is far less certain, as the mountains", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": "2644452", "score": "1.5901246", "text": "Catskill Mountains The Catskill Mountains, also known as the Catskills, are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains, located in southeastern New York. As a cultural and geographic region, the Catskills are generally defined as those areas close to or within the borders of the Catskill Park, a forest preserve forever protected from many forms of development under New York state law. Geologically, the Catskills are a mature dissected plateau, a once-flat region subsequently uplifted and eroded into sharp relief by watercourses. The Catskills form the northeastern end of the Allegheny Plateau (also known as the Appalachian Plateau). The", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Catskill Mountains\n\nThe Catskill Mountains, also known as the Catskills, are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains, located in southeastern New York. As a cultural and geographic region, the Catskills are generally defined as those areas close to or within the borders of the Catskill Park, a forest preserve protected from many forms of development under New York state law.\n\nGeologically, the Catskills are a mature dissected plateau, a flat region subsequently uplifted and eroded into sharp relief by watercourses. The Catskills form the northeastern end of the Allegheny Plateau (also known as the Appalachian Plateau). \n\nThe Catskills were named by early Dutch settlers. They are well known in American society as the setting for films and works of art, including many 19th-century Hudson River School paintings, as well as for being a favored destination for vacationers from New York City in the mid-20th century. The region's many large resorts gave many young stand-up comedians an opportunity to hone their craft. Since the late 19th century, the Catskills have been a haven for artists, musicians and writers, especially in and around the towns of Woodstock and Phoenicia.", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Borscht Belt\n\nThe Borscht Belt, or Jewish Alps, is a colloquial term for the mostly defunct summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in parts of Sullivan, Orange, and Ulster counties in the U.S. state of New York, straddling both Upstate New York and the northern edges of the New York metropolitan area. A source interviewed by \"Time\" magazine stated that the visits to the area by Jewish families was already underway \"as early as the 1890s ... Tannersville ... was 'a great resort of our Israelite brethren'...from the 1920s on [there were] hundreds of hotels\".\n\nA 2019 review of the history is more specific: \"in its heyday, as many as 500 resorts catered to guests of various incomes\". These resorts, and also the Borscht Belt bungalow colonies, were a popular vacation spot for New York City Jews from the 1920s through the 1960s. By the late 1950s, many began closing, with most gone by the 1970s, but some major resorts continued to operate, a few into the 1990s. Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel closed in 1986 and the Concord Resort Hotel struggled to stay open until 1998, and was subsequently demolished for a possible casino site.<ref name=\"HH_2019\"/>", "title": "Borscht Belt" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Catskill Escarpment\n\nThe Catskill Escarpment, often referred to locally as just the Escarpment or the Great Wall of Manitou, and known as the Catskill Front to geologists, is the range forming the northeastern corner of the Catskill Mountains in Greene and Ulster counties in the U.S. state of New York. It rises very abruptly from the Hudson Valley to summits above in elevation, including three of the Catskill High Peaks, with almost no foothills. The plateau to the south and west averages above sea level.\n\nThe Escarpment was the first area of the Catskills to attract the interest of European settlers. Botanist John Bartram wrote a widely read account of an expedition there prior to independence, and a century later the North-South Lake area he had visited became home to a number of exclusive resorts, including the Catskill Mountain House. Views of it inspired Thomas Cole and other painters of the Hudson River School, the first art movement in the United States. Today much of it is New York State Forest Preserve within the Catskill Park, and a popular place for hiking, camping and other outdoor recreation.", "title": "Catskill Escarpment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)\n\nSlide Mountain is the highest peak in the Catskill Mountains of the U.S. state of New York. It is located in the town of Shandaken in Ulster County. While the contour line on topographic maps is generally accepted as its height, the exact elevation of the summit has never been officially determined by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and many informal surveys suggest the mountain may actually top 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level.\n\nWhile it was not identified as the range's highest peak until the late 19th century, it has played a prominent role in Catskill history. Renowned naturalist John Burroughs wrote memorably of his climbs up Slide, and it helped get the Catskills added to New York's Forest Preserve. Bicknell's thrush was first identified on its summit.", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Appalachia\n\nAppalachia () is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York State to northern Alabama and Georgia. While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama, \"Appalachia\" typically refers only to the cultural region of the central and southern portions of the range, from the Catskill Mountains of New York southwest to the Blue Ridge Mountains which run southwest from southern Pennsylvania to northern Georgia, and the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. In 2020, the region was home to an estimated 26.1 million people, of which roughly 80% are white.<ref name=ARC2020/>\n\nSince its recognition as a distinctive region in the late 19th century, Appalachia has been a source of enduring myths and distortions regarding the isolation, temperament, and behavior of its inhabitants. Early 20th century writers often engaged in yellow journalism focused on sensationalistic aspects of the region's culture, such as moonshining and clan feuding, and often portrayed the region's inhabitants as uneducated and prone to impulsive acts of violence. Sociological studies in the 1960s and 1970s helped to re-examine and dispel these stereotypes. Stereotypes about Appalachian people being ignorant, anti-progress, and racist are still grappled in the region by portrayals in media and press publications.\n\nWhile endowed with abundant natural resources, Appalachia has long struggled economically and been associated with poverty. In the early 20th century, large-scale logging and coal mining firms brought wage-paying jobs and modern amenities to Appalachia, but by the 1960s the region had failed to capitalize on any long-term benefits from these two industries. Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government sought to alleviate poverty in the Appalachian region with a series of New Deal initiatives, specifically the Tennessee Valley Authority. This was responsible for the construction of hydroelectric dams that provide a vast amount of electricity and that support programs for better farming practices, regional planning, and economic development. On March 9, 1965, the Appalachian Regional Commission was created to further alleviate poverty in the region, mainly by diversifying the region's economy and helping to provide better health care and educational opportunities to the region's inhabitants. By 1990, Appalachia had largely joined the economic mainstream but still lagged behind the rest of the nation in most economic indicators.<ref name=abramson1/>", "title": "Appalachia" }, { "id": "2644458", "score": "1.584593", "text": "Allegheny Highlands forests ecoregion. Although the Catskills are sometimes compared with the Adirondack Mountains farther north, the two mountain ranges are not geologically related, as the Adirondacks are a continuation of the Canadian Shield. Similarly, the Shawangunk Ridge, which forms the southeastern edge of the Catskills, is part of the geologically distinct Ridge-and-Valley province and is a continuation of the same ridge known as Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey and Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania. The Catskill Mountains are more of a dissected plateau than a series of mountain ranges. The sediments that make up the rocks in the Catskills were", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": "2582473", "score": "1.5836165", "text": "from the south. The Catskill Mountains lie in the southeastern part of the state, closer to New York City. The Catskills and the Allegheny Plateau are both part of the Appalachian Mountains. The northernmost part of the state contains the Adirondack Mountains, which are sometimes considered part of the Appalachians but are geologically separate, a southern extension of the Canadian Shield. In the more mountainous eastern part of Upstate New York, the valleys of the Hudson River and the Mohawk River were historically important travel corridors and remain so today. Western New York in the vicinity of Buffalo is very", "title": "Upstate New York" }, { "id": "6190720", "score": "1.5728693", "text": "it considered rebuilding an observation tower at the summit to provide the long-absent views. However, despite the historical precedent, wilderness area values governing DEC policy that were in place at the time led to the idea being rejected during the planning process. Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York) Slide Mountain is the highest peak in the Catskill Mountains of the U.S. state of New York. It is located in the town of Shandaken in Ulster County. While the contour line on topographic maps is generally accepted as its height, the exact elevation of the summit has never been officially determined", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": "6190679", "score": "1.5711796", "text": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York) Slide Mountain is the highest peak in the Catskill Mountains of the U.S. state of New York. It is located in the town of Shandaken in Ulster County. While the contour line on topographic maps is generally accepted as its height, the exact elevation of the summit has never been officially determined by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and many informal surveys suggest the mountain may actually top 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level. While it was not identified as the range's highest peak until the late 19th century, it has played", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": "2846553", "score": "1.5653293", "text": "Catskill Park The Catskill Park is in the Catskill Mountains in New York in the United States. It consists of of land inside a Blue Line in four counties: Delaware, Greene, Sullivan, and Ulster. As of 2005, or 41 percent of the land within, is owned by the state as part of the Forest Preserve; it is managed by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Another 5% is owned by New York City to protect four of the city's reservoirs in the region that lie partially within the park and their respective watersheds. There are bobcats, minks and fishers in", "title": "Catskill Park" }, { "id": "3119930", "score": "1.5578715", "text": "the ecosystems. In these areas, camping is permitted only in dire emergencies except during winter, when snow shields the earth somewhat, and open fires are banned. Almost all were designated bird conservation areas by Governor George Pataki in 1999, due to Bicknell's and other vulnerable species that return there in springtime to nest and breed. Surveys of the Catskills date to the 1940s at the newest, and exact elevations have never been officially determined for many of these peaks. In those cases, their elevations are indicated by the highest contour shown on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangles with", "title": "Catskill High Peaks" }, { "id": "2644470", "score": "1.5544262", "text": "scenic part of the track from Highmount to Hubbell Corners, New York, for tourist use. The Catskill Mountain Railroad is also a heritage railroad in the Catskills, operating from Kingston up to Highmount. The Catskills are accessible by automobile from the east along Interstate 87/New York State Thruway, which runs north–south through the Hudson Valley. To the south and southwest, the Catskills are accessible by a variety of highways, including New York State Route 55, U.S. Route 44, U.S. Route 209, and New York State Route 17. Access to the western Catskills is provided by New York State Route 30;", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": "6190702", "score": "1.5453708", "text": "they may have been left instead by glaciers during the Illinoian Stage prior to the Wisconsin Stage. Trailed and trailless routes exist to the summit. To protect the higher-elevation forests, DEC regulations prohibit camping above 3,500 feet (1,067 m) anywhere on Forest Preserve land in the Catskills except between December 21 and March 21. Open fires are banned in those areas all year round. Three trails combine to create three possible approaches to the mountain, although only one crosses the summit. The most common route up Slide has always been from the pass between it and the mountains to the", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" }, { "id": "2644473", "score": "1.5452313", "text": "American cultural history for their role in the development of modern stand-up comedy. Comedians such as Rodney Dangerfield, Jackie Mason, and Don Rickles all got their start performing in Catskill hotel venues colloquially referred to as the Borscht Belt. Catskill Mountains The Catskill Mountains, also known as the Catskills, are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains, located in southeastern New York. As a cultural and geographic region, the Catskills are generally defined as those areas close to or within the borders of the Catskill Park, a forest preserve forever protected from many forms of development under New York", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": "2846584", "score": "1.5423756", "text": "the Delaware County section of the park with the long-established system in Ulster and Greene counties), some have not been. Also in 1999, Governor Pataki designated most of the summits of the High Peaks as Bird Conservation Areas, in recognition of the importance of their boreal forests as summer habitat for Bicknell's thrush, only recently declared to be a separate species. It was the first such designation within either Forest Preserve, and the Adirondacks would this time be the one to follow suit a few years later. In 2003, DEC released its long-awaited draft update to the Master Plan. It", "title": "Catskill Park" }, { "id": "12688862", "score": "1.541251", "text": "Catskill Escarpment The Catskill Escarpment, often referred to locally as just the Escarpment or the Great Wall of Manitou, and known as the Catskill Front to geologists, is the range forming the northeastern corner of the Catskill Mountains in Greene and Ulster counties in the U.S. state of New York. It rises very abruptly from the Hudson Valley to summits above in elevation, including three of the Catskill High Peaks, with almost no foothills. The plateau to the south and west averages above sea level. The Escarpment was the first area of the Catskills to attract the interest of European", "title": "Catskill Escarpment" }, { "id": "2644457", "score": "1.5401598", "text": "gradually decline in height and grade into the rest of the Allegheny Plateau. Nor is there a consensus on where the Catskills end to the north or south. The Poconos, to the immediate southwest in Pennsylvania, are technically a continuation of the Catskills under a different name. The Catskills contain more than 30 peaks above and parts of six important rivers. The Catskill Mountain 3500 Club is an organization whose members have climbed all the peaks in the Catskills over . The highest mountain, Slide Mountain in Ulster County, has an elevation of . Climatically, the Catskills lie within the", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": "2644465", "score": "1.5393283", "text": "Stamford. Several ski centers provide downhill mountain bicycling in the warmer months. Within the range is the Catskill Park, comprising over . Catskill Park is part of New York's Forest Preserve. Not all the land is publicly owned; about 60% remains in private hands, but new sections are added frequently. Most of the park and the preserve are within Ulster County, with a significant portion in Greene County, and parts in Sullivan and Delaware counties as well. Many of the trails in public areas are maintained and updated by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference and the Catskill Mountain 3500", "title": "Catskill Mountains" }, { "id": "4447380", "score": "1.5380678", "text": "was vigorously opposed by environmentalists and failed to pass the legislature in the early 1990s. Governor George Pataki's 1999 designation of most Catskill High Peaks as a state Bird Conservation Area, to protect Bicknell's thrush and other threatened montane bird species, finally put the idea to rest. According to the Starr Report, on Memorial Day weekend in 1996, Monica Lewinsky told a family friend, Dale Young, about her affair with President Bill Clinton, during a vacation at a weight-loss spa in the Catskills. This event was later described as the first time she had confided in anyone about the affair.", "title": "Hunter Mountain (New York)" }, { "id": "6190695", "score": "1.538059", "text": "m). While most of the debris is gone, the site can still be reached via a short side path from the Burroughs Range Trail. In the mid-1960s, the formal organization of the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club, the range's first peak bagging organization, gave more hikers a reason to climb the mountain as they were required to do so at least twice, once in wintertime and once during the rest of the year, for membership. Around the same time, the Long Path was also routed over the mountain when it was finally established as a marked trail rather than a collection", "title": "Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York)" } ]

[ "innie", "Outie", "Hokkaido Belly-button Festival", "Lint hole", "navels", "hokkaido belly button festival", "bellybutton", "Navel", "in betweenie", "Navels", "Belly button", "navel point", "Betweenie", "Navel point", "outie", "Innie", "Belly buttons", "Belly Button", "navel", "belly buttons", "Tummy button", "tummy button", "Bellybutton", "lint hole", "In-betweenie", "belly button", "Lint Hole", "In betweenie", "Belly-button", "betweenie" ]

[ { "id": "9406059", "score": "1.5497725", "text": "region or the umbilical field, next to or at the basal hollow of the columella, when the walls of successive whorls are not closely wound against each other. A phaneromphalous shell has an open umbilicus. A cryptomphalous shell has the opening of the umbilicus completely plugged. Umbilicus (mollusc) The umbilicus of a shell is the axially aligned, hollow cone-shaped space within the whorls of a coiled mollusc shell. The term umbilicus is often used in descriptions of gastropod shells, i.e. it is a feature present on the ventral (or under) side of many (but not all) snail shells, including some", "title": "Umbilicus (mollusc)" }, { "id": "9406056", "score": "1.5265659", "text": "Umbilicus (mollusc) The umbilicus of a shell is the axially aligned, hollow cone-shaped space within the whorls of a coiled mollusc shell. The term umbilicus is often used in descriptions of gastropod shells, i.e. it is a feature present on the ventral (or under) side of many (but not all) snail shells, including some species of sea snails, land snails, and freshwater snails. The word is also applied to the depressed central area on the planispiral coiled shells of \"Nautilus\" species and fossil ammonites. (These are not gastropods, but shelled cephalopods.) The spirally coiled whorls of gastropod shells frequently connect", "title": "Umbilicus (mollusc)" }, { "id": "14524846", "score": "1.4684277", "text": "Gibbula umbilicalis Gibbula umbilicalis, common name the flat top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The size of an adult shell varies between 10 mm and 22 mm. The shell is more depressed than \"Gibbula cineraria\", and (although the base is flatter) never inclined to a pyramidal form. The spiral ridges are sharper and fewer, especially in the young. The coloring is different; both have a similar kind of marking, but in the present species the longitudinal rays or streaks are red, besides being broader and not half", "title": "Gibbula umbilicalis" }, { "id": "9406058", "score": "1.4670026", "text": "of the shell is coiled, when that space is not filled by a columella. In species with a wide, open umbilicus, such as the heath snail (\"Helicella itala\"), the spiral of the whorls can be clearly viewed by looking into the umbilicus. An umbilicus can vary from very narrow and punctured, as found in \"Petasina unidentata\", to wide and shallow, such as the deep and wide depression in the rounded snail (\"Discus rotundatus\"). Shells with a conspicuous umbilicus are always orthostylic, i.e. they have a poorly developed columella. Sometimes there is a dimple or funnel-shaped depression, known as the umbilical", "title": "Umbilicus (mollusc)" }, { "id": "9406057", "score": "1.4541345", "text": "to each other by their inner sides, during the natural course of its formation. This results in a more or less solid central axial pillar, known as the columella. The more intimate the contact between the concave side of the whorls is, the more solid the columella becomes. On the other hand, if this connection is less intense, a hollow space inside the whorls may result, with an opening to the outside at the shell's base. This opening is known as the umbilicus. Another way of characterizing the umbilicus in gastropods is as the hole around which the inner surface", "title": "Umbilicus (mollusc)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Navel\n\nThe navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button or tummy button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord. All placental mammals have a navel, although it is generally more conspicuous in humans.", "title": "Navel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Umbilicus rupestris\n\nUmbilicus rupestris, the navelwort, penny-pies or wall pennywort, is a fleshy, perennial, edible flowering plant in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae in the genus \"Umbilicus\" so named for its umbilicate (navel-like) leaves.", "title": "Umbilicus rupestris" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "McBurney's point\n\nMcBurney's point is the name given to the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel). This is near the most common location of the appendix.", "title": "McBurney's point" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Umbilical hernia\n\nAn umbilical hernia is a health condition where the abdominal wall behind the navel is damaged. It may cause the navel to bulge outwards—the bulge consisting of abdominal fat from the greater omentum or occasionally parts of the small intestine. The bulge can often be pressed back through the hole in the abdominal wall, and may \"pop out\" when coughing or otherwise acting to increase intra-abdominal pressure. Treatment is surgical, and surgery may be performed for cosmetic as well as health-related reasons.", "title": "Umbilical hernia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Umbilical cord\n\nIn placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the fetal heart pumps low-oxygen, nutrient-depleted blood through the umbilical arteries back to the placenta.", "title": "Umbilical cord" }, { "id": "14467187", "score": "1.4538505", "text": "The aperture is nearly circular, but somewhat angulated where it is united to the body whorl below the peripheral keel. The peristome is continuous, although not free in consequence of the inner lip being attached to the shell. The outer lip is thin and sharp. The inner lip spreads on the lower part of the body whorl. The umbilicus is rather large, funnel-shaped, and deep. The operculum is not observed, the specimens now described being dead. This species occurs in European waters, the Caribbean Sea and the Lesser Antilles. Anatoma umbilicata Anatoma umbilicata is a species of sea snail, a", "title": "Anatoma umbilicata" }, { "id": "14524849", "score": "1.4372396", "text": "is arcuate above, straightened below. This marine species occurs in European waters and in the Mediterranean Sea. Gibbula umbilicaris Gibbula umbilicaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The size of an adult shell varies between 10 mm and 25 mm. The conical shell is umbilicate. Its color is cinereous, reddish, or purplish-brown, obscurely clouded, dotted or flamed with white The conical spire is acuminate. There are about seven whorls, slightly convex, spirally striate, microscopically obliquely striate. The lirae are generally subobsolete on the last whorl. The periphery is obtusely", "title": "Gibbula umbilicaris" }, { "id": "9797693", "score": "1.4022152", "text": "umbilics. The three main type of umbilic points are elliptical umbilics, parabolic umbilics and hyperbolic umbilics. Elliptical umbilics have the three ridge lines passing through the umbilic and hyperbolic umbilics have just one. Parabolic umbilics are a transitional case with two ridges one of which is singular. Other configurations are possible for transitional cases. These cases correspond to the \"D\", \"D\" and \"D\" elementary catastrophes of René Thom's catastrophe theory. Umbilics can also be characterised by the pattern of the principal direction vector field around the umbilic which typically form one of three configurations: star, lemon, and lemonstar (or monstar).", "title": "Umbilical point" }, { "id": "15630949", "score": "1.3950039", "text": "Umbilia hesitata Umbilia hesitata, common name the umbilicate cowry or wonder cowry is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. The shells of this uncommon species reach on average in length, with a maximum size of and a minimum size of . The dorsal dome is smooth, round and appears almost inflated. The basic color of this cowry is white or pale brown or light pink, with many brown irregular small spots, especially close to the edges. The anterior and the posterior extremities are rostrate, with well-developed flanges, extended around", "title": "Umbilia hesitata" }, { "id": "14467186", "score": "1.3930786", "text": "Anatoma umbilicata Anatoma umbilicata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Anatomidae. The white, minute shell forms a depressed sphere which is equally raised above and below. It is rather thin, semitransparent and somewhat glossy. It has no sculpture except a very fine and close set, but indistinct, lines of growth. The spire is slightly raised. The 4-5 whorls are flattened above and sloping outwards. They rapidly enlarge, so that the body whorl considerably exceeds in size the rest of the shell. The slit is long and central, equal in width, with upturned edges.", "title": "Anatoma umbilicata" }, { "id": "14497979", "score": "1.3917274", "text": "or somewhat notched below by the umbilical ridge. The outer lip is thin and slightly expanded.The inner lip is folded a little back on the umbilicus, and adheres to the columella. Inside, the shell is more or less iridescent. The umbilicus is large but not wide, funnel-shaped, and completely exposing the whole of the inner spire. It is encircled outside by a strong spiral ridge, which is often beaded, and winds like a staircase into the interior. The operculum forms a spiral of about a dozen whorls, the edges of which are imbricated and overlap one another in succession. This", "title": "Solariella amabilis" }, { "id": "14524848", "score": "1.3833148", "text": "Gibbula umbilicaris Gibbula umbilicaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The size of an adult shell varies between 10 mm and 25 mm. The conical shell is umbilicate. Its color is cinereous, reddish, or purplish-brown, obscurely clouded, dotted or flamed with white The conical spire is acuminate. There are about seven whorls, slightly convex, spirally striate, microscopically obliquely striate. The lirae are generally subobsolete on the last whorl. The periphery is obtusely angulate. The aperture is rather small, oblique, rounded-quadrate, angled at the base and smooth within. The columella", "title": "Gibbula umbilicaris" }, { "id": "14487594", "score": "1.3797939", "text": "The second projects strongly and sharply at the periphery and forms the carina. It and those below are delicately fretted with close-set small beads. The third, which meets the outer lip, lies within the contraction of the base. The last two are closer than the rest, which, however, are sometimes brought closer by the additional thread which appears among them. The oe which defines the umbilicus is more sharply beaded than the rest. Longitudinals: Below the suture and near the umbilicus the surface is sharply but delicately puckered, and these puckerings, strong in the early whorls, are in the later", "title": "Calliotropis infundibulum" }, { "id": "14487672", "score": "1.3732066", "text": "point of the columella over the umbilicus. It would be reverted but for the great thickness of the spiral pad, which comes twining up behind it out of the umbilicus, and out of which, at the point of the columella, it forms a flat, triangular, tooth-like expansion. The umbilicus consists of a minute spiral hole, which twists in between the overlying columellar lip and the umbilical pad. The edge is corrugated with the old lines of the lip. This species is distributed in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Lesser Antilles<br> Offshore West coast Barbados, this species", "title": "Lischkeia imperialis" }, { "id": "11064010", "score": "1.3715582", "text": "similar to common navelwort in many respects, but is noticeably more succulent. Umbilicus horizontalis Horizontal navelwort (\"Umbilicus horizontalis\") is a fleshy perennial flowering plant in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae (in the genus \"Umbilicus\") native to the eastern Mediterranean region in rocky habitats. Horizontal navelwort grows to an average of high. The thickly clustered, bell-shaped flowers are pale green, and grow in a raceme perpendicular to the spike, unlike common navelwort, whose flowers droop (thus the term \"horizontal\"). The plant often grows on shady walls or in damp rock crevices that are sparse in other plant growth, where its succulent, dark", "title": "Umbilicus horizontalis" }, { "id": "9797691", "score": "1.3693658", "text": "Umbilical point In the differential geometry of surfaces in three dimensions, umbilics or umbilical points are points on a surface that are locally spherical. At such points the normal curvatures in all directions are equal, hence, both principal curvatures are equal, and every tangent vector is a \"principal direction\". The name \"umbilic\" comes from the Latin \"umbilicus\" - navel. Umbilic points generally occur as isolated points in the elliptical region of the surface; that is, where the Gaussian curvature is positive. For surfaces with genus 0, e.g. an ellipsoid, there must be at least four umbilics, a consequence of the", "title": "Umbilical point" }, { "id": "16282519", "score": "1.36913", "text": "Umbilical ring The umbilical ring is a dense fibrous ring surrounding the umbilicus at birth. At about the sixth week of embryological development, the midgut herniates through the umbilical ring; six weeks later it returns to the abdominal cavity and rotates around the superior mesenteric artery. Dense embryonic connective tissue encircles the attachment of the umbilical cord. It forms an umbilical ring of mesodermal condensation surrounding the coelomic portal, and is present in the 16 mm. embryo, but more emphatically so in the 23 mm. embryo. The compact tissue first appears in the stalk mesoderm, situated superficial to the allantoic", "title": "Umbilical ring" }, { "id": "14487565", "score": "1.3686492", "text": "a thin pad, reverted on the umbilicus so as to leave a groove behind it, with a slight tooth in front. From the body it bends very much over to the left, so as largely to cover the umbilicus. It then advances straight and is toothed in front. The umbilicus is small, oblique-edged, with a crenulated margin. (described as \"Basilissa munda\") This marine species occurs in European waters off the Canary Islands. Asthelys munda Asthelys munda is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae. This species is spelled as \"Asthelys mundus\" in CLEMAM (Original", "title": "Asthelys munda" }, { "id": "14524847", "score": "1.3680029", "text": "so many as in the other species. They are sometimes zigzag, instead of being broken into spots or interrupted by the sculpture. This species is striped, the other lineated. Just within the outer lip are two borders, one of yellow, the other of green variegated by red spots. This edging is minutely tubercled like shagreen. This marine species occurs in European waters and in the Mediterranean Sea off Morocco. Gibbula umbilicalis Gibbula umbilicalis, common name the flat top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The size of an", "title": "Gibbula umbilicalis" }, { "id": "14487613", "score": "1.3659124", "text": "one borders the umbilicus. Moreover, the base is sculptured by irregular, radiating riblets and like the upper part, by microscopic striae. The funnel-shaped umbilicus is pervious, concentrically striated and plicated, and with two beaded spirals near the base. Its largest diameter is about of the shell. The aperture is subcircular. The outer and basal margin have short plicae in the interior. The concave columella is reflected over the umbilicus, with two denticles near its base, of which the basal one is the largest. The parietal wall has a layer of enamel, connecting the margins, slightly projected over the umbilicus. Its", "title": "Calliotropis muricata" } ]

[ "Ryan NYP", "Spirit of st louis", "Spirit of St. Louis", "The Spirit of St Louis", "spirit of st louis", "ryan nyp", "nx 211", "Ryan NYP Spirit of St. Louis", "n x 211", "Spirit of Saint Louis", "NX 211", "spirit of saint louis", "N-X-211", "The Spirit of St. Louis", "ryan nyp spirit of st louis", "nx211", "NX211" ]

[ { "id": "871627", "score": "1.6972466", "text": "Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the [[Orteig Prize]]: making a nonstop flight from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], to [[Paris]], France. Lindbergh covered the -hour, flight alone in a single-engine purpose-built [[Ryan Airline Company|Ryan]] [[monoplane]], the \"[[Spirit of St. Louis]]\". This was not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first flight between North America and", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": "2306730", "score": "1.6963466", "text": "take the 1920s as their subject include: Charles Lindbergh gained sudden great international fame as the first pilot to fly solo and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean, flying from Roosevelt Airfield (Nassau County, Long Island), New York to Paris on May 20 – May 21, 1927. He had a single-engine airplane, the \"Spirit of St. Louis\", which had been designed by Donald Hall and custom built by Ryan Airlines of San Diego, California. His flight took 33.5 hours. The President of France bestowed on him the French Legion of Honor and, on his arrival back in the United States, a", "title": "Roaring Twenties" }, { "id": "9638310", "score": "1.6768636", "text": "aviator awake. The final aircraft was known as the Ryan NYP (registration number N-X-211) which captured popular imagination as the Spirit of St. Louis in May 1927 by flying nonstop from New York to Paris. Charles A. Lindbergh would become a worldwide celebrity because of this famous flight and aviation would become much more popular around the globe. Hall left Ryan Airlines in 1929 after the company became Mahoney-Ryan Airlines and later relocated to St. Louis. From 1929 to 1936, he developed Hall Aeronautical Research and Development Company, and designed and built the Hall X-1. This was a tandem wing", "title": "Donald A. Hall" }, { "id": "871639", "score": "1.6178145", "text": "flew a local physician across the Wisconsin River to emergency calls that were otherwise unreachable due to flooding. He broke his propeller several times while landing, and on , 1923 he was grounded for a week when he ran into a ditch in [[Glencoe, Minnesota]] while flying his father—then running for the U.S. Senate—to a campaign stop. In October, Lindbergh flew his Jenny to [[Iowa]], where he sold it to a flying student. After selling the Jenny, Lindbergh returned to Lincoln by train. There, he joined Leon Klink and continued to barnstorm through the South for the next few months", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": "871638", "score": "1.6077018", "text": "for [[Montgomery, Alabama]], some 140 miles to the west, for his first solo cross-country flight. He went on to spend much of the rest of 1923 engaged in almost nonstop barnstorming under the name of \"Daredevil Lindbergh\". Unlike the previous year, this time Lindbergh flew in his \"own ship\" as pilot. A few weeks after leaving Americus, the young airman also achieved another key aviation milestone when he made his first flight at night near [[Lake Village, Arkansas]]. [[File:Charles Lindbergh 1925.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.75|2nd Lt. Charles A. Lindbergh, USASRC March 1925]] While Lindbergh was barnstorming in [[Lone Rock, Wisconsin]], on two occasions he", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Barnstorming\n\nBarnstorming was a form of entertainment in which stunt pilots performed tricks individually or in groups that were called flying circuses. Devised to \"impress people with the skill of pilots and the sturdiness of planes,\" \n\nBarnstormers were pilots who flew throughout the country to sell airplane rides and perform stunts. Charles Lindbergh first began flying as a barnstormer.<ref name=\"minnesota\" /> Barnstorming was the first major form of civil aviation in the history of aviation.", "title": "Barnstorming" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Spirit of St. Louis\n\nThe Spirit of St. Louis (formally the Ryan NYP, registration: N-X-211) is the custom-built, single-engine, single-seat, high-wing monoplane that was flown by Charles Lindbergh on May 20–21, 1927, on the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris, France, for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize.\n\nLindbergh took off in the \"Spirit\" from Roosevelt Airfield, Garden City, New York, and landed 33 hours, 30 minutes later at Aéroport Le Bourget in Paris, France, a distance of approximately 3,600 miles (5,800 km). One of the best-known aircraft in the world, the \"Spirit\" was built by Ryan Airlines in San Diego, California, owned and operated at the time by Benjamin Franklin Mahoney, who had purchased it from its founder, T. Claude Ryan, in 1926. The \"Spirit\" is on permanent display in the main entryway's \"Milestones of Flight\" gallery at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Amelia Earhart" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Louis Blériot" }, { "id": "871628", "score": "1.6045923", "text": "Europe]], but he did achieve the first solo [[transatlantic flight]] and the first non-stop flight between North America and the European mainland. Lindbergh was an officer in the [[United States Army Reserve|U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve]], and he received the United States' highest military decoration, the [[Medal of Honor]], for the feat. Lindbergh's achievement spurred interest in both commercial aviation and air mail, and he devoted much time and effort to promoting such activity. But his historic flight and celebrity status also led to tragedy. In March 1932, his infant son, Charles Jr., [[Lindbergh kidnapping|was kidnapped and murdered]] in what", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": "3836458", "score": "1.603829", "text": "Erik Lindbergh Erik Charles Lindbergh (born 1965) is an aviator, adventurer, and an artist. He is the grandson of pioneering aviator Charles Lindbergh, the first person to fly non-stop between New York and Paris in 1927. In 2002 Erik Lindbergh honored the 75th anniversary of his grandfather's historic flight by retracing the journey in his own single-engine aircraft. The journey was documented by the History Channel, raised over one million dollars for three charities, garnered half a billion media impressions for the X PRIZE Foundation and prompted a call from United States President George W. Bush for inspiring the country", "title": "Erik Lindbergh" }, { "id": "3836465", "score": "1.6035082", "text": "service to humanity. Erik Lindbergh Erik Charles Lindbergh (born 1965) is an aviator, adventurer, and an artist. He is the grandson of pioneering aviator Charles Lindbergh, the first person to fly non-stop between New York and Paris in 1927. In 2002 Erik Lindbergh honored the 75th anniversary of his grandfather's historic flight by retracing the journey in his own single-engine aircraft. The journey was documented by the History Channel, raised over one million dollars for three charities, garnered half a billion media impressions for the X PRIZE Foundation and prompted a call from United States President George W. Bush for", "title": "Erik Lindbergh" }, { "id": "15498769", "score": "1.5967507", "text": "endure the kind of privations that he had experienced in his youth. In the 1920s the country was wild about aeronautics and the exploits of the many daring pilots of those times. This enthusiasm reached a highpoint with Charles Lindbergh’s successful solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927. It was around this time that Joe, lacking the necessary social and financial resources, not long married and with a young daughter, yet having faith in his own technical talent, decided to build his own plane. At the time he was living in a rented house in Queens County New York. As", "title": "Terle Sportplane" }, { "id": "2306680", "score": "1.5919402", "text": "Poor Millionaire\", released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930. Four other silent features, all low-budget Westerns, were also released in early-1930. The 1920s saw milestones in aviation that seized the world's attention. In 1927, Charles Lindbergh rose to fame with the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight. He took off from Roosevelt Field in New York and landed at Paris–Le Bourget Airport. It took Lindbergh 33.5 hours to cross the Atlantic Ocean. His aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis, was a custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane. It was designed by aeronautical engineer Donald A. Hall. In Britain Amy Johnson (1903–1941) was", "title": "Roaring Twenties" }, { "id": "871649", "score": "1.5833457", "text": "the \"[[Spirit of St. Louis]]\", the fabric-covered, single-seat, single-engine \"Ryan NYP\" high-wing monoplane ([[Civil Aeronautics Authority|CAB]] registration: N-X-211) was designed jointly by Lindbergh and Ryan's chief engineer [[Donald A. Hall]]. The \"Spirit\" flew for the first time just two months later, and after a series of test flights Lindbergh took off from San Diego on . He went first to St. Louis, then on to Roosevelt Field on New York's Long Island. [[File:Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis (Crisco restoration, with wings).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Lindbergh with the \"Spirit of St. Louis\" before his Paris flight]] In the early morning of Friday,", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": "871634", "score": "1.5822327", "text": "the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in late 1920, Lindbergh dropped out in the middle of his sophomore year and then went to [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], in March 1922 to begin flight training. [[File:Lincoln Standard biplane.jpg|thumb|left|[[Standard J|Lincoln Standard J]] biplane]] From an early age, Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation, including his family's [[Saxon (automobile)|Saxon Six]] automobile, and later his [[Excelsior Motor Manufacturing & Supply Company|Excelsior]] motorbike. By the time he started college as a [[mechanical engineering]] student, he had also become fascinated with flying, though he \"had never been close enough to a plane to touch it\".", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": "19768303", "score": "1.5806887", "text": "minutes for the two planes to be topped with fuel and Lindbergh and his companion Major Landphiers (Cmdr of 1sr pursuit Sq) finished some barbecue sandwiches before they took off for St. Louis. The popularity of aviation was growing fast and on August 23, 1927 Bettis field got another boost when Charles Lindbergh landed at the field in his Ryan monoplane during his 22,000-mile, 82 city tour Goodwill Tour. The airfield was packed to overflowing with people waiting for the arrival of Lindbergh. People lined the roads from Bettis field to downtown Pittsburgh to get a look at the new", "title": "Clifford Ball (aviation)" }, { "id": "6733598", "score": "1.5804005", "text": "and saw his first airplane. Evangeline's relationship with C.A. and his daughters worsened, and in 1917 she and Charles moved back into the house year-round. Charles continued sleeping in his bedroom, which was really a screened-in porch, on all but the very coldest winter nights. He began overseeing the farm and was an early adopter of mechanization technology. Charles left in 1920 to attend college and returned only once, in 1923, arriving in his Curtiss JN-4 plane and landing in a field on the west side of the property. In the next two years the barn burned down and C.A.", "title": "Charles A. Lindbergh State Park" }, { "id": "871637", "score": "1.5772913", "text": "to buy a World War I surplus [[Curtiss JN-4|Curtiss JN-4 \"Jenny\"]] biplane. Though Lindbergh had not touched an airplane in more than six months, he had already secretly decided he was ready to take to the air by himself. After a half-hour of dual time with a pilot who was visiting the field to pick up another surplus JN-4, Lindbergh flew solo for the first time in the Jenny he had just purchased for $500. After spending another week or so at the field to \"practice\" (thereby acquiring five hours of \"pilot in command\" time), Lindbergh took off from Americus", "title": "Charles Lindbergh" }, { "id": "5637111", "score": "1.5742104", "text": "Charles August Lindbergh Charles August Lindbergh (born Carl Månsson; January 20, 1859 – May 24, 1924) was a United States Congressman from Minnesota's 6th congressional district from 1907 to 1917. He opposed American entry into World War I as well as the 1913 Federal Reserve Act. Lindbergh is best known as the father of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh. Lindbergh was born Carl Månsson, in Stockholm, Sweden, to Lovisa Carlén, the 19-year-old mistress of Ola Månsson, a peasant member of the Riksdag of the Estates and a bank manager. When accused of bribery and embezzlement, Ola Månsson changed his name to", "title": "Charles August Lindbergh" }, { "id": "12363893", "score": "1.5674958", "text": "of the United Kingdom caused his abdication). Another phenomenon examined in the series is the change of someone's fame during time and thanks to mass media coverage. Charles Lindbergh, first famous as an aviation pioneer, became, to his horror, even more famous when his son was kidnapped and murdered.Dwight Eisenhower's fame as a general in World War II helped him win the presidential election a decade later.Joseph McCarthy used the media in his hunt against communism, but in the end the media worked against him. Elvis Presley's fame grew to legendary proportions after his death, when he sold more albums", "title": "Fame in the 20th Century" }, { "id": "17994317", "score": "1.5644741", "text": "by the Royal Aero Club in 1911, making him one of the earliest qualified pilots in the country. As with many early aviators, he had learned at the Brooklands flying school. He then moved to France, where he worked for Robert Esnault-Pelterie's aircraft firm R.E.P.; while demonstrating one of their aircraft to potential buyers in Turkey, he became the first person to fly across the Sea of Marmara. Over the following years, he became famous in flying circles, and was considered one of the most skilled pilots in the country. By 1914, he had flown over sixty different models of", "title": "Charles Gordon Bell" }, { "id": "19708826", "score": "1.5640168", "text": "He also earned 40 cents per minute taking a photographer up for photos over Ashland, Wisconsin. Mal became so well known the locals called him \"Our Lindberg\". Mal and Ruth joined other pilots and took on missionary work for aviation barnstorming the midwest. In 1928 they settled in Richfield, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. By December he was hired by Charles W. Holman to fly for Northwest Airways, later called Northwest Airlines (NWA). He began his airline career flying the first airmail service to the Fox River Valley from Milwaukee to Green Bay, Wisconsin, in a single-engine open-cockpit biplane. By", "title": "Mal Freeburg" }, { "id": "1117273", "score": "1.5632172", "text": "of United States Congressman and respected Minnesota lawyer Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., also known as the father of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh. The historical site includes the home where the world-famous aviator spent summers next to the Mississippi River and also a visitor's center that tells the Lindbergh family story and displays a full size replica of The Spirit of St. Louis cockpit. The home, with its original family furnishings and possessions, is open for informational tours. Created by artist Frank Gosiak, two large colored murals, depicting the logging era and Main Street of Little Falls in the early 1900s,", "title": "Little Falls, Minnesota" } ]

[ "Honorine de Viane Morel", "Honorine Verne", "jules verne", "verne gyula", "Julius verne", "Vernean", "julius verne", "Verne, Jules", "vernean", "honorine verne", "Jules verne", "JulesVerne", "Jules Gabriel Verne", "Jules Verne", "julesverne", "jules gabriel verne", "honorine de viane morel", "verne jules", "Verne gyula" ]

[ { "id": "10340884", "score": "1.7957857", "text": "audio book, read by Michael Palin himself, allowing the listener to hear his wit and charm, and his ability to do accents. The audio book does not include the photographs, of course. The audio book is unabridged, and lasts 7 hours 35 minutes. Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Palin book) Around the World in 80 Days is the book that Michael Palin wrote to accompany the BBC TV program \"\". This trip was intended to follow in the footsteps of the (fictitious) Phileas Fogg in the Jules Verne book \"Around the World in Eighty Days\". The use of", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Palin book)" }, { "id": "10340879", "score": "1.793316", "text": "Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Palin book) Around the World in 80 Days is the book that Michael Palin wrote to accompany the BBC TV program \"\". This trip was intended to follow in the footsteps of the (fictitious) Phileas Fogg in the Jules Verne book \"Around the World in Eighty Days\". The use of aeroplanes was not allowed, a self-imposed restriction. Steam liners don't exist any more, so all of the long sea journeys had to be on container ships or freighters. The one exception was the trip from Dubai to Mumbai (Bombay) on a dhow, a", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Palin book)" }, { "id": "11432364", "score": "1.7811196", "text": "Darren McGavin, Henry Gibson and John Mills. The heroes travel a slightly different route than in the book, and the script makes several contemporary celebrities part of the story who were not mentioned in the book, such as Sarah Bernhardt, Louis Pasteur, Jesse James, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Empress Dowager Cixi, and Queen Victoria. Around the World in 80 Days (miniseries) Around the World in 80 Days is a 1989 three-part television Eastmancolor miniseries originally broadcast on NBC. The production garnered three nominations for Emmy awards that year. The teleplay by John Gay is based on the Jules Verne novel of the", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (miniseries)" }, { "id": "10340883", "score": "1.7794477", "text": "BBC was the desire to follow a preordained route that involved a lot of time traveling at sea. Day after day of sailing does not make for very exciting TV. For example, in an almost grotesque sequence, Michael Palin arrives in Singapore harbor on one ship at midnight, rushes through immigration and departure processing, and embarks on the next ship at 2:45 a.m. Neither Palin nor the viewers get to see a single view of Singapore. The text of this book is available free to read online on Michael Palin's official web site. This book was made available as an", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Palin book)" }, { "id": "5175482", "score": "1.772832", "text": "Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days Around the World in 80 Days is a 7-part BBC television travel series first broadcast on BBC1 in 1989. It was presented by comedian and actor Michael Palin. The show was inspired by Jules Verne's classic novel \"Around the World in Eighty Days\", in which a character named Phileas Fogg accepts a wager to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days or less. Palin was given the same deadline, and not allowed to use aircraft, which did not exist in Jules Verne's time and would make completing the journey far too easy. He", "title": "Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days" }, { "id": "4026074", "score": "1.7685325", "text": "Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film) Around the World in 80 Days (sometimes spelled as Around the World in Eighty Days) is a 1956 American epic adventure-comedy film starring Cantinflas and David Niven, produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The epic picture was directed by Michael Anderson and produced by Mike Todd, with Kevin McClory and William Cameron Menzies as associate producers. The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman based on the classic novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)" }, { "id": "5175504", "score": "1.7577152", "text": "for repairs years before. The production crew are the same people as on \"80 Days\". Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days Around the World in 80 Days is a 7-part BBC television travel series first broadcast on BBC1 in 1989. It was presented by comedian and actor Michael Palin. The show was inspired by Jules Verne's classic novel \"Around the World in Eighty Days\", in which a character named Phileas Fogg accepts a wager to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days or less. Palin was given the same deadline, and not allowed to use aircraft, which did not", "title": "Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days" }, { "id": "12646647", "score": "1.7566404", "text": "of 14, taking 171 days. \"Chasing the Long Rainbow\" (1990) is his account of this BOC race. In 1990, he tried the race again in the same Santa Cruz 50 now named \"Sebago\" (his sponsor), but due to capsizing, the voyage took 211 days. \"Chasing the Wind\" (1994) is his account of the second race. In 1992, they sold \"Sebago\", purchased a Pretorien 35, named her \"Whisper\", and the couple spent two years together tracing Odysseus' voyage through the Mediterranean. \"We Followed Odysseus\", \"How to Sail Around the World\", and \"Handling Storms at Sea\" represent books that he wrote based", "title": "Hal Roth" }, { "id": "12927662", "score": "1.7555248", "text": "man whom he'd let listen to Bruce Springsteen on his Walkman during the voyage. The captain also reveals that the \"al-Sharma\" was lost at sea in the Indian Ocean some years before when it was being towed for repairs. Several of the other crew members arrive after Palin and they all gather round Palin's portable DVD player to watch some of the original broadcast. The captain reveals that he had seen the miniseries when it was shown on BBC. A Special 20th Anniversary Edition of the \"Around the World..\" book was also published, titled \"Around the World in 80 days", "title": "Around the World in 20 Years" }, { "id": "17484904", "score": "1.7424018", "text": "The travel was followed by not only Danish newspapers but newspapers around the world and on his return to Copenhagen he was met by a crowd of 20,000 people. He travelled towards the west, which was the fastest but also the opposite direction of the one taken in \"Around the World in 80 Days\". Unlike the novel, he had little problems in reaching departures. In western Canada he met First Nations, who promised not to take his scalp, though red scalps were at a premium. He was impressed by the luxury of the Pacific Ocean liner; its restaurant was the", "title": "A Boy Scout Around the World" }, { "id": "5175484", "score": "1.7405739", "text": "Palin's personal views are also more clearly evident. The book contains many pictures from the trip. \"Around the World in 80 Days\" was the first of a trilogy of globe-crossing series featuring Michael Palin as he visited many countries. The second series was \"Pole to Pole\" (travelling from the North Pole to the South Pole), an 8-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1992, and the third was \"Full Circle with Michael Palin\" (the circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim), a 10-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1997. The series were followed by several similar conceptual travel series", "title": "Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days" }, { "id": "11432362", "score": "1.7402432", "text": "Around the World in 80 Days (miniseries) Around the World in 80 Days is a 1989 three-part television Eastmancolor miniseries originally broadcast on NBC. The production garnered three nominations for Emmy awards that year. The teleplay by John Gay is based on the Jules Verne novel of the same title. The plot centres around Phileas Fogg (Pierce Brosnan) making a £30,000 wager with three members of the Reform Club that he can circumnavigate the world in 80 days. He takes with him his newly employed French valet Passepartout (Eric Idle), and is pursued by Detective Wilbur Fix (Peter Ustinov) who", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (miniseries)" }, { "id": "10932399", "score": "1.7399485", "text": "old ship (the \"Bothina\") in the place of a fast ship (\"Etruria\"). Bly's journey, at the time, was a world record, though it was bettered a few months later by George Francis Train, who completed the journey in 67 days. By 1913, Andre Jaeger-Schmidt, Henry Frederick and John Henry Mears had improved on the record, the latter completing the journey in less than 36 days. Around the World in Seventy-Two Days Around the World in Seventy-Two Days is an 1890 book by journalist Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, writing under her pseudonym, Nellie Bly. The chronicle details her 72-day trip around the", "title": "Around the World in Seventy-Two Days" }, { "id": "18239501", "score": "1.7386172", "text": "buying and selling items in different markets around the globe. The choices made by the player in story sections can also have a large impact on how the journey proceeds. The game has several secrets, Easter Eggs and hidden endings, as well as several references to Verne's works, including \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\" and \"From the Earth to the Moon\". The game is also partly inspired by the steampunk genre, featuring such elements as sapient mechanical transport, hovercraft, submersibles and an entire city that walks on four gigantic legs. The game has a rating of 88/100 and 84/100", "title": "80 Days (2014 video game)" }, { "id": "3540189", "score": "1.7356114", "text": "80 Days\" starring Jackie Chan. Their spirit has also continued to influence fiction to this day, including James Gurney's Dinotopia series and \"softening\" Steampunk's dystopianism with utopian wonder and curiosity. Most of the novels in the \"Voyages\" series (except for \"Five Weeks in a Balloon\", \"Journey to the Center of the Earth\", and \"The Purchase of the North Pole\") were first serialized in periodicals, usually in Hetzel’s \"Magasin d'Éducation et de récréation\" (\"Magazine of Education and Recreation\"). Almost all of the original book editions were published by Pierre-Jules Hetzel in octodecimo format, often in several volumes. (The one exception is", "title": "Voyages extraordinaires" }, { "id": "263079", "score": "1.7304907", "text": "Kington turned down presenting the first of these, \"Around the World in 80 Days\", that gave Palin the opportunity to present his first and subsequent travel shows. These programmes have been broadcast around the world in syndication, and were also sold on VHS tape and later on DVD: Following each trip, Palin wrote a book about his travels, providing information and insights not included in the TV programme. Each book is illustrated with photographs by Basil Pao, the stills photographer who was on the team. (Exception: the first book, \"Around the World in 80 Days\", contains some pictures by Pao", "title": "Michael Palin" }, { "id": "529746", "score": "1.7251806", "text": "was translated into French: Voyage around the World or \"Voyage du Tour du Monde\" (1719, Paris). The novel documents his trip as one of the first Europeans to circle the world for pleasure rather than profit, using publicly available transportation. Gemelli Careri provides rich accounts of seventeenth-century civilization outside of Europe. These include Persia during the Ottoman Empire, Hindustan during the reign of Aurungzebe, the Chinese Lantern Festival and the Great Wall, and the native people of Meso-America. References to his books can be found in other historical publications like the \"Calcutta Review\". In 1872, Thomas Cook organised the first", "title": "Around the World in Eighty Days" }, { "id": "5175502", "score": "1.7061386", "text": "Palin managed to snap a few pictures which are seen in the documentary. While preparing for the journey, Palin had a chat with renowned documentarist Alan Whicker. In the book and an interview on the DVD, Palin mentions that Whicker had been the BBC's first choice of presenter, but he and two others (Miles Kington and Noel Edmonds) had declined; Palin was fourth on the BBC's list. On 30 December 2008, the BBC aired a special one-hour documentary entitled \"Around the World in 20 Years\". In it, Michael Palin goes in search of the crew of the \"Al Shama\", the", "title": "Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days" }, { "id": "6928840", "score": "1.7055005", "text": "Inspired (in a misguided way) by the work of Einstein, whose book \"\" he had aboard, the theme of Crowhurst's writing was that a sufficiently intelligent mind can overcome the constraints of the real world. Over the following eight days, he wrote 25,000 words of increasingly tortured prose, drifting farther and farther from reality, as \"Teignmouth Electron\" continued sailing slowly north, largely untended. Finally, on 1 July, he concluded his writing with a garbled suicide note and, it is assumed, jumped overboard. Moitessier, meanwhile, had concluded his own personal voyage more happily. He had circumnavigated the world and sailed almost", "title": "Sunday Times Golden Globe Race" }, { "id": "11771172", "score": "1.7003431", "text": "Around the World in 80 Days (1988 film) Around the World in 80 Days is an Australian 48-minute direct-to-video animated film from Burbank Films Australia. It was originally released in 1988. The film is based on Jules Verne's classic French novel, \"Around the World in 80 Days\", first published in 1873, and was adapted by Leonard Lee. It was produced by Roz Phillips and featured original music by Simon Walker. The film imitated BRB Internacional's Spanish 1981 series, \"La vuelta al mundo de Willy Fog\", in its use of anthropomorphic animals in the human roles. The copyright in this film", "title": "Around the World in 80 Days (1988 film)" } ]

[ "pyongyang and moscow" ]

[ { "id": "9934366", "score": "1.4134781", "text": "thalweg in 1975 was adjacent to the furthest point of exposed mud flats at \"astronomical lowest low tide.\" Point \"R\" thus constitutes the end of the land boundary of the two nations, despite being under water at all but the lowest tides. According to analysis by the International Boundary Research Unit (IBRU) at the UK's Durham University, the location provided by the Ministry of Defence for the location of the seizure is 1.7 nautical miles (3.1 km) southwest of this Point \"R\" boundary terminus and 1.6 nautical miles (2.9 km) south of this international boundary line. Thus the university says:", "title": "2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel" }, { "id": "3069021", "score": "1.3956149", "text": "influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U.S. Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are forbidden to build within the six-meter-wide (almost 20 feet) boundary vista without permission from the International Boundary Commission. They are required to report such construction to their respective governments. Where required, fences or vehicle blockades are used. All persons crossing the border are required to report to the respective customs and immigration agencies in each country. In remote areas where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden", "title": "Canada–United States border" }, { "id": "14510796", "score": "1.3931513", "text": "part of the Schengen Area. The distance 30 km is calculated as straight distances on the map, so local Norwegians can visit Zapolyarny which is the largest city in the border area, located 11 km (7 mi) from the border, but 50 km (31 mi) from the border station by road. There are more roads which cross the border and connect to the road network of both countries. They are not open to public. These are the two Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants Hevoskoski and Skogfoss. Also the historic border crossing at Skafferhullet has such a road, and there is one", "title": "Norway–Russia border" }, { "id": "3069018", "score": "1.3786708", "text": "for . This \"border vista\" extends for on each side of the line. The Commission is headed by two commissioners, one of whom is Canadian, the other American. The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's \"longest undefended border\", but this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present. It is illegal to cross the border outside border controls. Everyone crossing the border must be checked. The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States – Mexico border (one-third as long as the Canada–U.S. border), which", "title": "Canada–United States border" }, { "id": "17059299", "score": "1.3759022", "text": "years, with agreement reached on only 993 kilometers of the state border, which was 1375 kilometers long. The remaining 382 kilometers of the state border were not on existing maps and therefore remained subject to conflict and mutual distrust. In 2009, a report stated, \"a lack of funding has greatly hindered border demarcation efforts. … Complex terrain and conflicting Soviet-era maps – printed at a time when defining the borders was not a pressing issue – present the toughest obstacle to delimitation.\" Nevertheless, an intergovernmental commission on the delimitation and demarcation of the border held its first meeting after a", "title": "Barak, Kyrgyzstan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of national capitals situated on an international border\n\nThis is a list of capital cities of sovereign states that share a border with another sovereign state.\n\n", "title": "List of national capitals situated on an international border" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Europe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Cyprus" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andorra\n\nAndorra, officially the Principality of Andorra,<ref name=\"constitution\"/> is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is headed by two co-princes: the bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain and the president of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.\n\nAndorra is the sixth-smallest state in Europe, with an area of and a population of approximately . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent. Andorra is the world's 16th-smallest country by land and 11th-smallest by population. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of above sea level. The official language is Catalan, but Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.\n\nTourism in Andorra brings an estimated 10.2 million visitors to the country annually. Andorra is not a member state of the European Union. It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993.", "title": "Andorra" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Enclave and exclave\n\nAn enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters.<ref name=\"Melamid\"/> \"Enclave\" is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.<ref name=\"Raton\" /> The Vatican City and San Marino, both enclaved by Italy, and Lesotho, enclaved by South Africa, are completely enclaved sovereign states.\n\nAn exclave is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (of one or more states or districts etc). Many exclaves are also enclaves, but not all: an exclave can be surrounded by the territory of more than one state.<ref name=\"YRY\"/> The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia, Turkey and Iran.\n\nSemi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.\n\nA pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached—in particular, by wheeled traffic—only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves.<ref name=\"EV\"/> Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington and Minnesota's Northwest Angle. A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north.", "title": "Enclave and exclave" }, { "id": "1845365", "score": "1.3755128", "text": "international border intended to provide a clear demarcation line between the two areas. Border vistas are most commonly found along undefended international boundary lines, where border security is not as much of a necessity and a built barrier is undesired, and are a treaty requirement for certain borders. The best-known border vista is a six-metre cleared space around unguarded portions of the Canada–United States border (; ). Similar clearings along the border line are provided for by many international treaties. For example, the 2006 border management treaty between Russia and China provides for a 15-metre wide cleared strip along the", "title": "Border control" }, { "id": "17586241", "score": "1.3727736", "text": "by joint commissions. According to the commissions' protocols and maps, the two countries' border line is 1782.75 km long, including 1215.86 km of land border and 566.89 km of border line run along (or across) rivers or lakes. The commissions' work was documented by several joint protocols, finalized with the Protocol signed in Beijing on May 10, 2002. In 2011 a cross-border free trade area opened on the border at Khorgos in an effort to boost Chinese-Kazakh trade. The two countries' border protection authorities carry out regular meetings, and on occasions even joint border patrols. China–Kazakhstan border The China–Kazakhstan border,", "title": "China–Kazakhstan border" }, { "id": "12576918", "score": "1.3722453", "text": "certain small sections of the border more precisely, additional agreements were signed on 24 September 1997 and 4 July 1998. Over the next several years, the border was demarcated on the ground by joint commissions. According to the commissions protocols and maps, the two countries' border line is 1782.75 km long, including 1215.86 km of land border and 566.89 km of border line run along (or across) rivers or lakes. The commissions' work was documented by several joint protocols, finalized with the Protocol signed in Beijing on May 10, 2002. The two most important rivers of eastern Kazakhstan - the", "title": "China–Kazakhstan relations" }, { "id": "1842376", "score": "1.3714446", "text": "taken in border control on the Canada–United States border and the United States–Mexico border during its War on Terrorism (See Shantz 2010). One American writer has said that the US-Mexico border is probably \"the world's longest boundary between a First World and Third World country\". Historic borders such as the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, and Hadrian's Wall have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. While the stone walls, the Great Wall of China and the Roman Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous,", "title": "Border" }, { "id": "16648539", "score": "1.367965", "text": "14, 2008. As with many other international borders, a bilateral treaty exists concerning the physical modalities of managing the China–Russia border. The currently valid agreement was signed in Beijing in 2006. The treaty requires the two states to clear trees in a -wide strip along the border (i.e. within from the border line on each side of it) (Article 6). Civil navigation is allowed on the border rivers and lakes, provided the vessels of each country stay on the appropriate side of the dividing line (Article 9); similar rules apply to fishing in these waters (Article 10). Each country's authorities", "title": "China–Russia border" }, { "id": "10679781", "score": "1.3640435", "text": "from the Russian Empire. At the time, national maritime interests were restricted only to the three-mile limit. The purchase treaty did mention a boundary across the Bering Sea; however, with the introduction of the 200-mile limit by the Law of the Sea, the border issue became pressing, since neither side could produce the maps used during the original purchase negotiations. Furthermore, the two sides agreed that the boundary was intended to be a straight line on a map, but they did not agree which map projection was used: Mercator or conformal. This resulted in about 15,000 square nautical miles of", "title": "USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement" }, { "id": "3069019", "score": "1.3604782", "text": "is actively patrolled by U.S. Customs and Border Protection personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking. Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even divides some buildings found in communities in Vermont and Quebec. Such buildings are sometimes called line houses. The Maine–New Brunswick border divides the Aroostook Valley", "title": "Canada–United States border" }, { "id": "7078706", "score": "1.359871", "text": "Treaty of 1909 where the western most land boundary terminus was to be at \"the most seaward point of the northern bank of the estuary of the Perlis River\". The treaty then states that the border moves northward from this point to the Sayun Range, an extension of the Si Thammarat Mountains of Thailand, for about 15 miles (24km) before heading eastward along the watershed of Thailand's Lam Yai River and Malaysia's Perlis River towards the ridge of the Kedah-Singgora mountains where it moves soutwards along the ridgeline till it reaches the watershed for the Perak and Pattani Rivers. The", "title": "Malaysia–Thailand border" }, { "id": "10202039", "score": "1.3548509", "text": "Borders of the United States The United States shares international land borders with two nations: The Russia – United States maritime boundary was defined by a disputed agreement covering the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Arctic Ocean. The International Date Line essentially acts as the de facto border between the two nations; the USA ratified the USSR-USA Maritime Boundary Agreement, but the USSR failed to ratify it before dissolving, and it was subsequently never ratified by Russia. During the winter, travel between Russia's uninhabited Big Diomede Island and Alaska's Little Diomede Island with a population of 110 is theoretically possible,", "title": "Borders of the United States" }, { "id": "6140353", "score": "1.354414", "text": "to the International Boundary and Water Commission, this continental border follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between the two nations, \"along the deepest channel\" (also known as the thalweg)—from its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico a distance of to a point just upstream of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez. It then follows an alignment westward overland and it is marked by monuments for a distance of to the Colorado River, when it reaches its highest elevation at the intersection with the Continental Divide. It then follows the middle of that river", "title": "Mexico–United States border" }, { "id": "14673891", "score": "1.3469523", "text": "of Canadian Internal Waters, but the United States and various European countries maintain they are an international strait or transit passage, allowing free and unencumbered passage. Although Canada and the United States share the longest non-militarized border between two countries, there is a long history of disputes about the border's demarcation. Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament; therefore, it is easier legislatively to create", "title": "Former colonies and territories in Canada" }, { "id": "3121302", "score": "1.3447963", "text": "section in between. In the wider sense, it can be used to refer to both the western line of control and the MacMahon Line, in which sense it is the effective border between India and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The entire Sino-Indian border (including the western LAC, the small undisputed section in the centre, and the MacMahon Line in the east) is 4,056 km (2520 mi) long and traverses five Indian states: Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. On the Chinese side, the line traverses the Tibet Autonomous Region. The demarcation existed as the", "title": "Line of Actual Control" }, { "id": "3069007", "score": "1.3426571", "text": "Canada–United States border The Canada–United States border (), officially known as the International Boundary (), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second- and fourth-largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is long, of which is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan,", "title": "Canada–United States border" }, { "id": "3069036", "score": "1.3414671", "text": "homes between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont; a seasonal home between Alburgh, Vermont, and Noyan, Quebec, at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh and Chemin au Bord de l'Eau in Noyan; and one house between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec, are also divided by the border. The Halfway House, a tavern also known as Taillon's International Hotel, straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec, and Fort Covington, New York. It was built in 1820, before the border was surveyed. To be a true international exclave, \"all\" potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must", "title": "Canada–United States border" }, { "id": "3756767", "score": "1.3333793", "text": "is a former French mandate and Palestine / Israel a former British mandate. (See League of Nations). The 1949 agreement stated that the border would follow the 1923 line. In 1923, 38 boundary markers were placed along the 49 mile border and a detailed text description was published. The 2000 Blue Line differs in about a half dozen short stretches from the 1949 line, though never by more than 475 meters. Borders are usually negotiated between countries, and between 1950 and 1967 Israeli and Lebanese surveyors managed to complete 25 non-contiguous kilometers and mark (but not sign) another quarter of", "title": "Blue Line (Lebanon)" } ]

[ "John Gosling (The Kinks musician)", "Gordon John Edwards", "The Kinks (band)", "The Kinks", "ray davies quartet", "gordon john edwards", "The Ray Davies Quartet", "john gosling kinks musician", "kinks", "Kinks, The", "Kinks", "kinks band" ]

[ { "id": "3739396", "score": "1.6976023", "text": "successfully for over 30 years through many musical styles, but \"You Really Got Me\" remained a mainstay in concert. During some shows, the song was played in a medley with its follow-up single \"All Day and All of the Night,\" while in 1977, a performance on \"Saturday Night Live\" featured a four song medley of \"You Really Got Me\", \"All Day and All of the Night\", \"A Well Respected Man\", and \"Lola\". In a live performance on the \"Don Lane Show\" in 1982, \"You Really Got Me\" was featured in a medley with the band's 1981 song, \"Destroyer.\" In 1984,", "title": "You Really Got Me" }, { "id": "4689873", "score": "1.6539559", "text": "of white popular music. ... 'You Really Got Me' is that rare thing: a record that cuts popular music in half.\" Talmy had many more hits with the group including \"All Day and All of the Night\", \"Tired of Waiting for You\", \"Dedicated Follower of Fashion\" and \"Sunny Afternoon\". Pete Townshend, guitarist of a band called the High Numbers, liked \"You Really Got Me\" so much that he wrote a similar number, \"I Can't Explain,\" so that Talmy would produce his group. When the song was played over the telephone to Talmy, he agreed to hear the band. Now called", "title": "Shel Talmy" }, { "id": "11449380", "score": "1.5459998", "text": "in Southern California\", Cathy Dennis with \"Touch Me (All Night Long)\", Just A Little Time and Everybody Move on Polydor Records, Love Inc – Love Is the Message on Love Records as well as Zoé Sunshine on a Rainy Day for M&G Records plus scoring Record Mirror Club No. 1 records for D'Bora Dream and the James Taylor Quartet – Love The Life You Live. PWL-Sanctuary Records Late 1992 Gordon was invited into the world-famous recording studios known as The Hit Factory by Pete Waterman and together they produced the UK Single No. 3 hit record, West End feat. Sybil,", "title": "Eddie Gordon" }, { "id": "13854677", "score": "1.5425867", "text": "series of transatlantic hits and to go on to become pioneers of psychedelic rock. After an early lack of success with R&B standards, the Kinks enjoyed their breakthrough with the single \"You Really Got Me\" (1964). Influenced by the Kingsmen's version of \"Louie, Louie\", it reached number one in the UK and the top 10 in the US. The follow-up \"All Day and All of the Night\" (1964) reached number two in the US, while the band also released two full-length albums and several EPs in this period. The Downliners Sect formed in 1963, and developed a strong reputation in", "title": "British rhythm and blues" }, { "id": "8746308", "score": "1.5249002", "text": "13 Top 10 R&B hits, including three that reached number 1. Their Top 10 R&B hits included \"Work with Me, Annie\", \"It's Love Baby (24 Hours a Day)\", \"Annie Had a Baby\", \"The Hoochi Coochi Coo\", \"Teardrops on Your Letter\", \"Get It\", \"The Float\" and \"Nothing but Good\". They received the Rhythm and Blues Foundation's prestigious Pioneer Award in 1992 and were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. The group's lead singer, Hank Ballard, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. The Midnighters as a \"group\" were inducted into the Rock", "title": "The Midnighters" }, { "id": "13780061", "score": "1.504276", "text": "You\", \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\", \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\", \"I Believe\", \"Granada\", \"Moonlight Gambler\", and \"Rawhide\". Johnnie Ray had a long run of hits in the early half of the decade, often backed by The Four Lads, including: \"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud That Cried\", \"Walking My Baby Back Home\", \"Please, Mr. Sun\", and \"Just Walkin' in the Rain\". The Four Lads racked up some hits on their own with \"Who Needs You\", \"No, Not Much\", \"Standin' on the Corner\", and \"Moments to Remember\". Nat \"King\" Cole dominated the charts throughout the decade with such timeless classics as \"Unforgettable\", \"Mona", "title": "1950s in music" }, { "id": "7753471", "score": "1.5014513", "text": "well as more chart-oriented pop and adult contemporary material with contrasting synth-driven arrangements courtesy of producer Arif Mardin, his son Joe and Robbie Buchanan. The up-tempo track \"Moonlight Dancing\" (first recorded by pop/R&B group The Pointer Sisters) was written by noted hitmaker Diane Warren and \"The Gift of Love\" by Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg, the team behind Madonna's \"Like a Virgin\", Cyndi Lauper's \"True Colors\" and The Bangles' \"Eternal Flame\". \"Moonlight Dancing\" (also released as an extended dance remix which sampled the 1973 recording \"Do You Want to Dance\"), \"Night and Day\" and \"The Gift of Love\" were all", "title": "Some People's Lives" }, { "id": "1326017", "score": "1.5013968", "text": "the song's influence on the Kinks, who, like the Who, were produced by Shel Talmy — the Kinks on the Pye label and the Who on Brunswick. Talmy wanted the successful sounds of the Kinks' 1964 hits \"You Really Got Me\", \"All Day and All of the Night\", and \"Till the End of the Day\" to be copied by the Who. As a result, Pete Townshend penned \"I Can't Explain\", released in March 1965. During a pre-song interview with host Brian Matthew on \"Saturday Club\" in May, Pete explained that \"I Can't Explain\" was released to \"introduce the Who to", "title": "Louie Louie" }, { "id": "14061191", "score": "1.4981585", "text": "into performing covers of almost their entire set of hits, ranging from rockers like \"You really got me\", \"Till the end of the day\" and \"All day and all of the night\", to the blues infested \"Com'on now\", or power ballads like \"Baby, where have all the good times gone\" and \"Tired of waiting for you\". In the next two years, classics from the Beach Boys, The Young Rascals, Donovan and the Rolling Stones became a part of repertoire, including the latter group's first two big US and UK hits, \"Get off my cloud\" and \"Time is on my side\"", "title": "Los Hang Ten's" }, { "id": "7781719", "score": "1.4888146", "text": "EP charts : #3) The Stranglers recorded a cover in 1988, reaching No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart. All Day and All of the Night \"All Day and All of the Night\" is a song by the English rock band The Kinks from 1964. It reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 7 on \"Billboard\"s United States chart in 1965. The song was released on the American studio album \"Kinks-Size\". Like their previous hit \"You Really Got Me\", the song relies on a simple sliding power chord riff, although this song's riff is slightly more complicated,", "title": "All Day and All of the Night" }, { "id": "2493508", "score": "1.4881368", "text": "\"Lili Marlene\", \"Zwei Gitarren am Meer\", \"Blueberry Hill\" (Germany), and \"Greenfields\". Also successful were \"Song of Peace\", \"It's a Lonesome Old Town\" (Japan), \"Michelle\" (No 1 in Argentina and Malaysia), \"Mexico\" (No. 1 in the Philippines), and \"Bonanza\" (a major success in Brazil and Italy [Billboard Hits of the World, 1960s]) plus \"Theme from the Dark at the Top of the Stairs\" (various Latin American countries). The album \"La Paloma\" was a success throughout Latin America. He also had a number one album in Germany in the early 1980s with \"Moonlight Melodies\", which consisted of 20 of Billy's biggest hits", "title": "Billy Vaughn" }, { "id": "3739393", "score": "1.477905", "text": "Ray Davies, who said that Berry \"had a few hits – so he mattered\" and that Berry's belief that the band had \"done what they wanted\" had \"said it all\" for him. The Kinks' use of distorted guitar riffs continued with songs like \"All Day and All of the Night\", \"Tired of Waiting for You\", and \"Set Me Free\", among others. Pete Townshend of the Who, a band also produced by Talmy at that time, has stated that their first single, \"I Can't Explain\", was influenced by the Kinks' work at the time. Other artists influenced by \"You Really Got", "title": "You Really Got Me" }, { "id": "2450292", "score": "1.4767345", "text": "Much Is That) Doggie in the Window,\" and \"Old Cape Cod.\" Frankie Laine's 1949 hits, \"That Lucky Old Sun (Just Rolls Around Heaven All Day)\" and \"Mule Train,\" were still riding high on the charts when the decade began. He continued to score with such hits as: \"Georgia On My Mind,\" \"Cry of the Wild Goose,\" \"Jezebel,\" \"Rose, Rose, I Love You,\" \"Jealousy (Jalousie),\" \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me),\" \"I Believe,\" \"Granada,\" \"Moonlight Gambler,\" and \"Rawhide.\" Johnnie Ray had a long run of hits in the early half of the decade, often backed by The Four Lads, including: \"Cry,\"", "title": "Music history of the United States in the 1950s" }, { "id": "1518883", "score": "1.4763945", "text": "they recorded \"Apples, Peaches And Pumpkin Pie\", an R&B hit by Jay & the Techniques, followed by \"Rosetta\" (suggested by Paul McCartney, who played piano on it), and \"Easy Squeezy\". The group soon stopped recording, and became popular on the cabaret circuit. George Peckham left the band in 1969 to run a recording studio. Original member Joey Bower returned to the band as replacement, a later private pressing album; \"The Fourmost\" – featured O'Hara, Hatton, Lovelady and Bower – which included covers such as \"Without You\", \"I've Got You Under My Skin\", \"Rag Doll\" and \"Save The Last Dance For", "title": "The Fourmost" }, { "id": "19537611", "score": "1.473938", "text": "Records of Ralph Marterie and His Orchestra's version featuring \"Lola's Theme\" on the A-side and \"Yes Sir, That's My Baby\" on the B-side (catalog Mercury 70197). Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music and Calyork Music went on to publish songs for every future Norma Productions (and its subsidiary companies) films. Their films include \"The Bachelor Party\" and \"Sweet Smell of Success\" in 1957, \"Run Silent, Run Deep\" and \"Separate Tables\" (which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture) in 1958, \"Cry Tough\", \"The Rabbit Trap\", \"Take a Giant Step\" and \"Summer of the", "title": "Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music" }, { "id": "1425943", "score": "1.4719057", "text": "\"Work with Me, Annie\" that was drawn from \"Get It\". It became the Midnighters' first major R&B hit, spending seven weeks at number 1 on the R&B charts and also selling well in mainstream markets, along with the answer songs \"Annie Had a Baby\" and \"Annie's Aunt Fannie\"; all were banned by the FCC from radio air play. Their third major hit was \"Sexy Ways\", a song that cemented the band's reputation as one of the most risqué groups of the time. They had four other R&B chart hits in 1954–55, but no others until 1959, by which time the", "title": "Hank Ballard" }, { "id": "11437239", "score": "1.467591", "text": "topping hit with \"Want Ads\", as did Labelle with \"Lady Marmalade\" and A Taste of Honey with \"Boogie Oogie Oogie\". Other examples of the girl group were Love Unlimited and The Three Degrees who scored a number two pop hit with \"When Will I See You Again\" but topped the chart when they teamed with Mother, Sister, Father, Brother (MSFB) on the Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP). The Commodores were another group that played from a diverse repertoire, including R&B, funk, and pop. Lionel Richie, who went on to even greater success as a solo artist in the 1980s, fronted the", "title": "1970s in music" }, { "id": "4622251", "score": "1.4640925", "text": "and Roll Hall of Fame's list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll along with \"You Really Got Me,\" \"Waterloo Sunset,\" and \"Lola\". Davies composed the song based on a negative experience with upper class guests at a luxury resort where he was staying in 1965. He crafted the song to mock what he perceived as their condescension and self-satisfaction. \"Pye\" refused to release \"A Well Respected Man\" as a single because the record company wanted a song more similar to the band's raunchier previous hits. It was released as a single in the United States during October", "title": "A Well Respected Man" }, { "id": "7781714", "score": "1.4608166", "text": "All Day and All of the Night \"All Day and All of the Night\" is a song by the English rock band The Kinks from 1964. It reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 7 on \"Billboard\"s United States chart in 1965. The song was released on the American studio album \"Kinks-Size\". Like their previous hit \"You Really Got Me\", the song relies on a simple sliding power chord riff, although this song's riff is slightly more complicated, incorporating a B Flat after the chords F and G. Otherwise, the recordings are similar in beat and structure,", "title": "All Day and All of the Night" }, { "id": "2015917", "score": "1.4603856", "text": "copies to DJs. Examples of these promos, released at almost the same time in 1975, are Gary Toms Empire – \"Drive My Car\", Don Downing – \"Dream World\", Barrabas – \"Mellow Blow\", The Trammps – \"Hooked for Life\", Ace Spectrum – \"Keep Holdin' On\", South Shore Commission – \"Train Called Freedom\", The Chequers – \"Undecided Love\", Ernie Rush – \"Breakaway\", Ralph Carter – \"When You're Young and in Love\", Michael Zager & The Moon Band feat. Peabo Bryson – \"Do It With Feeling\", Monday After – \"Merry-Go-Round\", The Ritchie Family – \"I Want To Dance\" and Frankie Valli – \"Swearin'", "title": "Twelve-inch single" } ]

[ "Prussian-French war", "franco prussian war", "french german war", "Franco-prussian war", "Franco-German War", "Franco-Prussian War", "Franco Prussian War", "Guerre Franco-Allemande", "Deutsch-Französischer Krieg", "franco german war of 1870", "war of 1870", "Franco-German war", "Francoprussian war", "franco prussian wars", "Guerre franco-allemande", "france german war", "First Battle of Orleans", "War of 1870", "Franco–Prussian War", "german french war", "French-German War", "first battle of orleans", "Invasion of France (1870)", "French-Prussian war", "Battle of Sarrebruck", "franco german war", "1870 War", "guerre franco allemande", "deutsch franzosischer krieg", "battle of sarrebruck", "francoprussian war", "French german war", "Franco-Prussian war", "French-Prussian War", "franco–prussian war", "invasion of france 1870", "deutsch französischer krieg", "Deutsch-Franzosischer Krieg", "Franco/Prussian Wars", "France german war", "prussian french war", "1870 war", "Franco-German War of 1870", "french prussian war", "German-French War" ]

[ { "id": "5995144", "score": "1.6407166", "text": "Prussians laid siege to Paris, and new armies mustered by France failed to alter this situation. The French capital began experiencing severe food shortages, to the extent where even the animals in the zoo were eaten. As the city was being bombarded by Prussian siege guns in January 1871, King William of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Shortly afterwards, Paris surrendered. The subsequent peace treaty was harsh. France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and had to pay an indemnity of 5 billion francs. German troops were to remain in the country", "title": "France in the long nineteenth century" }, { "id": "306549", "score": "1.6352324", "text": "siege of some weeks. Napoleon III was taken prisoner at Sedan and kept in Germany for a time in case Bismarck had need of him to head the French regime; he later died in exile in England in 1873. The remainder of the war featured a siege of Paris, the city was \"ineffectually bombarded\"; the new French republican regime then tried, without success, to relieve Paris with various hastily assembled armies and increasingly bitter partisan warfare. Bismarck quoted the first verse lyrics of \"La Marseillaise\", amongst others, when being recorded on an Edison phonograph in 1889the only known recording of", "title": "Otto von Bismarck" }, { "id": "5995143", "score": "1.6265638", "text": "when the latter tried to place a Hohenzollern prince on the Spanish throne, which was left vacant by a revolution there. The Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck provoked Napoleon into declaring war on Prussia in July 1870. The French troops were swiftly defeated in the following weeks, and on September 1, the main army, which the emperor himself was with, was trapped at Sedan and forced to surrender. A republic was quickly proclaimed in Paris, but the war was far from over. As it was clear that Prussia would expect territorial concessions, the provisional government vowed to continue resistance. The", "title": "France in the long nineteenth century" }, { "id": "11400379", "score": "1.6255039", "text": "of Austria accepted Bismarck's terms under the Peace of Prague. Using this to his advantage, Bismarck declared the German Confederation of 1815 null and void, and created a new network of states under Prussian control. Frankfurt-am-Main, Hannover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Holstein, Nassau, and Schleswig were annexed outright while Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg, Saxony, the Thuringian duchies, as well as the cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck were combined into a new North German Confederation that governed nominally and was actually controlled by Prussia herself. Bismarck was approached soon after the end of the war by Napoleon III's ambassador to Prussia, Vincent Benedetti.", "title": "Causes of the Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "544679", "score": "1.624265", "text": "Caprera. Bismarck's demand that France surrender sovereignty over Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the \"Movimento\" of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that \"Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means.\" Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war. Prussian forces commenced the Siege of Paris on", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "German Empire" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Unification of Germany" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Otto von Bismarck" }, { "id": "544686", "score": "1.6237276", "text": "border and was disarmed and interned by the neutral Swiss near Pontarlier (1 February). On 26 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians.", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "2312406", "score": "1.6218894", "text": "Luxembourg. The controversy with the Second French Empire over the candidacy of a Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck. With his Ems Dispatch, Bismarck took advantage of an incident in which the French ambassador had approached William. The government of Napoleon III, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing Franco-German enmity. However, honouring their treaties, the German states joined forces and quickly defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Following victory under Bismarck's and Prussia's leadership, Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria, which had remained outside the North German", "title": "Prussia" }, { "id": "544630", "score": "1.6194371", "text": "in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871, and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the city and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I, finally uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (\"Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen\").", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "3908815", "score": "1.6180791", "text": "Wörth, Mars la Tour, and Gravelotte, the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870. The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland (\"Camp Misery\"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the", "title": "Unification of Germany" }, { "id": "3908816", "score": "1.6159539", "text": "French, but the new republic refused to surrender. The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January, with the city being \"ineffectually bombarded\". On 18 January 1871, the German princes and senior military commanders proclaimed Wilhelm \"German Emperor\" in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807; and accepted German administration", "title": "Unification of Germany" }, { "id": "544674", "score": "1.6073923", "text": "of Napoleon III and the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September, the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence. After the German victory at Sedan, most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans, who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war. Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate. The", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "15499483", "score": "1.6035641", "text": "seen as the perfect pretext to escalate tensions between the two empires. Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck ensured such tensions did escalate with the release of the Ems Dispatch. The French Emperor, confident of the strength of his armies declared war on Prussia on 19 July 1870. Unfortunately for him, the stipulations of the 1866 peace agreement between Prussia and Austria greatly enlarged the forces he would face, adding the armies of Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, Hesse, Schaumburg-Lippe, Saxe-Meiningen, Nassau and Reus to the already formidable Prussian Army. Fast deployment of troops by Prussia and swift engagements in", "title": "Commemorative medal of the 1870–1871 War" }, { "id": "4231900", "score": "1.603226", "text": "a unique role in the conflict, becoming one of the few channels of communication into and out of the city for much of the siege. He also led the way in providing humanitarian relief to foreign nationals, including ethnic Germans. On 25 January 1871, Wilhelm I overruled Moltke and ordered the field-marshal to consult with Bismarck for all future operations. Bismarck immediately ordered the city to be bombarded with large-caliber Krupp siege guns. This prompted the city's surrender on 28 January 1871. Paris sustained more damage in the 1870–1871 siege than in any other conflict. Secret armistice discussions began on", "title": "Siege of Paris (1870–71)" }, { "id": "4231901", "score": "1.6031723", "text": "January 23, 1871 and continued at Versailles between Jules Favre and Bismarck until the 27th. On the French side there was concern that the National Guard would rebel when news of the capitulation became public. Bismarck's advice was \"provoke an uprising then while you still have an army to suppress it with\". The final terms agreed on were that the French regular troops (less one division) would be disarmed, Paris would pay an indemnity of two hundred million francs, and the fortifications around the perimeter of the city would be surrendered. In return the armistice was extended until February 19.", "title": "Siege of Paris (1870–71)" }, { "id": "4231910", "score": "1.601363", "text": "peace treaty, the Treaty of Frankfurt, was signed on 10 May 1871. Otto von Bismarck was able to secure Alsace-Lorraine as part of the German Empire. The continued presence of German troops outside the city angered Parisians. Further resentment arose against the French government, and in March 1871 Parisian workers and members of the National Guard rebelled and established the Paris Commune, a radical and socialist government, which lasted through late May of that year. \"Empires of Sand\" by David W. Ball (Bantam Dell, 1999) is a novel in two parts, the first of which is set during the Franco-Prussian", "title": "Siege of Paris (1870–71)" }, { "id": "15499484", "score": "1.5952907", "text": "the East soon saw the French armies defeated or encircled within the walls of their cities, including the capture of the French emperor and his Army of Châlons on 2 September during the Battle of Sedan. Their emperor having surrendered, France dismissed him and on 4 September, proclaimed the Third Republic. They refused to surrender and mobilized new armies. Over a five-month campaign, the German forces defeated the newly recruited French armies in a series of battles fought across northern France. Following a prolonged siege, Paris fell on 28 January 1871 and the war ended with the Treaty of Frankfurt", "title": "Commemorative medal of the 1870–1871 War" }, { "id": "165127", "score": "1.59349", "text": "army was besieged at Metz. After a few weeks, the main army was finally forced to capitulate in the fortress of Sedan. French Emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner and a republic hastily proclaimed in Paris. The new government, realising that a victorious Germany would demand territorial acquisitions, resolved to fight on. They began to muster new armies, and the Germans settled down to a grim siege of Paris. The starving city surrendered in January 1871, and the Prussian army staged a victory parade in it. France was forced to pay indemnities of 5 billion francs and cede Alsace-Lorraine. It", "title": "History of Germany" }, { "id": "1543341", "score": "1.585284", "text": "Jules Favre, he had not planned for all the demands he presented the French in 1870. He only wished to temporarily cripple France by the billion franc reparation, but suddenly he was confronted by the demands of Marshals Albrecht von Roon and Helmut von Moltke (backed by Emperor Wilhelm I) to annex the two French provinces as further payment. Bismarck, for all his abilities regarding manipulating events, could not afford to anger the Prussian military. He got the two provinces, but he realized it would eventually have severe future repercussions. Bismarck was able to ignore the French for most of", "title": "Jules Ferry" }, { "id": "544629", "score": "1.5846195", "text": "the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery. A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw French Emperor Napoleon III captured and the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated. A Government of National Defence declared the Third French Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war for another five months; the German forces fought and defeated new French armies", "title": "Franco-Prussian War" }, { "id": "1270687", "score": "1.5827951", "text": "intervention by France or Russia, Bismarck pushed King William I of Prussia to make peace with the Austrians rapidly, rather than continue the war in hopes of further gains. William had \"planned to install both the crown prince of Hanover and the nephew of the elector of Hesse as titular grand dukes in small territorial residuals of their dynastic inheritance\" by opposition in the government cabinet, including Crown Prince Frederick to the annexation of several German states. The Austrians accepted mediation from France's Napoleon III. The Peace of Prague on 23 August 1866 resulted in the dissolution of the German", "title": "Austro-Prussian War" } ]

[ "Steady state", "steady state concentration", "Steady-state condition", "steady state condition", "Steady State (Thermodynamics)", "Steady-state", "steady state thermodynamics", "Steady State", "Steady state concentration", "steady state" ]

[ { "id": "139406", "score": "2.0406485", "text": "for the universe as being in a \"steady state\" and formulated their Steady State theory. The theory tried to explain how the universe could be eternal and essentially unchanging while still having the galaxies we observe moving away from each other. The theory hinged on the creation of matter between galaxies over time, so that even though galaxies get further apart, new ones that develop between them fill the space they leave. The resulting universe is in a \"steady state\" in the same manner that a flowing river is—the individual water molecules are moving away but the overall river remains", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": "1589497", "score": "2.0336585", "text": "out a theory that has since come to be called the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. In 1948, Fred Hoyle set out his opposing Steady State theory in which the universe continually expanded but remained statistically unchanged as new matter is constantly created. These two theories were active contenders until the 1965 discovery, by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, of the cosmic microwave background radiation, a fact that is a straightforward prediction of the Big Bang theory, and one that the original Steady State theory could not account for. As a result, the Big Bang theory", "title": "Ultimate fate of the universe" }, { "id": "139410", "score": "2.0170925", "text": "that the steady state model was incorrect and that the Big Bang was the theory that agreed best with observations, although Hoyle continued to support and develop his theory. In 1993, in an attempt to explain some of the evidence against the steady state theory, he presented a modified version called \"quasi-steady state cosmology\" (QSS), but the theory is not widely accepted. The evidence that resulted in the Big Bang's victory over the steady state model included the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1960s, and the distribution of \"young galaxies\" and quasars throughout the Universe in", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": "139390", "score": "2.012359", "text": "Fred Hoyle Sir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was a British astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. He also held controversial stances on other scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the \"Big Bang\" theory, a term coined by him on BBC radio, and his promotion of panspermia as the origin of life on Earth. He also wrote science fiction novels, short stories and radio plays, and co-authored twelve books with his son, Geoffrey Hoyle. He spent most of his working life at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge and served as its director", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": "139407", "score": "1.9935603", "text": "the same. The theory was one alternative to the Big Bang which, like the Big Bang, agreed with key observations of the day, namely Hubble's red shift observations, and Hoyle was a strong critic of the Big Bang. He coined the term \"Big Bang\" on BBC radio's \"Third Programme\" broadcast on 28 March 1949. It was popularly reported by George Gamov and his opponents that Hoyle intended to be pejorative, and the script from which he read aloud was interpreted by his opponents to be \"vain, one-sided, insulting, not worthy of the BBC\". Hoyle explicitly denied that he was being", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fred Hoyle\n\nSir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and was one of the authors of the influential BFH paper. He also held controversial stances on other scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the \"Big Bang\" theory (a term coined by him on BBC Radio) in favor of the \"Steady State\" hypothesis, and his promotion of panspermia as the origin of life on Earth. He also wrote science fiction novels, short stories and radio plays, and co-authored twelve books with his son, Geoffrey Hoyle. He spent most of his working life at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge and served as its director for six years. ", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Bang\n\nThe Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale form. These models offer a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and large-scale structure. The overall uniformity of the Universe, known as the flatness problem, is explained through cosmic inflation: a sudden and very rapid expansion of space during the earliest moments. However, physics currently lacks a widely accepted theory of quantum gravity that can successfully model the earliest conditions of the Big Bang.\n\nCrucially, these models are compatible with the Hubble–Lemaître law—the observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating this cosmic expansion backwards in time using the known laws of physics, the models describe an increasingly concentrated cosmos preceded by a singularity in which space and time lose meaning (typically named \"the Big Bang singularity\"). In 1964 the CMB was discovered, which convinced many cosmologists that the competing steady-state model of cosmic evolution was falsified, since the Big Bang models predict a uniform background radiation caused by high temperatures and densities in the distant past. A wide range of empirical evidence strongly favors the Big Bang event, which is now essentially universally accepted. Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang singularity at an estimated  billion years ago, which is considered the age of the universe.\n\nThere remain aspects of the observed universe that are not yet adequately explained by the Big Bang models. After its initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later atoms. The unequal abundances of matter and antimatter that allowed this to occur is an unexplained effect known as baryon asymmetry. These primordial elements—mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium—later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies. Astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang models and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to an unexplained phenomenon known as dark energy.", "title": "Big Bang" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cosmology\n\nCosmology () is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe. The term \"cosmology\" was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's \"Glossographia\", and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian Wolff, in \"Cosmologia Generalis\". Religious or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation myths and eschatology. In the science of astronomy, cosmology is concerned with the study of the chronology of the universe.\n\nPhysical cosmology is the study of the observable universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and the ultimate fate of the universe, including the laws of science that govern these areas. It is investigated by scientists, including astronomers and physicists, as well as philosophers, such as metaphysicians, philosophers of physics, and philosophers of space and time. Because of this shared scope with philosophy, theories in physical cosmology may include both scientific and non-scientific propositions and may depend upon assumptions that cannot be tested. Physical cosmology is a sub-branch of astronomy that is concerned with the universe as a whole. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang Theory which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics; more specifically, a standard parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model.\n\nTheoretical astrophysicist David N. Spergel has described cosmology as a \"historical science\" because \"when we look out in space, we look back in time\" due to the finite nature of the speed of light.", "title": "Cosmology" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of cosmological theories\n\nThis timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia. Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of cosmological theories" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anthropic principle\n\nThe anthropic principle, also known as the \"observation selection effect\", is the hypothesis, first proposed in 1957 by Robert Dicke, that there is a restrictive lower bound on how statistically probable our observations of the universe are, because observations could only happen in a universe capable of developing intelligent life. Proponents of the anthropic principle argue that it explains why this universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate conscious life, since if either had been different, we would not have been around to make observations. Anthropic reasoning is often used to deal with the notion that the universe seems to be finely tuned for the existence of life.\n\nThere are many different formulations of the anthropic principle. Philosopher Nick Bostrom counts them at thirty, but the underlying principles can be divided into \"weak\" and \"strong\" forms, depending on the types of cosmological claims they entail. The weak anthropic principle (WAP), as defined by Brandon Carter, states that the universe's ostensible fine tuning is the result of selection bias (specifically survivorship bias). Most such arguments draw upon some notion of the multiverse for there to be a statistical population of universes to select from. However, a single vast universe is sufficient for most forms of the WAP that do not specifically deal with fine tuning. Carter distinguished the WAP from the strong anthropic principle (SAP), which considers the universe in some sense compelled to eventually have conscious and sapient life emerge within it. A form of the latter known as the participatory anthropic principle, articulated by John Archibald Wheeler, suggests on the basis of quantum mechanics that the universe, as a condition of its existence, must be observed, so implying one or more observers. Stronger yet is the final anthropic principle, proposed by John D. Barrow and Frank Tipler, which views the universe's structure as expressible by bits of information in such a way that information processing is inevitable and eternal.<ref name=\"auto\"/>", "title": "Anthropic principle" }, { "id": "64507", "score": "1.9771242", "text": "were proposed for the expansion. One was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow. The other explanation was Fred Hoyle's steady state model in which new matter is created as the galaxies move away from each other. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. For a number of years, support for these theories was evenly divided. However, the observational evidence began to support the idea that the universe evolved from a hot dense state. The discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1965 lent strong support to the Big Bang", "title": "Physical cosmology" }, { "id": "3274009", "score": "1.9565263", "text": "British astronomer Fred Hoyle, he and his wife were co-authors of \"Synthesis of the Elements in Stars\", a fundamental paper on stellar nucleosynthesis published in 1957. It is commonly referred to as the BFH paper after the initials of the surnames of the four authors. This paper describes the process of stars burning lighter elements into successively heavier atoms which then are expelled to form other structures in the universe, including other stars and planets. In recent years Burbidge was known mostly for his alternative cosmology \"quasi-steady state theory\", which contradicts the Big Bang theory. According to Burbidge, the universe", "title": "Geoffrey Burbidge" }, { "id": "6120143", "score": "1.9552295", "text": "scales, has no preferred directions or preferred places. Hubble's idea allowed for two opposing hypotheses to be suggested. One was Lemaître's Big Bang, advocated and developed by George Gamow. The other model was Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory, in which new matter would be created as the galaxies moved away from each other. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. It was actually Hoyle who coined the name of Lemaître's theory, referring to it as \"this 'big bang' idea\" during a radio broadcast on 28 March 1949, on the BBC Third Programme. It", "title": "History of the Big Bang theory" }, { "id": "139411", "score": "1.9547577", "text": "the 1980s indicate a more consistent age estimate of the universe. Hoyle died in 2001 never accepting the Big Bang theory. Together with Narlikar, Hoyle developed a particle theory in the 1960s, the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. It made predictions that were roughly the same as Einstein's general relativity, but it incorporated Mach's Principle, which Einstein had tried but failed to incorporate in his theory. The Hoyle-Narlikar theory failed several tests, including consistency with the microwave background. It was motivated by their belief in the steady state model of the universe. In his later years, Hoyle became a staunch critic", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": "139409", "score": "1.9203675", "text": "Hoyle, unlike Gold and Bondi, offered an explanation for the appearance of new matter by postulating the existence of what he dubbed the \"creation field\", or just the \"C-field\", which had negative pressure in order to be consistent with the conservation of energy and drive the expansion of the universe. These features of the C-field anticipated the later development of cosmic inflation. They jointly argued that continuous creation was no more inexplicable than the appearance of the entire universe from nothing, although it had to be done on a regular basis. In the end, mounting observational evidence convinced most cosmologists", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": "14800188", "score": "1.9027281", "text": "simplify the field equations. The two theories make the same predictions and the Hoyle-Narlikar theory has been shown to be correct according to various cosmological tests. Unlike the standard cosmological model, the quasi steady state hypothesis implies the universe is eternal. According to Narlikar, multiple \"mini bangs\" would occur at the center of quasars, with various creation fields (or C-field) continuously generating matter out of empty space due to local concentration of negative energy that would also prevent violation of conservation laws, in order to keep the mass density constant as the universe expands. The low-temperature cosmic background radiation would", "title": "Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity" }, { "id": "6120145", "score": "1.8782074", "text": "and the consensus became widespread, Hoyle himself, albeit somewhat reluctantly, admitted to it by formulating a new cosmological model that other scientists later referred to as the \"Steady Bang\". From around 1950 to 1965, the support for these theories was evenly divided, with a slight imbalance arising from the fact that the Big Bang theory could explain both the formation and the observed abundances of hydrogen and helium, whereas the Steady State could explain how they were formed, but not why they should have the observed abundances. However, the observational evidence began to support the idea that the universe evolved", "title": "History of the Big Bang theory" }, { "id": "48717", "score": "1.877162", "text": "of the world happened a little before the beginning of space and time. During the 1930s other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory universe (originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Albert Einstein and Richard Tolman) and Fritz Zwicky's tired light hypothesis. After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory,", "title": "Big Bang" }, { "id": "14305650", "score": "1.8694506", "text": "Weinberg wrote in 1972, Since this discovery, the Big Bang theory has been considered to provide the best explanation of the origin of the universe. In most astrophysical publications, the Big Bang is implicitly accepted and is used as the basis of more complete theories. Quasi-steady state cosmology (QSS) was proposed in 1993 by Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Jayant V. Narlikar as a new incarnation of the steady state ideas meant to explain additional features unaccounted for in the initial proposal. The model suggests pockets of creation occurring over time within the universe, sometimes referred to as \"minibangs,\" \"mini-creation", "title": "Steady state model" }, { "id": "5104182", "score": "1.8597047", "text": "Cambridge. In 1958, Hoyle was Plumian professor of astronomy at Cambridge and engaged in the study of the structure and evolution of the stars. Even though he coined the phrase “Big Bang,” Hoyle rejected the ‘big bang’ theory of the origin of the universe in favor of the steady state theory, which claimed that the universe has always looked as it does now. Martin Ryle, however, held to the big bang theory for the creation of the universe in a moment, the theory that eventually held sway. Some of Hoyle’s writings, including science fiction and plays, popularized astronomy. Christopher H.", "title": "The World's Last Night and Other Essays" }, { "id": "48712", "score": "1.8564899", "text": "is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative \"steady state\" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. The Big Bang theory developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912 Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a \"spiral nebula\" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this", "title": "Big Bang" }, { "id": "139400", "score": "1.8555111", "text": "nuclear fusion reactions between abundant constituents in concentric shells of evolved massive, pre-supernova stars. This startlingly modern picture is the accepted paradigm today for the supernova nucleosynthesis of these primary elements. In the mid 1950s, Hoyle became the leader of a group of very talented experimental and theoretical physicists who met in Cambridge: William Alfred Fowler, Margaret Burbidge, and Geoffrey Burbidge. This group systematized basic ideas of how all the chemical elements in our universe were created, with this now being a field called nucleosynthesis. Famously, in 1957, this group produced the BFH paper (known for the initials of the", "title": "Fred Hoyle" }, { "id": "10593704", "score": "1.8547477", "text": "captured the excitement of astronomers. Some believe that Fred Hoyle also deserved similar Nobel Prize recognition for his scholarship creating the theory, and they contend that his unorthodox views concerning the Big Bang played a role in his not being awarded a share of the Nobel Prize. Geoffrey Burbidge wrote in 2008, \"Hoyle should have been awarded a Nobel Prize for this and other work. On the basis of my private correspondence, I believe that a major reason for his exclusion was that W. A. Fowler was believed to be the leader of the group.\" Burbidge stated that this perception", "title": "B2FH paper" }, { "id": "6120144", "score": "1.8498108", "text": "is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative \"steady state\" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. Hoyle repeated the term in further broadcasts in early 1950, as part of a series of five lectures entitled \"The Nature of The Universe\". The text of each lecture was published in \"The Listener\" a week after the broadcast, the first time that the term \"big bang\" appeared in print. As evidence in favour of the Big Bang model mounted,", "title": "History of the Big Bang theory" }, { "id": "17961968", "score": "1.8319705", "text": "the cores of massive stars. He then proposed a theory of the history of the universe known as steady-state cosmology, which has the universe existing forever without an initial Big Bang (as Hoyle derisively dubbed it). He held his belief in the steady state long after observations proved that the Big Bang had happened. Albert Einstein discovered the theory of space, time, and gravitation known as general relativity, and then added a cosmological constant, later known as dark energy. Subsequently, Einstein withdrew his proposal of dark energy, believing it unnecessary. Long after his death, observations suggested that dark energy really", "title": "Logology (science of science)" } ]

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[ { "id": "5154093", "score": "1.925221", "text": "attack the Russian fleet successfully under shore batteries (\"coastal guns\") of the harbor and the Russians declined to leave the harbor for the open seas, especially after the death of Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov on 13 April 1904. After the attack on Port Arthur, the Japanese attempted to deny the Russians use of the port. On the night of 13/14 February, the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to Port Arthur by sinking several cement-filled steamers in the deep water channel to the port. But the steamers, driven off course by Russian gunfire were unable to sink them in the", "title": "Imperial Russian Navy" }, { "id": "4673824", "score": "1.9079486", "text": "bombard the Russian fleet by relocating his heavy howitzers with 500 pound (~220 kg) armor-piercing shells on the summit. This done, he systematically started to sink the Russian ships within range. On December 5, 1904, the battleship \"Poltava\" was destroyed, followed by the battleship \"Retvizan\" on December 7, 1904, the battleships \"Pobeda\" and \"Peresvet\" and the cruisers \"Pallada\" and \"Bayan\" on December 9, 1904. The battleship \"Sevastopol\", although hit 5 times by shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. Stung by the fact that the Russian Pacific Fleet had been sunk by the army and not by", "title": "Siege of Port Arthur" }, { "id": "10372065", "score": "1.8705955", "text": "days and subsequently the cruiser patrolled off Port Arthur. Together with the protected cruiser , the ship sortied on 11 March 1904 to support the destroyer . Under attack by Japanese destroyers, the ship was sunk before help arrived. Early on the morning of 13 April, the Russian destroyer \"Strashnii\" fell in with four Japanese destroyers in the darkness while on patrol. Once her captain realized his mistake, the Russian ship attempted to escape but failed after a Japanese shell struck one of her torpedoes and caused it to detonate. By this time \"Bayan\" had sortied to provide support, but", "title": "Russian cruiser Bayan (1900)" }, { "id": "657283", "score": "1.861197", "text": "the battles of the Yellow Sea (Admiral Vitgeft was killed by a salvo strike from the Japanese battleship \"Asahi\") on 10 August and the Ulsan on 14 August 1904. What remained of Russian naval power would eventually be sunk in Port Arthur. With the inactivity of the First Pacific Squadron after the death of Admiral Makarov and the tightening of the Japanese noose around Port Arthur, the Russians considered sending part of their Baltic Fleet to the Far East. The plan was to relieve Port Arthur by sea, link up with the First Pacific Squadron, overwhelm the Imperial Japanese Navy,", "title": "Battle of Tsushima" }, { "id": "2394809", "score": "1.8580565", "text": "other squadron, with the 4th and 5th flotillas, to attack the Russian base at Dalny. At about 22:30 on Monday 8 February 1904, the Port Arthur attack squadron of 10 destroyers encountered patrolling Russian destroyers. The Russians were under orders not to initiate combat, and turned to report the contact to headquarters. However, as a result of the encounter, two Japanese destroyers collided and fell behind and the remainder became scattered. At circa 00:28 on 9 February, the first four Japanese destroyers approached the port of Port Arthur without being observed, and launched a torpedo attack against the \"Pallada\" (which", "title": "Battle of Port Arthur" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Russo-Japanese War\n\n<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>\n\nThe Russo-Japanese War (; ) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major theatres of military operations were located in Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.\nRussia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean both for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok remained ice-free and operational only during the summer; Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by the Qing dynasty of China from 1897, was operational year round.\nRussia had pursued an expansionist policy east of the Urals, in Siberia and the Far East, since the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century.\nSince the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Japan had feared Russian encroachment would interfere with its plans to establish a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria.\n\nSeeing Russia as a rival, Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of the Korean Empire as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded the establishment of a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan in Korea, north of the 39th parallel. The Imperial Japanese Government perceived this as obstructing their plans for expansion into mainland Asia and chose to go to war. After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Imperial Japanese Navy opened hostilities in a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur, China on .\n\nAlthough Russia suffered a number of defeats, Emperor Nicholas II remained convinced that Russia could still win if it fought on; he chose to remain engaged in the war and await the outcomes of key naval battles. As hope of victory dissipated, he continued the war to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a \"humiliating peace.\" Russia ignored Japan's willingness early on to agree to an armistice and rejected the idea of bringing the dispute to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague. The war was eventually concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth (), mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt. The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised international observers and transformed the balance of power in both East Asia and Europe, resulting in Japan's emergence as a great power and a decline in the Russian Empire's prestige and influence in Europe. Russia's incurrence of substantial casualties and losses for a cause that resulted in humiliating defeat contributed to a growing domestic unrest which culminated in the 1905 Russian Revolution, and severely damaged the prestige of the Russian autocracy.", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Port Arthur\n\nThe of 8–9 February 1904 marked the commencement of the Russo-Japanese War. It began with a surprise night attack by a squadron of Japanese destroyers on the neutral Russian fleet anchored at Port Arthur, Manchuria, and continued with an engagement the following morning; further skirmishing off Port Arthur would continue until May 1904. The attack ended inconclusively, though the war resulted in a decisive Japanese victory.", "title": "Battle of Port Arthur" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Battle of Tsushima\n\nThe Battle of Tsushima (Japanese:対馬沖海戦, Tsushimaoki\"-Kaisen\", , \"Tsusimskoye srazheniye\"), also known as the Battle of Tsushima Strait and the Naval Battle of Sea of Japan (Japanese: 日本海海戦, Nihonkai\"-Kaisen\") in Japan, was a major naval battle fought between Russia and Japan during the Russo-Japanese War. It was naval history's first, and so far the last, decisive sea battle fought by modern steel battleship fleets and the first naval battle in which wireless telegraphy (radio) played a critically important role. It has been characterized as the \"dying echo of the old era – for the last time in the history of naval warfare, ships of the line of a beaten fleet surrendered on the high seas\".\n\nIt was fought on 27–28 May 1905 (14–15 May in the Julian calendar then in use in Russia) in the Tsushima Strait located between Korea and southern Japan. In this battle the Japanese fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō destroyed the Russian fleet, under Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, which had traveled over to reach the Far East. In London in 1906, Sir George Sydenham Clarke wrote, \"The battle of Tsu-shima is by far the greatest and the most important naval event since Trafalgar\"; decades later, historian Edmund Morris agreed with this judgment. The destruction of the fleet caused a bitter reaction from the Russian public, which induced a peace treaty in September 1905 without any further battles. Conversely, in Japan it was hailed as one of the greatest naval victories in Japanese history, and Admiral Tōgō was revered as a national hero. The battleship \"Mikasa\", from which Tōgō commanded the battle, has been preserved as a museum ship in Yokosuka Harbour.\n\nPrior to the Russo-Japanese War, countries constructed their battleships with mixed batteries of mainly 6-inch (152 mm), 8-inch (203 mm), 10-inch (254 mm) and 12-inch (305 mm) guns, with the intent that these battleships fight on the battle line in a close-quarter, decisive fleet action. The Battle of Tsushima conclusively demonstrated that battleship speed and big guns with longer ranges were more advantageous in naval battles than mixed batteries of different sizes.", "title": "Battle of Tsushima" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Siege of Port Arthur\n\nThe siege of Port Arthur (, \"Ryojun Kōisen\"; , \"Oborona Port-Artura\", August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905) was the longest and most violent land battle of the Russo-Japanese War.\n\nPort Arthur, the deep-water port and Russian naval base at the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, had been widely regarded as one of the most strongly fortified positions in the world. However, during the First Sino-Japanese War, General Nogi Maresuke had taken the city from the forces of Qing China in only a few days. The ease of his victory during the previous conflict, and overconfidence by the Japanese General Staff in its ability to overcome improved Russian fortifications, led to a much longer campaign and far greater losses than expected.\n\nThe siege of Port Arthur saw the introduction of much technology used in subsequent wars of the 20th century (particularly in World War I) including massive 28 cm howitzers capable of hurling shells over , as well as rapid-firing light howitzers, Maxim machine guns, bolt-action magazine rifles, barbed wire entanglements, electric fences, arc lamp, searchlights, tactical radio signalling (and, in response, the first military use of radio jamming), hand grenades, extensive trench warfare, and the use of modified naval mines as land weapons.", "title": "Siege of Port Arthur" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Imperial Russian Navy\n\nThe Imperial Russian Navy () operated as the navy of the Russian Tsardom and later the Russian Empire from 1696 to 1917. Formally established in 1696, it lasted until dissolved in the wake of the February Revolution of 1917. It developed from a smaller force that had existed prior to Tsar Peter the Great's founding of the modern Russian navy during the Second Azov campaign in 1696. It expanded in the second half of the 18th century and reached its peak strength by the early part of the 19th century, behind only the British and French fleets in terms of size.\n\nThe Imperial Navy drew its officers from the aristocracy of the Empire, who belonged to the state Russian Orthodox Church. Young aristocrats began to be trained for leadership at a national naval school. From 1818 on, only officers of the Imperial Russian Navy were appointed to the position of Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company, based in Russian America (present-day Alaska) for colonization and fur-trade development. Although the early Imperial Navy initially employed paid foreign sailors, the government began to recruit native-born sailors as conscripts, drafted (as were men to serve in the army). Service in the navy was lifelong. Many naval commanders and recruits came from Imperial Russia's non-Russian lands with maritime traditions - Finland and (especially) the Baltic governorates.\n\nThe Russian Navy went into a period of decline due to the Empire's slow technical and economic development in the first half of the 19th century. It had a revival in the latter part of the century during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II (), but most of its Pacific Fleet (along with the Baltic Fleet sent to the Far East) was destroyed in the humiliating Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.\n\nThe navy had mixed experiences during the First World War, with the Germans generally gaining the upper hand in the Baltic Sea, while the Russians took control of the Black Sea. The Russian Revolution marked the end of the Imperial Navy; its officers had mostly aligned with the emperor, and the sailors split to fight on either side during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922. The Soviet Navy, established as the Red Fleet in 1918 after the Revolution, took over the available surviving ships.\n\nStrategically, the Imperial Russian Navy faced two over-arching issues: the use of ice-free ports and open access to the high seas. Saint Petersburg and the other Baltic ports, as well as Vladivostok, could not operate in winter, hence the push for Russia to establish naval facilities on the Black Sea coast and (eventually) at Murmansk. And even substantial naval forces in the Baltic Sea remained confined by the lack of free access to the Atlantic via the Øresund, just as the Black Sea Fleet could not always rely on passage through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. As a result, separate naval groupings developed in relative isolation in the Baltic, the Black Sea, the Russian Far East and the Arctic.", "title": "Imperial Russian Navy" }, { "id": "15353475", "score": "1.851105", "text": "and 5 gunboats), based in Port Arthur. Other ships of the \"Siberian Military Flotilla\" (4 cruisers, 10 torpedo boats) were stationed in Vladivostok. During the Russo-Japanese War, most of the Russian Navy in the Pacific was destroyed. The Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, renamed the Second Pacific Squadron, was defeated at the Battle of Tsushima. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, the sailors of the Pacific Fleet were actively engaged in the revolutionary movement, participating in armed revolts in Vladivostok in January 1906 and October 1907. During the October Revolution of 1917, the sailors of the Siberian and", "title": "Pacific Fleet (Russia)" }, { "id": "2394825", "score": "1.845872", "text": "mines each, eliminating one-third of Japan's battleship force, the worst day for the Japanese Navy during the war. Further naval operations from Port Arthur resulted in two break-out attempts by the Russians. The first was on 23 June 1904, and the second on 10 August, the latter of which resulted in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, which was tactically inconclusive. Afterwards, the Russian fleet did not make any more attempts to break out from their port, while the Japanese fleet dominated the waters for the duration of the war. But mines laid by Russian minelayers were a continuing problem", "title": "Battle of Port Arthur" }, { "id": "554090", "score": "1.8454347", "text": "prowess. Japanese troops proceeded to land at several points on the Manchurian coast, and in a series of engagements, drove the Russians back towards Port Arthur. The subsequent battles, including the Battle of Nanshan on 25 May 1904, were marked by heavy Japanese losses largely from attacking entrenched Russian positions. With the death of Admiral Stepan Makarov during the siege of Port Arthur in April 1904, Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft was appointed commander of the battle fleet and was ordered to make a sortie from Port Arthur and deploy his force to Vladivostok. Flying his flag in the French-built pre-dreadnought \"Tsesarevich\",", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" }, { "id": "7807217", "score": "1.8436272", "text": "of Port Arthur kept most of the Russian naval vessels assigned to the Pacific Squadron inside the port, despite several failed attempts at breakout. On 14 August, three of the four Vladivostok-based cruisers sortied towards Port Arthur (\"Bogatyr\" having received damage due to grounding) in an attempt to assist in lifting the Japanese blockade. They were met by a squadron of Japanese warships commanded by Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō in the Tsushima Strait between Korea and Japan, which resulted in the Battle off Ulsan. The Japanese force had four modern armored cruisers, , , , and . Early in the", "title": "Russian cruiser Rurik (1892)" }, { "id": "10372063", "score": "1.8417346", "text": "Pacific Squadron. On the night of 8/9 February 1904, the IJN launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. \"Bayan\" was not hit by the initial torpedo-boat incursion and sortied the following morning when the Combined Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, attacked. Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his ships to be much more successful than it was, anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened, but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his assault. The Japanese vessels had been spotted by the protected cruiser , which", "title": "Russian cruiser Bayan (1900)" }, { "id": "7941678", "score": "1.8381826", "text": "her quarterdeck to (unsuccessfully) locate Japanese shipping; the first use of an aerial device by a warship on the high seas during a time of war. During the war the bulk of the Russian Pacific Fleet was located in Port Arthur where they were blockaded by the Japanese. On 10 August 1904 the ships at Port Arthur attempted breakout to Vladivostok, but were turned back in the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Admiral Jessen was ordered to rendezvous with them, but the order was delayed and his ships had to raise steam, so he did not sortie until the evening", "title": "Russian cruiser Rossia" }, { "id": "3864485", "score": "1.8374159", "text": "1st Fleet. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 when Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected his surprise night attack on the Russians by his destroyers to be much more successful than it actually was and expected to find them badly disorganized and weakened, but the Russians had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. The Japanese ships were spotted by the cruiser which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences.", "title": "Japanese battleship Mikasa" }, { "id": "4700456", "score": "1.8310137", "text": "Navy squadron of Vice Admiral Manuel de la Cámara y Libermoore in port there. The attempt failed when she came under fire by Spanish ships and fortifications and sank without blocking the entrance. In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, the Imperial Japanese Navy made three attempts to block the entrance to the Imperial Russian Navy base at Port Arthur, Manchuria, China, by scuttling transports. Although the Japanese scuttled five transports on 23 February, four on 27 March, and eight on 3 May, none of the attacks succeeded in blocking the entrance. The Russians also scuttled four steamers at the entrance", "title": "Scuttling" }, { "id": "554079", "score": "1.8307645", "text": "major naval base by the Russian Imperial Army. Since it needed to control the sea in order to fight a war on the Asian mainland, Japan's first military objective was to neutralize the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. On the night of 8 February 1904, the Japanese fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō opened the war with a surprise torpedo boat destroyer attack on the Russian ships at Port Arthur. The attack heavily damaged the \"Tsesarevich\" and \"Retvizan\", the heaviest battleships in Russia's far Eastern theater, and the 6,600 ton cruiser \"Pallada\". These attacks developed into the Battle of Port Arthur", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" }, { "id": "2394808", "score": "1.8274279", "text": "nearby Dalny, and most of the officer corps was celebrating at a party being hosted by Admiral Stark on the night of 9 February 1904. As Admiral Tōgō had received false information from local spies in and around Port Arthur that the garrisons of the forts guarding the port were on full alert, he was unwilling to risk his precious capital ships to the Russian shore artillery and therefore held back his main battle fleet. Instead, the destroyer force was split into two attack squadrons, one squadron with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd flotillas to attack Port Arthur, and the", "title": "Battle of Port Arthur" }, { "id": "8136523", "score": "1.8267088", "text": "of Japan and Russia, \"Boyarin\" was deployed to Chemulpo (now Incheon) in Korea in December 1903 to safeguard Russian interests. She was relieved by the arrival of the on 30 December 1903 and returned to Port Arthur. On the night of 8 February 1904, in the Battle of Port Arthur, the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War, Imperial Japanese Navy destroyers launched a pre-emptive strike on the First Pacific Squadron anchored in the roadstead outside Port Arthur. Admiral Oskar Stark sent a squadron that included \"Boyarin\" in pursuit, but it succeeded only in attacking a Russian destroyer heading into port", "title": "Russian cruiser Boyarin" }, { "id": "7859193", "score": "1.8250711", "text": "headed back to Port Arthur. Slightly more than two months later, on 26 October, \"Asahi\" struck a mine off Port Arthur while on blockade duty. Severely damaged, she was under repair at Sasebo Naval Arsenal from November 1904 to April 1905. Russian naval forces in the Far East had been destroyed or neutralized by this time and the Russians were forced to transfer ships from the Baltic Fleet that did not arrive until May. At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, \"Asahi\" again followed the battleship into combat, this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons. \"Mikasa\"", "title": "Japanese battleship Asahi" }, { "id": "2394820", "score": "1.8228762", "text": "telegram needed to be sent. On Tuesday 8 March 1904, Russian Admiral Stepan Makarov arrived in Port Arthur to assume command from the unfortunate Admiral Stark, thus raising Russian morale. He raised his flag on the newly repaired \"Askold\". On the morning of Thursday 10 March 1904, the Russian fleet took to the offensive, and attacked the blockading Japanese squadron, but to little effect. In the evening of 10 March 1904, the Japanese attempted a ruse by sending four destroyers close to the harbor. The Russians took the bait, and sent out six destroyers in pursuit; whereupon the Japanese mined", "title": "Battle of Port Arthur" }, { "id": "3494504", "score": "1.8202491", "text": "Vladivostok on 10 August 1904. Vitgeft's exit from Port Arthur resulted in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, an excessively long-ranged gun duel that resulted in no capital warships being sunk on either side, but finally eliminated Port Arthur's \"fleet in being\", as its warships became dispersed to neutral ports (where they were interned), and the survivors were so heavily damaged that they were no longer serviceable. A later example is the stand-off between the German High Seas Fleet and the British Grand Fleet during World War I. Germany largely preferred to keep its fleet intact rather than taking the", "title": "Fleet in being" }, { "id": "2394807", "score": "1.8178058", "text": "deliver a crushing blow to the Russian fleet soon after the severance of diplomatic relations between the Japanese and Russian governments. On the Russian side, Admiral Stark had the pre-dreadnought battleships , , , , , , and , supported by the armored cruiser and the protected cruisers , , , , and , all based within the protection of the fortified naval base of Port Arthur. However, the defenses of Port Arthur were not as strong as they could have been, as few of the shore artillery batteries were operational, funds for improving the defenses had been diverted to", "title": "Battle of Port Arthur" } ]

[ "The price of something", "price of something" ]

[ { "id": "13464654", "score": "1.6417392", "text": "address the prime minister, Ferrell asked 'can I just call you Jules?'. He then proceeded to ask Gillard for advice on how to improve his hair, to which she suggested that he take himself to a hair-dresser right away and spend 'buckets and buckets of money on in-salon treatments'. Pickering took time off in late October to cover the US election and for personal leave. Hughes will take leave in December. On 29 August 2012, Carrie Bickmore mispronounced the word 'Qantas' as 'Cuntas' during a reading of the news headlines. (The first syllable of the mispronounced word sounded too vulgar", "title": "The Project (Australian TV program)" }, { "id": "8410332", "score": "1.5077281", "text": "by Foxtel, either.\" At the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympics, the IOC President, Juan Antonio Samaranch reflected the spirit of the whole affair when, during his formal speech, he said, \"What can I say? Maybe, with my Spanish accent, Aussie! Aussie! Aussie!\". The response to these words came from all around the stadium, \"Oi! Oi! Oi!\". In 2004, a Melbourne couple, inspired by a Dick Smith campaign supporting Australian-made products, and following publicity surrounding the ownership of the trademark for the Australian-developed Ugg boots being owned by a United States company, registered the phrase as an official trademark", "title": "Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi" }, { "id": "13343801", "score": "1.4786947", "text": "at the University of New South Wales' Journalism and Media Research Centre (JMRC). Emma Jane Emma Jane (born November 1969), previously known as Emma Tom, is an Australian media commentator. She once wrote a weekly column for \"The Australian\" newspaper and also makes regular appearances on Australian television and radio. She received an Edna Ryan Award in 2001 for humour. She has written six books including \"Deadset\", a first novel which won the 1998 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book for South East Asia and the South Pacific. She has sung and played bass in Australian rock bands The", "title": "Emma Jane" }, { "id": "2891211", "score": "1.4768255", "text": "Muammar Gaddafi, claiming both were delusional. Abbott refused to condemn Mirabella, instead terming the comparison colourful and not language he would use. In 2012, she denounced fellow Liberal NSW Senator Bill Heffernan by telling him to \"Oh, why don't you go and pop your Alzheimer's pills\". This was in response to Heffernan branding a fellow Liberal senator a \"fuckwit\". Prior to the 2013 federal election, retiring independent MP Tony Windsor nominated Mirabella for \"the nasty prize\" when asked who was the person he would miss least in politics on the ABC \"Insiders\" program. \"She is the nastiest — I reckon", "title": "Sophie Mirabella" }, { "id": "13343800", "score": "1.4713807", "text": "Emma Jane Emma Jane (born November 1969), previously known as Emma Tom, is an Australian media commentator. She once wrote a weekly column for \"The Australian\" newspaper and also makes regular appearances on Australian television and radio. She received an Edna Ryan Award in 2001 for humour. She has written six books including \"Deadset\", a first novel which won the 1998 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book for South East Asia and the South Pacific. She has sung and played bass in Australian rock bands The Titanics (with her then-husband David McCormack) and 16dd, and has completed a PhD", "title": "Emma Jane" }, { "id": "5532015", "score": "1.4662817", "text": "is constructed. Although \"he\" and \"him\" are masculine pronouns in standard English, in Aboriginal English, particularly in northern Australia, it may also be used for females and inanimate objects. The distinction between \"he\" as the nominative form and \"him\" as the oblique form is not always observed, and \"him\" may be found as the subject of a verb. In some forms of Aboriginal English, \"fellow\" (also spelt \"fella\", \"feller\", \"fullah\", \"fulla\", \"balla\" etc.) is used in combination with adjectives or numerals, e.g. \"big fella business\" = \"important business\", \"one-feller girl\" = \"one girl\". This can give it an adverbial meaning,", "title": "Australian Aboriginal English" }, { "id": "18159435", "score": "1.4443822", "text": "child care. Rush has acted as a media consultant over issues relating to sexualisation, advertising and pornography debates by ABC Radio, Australia, ABC News, Australia, \"The Sydney Morning Herald\", \"The Conversation\", and Melinda Tankard Reist's website. Emma Rush Emma Rush is a lecturer in philosophy and ethics at Charles Sturt University Faculty of Arts, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, notable for her work on sexualisation of children. In 2006, Rush worked on a series of reports for The Australia Institute. Two of the reports which she co-authored led to a senate inquiry into the sexualisation of children. Rush has", "title": "Emma Rush" }, { "id": "7593585", "score": "1.4382774", "text": "\"bevan\" in Queensland. These variations, however, have almost completely been replaced by the term \"bogan\". Distinctive grammatical patterns also exist such as the use of the interrogative \"eh?\" and the position of the word \"but\" at the end of a sentence in Queensland (\"But I don't like him\" becomes \"I don't like him but\"). There exists significant regional variation in terms of the extent to which the trap–bath split has taken hold particularly before (especially the suffix \"-mand\"), , , and . In words like \"chance\", \"plant\", \"branch\", \"sample\" and \"demand\", the majority of Australians use (as in \"bad\"). Some,", "title": "Variation in Australian English" }, { "id": "4693267", "score": "1.4361248", "text": "\"china\" (plate) for \"mate\". Some specifically Australian examples are \"dead horse\" for \"sauce\", \"Jack Holt\" for \"salt\" (one famous Jack Holt was a horse trainer, another a boxing promoter), \"Barry Crocker\" for \"shocker\" (Crocker is a well-known entertainer). \"Chunder\" for \"vomit\" most likely comes from \"Chunder Loo\" = \"spew\" (\"Chunder Loo of Akim Foo\" was a Norman Lindsay character; \"spew\" is synonym for \"vomit\"). Australian English vocabulary draws heavily on diminutives and abbreviations. These may be confusing to foreign speakers when they are used in everyday conversations. There are over 5,000 identified diminutives in use. While other English dialects use", "title": "Australian English vocabulary" }, { "id": "8410331", "score": "1.4295168", "text": "but at the extreme may act as a symbol of aggressive nationalism and xenophobia. In 2012, after Foxtel offered a $10,000 prize in a competition for coming up with a new phrase to cheer on athletes, Germaine Greer argued: \"The cry is catchy. Any crowd can pick it up and it cuts through the surrounding white noise like a military tattoo. It is as jingoistic to reject it because it was originally British as it would be to prize it for the same reason ... There will be no silencing Australian fans at the Olympics and they won't be bullied", "title": "Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi" }, { "id": "20080807", "score": "1.4236715", "text": "is the best of all possibles because they considered change an abomination. In a 2013 article in \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" relating to Australian radio personalities, Neil McMahon claimed that few national radio announcers “get on your goat” more than Ian McNamara hosting \"Australia All Over\". To illustrate his point, McMahon included actual complaints about McNamara, which included listeners criticising the way he described an Australian Federal Police officer \"too pretty to be a geek\", and the way he asked who the woman was that got “throttled” by her husband. McMahon also cited another self-proclaimed “glued-on ABC listener for 50", "title": "Australia All Over" }, { "id": "13464681", "score": "1.4199793", "text": "show promoting his new show, \"I Will Survive\". During the interview, Sheridan called South Australian town Port Augusta \"Port A-Gutta\", which was seen as a mockery of Aboriginal slang by locals. In August 2014, while interviewing Senator Eric Abetz, panelist Mia Freedman stated the link between abortion and breast cancer to be factually incorrect. Freedman referenced the Australian Medical Association as a source that claimed there is no link, when the AMA had no position and no policy on the link. On 24 June 2015, controversy again was caused when \"The Project\" guest was former terror suspect Zaky Mallah. The", "title": "The Project (Australian TV program)" }, { "id": "1502909", "score": "1.4155271", "text": "Aussie Aussie or Ozzie is Australian slang for an Australian and less commonly, Australia. Aussie can be used in the form of an adjective, noun, or proper noun. In Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, the word is pronounced , hence the alternative form \"Ozzie\"; however, in the United States, it is most often pronounced . Pronouncing the word with a is considered by Australians to be a canonically American error. \"Aussie\" is used defensively by some Australians as a term of identification for people and as a nickname for the traditional", "title": "Aussie" }, { "id": "3489992", "score": "1.4155021", "text": "from 1975 to 1996. She appeared in news and current affairs programs such as \"Four Corners\" and \"The 7.30 Report\". She received a Gold Walkley award for the story \"Aiding and Abetting\" which was shown and produced by \"Four Corners\" in 1983. \"Aiding and Abetting\" was about the improper use of Australian aid money in the Philippines. In the late 1980s, Delahunty, then the chief newsreader for the ABC in Victoria, was parodied by comedian Jean Kittson on \"The Big Gig\", where Kittson portrayed a snobbish, acid-tongued announcer called Veronica Glenhuntly (whose surname was taken from that of the elite", "title": "Mary Delahunty" }, { "id": "18924", "score": "1.4122276", "text": "New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland and the Torres Strait Islands differ slightly in vocabulary and phonology. Most regional differences are in word usage. Swimming clothes are known as \"cossies\" or \"swimmers\" in New South Wales, \"togs\" in Queensland, and \"bathers\" in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. What most of Australia calls a \"stroller\" is usually called a \"pram\" in Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania. Preference for some synonymous words also differ between states. \"Garbage\" (i.e., garbage bin, garbage truck) dominates over \"rubbish\" in New South Wales and Queensland, while \"rubbish\" is more popular in Victoria, Tasmania,", "title": "Australian English" }, { "id": "285866", "score": "1.4089396", "text": "This often has the effect of making their statement sound like another question. There is enough awareness of this that it is seen in exaggerated form in comedy parody of New Zealanders, such as in the 1970s comedy character \"Lyn Of Tawa\". This rising intonation can also be heard at the end of statements that are not in response to a question but to which the speaker wishes to add emphasis. High rising terminals are also heard in Australia. In informal speech, some New Zealanders use the third person feminine \"she\" in place of the third person neuter \"it\" as", "title": "New Zealand English" }, { "id": "13990280", "score": "1.407976", "text": "English accent, incongruous to his White British heritage and littered with frequent profanity. Ashley is shown in glimpses to be skilled with and appreciative of language; he describes poems he has accidentally received from male British Army soldiers stationed in Afghanistan as \"elegantly structured\" and often uses thoughtful and advanced vocabulary, albeit punctuated with slang and swear words. It is suggested that Ashley does have some ability as a salesman; Razz Prince invites him to interview for the mythical \"Elite Selling Crew,\" an offer Ashley rejects because it would mean competing for the position against his best friend Jerwayne. Emma", "title": "PhoneShop" }, { "id": "10666904", "score": "1.4070191", "text": "as the best performer during the campaign, with then Prime Minister John Howard in second place. Of Mark Latham their submission stated; \"the most common themes were: perceived aggression, concern he had been watered down for the campaign, inexperience, constantly going on about background, glib answers, bully boy tactics of the past\" In the 2010 Federal Election campaign EMILY's List undertook Gender Gap research in six key marginal seats and undertook a targeted campaign incorporating materials along the themes of 'We Can't Trust Tony', 'Let's Make History' and 'Torpedo the Speedo'. In the 2012 Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory", "title": "EMILY's List Australia" }, { "id": "18930", "score": "1.4060462", "text": "much\" and \"you're not wrong\", are also used, as are diminutives, which are commonly used and are often used to indicate familiarity. Some common examples are \"arvo\" (afternoon), \"barbie\" (barbecue), \"smoko\" (cigarette break), \"Aussie\" (Australian) and \"pressie\" (present/gift). This may also be done with people's names to create nicknames (other English speaking countries create similar diminutives). For example, \"Gazza\" from Gary, or \"Smitty\" from John Smith. The use of the suffix \"-o\" originates in Irish Gaelic (Irish \"ó\"), which is both a postclitic and a suffix with much the same meaning as in Australian English. In informal speech, incomplete comparisons", "title": "Australian English" }, { "id": "12177758", "score": "1.403939", "text": "judgment.\" Prime Minister Tony Abbott condemned the broadcaster for \"giving Mallah a platform,\" asking \"Which side is the ABC on?\" and saying that they had \"betrayed\" Australia. When the ABC repeated the program, he said that \"heads should roll\". He banned members of his Front Bench appearing on the program, later offering to permit them if the show was the ABC's Television section to News and Current Affairs. The ABC moved forward their plans to move the program, which an ABC source characterised as \"the biggest example of editorial interference I've ever heard of\". The ABC released a statement apologising", "title": "Q&A (Australian talk show)" } ]

[ "Hogmanay", "edinburgh s hogmanay", "Hogmany", "hogmany", "hogmanay", "Edinburgh's Hogmanay" ]

[ { "id": "194839", "score": "1.6686835", "text": "if this is simply a case of folk etymology. Overall, Gaelic consistently refers to the New Year's Eve as \"Oidhche na Bliadhn(a) Ùir(e)\" (\"the Night of the New Year\") and \"Oidhche Challainn\" (\"the Night of the Calends\"). Some authors reject both the French and Goidelic theories, and instead suggest that the ultimate source both for the Norman French, Scots, and Goidelic variants of this word have a common Norse root. It is suggested that the full forms invoke the hill-men (Icelandic \"haugmenn\", cf Anglo-Saxon \"hoghmen\") or \"elves\" and banishes the trolls into the sea (Norse \"á læ\" \"into the sea\").", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "194834", "score": "1.6286409", "text": "new year. The etymology of the word is obscure. The earliest proposed etymology comes from the 1693 \"Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence\", which held that the term was a corruption of the Greek \"\" (), or \"holy month\". The three main modern theories derive it from a French, Norse or Gaelic root. The word is first recorded in a Latin entry in 1443 annals as \"hagnonayse\". The first appearance in English came in 1604 in the records of Elgin, as \"hagmonay\". Subsequent 17th-century spellings include \"Hagmena\" (1677), \"Hogmynae night\" (1681), and \"Hagmane\" (1693) in an entry of the \"Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence\". Although", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "12861035", "score": "1.6282979", "text": "in Edinburgh were cancelled on the day, again due to high winds and heavy rain. \"Hogmanay\" is the Scots word for New Year's Eve. In Scotland, New Year's (\"Hogmanay\") is celebrated with several different customs, such as First-Footing, which involves friends or family members going to each other's houses with a gift of whisky and sometimes a lump of coal. In Edinburgh, it now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the street party beginning on Hogmanay. Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Céilidh, where well-known artists perform and ticket holders", "title": "Edinburgh's Hogmanay" }, { "id": "1964556", "score": "1.5839446", "text": "involved more than 10,000 musicians, cheerleaders and performers. Other major New Year events are held in the cities of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, and Newcastle. In Scotland, New Year's (\"Hogmanay\") is celebrated with several different customs, such as First-Footing, which involves friends or family members going to each other's houses with a gift of whisky and sometimes a lump of coal. Edinburgh, the Scottish capital, hosts one of the world's most famous New Year celebrations. The celebration is focused on a major street party along Princes Street. The cannon is fired at Edinburgh Castle at the stroke of midnight, followed", "title": "New Year's Eve" }, { "id": "194852", "score": "1.560993", "text": "in 1958. Conversely, 1 and 2 January are public holidays and Hogmanay still is associated with as much celebration as Christmas in Scotland. Most Scots still celebrate New Year's Day with a special dinner, usually steak pie. As in much of the world, the largest Scottish cities – Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen – hold all-night celebrations, as do Stirling and Inverness. The Edinburgh Hogmanay celebrations are among the largest in the world. Celebrations in Edinburgh in 1996–97 were recognised by the \"Guinness Book of Records\" as the world's largest New Years party, with approximately 400,000 people in attendance. Numbers have", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hogmanay\n\nHogmanay ( , ) is the Scots word for the last day of the old year and is synonymous with the celebration of the New Year in the Scottish manner. It is normally followed by further celebration on the morning of New Year's Day (1 January) or in some cases, 2 January—a Scottish bank holiday.\n\nThe origins of Hogmanay are unclear, but it may be derived from Norse and Gaelic observances of the winter solstice. Customs vary throughout Scotland, and usually include gift-giving and visiting the homes of friends and neighbours, with special attention given to the first-foot, the first guest of the new year.", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Auld Lang Syne\n\n\"Auld Lang Syne\" (; note rather than ) is a popular song, particularly in the English-speaking world. Traditionally, it is sung to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve. By extension, it is also often heard at funerals, graduations, and as a farewell or ending to other occasions; for instance, many branches of the Scouting movement use it to close jamborees and other functions.\n\nThe text is a Scots-language poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 but based on an older Scottish folk song. In 1799, it was set to a traditional tune, which has since become standard. \"Auld Lang Syne\" is listed as numbers 6294 and 13892 in the Roud Folk Song Index.\n\nThe poem's Scots title may be translated into standard English as \"old long since\" or, less literally, \"long long ago\", \"days gone by\", \"times long past\" or \"old times\". Consequently, \"For auld lang syne\", as it appears in the first line of the chorus, might be loosely translated as \"for the sake of old times\".\n\nThe phrase \"Auld Lang Syne\" is also used in similar poems by Robert Ayton (1570–1638), Allan Ramsay (1686–1757), and James Watson (1711), as well as older folk songs predating Burns. Matthew Fitt uses the phrase \"in the days of auld lang syne\" as the equivalent of \"once upon a time\" in his retelling of fairy tales in the Scots language.", "title": "Auld Lang Syne" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Year's Eve\n\nIn the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Eve, also known as Old Year's Day or Saint Sylvester's Day in many countries, is the evening or the entire day of the last day of the year, on 31 December. The last day of the year is commonly referred to as “New Year’s Eve”. In many countries, New Year's Eve is celebrated with dancing, eating, drinking, and watching or lighting fireworks. Some Christians attend a watchnight service. The celebrations generally go on past midnight into New Year's Day, 1 January.\n\nThe Line Islands (part of Kiribati), Samoa and Tonga, in the Pacific Ocean, are the first places to welcome the New Year, while American Samoa, Baker Island and Howland Island (part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands) are among the last.", "title": "New Year's Eve" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Samhain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Edinburgh's Hogmanay\n\nEdinburgh's Hogmanay is the observance of Hogmanay—the Scottish celebration of the New Year—held in Edinburgh, Scotland.", "title": "Edinburgh's Hogmanay" }, { "id": "194836", "score": "1.5482287", "text": "a suggested Latin derivation of \" \"in this year.\" This explanation is supported by a children's tradition, observed up to the 1960s in some parts of Scotland at least, of visiting houses in their locality on New Year's Eve and requesting and receiving small treats such as sweets or fruit. The second element would appear to be \" (the New Year), with some sources suggesting a druidical origin of the practice overall. Compare those to Norman \"hoguinané\" and the obsolete customs in Jersey of crying \"ma hodgîngnole\", and in Guernsey of asking for an \"oguinane\", for a New Year gift", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "5354426", "score": "1.5424659", "text": "and to be intended to cleanse the village of evil spirits in advance of the new year (albeit the new year's commencing in January is a relatively modern convention). The use of the birch tree specifically may have significance as the first letter of the Celtic Ogham alphabet, and a symbol of new beginning. The spectacle attracts thousands of visitors from all around the world to the small highland village each Hogmanay. A countdown to midnight is usually held at Melville Square and after the processions people gather here again for traditional Scottish music and dancing. Drinking alcohol in the", "title": "Comrie" }, { "id": "194854", "score": "1.5410124", "text": "of the New Year. A roast dinner would be eaten to celebrate the festival. \"Handsel\" was a word for gift and hence \"Handsel Day\". In modern Scotland this practice has died out. Hogmanay Hogmanay (; ) is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the New Year (Gregorian calendar) in the Scottish manner. It is normally followed by further celebration on the morning of New Year's Day (1 January) or, in some cases, 2 January—a Scottish bank holiday. The origins of Hogmanay are unclear, but it may be derived from", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "194833", "score": "1.5369651", "text": "Hogmanay Hogmanay (; ) is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the New Year (Gregorian calendar) in the Scottish manner. It is normally followed by further celebration on the morning of New Year's Day (1 January) or, in some cases, 2 January—a Scottish bank holiday. The origins of Hogmanay are unclear, but it may be derived from Norse and Gaelic observances. Customs vary throughout Scotland, and usually include gift-giving and visiting the homes of friends and neighbours, with special attention given to the first-foot, the first guest of the", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "1964557", "score": "1.5262156", "text": "by a large fireworks display. Edinburgh hosts a festival of four or five days, beginning on 28 December, and lasting until New Year's Day or 2 January, which is also a bank holiday in Scotland. Other cities across Scotland, such as Aberdeen, Glasgow and Stirling have large organised celebrations too, including fireworks at midnight. BBC Scotland broadcast the celebrations in Edinburgh to a Scottish audience, with the celebrations also screened across the world. STV covers both worldwide New Year celebrations, and details of events happening around Scotland. The Welsh tradition of giving gifts and money on New Year's Day ()", "title": "New Year's Eve" }, { "id": "6868312", "score": "1.514291", "text": "Hen Galan) and Switzerland (as alter Silvester). In Scotland, the Old New Year has traditionally been held on 12 January. In the first half of the 20th century, large segments of the Scottish Gaelic community still observed the feast and today, it is still marked in South Uist and Eriskay as Oidhche Challaig and as Oidhche Challainn in Glenfinnan. Also in Scotland, the coastal town of Burghead in Morayshire celebrates the eve of the Old New Year with \"The Burning o' the Clavie\". Old New Year is the 12th of January in this district as well. The Berbers of North", "title": "Old New Year" }, { "id": "194835", "score": "1.4834678", "text": "\"Hogmanay\" is currently the predominant spelling and pronunciation, a number of variant spellings and pronunciations have been recorded, including: with the first syllable variously being , , , or . It may have been introduced to Middle Scots via French. The most commonly cited explanation is a derivation from the northern French dialectal word \"hoguinané\", or variants such as \"hoginane\", \"hoginono\" and \"hoguinettes\", those being derived from 16th century Middle French \"aguillanneuf\" meaning either a gift given at New Year, a children's cry for such a gift, or New Year's Eve itself. Compare also the apparent Spanish cognate \"aguinaldo/aguilando\", with", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "7441961", "score": "1.4761443", "text": "Faoilleach ' or ', anglicised as Fulteachs, futtick, furtock etc., is a Scottish Gaelic term which originally referred to a certain period in the agricultural calendar and which refers to the first month of the year, January, in modern Scottish Gaelic. Nowadays, the term has fallen out of English and Lowland Scots, but is still used in Gaelic for the month of January specifically. It would appear to be a very old term, as it seems to come from ' or ' meaning a wolf, a creature which has been extinct in Scotland for centuries. The Gael of old regarded", "title": "Faoilleach" }, { "id": "194845", "score": "1.4629843", "text": "midnight approached. Bakers in St Andrews baked special cakes for their Hogmanay celebration (known as \"Cake Day\") and distributed them to local children. Institutions also had their own traditions. For example, amongst the Scottish regiments, officers waited on the men at special dinners while at the bells, the Old Year is piped out of barrack gates. The sentry then challenges the new escort outside the gates: \"Who goes there?\" The answer is \"The New Year, all's well.\" An old custom in the Highlands – which has survived to a small extent and seen some degree of revival – is to", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "16113402", "score": "1.4398746", "text": "– a Presbyterian church – for various reasons never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival. Christmas Day only became a public holiday in 1958, and Boxing Day in 1974. The New Year's Eve festivity, Hogmanay, was by far the largest celebration in Scotland. The gift-giving, public holidays and feasting associated with mid-winter were traditionally held between 11 December and 6 January. However, since the 1980s, the fading of the Church's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the UK and elsewhere, Christmas and its related festivities are now nearly on a par with Hogmanay and \"Ne'erday\". Edinburgh,", "title": "Christmas in Scotland" }, { "id": "7441963", "score": "1.4342389", "text": "(Winter ), and the second half \" (Spring ). \"\" is also used to mean \"the equinoxes\" according to Dwelly, presumably the vernal equinox. John Jamieson records another saying: This is very similar to the Highland sentiments. Faoilleach ' or ', anglicised as Fulteachs, futtick, furtock etc., is a Scottish Gaelic term which originally referred to a certain period in the agricultural calendar and which refers to the first month of the year, January, in modern Scottish Gaelic. Nowadays, the term has fallen out of English and Lowland Scots, but is still used in Gaelic for the month of January", "title": "Faoilleach" }, { "id": "4325324", "score": "1.4300284", "text": "before going to work. This tradition derives from the Church of Scotland's origins including St Columba's monastic tradition, under which every day is God's day and there is none more special than another. (Thus Good Friday is not an official public holiday in Scotland.); the Kirk and the state being closely linked in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Christmas Day was commonly a normal working day in Scotland until the 1960s, and even into the 1970s in some areas. The New Year's Eve festivity, Hogmanay, was by far the largest celebration in Scotland. The", "title": "Christmas traditions" }, { "id": "12861037", "score": "1.4259946", "text": "the stroke of midnight, followed by a large fireworks display. Edinburgh hosts a festival of four or five days, beginning on 28 December, and lasting until New Year's Day or 2 January, which is also a bank holiday in Scotland. Other cities across Scotland, such as Aberdeen, Glasgow and Stirling have large organised celebrations too, including fireworks at midnight. BBC Scotland broadcast the celebrations in Edinburgh to a Scottish audience, with the celebrations also screened across the world. STV covers both worldwide New Year celebrations, and details of events happening around Scotland. Edinburgh's Hogmanay Edinburgh's Hogmanay is the observance of", "title": "Edinburgh's Hogmanay" }, { "id": "194848", "score": "1.4212852", "text": "are crossed over one another as the clock strikes midnight for New Year's Day, though it is only intended that participants link arms at the beginning of the final verse, co-ordinating with the lines of the song that contain the lyrics to do so. Auld Lang Syne is now sung regularly at \"The Last Night of the Proms\" in London by the full audience with their arms crossed over one another. Between 1957 and 1968, a New Year's Eve television programme, \"The White Heather Club\", was presented to herald in the Hogmanay celebrations. The show was presented by Andy Stewart", "title": "Hogmanay" }, { "id": "4461356", "score": "1.3978944", "text": "Handsel Monday In Scotland, the first Monday after New Year's Day was traditionally known as Hansel Monday, or Handsel Monday, and gifts () were given at this time. Among the rural population of Scotland, \"Auld Hansel Monday\", is traditionally celebrated on the first Monday after January 12. This custom reflects a reluctance to switch from the old (Julian) style calendar to the new (Gregorian) calendar. The word \"handsel\" originates from old Saxon word which means “to deliver into the hand”. It refers to small tips and gifts of money given as a token of good luck, particularly at the beginning", "title": "Handsel Monday" } ]

[ "Taipei of China", "zhongguo taibei", "separate customs territory of taiwan penghu kinmen and matsu chinese taipei", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu", "China-Taipei", "taipei china", "Taipei, China", "seperate customs territory of taiwan penghu kimmen and matsu", "taipei of china", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu (Chinese Taipei)", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Kinmen and Matsu", "China (Taipei)", "separate customs territory of taiwan penghu kimmen and matsu", "separate customs territory of taiwan penghu kinmen and matsu", "Seperate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu", "Taipei China", "Separate customs territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen, and Matsu", "Chinese Taipei", "separate customs territory of taiwan kinmen and matsu", "china taipei", "Zhonghua Taibei", "zhonghua taibei", "chinese taipei", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", "chinese taibei", "Chinese Taibei", "separate customs territory of taiwan penghu quemoy and matsu", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen, and Matsu", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy, and Matsu", "Zhongguo Taibei", "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu" ]

[ { "id": "800590", "score": "2.274229", "text": "the PRC as the only recognized name of any Olympic activities representative of any Chinese government. In 1979 the IOC established in the Nagoya Resolution that the PRC agreed to participate in IOC activities if the Republic of China was referred to as \"Chinese Taipei\". Another boycott would occur before the ROC would accept the provisions of the 1979 Resolution although the reason that so many other countries boycotted were not all the same as the ROC. The legacy of the Montreal Olympics is complex. Many citizens regard the Olympiad as a financial disaster for the city as it faced", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "800589", "score": "2.24818", "text": "participate in Montreal because of economic reasons. An unrelated boycott of the Montreal Games was the main issue between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The ROC team withdrew from the games when Canada's Liberal government under Pierre Trudeau told it that the name \"Republic of China\" was not permissible at the Games because Canada had officially recognized the PRC in 1970. Canada attempted a compromise by allowing the ROC the continued use of its national flag and anthem in the Montreal Olympic activities; the ROC refused. Later in November 1976, the IOC recognized", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "13899641", "score": "2.1393907", "text": "the absence of sufficient information there would be no vote taken during the Session.\"\" (32) On 1 November 1975, the Iranian NOC intensified its campaign. They pointed out, \"No vote was ever held on the acceptance of an NOC in Taiwan during the early years after the founding of the PRC.\" (34) The 1976 Olympics were awarded to Montreal in May 1970. On 23 May 1975, in response to a question as to whether or not the government would support the participation of both Chinas at the 1976 Summer Games, Canadian officials stated that \"these decisions have to be made", "title": "Chinese Olympic politics" }, { "id": "298721", "score": "2.089535", "text": "the 1976 games by order of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the prime minister of Canada. Trudeau's action was widely condemned as having brought shame on Canada for having succumbed to political pressure to keep the delegation from the Republic of China (ROC) from competing under that name. The ROC refused a proposed compromise that would have still allowed them to use the ROC flag and anthem as long as the name was changed. Taiwan did not participate again until 1984, when it returned under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem. In 1980 and 1984, the", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "id": "11779948", "score": "2.0559335", "text": "be allowed to use the initials \"ROC\" on sports outfits. Since 1971, Mainland China has used different ways to reject the membership of the Republic of China in different international sports federations since the People's Republic of China became a member of United Nations. For example, in 1971 the Canadian Government announced it was not permitting members of ROCOC to attend the Montreal Olympics as it recognized People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government according to the One China Policy. The Federation held an annual Chinese Taipei Olympic Academy (CTOA}, {中華奧林匹克學院) as the National Olympic Academy Session (NOA),", "title": "Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1976 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1976 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad () and commonly known as Montreal 1976 (; ; ), were an international multi-sport event held from July 17 to August 1, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam on May 12, 1970, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles. It was the first and, so far, only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada. Toronto hosted the 1976 Summer Paralympics the same year as the Montreal Olympics, which still remains the only Summer Paralympics to be held in Canada. Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010, respectively.\n\nTwenty-nine countries, mostly African, boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations' calls for a sporting embargo. The Soviet Union won the most gold- and overall medals.", "title": "1976 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "International Olympic Committee\n\nThe International Olympic Committee (IOC; , CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss Civil Code (articles 60–79). Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern (Summer, Winter, and Youth) Olympic Games.\n\nThe IOC is the governing body of the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and of the worldwide \"Olympic Movement\", the IOC's term for all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games. As of 2020, there are 206 NOCs officially recognised by the IOC. The current president of the IOC is Thomas Bach.\n\nThe stated mission of the IOC is to promote the Olympics throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement:\n\n\nBeginning in 1995, the IOC has worked to address environmental health concerns resulting from the hosting of the Olympic games. Since 2002, the IOC has been involved in several high-profile controversies including taking gifts, its DMCA take down request of the 2008 Tibetan protest videos, Russian doping scandals, and its support of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics despite China's human rights violations documented in the Xinjiang Papers.", "title": "International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "11698046", "score": "2.0352628", "text": "players) withdrew from competition. The Nagoya Resolution brought about the participation of the PRC in Olympic Games activities by designating that the Republic of China would be identified as \"Chinese Taipei\" and any identifying flag, anthem, or emblem used in Olympic activities would be without symbolism to show the existence of the ROC and demonstrate its sovereign nation status. A number of previous IOC actions enabled the IOC to include both the PRC and the ROC in Olympic activities despite the attempts by the former to argue that the ROC identity be as a subordinate branch of the PRC NOC.", "title": "Republic of China at the Olympics" }, { "id": "9091303", "score": "2.0290916", "text": "Summer Games of 1976 and 1980; the PRC had boycotted all the previous Olympic Games. Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Winter Olympics The Republic of China (ROC) had always competed in the Olympic Games under that name except for the second time under the name of Chinese Taipei, and the first Winter Games, at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. The change in name was a result of the Nagoya Resolution, adopted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1979 due to objections raised in the 1970s by the People's Republic of China (PRC) over the political status of", "title": "Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "13899636", "score": "2.0172834", "text": "War II, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established on 1 October 1949. The defeated KMT \"Republic of China\" (ROC) government evacuated to the island of Formosa, now known as Taiwan. Thus, from this time in history, the ROC and the PRC have each fielded rival teams and this has led to a series of historical incidents in international and IOC affairs. The PRC withdrew from the IOC and from all international sports federations in 1958. The PRC decision taken in 1958 prompted its absence from the Olympic Movement for a period of 25 years. The PRC began its", "title": "Chinese Olympic politics" }, { "id": "9294527", "score": "2.0006845", "text": "over the political status of China, the PRC did not participate in the Olympics again until the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, United States. Their first appearance at the Summer Olympic Games after 1952 was the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The Chinese Olympic Committee in its current form was recognized in 1979. Before the Chinese Civil War, athletes competed as the Republic of China (ROC) at the Olympics. The ROC continued to compete from 1952 to 1976 (Winter), but only representing athletes from the island of Taiwan (although the football team members of ROC in", "title": "China at the Olympics" }, { "id": "9091302", "score": "1.9928298", "text": "Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Winter Olympics The Republic of China (ROC) had always competed in the Olympic Games under that name except for the second time under the name of Chinese Taipei, and the first Winter Games, at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. The change in name was a result of the Nagoya Resolution, adopted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1979 due to objections raised in the 1970s by the People's Republic of China (PRC) over the political status of Taiwan. The IOC restrictions over the ROC name had led the ROC to boycott the", "title": "Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "11698045", "score": "1.9895914", "text": "Republic of China at the Olympics The Republic of China (ROC) participated in its first Summer Olympics in 1932 under the name of \"\"China\"\". After the Chinese Civil War the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan, and only Taiwan-based athletes have competed on behalf of the country since then. The ROC protested the 1979 Nagoya Resolution by boycotting the 1976 Summer Olympics; this continued until the ROC competed under the deliberately ambiguous name \"\"Chinese Taipei\"\" in the 1984 Winter Olympics. China also took part in the Opening Ceremony of the 1924 Summer Olympics, but its four athletes (all tennis", "title": "Republic of China at the Olympics" }, { "id": "4686274", "score": "1.9839981", "text": "Republic of China at the 1972 Summer Olympics The Republic of China (Taiwan) competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich for the last time as the \"Republic of China\". The ROC would not return to the Olympics until 1984 and under the name \"Chinese Taipei\" due to objections by the People's Republic of China over the political status of Taiwan. The PRC, amid the height of the Cultural Revolution, boycotted the Olympics due to the ROC participation under the name \"Republic of China\". 21 competitors, 15 men and 6 women, took part in 41 events in 10 sports. In", "title": "Republic of China at the 1972 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "459616", "score": "1.9753411", "text": "to reject the host-city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes. The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the \"People's Republic of China\" (PRC) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name \"Republic of China\" (ROC) and", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "4900773", "score": "1.973876", "text": "Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Summer Olympics The Republic of China (ROC) had always competed in the Olympic Games under that name except for the first time under the name of Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. The change in name was a result of the Nagoya Resolution, adopted by the International Olympic Committee in 1979 after the objections raised in the 1970s by the People's Republic of China (PRC) over the political status of Taiwan. The IOC restrictions over the ROC name led to the ROC boycott of the Summer Games of 1976 and", "title": "Chinese Taipei at the 1984 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "13899639", "score": "1.9709175", "text": "April 9, 1975. At the IOC Session in Lausanne, the PRC made a formal application for recognition as \"\"the sole sports organization representing the whole of China.\"\" At the same time, the PRC set a condition that Taiwan should be excluded. At the IOC Executive Committee meeting in Rome in May 1975, a formal request for the admission of the PRC NOC was presented to the IOC by the Iranian NOC. The IOC member from Taiwan, Henry Hsu, in regard to the PRC application, was in favour of admitting China provided that it met the provisions of the Olympic Rules.", "title": "Chinese Olympic politics" }, { "id": "9294528", "score": "1.9684614", "text": "the 1960 Olympic Games were overwhelmingly Hong Kongers). The dispute over use of the name \"China\" resulted in the PRC boycotting the Games completely during these years. In 1979, the International Olympic Committee passed a resolution for the ROC team to be designated \"Chinese Taipei\", and this opened the door for the PRC to finally join the Olympic movement. Hong Kong has had a distinct National Olympic Committee since 1950 and has competed at the Games since 1952. After the territory was returned to the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was created in 1997, this arrangement has", "title": "China at the Olympics" }, { "id": "1903518", "score": "1.9609935", "text": "informally been using in international Olympic activities a number of names to differentiate the ROC from the PRC. \"Taiwan\" was used at the Tokyo Games. In 1979, the PRC agreed to participate in IOC activities if the Republic of China was referred to as \"Chinese Taipei\". The Nagoya Resolution sanctioned that the Beijing Olympic Committee would be called the \"Chinese Olympic Committee\" and another name would need to be found for the ROC Olympic Committee (ROCOC). The majority view of the ROC leadership at the time was that they did not want to change, \"Taiwan\" might imply without China or", "title": "Chinese Taipei" }, { "id": "9294531", "score": "1.9385978", "text": "team withdrew from the Games on July 17 in response to the IOC's decision to allow both PRC and ROC sportsmen and women to compete. This marked the beginning of the \"two Chinas\" conflict in the Olympic Movement, which resulted in the Chinese Olympic Committee's withdrawal from the IOC in August 1958. In the 1970s, China normalized her relations with the United States through Ping Pong Diplomacy, and established diplomatic relations with the United States on January 1, 1979. The normalization finally led to the Chinese Olympic Committee's return to the IOC on October 25, 1979. Just three months later,", "title": "China at the Olympics" }, { "id": "9294526", "score": "1.9378219", "text": "China at the Olympics Originally having participated in Olympics as the delegation of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1932 to 1948, China competed at the Olympic Games under the name of the People's Republic of China (PRC) for the first time in 1952, at the Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland, although they only arrived in time to participate in one event. That year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowed both the PRC and the Republic of China (which recently relocated to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War) to compete, although the latter withdrew in protest. Due to the dispute", "title": "China at the Olympics" }, { "id": "13899644", "score": "1.9250995", "text": "recognizes. However, there was a clause added to this agreement reserving \"the normal regulations,\" which turned out to be the Canadian position that no country could represent another nation that Canada had relations. In the end, China was not admitted in time so Taiwan participated using the name 'Republic of China.' A string of negotiations finally resolved the participation of China and Taiwan in 1981. It was agreed that PRC's NOC would be recognized as the Chinese Olympic Committee while the Taiwan NOC was to be known as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. Later, in a 1989 accord, China and", "title": "Chinese Olympic politics" } ]

[ "jack film", "jack novel", "jack zoology", "Jack (fish disambiguation)", "Jack", "JacK", "JACK", "jack fish", "jack disambiguation", "Jack (novel)", "Jack (zoology)", "jack fish disambiguation", "jackfish", "Jack (film)", "Jack (fish)", "jack", "Jackfish", "Jack (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "1951118", "score": "1.4717319", "text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "2360961", "score": "1.4714507", "text": "that children would pair into boy and girl and the ones \"caught\" would have to kiss. Various theories have been advanced to account for the rhyme, including: that it deals with child sacrifice; that it describes public executions; that it describes Henry VIII's marital difficulties. Problematically for these theories the last two lines, with their different metre, do not appear in the earlier recorded versions of the rhyme, including the first printed in \"Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book\" (c. 1744), where the lyrics are: <poem>Two Sticks and Apple, Ring y Bells at Whitechapple, Old Father Bald Pate, Ring y Bells", "title": "Oranges and Lemons" }, { "id": "3153968", "score": "1.467738", "text": "sharp practice in his particular profession, followed by the general chorus \"And we'll all have a finger, a finger, a finger,/ We'll all have a finger in the CHRISTMAS PIE.\" Adeline Dutton Train Whitney likewise applied the nursery rhyme to opportunism in American society in \"Mother Goose for grown folks: a Christmas reading\" (New York 1860). The privileged little boy grows up to become \"John, Esquire\" and goes in search of richer plums, where he is joined in his quest by \"female Horners\". John Bellenden Ker Gawler charged the mediaeval legal profession with similar interested motives in his \"Essay on", "title": "Little Jack Horner" }, { "id": "3153967", "score": "1.4513721", "text": "but JACK HORNERS, who snug in their corners, Till each with his thumb has squeezed out a round plum, Soon after, Thomas Love Peacock took up the theme in his satirical novel \"Melincourt\" (1817). There five go-getting characters contribute to a song describing how they misuse their trades to fleece the public. It begins with the recitative: <poem style=\"margin-left:24px> Jack Horner's CHRISTMAS PIE my learned nurse Interpreted to mean the public purse. From thence a plum he drew. O happy Horner! Who would not be ensconced in thy snug corner? </poem> Each in turn then describes the nature of his", "title": "Little Jack Horner" }, { "id": "6752123", "score": "1.4510485", "text": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb Hop-o'-My-Thumb (Hop-on-My-Thumb), or Hop o' My Thumb, also known as Little Thumbling, Little Thumb, or Little Poucet (), is one of the eight fairytales published by Charles Perrault in \"Histoires ou Contes du temps passé\" (1697), now world-renowned. It is Aarne-Thompson type 327B. The small boy defeats the ogre. This type of fairytale, in the French oral tradition, is often combined with motifs from the type 327A, similar to \"Hansel and Gretel\"; one such tale is \"The Lost Children\". The story was first published in English as \"Little Poucet\" in Robert Samber's 1729 translation of Perrault's book, \"\"Histories, or", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Little Jack Horner\n\n\"Little Jack Horner\" is a popular English nursery rhyme with the Roud Folk Song Index number 13027. First mentioned in the 18th century, it was early associated with acts of opportunism, particularly in politics. Moralists also rewrote and expanded the poem so as to counter its celebration of greediness. The name of Jack Horner also came to be applied to a completely different and older poem on a folkloric theme; and in the 19th century it was claimed that the rhyme was originally composed in satirical reference to the dishonest actions of Thomas Horner in the Tudor period.", "title": "Little Jack Horner" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb\n\nHop-o'-My-Thumb (Hop-on-My-Thumb), or Hop o' My Thumb, also known as Little Thumbling, Little Thumb, or Little Poucet (), is one of the eight fairytales published by Charles Perrault in \"Histoires ou Contes du temps passé\" (1697), now world-renowned. It is Aarne-Thompson type 327B. The small boy defeats the ogre. This type of fairytale, in the French oral tradition, is often combined with motifs from the type 327A, similar to \"Hansel and Gretel\"; one such tale is \"The Lost Children\".\n\nThe story was first published in English as \"Little Poucet\" in Robert Samber's 1729 translation of Perrault's book, \"\"Histories, or Tales of Past Times\"\". In 1764, the name of the hero was changed to \"Little Thumb\". In 1804, William Godwin, in \"\"Tabart's Collection of Popular Stories for the Nursery\"\", retitled it \"Hop o' my Thumb\", a term that was common in the 16th century, referring to a tiny person.", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sing a Song of Sixpence\n\n\"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is an English nursery rhyme, perhaps originating in the 18th century. It is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as number 13191. The sixpence in the rhyme is a British coin that was first minted in 1551.", "title": "Sing a Song of Sixpence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids\n\nGrizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids (often nicknamed \"Grizzly Tales\") is the generic trademarked title for a series of award-winning children's books by British author Jamie Rix which were later adapted into an animated television series of the same name produced for ITV. Known for its surreal black comedy and horror, the franchise was immensely popular with children and adults, and the cartoon became one of the most-watched programmes on CITV in the 2000s; a reboot of the cartoon series was produced for Nickelodeon UK and NickToons UK in 2011 with 26 episodes (split into 2 series) with the added tagline of \"Cautionary Tales for Lovers of Squeam!\". The first four books in the series were published between 1990 and 2001 by a variety of publishers (such as Hodder Children's Books, Puffin, and Scholastic) and have since gone out of print but are available as audio adaptations through Audible and iTunes. The ITV cartoon was produced by Honeycomb Animation and aired between 2000 and 2006 with 6 series; reruns aired on the Nickelodeon channels along with the 2011 series.\n\nEach book in the franchise contained several cautionary tales about children of many ages and the consequences of their antisocial actions. Due to how far-fetched and fantastical the stories could become, it is up to the reader whether they found the series frightening or amusing, but the franchise is usually categorised as children's horror. When the series was adapted for the CITV/Nickelodeon cartoons, the book chapters became ten-minute episodes that were narrated by comic actor Nigel Planer, and created by Honeycomb Animation, with author Rix as co-director.\n\nThe franchise received critical acclaim, noted by the themes of horror surrealism and adult paranoia blended with common children's book absurdity. \"The Daily Telegraph\" said of the CITV cartoon, \"Mix Dahl with Belloc and you can anticipate with glee these animated tales of Jamie Rix. Even William Brown's antics pale...\"<ref name=\"Jamie Rix\"/> and \"The Sunday Times\" wrote: \"They are superior morality stories and Nigel Planer reads them with a delight that borders on the fiendish.\"<ref name=\"Jamie Rix\"/>", "title": "Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Namby-pamby" }, { "id": "3153965", "score": "1.448955", "text": "Nursery Songs\" (1870). The earliest reference to the well-known verse is in \"Namby Pamby\", a satire by Henry Carey published in 1725, in which he himself italicised lines dependent on the original: <poem style=\"margin-left:24px> Now he sings of \"Jackey Horner\" \"Sitting in the Chimney-Corner\" \"Eating of a Christmas pye,\" \"Putting in his thumb\", Oh fie! \"Putting in,\" Oh fie! \"his Thumb,\" \"Pulling out\", Oh strange! \"a Plum.\"</poem> This occurrence has been taken to suggest that the rhyme was well known by the early eighteenth century. Carey's poem ridicules fellow writer Ambrose Philips, who had written infantile poems for the young", "title": "Little Jack Horner" }, { "id": "6752124", "score": "1.4471831", "text": "Tales of Past Times\"\". In 1764, the name of the hero was changed to \"Little Thumb\". In 1804, William Godwin, in \"\"Tabart's Collection of Popular Stories for the Nursery\"\", retitled it \"Hop o' my Thumb\", a term that was common in the 16th century, referring to a tiny person. Hop-o'-My-Thumb () is the youngest of seven children in a poor woodcutter's family. His greater wisdom compensates for his smallness of size. When the children are abandoned by their parents, he finds a variety of means to save his life and the lives of his brothers. After being threatened and pursued", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": "6752125", "score": "1.437692", "text": "by an ogre, Poucet steals his magic seven-league boots while the monster is sleeping. The parents are no longer able to support their children and intend to abandon them. Hop-o'-My-Thumb, overhearing his parents, plans ahead and collects small white pebbles from a river. He uses the stones to mark a trail that enables him to successfully lead his brothers back home. However, the second time round, he uses breadcrumbs instead, which the birds eat up. The brothers are lost in the wood. Hop-o'-My-Thumb climbs up a tree and spots a distant light. The boys walk towards it. They come at", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": "6752130", "score": "1.4350066", "text": "one of the oldest being \"Theseus and the Minotaur\". The second half of the story involves an ogre, which the hero outsmarts. It bears resemblance to \"Sweetheart Roland\" and \"Themisto\". Gustave Doré contributed 11 illustrations to an 1862 edition of Perrault's book, \"Les Contes de Perrault\". Heinrich Leutemann and Carl Offterdinger illustrated a German fairytale collection, \"Mein erstes Märchenbuch\" (My first Fairytale Book), published at the end of the 19th century. Another German illustrator was Alexander Zick. Hop-o'-My-Thumb Hop-o'-My-Thumb (Hop-on-My-Thumb), or Hop o' My Thumb, also known as Little Thumbling, Little Thumb, or Little Poucet (), is one of the", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": "11069188", "score": "1.4270927", "text": "to work during the daylight hours, and play was reserved for late in the evening. The first two lines at least appeared in dance books (1708, 1719, 1728), satires (1709, 1725), and a political broadside (1711). It appeared in the earliest extant collection of nursery rhymes, \"Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book\" published in London around 1744. The 1744 version included the first six lines. Girls and Boys Come Out To Play 'Girls and Boys Come Out to Play' or 'Boys and Girls Come Out to Play' is a nursery rhyme that has existed since at least 1708. It has a", "title": "Girls and Boys Come Out To Play" }, { "id": "6752127", "score": "1.4117645", "text": "bed. Once he is snoring, Hop-o'-My-Thumb directs his siblings out of the house. The ogre wakes up in the morning to discover his grave mistake, puts on his seven-league boots, and races after the boys. They spot the ogre while walking. Hop-o'-My-Thumb once again thinks fast and hides in a small nearby cave. The ogre, who is tired, happens to rest close to their hiding spot. Hop-o'-My-Thumb instructs his brothers to make their way home, and meanwhile, removes the boots from the sleeping ogre. He puts them on, and the boots, being magical, resize to fit him. Hop-o'-My-Thumb uses the", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": "3153964", "score": "1.40254", "text": "in the Tudor period. The song’s most common lyrics are: <poem style=\"margin-left:24px> Little Jack Horner Sat in the corner, Eating his Christmas pie; He put in his thumb, And pulled out a plum, And said, \"What a good boy am I!\"</poem> It was first documented in full in the nursery rhyme collection \"Mother Goose's melody, or, Sonnets for the cradle\", which may date from 1765, although the earliest surviving English edition is from 1791. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his \"National Nursery Rhymes and", "title": "Little Jack Horner" }, { "id": "11915848", "score": "1.402163", "text": "forms such as \"kings\" and \"I've got kings X\". There was also one report of \"times X\". Similarly derivatives of \"time-out\" are often accompanied by the traditional crossed fingers. In France children use the word \"pouce\" as the equivalent of the English \"pax\" and the American \"time-out\". The literal translation of pouce is thumb or big toe. \"Lu !\" is -- or was -- a common truce term in Châteauroux, central France, in the fifties and sixties. The Opies found that in England and Wales children usually held up crossed fingers. Sometimes crossing the fingers of both hands was required", "title": "Truce term" }, { "id": "286972", "score": "1.3953123", "text": "Nursery rhyme A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and many other countries, but usage of the term only dates from the late 18th/early 19th century. The term Mother Goose rhymes is interchangeable with nursery rhymes. From the mid-16th century nursery rhymes begin to be recorded in English plays, and most popular rhymes date from the 17th and 18th centuries. The first English collections, \"Tommy Thumb's Song Book\" and a sequel, \"Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book\", were published before 1744. Publisher John Newbery's stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother", "title": "Nursery rhyme" }, { "id": "2285362", "score": "1.3929296", "text": "\"Story of Little Suck-a-Thumb\" in a cut-a-way gag in \"Business Guy,\" the ninth episode in the eighth season, produced in 2009. In \"Doctor Who\" Season 10 Episode 3 \"Thin Ice\" (2017), The Doctor reads part of \"The Story of the Thumb-Sucker\" to the children of 1814 London. The German Group Rammstein have on their album Rosenrot (2005) the song \"Hilf Mir\" \"(Help Me)\" . It is about a child whose parents are not at home. She discovers matches and sets herself on fire and burns completely. In the story, the girl's name is Pauline. XTC took influence from the book", "title": "Struwwelpeter" }, { "id": "6516673", "score": "1.3913927", "text": "Land the character Plumpy, a gingerbread troll, wore a sugar plum around his neck. Receiving the Plumpy card meant the player had to undo most of their progress, which could lead to great frustration and often prolonged the game. The Plumpy character was replaced in 2002 by Mama Gingertree. Sugar plums have also gained widespread recognition through the poem \"\"The Sugar Plum Tree\"\" by Eugene Field. The poem begins \"Have you ever heard of the Sugar-Plum Tree? 'Tis a marvel of great renown!\" \"Sugar Plum\" is also a 1971 jazz song by American jazz pianist Bill Evans, while Sugar Plum", "title": "Sugar plum" }, { "id": "1883381", "score": "1.386461", "text": "in which Tom is spat back out by the cow and the others are resurrected by Merlin's magic. This is considered to be a satirical comment on the unlikely and tacked-on nature of many happy endings in literature and drama. In the middle 18th century, books began appearing specifically for children, and Tom was cited as the author of titles such as \"Tommy Thumb's Song Book\" (1744) and \"Tommy Thumb's Little Story Book\" (c. 1760). In 1791, Joseph Ritson remarked that Tom's popularity was known far and wide: \"Every city, town, village, shop, stall, man, woman, and child, in the", "title": "Tom Thumb" }, { "id": "9200226", "score": "1.3816783", "text": "night, they look over the second bedroom of their cottage, which is fully stocked with toys for the child they dearly wanted but were never able to have. Anne laments their previous squandering of their magic wishes, which they could have used to wish for a child, but Jonathan consoles her that the forest queen may yet show them kindness and grant them one more wish. Anne remarks that she would love any child they would have had \"even if he was no bigger then her thumb.\" Later, they are roused by a soft knocking at the door and find", "title": "Tom Thumb (film)" }, { "id": "6752128", "score": "1.3782558", "text": "boots to make a fortune, and returns to his family's home, where they live happily ever after. The French folktale was first published by Charles Perrault as \"Le petit Poucet\" in \"Histoires ou contes du temps passé\" in 1697. The French name for the hero, \"Poucet\" [Poo-seh], derives from the French word \"pouce\" [pooss], which means \"thumb\", \"big toe\", or \"inch\". The suffix \"-t\" gives it an affectionate touch, given the morphemes of the language. The beginning mentions that \"le petit Poucet\" was no bigger than a man's thumb when he was born. However, it seems that for the remainder", "title": "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" }, { "id": "11048739", "score": "1.3775015", "text": "Song Book\", published in London by Mary Cooper in 1744. For many years, it was thought that there was only a single copy in existence, now in the British Library, but in 2001 another copy appeared and was sold for £45,000. Henry Carey's 1725 satire on Ambrose Philips, Namby Pamby, quotes or alludes to some half-dozen or so nursery rhymes. As a result, this is the oldest printed collection of English nursery rhymes that is available. The rhymes and illustrations were printed from copper plates, the text being stamped with punches into the plates, a technique borrowed from map and", "title": "Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book" } ]

[ "elsinor", "Elsinor" ]

[ { "id": "121280", "score": "1.6527182", "text": "Helsingør Helsingør (), classically known in English as Elsinore, is a city in eastern Denmark. Helsingør Municipality had a population of 61,519 on 1 January 2015. It is known for its castle Kronborg, which William Shakespeare most presumably had in mind for his famous play \"Hamlet.\" The HH Ferry route connects Helsingør with Helsingborg in Sweden. The name \"Helsingør\" is derived from the word \"hals\" meaning \"neck\" or \"narrow strait\", referring to the narrowest point of the \"Øresund\" (Øre Sound) between what is now Helsingør and Helsingborg, Sweden. The people were mentioned as \"Helsinger\" (which may mean \"the people of", "title": "Helsingør" }, { "id": "6019871", "score": "1.6046864", "text": "Helsingør Municipality Helsingør Municipality (a variant English name: Elsinore Municipality; Danish: \"Helsingør Kommune\"), is a municipality in the Capital Region on the northeast coast of the island of Zealand (\"Sjælland\") in eastern Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 122 km², and has a total population of 61,538 (1 April 2014). Its mayor as of 1 January 2014 is Benedikte Kiær, a member of the Conservative political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Helsingør (also referred to in English as Elsinore). Other towns include Ålsgårde, Espergærde, Hellebæk, Hornbæk, Kvistgård, Snekkersten, and", "title": "Helsingør Municipality" }, { "id": "6019873", "score": "1.5196049", "text": "was made bigger in the 1580s and named Kronborg. Kronborg Castle, known internationally as the setting of William Shakespeare's theatre play \"Hamlet\", is today the town's main tourist attraction. Local companies include the Noa Noa clothing company, Barslund, Bavarian Nordic and Peter Beier Chokolade. Helsingør Municipality Helsingør Municipality (a variant English name: Elsinore Municipality; Danish: \"Helsingør Kommune\"), is a municipality in the Capital Region on the northeast coast of the island of Zealand (\"Sjælland\") in eastern Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 122 km², and has a total population of 61,538 (1 April 2014). Its mayor as of 1", "title": "Helsingør Municipality" }, { "id": "121285", "score": "1.5048664", "text": "watched Copenhagen docks to spots farther away, especially Helsingør, just two miles across the Øresund from Helsingborg in neutral Sweden. Hundreds of civilians hid their fellow Danish citizens -- Jews -- in their houses, farm lofts and churches until they could board them onto Danish fishing boats, personal pleasure boats and ferry boats. In the span of three nights, Danes had smuggled over 7200 Jews and 680 non-Jews (gentile family members of Jews or political activists) across the Øresund, to safety in Helsingborg and Malmö in Sweden. <ref name=\"historia1\"> Helsingør Helsingør (), classically known in English as Elsinore, is a", "title": "Helsingør" }, { "id": "12110387", "score": "1.5017356", "text": "former conventual buildings. The first intention after the dissolution of the priory was to demolish the church, but it found use as a warehouse and as stabling for horses, which preserved it until 1577, when it was made available to the foreign community residing in Helsingør, mostly Germans from the cities of the Hanseatic League. It remained the \"German\" church until 1851, although from 1740 it was also the church for the garrison at Kronborg Castle. It became Helsingør's second parish church in 1819 when St. Olai's parish split into two, although sermons in German were delivered here, between Danish", "title": "Carmelite Priory, Helsingør" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Helsingør\n\nHelsingør ( , ; ), classically known in English as Elsinore ( ), is a city in eastern Denmark. Helsingør Municipality had a population of 62,686 on 1 January 2018. Helsingør and Helsingborg in Sweden together form the northern reaches of the Øresund Region, centered on Copenhagen and Malmö. The HH Ferry route connects Helsingør with Helsingborg, 4 km (2.5 miles) across the Øresund.\n\nIts castle Kronborg was used by William Shakespeare as the setting for his play \"Hamlet.\"", "title": "Helsingør" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kronborg\n\nKronborg is a castle and stronghold in the town of Helsingør, Denmark. Immortalized as Elsinore in William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\", Kronborg is one of the most important Renaissance castles in Northern Europe and was inscribed on the UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2000.\n\nThe castle is situated on the extreme northeastern tip of the island of Zealand at the narrowest point of the Øresund, the sound between present Denmark and the provinces of present Sweden that were also Danish at the time the castle was built. In this part, the sound is only wide, hence the strategic importance of maintaining a coastal fortification at this location commanding one of the few outlets of the Baltic Sea.\n\nThe castle's story dates back to a stronghold, \"Krogen\", built by King Eric VII in the 1420s. Along with the fortress Kärnan in Helsingborg on the opposite coast of Øresund, it controlled the entranceway to the Baltic Sea. From 1574 to 1585, King Frederick II had the medieval fortress radically transformed into a magnificent Renaissance castle. The main architects were the Flemings Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and Anthonis van Obbergen, whereas the sculptural work was coordinated by Gert van Groningen.\n\nIn 1629, a fire destroyed much of the castle, but King Christian IV subsequently had it rebuilt. The castle also has a church within its walls. In 1658, Kronborg was besieged and captured by the Swedes who took many of its valuable art treasures as war booty. In 1785 the castle ceased to be a royal residence and was converted into barracks for the Army. The Army left the castle in 1923, and after a thorough renovation it was opened to the public.", "title": "Kronborg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark\n\nThe M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark () is a maritime museum located in Helsingør, Denmark. Established in 1915, its collections cover Danish trade and shipping from the 15th century to the present day.\n\nThe museum was originally located at Kronborg Castle. In 2013, the museum moved into new underground premises designed by Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) around a former dry dock. Until 31 December 2011, the museum was known as \"Handels- og Søfartsmuseet\" (literally \"The Trade and Maritime Museum\"), which was officially translated as the Danish Maritime Museum.", "title": "M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Øresund\n\nØresund or Öresund (, ; ; ), commonly known in English as the Sound, is a strait which forms the Danish–Swedish border, separating Zealand (Denmark) from Scania (Sweden). The strait has a length of ; its width varies from to . It is wide at its narrowest point between Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden.\n\nØresund, along with the Great Belt, the Little Belt and the Kiel Canal, is one of four waterways that connect the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean via Kattegat, Skagerrak, and the North Sea; this makes it one of the busiest waterways in the world.\n\nThe Øresund Bridge, between the Danish capital Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö, inaugurated on 1 July 2000, connects a bi-national metropolitan area with close to 4 million inhabitants. The HH Ferry route, between Helsingør, Denmark and Helsingborg, Sweden, in the northern part of Øresund, is one of the world's busiest international ferry routes, with more than 70 departures from each harbour per day.\n\nØresund is a geologically young strait that formed 8500–8000 years ago as a result of rising sea levels. Previously the Ancylus Lake, a fresh-water body occupying the Baltic basin, had been connected to the sea solely via the Great Belt. The incursion of salt water via Øresund marked the beginning of the modern Baltic Sea as a salt-water body.<ref name=Bjorcketal2008>\n</ref>", "title": "Øresund" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hotel Marienlyst\n\nHotel Marienlyst is a seaside hotel located just north of Kronborg Castle in Helsingør, Denmark. It takes its name after Marienlyst House, a neighboring former royal summer retreat, which was part of it from its foundation in 1859 until 1896. Facilities include a restaurant, bar, wellness area and a casino. The Danish national football team stays at the hotel in connection with home matches and training sessions.", "title": "Hotel Marienlyst" }, { "id": "18483737", "score": "1.4873301", "text": "from Sweden than Denmark. HH Ferry route The HH Ferry route (\"About the name:\" Helsingør - Helsingborg; Helsingør is \"Danish\" for Elsinore) is a very old shipping route which connects Helsingør at Zealand, Denmark and Helsingborg, Scania, Sweden across the northern, and narrowest part of the Øresund. Due to the short distance, which is less than 3 nautical miles, is it one of the world's busiest international car ferry routes, with around 70 daily departures from each harbour. The oldest known written mention of the route dates to the German traveller Adam of Bremen in the 11th century, but it", "title": "HH Ferry route" }, { "id": "1284265", "score": "1.4848104", "text": "Helsinge Until 1 January 2007, Helsinge was a municipality (Danish, \"kommune\") in Frederiksborg County on the north coast of the island of Zealand (\"Sjælland\") in eastern Denmark. It had a total population of 19,473 (2005), but in the summer months the population grew to over 36.000 people. Its last mayor was Claus Lange, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Helsinge. The municipality was created in 1970 due to a (\"Municipality Reform\") that combined the former municipalities Helsinge/Valby/Mårum, Vejby/Tibirke, Ramløse/Annisse. Helsinge municipality ceased to", "title": "Helsinge" }, { "id": "3824525", "score": "1.4756902", "text": "Helsingborg Helsingborg (; spelled Hälsingborg between 1912 and 1970) is a town and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania, Sweden. It had 108,334 inhabitants in 2017. Helsingborg is the centre of the northern part of western Scania. There is no formal metropolitan area, but the municipality of Helsingborg City and its neighbouring five municipalities (within Scania) had in spring of 2013 a population of 269 489 inhabitants at an area of , a population density of 200 people/km. This makes Helsingborg the fourth largest population area in Sweden. The city is also Sweden's closest point to Denmark, with the Danish", "title": "Helsingborg" }, { "id": "121284", "score": "1.4743392", "text": "important transport points for the rescue of Denmark's Judaism during the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler had ordered that all Danish Jews were to be arrested and deported to the concentration camps on Rosh HaShanah, the Jewish New Year which fell on October 2, 1943. When Georg Ferdinand Duckwith, a Danish Nazi party maritime attache received word of the order on September 28, 1943, he shared it with political and Jewish community leaders. Using the name Elsinore Sewing Club (Danish: \"Helsingør Syklub\") as a cover for messages, the Danish population formed an underground railroad of sorts, moving Jews away from the closely", "title": "Helsingør" }, { "id": "121283", "score": "1.4696844", "text": "fee. The oldest known fortified building of Helsingør is \"Flynderborg\", an early medieval fortress situated on a hill just south of the medieval city. Around 1200, the first church, Saint Olaf's Church, was built. A number of convents once surrounded the church, but now all that remains is the church building, today the cathedral of the Diocese of Helsingør. The oldest parts of the cathedral of Helsingør date back to the 13th century and tell us that the fishermen's village, as Helsingør was then, had grown to a town of importance. In World War II, Helsingør was among the most", "title": "Helsingør" }, { "id": "3824530", "score": "1.4692316", "text": "the middle of the 17th century, the situation worsened. Following the Dano-Swedish War (1657-1658) and the Treaty of Roskilde Denmark had to give up all territory on the southern Scandinavian peninsula, and Helsingborg became subject to new rulers. King Charles X Gustav of Sweden landed here on 5 March 1658 to take personal possession of the Scanian lands and was met by a delegation led by the bishop of the Diocese of Lund, Peder Winstrup. At that time the town had a population of barely 1,000 people. He soon attempted to erase Denmark totally from the map, by attacking Copenhagen", "title": "Helsingborg" }, { "id": "18483700", "score": "1.464808", "text": "HH Ferry route The HH Ferry route (\"About the name:\" Helsingør - Helsingborg; Helsingør is \"Danish\" for Elsinore) is a very old shipping route which connects Helsingør at Zealand, Denmark and Helsingborg, Scania, Sweden across the northern, and narrowest part of the Øresund. Due to the short distance, which is less than 3 nautical miles, is it one of the world's busiest international car ferry routes, with around 70 daily departures from each harbour. The oldest known written mention of the route dates to the German traveller Adam of Bremen in the 11th century, but it has likely been in", "title": "HH Ferry route" }, { "id": "1284266", "score": "1.4625921", "text": "exist as the result of \"Kommunalreformen\" (\"The Municipality Reform\" of 2007). It was combined with Græsted-Gilleleje municipality to form the new Gribskov municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 278 km² and a total population of 40,409 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Hovedstaden (\"Capital Region\"). Helsinge Until 1 January 2007, Helsinge was a municipality (Danish, \"kommune\") in Frederiksborg County on the north coast of the island of Zealand (\"Sjælland\") in eastern Denmark. It had a total population of 19,473 (2005), but in the summer months the population grew to over 36.000 people. Its last mayor was", "title": "Helsinge" }, { "id": "19743809", "score": "1.4602139", "text": "Helsingør Cemetery Helsingør Cemetery (Danish: Helsingør Kirkegård) is a cemetery in Helsingør, Denmark. It serves the parishes of St. Olai, St. Mary, Vestervang and Sthen. Founded in the second half of the 16th century, it was originally used as a burial ground for the poor but became the city principal cemetery in the 1820. It is bordered by Nygade, I.L. Tvedes Vej and Møllebakken In the Middle Ages, wealthy citizens were usually buried inside St. Olai's or St. Mary's churches or as close to the outer church walls as possible. When Frederick II began the construction of Kronborg, it led", "title": "Helsingør Cemetery" }, { "id": "3824526", "score": "1.4458818", "text": "city Helsingør clearly visible on the other side of the Øresund about to the west, closer than to the city's own remoter areas. If including all population around the northern part of Øresund, as a Helsingborg-Helsingør metropolitan area, its population increases to 732 450 at an area of . The busy ferry route known as the HH Ferry route has through history been operated by several shipping lines. more than 70 car ferries departures from each harbour every day. Following the Swedish orthography reform of 1906 many place names in Sweden got a modernized spelling. In 1912 it was decided", "title": "Helsingborg" }, { "id": "19228658", "score": "1.4454604", "text": "Helsingør City Museum Helsingør City Museum (Danish: Helsingør Bymuseum) is a local history museum in Helsingørm Denmark. The 16th-century building in which it is based is known as the Cammelite House (Danish: Kammelitterhuset) although the Carmelite brothers from the adjacent Priory of Our Lady have in fact only built a minor part of the build. On 11 July 1516, Granted the brothers at Helsingør's Carmelite Priory permission to build a jospital for \"poor, sick foreign seamen for rest and something, help and comfort\". The building, located on present day Hestemøllestræde to the south of the priory's chapel, was 25 and", "title": "Helsingør City Museum" }, { "id": "505740", "score": "1.4449692", "text": "of the historic centre of the town of Helsingør. It is situated at an elevation of 12 meters, on a small foreland jutting out into the narrowest point of the Øresund, the sound between the Danish island of Zealand and the Swedish province of Scania, that was also Danish until 1658. The approach from the town is to the east, with a series of moats and gates protecting the route from the town to the castle itself. The royal apartments are located on the first floor of the north wing. The apartments were originally furnished by Frederick II around 1576,", "title": "Kronborg" }, { "id": "20775430", "score": "1.4439741", "text": "MS Sundbuss Pernille M/S Sundbuss Pernille (between 2007 and 2010 named Siletta Ace) is a passenger ferry operating the HH ferry route between Helsingborg, Sweden and Helsingør, Denmark. The vessel currently operates the route for the Danish shipping company Sundbusserne A/S. The ferry was built in 1981 by Lindstølds Skips and Baatbyggeri A/S in Risør, for A/S Moltzau Tankrederi from Oslo. She was deployed by the shipping company Sundsbusserne A/S between Helsingborg and Helsingör under the name M/S Sundbuss Pernille on 19 June 1981. It was under the Norwegian flag until 2001 when it switched to the Swedish flag with", "title": "MS Sundbuss Pernille" }, { "id": "6019872", "score": "1.4435942", "text": "Stenstrup. To the east is the Øresund, the strait which separates Zealand from Sweden. To the north is the Kattegat. Ferry service connects the municipality at the town of Helsingør east over the Øresund to the town of Helsingborg, Sweden. The European routes E47 and E55 traverse the two cities. Helsingør municipality was not merged with other municipalities due to the nationwide \"Kommunalreformen\" (\"The Municipality Reform\" of 2007). The town as we know it today was founded in the 1420s by the Danish king Eric of Pomerania. He established the Sound Dues in 1429 and built the castle 'Krogen', which", "title": "Helsingør Municipality" }, { "id": "12110383", "score": "1.4373293", "text": "generosity of local residents for their sustenance. They were sometimes called the \"little white friars\". King Erik invited them into Denmark and established the priory of Our Lady in Helsingør to ensure that they remained. As time passed the priory received many properties scattered all over Zealand which decreased their dependence on others. The priory in Helsingør eventually became the headquarters for the Carmelites in Scandinavia. Its property was a gift from King Erik, and included several farms for its maintenance. The buildings were of red brick, the most common building material of the day in the region. The three", "title": "Carmelite Priory, Helsingør" } ]

[ "Richard Burton (actor)", "richard burton actor", "Richard Burton", "Richard Walter Jenkins", "richard burton", "richard walter jenkins" ]

[ { "id": "7848312", "score": "1.6725094", "text": "Raúl Esparza, Josh Hamilton, Ed Harris, Ethan Hawke, Beth Henley. Danny Hoch, Holly Hunter, Marin Ireland, Judith Ivey, Kristen Johnston, Zoe Kazan, Ayub Khan-Din, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Mike Leigh, Kenneth Lonergan, Natasha Lyonne, Amy Madigan, Jena Malone, Derek McLane, Laurie Metcalf, Pat Metheny, Megan Mullally, Kunal Nayyar, Alessandro Nivola, Cynthia Nixon, Brian F. O'Byrne, Nick Offerman, Tonya Pinkins, Bill Pullman, Sam Rockwell, Seth Zvi Rosenfeld, Mark Ruffalo, Anabella Sciorra, Chloë Sevigny, Cara Seymour, Wallace Shawn, Betty Shamieh, Jonathan Marc Sherman, Lili Taylor, Sam Trammell, Frank Whaley, Dianne Wiest, and Michelle Williams. The New Group's past productions have received over 100", "title": "The New Group" }, { "id": "2346240", "score": "1.64812", "text": "Helen Mirren, Tommy Cooper, Judi Dench, Naomi Campbell, Trevor McDonald, Barry White, Harold Wilson, Tony Blair, Olivia Newton-John, Billie Piper, David Tennant, Denzel Washington, Gillian Anderson, Clint Eastwood, Sandra Bullock, Joan Rivers, Bonnie Tyler and Buddy Rich. During the 1970s, he attracted former big-name Hollywood stars, such as Fred Astaire, Orson Welles, James Stewart, John Wayne, Mickey Rooney, David Niven, Gene Kelly, James Cagney and Robert Mitchum, not on the basis that they had a film to promote, but simply because they wanted a chat. Despite this, Parkinson has since asserted that then as now, \"...there was just as much", "title": "Parkinson (TV series)" }, { "id": "13006255", "score": "1.6207285", "text": "Charles, Clement Freud, Mariella Frostrup, Liza Goddard, Jeremy Hardy, Kit Hesketh-Harvey, Helen Lederer, Carolyn Marshall, Graham Norton, Su Pollard, Wendy Richard, Arthur Smith, Jim Sweeney and Richard Vranch. Both this series and the series before were produced by Mike Mansfield. In 1999, the BBC televised the show, with 20 episodes recorded during a single week in Birmingham. Nicholas Parsons was again the chairman. There were no regular panellists but those appearing were Pam Ayres, Clare Balding, Isla Blair, Jo Brand, Gyles Brandreth, Ken Bruce, Michael Cashman, Barry Cryer, Stephen Frost, Liza Goddard, Tony Hawks, Peter Jones, Maria McErlane, Richard Morton,", "title": "Just a Minute" }, { "id": "15520020", "score": "1.6101836", "text": "Elliott Jordan returns to play Jack. He plays a practical joke on Michael and Tiger which leads to Michael punching him in the face. Asa Elliott made further guest appearances in Neptunes. Guest stars include Ken Morley playing the Head of a local Hairdressing Mafia and Kenneth's uncle, Philip Olivier as Jason - a sexy new barman. Also featured in the series are The Krankies and Rustie Lee appearing as friends of swingers Donald and Jacqueline, legendary Hollywood star Joan Collins arrives as Crystal Hennessy-Vass, the CEO of the Solana Hotel Group, and also Joyce's high maintenance boss, Janet Street", "title": "Benidorm (TV series)" }, { "id": "18214006", "score": "1.6068251", "text": "Hugh Lindsay, Vivien Leigh, Lauren Becall, Ivor Braka, Stavros Niarchos, Carol Thatcher, Georgina Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, Gregory Peck, Yul Brynner, Lauren Bacall, Kay Kendall, Juliette Gréco, Roger Vadim, David Niven, Robert Capa, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, Greta Garbo and Gene Kelly, who famously danced on the tables in the hotel bar of the legendary Hotel Chesa Grischuna where Rex Harrison discussed his musical notes for \"My Fair Lady\" with the hotel pianist as described in the 2013 edition of Vanity Fair Magazine over a 6-page spread. Producer of 'Gone with the wind', David", "title": "Chalet Eugenia" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Elizabeth Taylor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1999 in film\n\nThe year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick's final film \"Eyes Wide Shut\", Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film \"All About My Mother\", the science-fiction hit \"The Matrix\", the animated works \"The Iron Giant\", \"\" and \"My Neighbors the Yamadas\", the Best Picture-winner \"American Beauty\", the well-received \"The Green Mile\", the Pixar sequel film \"Toy Story 2\", and the Deep Canvas-pioneering Disney animated feature \"Tarzan\". Other noteworthy releases include M. Night Shyamalan's breakout film \"The Sixth Sense\", the controversial cult classic \"Fight Club\" and Paul Thomas Anderson's \"Magnolia\". The year also featured George Lucas' top-grossing \"\". Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated their 75th anniversaries in 1999.", "title": "1999 in film" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of American films of 2012\n\nThis is a list of American films released in 2012.", "title": "List of American films of 2012" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1969 New Year Honours\n\nThe New Year Honours 1969 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced in supplements to the \"London Gazette\" of 20 December 1968 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1969. At this time honours for Australians were awarded both in the United Kingdom honours, on the advice of the premiers of Australian states, and also in a separate Australia honours list.<ref name=\"Australia\"/>\n\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, \"etc.\") and then divisions (Military, Civil, \"etc.\") as appropriate.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1969 New Year Honours" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of American films of 2005\n\nThis is a list of American films that were released in 2005.", "title": "List of American films of 2005" }, { "id": "19016847", "score": "1.6061585", "text": "regular in the next series of \"Tracey Ullman's Show\", and will portray former American World No. 1 professional tennis player, Arthur Ashe, in the 2017 movie \"Borg/McEnroe\", starring Sverrir Gudnason and Shia LaBeouf. Forbes' sketch group Daphne were the winners of the London Sketchfest's prize for 'Best New Act' in 2015. Their first Edinburgh Festival Fringe show, \"Daphne Do Edinburgh\", was critically acclaimed and Daphne were nominated for the 2015 Foster's (formerly Perrier) Award for 'Best Newcomer'. Citations Jason Forbes Jason Forbes (born 27 October 1990) is a British actor, writer and comedian best known for the CITV series \"Horrible", "title": "Jason Forbes" }, { "id": "15832001", "score": "1.6032193", "text": "Adams, Harry Platt, Bartle Bull, Justine Cushing Freddy Eberstadt, Kathy Johnson, George Beane, Anthony Haden-Guest, Steve Mazoh, Lucinda Watson, Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo, Robert Meeropol, Michael Meeropol,Robert De Machy, Marjorie Neikrug, Susan Meiselas; John Szarkowski, Ralph Baum, Lydia Fischer Frank, David Plowden, Patricia Carbine, Sir Georg Solti, Mirella Freni, Rolf Lieberman, Marion Javits, Kurt Moll 1977: Jeannette McElvenny, Steven M.L. Aronson, George H. Beane, Dayton Carr, Mark R. Chartrand III, Christopher Forbes, Joseph Hammer, Jane Stanton Hitchcock, William M. Hitchcock, Thomas Lee Jones, Lorna Livingston, William C. Murray, Henry Eliot Plimack, Freddy Plimpton, Jocelyn Kress Turner, Susan Watson, Olive", "title": "Diana Mara Henry" }, { "id": "4504335", "score": "1.5911117", "text": "Phil McGraw, Bill O'Reilly, Ozzy Osbourne, Terry O'Quinn (as John Locke from \"Lost\"), Sarah Jessica Parker (as Carrie Bradshaw from \"Sex and the City\"), Dr. Drew Pinsky, Maury Povich, Jeff Probst, John Bennett Ramsey, Rob Reiner (as Michael Stivic from \"All in the Family\"), Michael Richards, John Ritter (as Jack Tripper from \"Three’s Company\"), David Schwimmer (as Ross Geller from \"Friends\"), Adam Sandler, Charlie Sheen (as Charlie Harper from \"Two and a Half Men\"), J. K. Simmons (as Mac McGruff from \"Juno\" and as Vernon Schillinger from \"Oz\"), Howard K. Stern, Linda Tripp, and Eddie Vedder. After 10 years on", "title": "Michael McDonald (comedian)" }, { "id": "10360247", "score": "1.5865217", "text": "Tom Cruise, Helen Hunt, Heath Ledger, Cate Blanchett, Paul Newman, Martin Scorsese, Francis Coppola and Sofia Coppola, Nicolas Cage, Sean Penn, Bruce Willis, Robert Carlyle, Jessica Lange, George Clooney, Tom Hanks, Al Pacino, Dustin Hoffman, Robert De Niro, Holly Hunter, Donald Sutherland, Quentin Tarantino, Charlize Theron, Amy Adams, John Boorman, Peter Jackson, Mickey Rourke, Johnny Depp, and the Coen brothers to name a few. In 2007 he was contracted by the Greenwood Publishing Group in the United States to write a biography of director Clint Eastwood, \"Clint Eastwood: Evolution of a Filmmaker\", published in 2008. This was followed by a", "title": "John H. Foote" }, { "id": "2064882", "score": "1.5823817", "text": "of Derek. Also making cameos were Lance Bass, Tyson Beckford, Emma Bunton, Stephen Dorff, Shavo Odadjian, Fred Durst, Fabio, Tom Ford, Cuba Gooding Jr., Lukas Haas, Tommy Hilfiger, Paris Hilton, Carmen Kass, Heidi Klum, Lenny Kravitz, Karl Lagerfeld, Lil' Kim, Natalie Portman, Frankie Rayder, Mark Ronson, Gavin Rossdale, Winona Ryder, Garry Shandling, Christian Slater, Gwen Stefani, Donald Trump, Donatella Versace and Veronica Webb. \"Derelicte\" is the name given to the fashion line designed by Mugatu and is a parody of a real fashion line created by John Galliano in 2000. It is described by Mugatu in the film as \"a", "title": "Zoolander" }, { "id": "10207723", "score": "1.5798503", "text": "Tony Curtis, Steve Guttenberg, Juliette Lewis, Bai Ling, Dolph Lundgren, David Hasselhoff, John Malkovich, Sofia Milos, Kathleen Turner, Madeline Zima, William Shatner, Holly Madison, Chevy Chase, Jay Mohr, Michelle Rodriguez, Leah Remini, Barbara Eden, Tobin Bell, Rachel Hunter and Bruce Willis and many mores. In 2013 the cooperation with National Geographic Society started, in 2016 the cooperation with LEICA! For the first time, Baumann will exhibit in a museum in autumn 2017, his exhibition MUSTANGS will be shown in the Natural History Museum Vienna! 2017/2018 is Manfred Baumann Testimonial for Huawei international alongside with Robert Lewandowski. 2018/2019 he shows his", "title": "Manfred Baumann" }, { "id": "8050686", "score": "1.5789967", "text": "3\", \"Miss Undercover 2\", \"V-for Vendetta\", \"Aviator\", \"Alexander\", \"Ocean's Twelve\", \"Collateral\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Lord of the Rings – Return of the King\", \"Troy\", \"Kill Bill 2\", ... etc. Brad Pitt, Tom Cruise, Robbie Williams, Kylie Minogue, Matt Damon, Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Sandra Bullock, Cameron Diaz, Toni Collette, Steven Spielberg, Michael Mann, Natalie Portman, Leonardo DiCaprio, Denzel Washington, Angelina Jolie, Oliver Stone, Marylin Manson, Will Smith, George Clooney, Ralph Fiennes, Peter Jackson, Liv Tyler, Tom Hanks, ... etc. \"CeBIT\", \"AIDA\", \"GC – Games Convention\", \"Stanford Eagle\", \"Leaders Club Germany Award\", \"Minnie Driver CD Presentation\", \"Priscilla Presley CD Presentation\", \"The Sound", "title": "Steven Gätjen" }, { "id": "10885956", "score": "1.5664847", "text": "1959, star Earl Holliman also appeared an hour later in the premiere episode of \"The Twilight Zone\", \"Where Is Everybody?\", which also aired on CBS. Guest stars on \"Hotel de Paree\" included Philip Abbott, Theodore Bikel, Sebastian Cabot, Russ Conway, Dennis Cross, Walter Coy, Royal Dano, King Donovan, Brian Donlevy, Jack Elam, Leif Erickson, Ron Hayes, Allyn Joslyn, Don Keefer, Nora Marlowe, Martin Milner, Read Morgan, Gregg Palmer, John M. Pickard, Judson Pratt, Darryl Richard, Peter Mark Richman, Vic Tayback, and Peter Whitney. A comic-book adaptation, written by Gaylord Du Bois, appeared in Dell's Four Color #1126. Hotel de Paree", "title": "Hotel de Paree" }, { "id": "15272985", "score": "1.5636097", "text": "Jason Robards appeared with Christopher Plummer and Constance Ford in the March 18, 1956, episode entitled \"A Thief There Was.\" The plethora of guests included several other well-known names and some future stars who were beginning their show business, including Philip Abbott, Edie Adams, Gene Barry, Carl Betz, Neville Brand, Patricia Breslin, Geraldine Brooks, Macdonald Carey, Robert Clary, James Daly (\"A Touch of Christmas\" on December 25, 1955), Gloria DeHaven (\"The Snow People\"), Eva Gabor, James Gregory, Pat Hingle, Henry Hull, Kim Hunter, Henry Jones, Louis Jourdan, Don Keefer, Phyllis Kirk, June Lockhart, Jack Lord, Lin McCarthy (four episodes), Peggy", "title": "Appointment with Adventure" }, { "id": "18458707", "score": "1.5619763", "text": "cast. In a post-credits scene, Tommy has a verbal exchange with Henry, a partygoer with a similar accent and mannerisms who offers to hang out, but he refuses. Kristen Bell, Ike Barinholtz, Adam Scott, Kevin Smith, Keegan-Michael Key, Lizzy Caplan, Danny McBride and J. J. Abrams appear as themselves in a prologue discussing \"The Room\" and its reputation. Other roles include John Early as Chris (Iris Burton's executive assistant), Joe Mande as DP Todd Barron, Charlyne Yi as costume designer Safowa Bright-Asare, Kelly Oxford as makeup artist Amy Von Brock, Tom Franco as Karl, Zoey Deutch as Tommy's acting classmate", "title": "The Disaster Artist (film)" }, { "id": "13005017", "score": "1.5606556", "text": "Bob Barker, Edgar Bergen, Polly Bergen, Neville Brand, Anita Bryant, Sebastian Cabot, John Cassavetes, Lon Chaney, Jr., Gary Crosby, Bob Cummings, Abby Dalton, Ann B. Davis, Bette Davis, William Demarest, Bob Denver, Bradford Dillman, Fabian, Constance Ford, Connie Francis, Annette Funicello, Judy Garland, George Gobel, Hermione Gingold, Lorne Greene, Cedric Hardwicke, Sessue Hayakawa, Paul Henreid, Darryl Hickman, Earl Holliman, Edward Everett Horton, Robert Horton, Tab Hunter, David Janssen, Rick Jason, Carolyn Jones, Danny Kaye, Buster Keaton, Gene Kelly, Jack Kelly and Don Knotts. Michael Landon, The Lennon Sisters, Peter Lorre, Carol Lynley, Barbara Luna, Shirley MacLaine, Nobu McCarthy, Steve McQueen,", "title": "Here's Hollywood" }, { "id": "3668221", "score": "1.5604715", "text": "security, Billy Griffin (Nathan Cook); reception manager Julie Gillette (Shari Belafonte); young couple Dave and Megan Kendall (real life spouses Michael Spound and Heidi Bohay), a bellhop and a desk clerk, respectively; and Harry the bartender (Harry George Phillips). Characters Eric Lloyd (Ty Miller); Cheryl Dolan (Valerie Landsburg) and Ryan Thomas (Susan Walters) were added to the cast during its final season. Cast members Brolin, Sellecca, Belafonte and Cook appeared in every episode of the series. In later years, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., made numerous guest appearances as an opponent of Victoria Cabot and Peter McDermott who plants his daughter, played", "title": "Hotel (U.S. TV series)" }, { "id": "15451003", "score": "1.5596277", "text": "Patrick March and the original hotelier of the Hotel Cortez. In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirmed she would return to join the main cast of the sixth season during an interview with Larry King. Denis O'Hare announced that he will also appear in the season in a May 2016 interview. In June 2016, Cheyenne Jackson, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, and Kathy Bates announced their returns for the sixth season. In August 2016, Sarah Paulson announced that she would return to the series in the sixth season and Ryan Murphy announced that Oscar winner Cuba Gooding Jr. had joined the main", "title": "American Horror Story" }, { "id": "11086731", "score": "1.5532775", "text": "were featured including \"Vega$'s\" Phyllis Davis and her sister Deborah Ludwig Davis, \"Baretta's\" Michael D. Roberts, actress Pamela Susan Shoop and former child star Barret Oliver. The pilot also features Elvis Presley's two best friends, Lance LeGault and Red West. The episode begins during an evening at the Tropicana Hotel Casino Las Vegas where Los Angeles police detective Michael Long, (Larry Anderson) who is on a six-month-long special assignment to protect Tanya Walker (Phyllis Davis) and Charles Acton (Ed Gilbert), who are playing a game of craps. The two are technology executives of Consolidated Chemical Corporation, who have become the", "title": "Knight of the Phoenix" }, { "id": "12513779", "score": "1.5522616", "text": "Hilton, Will Geddes, Mark Durden-Smith, Jade Jagger, Kate Michelson, Jackie Collins, Tamara Beckwith, Olivia Lee, Scott Mills, Vanessa Lloyd-Platt, Callum Best, Steve Shaw, Julian Bennett, Benji Madden, Allison Melnick, Nicky Hilton and Barron Hilton. Scenes featuring Hilton partying with Katie Price as well as a performance at the \"BBF\" mansion by Good Charlotte are believed to have been shot, but did not make the final cut in any episodes. The first episode featured cameos from American \"BFF\" contestants Brittany, Onch, Vanessa, Kiki, Sinsu and Lauren while showing Paris' going away party before departing for London. In the finale, Vanessa, Onch", "title": "Paris Hilton's My New BFF" } ]

[ "Wins for Toyota — Safety Group", "Toyota Motors", "Toyota Motor Corporation", "toyota motor company", "toyota vista store", "toyota motor manufacturing u s inc", "Toyota Corporation", "Toyota 58-79 timeline", "Toyota (automobile)", "toyopet store", "Toyota Motor Manufacturing, U.S.A., Inc.", "toyota motors philippines", "Toyota.com", "toyota", "Toyota Motor Philippines", "Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki-gaisha", "Toyota Store", "Toyotathon", "Toyota Motors Philippines", "toyotas", "toyota central r d labs", "toyota netz", "toyota corporation", "Toyota automobile collectibles", "toyota automobile", "toyota motor", "toyota motors manufacturing", "Zeronise", "Toyota Corolla Store", "toyota motor corp", "toyota jidosha kabushiki gaisha", "Toyta", "Toyota Central R&D Labs", "Toyopet", "toyota cars", "Toyota Motor Corp", "toyota store", "Toyotas", "toyota jidousha kabushiki gaisha", "toyopet", "Toyota motor corp", "Toyota Motor Company", "wins for toyota — safety group", "Toyopet Store", "toyota com", "Www.toyota.com", "Toyota NETZ", "トヨタ", "Toyota", "www toyota com", "Toyota cars", "Toyota Motors Manufacturing", "toyota automobile collectibles", "toyota motor philippines", "Toyota company", "toyota corolla store", "zeronise", "toyta", "Toyota Motor", "Toyota 89CV", "Toyota Vista Store", "Toyota Jidousha Kabushiki-gaisha", "toyota 58 79 timeline", "Toyota (company)", "トヨタ自動車株式会社", "toyota motor corporation", "toyota 89cv", "Toyota Motor Corp.", "toyotathon", "toyota company", "toyota motors", "Toyota Netz" ]

[ { "id": "8241984", "score": "1.530025", "text": "was valued at US$22.67 billion, ranking it ninth among all global brand names - automotive or non-automotive, edging out that of Mercedes-Benz. 2010 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers shows that Toyota holds the number 1 spot, Nissan number 6, and Honda number 7. The German trio Audi, Mercedes-Benz and BMW are often referred to as \"Germany's Big Three\", although the actual major automobile manufacturers are the Volkswagen Group (producer of Audi), Daimler AG (producer of Mercedes-Benz), and BMW. Other major German manufacturers are Opel and Ford-Werke, but are not considered as part", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": "14361529", "score": "1.5282617", "text": "in China, surpassing Japan as the world's largest automobile producer. Now, annual production of more than 18 million automobiles exceeds that of the United States and Japan combined, or that of the EU. Moreover, with total sales of 13.64 million, China became the largest automobile market in the world for the full year 2009, overtaking the United States. The top nine car sellers for 2009 were Volkswagen, General Motors, Hyundai, Nissan, BYD, Chery, Honda, Toyota, and Geely. An embryonic automotive industry started in India in the 1940s. However, for the next 50 years, the growth of the industry was hobbled", "title": "Automotive industry by country" }, { "id": "8241986", "score": "1.5207877", "text": "major stakes in other automakers including Mitsubishi Fuso. BMW also produces Mini branded vehicles, and has been the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars since 1998. BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi make up about 80% of the global luxury market. Renault , Peugeot and Citroën are often referred to as France's Big Three although the latter is part of the PSA Group along with Peugeot. France is home to two major automaking companies : - PSA Group (owner of the Peugeot, Citroën, DS and Opel/Vauxhall brands) the 2nd-largest automaker in Europe and the 10th-largest of the world in 2016. - Renault", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": "8241982", "score": "1.5164487", "text": "was also a significant step in improving public relations, along with philanthropy, lobbying efforts, and sharing technology. Europe has still largely maintained its protectionism policies against Japanese cars, though theirs varies considerably. Toyota has always been by far Japan's largest automaker, and it recently overtook perennial world leader GM in both production and sales by early 2008. As the most aggressive of Japan's companies when it came to expanding into light trucks and luxury vehicles, this proved largely successful. Their high-end brand Lexus became the top-selling luxury marque worldwide in 2000, despite being only started up in 1989. Consequently, Toyota's", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": "8241976", "score": "1.510638", "text": "now including Tesla in the \"Big Three\" because it is the third-largest US owned automobile manufacturer with a valuation ($34.16B), much higher than FCA ($9.05B). Japanese automakers Toyota, Nissan, and Honda, among many others, have long been considered the leaders at producing smaller, fuel-efficient cars. Their vehicles were brought to the forefront, due to the 1973 oil crisis which had a major impact on the automotive industry. For instance, the Honda Civic was considered superior to American competitors such as the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto. The Civic is the best-selling car in Canada for 12 years in a row.", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Automotive industry\n\nThe automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue (from 16 % such as in France up to 40 % to countries like Slovakia). It is also the industry with the highest spending on research & development per firm.\n\nThe word \"automotive\" comes from the Greek \"autos\" (self), and Latin \"motivus\" (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry<ref name=\"STS of US\">\n</ref>\n(1860-1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.", "title": "Automotive industry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production\n\nThis is a list of manufacturers by motor vehicle production, by year, based on Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA).\n\nFigures include passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, minibuses, trucks, buses and coaches. OICA defines these entries as follows:", "title": "List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)\n\nIn the automotive industry, the term Big Three is used for a country's three largest motor vehicle manufacturers, especially indicating companies that sell under multiple brand names.\n\nThe term originated in the United States, where General Motors was the first to form a large, multi-brand, motor-vehicle corporation (in the 1910s), followed by Ford Motor Company, and the Chrysler Corporation, all before World War II. \n\nThe term \"Big Three\" has since been sometimes used to refer to the following automakers:", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Automotive industry in China" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Volkswagen\n\nVolkswagen (), abbreviated as VW (), is a German motor vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front under the Nazi Party and revived into a global brand post-World War II by the British Army Officer Ivan Hirst, it is known for the iconic Beetle and serves as the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group, the largest automotive manufacturer by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017. The group's biggest market is in China, which delivers 40 percent of its sales and profits. Its name is derived from the German-language terms and , translating to \"people's car\" when combined.", "title": "Volkswagen" }, { "id": "443725", "score": "1.5092111", "text": "unit, is Europe's largest automaker. For a long time, Volkswagen has had a market share over 20 percent. In 2010, Volkswagen posted record sales of 6.29 million vehicles, with its global market share at 11.4%. In 2008, Volkswagen became the third largest automaker in the world, and, as of 2012, Volkswagen is the second largest manufacturer worldwide. Volkswagen has aimed to double its US market share from 2% to 4% in 2014, and is aiming to become, sustainably, the world's largest car maker by 2018. Volkswagen Group's core markets include Germany and China. Volkswagen has factories in many parts of", "title": "Volkswagen" }, { "id": "8241988", "score": "1.502177", "text": "vehicles outside France. Big Three (automobile manufacturers) In the automotive industry of the United States of America, the term Big Three refers to the country's three largest automobile manufacturers: General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler (FCA US). Germany's Big Three are Volkswagen AG, Mercedes-Benz (Daimler AG) and BMW. Japan's Big Three are Toyota, Nissan, and Honda. France's Big Three are Renault, Peugeot and Citroën although the latter is part of the PSA Group along with Peugeot. General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US are often referred to as the \"Big Three\", being the largest automakers in the", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": "8241987", "score": "1.4990214", "text": "Group (owner of the Renault, Alpine, Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors brands and 43% of Nissan) the 3rd-largest automaker in Europe and the 9th-largest of the world in 2016. France was a pioneer in the automotive industry and is the 11th-largest automobile manufacturer in the world by 2015 unit production and the third-largest in Europe (after Germany and Spain). It had consistently been the 4th-largest from the end of World War II up to 2000. The France-based Renault Trucks is a major producer of commercial vehicles and is owned by Volvo AB. Both PSA and Renault produce a large number of", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": "5249057", "score": "1.4989", "text": "about a fourth of Honda's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors. Since 2009, China has become the world's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan, the United States, and all of Europe. Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other countries, there has been growth in transnational corporate groups, with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge engineering or re-badging to suit different markets and consumer segments. Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known, such as", "title": "History of the automobile" }, { "id": "8241965", "score": "1.4924455", "text": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers) In the automotive industry of the United States of America, the term Big Three refers to the country's three largest automobile manufacturers: General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler (FCA US). Germany's Big Three are Volkswagen AG, Mercedes-Benz (Daimler AG) and BMW. Japan's Big Three are Toyota, Nissan, and Honda. France's Big Three are Renault, Peugeot and Citroën although the latter is part of the PSA Group along with Peugeot. General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US are often referred to as the \"Big Three\", being the largest automakers in the United States. They", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" }, { "id": "285371", "score": "1.4906263", "text": "2014 Nissan was the largest car manufacturer in North America. Nissan is the world's largest electric vehicle (EV) manufacturer, with global sales of more than 320,000 all-electric vehicles as of April 2018. The top-selling vehicle of the car-maker's lineup is the Nissan LEAF, an all-electric car and the world's top-selling highway-capable plug-in electric car in history. In January 2018, Nissan CEO Hiroto Saikawa announced that all Infiniti vehicles launched from 2021 will be hybrid vehicles or all-electric vehicles. Masujiro Hashimoto founded the Kaishinsha Motor Car Works ( \"A Good Company Automobile Manufacturer\") in Tokyo's Azabu-Hiroo district, Japan's first automobile manufacturer.", "title": "Nissan" }, { "id": "12450049", "score": "1.4841815", "text": "and late 1990s, passenger car sales soared in the early 2000s. In 2006, a total of 7.22 million automobiles were sold, including 5.18 million units of passenger cars and 2.04 million units of commercial vehicles. In 2010, China became the world's largest automotive vehicle manufacturer as well as the largest consumer ahead of the United States with an estimated 18 million new cars sold. However, new car sales grew only by an estimated 1% between 2011 and 2012 due to the escalation in the Spratly Islands dispute, which involved Japan, the world's third largest producer of vehicles. China's automotive industry", "title": "Economy of China" }, { "id": "154667", "score": "1.4815269", "text": "Dutch automaker Spyker, and emerged from a government-backed Chapter 11 reorganization. In 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the world's top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. Based on global sales, General Motors is routinely among the world's largest automakers. Headquartered at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, GM employs approximately 180,000 people around the world. In 2009, General Motors sold 6.5 million cars and trucks globally; in 2010, it sold 8.39 million. , Mary Barra is the chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of the board and", "title": "General Motors" }, { "id": "14361563", "score": "1.4788165", "text": "air-cooled engine. It was designed in the 1930s by Ferdinand Porsche upon orders from Adolf Hitler, who was himself a car enthusiast. However, production models only appeared after the war; until then, only rich Germans had automobiles. By 1950, Volkswagen was the largest German automobile producer. Today, the Group is one of the three biggest automotive companies in the world, and the largest in Europe; and is now part-owned by Porsche Automobil Holding SE. , seven different car manufacturers belong to the industrial concern: Volkswagen, Audi AG, Bugatti Automobiles SAS, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Bentley Motors Limited, SEAT, S.A., Škoda Auto,", "title": "Automotive industry by country" }, { "id": "11009158", "score": "1.4740096", "text": "fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade. Combined with robust growth in China, in 2009, this resulted in China becoming the largest car producer and market in the world. China 2009 sales had increased to 13.6 million, a significant increase from one million of domestic car sales in 2000. Since then however, even in China and other BRIC countries, the automotive production is again falling. Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public", "title": "Car" }, { "id": "3201404", "score": "1.4722962", "text": "in meeting challenges in the globalised world. However, the emblems mounted on the company's latest cars have black in place of the green and red areas, with the chrome relief maintained as it was. Perodua The (\"Second Automobile Manufacturer Private Limited\"), usually abbreviated to Perodua (), is Malaysia's largest car manufacturer, closely followed by Proton. It was established in 1992 and launched its first car, the Perodua Kancil, in August 1994. 'M2' refers to the codename which was used when the project to establish Perodua was still top secret. Initially Perodua mainly produced minicars and superminis, and did not have", "title": "Perodua" }, { "id": "14361531", "score": "1.4710368", "text": "makers such as South Korea, Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Mexico, Russia, Spain, France, Brazil) and is the second fastest growing automobile market (after China) in the World. Total turnover of the Indian automobile industry grew 3.6 times from $34 Billion in 2006 to $122 Billion in 2016. The largest automotive companies in India are Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai MotorIndia, Mahindra & Mahindra and Tata Motors (In 2008, it launched Tata Nano, the cheapest car in the world at $1,500). Foreign auto companies with plants in India include, General Motors, Ford, Hyundai, Honda, Suzuki, Nissan Motors, Toyota, Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, BMW,", "title": "Automotive industry by country" }, { "id": "13572442", "score": "1.4700918", "text": "Porsche), BMW AG, Daimler AG, Adam Opel AG and Ford-Werke GmbH. Nearly six million vehicles are produced in Germany each year, and approximately 5.5 million are produced overseas by German brands. Alongside the United States, China and Japan, Germany is one of the top 4 automobile manufacturers in the world. The Volkswagen Group is one of the three biggest automotive companies of the world (along with Toyota and General Motors). The Chevrolet Volt and its GM Voltec powertrain Technology were invented and developed first and foremost by the former German Opel engineer Frank Weber and—still today—some of the most important", "title": "Automotive industry in Germany" }, { "id": "1295932", "score": "1.4646899", "text": "of motor vehicles in the world, with 259 million in 2016. Vehicle ownership per capita in the US is also the highest in the world, with 832 vehicles in operation per 1000 people in 2016. The People's Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with 194 million vehicles in 2016, and in 2009 became the world's largest new car market. In 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, with 18.4 million motor vehicles manufactured. The US publisher Ward's estimates that as of 2010, there were 1.015 billion motor", "title": "Motor vehicle" }, { "id": "8241985", "score": "1.4644884", "text": "of this grouping, although they are among the top selling brands in Europe - they are both foreign-owned (Opel is a subsidiary of Groupe PSA, whilst Ford Werke is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford Motor Company), and are largely Germany based and carry out much of their research and development in the nation. Volkswagen Group has long been the largest automaker in Europe. As of 2007 it edged out Ford to rank third in the world after General Motors and Toyota. It is also the parent group of Audi, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda, Bugatti, Lamborghini and Bentley. Daimler AG holds", "title": "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)" } ]

[ "valletta", "Valleta", "città umilissima", "Valetta", "Città Umilissima", "Il-Belt Valletta", "valetta malta", "La Valletta", "capital of malta", "Valetta, Malta", "Valletta", "la valleta", "la valletta", "valleta", "il belt valletta", "Citta Umilissima", "Valletta, Malta", "valetta", "La Valleta", "Capital of Malta", "citta umilissima", "valletta malta" ]

[ { "id": "682563", "score": "1.6040711", "text": "Valletta Valletta (, ) is the capital city of Malta. Located in the south east of the island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444, while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe. Valletta's 16th century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House. The city", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": "682587", "score": "1.6032252", "text": "destination in the city. Valletta Valletta (, ) is the capital city of Malta. Located in the south east of the island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444, while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe. Valletta's 16th century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": "3570831", "score": "1.5976257", "text": "Victoria, Gozo Victoria (, meaning \"the city Victoria\"), also known among the native Maltese as Rabat (which is the name of the old town centre) or by its title Città Victoria, is the capital city of Gozo, the second largest island of Malta. The city has a total population of 6,901 (as of March 2014), and by population, is the largest locality in Gozo. The area around the town, situated on a hill near the centre of the island, has been settled since Neolithic times. Victoria is the name given on 10 June 1887 by the British government on the", "title": "Victoria, Gozo" }, { "id": "3570840", "score": "1.5746614", "text": "the Don Bosco Oratory. Victoria is home to three football clubs, S.K. Victoria Wanderers, Victoria Hotspurs and Oratory Youths. Victoria, Gozo Victoria (, meaning \"the city Victoria\"), also known among the native Maltese as Rabat (which is the name of the old town centre) or by its title Città Victoria, is the capital city of Gozo, the second largest island of Malta. The city has a total population of 6,901 (as of March 2014), and by population, is the largest locality in Gozo. The area around the town, situated on a hill near the centre of the island, has been", "title": "Victoria, Gozo" }, { "id": "257619", "score": "1.57161", "text": "Malta Malta (, ; ), officially known as the Republic of Malta (), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. With a population of about 475,000 over an area of , Malta is the world's tenth smallest and fifth most densely-populated country. Its capital is Valletta, which is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area at 0.8 km. The official languages are Maltese and English, with Maltese officially recognised as the national language and the only Semitic language", "title": "Malta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Malta\n\nMalta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies south of Sicily (Italy), east of Tunisia, The official languages are Maltese and English, and 66% of the current Maltese population is at least conversational in the Italian language.\n\nMalta has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location in the centre of the Mediterranean has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested and ruled the islands, including the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Knights of St. John, French, and British, amongst others.\n\nWith a population of about 516,000 and fourth most densely populated sovereign country. Its capital is Valletta, which is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area and population. According to the data from 2020 by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and has a population of 480,134, and according to the United Nations, ESPON and EU Commission, \"the whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region\". or metropolitan areas.<ref name=\"inta-aivn.org\"/> \nMalta became a British colony in 1813, serving as a way station for ships and the headquarters for the British Mediterranean Fleet. It was besieged by the Axis powers during World War II and was an important Allied base for operations in North Africa and the Mediterranean. The British parliament passed the Malta Independence Act in 1964, giving Malta independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Malta, with Elizabeth II as its queen. The country became a republic in 1974. It has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations since independence, and joined the European Union in 2004; it became part of the eurozone monetary union in 2008.\n\nMalta has had Christians since the time of Early Christianity, though was predominantly Muslim while under Arab rule, at which time Christians were tolerated. Muslim rule ended with the Norman invasion of Malta by Roger I in 1091. Today, Catholicism is the state religion, but the Constitution of Malta guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship. The economy of Malta is heavily reliant on tourism, and the country promotes itself as a Mediterranean tourist destination with its warmer climate compared to the rest of Europe, numerous recreational areas, and architectural and historical monuments, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, Valletta, and seven megalithic temples which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world.<ref name=b1/>", "title": "Malta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Valletta\n\nValletta (, , ) is an administrative unit and the capital of Malta. Located on the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population within administrative limits in 2014 was 6,444. According to the data from 2020 by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and has a population of 480,134. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe, and at just , it is the European Union's smallest capital city.\n\nValletta's 16th-century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city was named after Jean Parisot de Valette, who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion during the Great Siege of Malta. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House. The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. Today, with 320 monuments, is one of the most dense monuments areas in the world. Valletta was chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2018. Valletta is also the sunniest city in Europe.\n\nThe city is noted for its fortifications, consisting of bastions, curtains and cavaliers, along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches.", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta\n\nThe Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (; ), commonly known as the Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature. Though it possesses no territory, the order is often considered a sovereign entity of international law, as it maintains diplomatic relations with many countries.\n\nThe Order claims continuity with the Knights Hospitaller, a chivalric order that was founded about 1099 by the Blessed Gerard in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The order is led by an elected prince and grand master. Its motto is (\"defence of the faith and assistance to the poor\"). The Order venerates the Virgin Mary as its patroness, under the title of Our Lady of Philermos. \n\nThe Order's membership includes about 13,500 Knights, Dames and Chaplains. Thirty-eight of these are professed religious Knights of Justice. Until the 1990s, the highest classes of membership, including officers, required proof of noble lineage. More recently, a path was created for Knights and Dames of the lowest class (of whom proof of aristocratic lineage is not required) to be specially elevated to the highest class, making them eligible for office in the order.\n\nThe Order's modern-day role is largely focused on providing humanitarian assistance and assisting with international humanitarian relations, for which purpose it has had permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly since 1994. The Order employs about 52,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 95,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries, assisting children, homeless, disabled, elderly, and terminally ill people, refugees, and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion. Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war.\n\nThe Order maintains diplomatic relations with 112 states, similar to embassies, and it maintains embassies in other countries. The news agency has called it \"the smallest sovereign state in the world\". The three principal officers are counted as citizens. this was granted in view of its \"long-standing dedication [...] in providing humanitarian assistance and its special role in international humanitarian relations\";", "title": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Capital Radio Malta\n\nCapital 88.7 (Capital Radio) was a national radio station in Malta broadcasting on the frequency 88.7 FM.", "title": "Capital Radio Malta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Capital punishment in Malta\n\nCapital punishment for murder was abolished in Malta in 1971. It continued to be part of the country's military code until it was fully abolished on 21 March 2000. Malta is a signatory of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that commits it to abolition of the death penalty within its borders. Malta has also ratified protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, that bans the death penalty in all circumstances.\n\nEighteen executions were carried out between 1876 and 1943. The last executions, on 5 July 1943, were of the brothers Karmnu and Guzeppi Zammit who were hanged for the murder of Spiru Grech. The last execution for a crime other than murder took place during World War II, when Carmelo Borg Pisani was hanged for treason on 28 November 1942. Pisani was a Maltese-born man who had joined the Italian National Fascist Party and taken Italian citizenship in 1940. He returned to Malta on an espionage mission in anticipation of an Axis invasion of the island.\n\nThe last person condemned to death was Anthony Patignott, on 1 October 1963, for the killing of Manwel Baldacchino. The Governor General of Malta, Maurice Henry Dorman, commuted Patignott's sentence to life imprisonment.\n\nPublic opinion in Malta is strongly opposed to the death penalty. The 2008 European Values Study (EVS) found that 70.3% of respondents in Malta said that the death penalty can never be justified, while only 4.5% said it can always be justified.\n\n", "title": "Capital punishment in Malta" }, { "id": "1656020", "score": "1.5526749", "text": "Malta (island) Malta is the largest of the three major islands that constitute the Maltese archipelago. It is sometimes referred to as Valletta for statistical purposes to distinguish the main island from the entire country. Malta is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya. The island is long and wide, with a total area of . The capital is Valletta, largest locality is Birkirkara. The island is made up of many small towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone with a population of 409,259. The landscape is characterised by low hills", "title": "Malta (island)" }, { "id": "1656043", "score": "1.5505606", "text": "are 54 local councils and 13 administrative committees in Malta. The island is also divided into five districts, but these serve primarily for statistical purposes: Malta (island) Malta is the largest of the three major islands that constitute the Maltese archipelago. It is sometimes referred to as Valletta for statistical purposes to distinguish the main island from the entire country. Malta is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya. The island is long and wide, with a total area of . The capital is Valletta, largest locality is Birkirkara. The island is", "title": "Malta (island)" }, { "id": "682576", "score": "1.5501343", "text": "as Mayors of Valletta: The present local council was elected in 2013 and is made up of the following members: The local council is currently housed in a building in South Street. Since the city has been selected as the European Capital of Culture, the council began to look for new premises at a more central location. Various proposals were made, including the Main Guard, the Grandmaster's Palace, Fort Saint Elmo and the former HSBC offices, but nothing has been decided . Valletta is the capital city of Malta, and is the country's administrative and commercial hub. The Parliament of", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": "682577", "score": "1.5335705", "text": "Malta is housed at the Parliament House near the city's entrance since 2015, and it was previously housed at the Grandmaster's Palace in the city centre. The latter palace still houses the Office of the President of Malta, while Auberge de Castille houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The courthouse and many government departments are also located in Valletta. The Valletta peninsula has two natural harbours, Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour. The Grand Harbour is Malta's major port, with unloading quays at nearby Marsa. A cruise-liner terminal is located along the old seawall of the Valletta Waterfront", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": "9428833", "score": "1.512764", "text": "the seat of the Parliament of Malta from 1921 to 2015. Parliament met in the Tapestry Hall from 1921 to 1976, when it moved to the former armoury. The House of Representatives moved out of the Grandmaster's Palace to the purpose-built Parliament House on 4 May 2015. During Malta's first presidency of the European Union in 2017 the former parliamentary meeting hall was used to host the meetings of the Council of the European Union. Following Malta's independence in 1964, the building became the seat of the Governor-General of Malta. It has housed the Office of the President of Malta", "title": "Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)" }, { "id": "671329", "score": "1.5053833", "text": "Geography of Malta The geography of Malta is dominated by water. Malta is an archipelago of coralline limestone, located in the Mediterranean Sea, 81 kilometres south of Sicily, Italy, and nearly 300 km north (Libya) and northeast (Tunisia) of Africa. Although Malta is situated in Southern Europe, it is located farther south than Tunis, capital of Tunisia, Algiers, capital of Algeria, Tangier in Morocco and also Aleppo in Syria, and Mosul in Iraq in the Middle East. Only the three largest islands – Malta, Gozo and Comino – are inhabited. Other (uninhabited) islands are: Cominotto, Filfla and the St.Paul's Islands.", "title": "Geography of Malta" }, { "id": "257679", "score": "1.5021396", "text": "of Malta and denoting a City State\". Malta, with area of and population of 0.4 million, is one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. Malta is classified as an advanced economy together with 32 other countries according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Until 1800 Malta depended on cotton, tobacco and its shipyards for exports. Once under British control, they came to depend on Malta Dockyard for support of the Royal Navy, especially during the Crimean War of 1854. The military base benefited craftsmen and all those who served the military. In 1869, the opening of the Suez Canal", "title": "Malta" }, { "id": "324823", "score": "1.4924327", "text": "those in Caserta, Naples, Palermo, Turin, as well as the Quirinale Palace in Rome. Until the sixteenth century, Malta was part of the Kingdom of Sicily, and the capital Mdina housed many palaces for the nobility, such as Palazzo Falson and Palazzo Santa Sofia. After the arrival of the Order of Saint John in 1530, the knights settled in Birgu, where part of Fort St Angelo was used as a palace for the Grand Master. The knights themselves lived in auberges, but these were more large houses rather than palaces. When the Order began to build a new capital Valletta", "title": "Palace" }, { "id": "682580", "score": "1.4898603", "text": "any capital in Europe,\" and in other letters called it \"comparable to Venice and Cádiz\" and \"full of palaces worthy of Palladio.\" Buildings of historic importance include St John's Co-Cathedral, formerly the Conventual Church of the Knights of Malta. It has the only signed work and largest painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. The Auberge de Castille et Leon, formerly the official seat of the Knights of Malta of the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal, is now the office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The Grandmaster's Palace, built between 1571 and 1574 and formerly the seat of the", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": "682581", "score": "1.4788554", "text": "Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, used to house the Maltese Parliament, now situated in a purpose-built structure at the entrance to the city, and now houses the offices of the President of Malta. The National Museum of Fine Arts is a Rococo palace dating back to the late 1570s, which served as the official residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the British era from the 1820s onwards. The Manoel Theatre () was constructed in just ten months in 1731, by order of Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena, and is one of the oldest working", "title": "Valletta" }, { "id": "10763525", "score": "1.4755836", "text": "of Malta, March 29, 2009 Capital Radio Malta Capital 88.7 (Capital Radio) was a national radio station in Malta broadcasting on the frequency 88.7 FM. Originally, the broadcasting licence was awarded to Alt Services, an organisation created by Alternattiva Demokratika, a nascent local political party that espouses environmentally responsible policies. In fact the radio station, originally called \"Radju Alternattiva,\" started out as a political radio station, competing with other local political radios such as Radio 101 and the state's radio stations. On July 1, 1998 the radio station changed its name to \"Capital Radio\", significantly toned down its political activities,", "title": "Capital Radio Malta" }, { "id": "10810998", "score": "1.4622188", "text": "Palazzo Malta Palazzo Malta, officially named as the Magistral Palace (), and also known as \"Palazzo di Malta\" or \"Palazzo dell'Ordine di Malta\", is the most important of the two headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (the other being Villa Malta), a Roman Catholic lay religious order and a sovereign subject of international law. It is located in Via dei Condotti 68 in Rome, Italy, a few minutes' walk from the Spanish Steps, and has been granted extraterritoriality by the Italian Government. The Palace is a property of the Order of Malta since 1630. On 12 June 1798,", "title": "Palazzo Malta" }, { "id": "10810993", "score": "1.4622188", "text": "Palazzo Malta Palazzo Malta, officially named as the Magistral Palace (), and also known as \"Palazzo di Malta\" or \"Palazzo dell'Ordine di Malta\", is the most important of the two headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (the other being Villa Malta), a Roman Catholic lay religious order and a sovereign subject of international law. It is located in Via dei Condotti 68 in Rome, Italy, a few minutes' walk from the Spanish Steps, and has been granted extraterritoriality by the Italian Government. The Palace is a property of the Order of Malta since 1630. On 12 June 1798,", "title": "Palazzo Malta" }, { "id": "15886968", "score": "1.461165", "text": "Cathedral. To this day there are two episcopal jurisdictions: the Archdiocese of Malta and the Diocese of Gozo. History of religion in Malta This article details the history of religion in Malta. The Republic of Malta is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km south of Sicily, 284 km east of Tunisia and 333 km north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It", "title": "History of religion in Malta" }, { "id": "17143989", "score": "1.4602066", "text": "after the war ended in 1832 there was an economic decline. The year 1828 saw the revocation of the right of sanctuary, following the Vatican Church-State proclamation. Three years later, the See of Malta was made independent of the See of Palermo. In 1839, press censorship was abolished, and the construction of the Anglican St Paul's Pro-Cathedral began. Following the 1846 Carnival riots, in 1849 a Council of Government with elected members under British rule was set up. In 1870 a referendum was held on ecclesiastics serving on Council of Government, and in 1881 an Executive Council under British rule", "title": "Crown Colony of Malta" } ]

[ "nouvelle zelande", "New Zealand", "Maoriland", "staaten land", "Enzed", "new zeeland", "N. Zealand", "New zeland", "new z", "aotearoa", "NZ", "New-Zealand", "name of new zealand", "new zelanad", "N z", "Neo Zealand", "Its got that new zeal", "Kiwistan", "aotearoa new zealand", "Staten Landt", "new zealand", "NEW ZEALAND", "n zealand", "N Z", "N Zealand", "NewZealand", "New Zealand.", "New Zaeland", "nova zeelandia", "māoria", "new zealend", "New+Zealand", "mew zealand", "its got that new zeal", "NEW Z", "Kiwiland", "new zeland", "Newzealand", "new xealand", "newzealand", "New zeeland", "sheepland", "New.Zealand", "New Zealnd", "new zaeland", "Niu Tireni", "administrative divisions of new zealand", "new zealnd", "New Xealand", "etymology of new zealand", "Mew Zealand", "Staten Land", "Name of New Zealand", "New zelanad", "kiwistan", "New Zeland", "New zealand", "nz", "Nouvelle-Zelande", "maoriland", "New Zealand's", "n z", "New Zealend", "AoTeAroa", "nzl", "Etymology of New Zealand", "Administrative divisions of New Zealand", "kiwiland", "staten landt", "enzed", "New Zealnad", "new zealand s", "Aotearoa / New Zealand", "Nu Tirani", "New Zeeland", "Sheepland", "niu tireni", "NZL", "New Zealand,", "iso 3166 1 nz", "Nz", "Subdivisions of New Zealand", "Administrative divisions of new zealand", "Nova Zeelandia", "Staaten land", "Māoria", "staten land", "new zealnad", "nu tirani", "neo zealand", "ISO 3166-1:NZ", "subdivisions of new zealand", "N.Z." ]

[ { "id": "3344641", "score": "2.0625577", "text": "a leading tennis player in the world during 1909–1914 and is considered to be a former world No. 1. He won 11 Grand Slam tournament titles, six in singles and five in doubles, and is the first and to date only player from New Zealand to have won a Grand Slam singles title. He also won three ILTF World Championships; the World Hard Court Championships twice and the World Covered Court Championships once. Wilding won the Davis Cup four times playing for Australasia, and won a bronze medal at the indoor singles tennis event of the 1912 Olympics which made", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344655", "score": "2.0441704", "text": "the 1912 U.S. National Championships winner, in three straight sets. In 1914 he narrowly missed winning his fifth title in a row, losing in the final to Norman Brookes. In addition, he won four men's doubles titles at Wimbledon, in 1907 and 1914 with Norman Brookes and in 1908 and 1910 partnering with Major Ritchie. He missed the 1908 Olympics in London because of an administrative error in which the Australasia Olympic committee forgot to officially nominate any tennis players, but at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm won a bronze medal in the men's indoor singles for Australasia. During the", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "4957181", "score": "2.0169191", "text": "Tony Wilding was the World No. 1 player in 1913. He was Wimbledon Champion in 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913. He was a pivotal figure in helping Australasia win the Davis Cup in 1907, hold it in 1908 and 1909, and to win it again in 1914. He was killed in action during World War I on 9 May 1915 in the Battle of Aubers Ridge, northern France. New Zealand has competed in the Fed Cup since 1965, when they played Argentina (won 2–1) and Australia (lost 0–3). At a Fed Cup regional tournament held in Christchurch in 2007, New", "title": "Sport in New Zealand" }, { "id": "3344654", "score": "2.0012815", "text": "Supreme Court of New Zealand. Focusing on his tennis game, he won the Wimbledon singles title for four straight years between 1910 and 1913. He was the last player to win four successive championships until 1979; when Bjorn Borg won his fourth successive championship. In 1910 and 1912 he defeated Arthur Gore in the final, both times in four sets. In 1911 his opponent Herbert Roper Barrett retired in the final at two sets all. In 1913 at Wimbledon tennis player and author A. Wallis Myers says that he played \"the best game of his life\", beating American Maurice McLoughlin,", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "18783447", "score": "1.9601262", "text": "Anthony Wilding career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of New Zealand former tennis player Anthony Wilding (1883–1915) whose amateur career spanned from the beginning of the 20th century until the outbreak of World War I. Wilding won six Grand Slam singles titles, including four Wimbledon Championships. In addition he won the World Hard Court Championships and World Covered Court Championships. As a member of the Australasia team he won the Davis Cup in 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1914. In 1913 the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) designated Wimbledon as the official World Grass Championship together", "title": "Anthony Wilding career statistics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anthony Wilding\n\nAnthony Frederick Wilding (31 October 1883 – 9 May 1915), also known as Tony Wilding, was a New Zealand world No. 1 tennis player and soldier who was killed in action during World War I. Considered the world's first tennis superstar, Wilding was the son of wealthy English immigrants to Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand and enjoyed the use of private tennis courts at their home. He obtained a legal education at Trinity College, Cambridge and briefly joined his father's law firm. Wilding was a first-class cricketer and a keen motorcycle enthusiast. His tennis career started with him winning the Canterbury Championships aged 17. He developed into a leading tennis player in the world during 1909–1914 and is considered to be a former world No. 1. He won 11 Grand Slam tournament titles, six in singles and five in doubles, and is the first and to date only player from New Zealand to have won a Grand Slam singles title. In addition to Wimbledon, he also won three other ILTF World Championships (period 1912–1923): In singles, two World Hard Court Championships (WHCC) (1913–14) and one World Covered Court Championships (WCCC) (1913). With his eleven Grand Slam tournaments, two WHCC and one WCCC titles, he has a total of fourteen Major tournament titles (nine singles, five doubles). His sweep of the three ILTF World Championships in 1913 was accomplished on three different surfaces (grass, clay and wood) being the first time this has been achieved in Major tournaments.\n\nWilding won the Davis Cup four times playing for Australasia, and won a bronze medal at the indoor singles tennis event of the 1912 Olympics, which made him the first and to date only singles player from New Zealand to win an Olympic medal in tennis in the Summer Olympics and the only New Zealand player to win a medal in any tennis event until Marcus Daniell and Michael Venus won the bronze medal in the men's doubles competition at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo in July, 2021. He still holds several all time singles tennis records, namely 23 titles won in a single season (1906) and 114 career outdoor titles (shared with Rod Laver). In his ranking list of greatest tennis players compiled in 1950, Norman Brookes, winner of three Majors and president of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia, put Wilding in fourth place. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I he enlisted and was killed on 9 May 1915 during the Battle of Aubers Ridge at Neuve-Chapelle, France. In 1978 Wilding was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chris Lewis (tennis)\n\nChris Lewis (born 9 March 1957) is a New Zealand former professional tennis player. Lewis reached the 1983 Wimbledon singles final as an unseeded player. He won three singles titles and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 19 in April 1984. He also won eight doubles titles during his 12 years on the tour. Lewis was coached by Harry Hopman and Tony Roche.\n\nLewis is the third (and as of 2021 the most recent) man from New Zealand to reach a major singles final, after Anthony Wilding at the 1913 Wimbledon Championships and Onny Parun at the 1973 Australian Open.", "title": "Chris Lewis (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anthony Wilding career statistics\n\nThis is a list of the main career statistics of New Zealand former tennis player Anthony Wilding (1883–1915) whose amateur career spanned from the beginning of the 20th century until the outbreak of World War I. Wilding won six Grand Slam singles titles, including four Wimbledon Championships. In addition he won the World Hard Court Championships and World Covered Court Championships. As a member of the Australasia team he won the Davis Cup in 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1914.", "title": "Anthony Wilding career statistics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arthur Gore (tennis)\n\nArthur William Charles Wentworth Gore (2 January 1868 – 1 December 1928) was a British tennis player.\n\nHe is best known for winning three singles titles at the Wimbledon Championship and was runner-up a record 5 times (shared with Herbert Lawford). He also won gold medals at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England, winning the Men's Indoor Singles and the Men's Indoor Doubles (with Herbert Barrett). He also competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Gore's Wimbledon win in 1909, at age 41, makes him the oldest player to date to hold the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles title.", "title": "Arthur Gore (tennis)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charles P. Dixon\n\nCharles Percy Dixon (7 February 1873 – 29 April 1939) was a male tennis player from Great Britain. He was a four-time Olympic medallist and led a successful British team to victory in the Davis Cup.", "title": "Charles P. Dixon" }, { "id": "3344651", "score": "1.9564037", "text": "the doubles title at the Sheffield and Hallamshire tournament in June 1906. Wilding's run at the 1906 Wimbledon Championships ended, as it had done the previous year, with a straight-sets defeat against the veteran Arthur Gore, this time in the semifinal. After winning the singles title at the London Covered Courts Championships in October, beating George Caridia in the final, he travelled by boat to New Zealand and in late December in his native Christchurch won the singles title at the Australasian Championships, defeating Francis Fisher in the final, and doubles title, partnering compatriot Rodney Heath. A week later he", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344640", "score": "1.9531655", "text": "Anthony Wilding Anthony Frederick Wilding (often called Tony Wilding) (31 October 1883 – 9 May 1915) was a New Zealand world No. 1 tennis player and soldier who was killed in action during World War I. Wilding was the son of wealthy English immigrants to Christchurch, New Zealand and enjoyed the use of private tennis courts at their home. He obtained a legal education at Trinity College, Cambridge and briefly joined his father's law firm. Wilding was a first-class cricketer and a keen motorcycle enthusiast. His tennis career started with him winning the Canterbury Championships aged 17. He developed into", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344665", "score": "1.9358156", "text": "tennis rackets for a period spanning 20 years after Wilding's death. Shortly after Wilding's death the sculptor Paolo Troubetzkoy made a bronze statuette based on him called \"Physical Energy\". Anthony Wilding Anthony Frederick Wilding (often called Tony Wilding) (31 October 1883 – 9 May 1915) was a New Zealand world No. 1 tennis player and soldier who was killed in action during World War I. Wilding was the son of wealthy English immigrants to Christchurch, New Zealand and enjoyed the use of private tennis courts at their home. He obtained a legal education at Trinity College, Cambridge and briefly joined", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344653", "score": "1.9335375", "text": "he partnered Major Ritchie to win the doubles title at the South of France tournament against multiple Wimbledon champions Lawrence and Reginald Doherty. Wilding won the 1908 Victorian Championships singles title after defeating Fred Alexander. Between 1907 and 1909 he helped the Australasian team win three consecutive Davis Cups, the first against the British Isles at Wimbledon and the last two against the United States. He won his second Australasian Championships in 1909, with his remorseless drives proving too much for Ernie Parker to handle in the final. The same year he qualified as a Barrister and Solicitor at the", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344648", "score": "1.9232786", "text": "Smith. He won his first title in England at the Championships of Shropshire followed by a win at the Thompson Challenge Cup in Redhill; both relatively new and minor events on the tennis circuit. In August 1904 Wilding won the Scottish national championships in Moffat, defeating C.J. Glenny in the final. At his second Wimbledon appearance he came back from two-sets down to defeat William Clothier in the fourth round but lost in the quarterfinal against the experienced Arthur Gore. In July 1905 he made his first Davis Cup appearance as part of the Australasia team in the semifinal against", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344652", "score": "1.896421", "text": "also won the New Zealand Championship against Harry Parker in the final. At the 1907 Wimbledon Championships Wilding had the misfortune to be drawn in the same section as tournament favorite and eventual champion Norman Brookes who defeated him in their second-round match in five sets. Reluctant to return to New Zealand to practise law, as he originally intended, Wilding instead decided to play a circuit of European tournaments. During the 1907–08 winter, when tennis activity was at a low, he generated income as an English teacher and tennis trainer for aristocratic families in Bohemia and Hungary. In March 1908", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344657", "score": "1.8853592", "text": "Salm-Hoogstraeten in the final. In 1914, after a five-year absence, he returned to Davis Cup play, and together with Norman Brookes lead the Australasian team to another championship, defeating the United States team in the Challenge round before their home crowd at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York. This turned out to be his final tournament. Wilding had entered the 1914 U.S. Championships which followed later in August but withdrew due to the outbreak of World War I and returned to England. Wilding was a leading tennis player in the world during 1909–1914 and is considered", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344647", "score": "1.8817041", "text": "doubles partnering Dorothea Douglass, the reigning Wimbledon ladies champion. Wilding worked diligently on improving his backhand during the winter of 1903–04. He made his first appearance at the Wimbledon Championships in June 1904, defeating Albert Prebble in the first round of the singles event before losing to Harold Mahony in four sets. He was pleased to take a set from the 1896 champion: \"To my great delight I captured a set and made Mahony talk to himself a great deal\". Shortly afterwards, at the Welsh Championships, he reached his first singles final which he lost in straight sets to S.H.", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "5891723", "score": "1.8592339", "text": "indoor and outdoor tournaments. Six countries sent players for the covered court competitions, with representatives from Sweden, Great Britain, Denmark, France, Australasia and Bohemia appearing. Included in this lineup was Australasia's only competitor, the New Zealander Anthony Wilding, who was also the reigning Wimbledon gentlemen's champion. The indoor knockout competition started on 5 May, and continued as expected until the semi final round where Wilding was beaten by Britain's Charles P. Dixon. The British player met Frenchman André Gobert in the final, but Gobert was victorious over the Englishman in straight sets. Wilding took the bronze medal in a playoff", "title": "Tennis at the 1912 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "18783448", "score": "1.847655", "text": "with the World Hard Court Championships and World Covered Court Championships. This lasted until 1923 when the current Grand Slam tournaments were designated as 'Official Championships'. Between 1905 and 1914 Wilding played in 11 ties for the Australasia team in the Davis Cup and won 21 out of 30 matches; 15 of his 21 singles matches and 6 out of 9 doubles. He was a member of the victorious teams in 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1914. Anthony Wilding career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of New Zealand former tennis player Anthony Wilding (1883–1915) whose amateur", "title": "Anthony Wilding career statistics" }, { "id": "3344642", "score": "1.8378024", "text": "him the first and to date only player from New Zealand to win an Olympic medal in tennis in the Summer Olympics. He still holds several all time singles tennis records, namely 23 titles won in a single season (1906) and 114 career outdoor titles (shared with Rod Laver). In his ranking list of greatest tennis players compiled in 1950, Norman Brookes, winner of three Majors and president of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia, put Wilding in fourth place. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I he enlisted and was killed on 9 May 1915 during the Battle", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344646", "score": "1.8370029", "text": "he returned to New Zealand to join his father's law practice. Finishing his education, he was called to the English Bar at the Inner Temple in June 1906. In October 1901 at the age of 17 Wilding won his first singles title at the Canterbury Championships. In July 1903, during his first summer vacation at Trinity College, Wilding entered his first English public tournament at Sheffield and Hallamshire. He reached the semifinal of the singles event, defeating English top-10 player F.W. Payn in the second round, before losing to G.C. Allen. At the 1903 Brighton tournament he won the mixed", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "3344650", "score": "1.8340075", "text": "Championship of Europe in Homburg which were both, as almost all tournaments on the European mainland, played on clay. Starting in February 1906 Wilding toured during almost the entire year across continental Europe and England, sometimes travelling by train but most often on his beloved motorcycle. For the first time he played the Riviera circuit and won tournaments in cities throughout Europe including Cannes, Paris, Lyon, Barcelona, Wiesbaden, Reading, Prague, Bad Homburg and Vienna. At some of the tournaments in England and Europe he was accompanied by his father with whom he played in various doubles competitions. Together they won", "title": "Anthony Wilding" }, { "id": "1523504", "score": "1.8227851", "text": "in the final, but Gobert was victorious over the Englishman in straight sets. Wilding took the bronze medal in a playoff against another British player, Arthur Lowe. The outdoors tennis competition saw 70 players enter from 12 nations. However, Great Britain did not enter any competitors as the dates of the outdoor competition clashed with the 1912 Wimbledon Championships, despite attempts by the British authorities to convince the Olympic organizing committee to change the dates. Other noted tennis players refused to compete at the Olympics and instead attended Wimbledon. The gold and silver medals in the gentlemen's singles ended up", "title": "1912 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "3344645", "score": "1.8189518", "text": "his seven-week sea voyage to England in July 1902 where he first stayed at a cramming school at Hunstanton before passing his entrance examination for Trinity College, Cambridge University to study law. There he developed his tennis game as a member of the Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club. In March 1904, during his second year, he became honorary secretary of the club and managed to popularize the game. He visited the 1903 Wimbledon Championships to see former champion Harold Mahony play. Although Wilding did not excel academically he passed the law examination and graduated B.A. in June 1905 after which", "title": "Anthony Wilding" } ]

[ "firenze italy", "Firenze", "Florentine", "Florence, Italy", "Florence (Italy)", "Folrenz", "folrenz", "Florence", "florentine", "Montughi", "Gualfonda", "gualfonda", "un locode itflr", "Firenze, Italy", "UN/LOCODE:ITFLR", "frorence", "florence", "florence italy", "פירנצה", "montughi", "Frorence", "firenze" ]

[ { "id": "5475623", "score": "1.5856614", "text": "Gambarie, Garibaldi was wounded and taken as prisoner. When Victor Emmanuel II became the King of Italy on 17 March 1861, the newly created Kingdom of Italy did not include Venice and Rome. These \"unredeemed\" cities, as they would be called a few decades later, were a constant cause of friction in Italian politics. The dispute concerning Rome, specifically known as the \"Roman Question\", had arisen after the Italian Parliament had declared Rome capital of the Kingdom on 27 March 1861. This conflicted with Pope Pius IX's intent to maintain his temporal control of the city. Members of the government", "title": "Battle of Aspromonte" }, { "id": "700941", "score": "1.5741796", "text": "self-sufficient. In December 1866, the last of the French troops departed from Rome, in spite of the efforts of the pope to retain them. By their withdrawal, Italy (excluding Venetia and Savoy) was freed from the presence of foreign soldiers. The seat of government was moved in 1865 from Turin, the old Sardinian capital, to Florence, where the first Italian parliament was summoned. This arrangement created such disturbances in Turin that the king was forced to leave that city hastily for his new capital. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria contested with Prussia the position of leadership among the", "title": "Italian unification" }, { "id": "781309", "score": "1.5623653", "text": "Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered. In 1866 Victor Emmanuel allied himself with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. Although not victorious in the Italian theater, he managed anyway to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. In 1870, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871, after a temporary move to Florence in 1864. The new Royal residence", "title": "Victor Emmanuel II of Italy" }, { "id": "6622918", "score": "1.5580935", "text": "the early seventeenth century, shifting away from compelling to attracting. His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city, a visual symbol for the Catholic Church. The provisional capital of Italy had been Florence since 1865. After defeating the papal forces in 1870, the Italian government moved to the banks of the Tiber a year later. Victor Emmanuel installed himself in the Quirinal Palace. Rome became once again, for the first time in thirteen centuries, the capital city of a united Italy. Rome was unusual among capital cities only in that it contained the power", "title": "History of the papacy" }, { "id": "12499442", "score": "1.5541246", "text": "the seat of the prefecture of Pô department until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored with Turin as its capital. In the following decades, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia led the struggle towards the unification of Italy. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed united Kingdom of Italy until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence, and then to Rome after the 1870 conquest of the Papal States. The 1871 opening of the Fréjus Tunnel made Turin an important communication node between Italy and France. The city in that period", "title": "Turin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Florence\n\nFlorence ( ; ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area. \n\nFlorence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance, becoming a major artistic, cultural, commercial, political, economic and financial center. During this time, Florence rose to a position of enormous influence in Italy, Europe, and beyond. Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy (established in 1861). The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini.\n\nThe city attracts millions of tourists each year, and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture and monuments. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, \"Forbes\" ranked it as the most beautiful city in the world in 2010.\n\nFlorence plays an important role in Italian fashion, furthermore, it is a major national economic centre,<ref name=\"Time\"/> as well as a tourist and industrial hub.", "title": "Florence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Palazzo Pitti\n\nThe Palazzo Pitti (), in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast, mainly Renaissance, palace in Florence, Italy. It is situated on the south side of the River Arno, a short distance from the Ponte Vecchio. The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker.\n\nThe palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grew as a great treasure house as later generations amassed paintings, plates, jewelry and luxurious possessions.\n\nIn the late 18th century, the palazzo was used as a power base by Napoleon and later served for a brief period as the principal royal palace of the newly united Italy. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919.\n\nThe palazzo is now the largest museum complex in Florence. The principal palazzo block, often in a building of this design known as the corps de logis, is 32,000 square metres. It is divided into several principal galleries or museums detailed below.", "title": "Palazzo Pitti" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)\n\nVatican during the Savoyard era describes the relation of the Vatican to Italy, after 1870, which marked the end of the Papal States, and 1929, when the papacy regained autonomy in the Lateran Treaty, a period dominated by the Roman Question.", "title": "Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Unification of Italy\n\nThe unification of Italy ( ), also known as the Risorgimento (, ; ), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the Capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.\n\nSome of the states that had been targeted for unification (\"terre irredente\") did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in the First World War. For this reason, historians sometimes describe the unification period as continuing past 1871, including activities during the late 19th century and the First World War (1915–1918), and reaching completion only with the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 4 November 1918. This more expansive definition of the unification period is the one presented at the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano.", "title": "Unification of Italy" }, { "id": "343498", "score": "1.5515441", "text": "reunited as the Kingdom of Italy, with a temporary capital at Florence. In 1861, Rome was declared capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection, thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. It was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, that Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Afterwards, Pope Pius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican, and in 1871 the", "title": "Rome" }, { "id": "12098761", "score": "1.5381856", "text": "and the surrounding Campagna resulted in a vote for union with the kingdom of Italy. Pius IX refused to accept this act of force majeure. He remained in his palace, describing himself as a prisoner in the Vatican. However the new Italian control of Rome did not wither, nor did the Catholic world come to the Pope's aid, as Pius IX had expected. The provisional capital of Italy had been Florence since 1865. In 1871, the Italian government moved to the banks of the Tiber. Victor Emmanuel installed himself in the Quirinale Palace. Rome became once again, for the first", "title": "Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)" }, { "id": "7381480", "score": "1.536162", "text": "Rome was declared Capital of the Kingdom of Italy. However, the Italian Government could not take its seat in Rome because a French garrison (which had overthrown the Roman Republic), maintained there by Napoleon III of France, commanded by general Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, was defending Pope Pius IX. Following the signing of the September Convention, the seat of government was moved from Turin to Florence in 1865. The Pope remained totally opposed to the designs on Rome of Italian nationalism. Beginning in December 1869, the First Vatican Council was held in the city. Some historians have argued", "title": "Roman Question" }, { "id": "6976649", "score": "1.5276141", "text": "this war were used again in 1866 in the war against the Austrians west of Venice; in 1867 at Monterotondo and Mentana, north of Rome; and in the 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War when Garibaldi led an army against the Germans in eastern France. As the unification of the Italian peninsula became complete, in 1870, with the addition of Rome which quickly became the capital, attention shifted to the problems of this new country. Social issues were not high on the agenda; in fact, most social problems were not even recognised by the new government. Starting in the early 1870s Jessie devoted", "title": "Jessie White Mario" }, { "id": "725333", "score": "1.5235757", "text": "did not immediately become the capital of the newly created Kingdom of Italy, and Venetia was still occupied by the Austrians, but the rest of Italy had come under the rule of Victor Emmanuel. As Cavour had promised, Savoy and the county of Nice were annexed by France in 1860 after referendums; although it is disputed how fair they were. In Nice, 25,734 voted for union with France, just 260 against, but Italians still called for its return into the 20th century. On 18 February 1861, the first Italian parliament met in Turin, and on 23 March, Victor-Emmanuel was proclaimed", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": "1979179", "score": "1.5087615", "text": "of the Papal States until 1870. In September 1870, what was left of the Papal States was overthrown. About five months later, in 1871, Rome became the capital of the new Kingdom of Italy. The palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy, though some monarchs, notably King Victor Emmanuel III (reigned 1900–1946) actually lived in a private residence elsewhere (Villa Savoia), the Quirinale being used simply as an office and for state functions. The monarchy was abolished in 1946 and the Palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic. Still,", "title": "Quirinal Palace" }, { "id": "343504", "score": "1.5029302", "text": "and their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743. A new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls. In 1874, a fifteenth rione, Esquilino, was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti. At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created (the last one was Prati –", "title": "Rome" }, { "id": "10925556", "score": "1.4999374", "text": "the Italian government to take possession of its capital, Rome. On August 12, 1866, in the aftermath of the Third Italian War of Independence, Italy gained Mantua and Venice. Now only Rome and its neighbourhood were missing to complete the territorial unity of the state. In December of the same year, the last French battalions embarked from Civitavecchia to France. On September 9, 1867, at a congress in Geneva, Garibaldi declared that the Papacy was \"the negation of God ... shame and plague of Italy\". At the time, his popularity was at its apex, since he was the only Italian", "title": "Battle of Mentana" }, { "id": "5441322", "score": "1.4964814", "text": "because of their anti-liberal politics and Northern Italy became the intellectual centre leading the Italian unification process. Piedmont and the Kingdom of Sardinia, in particular, was the state that launched Italy's unification in 1859–1861. After defeating the Austrians in 1859 and annexing Northern Italy the new state proceeded to launch a campaign to conquer Southern and Central Italy and Turin briefly became the capital of the whole of Italy. After Italian unification the capital was moved from Turin to Rome and the administrative and institutional importance of Northern Italy was deeply reduced. However, from the late 19th century and especially", "title": "Northern Italy" }, { "id": "4074252", "score": "1.4962592", "text": "city. The Italian occupation forced Pius IX to his palace where he declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican until the Lateran Pacts of 1929. The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) since 1929 has been an independent enclave surrounded by Rome, Italy. From its beginning, the Italian Nationalist Movement had dreamed about Italy joining the modernized World Powers. In the North, extensive industrialization and the building of a modern infrastructure was well underway by the 1890s. Alpine railway lines connected Italy to the French, German and Austrian rail systems. Two south-going coastal lines were also completed. Most of", "title": "History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)" }, { "id": "2600616", "score": "1.4935507", "text": "reenacted annually, on June 14. Alessandria was the first capital of an Italian province to be governed by a Socialist: the clockmaker Paolo Sacco was elected mayor on July 25, 1899. Alessandria was a tactical military target during World War II and was subjected to intense Allied bombing, the most serious being the raids of April 30, 1944, with 238 dead and hundreds wounded, and April 5, 1945, with 160 deaths, among them 60 children from the children's asylum in Via Gagliaudo. On end of that month the city was liberated from the German occupation (1943–1945) by the partisan resistance", "title": "Alessandria" }, { "id": "725334", "score": "1.4920609", "text": "King of Italy. Count Cavour died a few weeks later, declaring that \"Italy is made.\" Napoleon's support for the Italian patriots and his confrontation with Pope Pius IX over who would govern Rome made him unpopular with fervent French Catholics, and even with Empress Eugénie, who was a fervent Catholic. To win over the French Catholics and his wife, he agreed to guarantee that Rome would remain under the Pope and independent from the rest of Italy, and agreed to keep French troops there. The capital of Italy became Turin (in 1861) then Florence (in 1865), not Rome. However, in", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": "147528", "score": "1.4904737", "text": "a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Florence replaced Turin as Italy's capital in 1865 and, in an effort to modernise the city, the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses. The Piazza (first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II, then Piazza della Repubblica, the present name) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end. This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living", "title": "Florence" }, { "id": "725336", "score": "1.4896483", "text": "1867. The garrison of eight thousand French troops remained in Rome until August 1870, when they were recalled at the start of the Franco-Prussian War. In September 1870, Garibaldi's soldiers finally entered Rome and made it the capital of Italy. After the successful conclusion of the Italian campaign, and the annexation of Savoy and Nice to the territory of France, the Continental foreign policy of Napoleon III entered a calmer period. Expeditions to distant corners of the world and the expansion of the Empire replaced major changes in the map of Europe. The Emperor's health declined; he gained weight, he", "title": "Napoleon III" }, { "id": "13141908", "score": "1.4895291", "text": "Papal State, but Pius IX rejected the offer because acceptance would have been an implied endorsement of the legitimacy of the Italian kingdom's rule over his former domain. One week after entering Rome, the Italian troops had taken the entire city save for the Apostolic Palace; the inhabitants of the city then voted to join Italy. On 1 July 1, 1871 Rome became the official capital of united Italy and from then until June 1929 the popes had no temporal power. The pope referred to himself during this time as the \"prisoner of the Vatican\", although he was not actually", "title": "History of Rome" } ]

[ "", "240", "two hundred and forty distance", "240 distance", "two hundred and forty distance", "distance:cm", "240 cm" ]

[ { "id": "1761457", "score": "1.8093312", "text": "Uneven bars The uneven bars or asymmetric bars is an artistic gymnastics apparatus. It is made of a steel frame. The bars are made of fiberglass with wood coating, or less commonly wood. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is UB or AB, and the apparatus and event are often referred to simply as \"bars\". The bars are placed at different heights and widths, allowing the gymnast to transition from bar to bar. Uneven bars used in international gymnastics competitions has to conform to the guidelines and specifications set forth by the International Gymnastics Federation Apparatus Norms", "title": "Uneven bars" }, { "id": "1761468", "score": "1.7330004", "text": "the bars within 30 seconds, she will receive a deduction and most likely a warning from the judge that if she does not re-mount the bar immediately she will not be permitted to continue her routine. Many judges are flexible with this rule, especially if the gymnast took a hard fall and needs a minute to shake it off and re-gain her focus. Often the judge or judging assistant will give the gymnast a ten-second warning. Uneven bars The uneven bars or asymmetric bars is an artistic gymnastics apparatus. It is made of a steel frame. The bars are made", "title": "Uneven bars" }, { "id": "1761462", "score": "1.6828492", "text": "quickly became a basic uneven bars skill. By the mid 1980s, routines had become so based on swing and release moves that the bars were moved even farther apart. The distance between bars increased even more as gymnasts developed difficult transition elements that required space, such as the Pak salto. For international elite level gymnasts, there is a required distance between the low and high bar, called FIG setting, where all elite level gymnasts must compete. Of all the apparatus in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG), uneven bars is probably the one that has seen the most radical changes. Most elements", "title": "Uneven bars" }, { "id": "1762582", "score": "1.6749907", "text": "Parallel bars Parallel bars are a floor apparatus consisting of two wooden bars slightly over long and positioned at roughly hand height. Parallel bars are used in artistic gymnastics and also for physical therapy and home exercise. Gymnasts may optionally wear grips when performing a routine on the parallel bars, although this is uncommon. The apparatus consists of two parallel bars that are held parallel to, and elevated above, the floor by a metal supporting framework. The bars are composed of wood or other material, with an outer coating of wood. The vertical members of the supporting framework are adjustable", "title": "Parallel bars" }, { "id": "1762585", "score": "1.6237348", "text": "controlling swing elements; swing type elements should momentarily show handstand. Parallel bars Parallel bars are a floor apparatus consisting of two wooden bars slightly over long and positioned at roughly hand height. Parallel bars are used in artistic gymnastics and also for physical therapy and home exercise. Gymnasts may optionally wear grips when performing a routine on the parallel bars, although this is uncommon. The apparatus consists of two parallel bars that are held parallel to, and elevated above, the floor by a metal supporting framework. The bars are composed of wood or other material, with an outer coating of", "title": "Parallel bars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Olympic champions at the uneven bars" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of gymnastics terms\n\nThis is a general glossary of the terms used in the sport of gymnastics.\n", "title": "Glossary of gymnastics terms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Artistic gymnastics\n\nArtistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines on different apparatuses. The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), which designs the Code of Points and regulates all aspects of elite international competition. Within individual countries, gymnastics is regulated by national federations like British Gymnastics and USA Gymnastics. Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at many competitions, including the Summer Olympic Games.", "title": "Artistic gymnastics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": "161279", "score": "1.5906441", "text": "parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a springboard or a small mat. Gymnasts may use chalk (MgCO) and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "id": "1761458", "score": "1.5687486", "text": "brochure. Several companies manufacture and sell bars, including AAI in the United States, Jannsen and Fritsen in Europe, and Acromat in Australia. Gymnasts will often use a single bar to practice skills on the bar, mostly for safety and for ease of spotting. Many gyms also have a single bar or a set of uneven bars over a loose foam pit for learning new skills to provide an additional level of safety. Measurements of the bars are provided by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) in the \"Apparatus Norms\" brochure. Routines usually include a lot of spinning, jumping and swings.", "title": "Uneven bars" }, { "id": "161278", "score": "1.5469", "text": "used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult and dangerous vaults. On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be adjusted to the size needed by individual gymnasts. In the past, the uneven", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "id": "1761459", "score": "1.5422136", "text": "Routines are generally composed from a set of skills each worth a particular value. The uneven bars apparatus originally consisted of men's parallel bars set to different heights. Consequently, the bars were very close together, and gymnasts could transition from one to the other with little difficulty. Routines of the early 1950s chiefly consisted of simple circles, kips, and static balance elements and holds. In the late 1950s the trend shifted toward fluid motion, and gymnasts began to perform routines composed of more difficult circles, kips, beats (bouncing the body off the low bar while hanging from the high bar),", "title": "Uneven bars" }, { "id": "578881", "score": "1.5320623", "text": "Horizontal bar The horizontal bar, also known as the high bar, is an apparatus used by male gymnasts in artistic gymnastics. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical metal (typically steel) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a system of cables and stiff vertical supports. Gymnasts typically wear suede leather grips while performing on the bar. Current elite-level competition uses a more elastic fiberglass core rail similar in material to the rails used in the women's uneven bars and men's parallel bars apparatus. The gymnastics elements performed on the horizontal bar are regulated by a", "title": "Horizontal bar" }, { "id": "1761460", "score": "1.5266107", "text": "wraps (wrapping the body around the low bar while hanging from the high bar) and transitions. Release moves also began to come into play, although they were almost entirely limited to transitions between the low and high bars. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, companies began manufacturing uneven bars as a separate specific apparatus. The design was changed slightly to allow the bars to be adjustable, with tension cables that held the apparatus to the floor. As a result of this change, coaches could set the bars farther apart. Additionally, the circumference of the bars themselves decreased, allowing gymnasts to grasp", "title": "Uneven bars" }, { "id": "578884", "score": "1.5261608", "text": "the Code of Points to use specific grips. Horizontal bar The horizontal bar, also known as the high bar, is an apparatus used by male gymnasts in artistic gymnastics. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical metal (typically steel) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a system of cables and stiff vertical supports. Gymnasts typically wear suede leather grips while performing on the bar. Current elite-level competition uses a more elastic fiberglass core rail similar in material to the rails used in the women's uneven bars and men's parallel bars apparatus. The gymnastics elements performed", "title": "Horizontal bar" }, { "id": "1762583", "score": "1.5120904", "text": "so the height of the bars above the floor and distance between the bars can be set optimally for each gymnast. The parallel bars (in German \"Barren\") were invented by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in Berlin. In 1819 the first transportable parallel bars were described. In 1856 in Germany Hermann Otto Kluge used tubes to make the parallel bars and the horizontal bar adjustable. He used them in his gym. In Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, published between 1873-1877, their use for exercise is described. A routine performed on the parallel bars must include various elements that depend on the gymnast's competitive level.", "title": "Parallel bars" }, { "id": "161287", "score": "1.4953806", "text": "they stuck the landing and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults. Men perform on two bars executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable dependent upon the actual needs of the gymnasts and usually 2m high. A 2.8 cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5 m above the landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or \"giants\" (forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists,", "title": "Gymnastics" }, { "id": "14471259", "score": "1.4871225", "text": "are a multifunction device, made of lamellar and beech timber. They can be manufactured in different sizes, from the recovery, for children up to the double, which may have a size of 2.50 x1, 70 m. The parallel bars are made of beech or maple wood and commonly number 7, 14, or 16 pieces. The top bar is extended further than the other bars to facilitate exercises where the user hangs vertically. The bars are 40 mm thick and oval shape. An incline board or pull-up bar can be attached to the bars. For spine disorders such as scoliosis, it", "title": "Wall bars" }, { "id": "9270524", "score": "1.4788611", "text": "to the final for the apparatus, keeping half of their preliminary score to be added to their final score. Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars The women's uneven bars was a gymnastics event contested as part of the Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics programme at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium. Each gymnast competed in both compulsory and optional exercises. The score for each was determined by a panel of five judges, with the top and bottom scores being dropped before the remaining three were averaged (and truncated to three decimal places). The two average scores were", "title": "Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars" }, { "id": "1762584", "score": "1.4765501", "text": "A typical performance will involve swinging skills in a support position (on the hands), a hanging position, and an upper arm position (resting on the inner bicep). Also, parallel bar routines often feature a strength or static hold skill such as an L-sit or handstand. Each routine ends with a dismount from either the ends of the bars or the side of the apparatus. A parallel bar routine should contain at least one element from all element groups: Deductions are taken for form and exactness of elements performed. There are specific deductions for adjusting hand position in handstand and not", "title": "Parallel bars" }, { "id": "862376", "score": "1.4721572", "text": "apparatus are published by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) in the \"Apparatus Norms\" brochure. The dimensions are the same for male and female competitors. Floor exercise routines last up to 90 seconds. The routine is choreographed in advance, and is composed of acrobatic and dance elements. This event, above all others, allows the gymnast to express her personality through her dance and musical style. The moves that are choreographed in the routine must be precise, in sync with the music and entertaining. At the international elite level of competition, the composition of the routine is decided by the gymnast", "title": "Floor (gymnastics)" }, { "id": "9270523", "score": "1.4683201", "text": "Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars The women's uneven bars was a gymnastics event contested as part of the Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics programme at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium. Each gymnast competed in both compulsory and optional exercises. The score for each was determined by a panel of five judges, with the top and bottom scores being dropped before the remaining three were averaged (and truncated to three decimal places). The two average scores were then summed. This score was also used in calculating both individual all-around and team scores. The top 6 advanced", "title": "Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars" }, { "id": "12275675", "score": "1.4655347", "text": "score has a maximum of 10.000 and is reduced for each deduction (for every error in the performance). During the uneven bar finals Nastia Liukin and He Kexin had a tied score of 16.725, which was followed by a tiebreaking procedure. In this procedure there are six judges who judge each competitor on a scale of 1-10. When all six scores are finalised, the highest and lowest eliminated and the remaining four are averaged. The first tiebreaking procedure is determined by the E score, the execution score. Since Liukin and He tied with a E score of 9.025, the second", "title": "Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars" } ]

[ "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past", "jordan baker great gatsby", "Nick Carraway", "meyer wolfshiem", "t j eckelburg", "tom buchanan great gatsby", "so we beat on boats against current borne back ceaselessly into past", "tom buchanan", "myrtle wilson", "daisy fay", "Meyer Wolfsheim", "Wolfshiem", "T.J. Eckelburg", "Nick Caraway", "george wilson gatsby", "Dr. T.J. Eckleburg", "Great Gatsby", "Nick Carroway", "nick carroway", "Dr. T. J. Eckleburg", "The Great Gatsby", "wolfshiem", "george wilson great gatsby", "trimalchio novel", "Trimalchio (novel)", "George Wilson (The Great Gatsby)", "dr t j eckleberg", "Trimalchio (book)", "Tom Buchanan (The Great Gatsby)", "Dr. T. J. Eckleberg", "rise of colored empires", "meyer wolfsheim", "The great gatsby", "dr t j eckleburg", "Meyer Wolfshiem", "trimalchio book", "Tom Buchanan", "nick carraway", "Oggsford", "Jordan Baker (The Great Gatsby)", "nick caraway", "The Rise of the Colored Empires", "George Wilson (Gatsby)", "oggsford", "Daisy Fay", "The Great gatsby", "Myrtle Wilson", "great gatsby" ]

[ { "id": "1344913", "score": "2.1053119", "text": "was very successful in Europe, maintaining the #1 slot at the box office for many weeks in France, Germany, Spain, Italy and the Scandinavian countries. It is the second-highest grossing Australian film of all time, next to \"Crocodile Dundee\" and ahead of \"Happy Feet\". In 2013, Luhrmann adapted F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"The Great Gatsby\", shot in 3D, starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Jay Gatsby, Tobey Maguire as Nick Carraway, Carey Mulligan as Daisy Buchanan, Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan, and Australian newcomer Elizabeth Debicki as Jordan Baker. In 2016, Luhrmann collaborated with award-winning playwright Stephen Adly Guirgis on the Netflix series", "title": "Baz Luhrmann" }, { "id": "8821320", "score": "1.9460585", "text": "nomination for Best Achievement in Costume Design for \"Australia\", but lost the award to Michael O'Connor for \"The Duchess\". After her husband's insistence that she revisit \"The Great Gatsby\", which she had not read since adolescence, the two began working on the novel's cinematic reinvention. The conceptualization for the film began 10 years prior to its release. Three years before it made its debut, Martin and Luhrmann began the initial design project for the film. The two consulted academic texts about the novel, as well as historical analyses pertaining to both Fitzgerald himself, as well as his work. They visited", "title": "Catherine Martin (designer)" }, { "id": "9191123", "score": "1.8988703", "text": "screenplay by David Hare. The director had built a studio in the northern Sahara but \"Alexander\" made by Oliver Stone was released first and after several years in development, Luhrmann abandoned the project to make a film closer to home. The visual effects were done by the Animal Logic films and The LaB Sydney. Luhrmann spent six months researching general Australian history. At one point he considered setting his film during the First Fleet, 11 ships that sailed from Britain in 1787 and set up the first colony in New South Wales. The director wanted to explore Australia's relationship with", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "9191145", "score": "1.8844078", "text": "by director and co-writer Baz Luhrmann than assembled, Dr Frankenstein-style, from the leftover body parts of earlier movies. Which leaves us asking this question: How come it is so damnably entertaining?\" Joe Morgenstern of \"The Wall Street Journal\", opines that, \"in its heart of hearts \"Australia\" is an old-fashioned Western - a Northern, if you will - and all the more enjoyable for it.\" Nick Rogers, of FilmYap, adds that, \"Luhrmann mythologized his homeland as American directors like John Ford did with Westerns — dramatic-license exaggerations that pay off in droves.\" Ann Hornaday, in her review for \"The Washington Post\",", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "9191124", "score": "1.8837996", "text": "England and with its indigenous population. He decided to set the film between World Wars I and II in order to merge a historical romance with the Stolen Generations, where thousands of mixed-race Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families by the state and integrated into white society. Luhrmann has said that his film depicts \"a mythologised Australia\". In May 2005, Russell Crowe and Nicole Kidman entered negotiations to star in an untitled 20th Century Fox project written by director Baz Luhrmann and screenwriter Stuart Beattie, with Luhrmann directing the film. For her role, Kidman learned to round up", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "9191114", "score": "1.8105228", "text": "Australia (2008 film) Australia is a 2008 romantic historical drama film directed by Baz Luhrmann and starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. The screenplay was written by Luhrmann and screenwriter Stuart Beattie, with Ronald Harwood and Richard Flanagan. The film is a character story, set between 1939 and 1942 against a dramatised backdrop of events across northern Australia at the time, such as the bombing of Darwin during World War II. Production took place in Sydney, Darwin, Kununurra and Bowen. The film was released to cinemas on 26 November 2008 in the United States and in Australia on 26 December", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "1344911", "score": "1.8042065", "text": "Sonia Todd, Catherine McClements and Justin Monjo. On 26 January 1997, he married Catherine Martin, a production designer; the couple have two children. Luhrmann supports the Melbourne Demons in the Australian Football League. After theatrical successes, including the original stage version of \"Strictly Ballroom\", Luhrmann moved into film and has directed five so far: The modern film interpretation \"Romeo + Juliet\", starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes, defeated \"Titanic\" at the BAFTAs for best direction, music and screenplay. The film was celebrated at the Berlin Film Festival, where it was recognised with the Gold Bear award for direction and Silver", "title": "Baz Luhrmann" }, { "id": "9191131", "score": "1.7817347", "text": "mini buses used to ferry tourists past the film set. Filming lasted five months, wrapping up at Fox Studios, Sydney, on 19 December 2007. In late April, Luhrmann titled his project \"Australia\". Two other titles that he considered for the film had been \"Great Southern Land\" and \"Faraway Downs\". On 11 August 2008, eight months after filming wrapped, several members of the cast and crew were back at Fox Studios, Sydney, to film pick up shots. Two weeks before the film's premiere, the \"Daily Telegraph\" erroneously reported that Luhrmann gave in to studio pressure after \"intense\" talks with executives and", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "15380152", "score": "1.7778344", "text": "with Baz Luhrmann as director. Luhrmann stated that he planned it to be more up-to-date due to its theme of criticizing the often irresponsible lifestyles of wealthy people. To commit to the project, in September 2010 Luhrmann moved with his family from Australia to Chelsea in Lower Manhattan, where he had intended to film \"The Great Gatsby\". While Luhrmann was at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, he told \"The Hollywood Reporter\" that he had been workshopping \"The Great Gatsby\" in 3D, though he had not yet decided whether to shoot in the format. In late January 2011, Luhrmann", "title": "The Great Gatsby (2013 film)" }, { "id": "9191125", "score": "1.7667", "text": "cattle. In May 2006, due to Crowe's demanding personal script approval before signing onto the project, Luhrmann sought to replace the actor with Heath Ledger. Crowe said he didn't want to work in an environment that was influenced by budgetary needs. About this casting issue, Luhrmann said, \"it was hard pinning [Crowe] down. Every time I was ready, Russell was in something else, and every time he was ready, I would be having another turmoil\". The following June, Luhrmann replaced Crowe with actor Hugh Jackman. In January 2007, actors Bryan Brown, Jack Thompson, and David Wenham were cast into \"Australia\".", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "1344905", "score": "1.7656107", "text": "Baz Luhrmann Baz Luhrmann (born Mark Anthony Luhrmann, 17 September 1962) is an Australian writer, director, and producer with projects spanning film, television, opera, theatre, music, and recording industries. He is regarded by many as a contemporary example of an auteur for his distinctly recognizable style and deep involvement in the writing, directing, design, and musical components of all his work. He is the most commercially successful Australian director, with four of his films in the top ten highest worldwide grossing Australian films of all time. On the screen he is best known for his Red Curtain Trilogy, comprising his", "title": "Baz Luhrmann" }, { "id": "9191133", "score": "1.7640038", "text": "if it was accurate\". Rothman also said that Luhrmann had final cut on his film. The director admitted that he wrote six endings in the drafts he authored, and shot three of them. David Hirschfelder composed the score to \"Australia\". Interpolated musical numbers include the jazz standards \"Begin the Beguine\", \"Tuxedo Junction\", \"Sing Sing Sing (With a Swing)\", and \"Brazil\". Edward Elgar's \"Nimrod\" from \"Enigma\" Variations is heard in the final scene of the film. Luhrmann hired singer Rolf Harris to record his wobble board for the opening credits, and Elton John composed and performed a song called \"The Drover's", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "9191142", "score": "1.7574818", "text": "to get carried away by the force of its grandiose imagery and storytelling\", and it is \"much less earnest than the trailer suggests, layered with a thin veneer of camp and a nod and a wink to accompany the requisite Aussie clichés\", and the bottom line is \"In epic style, Baz Luhrmann weaves his wizardry on Oz\". Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, noting \"Baz Luhrmann dreamed of making the Australian \"Gone with the Wind\", and so he has, with much of that film's lush epic beauty and some of the same awkwardness with a national", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "1344906", "score": "1.7572277", "text": "romantic comedy film \"Strictly Ballroom\" (1992), the romantic tragedy \"William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet\" (1996), and \"Moulin Rouge!\" (2001). Following the trilogy, projects included \"Australia\" (2008), \"The Great Gatsby\" (2013), and his television period drama \"The Get Down\" for Netflix. Additional projects include stage productions of Giacomo Puccini's \"La bohème\" for both the Australian Opera and Broadway and \"Strictly Ballroom the Musical\". Luhrmann is equally known for his Grammy-nominated soundtracks for \"Moulin Rouge!\" and , as well as his record label House of Iona, a co-venture with RCA Records. Serving as producer on all of his musical soundtracks, he also", "title": "Baz Luhrmann" }, { "id": "2851898", "score": "1.755743", "text": "successful season at Sydney's Wharf Theatre, where it was seen by Australian music executive Ted Albert and his wife Antoinette. They both loved it, and, when Albert soon after set up the film production company M&A Productions with ex-Film Australia producer Tristram Miall, they offered Luhrmann to transform his play into a film. He agreed on the condition that he would also get to direct it. \"Strictly Ballroom\" tells the story of an Australian ballroom dancer, Scott Hastings (Paul Mercurio), and his struggle to establish his personal style of dance on his way to win the Pan-Pacific Grand Prix Dancing", "title": "Strictly Ballroom" }, { "id": "15380144", "score": "1.739085", "text": "Roaring Twenties on Long Island. The film polarized critics, receiving both praise and criticism for its acting performances, soundtrack, visual style, and direction. Audiences responded more positively and Fitzgerald's granddaughter praised the film, stating \"Scott would have been proud.\" As of 2017, it is Luhrmann's highest-grossing film, grossing over $353 million worldwide. At the 86th Academy Awards, the film won in both of its nominated categories: Best Production Design and Best Costume Design. In December 1929, Nick Carraway, a World War I veteran, is receiving treatment at a psychiatric hospital. He talks about Jay Gatsby, the most hopeful man he", "title": "The Great Gatsby (2013 film)" }, { "id": "9191149", "score": "1.739067", "text": "728,000 units in the opening weekend, translating to revenue of $12.3 million. \"Australia\" sold almost two million DVDs in one month, 80% of what the studio predicted it would sell altogether. , \"Australia\" had sold 1,739,700 units in the U.S., for a revenue of $27.9 million. Since being released in Australia, the DVD has sold double what the studio expected. Australia (2008 film) Australia is a 2008 romantic historical drama film directed by Baz Luhrmann and starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. The screenplay was written by Luhrmann and screenwriter Stuart Beattie, with Ronald Harwood and Richard Flanagan. The film", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "2050320", "score": "1.7304779", "text": "was cancelled by CBS after two episodes. In 2008, director Baz Luhrmann cast Jackman to replace Russell Crowe as the male lead in his much-publicized epic film, \"Australia\", which co-starred Nicole Kidman. The movie was released in late November 2008 in Australia and the U.S. Jackman played a tough, independent cattle drover, who reluctantly helps an English noblewoman in her quest to save both her philandering husband's Australian cattle station and the mixed race Aboriginal child she finds there. Of the movie, Jackman said, \"This is pretty much one of those roles that had me pinching myself all the way", "title": "Hugh Jackman" }, { "id": "9191132", "score": "1.7247795", "text": "re-wrote and then re-shot the ending of \"Australia\" for a happier conclusion after \"disastrous reviews\" from test screenings. To counter these negative reports, the studio had Jackman and Kidman promoting \"Australia\" on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", which dedicated an entire episode of the program to the film, and Fox Co-Chairman Tom Rothman spoke to the \"Los Angeles Times\" where he described the \"Telegraph\" article as \"patently nonsensical. It's all too typical of the way the world works today that everybody picked up an unsourced, anonymous quote-filled story in a tabloid from Sydney and nobody ever bothered to check to see", "title": "Australia (2008 film)" }, { "id": "2394914", "score": "1.7155088", "text": "fibreglass structure was stolen in an overnight operation. The mango was found the next day and it was later revealed that the theft had been a publicity stunt. In December 2006, it was announced that Bowen was chosen as a filming location for a third of the production of \"Australia\", directed by Baz Luhrmann and starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman, portraying the look of Darwin. Bowen was chosen as a prospect due to the financing of $500,000 by the Queensland government. The production moved to Bowen on 14 May 2007. When it was announced that Australia was to be", "title": "Bowen, Queensland" } ]

[ "extreme close up", "Extreme Close Up" ]

[ { "id": "16152526", "score": "1.4173404", "text": "the audience pose questions directly to the filmmakers. There was also a full program of live music hosted by ÉCU’s partner Access Film-Music. Personalities from cinema, television and the arts, as well as filmmakers and film industry professionals, mixed with a cinema-loving public craving the energy, free spiritedness and innovation that embodies independent film. ÉCU 2013- The 8th Annual European Independent Film Festival was taking place from March 29 to March 31 and showcased 109films from 35 countries. The festival was located at the principal cinema Les 7 Parnassiens, film screenings and professional workshops about screenwriting, directing, editing, acting, and", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "16152518", "score": "1.3981513", "text": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival is an annual international film festival dedicated to independent cinema. Held in Paris, France, it was created in 2006 by Scott Hillier. The festival is dedicated to the discovery and promotion of the best independent film making talents from Europe and beyond, showcasing films that demonstrate quality, innovation, and creativity in both form and content. These qualities are judged in 14 categories, 7 of which are open to non-European filmmakers (from the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Asia), and compete for 25 awards. Jury members come from all", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "16152521", "score": "1.3947282", "text": "weekend. After each screening, the audience will have the opportunity to meet the directors and participate in a Question and Answer session. Here they will be able to directly ask questions to the filmmakers and to discuss in detail the ups and downs faced when creating a film. Every year, the festival travels around the world making sure the “Official Selection” directors and films are made known. All this has been possible through the help of over 50 (and quickly growing) partner festivals, cultural centers and film commissions around the globe. During these events, some of the “Official Selection” films", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "19583400", "score": "1.3740469", "text": "Eighth Creative Union of MEPhI The Eighth Creative Union (ECU) of Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) () is a creative and interdisciplinary team unifying students, graduates, postgraduate students and the university lecturers and professors. The ECU implies a variety of activities including a student theatre of pop sketches, arrangement of concerts and performances, scriptwriting, arrangement of night entertainment events and conventions, issuing of wall newspapers along with prose, poetry and playwriting almanacs, participating in Singer-Songwriter Club and Club of the Funny and Inventive People and Sharp-witted activities and taking part in different shows and competitions. The Union was founded at", "title": "Eighth Creative Union of MEPhI" }, { "id": "16152527", "score": "1.363492", "text": "sound mixing were being held at Cinéma Action Christine. The Arab Section was held at Cinéma Lincoln. https://www.angloinfo.com/paris/events/listing/paris-sheshoots-women-speak-indie/76235 ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival is an annual international film festival dedicated to independent cinema. Held in Paris, France, it was created in 2006 by Scott Hillier. The festival is dedicated to the discovery and promotion of the best independent film making talents from Europe and beyond, showcasing films that demonstrate quality, innovation, and creativity in both form and content. These qualities are judged in 14 categories, 7 of which are open to non-European", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sandra Bullock\n\nSandra Annette Bullock (; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress and producer. The recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award, Bullock was the world's highest-paid actress in 2010 and 2014. In 2010, she was named one of \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world. \n\nAfter making her acting debut with a minor role in the thriller \"Hangmen\" (1987), Bullock received early attention for her supporting role in the action film \"Demolition Man\" (1993). Her breakthrough in the action thriller \"Speed\" (1994) led to leading roles in the romantic comedy \"While You Were Sleeping\" (1995), and the dramas \"A Time to Kill\" (1996) and \"Hope Floats\" (1998). She achieved further success in the following decades with the comedies \"Miss Congeniality\" (2000), \"Two Weeks Notice\" (2002), \"The Proposal\" (2009), \"The Heat\" (2013), \"Ocean's 8\" (2018), and \"The Lost City\" (2022); the dramas \"Crash\" (2004) and \"The Unforgivable\" (2021); and the thrillers \"Premonition\" (2007) and \"Bird Box\" (2018). For her portrayal of Leigh Anne Tuohy in the biographical drama \"The Blind Side\" (2009), Bullock won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was nominated for the same award for playing an astronaut stranded in space in the science fiction thriller \"Gravity\" (2013), which ranks as her highest-grossing live-action film.\n\nIn addition to acting, Bullock is the founder of the production company Fortis Films. She has produced some of the films in which she has starred, including \"\" (2005) and \"All About Steve\" (2009), and served as an executive producer on the ABC sitcom \"George Lopez\" (2002–2007), on which she made numerous appearances. Dubbed \"America's sweetheart\" by the media, Bullock was also named the Most Beautiful Woman by \"People\" magazine in 2015.", "title": "Sandra Bullock" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Orson Scott Card\n\nOrson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is an American writer known best for his science fiction works. He is the first and (as of 2022) only person to win both a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award in consecutive years, winning both awards for both his novel \"Ender's Game\" (1985) and its sequel \"Speaker for the Dead\" (1986). A feature film adaptation of \"Ender's Game\", which Card co-produced, was released in 2013. Card also wrote the Locus Fantasy Award-winning series \"The Tales of Alvin Maker\" (1987–2003).\n\nCard's works were influenced by classic literature, popular fantasy, and science fiction; he often uses tropes from genre fiction. His background as a screenwriter has helped Card make his works accessible. Card's early fiction is original but contains graphic violence. His fiction often features characters with exceptional gifts who make difficult choices with high stakes. Card has also written political, religious, and social commentary in his columns and other writing. Card's opposition to homosexuality has provoked public criticism.\n\nCard, who is a great-great-grandson of Brigham Young, was born in Richland, Washington, and grew up in Utah and California. While he was a student at Brigham Young University (BYU), his plays were performed on stage. He served in Brazil as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and headed a community theater for two summers. Card had twenty-seven short stories published between 1978 and 1979, and won the John W. Campbell Award for best new writer in 1978. He earned a master's degree in English from the University of Utah in 1981 and wrote novels in science fiction, fantasy, non-fiction, and historical fiction genres in the 1980s. Card continued to write prolifically, and published over 50 novels and over 45 short stories.<ref name=mapsinmirror/>\n\nCard teaches English at Southern Virginia University; he has written two books on creative writing and serves as a judge in the Writers of the Future contest. He is a practicing member of LDS Church and has taught many successful writers at his \"literary boot camps.\" Mormon fiction writers Stephenie Meyer, Brandon Sanderson, and Dave Wolverton have cited his works as a major influence.", "title": "Orson Scott Card" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Crossword\n\nA crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white- and black-shaded squares. The goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues which lead to the answers. In languages that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right (\"across\") and from top to bottom (\"down\"). The shaded squares are used to separate the words or phrases.", "title": "Crossword" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of ISO 3166 country codes\n\nThe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created and maintains the ISO 3166 standard – \"Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions\". The ISO 3166 standard contains three parts:\n\nThe ISO 3166-1 standard currently comprises 249 countries, of which are sovereign states that are members of the United Nations. Many dependent territories in the ISO 3166-1 standard are also listed as a subdivision of their administering state in the ISO 3166-2 standard.", "title": "List of ISO 3166 country codes" }, { "id": "6357121", "score": "1.3613884", "text": "use; the last artist to use even a variation of EC style was the late Jim Aparo. Script (comics) A script is a document describing the narrative and dialogue of a comic book in detail. It is the comic book equivalent of a television program teleplay or a film screenplay. In comics, a script may be preceded by a plot outline, and is almost always followed by page sketches, drawn by a comics artist and inked, succeeded by the coloring and lettering stages. There are no prescribed forms of comic scripts, but there are two dominant styles in the mainstream", "title": "Script (comics)" }, { "id": "19583414", "score": "1.360048", "text": "KVN style.\" In 1974 the ECU shot their first short feature film \"Monday or No Words about the Patient\" (Russian: \"Понедельник, или о больном ни слова\") (directed by N. Artem’ev featuring M. Khutsiev). The plot was about a student who was preparing April Fools’ Day's tricks for his neighbors and his girl-friend was trapped instead. In 1979 Alexander Bolgarov shot an auteur ten-minute film \"Corridor\" (Koridor Russian: \"Коридор\"). The film can be stuck in memory for both real life events took place in a student's hostel in the morning and for student night and day dreams about joys of life.", "title": "Eighth Creative Union of MEPhI" }, { "id": "16152520", "score": "1.342689", "text": "audience posed questions directly to the filmmakers. There was also a full program of live music hosted by ÉCU’s partner Access Film-Music at our after-parties on all three nights of the festival. During the festival, workshops available to all attendees are conducted by some of the most talented professionals in the film making industry. This unique opportunity gives a chance to the public to get into film making and to the enthusiasts to improve their craft. ÉCU is a strong supporter of musicians. Along with the usual film festival activities, live music can be heard throughout the entirety of the", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "16152519", "score": "1.3426402", "text": "around the globe and have a variety of backgrounds. The founder and president of ÉCU, Scott Hillier, is a Paris-based Australian filmmaker. He gained international recognition from his strong cinematography, editing, writing producing and directing portfolio and served as Director of Photography on the documentary ‘Twin Towers’ which won an Academy Award in 2003. The 14th edition of ÉCU – The European Independent Film Festival will be held on April 5, 6, 7 2019 in Paris, France. As well as the film screenings, festival attendees had the opportunity to participate in an array of workshops, ‘Meet-the-Directors’ discussions in which the", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "16152524", "score": "1.3376362", "text": "of ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival 2017: The 11th Annual ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from April 8 to 10 at Cinéma Les 7 Parnassiens, 75014 Paris. After screening, 77 films from 31 countries over 3 days it all came down to one moment: the Award Ceremony. Films competed across 14 categories and were judged according to their quality, creativity, and independent spirit in both form and content. The 10th Annual European Independent Film Festival took place from April 10 to 12 at Cinéma Les 7 Parnassiens, 75014 Paris. During the 3 days screening,", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "16152522", "score": "1.3311038", "text": "are screened, which furthers the size of the directors audience. ÉCU-on-the-road The festival comprises both European and non-European films. ÉCU 2018 The 13th ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from May 4–6 at Cinema Les 7 Parnassiens in Paris. 81 films from 37 countries were screened during the 3 day festival. During the festival weekend, international audiences were exposed to film and their filmmakers from across a spectrum of experiences, cultures, and genres. The Director Q&A sessions provided a great informal setting for discussion between the audience and the directors on filmmaking, while after-parties throughout Paris extended", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "4300787", "score": "1.31574", "text": "Écu The term écu () or crown may refer to one of several French coins. The first \"écu\" was a gold coin (the \"écu d'or\") minted during the reign of Louis IX of France, in 1266. \"Écu\" (from Latin \"scutum\") means shield, and the coin was so called because its design included the coat of arms of France. The word is related to scudo and escudo. The value of the \"écu\" varied considerably over time, and silver coins (known as \"écu d'argent\") were also introduced. When Louis IX took the throne, France still used small silver deniers, which had circulated", "title": "Écu" }, { "id": "4300798", "score": "1.3102229", "text": "before the French Revolution, is approximately equivalent (in terms of purchasing power) to 24 euro or 30 U.S. dollars in 2017. The fact that the coin's name was the same as ECU, the abbreviation of the European Currency Unit, may have assisted the ECU's adoption by France despite its being an acronym of English words. Écu The term écu () or crown may refer to one of several French coins. The first \"écu\" was a gold coin (the \"écu d'or\") minted during the reign of Louis IX of France, in 1266. \"Écu\" (from Latin \"scutum\") means shield, and the coin", "title": "Écu" }, { "id": "16152525", "score": "1.3059919", "text": "it showed 84 films from 32 countries and then came up with the award-winning list. This year's \"ÉCU-on-the-Road\", ÉCU went to São Paulo, Brazil, from January 29 to February 4; and Berlin, Germany, from January 14 to 15. Each of the event showcased more than 20 independent films. The 9th Annual European Independent Film Festival took place from April 4 to 6 at Cinéma Les 7 Parnassiens, 75014 Paris. As well as the film screenings, festival attendees had the opportunity to participate in an array of workshops as well as a series of ‘Meet the Directors‘ panel discussions, in which", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "16152523", "score": "1.2971653", "text": "these conversations into the fueled early morning hours. ÉCU endeavors to provide a cultural platform not only for entertainment, but also for active networking across the independent film world. Here are the winners of ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival 2017: The 12th ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from 21st to 23 April 2017 at Cinema Les 7 Parnassiens in Paris. 73 films from 28 countries were screened during the 3 day festival. In addition, the audience attended '#SheShoots - Female Filmmakers in Conversation' discussion panel, which was a great success. Here are the winners", "title": "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival" }, { "id": "829247", "score": "1.2841916", "text": "critique he provided of their film \"[[The Emperor Waltz]]\" (1948). In an effort to keep the full details of the story from [[Paramount Pictures]] and avoid the restrictive [[censorship]] of the [[Motion Picture Production Code|Breen Code]], they submitted the script a few pages at a time. The Breen Office insisted certain lines be rewritten, such as Gillis's \"I'm up that creek and I need a job,\" which became \"I'm over a barrel. I need a job.\" Paramount executives thought Wilder was adapting a story called \"A Can of Beans\" (which did not exist) and allowed him relative freedom to proceed", "title": "Sunset Boulevard (film)" }, { "id": "8440512", "score": "1.2805245", "text": "COFFEE (Cinema 4D) COFFEE (often written as \"C.O.F.F.E.E\") is a computer scripting language that forms part of CINEMA 4D, a proprietary 3D graphics application. Although presented as an acronym the letters of the word COFFEE do not appear to stand for anything, but are rather a comic reference to Java, a considerably more famous computer language. Like most scripting languages, COFFEE is used to extend or modify the functionality of the host software. This technique is preferable to writing a so-called \"plug-in\" module using a traditional language such as C for a number of reasons, among them: There are several", "title": "COFFEE (Cinema 4D)" }, { "id": "8055860", "score": "1.2783022", "text": "Ohio State University Marching Band. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped \"Ohio\" script design on the marquee sign of the Loew's Ohio Theatre in downtown Columbus. The script is an integrated series of evolutions and formations. The band first forms a triple Block O formation, then slowly unwinds to form the letters while playing Robert Planquette's \"Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse\". The drum major leads the outside O into a peel-off movement around the curves of the script, every musician in continual motion. Slowly the three blocks unfold into a long singular", "title": "Ohio State University Marching Band" }, { "id": "863675", "score": "1.2780759", "text": "point, 10 pitch Courier Typeface. The major components are action (sometimes called \"screen direction\") and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense and is limited to what can be heard or seen by the audience, for example descriptions of settings, character movements, or sound effects. The dialogue is the words the characters speak, and is written in a center column. Unique to the screenplay (as opposed to a stage play) is the use of slug lines. A \"slug line\", also called a \"master scene heading\", occurs at the start of every scene and typically contains three pieces of", "title": "Screenplay" }, { "id": "19583401", "score": "1.2742419", "text": "Physics and Power Engineering Faculty of Moscow National Research Nuclear University MEPhI in accordance with the Faculty Komsomol (Young Communist League) Committee decree. Its stage debut was on 13 December 1969. That particular day is considered to be the official date of the ECU foundation. Its first President was Oleg Yurievich Fyodorov, a former captain of 1962 Institute CCS (Club of the Cheerful and Sharp-witted. ) team. Nikolay Artemyev, Mel’ko Khutsiev and Vladimir Chekhonadskiy triarchy was in charge of scriptwriting, arrangement of rehearsals and managerial issues. The Union management had been traditionally conducted by three students since then. An oak", "title": "Eighth Creative Union of MEPhI" } ]

[ "Impaction (disambiguation)", "impacted", "impaction", "Impacted", "Impaction", "impaction disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "13804265", "score": "1.6114365", "text": "in the bone that doesn’t go all the way through the bone.) The bone is fractured only in one place. Fracture in two or more places in the same bone. The bone fractures in more than two places or is crushed into pieces. A \"corner fracture\" or \"bucket-handle fracture\" is fragmentation of the distal end of one or both femurs, with the loose piece appearing at the bone margins as an osseous density paralleling the metaphysis. The term \"bucket-handle fracture\" is used where the loose bone is rather wide at the distal end, making it end in a crescent shape.", "title": "Child bone fracture" }, { "id": "3457909", "score": "1.5978456", "text": "Bone fracture A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, F, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several pieces. A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. Both high- and low-force trauma can cause bone", "title": "Bone fracture" }, { "id": "11649524", "score": "1.4888787", "text": "Pathologic fracture A pathologic fracture (also called insufficiency fracture) is a bone fracture caused by disease that led to weakness of the bone structure. This process is most commonly due to osteoporosis, but may also be due to other pathologies such as: cancer, infection (such as osteomyelitis), inherited bone disorders, or a bone cyst. Only a small number of conditions are commonly responsible for pathological fractures, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, osteitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, benign bone tumours and cysts, secondary malignant bone tumours and primary malignant bone tumours. Fragility fracture is a type of pathologic fracture that occurs as result", "title": "Pathologic fracture" }, { "id": "12606796", "score": "1.481348", "text": "a pin system, where long screws are passed through the skin and into either side of a fracture segment (typically 2 pins per side) then secured in place using an external fixator. This is a more common approach when the bone is heavily comminuted (shattered into small pieces, for instance in a bullet wound) and when the bone is infected (osteomyelitis). Regardless of the method of fixation, the bone need to remain relatively stable for a period of 3–6 weeks. On average, the bone gains 80% of its strength by 3 weeks and 90% of it by 4 weeks. There", "title": "Mandibular fracture" }, { "id": "15785438", "score": "1.4713404", "text": "Acetabular fracture Fractures of the acetabulum occur when the head of the femur is driven into the pelvis. This injury is caused by a blow to either the side or front of the knee and often occurs as a dashboard injury accompanied by a fracture of the femur. The acetabulum is a cavity situated on the outer surface of the hip bone, also called the coxal bone or innominate bone. It is made up of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Together, the acetabulum and head of the femur form the hip joint. Fractures of the acetabulum in young", "title": "Acetabular fracture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bone fracture\n\nA bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, F, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a \"comminuted fracture\". A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture.", "title": "Bone fracture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "External fixation\n\nExternal fixation is a surgical treatment wherein Kirschner pins and wires are inserted and affixed into bone and then exit the body to be attached to an external apparatus composed of rings and threaded rods — the Ilizarov apparatus, the Taylor Spatial Frame, and the Octopod External Fixator — which immobilises the damaged limb to facilitate healing. As an alternative to internal fixation, wherein bone-stabilising mechanical components are surgically emplaced in the body of the patient, external fixation is used to stabilize bone tissues and soft tissues at a distance from the site of the injury.", "title": "External fixation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Power take-off\n\nA power take-off or power takeoff (PTO) is one of several methods for taking power from a power source, such as a running engine, and transmitting it to an application such as an attached implement or separate machine.\n\nMost commonly, it is a splined drive shaft installed on a tractor or truck allowing implements with mating fittings to be powered directly by the engine.\n\nSemi-permanently mounted power take-offs can also be found on industrial and marine engines. These applications typically use a drive shaft and bolted joint to transmit power to a secondary implement or accessory. In the case of a marine application, such shafts may be used to power fire pumps.\n\nIn aircraft applications, such an accessory drive may be used in conjunction with a constant speed drive. Jet aircraft have four types of PTO units: internal gearbox, external gearbox, radial drive shaft, and bleed air, which are used to power engine accessories. In some cases, aircraft power take-off systems also provide for putting power \"into\" the engine during engine start. See also Coffman starter.\n\nAlso, in wave energy technology to harness the ocean wave energy, the power take-off systems are used. The working principle can vary and be classified as a direct mechanical drive system, hydro turbine transfer system, hydro motor system, pneumatic air turbine transfer system, and direct electrical drive system. ", "title": "Power take-off" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Glossary of equestrian terms\n\nThis is a basic glossary of equestrian terms that includes both technical terminology and jargon developed over the centuries for horses and other equidae, as well as various horse-related concepts. Where noted, some terms are used only in American English (US), only in British English (UK), or are regional to a particular part of the world, such as Australia (AU).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA term of art in equine conformation to describe the quality of certain skeletal structures.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Glossary of equestrian terms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bone\n\nA bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. They are lightweight yet strong and hard and serve multiple functions.\n\nBone tissue (osseous tissue), which is also called bone in the uncountable sense of that word, is hard tissue, a type of specialized connective tissue. It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity. Bone tissue is made up of different types of bone cells. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralization of bone; osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. Modified (flattened) osteoblasts become the lining cells that form a protective layer on the bone surface. The mineralized matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly collagen called \"ossein\" and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts. Bone tissue is mineralized tissue of two types, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Other types of tissue found in bones include bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage.\n\nIn the human body at birth, there are approximately 300 bones present; many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear.\n\nThe Greek word for bone is ὀστέον (\"osteon\"), hence the many terms that use it as a prefix—such as osteopathy. In anatomical terminology, including the Terminologia Anatomica international standard, the word for a bone is \"os\" (for example, os breve, os longum, os sesamoideum).", "title": "Bone" }, { "id": "3457926", "score": "1.4704266", "text": "additional calcium marginally reduces the risk of hip fractures and other types of fracture in older adults; however, vitamin D supplementation alone did not reduce the risk of fractures. In children, whose bones are still developing, there are risks of either a growth plate injury or a greenstick fracture. Bone fracture A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, F, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several pieces. A bone fracture may be the result", "title": "Bone fracture" }, { "id": "48511", "score": "1.4689445", "text": "complex fractures can be treated by the use of bone grafting procedures that replace missing bone portions. Fractures and their underlying causes can be investigated by X-rays, CT scans and MRIs. Fractures are described by their location and shape, and several classification systems exist, depending on the location of the fracture. A common long bone fracture in children is a Salter–Harris fracture. When fractures are managed, pain relief is often given, and the fractured area is often immobilised. This is to promote bone healing. In addition, surgical measures such as internal fixation may be used. Because of the immobilisation, people", "title": "Bone" }, { "id": "15785446", "score": "1.4537671", "text": "initial period or bed rest, followed by mobilsation by trained therapist Total time to recover may be up to 3 months Acetabular fracture Fractures of the acetabulum occur when the head of the femur is driven into the pelvis. This injury is caused by a blow to either the side or front of the knee and often occurs as a dashboard injury accompanied by a fracture of the femur. The acetabulum is a cavity situated on the outer surface of the hip bone, also called the coxal bone or innominate bone. It is made up of three bones, the ilium,", "title": "Acetabular fracture" }, { "id": "12606785", "score": "1.4502666", "text": "children. This type of fracture generally has limited mobility. A simple fracture describes a complete transection of the bone with minimal fragmentation at the fracture site. The opposite of a simple fracture is a comminuted fracture, where the bone has been shattered into fragments, or there are secondary fractures along the main fracture lines. High velocity injuries (e.g. those caused by bullets, improvised explosive devices, etc...) will frequently cause comminuted fractures. A compound fracture is one that communicates with the external environment. In the case of mandibular fractures, communication may occur through the skin of the face or with the", "title": "Mandibular fracture" }, { "id": "8417773", "score": "1.4479067", "text": "bones. When multiple forces occur, it is called combined mechanical injury (CMI). One specific kind of pelvic fracture is known as an 'open book' fracture. This is often the result from a heavy impact to the groin (pubis), a common motorcycling accident injury. In this kind of injury, the left and right halves of the pelvis are separated at front and rear, the front opening more than the rear, i.e. like an open book that falls to the ground and splits in the middle. Depending on the severity, this may require surgical reconstruction before rehabilitation. Forces from an anterior or", "title": "Pelvic fracture" }, { "id": "3457917", "score": "1.446332", "text": "radiography alone is insufficient, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be indicated. In orthopedic medicine, fractures are classified in various ways. Historically they are named after the physician who first described the fracture conditions, however, there are more systematic classifications as well. They may be divided into stable versus unstable depending on the likelihood that they may shift further. An anatomical classification may begin with specifying the involved body part, such as the head or arm, followed with more specific localization. Fractures that have additional definition criteria than merely localization often may be classified as subtypes of", "title": "Bone fracture" }, { "id": "13804271", "score": "1.4458969", "text": "when an orthopedic surgeon assigns it to restore the fractured bone to its original function. This method positions the bones to their exact location, but there is a risk for infection and other complications. The procedure involves the orthopedist performing surgery on the bone to align the bone fragments, followed by the placement of special screws or metal plates to the outer surface of the bone. The fragments can also be held together by running metal rods through the marrow in the center of the bone. This treatment also requires surgery by an orthopedist. Pins or screws are placed into", "title": "Child bone fracture" }, { "id": "1819165", "score": "1.4404273", "text": "deteriorate just as it does after death. Maxilla fractures is a form of facial fracture caused by a fracture. A maxilla fracture is often the result of facial trauma such as violence, falls or automobile accidents. Maxilla fractures are classified according to the Le Fort classification. Sometimes (e.g. in bony fish), the maxilla is called \"upper maxilla\", with the mandible being the \"lower maxilla\". Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called \"upper mandible\". In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the incisors are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones,", "title": "Maxilla" }, { "id": "18142688", "score": "1.4347887", "text": "each fracture is given to 2 numbers to describe which bone it affects, and where in the bone: Each fracture is next given a letter (A, B or C) to describe the joint involvement of the fracture: The exceptions to this step include: Finally, the fracture is given 2 further numbers to denote the fracture pattern and geometry. For segment 2 (diaphyseal) fractures: For segment 1 and 3 (epiphyseal and metaphyseal) fractures: Subgroups are then used to describe the fractures in terms of displacement (versus apposition, which is the degree to which the parts are in contact with each other),", "title": "Müller AO Classification of fractures" }, { "id": "12606806", "score": "1.4341063", "text": "plates and screws being available since the 1980s. Mandibular fracture Mandibular fracture, also known as fracture of the jaw, is a break through the mandibular bone. In about 60% of cases the break occurs in two places. It may result in a decreased ability to fully open the mouth. Often the teeth will not feel properly aligned or there may be bleeding of the gums. Mandibular fractures occur most commonly among males in their 30s. Mandibular fractures are typically the result of trauma. This can include a fall onto the chin or a hit from the side. Rarely they may", "title": "Mandibular fracture" }, { "id": "1822432", "score": "1.4333259", "text": "ones caused by delivering a blow, are not uncommon. Direct trauma to the bone can also cause fracture. Due to its rarity, standard treatment has not been established. A wide range of treatments are possible, including rest, surgery and casting. The etymology derives from the Greek \"trapezion\" which means \"irregular quadrilateral,\" from \"tra-\" \"four\" and \"peza\" \"foot\" or \"edge.\" Literally, \"a little table\" from \"trapeza\" meaning \"table\" and \"-oeides\" \"shaped.\" Trapezoid bone The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row of carpal bones that give", "title": "Trapezoid bone" }, { "id": "13804264", "score": "1.4328331", "text": "base of a pillar in architectural terms. Acute angulation of the cortex is noted, as opposed to the usual curved surface. A fracture that doesn’t penetrate the skin. A fracture resulting in the ends of a bone penetrating the skin (these pose an increased risk of infection). A fracture where the bone cracks completely and the pieces line up. A fracture where the bone cracks completely in two or more pieces, and the pieces move out of alignment (this type of fracture might require surgery to make sure the pieces are aligned before casting). An incomplete fracture (a thin crack", "title": "Child bone fracture" }, { "id": "1904208", "score": "1.4322054", "text": "Fracture A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement develops perpendicular to the surface of displacement, it is called a normal tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement develops tangentially to the surface of displacement, it is called a shear crack, slip band, or dislocation. Brittle fractures occur with no apparent deformation before fracture; ductile fractures occur when visible deformation does occur before separation.", "title": "Fracture" }, { "id": "11649526", "score": "1.430651", "text": "compression fracture of a spinal vertebra fractures will commonly appear to collapse the entire body of vertebra. Pathologic fractures in children and adolescents can result from a diverse array of disorders namely; metabolic, endocrine, neoplastic, infectious, immunologic, and genetic skeletal dysplasias. In circumstances where other pathologies are excluded (for example, cancer), a pathologic fracture is diagnostic of osteoporosis irrespective of bone mineral density. Pathologic fracture A pathologic fracture (also called insufficiency fracture) is a bone fracture caused by disease that led to weakness of the bone structure. This process is most commonly due to osteoporosis, but may also be due", "title": "Pathologic fracture" }, { "id": "13804263", "score": "1.4239851", "text": "fractures. This fracture involves a bend on one side of the bone and a partial fracture on the other side. The name is by analogy with green (i.e., fresh) wood which similarly breaks on the outside when bent. The Sub-nanostructure of cortical bone may provide one possible explanation for the greenstick fractures in children. On the contrary to adults bone tissue, the low ratio between the mature and the immature enzymatic cross-links in children bone tissue is a potential explanation of the presence of greenstick fractures in children. This fracture occurs at the metaphyseal locations and resemble the torus or", "title": "Child bone fracture" } ]

[ "Mary Slattery", "Arthur Miller's", "mary slattery", "arthur miller", "Agnes Barley", "Arthur Miller", "Timebends", "agnes barley", "Arthur Asher Miller", "arthur miller s", "timebends", "arthur asher miller" ]

[ { "id": "544052", "score": "1.8444238", "text": "play focused on the fact that once accused, a person had little chance of exoneration, given the irrational and circular reasoning of both the courts and the public. Miller later wrote: \"The more I read into the Salem panic, the more it touched off corresponding images of common experiences in the fifties.\" The 1976 film \"The Front\" starring Woody Allen dealt with the McCarthy-era Hollywood blacklist. The film was made by those blacklisted: producer and director Martin Ritt; writer Walter Bernstein; actors Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Michael Murphy, John Randolph, Lloyd Gough, and Joshua Shelley. The 2005 film \"Good Night,", "title": "McCarthyism" }, { "id": "1622878", "score": "1.7790782", "text": "The Crucible The Crucible is a 1953 play by American playwright Arthur Miller. It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials that took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692/93. Miller wrote the play as an allegory for McCarthyism, when the United States government persecuted people accused of being communists. Miller himself was questioned by the House of Representatives' Committee on Un-American Activities in 1956 and convicted of contempt of Congress for refusing to identify others present at meetings he had attended. The play was first performed at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway", "title": "The Crucible" }, { "id": "1622907", "score": "1.7648075", "text": "of suspicion as a left-wing intellectual during his exile in the US. In 1947 Feuchtwanger wrote a play about the Salem witch trials, ' (\"Delusion, or The Devil in Boston\"), as an allegory for the persecution of communists, thus anticipating the theme of \"The Crucible\" by Arthur Miller; ' premiered in Germany in 1949. It was translated by June Barrows Mussey and performed in Los Angeles in 1953 under the title \"The Devil in Boston\". Original 1953 Broadway cast: In June 1953 Miller recast the production, simplified the \"pitiless sets of rude buildings\" and added a scene. <poem> Boo Alexander", "title": "The Crucible" }, { "id": "544051", "score": "1.7595596", "text": "to as \"McCarthyism\". McCarthyism can also be synonymous with the term witch-hunt, both referring to mass hysteria and moral panic. The 1951 novel \"The Troubled Air\" by Irwin Shaw tells the story of the director of a (fictional) radio show, broadcast live at the time, who is given a deadline to investigate his cast for alleged links to communism. The novel recounts the devastating effects on all concerned. The 1952 Arthur Miller play \"The Crucible\" used the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for McCarthyism, suggesting that the process of McCarthyism-style persecution can occur at any time or place. The", "title": "McCarthyism" }, { "id": "9189920", "score": "1.6806102", "text": "trials. The Arthur Miller play on which it was based was written as an allegory for McCarthyism and the Red Scare, which occurred in the United States in the 1950s. Miller was himself questioned by the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1956. Several women and men in the town are accused of witchcraft by a group of young girls led by Abigail Williams. Her jealousy of John Proctor's wife, Elizabeth, leads Abigail to accuse Elizabeth of witchcraft. John himself is eventually accused and hangs rather than recant, saying he can't dirty his name and stands up for what he", "title": "The Crucible (opera)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arthur Miller\n\nArthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are \"All My Sons\" (1947), \"Death of a Salesman\" (1949), \"The Crucible\" (1953), and \"A View from the Bridge\" (1955). He wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on \"The Misfits\" (1961). The drama \"Death of a Salesman\" is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century.\n\nMiller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and married Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2001, the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002, and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize in 1999.", "title": "Arthur Miller" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hollywood blacklist\n\nThe Hollywood blacklist was an entertainment industry blacklist, broader than just Hollywood, put in effect in the mid-20th century in the United States during the early years of the Cold War. The blacklist involved the practice of denying employment to entertainment industry professionals believed to be or to have been Communists or sympathizers. Actors, screenwriters, directors, musicians, and other American entertainment professionals were barred from work by the studios.\n\nThis was usually done on the basis of their membership in, alleged membership in, or sympathy with the Communist Party USA, or on the basis of their refusal to assist Congressional investigations into the party's activities. Even during the period of its strictest enforcement, from the late 1940s through to the late 1950s, the blacklist was rarely made explicit or easily verifiable, as it was the result of numerous individual decisions by the studios and was not the result of official legal action. Nevertheless, it quickly and directly damaged or ended the careers and income of scores of individuals working in the film industry.", "title": "Hollywood blacklist" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of films based on actual events (before 2000)\n\nThis is a list of films and miniseries that are based on actual events. All films on this list are from American production unless indicated otherwise.\n\nNot all films have remained true to the genuine history of the event or the characters they are portraying, often adding action and drama to increase the substance and popularity of the film. True story films gained popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the production of films based on actual events that first aired on CBS, ABC, and NBC. This list should only include films supported by a Wikipedia article.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of films based on actual events (before 2000)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Scientology\n\nScientology is a set of beliefs and practices invented by American author L. Ron Hubbard, and an associated movement. It has been variously defined as a cult, a business, or a new religious movement. The most recent published census data indicate that there were about 25,000 followers in the United States (in 2008); around 1,800 followers in England (2021); 1,400 in Canada (2021); and about 1,600 in Australia (2021). By 1954 he had regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology. \n\nScientology teaches that a human is an immortal, spiritual being (Thetan) that resides in a physical body and has had innumerable past lives. Some Scientology texts are only revealed after followers have spent more than $200,000 in the organization, and it charges tens of thousands of dollars for access to these texts in what it calls \"Operating Thetan\" levels. The organization has gone to considerable lengths to try to keep these secret, but they are freely available on the internet. These texts say that lives preceding a Thetan's arrival on Earth were lived in extraterrestrial cultures. The Scientology doctrine states that any Scientologist undergoing \"auditing\" will eventually come across and recount a common series of events. They include reference to an extraterrestrial life-form called Xenu. The secret Scientology texts say this was a ruler of a confederation of planets 70 million years ago who brought billions of alien beings to Earth and then killed them with thermonuclear weapons. Despite being kept secret from most followers, this forms the central mythological framework of Scientology's ostensible soteriology: attainment of a status referred to by Scientologists as \"clear\". These aspects have become the subject of popular ridicule.\n\nFrom soon after their formation, Hubbard's groups have generated considerable opposition and controversy, in several instances because of their illegal activities. In January 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners brought proceedings against the Dianetic Research Foundation on the charge of teaching medicine without a license. During the 1970s, Hubbard's followers engaged in a program of criminal infiltration of the U.S. government, resulting in several executives of the organization being convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses by a U.S. Federal Court. The Church of Scientology was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009, a judgment upheld by the supreme Court of Cassation in 2013.<ref name=TorygrFraud13/>\n\nThe Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, law lords, and numerous superior court judgments as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative profit-making business. Following extensive litigation in numerous countries, while the French government classifies the group as a dangerous cult.", "title": "Scientology" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Springfield, Massachusetts\n\nThe history of Springfield, Massachusetts dates back to the colonial period, when it was founded in 1636 as \"Agawam Plantation\", named after a nearby village of Algonkian-speaking Native Americans. It was the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony. The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years, however, later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony. The town changed its name to \"Springfield\", and changed the political boundaries among what later became the states of New England. The decision to establish a settlement sprang in large part from its favorable geography, situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River's confluence with three tributaries. It was a Native American crossroad for two major trade routes: Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal. Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States' most fertile soil.\n\nSpringfield flourished for the decades after its founding, operating as a trading post surrounding by numerous colonial farmsteads. The nearby Indian tribes were gradually displaced by colonial settlement and by the late 17th century became gradually confined to a palisaded fort on Long Hill. During King Philip's War, a pan-tribal effort to expel the colonists from their settlements in New England, a successful Indian attack on Springfield destroyed the settlement. After being rebuilt, Springfield's prosperity waned for the next hundred years but, in 1777, Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons, and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets. Until 1968, the Armory made small arms. Its first American muskets (1794) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s. The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city, making it the United States' longtime center for precision manufacturing (comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution). The Armory's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year.\n\nInnovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary (1805, Noah Webster), the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing (1819, Thomas Blanchard), the first American horseless car (1825, again Thomas Blanchard), vulcanized rubber (1844, Charles Goodyear), the first American gasoline-powered car (1893, Duryea Brothers), the first American motorcycle company (1901, \"Indian\"), an early commercial radio station (1921, WBZ), and most famously, the world's third-most-popular sport of basketball (1891, Dr. James Naismith).", "title": "History of Springfield, Massachusetts" }, { "id": "4577340", "score": "1.6611581", "text": "recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party. After speaking with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692. \"The Crucible\", in which Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692, opened at the Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953. Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s (the latter had directed the original production of Miller's \"Death of a Salesman\"), but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended, and", "title": "The Crucible (1996 film)" }, { "id": "2911280", "score": "1.6457717", "text": "a play about the Salem Witch Trials, \"Wahn oder der Teufel in Boston\" (\"Delusion, or The Devil in Boston\"), thus anticipating the theme of \"The Crucible\" by Arthur Miller; \"Wahn\" premiered in Germany in 1949. It was translated by June Barrows Mussey and performed in Los Angeles in 1953 under the title \"The Devil in Boston.\" In New York a Yiddish translation was shown. At the end of life, he dealt with Jewish themes again (\"The Jewess of Toledo\") and advocated a Jewish state as a refuge. In 1953, Feuchtwanger won the National Prize of East Germany first Class for", "title": "Lion Feuchtwanger" }, { "id": "28540", "score": "1.6100125", "text": "with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692. \"The Crucible\", in which Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692, opened at the Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953. Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its release, today \"The Crucible\" is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world. It was adapted into an opera by Robert Ward in 1961. Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, but after", "title": "Arthur Miller" }, { "id": "13733722", "score": "1.5812402", "text": "kind. The \"witches\" of Salem were not persecuted by bad men or women; people then genuinely lived in fear of witchcraft, just as they did of communism in the 1950s. In the witch-hunt to remove it from public life in the US, innocent people's lives were ruined, yet through often honourable motives (apart from those of Joe McCarthy). After their conviction, the Sisters of Mercy issued a statement, which read: We are all devastated by the revolting crimes which resulted in these verdicts. Our hearts go out to this young woman who, as a child, was placed in our care.", "title": "Nora Wall" }, { "id": "512792", "score": "1.5763285", "text": "frequently been compared to that of Donald Trump. \"Inherit the Wind\", a 1955 play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee, is a highly fictionalized account of the Scopes Trial written in response to McCarthyism. A populist thrice-defeated presidential candidate from Nebraska named Matthew Harrison Brady (based on Bryan) comes to a small town to help prosecute a young teacher for teaching evolution to his schoolchildren. He is opposed by a famous trial lawyer, Henry Drummond (based on Darrow), and mocked by a cynical newspaperman (based on H.L. Mencken) as the trial assumes a national profile. A 1960 Hollywood film", "title": "William Jennings Bryan" }, { "id": "5615287", "score": "1.5760763", "text": "McCarthyism dates from the first performance of Arthur Miller's play, \"The Crucible\", in 1953. This implies that the setting of the novel is at most two years before its publication. A television adaptation, starring David Suchet as Poirot; Philip Jackson as Inspector Japp; Pauline Moran as Miss Lemon; Damian Lewis as Leonard Bateson; Sarah Badel as Mrs Hubbard; Elinor Morriston as Valerie Hobhouse and Jonathan Firth as Nigel Chapman, was broadcast in 1995 in the series \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\". In common with the rest of the series, the setting is moved back in time from the post-World War II period", "title": "Hickory Dickory Dock (novel)" }, { "id": "14711579", "score": "1.571351", "text": "čarodějnice\" (1963), a novel about witch trials in Northern Moravia during the 1670s. Kryštof Alois Lautner is a historical figure who is portrayed accurately in the novel. The film is also an allegory substituting the Inquisition for show trials in Communist regimes. Vávra had political trials in the 1950s in mind when co-writing the film. With the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 following the Prague Spring, scholar Peter Hames wrote that it was \"difficult to see\" \"Witchhammer\" \"as anything other than a response to the political realities of the post-invasion period.\" Richard Chatten of \"The Independent\" wrote the", "title": "Witchhammer" }, { "id": "1622918", "score": "1.5665197", "text": "(Scott's wife at the time) as Elizabeth Proctor, Melvyn Douglas as Thomas Danforth, and Tuesday Weld as Abigail Williams. A production by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Gielgud Theatre in London's West End in 2006 was recorded for the Victoria and Albert Museum's National Video Archive of Performance. Notes Sources The Crucible The Crucible is a 1953 play by American playwright Arthur Miller. It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials that took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692/93. Miller wrote the play as an allegory for McCarthyism, when the United States", "title": "The Crucible" }, { "id": "10252921", "score": "1.5502901", "text": "to Make It My Home\", \"Congregational Way\" and \"\". Motivated in part by the question of how the Holocaust could have happened, Starkey delved into the Salem archives to explore the underpinnings of an earlier, American tragedy: the Salem Witch Trials. Working from court records, she created a psychological portrait tracing the development of the event from child fantasies to societal hysteria, eventually publishing in 1949 \"The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Enquiry Into the Salem Witch Trials\". Arthur Miller is said to have used this work in his research for \"The Crucible\". Marion L. Starkey Marion Lena Starkey (April", "title": "Marion L. Starkey" }, { "id": "1651029", "score": "1.5420632", "text": "generally known as the \"Salem\" witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in several towns: Salem Village (now Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover. The most infamous trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. The episode is one of Colonial America's most notorious cases of mass hysteria. It has been used in political rhetoric and popular literature as a vivid cautionary tale about the dangers of isolationism, religious extremism, false accusations, and lapses in due process. It was not unique, but a Colonial American example of the much broader phenomenon", "title": "Salem witch trials" }, { "id": "544053", "score": "1.5381813", "text": "and Good Luck\" by George Clooney starred David Strathairn as broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow and contained archival footage of McCarthy. \"Guilty by Suspicion\" is a 1991 American drama film about the Hollywood blacklist, McCarthyism, and the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler, it starred Robert De Niro, Annette Bening, and George Wendt. McCarthyism McCarthyism is the practice in the United States of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term refers to U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) and has its origins in the period in the United", "title": "McCarthyism" }, { "id": "2775759", "score": "1.5210255", "text": "history to speak to contemporary issues. \"Inherit the Wind\" (1955) addressed intellectual freedom and McCarthyism through a fictionalized version of the Scopes Monkey Trial. \"The Gang's All Here\" (1959) examined government corruption in the 1920s. \"The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail\" (1970) was a Vietnam-era exploration of Thoreau's resistance to an earlier war. Lawrence taught playwriting in the Master of Professional Writing Program at the University of Southern California. Lawrence's one Tony Award nomination was for Best Book of a Musical for \"Mame\". He died due to complications from a stroke in Malibu, California. The Jerome Lawrence and Robert E.", "title": "Jerome Lawrence" }, { "id": "18962435", "score": "1.5199345", "text": "Laureate Elie Wiesel. She also has a memorial stone monument in Rowley, where she lived. She was officially exonerated by name on October 31, 2001 (Halloween), more than three centuries after her trial and execution. Most of the accused witches had been exonerated in the early 18th century, but some families, including Margaret's, did not come forward at that time. In 1957, Ann Pudeator was singled out as being exonerated along with \"certain other persons\", but it took almost another fifty years for the last five victims to be explicitly named. Paul Tirone, a state representative at the time whose", "title": "Margaret Scott (Salem witch trials)" }, { "id": "1651098", "score": "1.51693", "text": "1695 when Thomas Maule, a noted Quaker, publicly criticized the handling of the trials by the Puritan leaders in Chapter 29 of his book \"Truth Held Forth and Maintained\", expanding on Increase Mather by stating, \"it were better that one hundred Witches should live, than that one person be put to death for a witch, which is not a Witch\". For publishing this book, Maule was imprisoned twelve months before he was tried and found not guilty. On December 17, 1696, the General Court ruled that there would be a fast day on January 14, 1697, \"referring to the late", "title": "Salem witch trials" }, { "id": "10453484", "score": "1.5151333", "text": "in the scandalous subject of witchcraft. The most famous of these plays is Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c. 1603–6), though Middleton's \"The Witch\" (c. 1609–16) and \"The Witch of Edmonton\" (1621) by Thomas Dekker, John Ford, and William Rowley, are other notable examples. The 1633–34 prosecution was the sequel to a larger trial of the Pendle witches in 1612, the major affair of its kind in English history, which resulted in nine people from the Pendle Hill area of Lancashire being hanged at Lancaster Moor. The second episode was unresolved when the two playwrights wrote their play; the dramatists were working so", "title": "The Late Lancashire Witches" } ]

[ "Zanzibar (island)", "Zanguebar", "zanzibari", "zanzibar island", "Politics of Zanzibar", "kidichi", "climate of zanzibar", "Zanzibar, Tanzania", "politics of zanzibar", "Climate of Zanzibar", "Zanzibar", "Unguja, Tanzania", "zanguebar", "zanzibar", "unguja tanzania", "Zanjibar", "zanjibar", "Demographics of Zanzibar", "committee of six", "demographics of zanzibar", "rail transport in zanzibar", "Kidichi", "sansibar", "zanzibar tanzania", "Sansibar", "Rail transport in Zanzibar", "Zanzibari", "Committee of Six" ]

[ { "id": "407679", "score": "1.8625048", "text": "December 1961, but for the first year of independence, Tanganyika had a governor general who represented the British monarch. On 9 December 1962, Tanganyika became a democratic republic under an executive president. After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964. On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania (\"Tan\" comes from Tanganyika and \"Zan\" from Zanzibar). The union of the two hitherto separate regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to", "title": "Tanzania" }, { "id": "7872314", "score": "1.8157014", "text": "with Tanganyika to form the new nation of Tanzania, an act judged by contemporary media to be an attempt to prevent communist subversion of Zanzibar. The revolution ended 200 years of Arab dominance in Zanzibar, and is commemorated on the island each year with anniversary celebrations and a public holiday. The Zanzibar Archipelago, now part of the Southeast African republic of Tanzania, is a group of islands lying in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Tanganyika. It comprises the main southern island of Unguja (also known as Zanzibar), the smaller northern island of Pemba, and numerous surrounding islets. With", "title": "Zanzibar Revolution" }, { "id": "407807", "score": "1.7637157", "text": "side of the Indian Ocean caused tsunamis along Tanzania's coastline in which 11 people were killed. An oil tanker also temporarily ran aground in the Dar Es Salaam harbour, damaging an oil pipeline. In 2008, a power surge cut off power to Zanzibar, resulting in the 2008 Zanzibar Power blackout. History of Tanzania The African Great Lakes nation of Tanzania dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s", "title": "History of Tanzania" }, { "id": "465931", "score": "1.7460004", "text": "national unity was adopted by 66.2 percent of voters on 31 July 2010. The autonomous status of Zanzibar is viewed as comparable to Hong Kong as suggested by some scholars, and being recognized as the \"African Hong Kong\". Zanzibar is one of the Indian Ocean islands. It is situated on the Swahili Coast, adjacent to Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania). The northern tip of Unguja island is located at 5.72 degrees south, 39.30 degrees east, with the southernmost point at 6.48 degrees south, 39.51 degrees east. The island is separated from the Tanzanian mainland by a channel, which at its narrowest point", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "id": "1590322", "score": "1.7280569", "text": "Tanganyika Tanganyika was a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania, that existed from 1961 until 1964. It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a state headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations exactly a year later. After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April, Tanganyika officially joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day, 26 April 1964. The new state", "title": "Tanganyika" }, { "id": "407795", "score": "1.7152493", "text": "and 1960, with Nyerere becoming chief minister after the 1960 election. Internal self-government started on 1 May 1961 followed by independence on 9 December 1961. Zanzibar today refers to the island of that name, also known as Unguja, and the neighboring island of Pemba. Both islands fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but were retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, established a ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of clove", "title": "History of Tanzania" }, { "id": "11808429", "score": "1.709629", "text": "year later. Tanganyika now forms part of the modern-day sovereign state of Tanzania. The name \"Tanganyika\" is derived from the Swahili words \"tanga\" (\"sail\") and \"nyika\" (\"uninhabited plain\", \"wilderness\"). It might, therefore, be understood as a description of using Lake Tanganyika: \"sail in the wilderness\". In the second half of the 19th century, European explorers and colonialists traveled through the African interior from Zanzibar. In 1885, the German Empire declared its intent to establish a protectorate in the area, named German East Africa (GEA), under the leadership of Carl Peters. When the Sultan of Zanzibar objected, German warships threatened to", "title": "Tanganyika (territory)" }, { "id": "1896918", "score": "1.7084296", "text": "gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. German East Africa, though", "title": "East Africa" }, { "id": "407667", "score": "1.7039056", "text": "with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. The United Nations estimated Tanzania's population at /1e6 round 2 million. The population is composed of several ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The sovereign state of Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic and since 1996 its official capital city has been Dodoma where the president's office, the National Assembly, and some government ministries are located. Dar es Salaam, the former capital, retains most government offices and is the country's", "title": "Tanzania" }, { "id": "1590325", "score": "1.7008626", "text": "Zanzibar and Tanganyika, an interim Constitution amended from the 1962 Constitution became the governing document. Although meant to be temporary, the Constitutions remained effective until 1977. The unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964 followed Nyerere's principle of \"Ujamaa\" which entailed a strong \"territorial nationalism.\" Tanganyika Tanganyika was a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania, that existed from 1961 until 1964. It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a state headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations exactly a year later. After signing the", "title": "Tanganyika" }, { "id": "8814234", "score": "1.6980447", "text": "fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. In April 1964, this short-lived communist republic was united with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later. By 1964, the country was a constitutional monarchy ruled by Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. Zanzibar had a population of around 230,000 natives, some of whom claimed Persian ancestry and were known locally as Shirazis. It also contained significant minorities in the 50,000 Arabs and 20,000 South Asians who were prominent in business and trade. The various", "title": "Sultanate of Zanzibar" }, { "id": "407683", "score": "1.697688", "text": "Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president. At , Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest", "title": "Tanzania" }, { "id": "465919", "score": "1.6891707", "text": "by the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba, a socialist government led by the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Over 20,000 people were killed and refugees, especially Arabs and Indians, escaped the island as a consequence of the revolution. In April 1964, the republic merged with mainland Tanganyika. This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed, blending the two names, as the United Republic of Tanzania, within which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region. The 2002 census is the most recent census for which results have been reported. The total population of Zanzibar was 984,625 – with an annual growth rate", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "id": "10998019", "score": "1.6854504", "text": "of Tanzania; it is celebrated on 12 January each year. On 26 April 1964, the mainland colony of Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; this lengthy name was compressed into a portmanteau, the United Republic of Tanzania, on 29 October 1964. After unification, local affairs were controlled by President Abeid Amani Karume, while foreign affairs were handled by the United Republic in Dar es Salaam. Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania. The autonomous status of Zanzibar is viewed as comparable to Hong Kong as suggested by some scholars, and being recognized as", "title": "History of Zanzibar" }, { "id": "407800", "score": "1.6727238", "text": "months were spent with Commandos touring the country disarming military outposts. When the successful operation ended, the Royal Marines left to be replaced by Canadian troops. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October of that year. The name Tanzania is a blend of \"Tanganyika\" and \"Zanzibar\" and previously had no significance. Under the terms of this union, the Zanzibar Government retains considerable local autonomy. To form a sole ruling party in both parts of the union, Julius Nyerere", "title": "History of Tanzania" }, { "id": "407753", "score": "1.6696973", "text": "History of Tanzania The African Great Lakes nation of Tanzania dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s to 1919, when, under the League of Nations, it became a British mandate. It served as a military outpost during World War II, providing financial help, munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961.", "title": "History of Tanzania" }, { "id": "465921", "score": "1.6623514", "text": "the Zanzibar Archipelago but administered by mainland Tanzania (Tanganyka), had a total population of 40,801. The people of Zanzibar are of diverse ethnic origins. The first permanent residents of Zanzibar seem to have been the ancestors of the Bantu Hadimu and Tumbatu, who began arriving from the African Great Lakes mainland around AD 1000. They belonged to various mainland ethnic groups and on Zanzibar, lived in small villages, and did not coalesce to form larger political units. During Zanzibar's brief period of independence in the early 1960s, the major political cleavage was between the Shirazis (Zanzibar Africans), who made up", "title": "Zanzibar" }, { "id": "4735960", "score": "1.6606123", "text": "87,000 tons of cargo would be carried between Zambia and Tanzania by the year 2000, not enough to support a railway, and recommended that a road be built instead. In 1961, Tanganyika became independent under the leadership of Julius Nyerere, and in 1964 the country joined with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Also in 1964, Northern Rhodesia was granted independence as Zambia, under the leadership of Kenneth Kaunda. Both Nyerere and Kaunda were charismatic socialist African leaders who supported the self-determination of their African neighbors. A railway connecting their two countries would help to develop the agricultural", "title": "TAZARA Railway" }, { "id": "407789", "score": "1.6495974", "text": "climate, geopolitics, patterns of settlement and history made Tanganyika the most significant of all UN Trust Territories.\" But two-thirds of the population lived in one-tenth of the territory because of water shortages, soil erosion, unreliable rainfall, tsetse fly infestations, and poor communications and transportation infrastructures. In 1957, only 15 towns had over 5,000 inhabitants, with the capital Dar es Salaam having the nation's highest population of 128,742. Tanganyika was a multi-racial territory, which made it unique in the trusteeship world. Its total non-African population in 1957 was 123,310 divided as follows: 95,636 Asians and Arabs (subdivided as 65,461 Indians, 6,299", "title": "History of Tanzania" }, { "id": "407666", "score": "1.6451335", "text": "and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago. These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas. They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago. European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika,", "title": "Tanzania" } ]

[ "Emma Hamilton", "Lady Hamilton Emma", "Lady Emma Hamilton", "Emma Hart", "lady hamilton", "emma hamilton", "emma hart", "Emma Lyon", "Emma, Lady Hamilton", "emma lady hamilton", "emma lyon", "lady hamilton emma", "Lady Hamilton", "lady emma hamilton" ]

[ { "id": "11239193", "score": "1.9612272", "text": "involved in protracted negotiations to buy Nelson’s uniform coat and waistcoat (eventually bought by The Prince Consort for Greenwich Hospital in 1845, later passing from there to the National Maritime Museum). Horatia only realised she was Lord Nelson's biological daughter in 1845 after Sir Nicholas Harris published volume 3 of his intensively researched Dispatches and Letters of Vice-Admiral Nelson, which included copies of correspondence which conclusively proved that Nelson was her father (she refused, however, to ever accept that Emma, Lady Hamilton was her mother). This growing public interest in Nelson (Nelson's Column and Trafalgar Square were erected in 1843,", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "11239187", "score": "1.9355888", "text": "had been born an orphan in Naples. Later on, her natural parents adopted her as an orphan. Nelson was delighted at Horatia's birth (the more so when his second child with Emma, another girl, died a few weeks after her birth in early 1803), and spent as often as he could during his brief times onshore from 1803 to 1805 enjoying domestic life with her and Emma at Merton Place, more frequently and easily once Sir William was dead. As the Battle of Trafalgar approached, Nelson wrote a letter to Horatia with his parental blessing: Victory, October 19, 1805. My", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "1818776", "score": "1.9217386", "text": "\"the best husband and friend\". It seems likely that he was sterile. She once again tried to persuade him to allow her daughter to come and live with them in the Palazzo Sessa as her mother Mrs Cadogan's niece, but he refused this as well as her request to make enquiries in England about suitors for the young Emma. Nelson returned to Naples five years later, on 22 September 1798 a living legend, after his victory at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir, with his step-son Josiah Nisbet, then eighteen years old. By this time, Nelson's adventures had prematurely", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" }, { "id": "13939857", "score": "1.8995208", "text": "of Sir William Hamilton to Britain was a further incentive for Nelson to return, although he and the Hamiltons initially sailed from Naples on a brief cruise around Malta aboard the \"Foudroyant\" in April 1800. It was on this voyage that Horatio and Emma's illegitimate daughter Horatia was probably conceived. After the cruise, Nelson conveyed the Queen of Naples and her suite to Leghorn. On his arrival, Nelson shifted his flag to , but again disobeyed Keith's orders by refusing to join the main fleet. Keith came to Leghorn in person to demand an explanation, and refused to be moved", "title": "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson" }, { "id": "11239191", "score": "1.8866749", "text": "housekeeper, after Nelson's sister Susanna Bolton died, until she married. Biographers describing her in her youth saw her as being tall, intelligent, able to speak her mind and surprisingly well-read. She was good at languages (Emma had taught her Italian, French and German and she also managed Spanish), music and needlework, had a lively temperament and was an animal-lover. Thanks to her mother's efforts, Horatia became a graceful and accomplished woman. On 19 February 1822, she married Rev. Philip Ward (1795–1859) at Burnham Westgate Church, near her father’s home village in north Norfolk, where Ward was curate. Horatia's grandfather had", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emma, Lady Hamilton\n\nDame Emma Hamilton (born Amy Lyon; 26 April 176515 January 1815), generally known as Lady Hamilton, was an English maid, model, dancer and actress. She began her career in London's demi-monde, becoming the mistress of a series of wealthy men, culminating in the naval hero Lord Nelson, and was the favourite model of the portrait artist George Romney.\n\nIn 1791, at the age of 26, she married Sir William Hamilton, British ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples, where she was a success at court, befriending the queen, the sister of Marie Antoinette, and meeting Nelson.", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "William Hamilton (diplomat)\n\nSir William Hamilton, (13 December 1730 – 6 April 1803), was a British diplomat, antiquarian, archaeologist and vulcanologist. After a short period as a Member of Parliament, he served as British Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples from 1764 to 1800. He studied the volcanoes Vesuvius and Etna, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society and recipient of the Copley Medal. His second wife was Emma Hamilton, famed as Horatio Nelson's mistress.", "title": "William Hamilton (diplomat)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Thomas-Alexandre Dumas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of historical films set in Near Eastern and Western civilization ..." }, { "id": "11239186", "score": "1.8567564", "text": "died on 6 April 1803, and 5 days before Nelson had to board on 18 May that year, Horatia was christened, aged two, at St Marylebone Parish Church as Horatia Nelson Thompson, with Emma and Horatio as the \"godparents\" and a cover-story naming her as the daughter of Vice-Admiral Charles Thompson of Portsmouth Dockyard (with his agreement). Her date of birth on the baptism record was given as 29 October 1801 according to the record transcripts, but Kate Williams cites the year as 1800 (referring to a letter from Mrs Gibson to Emma), to further the pretence that the child", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "1818792", "score": "1.8368816", "text": "Horatia Nelson Thompson, and her date of birth falsely recorded as 29 October 1800 in order to continue the pretence that she had been born in Naples and was godchild of Emma and Nelson, according to Kate Williams and based on an unpublished letter; however the only publicly available transcription of the record shows 29 October 1801. Nelson later wrote a letter explaining that the child was an orphan \"left to his care and protection\" in Naples. Emma planned, paid for and hosted the wedding of Nelson's niece Kitty Bolton (daughter of Susanna) and her cousin Captain Sir William Bolton", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" }, { "id": "11239185", "score": "1.8282187", "text": "Horatia Nelson Horatia Nelson, christened as Horatia Nelson Thompson (29 January 1801 – 6 March 1881) was the illegitimate daughter of Emma Hamilton and Horatio Nelson. Born in a house rented by Sir William Hamilton (Emma's husband) at 23 Piccadilly, London, as Nelson was at anchor in Torbay preparing to sail to the Battle of Copenhagen (news reached him before he set sail), she was given to a wet nurse called Mrs. Gibson, who was informed that the child, about a week old, was born six weeks earlier, at a time when Emma was in Vienna. Once Emma's husband had", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "1818794", "score": "1.8198023", "text": "in early 1804, and Horatia also fell ill at her home with Mrs Gibson on Titchfield Street. Emma kept the infant's death a secret from the press (her burial is unrecorded), kept her deep grief from Nelson's family and found it increasingly difficult to cope alone. She reportedly distracted herself by gambling, and succumbed to binges of heavy drinking and eating and spending lavishly. Emma received several marriage proposals during 1804, all wealthy men, but she was still in love with Nelson and believed that he would become wealthy with prize money and leave her rich in his will, and", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" }, { "id": "5246494", "score": "1.808764", "text": "holidays, but cut both her and Horatia Nelson, Emma's daughter by Lord Nelson, off after Nelson's death. He did not respect his brother's wishes to look after Horatia. He moved to Trafalgar Park after Standlynch Park was renamed thus by an Act of Parliament in 1814. He died without surviving male issue, Horatio (recently made Viscount Trafalgar) having died at the age of 19 of tuberculosis in 1808, and all of his British titles passed to Thomas Bolton, the son of his sister Susannah. The Sicilian dukedom of Bronté passed to his daughter Charlotte, wife of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron", "title": "William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson" }, { "id": "11239199", "score": "1.7839661", "text": "evidence it was ever in Nelson-Ward family possession (or other branches of the Nelson family), which is the obvious place to have expected to find it, or at least information linking it to them - but there is none.\" Horatia Nelson Horatia Nelson, christened as Horatia Nelson Thompson (29 January 1801 – 6 March 1881) was the illegitimate daughter of Emma Hamilton and Horatio Nelson. Born in a house rented by Sir William Hamilton (Emma's husband) at 23 Piccadilly, London, as Nelson was at anchor in Torbay preparing to sail to the Battle of Copenhagen (news reached him before he", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "1818795", "score": "1.7720608", "text": "she refused them all. She continued to entertain and help Nelson's relatives, especially William and Sarah's \"obstreperous son Horace\" and their daughter Charlotte, who was referred to as Emma's \"foster daughter\" in a letter. Nelson urged her to keep Horatia at Merton, and when his return seemed imminent in 1804, Emma ran up bills on furnishing and decorating Merton. Five-year-old Horatia came to live at Merton in May 1805. There were also reports that she holidayed with Emma Carew. After a brief visit to England in August 1805, Nelson once again had to return to service. Emma received letters from", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" }, { "id": "1818803", "score": "1.7663757", "text": "blackmailed her into giving him money, and Mrs Cadogan's sister's family, the Connors, were also expecting handouts. Emma Carew came for a short summer visit in late June 1806, at which point Sir Harry Fetherstonhaugh sent £500 for the benefit of mother and daughter. Emma hosted and employed James Harrison for 6 months to write a two-volume \"Life of Nelson\", which made it clear that Horatia was his child. Still her company was sought after in society, and she continued to entertain at Merton, including the Prince of Wales and the Dukes of Sussex and Clarence, but no favours were", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" }, { "id": "5164667", "score": "1.7655222", "text": "Chenevix she went to live with her other grandfather, the Archdeacon Gervais. On 31 October 1786 she married Colonel Richard St George (d. 1790). Her husband died only four years later in Portugal, leaving one son, Charles Manners St George, who became a diplomat. Between 1799 and 1800, Melesina travelled around Europe, especially Germany. It was during these travels that she met Lord Nelson, Lady Hamilton and the cream of European society, including Rivarol, Lucien Bonaparte, and John Quincy Adams while living in Germany. She later recounted anecdotes of these meetings in her memoirs. On 3 March 1803 in Paris", "title": "Melesina Trench" }, { "id": "11239190", "score": "1.7633021", "text": "never publicly acknowledged that Emma was her mother, perhaps partly due to Emma's continued insistence after Nelson's death that she was not her mother but her guardian. Before debt set in after Nelson's death, Emma introduced Horatia to high society. Emma died just before Horatia's fourteenth birthday at Calais in January 1815, having fled there with Horatia to escape debt. Returning to Dover, she was met by one of Nelson's brothers-in-law, George Matcham, and thereafter spent two years with the Matchams in Sussex, helping to look after the younger children. She then lived with another brother-in-law, Thomas Bolton, as his", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "11239192", "score": "1.7594192", "text": "also been a clergyman. A third-generation Anglican clergyman, Philip was a poet and scholar, and the couple was described as handsome and intelligent at their wedding. Horatia's biographer described the marriage as \"the one certain good that befell\" Horatia. Their ten children—seven boys and three girls, with the former educated by their father at home before going to university or the professions—were: The living at Stanhoe in Norfolk was next granted to Philip, and it brought a better income in tithes and glebe lands, and then fairly shortly afterwards the family moved to another living at Bircham Newton. She was", "title": "Horatia Nelson" }, { "id": "13939905", "score": "1.7534912", "text": "Nile\", he signed himself \"Nelson & Brontë\" for the rest of his life. Nelson had no legitimate children; his daughter, Horatia, subsequently married the Reverend Philip Ward, with whom she had ten children before her death in 1881. Since Nelson died without legitimate issue, his viscountcy and his barony created in 1798, both \"of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk\", became extinct upon his death. However, the barony created in 1801, \"of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk\", passed by a special remainder, which included Nelson's father and sisters and their", "title": "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson" }, { "id": "13828307", "score": "1.7502089", "text": "Frances Nelson Frances \"Fanny\" Nelson, Viscountess Nelson (17584 May 1831), is best known as the wife of Horatio Nelson, the British naval officer who won several victories over the French during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Born of wealthy parents on Nevis, she was orphaned at a fairly young age, and married a doctor, Josiah Nisbet. The couple returned to England, but her new husband died there, and Frances returned to Nevis to live with her uncle, a prominent politician of the island. There she met Horatio Nelson, and married him in 1787. The couple moved to England, and", "title": "Frances Nelson" }, { "id": "12401864", "score": "1.7448475", "text": "Mario Piozzi, a Roman Catholic, causing public scandal and leading to a rift with them. The newlyweds went abroad for more than two years and between July 1787 and March 1793 there was no communication between her and her daughter Queeney who went on to make an independent London life for herself, with a respectable widowed friend as chaperone. On 10 January 1808, aged 44, Queeney Thrale married the widowed Admiral Lord Keith, a distinguished and celebrated senior naval officer 19 years her senior who had amassed a considerable fortune from prize-money during the Napoleonic wars. They had met in", "title": "Hester Maria Elphinstone, Viscountess Keith" }, { "id": "1818809", "score": "1.7441304", "text": "erected a plaque in her honour in the Parc Richelieu. Henry Cadogan cared for the 14-year-old Horatia in the aftermath of Emma's death and paid for her travel to Dover. The Matchams took her in to care for their younger children, until she was sent off to live with the Boltons two years later, Susanna having died in 1813. Horatia subsequently married the Rev. Philip Ward, had ten children (the first of whom was named Horatio Nelson) and lived until 1881. Horatia never publicly acknowledged that she was the daughter of Emma Hamilton. Jason M. Kelly sums up her life", "title": "Emma, Lady Hamilton" } ]

[ "3", "", "three" ]

[ { "id": "1738706", "score": "1.7684186", "text": "or thrown. During a hit, a player may only make contact with the ball one time. When two players from the same team contact the ball simultaneously, it is counted as two hits, and either player may make the next contact. When two players from opposing teams contact the ball simultaneously over the net, in what is known as a joust, the team whose side the ball ends up on is entitled to another three contacts. When receiving a ball from a hit that is not hard driven, the ball must be contacted \"cleanly\". If a player receives the ball", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "8038683", "score": "1.7481211", "text": "ball hits the water in the opponents' side or the opponent team commits a fault. As in volleyball, each team can contact the ball no more than three times before the ball crosses the net, while consecutive contacts must be made by different players - except for contacts while blocking, which are not counted. Players also cannot touch the net or they commit a fault and a point is awarded to the opponent team. Unique to the sport is that there is no penetration under \"and\" over the net - it is even allowed to block a set being executed", "title": "Biribol" }, { "id": "1738713", "score": "1.7307624", "text": "eyes and can cause the passer to become disoriented. Although the serve can be used as an offensive weapon, most rallies are won by the receiving team, as they have the first attack opportunity. The pass is the first of a team's 3 allowed contacts. In indoor volleyball, passing involves two main techniques: forearm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a hand set, above the head. However, the standards for hand setting are stricter on the", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "1738679", "score": "1.7159308", "text": "Beach volleyball Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net. As in indoor volleyball, the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent's court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. A team is allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net. The ball is put in play with a serve—a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents. The rally continues", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "1738701", "score": "1.6995368", "text": "conducted prior to the third set. The service order decided at the coin toss before a set is maintained throughout the set. For each point, a player from the serving team initiates the \"serve\" by tossing the ball into the air and attempting to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the ball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Volleyball\n\nVolleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964. Beach volleyball was introduced to the programme at the Atlanta 1996. The adapted version of volleyball at the Summer Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.\n\nThe complete set of rules is extensive, but play essentially proceeds as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to three times to return the ball to the other side of the court, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively.<ref name=\":1\" /> Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack. An attack is an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the team receiving the ball is unable to pass the ball and continue the rally, thus, losing the point. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include:\n\n\nThe ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body.\n\nA number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including \"spiking\" and \"blocking\" (because these plays are made above the top of the net, the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) as well as \"passing\", \"setting\", and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.", "title": "Volleyball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Beach volleyball\n\nBeach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two or more players on a sand court divided by a net. Similar to indoor volleyball, the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent's side of the court. Each team also works in unison to prevent the opposing team from grounding the ball on their side of the court.\n\nTeams are allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net, and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after a touch off an attempted block. Making a block touch leaves only two more touches before the ball must be hit over. The ball is put in play with a serve—a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents. The receiving team typically uses their three touches to pass the ball, set it up for an attack, and then attack the ball by sending it back over the net. Meanwhile, the team on defense typically has a blocker at the net and a defender to cover the ground. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes \"out\", or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball. The team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally. The players serve in the same sequence throughout the match, changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team.\n\nBeach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii, while the modern two-player game originated in Santa Monica, California. It has been an Olympic sport since the 1996 Summer Olympics. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is the international governing body for the sport, and organizes the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships and the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour.", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sepak takraw\n\nSepak takraw, or Sepaktakraw, It is similar to volleyball and footvolley in its use of a rattan ball and players using only their feet, knees, shoulders, chest and head to touch the ball. Sepak Takraw is often referred to as a mixture of volleyball, due to its use of a net, and association football, as players use their feet.\n\nThe sport's modern version was introduced, developed and standardized in 1960 when officials from Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Myanmar met in Kuala Lumpur to agree on a name and standard rules for it.<ref name=\"kelley\"/>\n\nSepak takraw is governed internationally by the International Sepaktakraw Federation (ISTAF), formed in 1988, which is responsible for major international tournaments including the ISTAF SuperSeries (ISS) and ISTAF World Cup (IWC), Malaysia's Khir Johari Cup, and Thailand's King Cup.\n\nSepak takraw resembles native sports known as \"Sepak Raga\" in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore; \"Rago\" and \"Raga\" in Indonesia; \"Sipa\" in the Philippines; \"Chinlone\" in Myanmar; \"Takraw\" in Thailand; \"Kataw\" in Laos; and \"Sek Dai\" in Cambodia. It is also claimed to be related to \"Cuju\" in China, \"Da Cau\" in Vietnam, \"Jegichagi\" in Korea and \"Kemari\" in Japan.", "title": "Sepak takraw" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Handball\n\nHandball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.\n\nModern handball is played on a court of , with a goal in the middle of each end. The goals are surrounded by a zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while \"diving\" into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball, Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring: professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago. Body contact is permitted for the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal. No protective equipment is mandated, but players may wear soft protective bands, pads and mouth guards.\n\nThe game was codified at the end of the 19th century in Denmark. The modern set of rules was published in 1917 by Karl Schelenz, Max Heiser, and Erich Konigh, on 29 October in Berlin, which day is seen as the date of birth of the sport. The rules have had several revisions since. The first official handball match was played in 1917 in Germany.\n\nMen's handball was first played at the Olympics in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin outdoors, and the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich indoors; handball has been an Olympic sport since then. Women's handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics.\n\nThe International Handball Federation was formed in 1946 and, , has 197 member federations. The sport is most popular in Europe, and European countries have won all medals but one in the men's world championships since 1938. In the women's world championships, only two non-European countries have won the title: South Korea and Brazil. The game also enjoys popularity in East Asia, North Africa and parts of South America.", "title": "Handball" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Roundnet\n\nRoundnet (also commonly known as spikeball) is a net sport. The game is played between two teams, usually with two players each. Players initially line up around a small trampoline-like net at the start of a point. The game starts with a serve from one team to another, and teams alternate hitting the ball back to the net, and ends when the ball falls to the ground or an infraction occurs.\n\nRoundnet was originally created in 1989 by Jeff Knurek, inspired primarily by concepts from volleyball, although the equipment he created for the game became outdated and lost popularity in 1995. The sport experienced a revival in 2008 when Spikeball Inc. began promoting it.", "title": "Roundnet" }, { "id": "1738697", "score": "1.6623878", "text": "it touches a sideline or end-line); touches an object or person (who is not a player) outside the court; touches the net's antennae; does not cross the net's lateral boundaries (within the antennae) during service or during a team's third contact; crosses completely under the net. A set is won by the first team to reach 21 points (15 points in the deciding final set) with a two-point advantage. Thus, if the score is 21–20 (or 15–14 in a final set) the set continues. The first team to win two sets wins the match. A fault is committed when a", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "445967", "score": "1.6532131", "text": "the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the \"serve\"). The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the \"bump\" or \"pass\" so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the \"setter\"; second of the \"set\" (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips", "title": "Volleyball" }, { "id": "1738707", "score": "1.6524088", "text": "open-handed, the contact of each hand with the ball must be exactly simultaneous. In practice, this means that serves are never received open-handed. When receiving an opponent's hard-driven attack, a double contact (provided both contacts occur in a single action) and/or a slight lift of the ball is allowed. In particular, in defensive action of a hard driven ball, the ball can be held momentarily overhand with the fingers. When employing an overhand pass (hands separated, ball handled with the fingers) as the second of three team touches (usually with the intent of \"setting\" the ball, so that the other", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "1738695", "score": "1.6417432", "text": "the ball is allowed to cross. Two side lines and two end lines, measuring wide, delineate the playing court. FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical and made of flexible and water resistant material, such that it is appropriate for outdoor conditions. A beach volleyball ball has a circumference of 66–68 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside pressure of 0.175–0.225 kg/cm. A team is composed exclusively of two players, who must always be in play and who cannot be subjected to any substitutions or replacement. At the moment the ball is hit by the server,", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "445966", "score": "1.6415473", "text": "net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them. FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or synthetic leather, have a circumference of 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside pressure of 0.30–0.325 kg/cm. Other governing bodies have similar regulations. Each team consists of six players. To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A player from", "title": "Volleyball" }, { "id": "1738716", "score": "1.6354306", "text": "be given to the other team. Excessive spin after a ball has been set is often used as an indicator of a double contact fault, but causing a ball to spin while setting is not explicitly prohibited. After completing the contact, the setter typically turns his attention to the defense and communicates to his partner whether a blocker is up and which area of the court is open. The second contact can also be used to attack the ball, known as an \"over-on-two\" attack. A beach volleyball attack can be categorized as either a spike or a shot. A spike", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "1738700", "score": "1.6230675", "text": "are several differences between the two games that affect players' strategies, gameplay and techniques. The main differences in the rules of beach and indoor volleyball for international competitions governed by the FIVB include: The teams start on opposite sides of the net. One team is designated the \"serving\" team and opposing team is the \"receiving\" team. A coin toss is conducted by the referee before the warm-ups to determine which team serves first and which sides of the court the teams start on for the first two sets. If a third deciding set is needed, another coin toss will be", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "10447287", "score": "1.6101556", "text": "return it to the other side of the net. These contacts can be exercised using any body part: Of the five maximum contacts, the ball has to be played at least once using the soccer touch technique, once the second pass has been played. During a rally, the ball is tossed around while the attacker jumps on the trampoline in order to gain height. The attack begins when one of the rallying players aims the ball's trajectory towards a spot in the air where the attacker can hit it (spike or kick) and returns the ball over the net. The", "title": "Bossaball" }, { "id": "445955", "score": "1.6096812", "text": "the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to 3 times, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court. The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches, until either (1): a", "title": "Volleyball" }, { "id": "1738719", "score": "1.594315", "text": "reach across the net and \"penetrate\" the opposing team's side as much as possible to take away more hitting angles. Blockers may also attempt a shot block, where instead of maximum penetration across the net, the blocker reaches with their hands as high as possible to achieve maximum height above the net. Players often decide against blocking (if the opposing team's pass and set are not in a good position to produce a spike attack) and instead opt to retreat and play defense. This skill is known as peeling, dropping or pulling off the net, and is almost exclusive to", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "445987", "score": "1.5931805", "text": "the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps (the \"approach\"), jumps, and swings at the ball. Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball. A 'bounce' is", "title": "Volleyball" }, { "id": "1738714", "score": "1.587985", "text": "beach. In practice, this means that players are effectively forbidden from hand setting the ball on serve receive; similarly, players seldom use an overhand passing motion as the first (except on a hard driven attack) or last of the three allowed team contacts. Digging is a similar skill to passing, but the term is not used to describe receiving the serve or a free ball, but rather refers to an attempt to prevent an opponent's attack hit from touching the court. The set is the second team contact, and its purpose is to position the ball for an attack on", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "id": "292744", "score": "1.5851659", "text": "touches the ground again. Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play. When defending a pass or shot players must be at least away from the player with the ball. If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball. If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal. Indoor", "title": "Netball" }, { "id": "445979", "score": "1.5827682", "text": "was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player (\"double-hits\") on a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball. In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30 for another 3 years, switching", "title": "Volleyball" }, { "id": "1738698", "score": "1.5651994", "text": "referee judges that a team has made a playing action that violates the rules. When a team commits a fault, the opposing team receives a point and gains the right to serve. If both teams commit a fault simultaneously, the point is replayed. Common faults include: In the 1990s, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball reduced the standard internal pressure for a beach volleyball ball from the indoor standard of 0.30–0.325 kgf/cm to 0.175–0.225 kgf/cm, and increased the standard circumference of the beach volleyball ball from the indoor standard of 65–67 cm to 66–68 cm. In the 2001 season, the FIVB", "title": "Beach volleyball" } ]

[ "houseing", "Independent house", "history of houses", "Houseing", "House (architecture)", "Hous", "🏠", "Domestic architecture", "Houes", "houses", "HOUSE", "house architecture", "dwellinghouse", "Houses", "house", "hous", "domestic architecture", "History of houses", "Dwellinghouse", "independent house", "House", "houes" ]

[ { "id": "876092", "score": "1.951647", "text": "broadcast of \"The War of the Worlds\", is set partly in nearby Grover's Mill, and includes a fictional professor from Princeton University as a main character, but the action never moves directly into Princeton. The TV show \"House\" was set in Princeton, at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, and establishing shots for the hospital display the Frist Campus Center of Princeton University. The actual University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro opened on May 22, 2012, exactly one day after the finale of \"House\" aired. The 1980 television miniseries \"Oppenheimer\" is partly set in Princeton. F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary debut,", "title": "Princeton, New Jersey" }, { "id": "4265621", "score": "1.9498988", "text": "at Yale–New Haven Hospital (YNHH); the fictitious Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH, not to be confused with the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro) is modeled after this teaching institution. Fox bought the series, though the network's then-president, Gail Berman, told the creative team, \"I want a medical show, but I don't want to see white coats going down the hallway\". Jacobs has said that this stipulation was one of the many influences that led to the show's ultimate form. After Fox picked up the show, it acquired the working title \"Chasing Zebras, Circling the Drain\" (\"zebra\" is medical slang", "title": "House (TV series)" }, { "id": "4265645", "score": "1.8048705", "text": "filmed in Vancouver; primary photography for all subsequent episodes took place on the Fox lot in Century City, Los Angeles. Bryan Singer chose the hospital near his hometown, West Windsor, New Jersey, as the show's fictional setting. Princeton University's Frist Campus Center is the source of the aerial views of Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital seen in the series. Some filming took place at the University of Southern California for the season-three episode \"Half-Wit\", which guest-starred Dave Matthews and Kurtwood Smith. Part of \"House\"s sixth season was filmed at the abandoned Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital, in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, as the", "title": "House (TV series)" }, { "id": "9517959", "score": "1.7292024", "text": "University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, formerly known as the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro, is a hospital located in Plainsboro, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States, having previously been located in Princeton on Witherspoon Street, until May 22, 2012. The hospital was a member of the Princeton HealthCare System, which was formally incorporated into the University of Pennsylvania Health System in January 2018. The addition of the Princeton HealthCare System will make it the sixth hospital in the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which will employ over 3,000 staff and more", "title": "University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro" }, { "id": "3646068", "score": "1.6413028", "text": "Healthcare City\", due to the concentration of medical facilities in Central Jersey, including Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Saint Peter's University Hospital, as well as the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. University Medical Center of Princeton is located in Plainsboro. The campuses of the major pharmaceutical corporations Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Johnson and Johnson, Merck and Sanofi-Aventis are located in the region, as are major operations of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories and Aurobindo Pharma. Princeton University's Frist Campus Center is used for the aerial views of Princeton‑Plainsboro Teaching Hospital seen in the television", "title": "Central Jersey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House (TV series)\n\nHouse (also called House, M.D.) is an American medical drama television series that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2004, to May 21, 2012. The series' main character is Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey. The series' premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character.\n\nThe series' executive producers included Shore, Attanasio, Attanasio's business partner Katie Jacobs, and film director Bryan Singer. It was filmed largely in a neighborhood and business district in Los Angeles County's Westside called Century City. The show received high critical acclaim, and was consistently one of the highest rated series in the United States.\n\nHouse often clashes with his fellow physicians, including his own diagnostic team, because many of his hypotheses about patients' illnesses are based on subtle or controversial insights. His flouting of hospital rules and procedures frequently leads him into conflict with his boss, hospital administrator and Dean of Medicine Dr. Lisa Cuddy (Lisa Edelstein). House's only true friend is Dr. James Wilson (Robert Sean Leonard), head of the Department of Oncology.\n\nDuring the first three seasons, House's diagnostic team consists of Dr. Robert Chase (Jesse Spencer), Dr. Allison Cameron (Jennifer Morrison) and Dr. Eric Foreman (Omar Epps). At the end of the third season, this team disbands. Rejoined by Foreman, House gradually selects three new team members: Dr. Remy \"Thirteen\" Hadley (Olivia Wilde), Dr. Chris Taub (Peter Jacobson) and Dr. Lawrence Kutner (Kal Penn). Chase and Cameron continue to appear occasionally in different roles at the hospital. Kutner dies late in season five; early in season six, Cameron departs the hospital, and Chase returns to the diagnostic team. Thirteen takes a leave of absence for most of season seven, and her position is filled by medical student Martha M. Masters (Amber Tamblyn). Cuddy and Masters depart before season eight; Foreman becomes the new Dean of Medicine, while Dr. Jessica Adams (Odette Annable) and Dr. Chi Park (Charlyne Yi) join House's team.\n\n\"House\" was among the top 10 series in the United States from its second season through the fourth season. Distributed to 66 countries, \"House\" was the most-watched television program in the world in 2008. The show received numerous awards, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Peabody Award, and nine People's Choice Awards. On February 8, 2012, Fox announced that the eighth season, then in progress, would be its last. The series finale aired on May 21, 2012, following an hour-long retrospective.", "title": "House (TV series)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gregory House\n\nGregory House, M.D. is the titular protagonist of the American medical drama series \"House\". Created by David Shore and portrayed by English actor Hugh Laurie, he leads a team of diagnosticians and is the Head of Diagnostic Medicine at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in Princeton, New Jersey.\n\nHouse's character has been described as a misanthrope, cynic, narcissist, and curmudgeon, the last of which terms was named one of the top television words of 2005 in honor of the character.\n\nIn the series, the character's unorthodox diagnostic approaches, radical therapeutic motives, and stalwart rationality have resulted in much conflict between him and his colleagues. House is also often portrayed as lacking sympathy for his patients, a practice that allows him time to solve pathological enigmas. The character is partly inspired by Sherlock Holmes.\n\nThe character received generally positive reviews and was included in several \"best of\" lists. Tom Shales of \"The Washington Post\" called House \"the most electrifying character to hit television in years\". For his portrayal, Laurie won various awards, including two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama, two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor from Drama Series, two Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama, two TCA Awards for Individual Achievement in Drama, and has received a total of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.", "title": "Gregory House" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Princeton, New Jersey\n\nPrinceton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township, both of which are now defunct. Centrally located within the Raritan Valley region, Princeton is a regional commercial hub for the Central New Jersey region and a commuter town in the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the municipality's population was 30,681,\n\nPrinceton was founded before the American Revolutionary War. It is the home of Princeton University, which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from its previous location in Newark. Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town, other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study, Westminster Choir College, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton Theological Seminary, Opinion Research Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Siemens Corporate Research, SRI International, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company.\n\nPrinceton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to many major highways that serve both cities (e.g., Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1), and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jersey's capital city, New Brunswick and Edison.\n\nThe New Jersey governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor's mansion. In 1982, it was replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion located in the former Township, but not all have actually lived in these houses. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.\n\nPrinceton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live In by \"Money\" magazine in 2005.\n\nThroughout much of its history, the community was composed of two separate municipalities: a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township. The borough seceded from the township in 1894 in a dispute over school taxes; the two municipalities later formed the Princeton Public Schools, and some other public services were conducted together before they were reunited into a single Princeton in January 2013. Princeton Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the university campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The borough and township had roughly equal populations.", "title": "Princeton, New Jersey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lisa Cuddy\n\nLisa Cuddy, M.D., is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama \"House\". She is portrayed by Lisa Edelstein. Cuddy was the Dean of Medicine of the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey. Cuddy quit her job after the events of season seven's finale \"Moving On\".", "title": "Lisa Cuddy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of television shows set in New Jersey\n\nThis page provides a partial list of television shows set in the State of New Jersey.\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of television shows set in New Jersey" }, { "id": "9517961", "score": "1.6227653", "text": "has partnered with Epic and has seen great improvements since using their EHR. Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center takes pride in how they take care of their patients and the implementation of PennChart will improve the efficiency and continuity in that care. In addition to its affiliation with Penn Medicine, the hospital is also affiliated with the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, New Jersey. University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, formerly known as the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro, is a hospital located in Plainsboro, Middlesex County, New Jersey,", "title": "University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro" }, { "id": "9517960", "score": "1.6050289", "text": "than 1,000 physicians. It has no relationship with the fictional \"Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital\", which was the setting for the medical drama \"House\" from 2004 to 2012. Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center has been successful in its efforts to roll out PennChart by Epic, an electronic health record system. Continuing through the summer of 2018 and into the fall, PennChart Go-Live events will continue to take place. The goal of the EHR system is to unify all medical records for the entirety of the Penn Medicine hospital system, improving the overall care of our patients. For over 10 years Penn Medicine", "title": "University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro" }, { "id": "5491596", "score": "1.5863268", "text": "township, opened in September 1997 and serves students from the borough and township who are selected by lottery from among applicants. Private schools located in the borough include St. Paul School. The Princeton Public Library, located in the borough, serves the borough and the township. Princeton is the setting for the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in the TV series \"House\". Borough of Princeton, New Jersey The Borough of Princeton was a borough until December 31, 2012, that is now one of the two former municipalities making up Princeton, New Jersey. It was located in Mercer County, New Jersey, and was", "title": "Borough of Princeton, New Jersey" }, { "id": "1151551", "score": "1.5832627", "text": "a park-like setting. The Village Center also houses a new $12.4 million Plainsboro Library, which opened on April 10, 2010. The township broke ground on July 27, for two new buildings that will host medical offices, additional retail space and eight residential condominium units. A new $447 million hospital facility is being developed in Plainsboro, slated for a 2012 opening. The hospital will be renamed University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro. The new hospital and medical campus will include a modern medical office building attached to the hospital, a world-class education center, a health and fitness center, a skilled", "title": "Plainsboro Township, New Jersey" }, { "id": "1151552", "score": "1.5648346", "text": "nursing facility, a pediatric services facility and a public park. Officials at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) announced they will be opening a facility in Plainsboro on of the new hospital campus. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 12.207 square miles (31.614 km), including 11.785 square miles (30.522 km) of land and 0.422 square miles (1.092 km) of water (3.45%). Plainsboro Center (with a 2010 Census population of 2,712) and Princeton Meadows (13,834 as of 2010) are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDPs) located within Plainsboro Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities", "title": "Plainsboro Township, New Jersey" }, { "id": "4265651", "score": "1.5442576", "text": "House, M.D., often construed as a misanthropic medical genius, heads a team of diagnosticians at the Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey. The series is structured around a central plot with some supporting secondary stories and narratives that cross over seasons. Most episodes revolve around the diagnosis of a primary patient and start with a cold open set outside the hospital, showing events ending with the onset of the patient's symptoms. The typical episode follows the team in their attempts to diagnose and treat the patient's illness, which often fail until the patient's condition is critical. They usually treat only", "title": "House (TV series)" }, { "id": "13380820", "score": "1.5320988", "text": "in western Pennsylvania in March and April 2009, using the closed Brownsville Tri-County Hospital and the David L. Lawrence Convention Center for hospital interior scenes. Post-pilot recasting resulted in actors Julia Ormond and Joaquim de Almeida departing and Alfre Woodard and Amber Clayton joining the series. Ultimately, the pilot was dropped, and a new episode was shot for the television premiere. A high-tech, more visually appealing hospital set for the ER and ICU was built on soundstages 19 and 20 at Paramount Pictures where interior scenes have thereafter been produced, although location shooting still occurred in Pittsburgh for exterior shots.", "title": "Three Rivers (TV series)" }, { "id": "4265658", "score": "1.5285527", "text": "later, in season seven's 15th episode, \"Bombshells\", House reacts to the news that Cuddy possibly has kidney cancer by taking Vicodin, and his addiction recurs. Throughout \"House\"s run, six of the main actors have received star billing. All of them play doctors who work at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey. Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), the title character, heads the Department of Diagnostic Medicine. House describes himself as \"a board-certified diagnostician with a double specialty of infectious disease and nephrology\". Dr. James Wilson (Robert Sean Leonard), House's one true friend, is the head of the Department of", "title": "House (TV series)" }, { "id": "13329570", "score": "1.5048468", "text": "New Jersey. The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010, however, when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the fiscal year 2011 to close budget gaps. Some interior shots for the show were filmed in the unused Barnert Hospital in Paterson, New Jersey. in the old St Mary's Hospital in Passaic. Exterior shots of Mercy Hospital were taken of the back side of a public school on 4th street (between Newark Ave. and Colgate St.) in Jersey City, New Jersey. The exterior of Lucky 7's Bar was filmed at", "title": "Mercy (TV series)" }, { "id": "13279817", "score": "1.4773858", "text": "and Shirl Conway as Liz Thorpe, her older nurse mentor. Unlike most television dramas of the era, save for ABC's police drama \"Naked City\" (1958–1963) and the sitcom \"The Patty Duke Show\" (1963–1966), the series was filmed in New York and not Hollywood. The show was mainly filmed at the Filmways and Pathe Studios in Manhattan. The program was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards. The Nurses (CBS TV series) The Nurses is a serialized primetime medical drama that was broadcast in the USA on CBS from September 27, 1962, to May 11, 1965. For the second season, the title", "title": "The Nurses (CBS TV series)" }, { "id": "2696377", "score": "1.4554055", "text": "documentary series \"Jimmy's\" was set in St James's University Hospital, Leeds (nicknamed Jimmy's), which formerly claimed to be the largest teaching hospital in Europe. Paris has many renowned teaching hospitals: Pitié-Salpêtrière, Cochin, Necker or Hôtel-Dieu. They appear in many films and TV shows. An \"ER\" episode, for example, is set in Hôpital Saint-Antoine (AP-HP). Many patients are surprised to see medical students at their bedside: they know they are in top hospitals without knowing those hospitals are teaching hospitals. A scene in the 1992 film, Lorenzo's Oil, Lorenzo is shown at the Boston Children's Hospital Teaching hospital A teaching hospital", "title": "Teaching hospital" }, { "id": "6599589", "score": "1.452872", "text": "Doctors' Hospital Doctors' Hospital is an American medical drama that ran on NBC during the 1975–1976 season. The series follows the neurosurgery team at the fictional Lowell Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles, led by Dr. Jake Goodwin (George Peppard) and his staff, including residents Norah Purcell (Zohra Lampert), and Felipe Ortega (Victor Campos), and nurse Hestor Stanton (Adrian Ricard). Other cast members included John Larroquette and John Pleshette. Toward the end of the season, Peppard announced that he did not wish to continue in his role on the series. Producers reportedly wanted to retool the series and make Lampert's character", "title": "Doctors' Hospital" }, { "id": "4265694", "score": "1.4469442", "text": "way to Dr. House's office.\" It received an F from \"The A.V. Club\"; however, Legacy updated the game by August 2010. House (TV series) House (also called House, M.D.) is an American television medical drama that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2004 to May 21, 2012. The series' main character is Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey. The series' premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore,", "title": "House (TV series)" }, { "id": "14329200", "score": "1.4425268", "text": "cited long-running American daytime television drama \"General Hospital\" as a major influence on \"The Black Forest Clinic\". The setting for the fictional hospital was the real-life Glotterbad Clinic in the town of Glottertal located in the Black Forest of Baden-Württemberg. Only the exterior of the Glotterbad Clinic was photographed and shown in the series, the filming of action inside the hospital was done in a studio in Hamburg. The name for the fictional hospital was borrowed from the location as well — \"Schwarzwald\" being the German language name of Black Forest. The idea for \"The Black Forest Clinic\" was conceived", "title": "The Black Forest Clinic" }, { "id": "3258619", "score": "1.440753", "text": "a competitive medical school program, and was known for having more action actually in the hospital than \"General Hospital\" itself. It also included the characters of Scotty Baldwin. Serena Baldwin, Lucy Coe, Kevin Collins, and Karen Wexler, all of whom originally appeared as characters on \"General Hospital\". As the show evolved, it tended more towards gothic intrigue, including supernatural elements such as vampires and life after death. It also switched formats from an open-ended daytime serial to 13-week story arcs known as \"books\", similar to Spanish language telenovelas. \"\" is the second American prime time spinoff of a daytime drama", "title": "General Hospital" } ]

[ "Anne", "Ann (name)", "ann name", "anne" ]

[ { "id": "3544754", "score": "1.6081882", "text": "Catholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte and younger brother, Prince Louis. Sixth in line is Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Under the Perth Agreement, which came into effect in 2015, only the first six in line of succession require the", "title": "Succession to the British throne" }, { "id": "3078734", "score": "1.5881776", "text": "French and German. Downpatrick is the most senior potential heir to Queen Elizabeth II excluded from the line of succession for being a Roman Catholic under the Act of Settlement 1701, followed by his younger sister Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor, who also has been confirmed as a Roman Catholic. However, his youngest sister, Lady Amelia Windsor, remains in line to the throne. He was one of Diana, Princess of Wales's 17 godchildren. Lady Marina Charlotte Alexandra Katharine Helen Windsor (born 30 September 1992 at Rosie Hospital in Cambridge) is the elder daughter of the Earl and Countess of St Andrews.", "title": "George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews" }, { "id": "2526940", "score": "1.5399309", "text": "in the Waipoua Forest of Northland Region, New Zealand. Until 26 March 2015, Tāne was ahead of Senna in the line of succession to the British throne, as the monarchy's 300-year-old Act of Settlement gave sons priority over daughters. When the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect in all Commonwealth realms in 2015, Senna became the nearest relative of the reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to be affected by the change in law, which advanced her proximity to the Crown by reversing her place in the order of succession with that of her younger brother. Senna and Tāne", "title": "Lady Davina Lewis" }, { "id": "12323089", "score": "1.5175443", "text": "\"the boy will ruin himself in twelve months.\" Second-in-line to the throne was the prince's younger brother Albert (\"Bertie\"). Albert and his wife, Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), had two children, including Princess Elizabeth (\"Lilibet\"), the future Queen Elizabeth II. George V favoured Albert and his granddaughter Elizabeth and told a courtier, \"I pray to God that my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne.\" In 1929, \"Time\" magazine reported that the Prince of Wales teased his sister-in-law, by calling her \"Queen Elizabeth\". The magazine asked if", "title": "Edward VIII" }, { "id": "376566", "score": "1.491844", "text": "Dowager of Hannover Daughter of the most Excellent Princess Elizabeth late Queen of Bohemia Daughter of our late Sovereign Lord King James the First of happy Memory be and is hereby declared to be the next in Succession in the Protestant Line to the Imperiall Crown and Dignity of the forsaid Realms of England France and Ireland with the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging after His Majesty and the Princess Anne of Denmark and in Default of Issue of the said Princess Anne and of His Majesty respectively. Sophia was made heir presumptive to cut off not just a claim", "title": "Sophia of Hanover" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Elizabeth II\n\nElizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime, and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.\n\nElizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.\n\nWhen her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.\n\nSignificant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, in September 2022, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965.", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Act of Settlement 1701\n\nThe Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that settled the succession to the English and Irish crowns to only Protestants, which passed in 1701. More specifically, anyone who became a Roman Catholic, or who married one, became disqualified to inherit the throne. This had the effect of deposing the descendants of Charles I, other than his Protestant granddaughter Anne, as the next Protestant in line to the throne was Sophia of Hanover, a granddaughter of James VI and I from his most junior surviving line, with the crowns descending only to her non-Catholic heirs. Sophia died shortly before the death of Queen Anne, and Sophia's son succeeded to the throne as King George I, starting the Hanoverian dynasty in Britain. \n\nThe Act of Supremacy 1558 had confirmed the independence of the Church of England from Roman Catholicism under the English monarch. One of the principal factors which contributed to the Glorious Revolution was the perceived assaults made on the Church by King James II, a Roman Catholic, who was deposed in favour of his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III. The need for this Act of Settlement was prompted by William and Mary, as well as that of Mary's Protestant sisterthe future Queen Annebeing unable to produce any surviving children, and by the perceived threat posed by the pretensions to the throne by remaining Roman Catholic members of the House of Stuart.\n\nThe Act played a key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain as, though England and Scotland had shared a monarch since 1603, they had remained separately governed countries, with the Act catalysing the Union of England and Scotland. However, the Parliament of Scotland was more reluctant to abandon the House of Stuart, members of which had been Scottish monarchs long before they became English. Moreover, the Act also placed limits on both the role of foreigners in the British government and the power of the monarch with respect to the Parliament of England, though some of those provisions have been altered by subsequent legislation. \n\nAlong with the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement remains today one of the main constitutional laws governing the succession not only to the throne of the United Kingdom, but to those of the other Commonwealth realms, whether by assumption or by patriation. The Act of Settlement cannot be altered in any realm except by that realm's own parliament and, by convention, only with the consent of all the other realms, as it touches on the succession to the shared crown. On 26 March 2015, following the Perth Agreement, legislation amending the Act came into effect across the Commonwealth realms that removed the disqualification arising from marriage to a Roman Catholic and instituted absolute primogeniture.", "title": "Act of Settlement 1701" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Queen Victoria\n\nVictoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previous British monarch and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India.\n\nVictoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Victoria, a constitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.\n\nVictoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet \"the grandmother of Europe\" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond jubilees were times of public celebration. Victoria died aged 81 in 1901 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.", "title": "Queen Victoria" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain\n\nAnne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 8 March 1702 until 1 May 1707. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, the kingdoms of England and Scotland united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. Anne continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death.\n\nAnne was born in the reign of Charles II to his younger brother and heir presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister Mary were raised as Anglicans. Mary married their Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in 1677, and Anne married Prince George of Denmark in 1683. On Charles's death in 1685, James succeeded to the throne, but just three years later he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Mary and William became joint monarchs. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status, and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William reigned alone until his own death in 1702, when Anne succeeded him.\n\nDuring her reign, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, until 1710 when Anne dismissed many of them from office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. The Duchess took revenge with an unflattering description of the Queen in her memoirs, which was widely accepted by historians until Anne was reassessed in the late 20th century.\n\nAnne was plagued by poor health throughout her life, and from her thirties she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite 17 pregnancies, she died without surviving issue and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded all Catholics, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover.", "title": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "House of Tudor\n\nThe House of Tudor was a royal house of largely Welsh and English origin that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603. They descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd and Catherine of France. Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with six monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster, a cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudor family rose to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which left the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) extinct in the male line.\n\nHenry VII succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival Plantagenet cadet House of York, and he took the throne by right of conquest. Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty. The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 (Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542), and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542). They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France; although none of them made substance of it, Henry VIII fought wars with France trying to reclaim that title. After him, his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the fall of Calais in 1558.\n\nIn total, the Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century. Henry VIII () was the only son of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. Issues around royal succession (including marriage and the succession rights of women) became major political themes during the Tudor era, as did the English Reformation in religion, impacting the future of the Crown. When Elizabeth I died childless, the Scottish House of Stuart succeeded as England's royal family through the Union of the Crowns of 24 March 1603. The first Stuart to become King of England (), James VI and I, descended from Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor, who in 1503 had married King James IV of Scotland in accordance with the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace.", "title": "House of Tudor" }, { "id": "16966253", "score": "1.4727286", "text": "they came into force were the children of Lady Davina Lewis, her son Tāne (born 2012) and her daughter Senna (born 2010), who were reversed in the order of succession, becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively. When the Act came into force, the Duchess of Cambridge was expecting Princess Charlotte, upon whom the Act had no immediate practical effect; from her birth on 2 May 2015 she was fourth in line to the Throne, after Prince George of Cambridge and ahead of Prince Harry, just as she would have been had the Act not been passed. However, due to", "title": "Succession to the Crown Act 2013" }, { "id": "1431597", "score": "1.4668598", "text": "ancestors and close to her beloved elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales. Elizabeth and Frederick had 13 children: Under the English Act of Settlement 1701, the succession to the English and Scottish crowns (later British crown) was settled on Elizabeth’s youngest daughter Sophia of Hanover and her issue. In August 1714, Sophia's son (Elizabeth's grandson) George I ascended to the throne, with the future Royal family all his descendants and hence, also descendants of Elizabeth. The Elizabeth River in colonial Southeastern Virginia was named in honour of the princess, as was Cape Elizabeth, a peninsula, and today a town in", "title": "Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia" }, { "id": "1431568", "score": "1.4663441", "text": "Britain, initiating the Hanover line of succession. The reigning British monarch, Elizabeth II, is Elizabeth Stuart's direct descendant of the 10th and 11th generation through different lines. Elizabeth was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 August 1596 at 2 o'clock in the morning. King James rode to the bedside from Callendar, where he was attending the wedding of the Earl of Orkney. At the time of her birth, her father was King of Scots only. Named in honour of Queen Elizabeth I of England, the young Elizabeth was christened on 28 November 1596 in the Chapel Royal at Holyroodhouse.", "title": "Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia" }, { "id": "10535668", "score": "1.4660053", "text": "longest-serving current head of state. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the royal family, in particular after the breakdown of her children's marriages, her \"annus horribilis\" in 1992 and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales. However, support for the monarchy has consistently been and remains high, as does her personal popularity. Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, the Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother,", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "id": "11315242", "score": "1.456431", "text": "James, Viscount Severn James, Viscount Severn (James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor; born 17 December 2007), is the younger child and only son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and the youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is eleventh in line of succession to the British throne. James was born by caesarean section at 16:20 UTC on 17 December 2007, at Frimley Park Hospital. Prince Edward, who was present for the birth of his second child, remarked that the birth was \"a lot calmer than last time\" (a reference", "title": "James, Viscount Severn" }, { "id": "2370691", "score": "1.4492908", "text": "child, and the Queen's first great-grandchild, a daughter named Savannah Anne Kathleen, was born on 29 December 2010 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital. On Saturday, 23 April, the Queen was present for the baby's baptism, which took place at Holy Cross Church in Avening, Gloucestershire, near Gatcombe Park, the home of his mother. Savannah is 15th in line to the throne. On 29 March 2012, the couple's second daughter, Isla Elizabeth, was born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital. She is 16th in line to the throne. Isla was baptized on Saturday, 30 June 2012, at St. Nicholas' Church in Cherington, Gloucestershire. Peter", "title": "Peter Phillips" }, { "id": "10660826", "score": "1.4449091", "text": "Church in Avening, Gloucestershire, near the Princess Royal's home, Gatcombe Park. Autumn and Peter announced in October 2011, that the couple were expecting their second child. On 29 March 2012 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Autumn gave birth to another girl, Isla Elizabeth, who is 14th in line for the throne. On Sunday, 1 July 2012, the baptism of Isla took place at St. Nicholas' Church, Cherington, Gloucestershire. Autumn Phillips Autumn Patricia Phillips (née Kelly, 3 May 1978) is the wife of Peter Phillips, the son of Princess Anne and the oldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke", "title": "Autumn Phillips" }, { "id": "7783864", "score": "1.4435018", "text": "King Richard III and barring the children of Edward IV from the throne. According to Philippe de Commines, diplomat at the court of the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who was married to Margaret of York, an aunt of Cecily of York, only two of the elder daughters of Edward IV were declared illegitimate at the time that their younger brothers were excluded from the throne by the Act of \"Titulus Regius\" that confirmed Richard III's right to the throne. However, this was an error. The relevant line in the \"Titulus Regius\" says that \"all th’issue and children of", "title": "Cecily of York" }, { "id": "5406861", "score": "1.4428942", "text": "was her eldest surviving son. When King Henry died (1580), Edward's issue were the only surviving legitimate heirs of any of the sons of King Manuel I of Portugal. As the male line is preferred in Portuguese succession before the female one, descendants of Manuel I's daughters (such as king Philip II of Spain) had, in principle, only a weaker claim to the throne than Edward's descendants, to whom Catherine belonged. Following this principle, the first in line to the throne would have been Catherine's nephew Ranuccio I Farnese of Parma, as that 11-year-old Italian boy was the heir of", "title": "Catarina, Duchess of Braganza" }, { "id": "9892967", "score": "1.4415818", "text": "queen and the throne would have been inherited by her eldest child, and so on. Friederike is not considered a pretender to the British throne, as this alternative line of succession is completely hypothetical. Next in line would be her eldest child, Felicitas Catharini Malina Johanna von Reiche. Alternative successions of the English and British crown British history provides several opportunities for alternative claimants to the Crown to arise, and historical scholars have on occasion traced to present times the heirs of those alternative claims. Throughout this article, the names of \"would-have-been\" monarchs are in \"italics\". Richard II abdicated in", "title": "Alternative successions of the English and British crown" }, { "id": "3559645", "score": "1.4379067", "text": "absolute primogeniture (in which the children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest regardless of gender). In some cases, the change does not take effect during the lifetimes of people already in the line of succession at the time the law was passed. In 2011, the United Kingdom and 15 other Commonwealth realms agreed to remove the rule of male-preference primogeniture. Once the necessary legislation was passed, this means that had Prince William had a daughter first, a younger son would not become heir apparent. In 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning", "title": "Queen regnant" }, { "id": "276490", "score": "1.4342009", "text": "became Mistress of the Robes. On 1 October 1553, Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey. At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, which would prevent the Protestant Elizabeth (still next-in-line under the terms of Henry VIII's will and the Act of Succession of 1544) from succeeding to the throne. Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors, but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, Prince Philip of Spain. Philip had a son from a previous marriage and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental", "title": "Mary I of England" }, { "id": "547729", "score": "1.4322629", "text": "challenge her right to the throne on grounds of illegitimate birth. Of the twelve children born to Peter and Catherine (five sons and seven daughters), only two daughters, Anna (b. 1708) and Elizabeth (b. 1709,) survived to adulthood. Both of them were given the title of Tsarevna (\"princess\") on 6 March 1711, and of Tsesarevna (\"crown princess\") on 23 December 1721. They had one older surviving sibling, crown prince Alexei Petrovich, who was Peter's son by his first wife Eudoxia Lopukhina, a noblewoman. As a child, Elizabeth was the particular favorite of her father. She resembled him both physically and", "title": "Elizabeth of Russia" }, { "id": "10535665", "score": "1.4315102", "text": "Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and she was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke", "title": "Elizabeth II" }, { "id": "986052", "score": "1.428097", "text": "and Lady Elizabeth – and the descendants of Princess Margaret, the elder daughter of Henry VII and Queen Consort of Scotland, after 1542 represented by Mary, Queen of Scots. However, Henry VIII had excluded the Scottish regal line from the English succession in his Will, placing the Grey sisters next-in-line after his own children. In 1553, as King Edward VI was dying, the King and his Chief Minister, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, planned to exclude Edward's sister Mary Tudor from the succession in favour of Katherine's elder sister, Lady Jane Grey. According to the Letters Patent of 21", "title": "Lady Katherine Grey" } ]

[ "All england lawn tennis and croquet club", "All England Lawn Tennis Club", "aorangi park", "All England Club", "all england lawn tennis club", "aeltc", "AELTC", "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club", "all england lawn tennis and croquet club", "The All England Club", "all england club", "All-England Club", "Aorangi Park" ]

[ { "id": "936767", "score": "1.7582926", "text": "deprived by comparison, which explains the geographical split of political representation of the borough at both national and local elections. Merton currently operates a Police Cadet scheme under the Metropolitan Police Service. Each year The Championships, Wimbledon, better known as simply Wimbledon, one of the four tennis Grand Slam tournaments (along with the US, French and Australian Opens) is held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Church Road Wimbledon. The event takes place over a fortnight at the end of June and beginning of July and is the largest annual sporting event to take place in", "title": "London Borough of Merton" }, { "id": "20823972", "score": "1.7195699", "text": "London Athletic Club Tournament The London Athletic Club Tournament also known as the Championship of London or London Championships and later known as the Queens Club Championships was an early combined men's and women's grass court tennis tournament held at London Athletic Club, Stamford Bridge, Fulham, London, Great Britain from 1881 to 1889. Originally called the London Athletic Club Tournament established in 1881 it changed its names to the Championship of London in 1885 and continued to be held at Fulham until 1889. In 1890 this tournament moved to a new location and became known as the Queens Club Championships.", "title": "London Athletic Club Tournament" }, { "id": "4723522", "score": "1.7035146", "text": "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, also known as the All England Club, based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a private members' club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships, the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass. Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer, the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself. However, it still operates as a members' tennis club. The club has 375 full members, about 100", "title": "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club" }, { "id": "4378017", "score": "1.694061", "text": "and serves as a warm-up for Wimbledon. Andy Roddick and Lleyton Hewitt dominated the tournament in the early 21st century, each winning four titles. Andy Murray won a record five titles between 2009 and 2016. Andy Roddick has called the courts at the Queen's Club \"arguably the best in the world\". Originally known as the London Athletic Club Tournament established in 1881 at Stamford Bridge, Fulham. In 1884 the tournament was given the title of the Championship of London, and it was on held outdoor grass courts. In 1890, the tournament moved to its current location, the Queen's Club and", "title": "Queen's Club Championships" }, { "id": "236682", "score": "1.6866934", "text": "at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon. Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious. London has two Test cricket grounds, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) in St John's Wood and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.) in Kennington. Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup. Other key events are the annual mass-participation London Marathon, in which some 35,000 runners attempt a course around the city, and the University Boat Race on the River Thames from Putney to Mortlake.", "title": "London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wimbledon Championships\n\nThe Wimbledon Championships, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely regarded as the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, since 1877 and is played on outdoor grass courts, with retractable roofs over the two main courts since 2019. \n\nWimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open, and the US Open. Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass, the traditional tennis playing surface. Also, it is the only Grand Slam that retains a night-time curfew, though matches can now continue until 11.00 pm under the lights.\n\nThe tournament traditionally takes place over two weeks in late June and early July, starting on the last Monday in June and culminating with the Ladies' and Gentlemen's Singles Finals, scheduled for the Saturday and Sunday at the end of the second week. Five major events are held each year, with additional junior and invitational competitions also taking place. In 2009, Wimbledon's Centre Court was fitted with a retractable roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. A roof was operational over No. 1 Court from 2019, when a number of other improvements were made, including adding cushioned seating, a table and 10 independently operable cameras per court to capture the games.\n\nWimbledon traditions include a strict all-white dress code for competitors, and royal patronage. Strawberries and cream are traditionally consumed at the tournament. Unlike other tournaments, advertising is minimal and low key from official suppliers such as Slazenger and Rolex.\n\nDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 Wimbledon was cancelled, the first cancellation of the tournament since World War II. The rescheduled 134th edition was staged from 28 June 2021 to 11 July 2021, following from the 2020 cancellation. The 135th edition was played between 27 June 2022 and 10 July 2022, and regularly scheduled play occurred on the middle Sunday for the first time. It marks the centenary of the inaugural championships staged at the Centre Court. The ATP, ITF, and WTA did not award ranking points for the 2022 tournament, due to controversy over the tournament excluding players representing Russia and Belarus.\n\nThe 2023 Wimbledon Championships will be the 136th staging and will run from 3 July 2023 to 16 July 2023 and it will be the first to be held since the death of the former patron, Queen Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022.", "title": "Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1877 Wimbledon Championship\n\nThe 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC & LTC) in Wimbledon, London. It was the world's first official lawn tennis tournament, and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or \"Major\". The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Club. Lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet. In June 1877 the club decided to organise a tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller, needed to maintain the lawns. A set of rules was drawn up for the tournament, derived from the first standardised rules of tennis issued by the Marylebone Cricket Club in May 1875.\n\nThe Gentlemen's Singles competition, the only event of the championship, was contested on grass courts by 22 players who each paid one guinea to participate. The tournament started on 9 July 1877, and the final – delayed for three days by rain – was played on 19 July in front of a crowd of about 200 people who each paid an entry fee of one shilling. The winner received 12 guineas in prize money and a silver challenge cup, valued at 25 guineas, donated by the sports magazine \"The Field\". Spencer Gore, a 27-year-old rackets player from Wandsworth, became the first Wimbledon champion by defeating William Marshall, a 28-year-old real tennis player, in three straight sets in a final that lasted 48 minutes. The tournament made a profit of £10. An analysis made after the tournament led to some modifications of the rules regarding the court dimensions.", "title": "1877 Wimbledon Championship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Queen's Club Championships\n\nThe Queen's Club Championships is an annual tournament for male tennis players, held on grass courts at the Queen's Club in West Kensington, London. The event is part of the ATP Tour 500 series on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour. It is currently advertised as the \"cinch Championships\" after its title sponsor.\n\nQueen's is one of the oldest tennis tournaments in the world, and serves as a warm-up for Wimbledon. Andy Murray has won a record five titles between 2009 and 2016.", "title": "Queen's Club Championships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club\n\nThe All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, also known as the All England Club, based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a private members' club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships, the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass. Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer, the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself. However, it still operates as a members' tennis club.\n\nThe club has 375 full members, about 100 temporary playing members, and a number of honorary members. To become a full or temporary member, an applicant must obtain letters of support from four existing full members, two of whom must have known the applicant for at least three years. The name is then added to the candidates' list. Honorary members are elected from time to time by the club's committee. Membership carries with it the right to purchase two tickets for each day of the Wimbledon Championships. In addition to this all champions are invited to become members.\n\nThe patron of the club is the Princess of Wales.", "title": "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Slam (tennis)\n\nThe Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year, also referred to as the \"Calendar-year Grand Slam\" or \"Calendar Slam\". In doubles, a team may accomplish the Grand Slam playing together or a player may achieve it with different partners. Winning all four major championships consecutively but not within the same calendar year is referred to as a \"non-calendar-year Grand Slam\", while winning the four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a \"Career Grand Slam\".\n\nThe Grand Slam tournaments, also referred to as majors, are the world's four most important annual professional tennis tournaments. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and the longest matches for men (best of five sets, best of three for the women). The tournaments are overseen by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), rather than the separate men and women's tour organizing bodies, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but both the ATP and WTA award ranking points based on players' performances in them.\n\nThe four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open in January, the French Open from late May to early June, Wimbledon in late June to early July, and the US Open in August–September, with each played over two weeks. The Australian and the United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest tournament, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905, but it was not until 1925 that all four were held as officially sanctioned majors.", "title": "Grand Slam (tennis)" }, { "id": "19612355", "score": "1.6568947", "text": "Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was included in the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls (under 18 – singles and doubles), which is also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the", "title": "2017 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "16097526", "score": "1.6352286", "text": "becomes a knock-out competition to determine the World Series Finals champions. The event has been staged since 1993 in Zurich, Hatfield, London and Manchester and then London again before switching to Dubai in 2016. The Queen's Club in Palliser Road, London, is known for its racket sports events and in tennis also hosts the pre-Wimbledon Aegon Championships each June. The event has prize money of $160,000. In 2012 the event added a women's section 2011 and 2013 has seen the women compete again during the day session, with the men competing in the evening session. The first edition of the", "title": "World Series Squash Finals" }, { "id": "4378016", "score": "1.633302", "text": "Queen's Club Championships The Queen's Club Championships is an annual tournament for male tennis players, held on grass courts at the Queen's Club in West Kensington, London. The event is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour. It is currently called the \"Fever-Tree Championships\" for sponsorship reasons. Between 1979 and 2008 it was known as the \"Stella Artois Championships\", and between 2009 and 2017 it was the \"Aegon Championships\". Queen's is one of the most prestigious grass court tournaments, as well as one of the oldest Tennis tournaments in the world,", "title": "Queen's Club Championships" }, { "id": "906195", "score": "1.6262093", "text": "The Championships, Wimbledon The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely regarded as the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, since 1877 and is played on outdoor grass courts. Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass. The tournament traditionally took place over two weeks in late June", "title": "The Championships, Wimbledon" }, { "id": "6784235", "score": "1.6211214", "text": "winners. Facilities for rowing are excellent throughout the city, including the state-of-the-art London Regatta Centre, at Royal Albert Dock in the Docklands. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, home of the Wimbledon Championships, is in Wimbledon in south London. London is also home to Queen's Club, a sports club that hosts the annual Queen's Club Championships. The O2 Arena is the home of the ATP World Tour Finals through at least 2015. There is also the National Tennis Centre recently opened by the Queen in Roehampton. For years London Towers have been the flagship of London basketball, dominating", "title": "Sport in London" }, { "id": "19612354", "score": "1.6189234", "text": "tournament of the year. It is played on grass courts, organised by the All England Lawn Tennis Club and the International Tennis Federation and is part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. Andy Murray was the defending champion in the Gentlemen's singles but lost to Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals. Two-time defending Ladies' singles champion Serena Williams did not defend her title, having ended her season in April due to pregnancy. The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was the 131st edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn", "title": "2017 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "16711020", "score": "1.6168847", "text": "had previously won their maiden – and, prior to 2014, only – Wimbledon titles in 2011. The 2014 Wimbledon Championships was the 128th edition of the tournament and was held at All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2014 ATP World Tour and the 2014 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There were singles and doubles events for both boys", "title": "2014 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "19547645", "score": "1.6118586", "text": "Wimbledon Championships was the 130th edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was included in the 2016 ATP World Tour and the 2016 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls (under 18 – singles and doubles), which is also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, doubles events for", "title": "2016 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "906202", "score": "1.6044421", "text": "\"The All England Lawn Tennis Championships\", \"The Wimbledon Championships\" or simply \"Wimbledon\". From 1912 to 1924, the tournament was recognized by the International Lawn Tennis Federation as the \"World Grass Court Championships\". Wimbledon is considered the world's premier tennis tournament and the priority of the Club is to maintain its leadership. To that end a long-term plan was unveiled in 1993, intended to improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours. Stage one (1994–1997) of the plan was completed for the 1997 championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court in Aorangi Park, a broadcast", "title": "The Championships, Wimbledon" }, { "id": "906197", "score": "1.6006527", "text": "10,000 litres of cream. The tournament is also notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledon's Centre Court was fitted with a retractable roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a private club founded on 23 July 1868, originally as \"The All England Croquet Club\". Its first ground was at Nursery Road off Worple Road, Wimbledon. In 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier as an outdoor version of court tennis and originally", "title": "The Championships, Wimbledon" }, { "id": "15697156", "score": "1.6004691", "text": "2012 Wimbledon Championships The 2012 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in England. It was the 126th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 25 June to 8 July 2012. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour. The championships were organised by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the International Tennis Federation. Both Novak Djokovic and", "title": "2012 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "10049812", "score": "1.5962129", "text": "1877 Wimbledon Championship The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC & LTC) in Wimbledon, London. It was the world's first official lawn tennis tournament, and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or \"Major\". The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Club; lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet. In June 1877 the club decided to organise a tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller,", "title": "1877 Wimbledon Championship" }, { "id": "20458614", "score": "1.5947721", "text": "courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International", "title": "2018 Wimbledon Championships" }, { "id": "13471295", "score": "1.5932466", "text": "first tournament at Wimbledon running from July 9–16 of that year. In 1881 the club staged the inaugural South of England Championships, the event was played annually for 136 years until 1972. In June 2016 the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) and the Eastbourne council announced a £44m project to upgrade the park including a show court and new practice courts. Roller Skates and Rackets: EBC 1999 Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club The Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club is a tennis complex in Eastbourne, United Kingdom. The complex is the host of the annual ATP and WTA Tour tournament called the", "title": "Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club" }, { "id": "15065479", "score": "1.5904875", "text": "2011 Wimbledon Championships The 2011 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in England. It was the 125th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 20 June to 3 July 2011. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior Tour and the NEC Tour. The championships were organised by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the International Tennis Federation. In the professional tournaments", "title": "2011 Wimbledon Championships" } ]

[ "A fair in Ireland", "fair in ireland" ]

[ { "id": "515451", "score": "1.777048", "text": "declined, growing into a more of a carnival and fun fair. Drunkenness, fighting, and hasty marriages became common place and the people of Donnybrook were anxious that it should cease. Eventually, the fair's reputation for tumult was its undoing. From the 1790s on there were campaigns against the drunken brawl the fair had become. After a good deal of local fund raising, the patent was bought by a group of prominent residents and clergy, bringing about its demise. The Fair took place on lands now occupied by Donnybrook Rugby Ground and the Ever Ready Garage. The word \"donnybrook\" has since", "title": "Donnybrook, Dublin" }, { "id": "17371005", "score": "1.7250963", "text": "Donnybrook Fair Donnybrook Fair was a fair that was held in Donnybrook, Dublin, from the 13th century until the 1850s. It has given its name to an Irish jig, an upscale supermarket chain, a broadsheet ballad, and is a slang term for a brawl or riot. In the year 1204 King John of England granted a licence to the corporation of Dublin to hold an annual eight-day fair in Donnybrook. In 1252 the duration was extended to fifteen days. Over the years the terms of holding the fair changed slightly, until in the 18th century it was held on 26", "title": "Donnybrook Fair" }, { "id": "515450", "score": "1.5455976", "text": "Donnybrook, Dublin Donnybrook () is a district of Dublin, Ireland. It is situated on the southside of the city, in the Dublin 4 postal district, and is home to the Irish public service broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). It was once part of the Pembroke Township. Its neighbouring suburbs are Ballsbridge, Sandymount, Ranelagh and Clonskeagh. Donnybrook is also a civil parish mainly situated in the old barony of Dublin. Donnybrook Fair dates from a charter of King John of England in 1204 and was held annually until 1866. It began as a fair for livestock and agricultural produce but later", "title": "Donnybrook, Dublin" }, { "id": "17371008", "score": "1.5413287", "text": "flagship store is 500 metres from the site of the original fair in Donnybrook. The site itself is now occupied by the grounds shared by the Bective and Old Wesley Rugby Clubs. It is shown clearly as 'Old Fair Green' on the Ordnance Survey map of 1888, which can be found on the website of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland. Donnybrook Fair Donnybrook Fair was a fair that was held in Donnybrook, Dublin, from the 13th century until the 1850s. It has given its name to an Irish jig, an upscale supermarket chain, a broadsheet ballad, and is a slang", "title": "Donnybrook Fair" }, { "id": "17371007", "score": "1.5370715", "text": "established to acquire the licence in order to put an end to it, and it was finally bought from John and Peter Madden in 1855 for £3,000, under the auspices of the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Joseph Boyce. A broadside ballad called \"The Humours of Donnybrook Fair\" dates from the 18th century, author unknown. It was recorded by Tommy Makem. The popular Irish double-jig known as \"Donnybrook Fair\" is also called \"The Humours of Donnybrook\" or \"The Humours of Donnybrook Fair\". More recently, the word Donnybrook Fair is associated with an upmarket food retail chain owned by Musgrave Group whose", "title": "Donnybrook Fair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "donnybrook - Wiktionary, the free dictionary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Donnybrook Fair (disambiguation)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anti-Irish sentiment\n\nAnti-Irish sentiment includes oppression, persecution, discrimination, or hatred of Irish people as an ethnic group or a nation. It can be directed against the island of Ireland in general, or directed against Irish emigrants and their descendants in the Irish diaspora. This sentiment can also be called Hibernophobia.\n\nIt is traditionally rooted in the Middle Ages, the Early Modern Age and the Age of Enlightenment and it is also evidenced in Irish immigration to Great Britain, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Anti-Irish sentiment can include social, racial and cultural discrimination in Ireland itself, such as sectarianism or cultural, religious and political conflicts such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland.", "title": "Anti-Irish sentiment" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of words derived from toponyms\n\nThis is a list of English language words derived from toponyms, followed by the place name it derives from.\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of words derived from toponyms" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Professional wrestling match types\n\nMany types of wrestling matches, sometimes called \"concept\" or \"gimmick matches\" in the jargon of the business, are performed in professional wrestling. Some gimmick matches are more common than others and are often used to advance or conclude a storyline. Throughout professional wrestling's decades long history, some gimmick matches have spawned many variations of the core concept.", "title": "Professional wrestling match types" }, { "id": "515457", "score": "1.5235965", "text": "off Anglesea Road and backing on to the Dodder. Donnybrook, Dublin Donnybrook () is a district of Dublin, Ireland. It is situated on the southside of the city, in the Dublin 4 postal district, and is home to the Irish public service broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). It was once part of the Pembroke Township. Its neighbouring suburbs are Ballsbridge, Sandymount, Ranelagh and Clonskeagh. Donnybrook is also a civil parish mainly situated in the old barony of Dublin. Donnybrook Fair dates from a charter of King John of England in 1204 and was held annually until 1866. It began as", "title": "Donnybrook, Dublin" }, { "id": "515452", "score": "1.5132462", "text": "entered the English language to describe a rowdy brawl. Donnybrook Castle was an Elizabethan mansion and residence of the Ussher family. James Ussher was appointed Archbishop of Armagh in the Church of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth I of England. The mansion was replaced in 1795 by the existing Georgian house. It is now occupied by the Religious Sisters of Charity. Donnybrook Graveyard dates back to the 8th century and was once the location of a church founded by St Broc. It was also the site of Catholic and Protestant churches, both called St Mary's. Those buried in it include Dr.", "title": "Donnybrook, Dublin" }, { "id": "515454", "score": "1.5074804", "text": "in 1628 one of the Usshers of Donnybrook Castle was drowned while trying to cross. Donnybrook is a civil parish consisting of sixteen townlands. All but four of these townlands are situated in the Barony of Dublin. Donnybrook is the single biggest parish in that barony. The most southerly townlands, Annefield, Simmonscourt and Priesthouse, belong to the barony of Rathdown. The smallest of these, Annefield, is itself an enclave of Simmonscourt which gives its name to a pavilion of the Royal Dublin Society. Today, the majority of Priesthouse is occupied by Elm Park Golf Club and the studios of RTÉ.", "title": "Donnybrook, Dublin" }, { "id": "15605368", "score": "1.5014876", "text": "running around the town? The English fans were being bombarded by some of their own. And they brought out the worst in some of ours.\" The rioting brought into question England's hosting of Euro 1996, with Ireland's Minister of State for Youth and Sport, Bernard Allen saying \"How can people from Ireland and from other countries go to England and expect to be safe watching matches in the presence of people like those who were here tonight?\" The Garda handling of the match was criticised in the press when it was revealed that the Gardaí had been informed of the", "title": "Lansdowne Road football riot" }, { "id": "14523169", "score": "1.4844382", "text": "dated back to a bloody massacre by the Danes in the 9th to 10th century. The bodies were removed and buried in the cemetery. In 1931 when the street was widened and the entrance was moved back approximately fifteen feet, a mass grave was discovered. The bodies were reburied in the south of the cemetery. On 1 May 1976 the president of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh opened the cemetery after a cleanup. In 1985 a major programme of restoration was undertaken by the Donnybrook Community Development Committee availing of the Social Employment Scheme. The DCDC was an initiative of local", "title": "Donnybrook Cemetery" }, { "id": "6267625", "score": "1.4704528", "text": "Contestants attend dinners and perform community service, and ride on giant apple-shaped floats in the parade. From these floats they give apples, fruit and lollies to the children lining the closed-off section of the South Western Highway. The Apple Festival also had a mascot, Donny Applebrook, created in 1997. Donny was a giant green apple who promoted the festival. Donnybrook is home to Australia's largest known English Oak. The tree, believed to originate from 1893 is a landmark within the town. There is also a time capsule under this tree. Donnybrook, Western Australia Donnybrook is a town situated between Boyanup", "title": "Donnybrook, Western Australia" }, { "id": "6267619", "score": "1.4654095", "text": "Donnybrook, Western Australia Donnybrook is a town situated between Boyanup and Kirup on the South Western Highway, south of Perth, Western Australia. The town is the centre of apple production in Western Australia. The town is also known for its picturesque abundance of English Oak trees. The town of Donnybrook was gazetted in 1894. It was first settled around 1842 when George Nash and others moved to the area. They named the place \"Donnybrook\" after the suburb of Dublin, Ireland that they came from. The eastern part of the town was formerly called Minninup. The western portion of the townsite", "title": "Donnybrook, Western Australia" }, { "id": "19397145", "score": "1.4635286", "text": "a riot. Rioters attacked LaPota's liquor store first. After police arrived with firefighters with high-pressure hoses to protect the stores, the rioters began to attack passing motorists. They threw rocks, bottles, stones, and bricks, breaking car windows and windshields, and hurting drivers and passengers. State police fired small arms overhead while advancing toward the rioters. A total of 225 police officers from local, county, and state departments were called to the scene. Sheriff Richard B. Ogilvie, future Governor of Illinois, instructed police to broadcast over loudspeakers: \"If you shoot, we’re going to fire back.\" According to Ogilvie, the riot began", "title": "Dixmoor race riot" }, { "id": "14863255", "score": "1.460021", "text": "came to comprise the area of several ranches. Donnybrook is located at . The name was coined by Joe Brannon for a brawl (\"donnybrook\", named for the Donnybrook Fair, which took place in Donnybrook, Dublin, Ireland) among some Irish sheepherders during the homestead era. At one time Donnybrook had a school. Jesse Kilts homesteaded in the area, and when a post office was established on September 15, 1914, it was named for Mr. Kilts, whose wife, Ruth, was the first postmaster. Kilts post office closed on June 29, 1940. According to \"Oregon Geographic Names\", Kilts was considered a newcomer in", "title": "Donnybrook, Oregon" }, { "id": "8497374", "score": "1.4470527", "text": "Donnybrook, Queensland Donnybrook is a small town and locality of the Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It is north of Brisbane, the state capital. At the 2011 census, its population was 461. The closest major population centre is Caboolture, to the west. The town name was approved by the Queensland Place Names Board on 1 October 1975. The name appears to be derived from a corroboree site, or because of fights amongst oyster gatherers at weekend camps. The town started out as a small fishing community but has since developed into a minor tourist destination. Pumicestone Post Office opened on", "title": "Donnybrook, Queensland" }, { "id": "6463271", "score": "1.4461462", "text": "into the crowds quickly dispersing them. This tactic had been developed as a riot control technique in Northern Ireland by the Royal Ulster Constabulary and had been employed with success in quelling the Moss Side riots by the Greater Manchester Police. A local man David Moore died after being struck by a police vehicle trying to clear crowds. One facility looted in the riots was a sports club called the Racquet Club, which was opened in 1877 on Upper Parliament Street, when Toxteth was an upper-middle-class area. The area's character had changed over the years and it had declined as", "title": "1981 Toxteth riots" }, { "id": "4351970", "score": "1.4456911", "text": "dealing. A customer had his trousers ripped and demanded compensation, which the police refused. A crowd outside then refused to allow the police to leave, and when back up was called a riot started. The riots were quickly blamed on race, but both white and black youths from both Irish and Jamaican backgrounds and some English fought against the police and the problems are thought to have been linked instead to poverty and perceived social injustices, predominantly the Sus law and anti Irish feelings from IRA activity on the main land. In 1990 a Bristol and St Pauls black politician", "title": "St Pauls, Bristol" }, { "id": "13595740", "score": "1.4453148", "text": "contain the words \"riot\" and \"Aryan\". This has been disputed, as the song is set in a contemporary context rather than the 1930s, and the words do not appear in close conjunction; however, \"Aryan\" is an allusion to The Men They Couldn't Hang's single \"Ghosts of Cable Street\", which is about the anti-fascist Battle of Cable Street riot in London in 1936. In August 2008, a Heritage Toronto plaque was presented to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the riot. Christie Pits riot The Christie Pits riot occurred on 16 August 1933 at the Christie Pits (Willowvale Park) playground in Toronto,", "title": "Christie Pits riot" }, { "id": "12096312", "score": "1.4446228", "text": "site was a satire of classic writings that describe upper-crust society - from Fitzgerald to Jane Austen to the French salon culture - and since it was made up of somewhat young and destitute artists, writers, and musicians, it could be considered an ironic comment on the socioeconomic status of artists in contemporary American society. In that vein, the group was known for throwing such parties as \"The Fundraiser for the Rich\" to \"replace Donnybrook's pool filter.\" in venues that are notoriously divey, such as the Larimer Lounge. Donnybrook paradoxically embraced and poked fun at elitism, as a phenomenon that", "title": "Donnybrook Writing Academy" }, { "id": "3437861", "score": "1.4425566", "text": "the precedent on which it was based was the industrial village at Portlaw, County Waterford, Ireland, founded in 1825 by the Quaker Malcolmson family. Among the principles on which the village was based was a philosophy of \"Three P's\": there should be no public houses, no pawn shops, and consequently no need for police. It was John Grubb Richardson's belief that without a public house there would be no need for a pawn brokers or police station. To this day there are no public houses in the village. Nor are there any pawn shops, although nowadays there is a Police", "title": "Bessbrook" } ]

[ "nico hlkenberg germany", "Nico Hlkenberg (Germany)" ]

[ { "id": "4770103", "score": "1.6723673", "text": "win at the Dubai Autodrome during the Sprint Race of the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, United Arab Emirates. After leaving the first two rounds of the 2006-07 season to Sébastien Buemi, Jani would win another Sprint Race, during the 2006-07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia. Jani drove all the races for Switzerland in the 2007-08 season, taking the championship with four wins and 168 points. The team finished second in the 2008-09 season, again with Jani ever-present. He was linked to a reserve F1 seat with the Sauber team. In 2004 however, he moved back to GP2", "title": "Neel Jani" }, { "id": "7585761", "score": "1.6602641", "text": "at the A1GP 2006–07 season opener in Zandvoort, The Netherlands. Shaaban competed in the Formula Three Euroseries beginning in 2007, which was his first full season of car racing. He spent his first two seasons (2007-2008) at HBR Motorsport, before moving to Prema Powerteam for the 2009 season. In his 55th race, Shaaban took both his first top-ten finish and his first Euroseries points (seventh) in Barcelona. In the second race, he started from the front row due to the series' reverse-grid system for the top eight finishers in the first race. Although he was passed by Alexander Sims, Shaaban", "title": "Basil Shaaban" }, { "id": "7211143", "score": "1.6363583", "text": "Hülkenberg made his German Formula BMW debut in 2005, dominating the championship and winning the title comfortably. He finished first in the Formula BMW world final but was stripped of the win after it was claimed he had brake-tested his rivals during a safety car period. Hülkenberg also joined the German A1 Grand Prix team for the 2006–07 season. Nine wins in his rookie season made him the most successful driver in A1GP history. It meant he almost single-handedly won Germany the championship with 128 points, 35 more than Team New Zealand. Hülkenberg finished fifth in the German Formula Three", "title": "Nico Hülkenberg" }, { "id": "4500875", "score": "1.6249177", "text": "sole exception. Italian driver Ronnie Quintarelli won the most drivers championship titles with four. Quintarelli also holds the record for the most drivers championship title won by a non-Japanese driver and the most drivers championship won in GT500 class with four. Tatsuya Kataoka and Nobuteru Taniguchi were tied for the record of most drivers championship won in GT300 class with three. Tetsuya Yamano was the first driver to win multiple championship as well as the sport's first two-time champion, all of them won consecutively. Two drivers, Toranosuke Takagi in 2005 and Jenson Button in 2018, have managed to win the", "title": "Super GT" }, { "id": "6003743", "score": "1.6202029", "text": "over Fuller. In 2008, Schumacher had the most dominant season in Top Fuel ever. He won 15 events, seven in a row, and visited 18 final rounds. He won at least one round at every race that year. He passed Joe Amato for most championships with six, and most race wins, with 53 after winning in Charlotte, North Carolina. Schumacher won the 2009 Top Fuel championship in dramatic fashion. He was in contention coming into the last race of the season at Pomona, California. He was tied for first place with his longtime and biggest rival, Larry Dixon. Third place", "title": "Tony Schumacher (drag racer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "A1 Grand Prix\n\nA1 Grand Prix (A1GP) was a \"single-make\" open-wheel auto racing series that ran from 2005 until 2009. It was unique in its field in that competitors solely represented their nation as opposed to themselves or a team, the usual format in most formula racing series. As such, it was often promoted as the \"World Cup of Motorsport\". The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season, the northern hemisphere winter. The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2003. After a successful first season of A1GP, it was announced on 29 September 2006 that Maktoum was to sell his position as chairman and director of A1GP. The transfer of his share in the organisation of A1 Grand Prix to RAB Capital was finalized in December 2006. Tony Teixeira took control of the series in 2006, and the series later liquidated after failing to field any races in 2009.", "title": "A1 Grand Prix" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of A1 Grand Prix records\n\nThis article is a list of records in the A1 Grand Prix World Cup of Motorsport, since the inaugural 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season, and is accurate up to and including the 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of A1 Grand Prix records" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Neel Jani\n\nNeel Jani (born 8 December 1983) is a Swiss professional Porsche factory driver. His father is from India and his mother is German Swiss.<ref name=\"About Neel\"/>\n\nHe achieved his greatest success winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016 after first joining Porsche's LMP1 programme for the 2014 season driving in the WEC. Previously, Jani drove for A1 Team Switzerland in A1 Grand Prix, helping them win the 2007-2008 title and finishing runner-up in 2005-06 and 2008-09. He raced for PKV Racing in the North American Champ Car series in 2007. He is also a GP2 Series race-winner and former Formula One test driver.\n\nHe joined Formula E's Faraday Future Dragon Racing squad for the 2017/2018 season but left the team after one weekend. For the 2019-20 Formula E season, he returned with his home brand Porsche with teammate Andre Lotterer.", "title": "Neel Jani" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "A1 Team Ireland\n\nA1 Team Ireland was the Irish team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series. The team were the A1 Grand Prix champions for the fourth season, 2008-09.", "title": "A1 Team Ireland" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "A1 Team USA\n\nA1 Team USA was the American team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.", "title": "A1 Team USA" }, { "id": "5459430", "score": "1.6197405", "text": "Christian Vietoris\" Team Germany clinched the A1GP title, with a dominant, and almost singlehanded performance by Nico Hülkenberg, scoring nine victories, and beating nearest rivals New Zealand by 35 points. \"Drivers: Michael Ammermüller, Christian Vietoris\" Team Germany fell from grace in 2007-08. Although the team won two races, Michael Ammermüller was excluded from two races for his overly aggressive driving style. \"Drivers: André Lotterer, Michael Ammermüller\" (), \"spr\" indicate a Sprint Race, \"fea\" indicate a Main Race. A1 Team Germany A1 Team Germany was the German team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series. The team were the A1", "title": "A1 Team Germany" }, { "id": "7832537", "score": "1.6041696", "text": "had ever won and he cemented a friendship with owner Gary Peterson which persists to this day. Later in the season he won the Valley of the Moon 100 for AFS Racing, held at Infineon Raceway, and went on to finish seventh in the final standings. For the 2007 IPS season, he drove for Sam Schmidt Motorsports and promptly shattered all records by winning the first five races of the season. He clinched the series championship with his eighth win of the season at Infineon Raceway with two races remaining in the season. During the season he shattered all league", "title": "Alex Lloyd (racing driver)" }, { "id": "15923594", "score": "1.6035898", "text": "accident during the 2005 event, after a touch from Paul Morris sent Richards' car over a kerb and into a series of rollovers. Garth Tander dominated the event in 2006 and 2007, winning five of the six races across the two years, before Mark Winterbottom won consecutive events in 2008, at which James Courtney won his first championship race, and 2009. Craig Lowndes won five consecutive races at the event across 2011 and 2012, while Chaz Mostert won his first championship race during the 2013 event. Lowndes went on to win the event again in 2014 and 2016 to leave", "title": "Ipswich SuperSprint" }, { "id": "20249230", "score": "1.5998011", "text": "Tommy Kendall's wins were solo efforts.\") Paul Gentilozzi rose to the fore beginning in 1998 with his first Trans-Am Series Championship. He would win 4 more Championships, driving a Chevrolet, a Ford, and a Jaguar. His 31 wins and 5 Championships are the most in the history of the series.The late 1990s would see the rise of Rocketsports Racing's dominance using Corvettes ('98), Mustangs ('99), and finally Jaguar XKRs, which would continue until (the series dissolved in) 2006 and also 2009, after which team owner Paul Gentilozzi would switch to the American Le Mans Series. In an 11 year span,", "title": "History of the Trans-Am Series" }, { "id": "7419688", "score": "1.5947835", "text": "and an experienced driver, who also was the instructor for the female driver. They competed in two different races at each weekend they attended. The Féminin trophy was discontinued as of 2011, with some of the female drivers from the series moving into other categories of the trophée including the main series and the electric cars. The driver with the most championship wins in the history of the series is Yvan Muller, who has won the championship 10 times with 48 race victories. Jean-Philippe Dayraut holds the record for the most race victories with 54, having taken the championship 6", "title": "Andros Trophy" }, { "id": "20249229", "score": "1.5928428", "text": "a Chevrolet and then a Ford, was the driver to beat—he would take 4 Drivers' Championships in this decade (3 of them in a row, driving a Mustang). In 1997, he won a record 11 races in a row, guaranteeing his third consecutive Championship, which is itself a record for the 'single class of competition' era. His 28 wins and 4 Championships are second only to Mark Donohue's 29 wins*, and Paul Gentilozzi's 31 wins and 5 Championships. (\"*It must be noted however, that only 27 of Mark Donohue's wins were achieved without a co-driver, and that all 28 of", "title": "History of the Trans-Am Series" }, { "id": "5514802", "score": "1.5915201", "text": "was that year's champion. The following year, Barros scored in all but one the races. 1996 saw his best performance yet, finishing the championship at fourth, a feat he repeated in 2000, 2001 and 2002. His win at Mugello in 2001, was the latest by a rider other than Valentino Rossi until 2009. In 2002, the first of MotoGP (with engine displacement capacity increased to up to 990cc) he scored 204 points and won races in Pacific and Valencia, eleven points behind second place. 2003 was a difficult one for Barros due to injuries, but in 2004, he once again", "title": "Alex Barros" }, { "id": "1751038", "score": "1.5866387", "text": "11th round of that season, where his second-place finish clinched the Drivers' Championship, securing the title in the least number of Grands Prix since the 16-race season format started. Mansell also set the then-record for the most number of wins in one season (9); both records stood until broken by Schumacher in 2002. He managed 14 pole positions that year, a record only broken by Sebastian Vettel in 2011 in the Brazilian Grand Prix on 26 November. He also held the record for the most races before becoming World Champion with 180 races; this record was broken by Nico Rosberg", "title": "Nigel Mansell" }, { "id": "5783849", "score": "1.5829765", "text": "two seasons. Subsequently, Sofuoğlu entered the Supersport World Championship full-time in 2006 after three races in 2003. Sofuoğlu dominated the 2007 season, winning five of the first eight races, and broke the record for the most wins in one season. These included a two-lap charge from sixth to first at Monza, and a win on his first ever visit to Donington Park, in the wet. He also won at Losail, Spain and Assen, Netherlands. He clinched the championship with three races to go, by finishing second at Brands Hatch, becoming Turkey's first major motorsport world champion. Sofuoğlu then signed with", "title": "Kenan Sofuoğlu" }, { "id": "1765439", "score": "1.5828626", "text": "with more victories at IMS is Johnny Aitken, with 15 wins in 1909–1916). During the years that Harroun was driving, the AAA designated some races each year as \"championship\" events. However, there was no actual year-long championship, and no points were awarded. In 1927, points were assigned retroactively, and champions were designated for those years. At that time, Harroun was designated the champion for the 1910 season. At the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911, his use of what would now be called a rear-view mirror, rather than the riding mechanic specified in the rules, created controversy, but was ultimately allowed.", "title": "Ray Harroun" }, { "id": "6592638", "score": "1.5791214", "text": "win the title on a Gilera. He remained in the class in 2002, scoring 7 podiums in the first 8 races but failing to defend his title, losing out to Arnaud Vincent. For 2003 he moved up to 250s, and followed Freddie Spencer and Tetsuya Harada in winning the title at his first attempt, including victories in the season's first two races. He had a disappointing 2004 however, finishing only 9th overall with just three podium results. For 2005 he returned to 125s, again looking like a shadow of his former self, failing to take a single podium. In 2006", "title": "Manuel Poggiali" }, { "id": "7832538", "score": "1.577456", "text": "records for consecutive wins (5), wins in a season (8), career wins (10) and most points scored (652). He became the first person ever to have won on both the road course at Indianapolis Motor Speedway and also the famous two and a half mile oval itself, untill Will Power did the same in the Indycar series in 2018. He also set a record which is unlikely to be beaten - he qualified on the front row for every race where qualifying took place. On the basis of this dominating performance, and following an Indycar test, on 17 October 2007,", "title": "Alex Lloyd (racing driver)" }, { "id": "11390591", "score": "1.5758278", "text": "reasons. The following season was cancelled. A1 Team Switzerland finished the season in second place with 95 points and four wins by its driver Neel Jani. Third by just three points was A1 Team Portugal, whose driver Filipe Albuquerque took one race win. Dutch pairing Jeroen Bleekemolen and Robert Doornbos each took a win to take A1 Team Netherlands to fourth position in the team standings with Fairuz Fauzy and Loïc Duval taking the remaining wins for A1 Team Malaysia and A1 Team France respectively. During the 2007–08 Shanghai race weekend, it was announced at an official ceremony that Korea", "title": "2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season" }, { "id": "6689675", "score": "1.5707791", "text": "for the team. Beschir was one of only 3 drivers from A1GP to win an award in 2006; he won the award for \"Most Extensive Product Testing\". Despite being mared by instability and inexperience within the team, Khalil spent three seasons in A1GP and has since furthered his motorsport career by becoming a test and development driver for single-seater manufacturers and race teams. Khalil started his broadcasting career in 2010 by joining Abu Dhabi TV as their F1 & Motorsport Pundit during their term as holders of the exclusive TV rights for F1, GP2 and GP3 in all 24 Arab", "title": "Khalil Beschir" }, { "id": "11488521", "score": "1.5707451", "text": "Tony took over 2nd place on the All-Time winners table when he won the Gator Nationals. As of May 2009, Schumacher leads the table with 59 wins with Dixon currently on 44. Joe Amato ranks 2nd on All-Time leader board with 52 victories in NHRA Top Fuel Competition. In 2009, Dixon left the Prudhomme Racing camp, and went to work as the Top Fuel driver at Al-Anabi Racing, with legendary crew chief Alan Johnson working his pits, as both crew chief, and team owner. Johnson himself had been crew chief with Dixon's biggest rival, five-time champion Tony Schumacher, and was", "title": "Larry Dixon (dragster driver)" } ]

[ "Susan Elizabeth Anne Devoy", "susan devoy", "susan elizabeth anne devoy", "Susan Devoy" ]

[ { "id": "2580187", "score": "1.883395", "text": "in 1987. Further World Open titles came in 1990 and 1992. For most of her career, the World Open was held biennially, a fact that stopped Devoy potentially doubling her tally. She did, however, win the coveted British Open eight times, a record only beaten by Heather McKay in the 1960s/70s and by Janet Morgan in the 1950s. In 1992, the year of her unexpected retirement, she was the Australian, British, French, Hong Kong, Irish, New Zealand, Scottish, Swedish and World squash champion. In the 1986 New Year Honours, Devoy was appointed a Member of the Order of the British", "title": "Susan Devoy" }, { "id": "2585831", "score": "1.7968457", "text": "world in 1998 and 1999. She won three consecutive World Open championships from 1993 to 1995, and was a finalist in all the World Opens from 1992 to 1999 except 1996; she also won six consecutive British Opens from 1993 to 1998. She represented her country at the 1996 and 1999 Squash World Cups, and won gold medals in the sport at the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games in the women's singles and mixed doubles. She also won the Australian Open in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, and 1999. At the end of 1999 she announced her retirement, saying", "title": "Michelle Martin" }, { "id": "7022556", "score": "1.79561", "text": "won the 1989 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Warmond, Netherlands and the 1990 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Sydney, Australia. Suzanne Horner Suzanne Horner (née Burgess, born 23 February 1963 in Wakefield) is a former professional squash player from England. She was runner-up at the British Open in 1990 and 1993. In 1994, she captured the US Open title and reached a career-high ranking of World No. 2. She won the British National Squash Championships in 1994 and 1996. She was a silver commonwealth medallist in Kuala Lumpur in 1998, when she competed with Simon Parke in the", "title": "Suzanne Horner" }, { "id": "6678792", "score": "1.7949451", "text": "beginning of her career. Martine Le Moignan Martine Le Moignan, MBE (born 28 October 1962, Guernsey, Channel Islands) is a former professional squash player, who was one of the game's leading players in the 1980s and early-1990s. In international competition, she represented England. Le Moignan won the World Open in 1989, defeating Susan Devoy of New Zealand in the final 4–9, 9–4, 10–8, 10–8. She was also runner-up at the World Open in 1990, and runner-up at the British Open in 1985, 1989 and 1992. Le Moignan won four consecutive World Team Championships from 1985-1990. Le Moignan was coached by", "title": "Martine Le Moignan" }, { "id": "7022619", "score": "1.7821075", "text": "in 1984 beating the World no. 1, Susan Devoy, 9-0, 2-9, 9-2, 6-9, 9-5. Lucy Soutter Lucy Soutter (born 17 March 1967 in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom) is a former professional squash player from England. She was part of the successful England team that won the 1987 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Auckland, New Zealand and the 1990 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Perth, Australia. Soutter was runner-up at the British Open in 1987, where she lost in the final to Susan Devoy of New Zealand 2–9, 4–9, 9–4, 9–2, 9–1. She won the British National Squash Championship", "title": "Lucy Soutter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Susan Devoy\n\nDame Susan Elizabeth Anne Devoy (born 4 January 1964) is a former New Zealand squash player and senior public servant. As a squash player, she was dominant in the late 1980s and early 1990s, winning the World Open on four occasions. She served as New Zealand's Race Relations Commissioner from 2013 to 2018.", "title": "Susan Devoy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jahangir Khan\n\nJahangir Khan (Pashto/ born 10 December 1963) is a former World No. 1 professional Pakistani squash player. He won the World Open title six times , and the British Open title ten times (1982-1991). Jahangir Khan is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time.", "title": "Jahangir Khan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sport in New Zealand\n\nSport in New Zealand largely reflects the nation's colonial heritage, with some of the most popular sports being rugby union, rugby league, cricket, association football, basketball, horse racing and netball, which are primarily played in Commonwealth countries. New Zealand has enjoyed success in many sports, notably rugby union (considered the national sport), rugby league, cricket, America's Cup sailing, world championship and Olympics events, and motorsport.\n\nOther popular sports include squash, golf, hockey, tennis, cycling, and tramping, baseball and a variety of water sports, particularly sailing rowing, and surf sports. Winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding are also popular, as are indoor and outdoor bowls.", "title": "Sport in New Zealand" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "World Squash Championships\n\nThe World Squash Championships are squash events for men and women organised by the Professional Squash Association. The men's event was first held in 1976 in London, England and the women's was inaugurated in 1976 in Brisbane, Australia.", "title": "World Squash Championships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lisa Opie\n\nLisa Opie MBE (born on 15 August 1963) is a retired British squash player, who was one of the game's leading woman players in the 1980s and early-1990s. Her biggest successes were winning the British Open in 1991 and four consecutive World Team Championships from 1985 to 1990. Until the rise of Cassie Campion she was England's number 1 player.\n\nBorn and raised in Guernsey, she was coached in her early years in the game by Reg Harbour. In international competition, she represented England. She was appointed MBE for services to squash in the 1995 New Year's Honours List. In later years she was coached by Gavin Dupre from Jersey. They began working together in Guernsey and Lisa later spent time training with him in Germany where he was based as a professional coach.", "title": "Lisa Opie" }, { "id": "2617614", "score": "1.7737015", "text": "Liz McColgan coming first. Lisa Opie Lisa Opie MBE (born on 15 August 1963) is a retired British squash player, who was one of the game's leading woman players in the 1980s and early-1990s. Her biggest successes were winning the British Open in 1991 and four consecutive World Team Championships from 1985 to 1990. Until the rise of Cassie Campion she was England's number 1 player. Born and raised in Guernsey, she was coached in her early years in the game by Reg Harbour. In international competition, she represented England. She was awarded an MBE for services to squash in", "title": "Lisa Opie" }, { "id": "7022618", "score": "1.756469", "text": "Lucy Soutter Lucy Soutter (born 17 March 1967 in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom) is a former professional squash player from England. She was part of the successful England team that won the 1987 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Auckland, New Zealand and the 1990 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Perth, Australia. Soutter was runner-up at the British Open in 1987, where she lost in the final to Susan Devoy of New Zealand 2–9, 4–9, 9–4, 9–2, 9–1. She won the British National Squash Championship title in 1983, 1985 and 1989. She won the ICI Perspex World Masters title", "title": "Lucy Soutter" }, { "id": "6678791", "score": "1.7504641", "text": "Martine Le Moignan Martine Le Moignan, MBE (born 28 October 1962, Guernsey, Channel Islands) is a former professional squash player, who was one of the game's leading players in the 1980s and early-1990s. In international competition, she represented England. Le Moignan won the World Open in 1989, defeating Susan Devoy of New Zealand in the final 4–9, 9–4, 10–8, 10–8. She was also runner-up at the World Open in 1990, and runner-up at the British Open in 1985, 1989 and 1992. Le Moignan won four consecutive World Team Championships from 1985-1990. Le Moignan was coached by Reg Harbour at the", "title": "Martine Le Moignan" }, { "id": "18976229", "score": "1.7498584", "text": "New Zealand 2-1. The successful England team went on to win the 1987 Women's World Team Squash Championships Final in Auckland, New Zealand and the 1989 Women's World Team Squash Championships in Warmond, in the Netherlands. Alison Cumings Alison Cumings is a former English professional squash player. Cumings was born on 18 November, 1961 in the county of Kent, England. She started playing squash as a junior, developing at Reigate Squash Club. She now lives in Leatherhead, Surrey, under the married name of Alison Malynn. After winning the British Under-19 title, Cumings developed her career further, eventually reaching a world", "title": "Alison Cumings" }, { "id": "6359657", "score": "1.7493236", "text": "final in straight games that lasted in 55 minutes. Within two months after the British Open and the World Games win, David won the World Open in Hong Kong for the first time and world number one ranking for the first time in January 2006. Later in the year, she was voted by her fellow members of the Women's International Squash Players Association as the WISPA Player of The Year 2005. David became the World's number 1 female squash player in January 2006 at the age of 23 to become the first Malaysian and the first Asian woman to be", "title": "Nicol David" }, { "id": "4957176", "score": "1.7485383", "text": "at club, regional and national level. Dame Susan Devoy won the World Open Championship a record four times, in 1985, 1987, 1990, and 1992. She also won seven consecutive British Open titles from 1984 to 1990, and an eighth in 1992. At the Squash in the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Joelle King and Jaclyn Hawkes won gold in the women's doubles. King and Martin Knight won silver in the mixed doubles. New Zealand hosted the Women's World Team Championships in 2010. They were held at International Pacific College in Palmerston North. At the Squash in the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Joelle King", "title": "Sport in New Zealand" }, { "id": "6359643", "score": "1.7468431", "text": "Asian Squash Championship, which she won a record nine times (in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2015). She also held a 13-month, 51-match winning streak, from March 2006 until April 2007, when she finally lost to Natalie Grinham in the final of the 2007 Seoul Open. David has also obtained the WSA Player of the Year on seven occasions, 2005–2010 and 2012. In a poll conducted in 2018 by the Professional Squash Association (PSA), David was voted by fans as the greatest squash player of all time in the women's category. Born in Penang, David is", "title": "Nicol David" }, { "id": "7022488", "score": "1.7420435", "text": "World Team Squash Championships and runner-up in the 1981 Women's World Team Squash Championships. Sue Cogswell Sue Cogswell (born 7 September 1951 in Birmingham) is a retired squash player from England. She was runner-up at the 1979 Women's World Open Squash Championship, where she lost in the final to the Australian player Heather McKay 6–9, 9–3, 9–1, 9–4. Cogswell was also a three-time runner-up at the British Open, losing in the final to McKay in 1974, to Barbara Wall in 1979, and to Vicki Cardwell in 1980. Cogswell won the British National Squash Championship title five times in 1975 and", "title": "Sue Cogswell" }, { "id": "637006", "score": "1.7415603", "text": "champion for 1931. The championship continues to this day, but has been conducted with a \"knockout\" format since 1947. The women's championship started in 1921, and has been dominated by relatively few players: Joyce Cave, Nancy Cave, Cecily Fenwick (England) in the 1920s; Margot Lumb & Susan Noel (England) 1930s; Janet Morgan (England) 1950s; Heather McKay (Australia) 1960s and 1970s; Vicki Cardwell (Australia) and Susan Devoy (New Zealand) 1980s; Michelle Martin and Sarah Fitz-Gerald (Australia) 1990s and Nicol David (Malaysia) 2000s. The Men's British Open has similarly been dominated by relatively few players: F.D. Amr Bey (Egypt) in the 1930s;", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "id": "6359656", "score": "1.7368605", "text": "WISPA rankings. Defeated only twice in 2005, the 21-year-old from Penang returned to her home country in July after winning the gold medal at the World Games in Germany . she then became the first local player to win the Women's CIMB Malaysian Open Squash Championship title in the event’s 31-year history. In October, David proved that her success in the World Games and in the Malaysian Open was not by chance by becoming the first Malaysian to win a British Open title, the first Asian to win the women's crown, when she beat Australia's Natalie Grinham in the women's", "title": "Nicol David" }, { "id": "637008", "score": "1.7325158", "text": "by Nicol David with eight wins followed by Sarah Fitzgerald five, Susan Devoy four, and Michelle Martin three. Heather McKay remained undefeated in competitive matches for 19 years (between 1962 and 1981) and won sixteen consecutive British Open titles between 1962 and 1977. Previous world number one Peter Nicol stated that he believed squash had a \"very realistic chance\" of being added to the list of Olympic sports for the 2016 Olympic Games, but it ultimately lost out to golf and rugby sevens. The Professional Squash Association (PSA) publishes monthly rankings of professional players: Dunlop PSA World Rankings. Squash (sport)", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "id": "18460012", "score": "1.7275033", "text": "third place play off. 1989 Women's World Open Squash Championship The 1989 Women's NCM World Open Squash Championship was the women's edition of the 1989 World Open, which serves as the individual world championship for squash players. The event took place in Warmond in the Netherlands between 5 March and 19 March 1989. Martine Le Moignan won the World Open title, defeating Susan Devoy in the final. World number one Susan Devoy suffered a rare defeat at the hands of Martine Le Moignan in the final. <br> Robyn Lambourne was formerly Robyn Friday. <br> Liz Irving defeated Sarah Fitz-Gerald 9-5", "title": "1989 Women's World Open Squash Championship" }, { "id": "2580186", "score": "1.7237705", "text": "Susan Devoy Dame Susan Elizabeth Anne Devoy, (born 4 January 1964) is a former New Zealand squash player who dominated the sport in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She won the World Open on four occasions. In March 2013, she was appointed to the position of Race Relations Commissioner for New Zealand. Born in Rotorua, New Zealand, Devoy attended MacKillop College. Her family was very involved in the squash community and she started playing when she was very young. Devoy turned professional at the age of 17. Her first World Open title came in 1985, with a subsequent win", "title": "Susan Devoy" }, { "id": "6359659", "score": "1.7231256", "text": "title on 25 November 2006, at the Ulster Hall in Belfast by defeating Natalie Grinham in the final that was said to be \"one of the great finals of the Women’s World Open\". She became the first Malaysian athlete to win a world championship title for the second consecutive time, and the fourth person in history to retain the World Open Squash Championship. David also captured the Qatar Airways Challenge Open, the Dunlop British Open Championship, the Hong Kong Open, the Penang Open and the CIMB Malaysian Open. David topped the December WISPA ranking with a points average of almost", "title": "Nicol David" }, { "id": "6663573", "score": "1.7180725", "text": "championships commenced in 1922 as an amateur event and remained so until 1974. In the inaugural event, Joyce Cave defeated her sister Nancy Cave in the final. Both Championships have been played continuously since inception, with the exception of the men's championship in 1934 (when no challenger to F.D. Amr Bey emerged) and during World War 2. The men's and women's events were originally held separately, but have been held as a joint event since 1983. The most successful players in the history of the championships are Australian Heather McKay (née Blundell), who won the women's event 16 consecutive times", "title": "British Open Squash Championships" } ]

[ "hindu societies", "Vedic Dharma", "hindū", "sanātan dharm", "hindu views on sin", "hindu society", "Hindu religious texts", "rulership in hinduism", "Puranic Hinduism", "hindusim", "Hindu (ethnic group)", "सनातन धर्म", "Hindusim", "santana dharma", "Hindu culture", "Hindus in Iran", "Hindooism", "Hindiusm", "Vaidika Dharma", "Hindu views of sin", "hindism", "sanatan dharm", "HINDUISM", "Hindu dhamma", "Vaidika dharma", "hindu people", "veda dharma", "hindu symbolism", "Sanatan Dharm", "Sanatana-Dharma", "Prophets in Hinduism", "Hindu people", "Hindu religious mantras", "hinduisam", "Hindū", "Hindism", "Hinduism II", "hinduisme", "hindu religious mantras", "ethics of hinduism", "hinduity", "Listing of noted Hindus", "Hinduisem", "Santana Dharma", "hindus in iran", "hinduism ii", "Rulership in Hinduism", "hindu values", "Hindu (ethnicity)", "Ethics of Hinduism", "Veda Dharma", "Hindu-Shudra", "Hinduisam", "Hindu views on sin", "sanatana dharma", "hinduism", "hindu culture", "Sanathana Darma", "hindu religious texts", "Sanatana-dharma", "Hinduism: myths and realities", "Sanātan Dharm", "hindu religion", "hindu views of sin", "Santana Dharama", "Sanatana dharma", "Sanathana Dharma", "sanathana darma", "Sanatan dharma", "Hindu Religion", "puranic hinduism", "sanatan dharma", "hindu shudra", "Hindu religion", "santana dharama", "hiduism", "vaidika dharma", "hindu ethnic group", "Sanctity of the Cow", "vedic dharma", "Hiduism", "Hinduity", "Hindu values", "hindu dhamma", "hindiusm", "Hinduisme", "Hindu symbolism", "prophets in hinduism", "sanathana dharma", "hindu ethnicity", "Sanatana Dharma", "listing of noted hindus", "Hindu societies", "hinduisem", "sanctity of cow", "Hinduism", "Hindu society", "hinduism myths and realities", "hindooism" ]

[ { "id": "967570", "score": "1.623179", "text": "Shiva, Sati, Brahma and Saraswati. These deities have distinct and complex personalities, yet are often viewed as aspects of the same Ultimate Reality called Brahman. From ancient times, the idea of equivalence has been cherished for all Hindus, in its texts and in early 1st millennium sculpture with concepts such as Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu), Ardhanārīshvara (half Shiva, half Parvati), with myths and temples that feature them together, declaring they are the same. Major deities have inspired their own Hindu traditions, such as Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism, but with shared mythology, ritual grammar, theosophy, axiology and polycentrism. Some Hindu", "title": "Hindu deities" }, { "id": "16119428", "score": "1.6206615", "text": "succession of forty-six ascetics known as \"\"Azhagiya Singar\"\" have headed the monastic order. Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning monotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, monism, atheism, agnosticism, gnosticism among others; and its concept of God is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed. It is sometimes referred to as henotheistic (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralization. The major worship forms of Shiva temples are for Shiva, Parvathi, Ganesha and Muruga. Vishnu is either worshipped directly or in the", "title": "Hinduism in Tamil Nadu" }, { "id": "15356031", "score": "1.6169379", "text": "include: Other Vaishnava schools and the principal teachers connected with them are: Shaivas or Shaivites are those who primarily worship Shiva as the supreme god, both immanent and transcendent. Shaivism embraces at the same time monism (specifically nondualism) and dualism. To Shaivites, Shiva is both with and without form; he is the Supreme Dancer, Nataraja; and is linga, without beginning or end. Shiva is sometimes depicted as the fierce god Bhairava. Saivists are more attracted to asceticism than adherents of other Hindu sects, and may be found wandering India with ashen faces performing self-purification rituals. They worship in the temple", "title": "Hindu denominations" }, { "id": "6526885", "score": "1.6099213", "text": "Supreme God. Assigned with destroying all of the universe at the end of time, Shiva is one of the most fearsome warriors and unconquerable. Tandava is the dance of the Destroyer, which He performs over the body of a demon. Shiva employs his power to kill the Asura Tripura, destroying the flying three cities of Tripura. In battle, Shiva and his Avatars deploy formidable weapons controlled by him. Some of these are: Vishnu, the Inconceivable Supreme, is the Supreme God in Vaishnavism sect of Hinduism. \"Vishnu\" means \"all pervading\" supreme being, the source of everything. In the Vishnu Sahasranama he", "title": "Hindu mythological wars" }, { "id": "3507958", "score": "1.6015854", "text": "commonly held Advaitan point of view which has been adopted by Smartas, Vishnu and Shiva are viewed as one and the same God, being different aspects of preservation and destruction respectively. As many Sanskrit words have multiple meanings, it is possible that both Vishnu and Shiva share names in this instance, e.g., the name Shiva itself means \"auspicious\" which could also apply to Vishnu. The Deities Ananthapadmanabha and Shankaranarayana are worshipped by Hindus, as is Lord Panduranga Vitthala, a form of Lord Krishna with a Shiva Linga on his crown, signifying the oneness of both deities. However, the Vaishnava commentator,", "title": "Vishnu Sahasranama" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Trimurti\n\nThe Trimūrti (; Sanskrit: त्रिमूर्ति \"\", \"three forms\" or \"trinity\") are the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified as a triad of deities. Typically, the designations are that of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. The Om symbol of Hinduism is considered to have an allusion to Trimurti, where the A, U, and M phonemes of the word are considered to indicate creation, preservation and destruction, adding up to represent Brahman. The Tridevi is the trinity of goddess consorts for the Trimurti.", "title": "Trimurti" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Shiva" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vishnu\n\nVishnu ( ; , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism.\n\nVishnu is known as \"The Preserver\" within the Trimurti, the triple deity of supreme divinity that includes Brahma and Shiva. In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is the supreme being who creates, protects, and transforms the universe. In the Shaktism tradition, the Goddess, or Adi Shakti, is described as the supreme Para Brahman, yet Vishnu is revered along with Shiva and Brahma. Tridevi is stated to be the energy and creative power (Shakti) of each, with Lakshmi being the equal complementary partner of Vishnu. He is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism.<ref name=\"Flood 1996, p. 17\" />\n\nAccording to Vaishnavism, the highest form of Ishvara is with qualities (Saguna), and have certain form, but is limitless, transcendent and unchanging absolute Brahman, and the primal Atman (Self) of the universe. There are many both benevolent and fearsome depictions of Vishnu. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient being sleeping on the coils of the serpent Adishesha (who represents time) floating in the primeval ocean of milk called Kshira Sagara with his consort, Lakshmi.\n\nWhenever the world is threatened with evil, chaos, and destructive forces, Vishnu descends in the form of an avatar \"(incarnation)\" to restore the cosmic order, and protect \"dharma\". The Dashavatara are the ten primary avatars \"(incarnations)\" of Vishnu. Out of these ten, Rama and Krishna are the most important.", "title": "Vishnu" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Avatar\n\nAvatar (, ; ), is a concept within Hinduism that in Sanskrit literally means \"descent\". It signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a powerful deity, goddess or spirit on Earth. The relative verb to \"alight, to make one's appearance\" is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being.<ref name=monierwilliamsavatar/>\n\nThe word \"avatar\" does not appear in the Vedic literature; however, it appears in developed forms in post-Vedic literature, and as a noun particularly in the Puranic literature after the 6th century CE. Despite that, the concept of an avatar is compatible with the content of the Vedic literature like the Upanishads as it is symbolic imagery of the Saguna Brahman concept in the philosophy of Hinduism. The \"Rigveda\" describes Indra as endowed with a mysterious power of assuming any form at will. The \"Bhagavad Gita\" expounds the doctrine of Avatara but with terms other than \"avatar\".\n\nTheologically, the term is most often associated with the Hindu god Vishnu, though the idea has been applied to other deities. Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten Dashavatara of the \"Garuda Purana\" and the twenty-two avatars in the \"Bhagavata Purana\", though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable. The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology. In the goddess-based Shaktism tradition of Hinduism, avatars of the Devi in different appearances such as Tripura Sundari, Durga and Kali are commonly found. While avatars of other deities such as Ganesha and Shiva are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts, this is minor and occasional. The incarnation doctrine is one of the important differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism.<ref name=laiengavatar/><ref name=ryanjonesavatar/>\n\nIncarnation concepts that are in some aspects similar to \"avatar\" are also found in Buddhism, Christianity,<ref name=\"Bassuk1987p3\"/> and other religions.\n\nThe scriptures of Sikhism include the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses, but it rejected the doctrine of savior incarnation and endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev, that formless eternal god is within the human heart, and man is his own savior.", "title": "Avatar" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brahma\n\nBrahma () is a Hindu god, referred to as \"the Creator\" within the Trimurti, the trinity of supreme divinity that includes Vishnu, and Shiva. He is associated with creation, knowledge, and the \"Vedas\". Brahma is prominently mentioned in creation legends. In some \"Puranas\", he created himself in a golden embryo known as the Hiranyagarbha.\n\nBrahma is frequently identified with the Vedic god Prajapati. During the post-Vedic period, Brahma was a prominent deity and his sect existed; however, by the 7th century, he had lost his significance. He was also overshadowed by other major deities like Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi,\n\nBrahma is commonly depicted as a red or golden complexioned bearded man, with four heads and hands. His four heads represent the four Vedas and are pointed to the four cardinal directions. He is seated on a lotus and his \"vahana\" (mount) is a \"hamsa\" (swan, goose or crane). According to the scriptures, Brahma created his children from his mind and thus, they are referred to as \"Manasaputra\".\n\nIn contemporary Hinduism, Brahma does not enjoy popular worship and has substantially less importance than the other two members of the Trimurti. Brahma is revered in the ancient texts, yet rarely worshiped as a primary deity in India, owing to the absence of any significant sect dedicated to his veneration. Very few temples dedicated to him exist in India, the most famous being the Brahma Temple, Pushkar in Rajasthan. Some Brahma temples are found outside India, such as at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok.", "title": "Brahma" }, { "id": "1948299", "score": "1.5986252", "text": "the same temple complex, while some explicitly include fusion deities such as Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu). Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the \"Vishnu Purana\" primarily focuses on the theology of Hindu god Vishnu and his avatars such as Krishna, but it praises Brahma and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu. The Vishnu Sahasranama in the \"Mahabharata\" list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu. Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined", "title": "Shaivism" }, { "id": "392070", "score": "1.595409", "text": "India by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya. Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of Mohini, Vishnu's female avatar, and procreates with her. As a result of this union, Shasta – identified with regional deities Ayyappan and Aiyanar – is born. In outskirts of Ernakulam in Kerala, a deity named Vishnumaya is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites, but this deity is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with \"vaguely Chinese\" style rituals, states", "title": "Shiva" }, { "id": "17723585", "score": "1.5941643", "text": "some Puranas, \"Narayana\" is the supreme deity. Today, the Vaishnavite sect considers Vishnu to be the supreme god, while Shaivites consider Shiva to be the supreme god. In Judaism, God is an absolute one, indivisible and incomparable being who is the ultimate cause of all existence. In Hinduism, gods are considered to have a similar status to another when distinct, but may also be seen as \"aspects or manifestations of a single, transcendent god\", or an \"impersonal absolute\". Bernard Jackson points out the extent to which legal regulations, customs, and royal ordinances in \"Halakha\" in the Jewish tradition and \"Dharmaśāstra\"", "title": "Hinduism and Judaism" }, { "id": "20470656", "score": "1.591907", "text": "during the Chams period of central and southern Vietnam. Shiva is considered as one of the major deities in Hinduism. Together with Vishnu and Brahma, Shiva is called the \"\"trimurti\"\" or triad of gods. Shiva is described as both destruction deity and creator deity. Shiva is the most revered god of Indian people, evolved from the Vedic period. The sect of Hinduism, which considers Shiva as the supreme deity is called Shaivism. Goddess Parvati is the consort of Shiva. Shiva is considered as the supreme god and creator of the universe in Shaivism. It is mentioned in Hindu mythology that,", "title": "Head of Shiva" }, { "id": "3507959", "score": "1.5820907", "text": "Parasara Bhattar, a follower of Ramanujacharya has interpreted the names \"Shiva\" and \"Rudra\" in Vishnu sahasranama to mean qualities or attributes of Vishnu, and not to indicate that Vishnu and Shiva are one and the same God. Vaishnavas worship Vishnu in his four-armed form, carrying conch, disc, flower and mace in his hands, believing that to be the Supreme form. However, Smarthas do not subscribe to this aspect or personification of God, as Smarthas say that God is pure and thus devoid of form. Additionally, they believe that God is not limited by time nor limited by shape and color.", "title": "Vishnu Sahasranama" }, { "id": "3668604", "score": "1.5794015", "text": "the Bahuchara Mata Festivals of Gujarat and the Yellamma Festivals of Karnataka, among others. Deities displaying gender variance include Mohini, the female avatar of the god Vishnu and Vaikuntha Kamalaja, the androgynous form of Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi. LBGT interpretations are also drawn in the legends of birth of the deities Ayyappa (a god born from the union of Shiva and Mohini), Bhagiratha (an Indian king born of two female parents) and Kartikeya (where the fire-god Agni \"swallows\" the seed of Shiva after disturbing his coitus with his consort Parvati). Some homosexual Hindus also worship the gods Mitra and", "title": "Hinduism and LGBT topics" }, { "id": "7738913", "score": "1.5791066", "text": "play an important role, deified as goddesses, most prominently the Sapta Sindhu and the Sarasvati River. Yama is the first ancestor, also worshipped as a deity, and the god of the underworld and death. Vishnu and Rudra, the prominent deities of later Hinduism (Rudra being an early form of Shiva), are present as marginal gods. The names of Indra, Mitra, Varuna and the Nasatyas have also attested in a Mitanni treaty, suggesting that some of the religion of the Mitannis was very close to that of the Rigveda. List of Rigvedic deities by a number of dedicated hymns, after Griffith", "title": "Rigvedic deities" }, { "id": "8649578", "score": "1.5775441", "text": "gods. The Paripadal (8; 3; 9 etc.), one of the \"Eight Anthologies\" of poetry (or ettuttokai), has homages to Vishnu, Lakshmi, Brahma, the twelve Adityas, the Ashvins, the Rudras, the Saptarishis, Indra, the Devas etc. The Kural, written by Tiruvalluvar, mentions gods like Indra (25) and Lakshmi (e.g. 167). The Sangam Tamil epic Silappathikaram, begins with invocations to Chandra, Surya, and Indra, and has homages to Agni, Varuna, Shiva, Subrahmanya, Vishnu-Krishna, Uma, etc. The epic states that “Vedic sacrifices [are] being faultlessly performed” and has many references to Vedic culture and Vedic texts. In the Buddhist work Manimekhalai, the submersion", "title": "Hinduism in South India" }, { "id": "967575", "score": "1.5745646", "text": "Agni (fire) and Soma, with \"fire deity\" called the friend of all humanity, it and Soma being the two celebrated in a yajna fire ritual that marks major Hindu ceremonies. Savitr, Vishnu, Rudra (later given the exclusive epithet of Shiva), and Prajapati (later Brahma) are gods and hence Devas. The Vedas describes a number of significant Devis such as Ushas (dawn), Prithvi (earth), Aditi (cosmic moral order), Saraswati (river, knowledge), Vāc (sound), Nirṛti (destruction), Ratri (night), Aranyani (forest), and bounty goddesses such as Dinsana, Raka, Puramdhi, Parendi, Bharati, Mahi among others are mentioned in the \"Rigveda\". Sri, also called Lakshmi,", "title": "Hindu deities" }, { "id": "649267", "score": "1.5724053", "text": "worship the other four deities as different forms of the same all-pervading Brahman. Despite the fact that the Vishnu Purana describes that Vishnu manifests as Brahma in order to create and as Rudra (Shiva) in order to destroy, Vaishnavism generally does not acknowledge the Trimurti concept and in Lord Vishnu but they believe in avataras of Vishnu like Buddha, Rama, Krishna,etc.They also believe that Shiva and Brahma both are forms of Vishnu. For example, the Dvaita school holds Vishnu alone to be the supreme God, with Shiva subordinate, and interprets the Puranas differently. For example, Vijayindra Tîrtha, a Dvaita scholar", "title": "Trimurti" }, { "id": "12467226", "score": "1.5700275", "text": "Vishnu Vishnu (; ; Sanskrit: विष्णु, IAST: \"\") is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being or absolute truth in its Vaishnavism tradition. Vishnu is the \"preserver\" in the Hindu triad (Trimurti) that includes Brahma and Shiva. In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is identical to the formless metaphysical concept called Brahman, the supreme, the Svayam Bhagavan, who takes various avatars as \"the preserver, protector\" whenever the world is threatened with evil, chaos, and destructive forces. His avatars most notably include Rama in the \"Ramayana\" and Krishna in the \"Mahabharata\". He is also known as Narayana, Jagannath, Vasudeva, Vithoba,", "title": "Vishnu" }, { "id": "9685186", "score": "1.5697535", "text": "the end of Kerala – follow the Vaishnavism. They worship Vishnu and Lakshmi as their prime deities and have established many temples of Vishnu in the form of Lakshminarayan, Krishna, Venkatesha, Narasimha and Vithoba. However, their Kuladevatas (family deities) in Goa are Shakta and Shaiva – the sect centred on Shiva. Their tutelary deities are primarily in the form of the Mother Goddess, though they revere all Vedic, Puranic and folk deities equally. Ishta-devata is a term denoting a worshipper's favourite deity. Ganesha is ishta-devata of all the Śeṭs. Ganesh Chaturthi or \"Siddhivināyaka Vrata\" is a major festival of the", "title": "Daivadnya Brahmin" }, { "id": "19306622", "score": "1.563648", "text": "spread all across the universe. As one of the three main gods in the Hindu pantheon, there are many temples dedicated to his worship in perumudivakkam. The most prominent of these are the Jyotirlinga temples and Mellacheruvu Swayabhu Shambhulingeshwara Swami. In Shaivism, Shiva is the god of all and is described as worshipped by all, including Devas (gods) like Brahma and Indra, Asuras (demons) like Banasura and Ravana, humans like Adi Shankara and Nayanars, and creatures as diverse as Jatayu, an eagle, and Vali, an ape. Deities, rishis (sages), and grahas (planets) worshipped Shiva established Shivalingas Perumudivakkam Village lies across", "title": "Perumudivakkam" }, { "id": "12467259", "score": "1.557078", "text": "this includes Krishna and Rama of Hinduism, and the Buddha of Buddhism as avatar of Vishnu. Similarly, the Dasam Granth includes Vishnu mythology mirror that found in the Vaishnav tradition. The latter is of particular importance to Sanatan Sikhs, including Udasis, Nirmalas, Nanak-panthis, Sahajdhari and Keshdhari sub-traditions within Sikhism; however, the Khalsa Sikhs disagree with the Sanatan Sikhs. According to Sanatan Sikh writers, the Gurus of Sikhs were avatars of Vishnu, because the Gurus brought light in the age of darkness and saved people in a time of evil Mughal era persecution. While some Hindus consider Buddha as an incarnation", "title": "Vishnu" }, { "id": "4075879", "score": "1.5564268", "text": "the other's worshippers (i.e. Shiva is still regarded as being above the level of an ordinary jiva and 'the greatest of the Vaishnavas' by Vaishnavas who worship only Vishnu). Sivananda states: \"Shiva and Vishnu are one and the same entity. They are essentially one and the same. They are the names given to the different aspects of the all-pervading Supreme Parabrahman the Supreme Being or the Absolute. ‘Sivasya hridayam vishnur-vishnoscha hridayam sivah—Vishnu is the heart of Shiva and likewise Shiva is the heart of Vishnu’.\" Swaminarayan holds that Vishnu and Shiva are different aspects of the same God. Notably, the", "title": "Harihara" } ]

[ "Republique française", "french republic", "FrancE", "la république francaise", "le france", "republic of france", "people of france", "france", "La Republique française", "La République française", "République francaise", "la republique française", "Republic of france", "la république française", "etymology of france", "République française", "French Republic", "Fracne", "Franciaorszag", "La Republique francaise", "Rain in France", "république française", "la republique francaise", "Franse", "The French Republic", "france country", "Le France", "franse", "frankreich", "frakkland", "franciaország", "FRance", "belle france", "republique française", "Franciaország", "France", "franciaorszag", "Republique francaise", "république francaise", "Republic of France", "iso 3166 1 fr", "ISO 3166-1:FR", "Frankreich", "The Republic of France", "Frakkland", "la france", "FRANCE", "France (country)", "Etymology of France", "ranska", "rain in france", "climate of france", "Belle France", "La République francaise", "Climate of France", "fracne", "republique francaise", "Ranska", "People of France", "La France" ]

[ { "id": "852051", "score": "1.9463288", "text": "Calvados Calvados () is an apple or pear brandy from the Normandy region in France. Apple orchards and brewers are mentioned as far back as the 8th century by Charlemagne. The first known Norman distillation was carried out by Gilles Picot, Lord de Gouberville, in 1553, and the guild for cider distillation was created about 50 years later in 1606. In the 17th century, the traditional cider farms expanded, but taxation and prohibition of cider brandies were enforced elsewhere than Brittany, Maine, and Normandy. The area called \"Calvados\" was created after the French Revolution, but \"eau de vie de cidre\"", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "852058", "score": "1.8426579", "text": "as the units passed through Normandy following the D-Day invasion. Known as \"le trou normand\", it is normally taken between courses at a regimental dinner. Calvados Calvados () is an apple or pear brandy from the Normandy region in France. Apple orchards and brewers are mentioned as far back as the 8th century by Charlemagne. The first known Norman distillation was carried out by Gilles Picot, Lord de Gouberville, in 1553, and the guild for cider distillation was created about 50 years later in 1606. In the 17th century, the traditional cider farms expanded, but taxation and prohibition of cider", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "852057", "score": "1.7627214", "text": "be reminiscent of apples and pears, balanced with flavours of aging. The less-aged calvados distinguishes itself with its fresh apple and pear aromas. The longer the calvados is aged, the more the taste resembles that of any other aged brandy. As calvados ages, it may become golden or darker brown with orange elements and red mahogany. The nose and palate are delicate with concentration of aged apples and dried apricots balanced with butterscotch, nut, and chocolate aromas. Calvados is the regimental drink of The Royal Canadian Hussars, \"Le Régiment de Hull\", and \"Le Régiment de Maisonneuve\", having been taken up", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "852053", "score": "1.7624722", "text": "modern agriculture with high output. The calvados appellation system was revised in 1984 and 1996. Pommeau got its recognition in 1991; in 1997, an appellation for Domfront with 30% pears was created. Cider brandy is also made in the UK, and appears in records going back to 1678. Somerset cider brandy gained European protected geographical indication (PGI) status in 2011. Calvados is distilled from cider made from specially grown and selected apples, from over 200 named varieties. It which are either sweet (such as the 'Rouge Duret' variety), tart (such as the 'Rambault' variety), or bitter (such as the 'Mettais',", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "852052", "score": "1.6603689", "text": "was already called \"calvados\" in common usage. In the 19th century, output increased with industrial distillation and the working class fashion for \"café-calva\". When a phylloxera outbreak in the last quarter of the 19th century devastated the vineyards of France and Europe, calvados experienced a \"golden age\". During World War I, cider brandy was requisitioned for use in armaments due to its alcohol content. The \"appellation contrôlée\" regulations officially gave calvados a protected name in 1942. After the war, many cider houses and distilleries were reconstructed, mainly in the Pays d'Auge. Many of the traditional farmhouse structures were replaced by", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Calvados\n\nCalvados (, , ) is a brandy from Normandy in France, made from apples or pears, or from apples with pears.", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Applejack (drink)\n\nApplejack is a strong alcoholic drink produced from apples. Popular in the American colonial era, the drink's prevalence declined in the 19th and 20th centuries amid competition from other spirits.<ref name=\"SBC\"/> \n\nApplejack is used in several cocktails, including the Jack Rose.<ref name=\"pop\" /> It is a type of fruit brandy.", "title": "Applejack (drink)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cider\n\nCider ( ) is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. Cider is widely available in the United Kingdom (particularly in the West Country) and the Republic of Ireland. The UK has the world's highest per capita consumption, as well as the largest cider-producing companies. Ciders from the South West of England are generally higher in alcoholic content. Cider is also popular in many Commonwealth countries, such as India, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. As well as the UK and its former colonies, cider is popular in Portugal (mainly in Minho and Madeira), France (particularly Normandy and Brittany), Friuli, and northern Spain (specifically Asturias). Germany also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein. In the U.S., varieties of fermented cider are often called hard cider to distinguish alcoholic cider from non-alcoholic apple cider or \"sweet cider\", also made from apples. In Canada, cider cannot contain less than 2.5% or over 13% absolute alcohol by volume.\n\nThe juice of most varieties of apple, including crab apples, can be used to make cider, but cider apples are best. The addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the ethanol content of the resulting beverage. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% to 8.5% ABV or more in traditional English ciders, and 3.5% to 12% in continental ciders. although CAMRA (the Campaign for Real Ale) says that \"real cider\" must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. In the US, there is a 50% minimum. In France, cider must be made solely from apples.\n\nIn 2014, a study found that a bottle of mass-market cider contained five teaspoons (20.5 g) of sugar, nearly the amount the WHO recommends as an adult's daily allowance of added sugar, and 5–10 times the amount of sugar in lager or ale.\n\nPerry is a similar product to cider made from fermented pear juice. When distilled, cider turns into fruit brandy.", "title": "Cider" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fruit brandy\n\nFruit spirit (or fruit brandy) is a distilled beverage produced from mash, juice, wine or residues of edible fruits. The term covers a broad class of spirits produced across the world, and typically excludes beverages made from grapes, which are referred to as plain brandy (when made from distillation from wine) or pomace brandy (when made directly from grape pomace). Apples, pears, apricots, plums and cherries are the most commonly used fruits.", "title": "Fruit brandy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of national liquors\n\nThis is a list of national liquors. A national liquor is a distilled alcoholic beverage considered standard and respected in a given country. While the status of many such drinks may be informal, there is usually a consensus in a given country that a specific drink has national status or is the \"most popular liquor\" in a given nation. This list is distinct from national drink, which include non-alcoholic beverages.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of national liquors" }, { "id": "852054", "score": "1.6409009", "text": "'Saint Martin', 'Frequin', and 'Binet Rouge' varieties), the latter being inedible. The fruit is harvested and pressed into a juice that is fermented into a dry cider. It is then distilled into \"eau de vie\". After two years of aging in oak casks, it can be sold as calvados. The longer it is aged, the smoother the drink becomes. Usually, the maturation goes on for several years. The appellation of AOC (\"appellation d'origine contrôlée\") for calvados authorizes double distillation for all calvados, but it is required for the \"Calvados Pays d'Auge\". The usual arguments for and against the two processes", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "17222472", "score": "1.6258186", "text": "as it appears in his Livre de raison, reveals the common sense that he demonstrated in every occasion. However, the most distinctive features of this young squire are his compassion and his moral values which make him so endearing. On 28 March 1553, in his Journal, he mentioned the practice of distilling cider to make apple brandy, the first reference to the spirits known today as Calvados. He is buried somewhere in the church in Le Mesnil-au-Val, the exact location is unknown. Since 1986, an association called the Comité Gilles de Gouberville has been busy providing information about the Norman", "title": "Gilles de Gouberville" }, { "id": "16188672", "score": "1.6256397", "text": "Calvados Roger Groult Calvados Roger Groult is a calvados brandy that is produced by the Groult family at the Clos de la Hurvanière, located in Saint-Cyr-du-Ronceray in Normandy (France), in the Pays d'Auge, noted for its ciders and Calvados. The Groult family moved to the Clos de la Hurvanière in the 18th century. Pierre Groult (1830-1918) began to distill cider around 1850. Pierre Groult expanded production by purchasing a pot still and building a cellar. He also began to bottle the Calvados; previously it had only been sold in casks as was common practice at the time. Upon succeeding his", "title": "Calvados Roger Groult" }, { "id": "4611539", "score": "1.5834253", "text": "Europe only rest very briefly in glass containers, others are aged in wooden casks before bottling. Thus, calvados, an apple-based spirit from northwestern France, is required by law to spend at least two years in wood, and most producers also offer much older products to the market (up to 20 years or more). Some \"slivovitz\" are also aged in wooden casks, giving them their golden or amber color and some additional flavors. In the Caribbean, eaux-de-vie are made from tropical fruits such as banana, ambarella, guava, mango, pineapple, and sapodilla. The term can also refer to maple \"eau de vie\",", "title": "Eau de vie" }, { "id": "852055", "score": "1.5832965", "text": "are that the former process gives the spirit complexity and renders it suitable for longer aging, whilst the latter process gives the calvados a fresh and clean apple flavour but with less complexity. In fact, a growing belief indicates a well-operated column still can produce as complex and \"age-able\" calvados as double distillation. Like many French wines, calvados is governed by \"appellation contrôlée\" regulations. The three appellations for calvados are: The age on the bottle refers to the youngest constituent of the blend. A blend is often composed of old and young calvados. Producers can also use the terms below", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "12536498", "score": "1.5706887", "text": "and cassis, rather than white wine and cassis for the traditional \"kir\". The Domfrontais, in the Orne (Basse-Normandie), is famous for its pear cider (poiré). The \"calvados du Domfrontais\" is made of cider and poiré. Some cider is also made in southwestern France, in the French part of the Basque Country. It is a traditional drink there and is making a recovery. Ciders produced here are generally of the style seen in the Spanish part of the Basque Country. A recently popular variety is the Akived, a piquant drink served cold. Calvados, from Normandy, and Lambig from Brittany are a", "title": "Cider" }, { "id": "12536488", "score": "1.5526321", "text": "raised to 20–30 % alcohol by volume. Home production of applejack is popular in Europe. A few producers in Quebec and England, inspired by ice wine, have developed ice cider (French: \"cidre de glace\"). For this product, the apples are frozen either before or after being harvested. Its alcohol concentration is 9–13 % ABV. A popular apéritif in Normandy is \"pommeau\", a drink produced by blending unfermented apple juice and apple brandy in the barrel (the high alcoholic content of the spirit prevents fermentation of the juice and the blend takes on the character of the aged barrel). Cocktails may", "title": "Cider" }, { "id": "852056", "score": "1.5496585", "text": "to refer to the age. High-quality calvados usually has parts which are much older than that mentioned. Calvados can be made from a single (generally, exceptionally good) year. When this happens, the label often carries that year. Calvados is the basis of the tradition of \"le trou Normand\", or \"the Norman hole\". This is a small drink of calvados taken between courses in a very long meal, sometimes with apple or pear sorbet, supposedly to reawaken the appetite. Calvados can be served as an \"apéritif\", blended in drinks, between meals, as a \"digestif\", or with coffee. Well-made calvados should naturally", "title": "Calvados" }, { "id": "16188674", "score": "1.5369601", "text": "them to hotels and restaurants abroad. Jean-Pierre Groult was succeeded in 2008 by his son Jean-Roger. Jean-Roger Groult is a founding member of a new Calvados association, Esprit Calvados. Esprit Calvados is the association of 5 family owned Calvados estates in Pays d' Auge. The Calvados Roger Groult SA remains an independent family company. It employs eight people. Calvados Roger Groult Calvados Roger Groult is a calvados brandy that is produced by the Groult family at the Clos de la Hurvanière, located in Saint-Cyr-du-Ronceray in Normandy (France), in the Pays d'Auge, noted for its ciders and Calvados. The Groult family", "title": "Calvados Roger Groult" }, { "id": "15046693", "score": "1.5368584", "text": "by Laurence Conisbee to produce apple brandy from its own cider (Virtual Orchard Cider). The distillery uses 300 litre, hand-beaten copper pot alembic stills from Portugal. Their range now includes a gin \"Safine Drenc\", vodka \"Gadan Drenc\", and a range of single malts \"Fyr Drenc\". Later in 2018 they plan to introduce a dark rum. Their first whisky, named \"Cattle Creep\" after the narrow tunnel passing under the nearby Grand Union canal, is scheduled for release in late 2018. Matured in a Madeira cask, this very limited release will be bottled at 40% with a small offering of a \"Distiller's", "title": "English whisky" }, { "id": "11377336", "score": "1.5319068", "text": "used similar to \"cordials\", and as an ingredient in cocktails and cakes. Fruit brandies obtained by distillation are often referred by the French term eau de vie. Fruit brandy usually contains 40% to 45% ABV (80 to 90 US proof). It is often colourless. Fruit brandy is customarily drunk chilled or over ice, but is occasionally mixed. Including some of the above, there are about 80 different kinds of fruit brandies in the European Union, registered with protected designations of origin from Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Luxembourg, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and Spain. Most of these fruit brandies are", "title": "Fruit brandy" }, { "id": "5726153", "score": "1.5264931", "text": "the Russian-speaking countries of the former Soviet Union, the Armenian brandy is marketed as cognac (). In 1900, the brandy won the Grand-prix award in Paris. The term \"brandy\" has never really caught on in the region. An undocumented anecdote claims that during the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill was so impressed with the Armenian brandy Dvin given to him by Joseph Stalin that he asked for several cases of it to be sent to him each year. Reportedly 400 bottles of Dvin were shipped to Churchill annually. This brandy was named in honour of the ancient capital Dvin, and was", "title": "Ararat (brandy)" }, { "id": "19865828", "score": "1.523845", "text": "Medal at San Francisco World Spirits Competition. \"Armour & Oak Apple Brandy\" is an apple brandy made using apples from Blue Ridge, Georgia's Mercier Orchards. \"Monday Night\" is a Scottish-style single malt whiskey made in collaboration with Atlanta's Monday Night Brewing. The whiskey was \"distilled in a single distillery (ASW) using a pot stilled distillation process made from a mash of malted grain\", which reviewers describe as the \"like a marriage of bourbon and Scotch — a good entry point for Scotch newbies.\" \"Duality Double Malt\" is a whiskey distilled from 50% malted rye and 50% cherry-smoked malted barley. The", "title": "ASW Distillery" }, { "id": "559428", "score": "1.5173757", "text": "Russian grading system that is similar to the French one, but extends it significantly: Brandy Brandy is a spirit produced by distilling wine. Brandy generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically drunk as an after-dinner digestif. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks, others are coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of aging, and some are produced using a combination of both aging and colouring. Varieties of wine brandy can be found across the winemaking world. Among the most renowned are Cognac and Armagnac from southwestern France. In a broader sense, the term", "title": "Brandy" }, { "id": "8569997", "score": "1.5157425", "text": "manufacturing. Despite the fact that only brandies produced in the Cognac region of France have the copyright to be called “cognac” according to Western trade rules, Armenian brandy is called cognac inside Armenia. Yerevan Brandy Factory is now negotiating to obtain an official privilege to market its brandy as cognac. Armenian brandy is categorized by its age and method of aging. The rated stars indicate the age of brandy since its fermentation starting from 3 stars. The most expensive cognacs have passed additional vintage for more that 6 years and have special names. The brandy is aged in oak barrels", "title": "Armenian cuisine" } ]

[ "Kaspiy teñizi", "Sea of Baku", "caspian sea region", "hazar deňizi", "Mazanderan Sea", "khvaliskoye", "Kaspiyskoye more", "Sea of Caspia", "hyrcanian ocean", "Hyrcanian Sea", "kaspiyskoye more", "Mazandaran sea", "Hyrcanian Ocean", "The Caspian Sea", "Daryā-i Xazar", "Caspian Sea Region", "Hazar deňizi", "sea of baku", "mazandaran sea", "Mazandaran Sea", "caspian ocean", "Caspian region", "apsheron sill", "Caspian Lake", "caspian seas", "kaspiy teñizi", "Caspian Sea", "Caspian seas", "Apsheron Sill", "hyrcanian sea", "sea of caspia", "caspian region", "Daryā-i Māzandarān", "Apsheron Threshold", "apsheron threshold", "Caspian Ocean", "daryā i māzandarān", "mazanderan sea", "caspian lake", "Caspian Sea basin", "caspian sea", "caspian area", "daryā i xazar", "Khvaliskoye", "caspian sea basin", "Caspian area", "Caspian sea" ]

[ { "id": "105770", "score": "1.8892789", "text": "from Helle, the daughter of Athamas, who was drowned here in the mythology of the Golden Fleece. As a maritime waterway, the Dardanelles connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia, and specifically connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. The Marmara further connects to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus, while the Aegean further links to the Mediterranean. Thus, the Dardanelles allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making", "title": "Dardanelles" }, { "id": "44712", "score": "1.8164891", "text": "Marmara further connects to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from Russia. The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain the subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by", "title": "Bosporus" }, { "id": "15560731", "score": "1.7946296", "text": "to hold back the Black Sea. Finally, on January 17, 1994 shortly before the local elections, the leader of the Democratic Left Party (DSP) Bülent Ecevit proposed a canal connecting the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It was not until April 2009, when the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government started discreet studies on the project and concrete steps were taken for the revival of the project. The project was mentioned by Minister of Transport Binali Yıldırım in May 2009 at the parliament. Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the \"Kanal İstanbul\" project on April 27, 2011 during", "title": "Kanal İstanbul" }, { "id": "38248", "score": "1.7751181", "text": "that sea to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean. These waters separate Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Western Asia. The Black Sea is also connected, to the North, to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch. The water level has varied significantly. Due to these variations in the water level in the basin, the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been land. At certain critical water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established. It is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea", "title": "Black Sea" }, { "id": "2868193", "score": "1.75679", "text": "to circumvent the Danube Delta, which is difficult to navigate, to shorten the distance to the Black Sea, and several issues related to the loading and unloading of ships. In its delta, the Danube is divided into three main branches, none of which is suited to optimal navigation: Chilia branch is the deepest, but its mouths were not stable, which made navigation dangerous; Sulina branch is not deep enough for maritime ships to navigate on it and it also used to be isolated from the railroad system; Sfântu Gheorghe branch is shallow and sinuous. At the time when the decision", "title": "Danube–Black Sea Canal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sea of Azov\n\nThe Sea of Azov (Crimean Tatar: \"Azaq deñizi\"; ; ) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, and is sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded by Russia on the east, and by Ukraine on the northwest and southwest, currently under Russian occupation.\n\nThe sea is largely affected by the inflow of the Don, Kuban, and other rivers, which bring sand, silt, and shells, which in turn form numerous bays, limans, and narrow spits. Because of these deposits, the sea bottom is relatively smooth and flat with the depth gradually increasing toward the middle. Also, due to the river inflow, water in the sea has low salinity and a high amount of biomass (such as green algae) that affects the water colour. Abundant plankton result in unusually high fish productivity. The sea shores and spits are low; they are rich in vegetation and bird colonies. The Sea of Azov is the shallowest sea in the world, with the depth varying between . There is a constant outflow of water from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea.", "title": "Sea of Azov" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Eurasia Canal\n\nThe Eurasia Canal (, \"Kanal \"Evraziya\"\") is a proposed 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) canal connecting the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression. Currently, a chain of lakes and reservoirs and the shallow irrigation Kuma-Manych Canal are found along this route. If completed the canal would also link several landlocked countries in Asia with the open seas through the Bosphorus.\n\nThe canal is intended to provide a shorter route for shipping than the existing Volga–Don Canal system of waterways; it would also require fewer locks (or lower-rise locks) than the Volga-Don route.\n\nManych Ship Canal is the existing canal system that would be the likely route for the Eurasian Canal.", "title": "Eurasia Canal" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Boundaries between the continents" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ivan Aivazovsky\n\nIvan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (; 29 July 18172 May 1900) was a Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. Baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian, he was born into an Armenian family in the Black Sea port of Feodosia in Crimea and was mostly based there.\n\nFollowing his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and lived briefly in Italy in the early 1840s. He then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the Russian Navy. Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the Russian Empire and often attended military maneuvers. He was sponsored by the state and was well-regarded during his lifetime. The saying \"worthy of Aivazovsky's brush\", popularized by Anton Chekhov, was used in Russia for describing something lovely. He remains highly popular in Russia in the 21st century.<ref name=\"2017poll\"/>\n\nOne of the most prominent Russian artists of his time, Aivazovsky was also popular outside Russian Empire. He held numerous solo exhibitions in Europe and the United States. During his almost 60-year career, he created around 6,000 paintings, making him one of the most prolific artists of his time.<ref name=\"Lang\"/> The vast majority of his works are seascapes, but he often depicted battle scenes, Armenian themes, and portraiture. Most of Aivazovsky's works are kept in Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Turkish museums as well as private collections.", "title": "Ivan Aivazovsky" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject Core Content/Articles" }, { "id": "10754920", "score": "1.7495364", "text": "each and two yachts. Van Kinsbergen decided nevertheless that the moment had arrived to make a name for himself and acted as aggressively as his limited powers allowed. He entered the Sea of Marmara through the Bosporus, charted it as the first Western European ever, then entered the Dardanelles and finally returned to the Black Sea after duelling with a coastal fortress of Istanbul. Twice that year he defeated a Turkish fleet and won the title 'Hero of the Black Sea'. On 23 June, he encountered a Turkish flotilla of three frigates of 52 cannon and a ship-of-the-line of 75", "title": "Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen" }, { "id": "839423", "score": "1.7480044", "text": "\"Balük-Denis\" (\"Fish Sea\") from its high productivity. There are traces of Neolithic settlement in the area now covered by the sea. In 1997, William Ryan and Walter Pitman of Columbia University published a theory that a massive flood through the Bosporus occurred in ancient times. They claim that the Black and Caspian Seas were vast freshwater lakes, but in about the Mediterranean spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosporus, creating the current link between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Subsequent work has been done both to support and to discredit this theory, and archaeologists still debate it. This has", "title": "Sea of Azov" }, { "id": "3841", "score": "1.7477202", "text": "depth of , then flows through the Dardanelles Strait and into the Sea of Marmara at velocities of . The Black Sea outflow moves westward along the northern Aegean Sea, then flows southwards along the east coast of Greece. The physical oceanography of the Aegean Sea is controlled mainly by the regional climate, the fresh water discharge from major rivers draining southeastern Europe, and the seasonal variations in the Black Sea surface water outflow through the Dardanelles Strait. Analysis of the Aegean during 1991 and 1992 revealed three distinct water masses: The current coastline dates back to about 4000 BC.", "title": "Aegean Sea" }, { "id": "15560728", "score": "1.7468882", "text": "prevent the pollution caused by cargo vessels passing through or mooring in the Sea of Marmara before the southern entrance of the Bosphorus. The waterway will have a length of with a depth of . Its width will be on the surface and at the canal bed. These dimensions will allow the largest vessels and even submarines to pass. On January 15, 2018 the route of the project was clear. The Ministry of Transport announced that the project will pass through the routes of Küçükçekmece Lake, Sazlısu Dam and Terkos Dam. The concept of a canal linking the Black Sea", "title": "Kanal İstanbul" }, { "id": "2868197", "score": "1.7388442", "text": "and Galați, which saw an economic boom. But there were a number of barriers to this trade: the Ottomans controlled the navigation regime on the Danube, while the Russian Empire – the access to the Black Sea in the Danube Delta, and there was little the Danubian Principalities could do to rectify this situation. Both countries welcomed the Austrian Empire's 1834 decision, endorsed by Count István Széchenyi, to extend the route of the first pyroscaphe navigation company to the maritime Danube. The Austrian initiative was received unpleasantly by the Russians, who considered their trade through Odessa and ports in the", "title": "Danube–Black Sea Canal" }, { "id": "38246", "score": "1.7366644", "text": "of , and a volume of . It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south, Caucasus Mountains to the east, Crimean Mountains to the north, Strandzha to the southwest, Dobrogea Plateau to the northwest, and features a wide shelf to the northwest. The longest East-West extent is about . Important cities along the coast include Batumi, Burgas, Constanța, Giresun, Istanbul, Kerch, Novorossiysk, Odessa, Ordu, Poti, Rize, Samsun, Sevastopol, Sochi, Sukhumi, Trabzon, Varna, Yalta, and Zonguldak. The Black Sea has a positive water balance; that is, a net outflow of water per year through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles", "title": "Black Sea" }, { "id": "38249", "score": "1.7333885", "text": "joins the world ocean. When this hydrological link is not present, the Black Sea is an endorheic basin, operating independently of the global ocean system, like the Caspian Sea for example. Currently the Black Sea water level is relatively high, thus water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean. The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea, and comprise the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows: Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name \"Black Sea\", including these given", "title": "Black Sea" }, { "id": "2868195", "score": "1.7263827", "text": "radius of its sharpest bends is for the main branch, and , for the northern branch. The waterway passes through the towns of Medgidia and Murfatlar, both of which have been turned into inland ports. It was designed to facilitate the transit of convoys comprising as much as six towed barges, up to 3,000 in tonnage each, in length and wide (ships of up to 5,000 in tonnage, as long as and with as much as in beam and in draft can also pass through the canal). The structure is bound by four locks (in Cernavodă and Agigea, and in", "title": "Danube–Black Sea Canal" }, { "id": "12552739", "score": "1.7252252", "text": "the Caspian via a number of portages that connected the Volga and its tributaries with the Don River (which flows into the Sea of Azov) and various rivers that flow into the Baltic Sea. Primitive canals connecting the Volga Basin with the Baltic have been constructed as early as the early 18th century. Since then, a number of canal projects have been completed. The two modern canal systems that connect the Volga Basin, and hence the Caspian Sea, with the ocean are the Volga–Baltic Waterway and the Volga–Don Canal. The proposed Pechora–Kama Canal was a project that was widely discussed", "title": "Caspian Sea" }, { "id": "839464", "score": "1.7219684", "text": "Russia – thus connecting major cities such as Moscow, Volgograd and Astrakhan. Currently, the major ports are in Taganrog, Mariupol, Yeysk and Berdyansk. Increasing navigation rates have resulted in more pollution and even in ecological disasters. On 11 November 2007, a strong storm resulted in the sinking of four ships in the Strait of Kerch, in the Russian Port of Kavkaz. The ships were the Russian bulk carriers \"Volnogorsk\", \"Nakhichevan\", \"Kovel\" and the Georgian \"Haji Izmail\" with a Turkish crew. Six other ships were driven from their anchors and stranded and two tankers were damaged (Volgoneft-139 and Volgoneft-123). As a", "title": "Sea of Azov" }, { "id": "38278", "score": "1.7219192", "text": "to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait. The hypothesis was headlined when \"The New York Times\" published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an academic journal. While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur, there is debate over the suddenness, dating and magnitude of the events. Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths. The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world: the Balkans to the west, the Eurasian", "title": "Black Sea" }, { "id": "5354790", "score": "1.7213593", "text": "based on a detailed scale model of the \"Argo\". In 1984, with twenty volunteer oarsmen, Severin rowed and sailed from northern Greece through the Dardanelles, crossed the Marmara Sea, and passed through the Straits of Bosphorus to the Black Sea, reaching the Phasis delta in then-Soviet Georgia—a voyage of 1,500 miles (2,400 km). Along the way they identified many of the landmarks visited by Jason and his Argonauts, and found a likely explanation for the legend of the Golden Fleece. Severin recounted the expedition in \"The Jason Voyage\" (1985). Once again making use of the \"Argo\" from \"The Jason Voyage\",", "title": "Tim Severin" }, { "id": "38247", "score": "1.714953", "text": "into the Aegean Sea. Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of a two-way hydrological exchange. The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline, and floats over the warm, more saline Mediterranean inflow – as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity – leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters. The Black Sea drains into the Mediterranean Sea, via the Aegean Sea and various straits, and is navigable to the Atlantic Ocean. The Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the Strait of the Dardanelles connects", "title": "Black Sea" }, { "id": "12552738", "score": "1.7144215", "text": "the Volga, is connected by important shipping canals with the Don River (and thus the Black Sea) and with the Baltic Sea, with branch canals to Northern Dvina and to the White Sea. Another Caspian tributary, the Kuma River, is connected by an irrigation canal with the Don basin as well. Several scheduled ferry services (including train ferries) operate on the Caspian Sea, including: The ferries are mostly used for cargo; only the Baku–Aktau and Baku–Türkmenbaşy routes accept passengers. As an endorheic basin, the Caspian Sea basin has no natural connection with the ocean. Since the medieval period, traders reached", "title": "Caspian Sea" }, { "id": "12270161", "score": "1.7126454", "text": "and the Black/Azov Sea basins. Further east, on the East Manych River (which flows east), the Chogray Reservoir, 48.8 km long, was constructed in 1969-1973, but at that time the focus was on irrigation, not shipping. The Russian government's interest in improvement of the waterways between the Caspian basin and that of the Azov and Black Seas - which may or may not involve the Eurasia Canal route - is due to the increasing volume of cargo traffic between the Volga-Caspian basin and European countries, as well as the inadequacy of existing facilities on the Volga-Don Canal for handling the", "title": "Eurasia Canal" } ]

[ "whippersin", "Master of Foxhounds", "Master of the Hounds", "Fox Hunt", "hunting with hounds", "master of fox hounds", "fox hunt", "Fox-hunt", "Whippers in", "Fox-hunter", "Fox-hunting", "Fox Hunting", "whipper in", "fox hunting", "Hunt follower", "Whippersin", "beasts of chase", "Fox hunt", "Beasts of the chase", "Master of Fox Hounds", "fox hunter", "Fox hunting", "foxhunt", "Whipper-in", "hunt follower", "Fox hunter", "master of hounds", "Foxhunting", "fox hunters", "Foxhunt", "master of foxhounds", "foxhunting", "Whippers-in", "Fox hunters", "whipperin", "Whipper in", "whippers in", "Whipperin", "Hunting with hounds" ]

[ { "id": "429263", "score": "1.6338395", "text": "Major sports, including association football, tennis, rugby union, rugby league, golf, boxing, netball, rowing and cricket, originated or were substantially developed in the UK and the states that preceded it. With the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th century Victorian Britain, in 2012, the President of the IOC, Jacques Rogge, stated; \"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational", "title": "United Kingdom" }, { "id": "4174792", "score": "1.6282501", "text": "there was significant controversy in the fight for amateur purity especially in rugby and rowing. New games became popular almost overnight, including golf, lawn tennis, cycling and hockey. Women were much more likely to enter these sports than the old established ones. The aristocracy and landed gentry, with their ironclad control over land rights, dominated hunting, shooting, fishing and horse racing. Many modern Olympic sports trace their roots back to Britain. Political responsibility for sport is a devolved matter. As England has no parliament of her own, the United Kingdom Department of Culture, Media and Sport which is headed by", "title": "Sport in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "19799243", "score": "1.6196642", "text": "Ages, and was mentioned by Nennius in the ninth century. There is evidence that the game was played at Tintern Abbey and Raglan Castle once held a Pêl-law court inside its Great Hall of State. By Tudor times, most sports in Wales were banned by order of the English Crown. Sports were banned for a number of reasons, but in Wales they were particularly seen as a distraction from the practice of archery as Welsh longbowmen were integral to the defence of the kingdom. The banned sports were also seen as encouraging gambling, violence and debauchery with only Christmas (and", "title": "Welsh handball" }, { "id": "14182334", "score": "1.6171532", "text": "British origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of football and rugby union at Gaelic venues. This ban, also known as Rule 42, is still enforced, but was modified to allow football and rugby to be played in Croke Park while Lansdowne Road was redeveloped into Aviva Stadium. Until recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the RUC from playing Gaelic games, but the advent of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban. Nationalism is often evident in the pursuit", "title": "Sport" }, { "id": "5797625", "score": "1.6084837", "text": "circuit judges ruling in 1632 that \"all public ales be henceforth utterly suppressed\". The following year Charles reversed the judges' ruling of 1632. He produced a new version of James's \"Book of Sports\", which he ordered to be read in every church. In it he wrote: The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 brought the Games to an end. The Games were revived at some uncertain date after the Restoration of 1660. Dover had died in 1652, and bereft of his influence, the Games became \"just another drunken country festival\", according to an account written by the poet", "title": "Cotswold Olimpick Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fox hunting\n\nFox hunting is an activity involving the tracking, chase and, if caught, the killing of a fox, traditionally a red fox, by trained foxhounds or other scent hounds. A group of unarmed followers, led by a \"master of foxhounds\" (or \"master of hounds\"), follow the hounds on foot or on horseback. In Australia, the term also refers to the hunting of foxes with firearms, similar to deer hunting.\n\nFox hunting with hounds, as a formalised activity, originated in England in the sixteenth century, in a form very similar to that practised until February 2005, when a law banning the activity in England and Wales came into force. A ban on hunting in Scotland had been passed in 2002, but it continues to be within the law in Northern Ireland and several other areas, including Australia, Canada, France, the Republic of Ireland and the United States.\n\nThe sport is controversial, particularly in the United Kingdom. Proponents of fox hunting view it as an important part of rural culture, and useful for reasons of conservation and pest control, while opponents argue that it is cruel and unnecessary.", "title": "Fox hunting" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hunting Act 2004\n\nThe Hunting Act 2004 (c 37) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which bans the hunting of most wild mammals (notably foxes, deer, hares and mink) with dogs in England and Wales, subject to some strictly limited exemptions; the Act does not cover the use of dogs in the process of flushing out an unidentified wild mammal, nor does it affect drag hunting, where hounds are trained to follow an artificial scent.\n\nThe Act came into force on 18 February 2005. The pursuit of foxes with hounds, other than to flush out to be shot, had been banned in Scotland two years earlier by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002. Such hunting remains permitted by the law in Northern Ireland, where the Act does not apply.", "title": "Hunting Act 2004" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Conkers\n\nConkers is a traditional children's game in Great Britain and Ireland played using the seeds of horse chestnut trees—the name 'conker' is also applied to the seed and to the tree itself. The game is played by two players, each with a conker threaded onto a piece of string: they take turns striking each other's conker until one breaks.", "title": "Conkers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sport in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Trail hunting\n\nTrail hunting is a legal, although controversial, alternative to hunting animals with hounds in Great Britain. A trail of animal urine (most commonly fox) is laid in advance of the 'hunt', and then tracked by the hound pack and a group of followers; on foot, horseback, or both. ", "title": "Trail hunting" }, { "id": "19799244", "score": "1.5808699", "text": "later Easter) seeing the ban relaxed. As sports enjoyed by the English nobility (such as jousting, bear-baiting and cock-fighting) continued with no such restrictions, the outlawed sports came to be seen as an expression of protest against the landowning class. This social context was exacerbated as authorities continued to characterise pêl-law games as havens of mob behavior, sedition and ultimately revolt. As the Tudor period continued, laws specific to Wales were introduced which removed historic Welsh institutions and barred Welsh people (or English people with Welsh connections) from positions of authority. As such, the surviving Welsh folk-pursuits gained a unique", "title": "Welsh handball" }, { "id": "8657269", "score": "1.5768797", "text": "Police station on match days, and hand in his passport every time a British team played abroad. His banning order expired in 2005. Nicholls helped publicise the \"Straight Red Campaign\" in August 2006 which introduced FBOs in Scotland. FBO had been in place in England and Wales for six years and were being expanded to include Scotland. The campaign was launched at Hampden Park in Glasgow with Nicholls saying, \"A banning order hurts more than any thump or kick you get and, more importantly, hurts more than any fine. They even hurt more than getting sent to prison. The banning", "title": "Andy Nicholls" }, { "id": "4174782", "score": "1.5740167", "text": "Sport in the United Kingdom Sport in the United Kingdom plays an important role in British culture. The United Kingdom has given birth to a range of major international sports including: football, rugby, both (union and league), cricket, netball, darts, golf, tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash, croquet, fives, bowls, modern rowing, hockey, boxing, water polo, snooker, billiards, and curling. This has meant that in the infancy of many sports, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland formed among the earliest separate governing bodies, national teams and domestic league competitions. After 1922 some sports formed separate bodies for Northern Ireland though some continued", "title": "Sport in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "16399133", "score": "1.573389", "text": "cricket, dicing, and carding. The remainder of the whole Act was repealed by section 15 of, and Part I of Schedule 6 to, the Betting and Gaming Act 1960 (8 & 9 Eliz. 2, c.60). The Act forbade all sport on Christmas Day with the exception of archery practice, meaning that footballers who played on Christmas Day before 1960, when the Football League routinely scheduled fixtures for 25 December, had technically broken the law. This is section 7 in Ruffhead's Edition. It was of a local character. Unlawful Games Act 1541 The Unlawful Games Act 1541 (33 Hen 8 c", "title": "Unlawful Games Act 1541" }, { "id": "4174785", "score": "1.5677793", "text": "the role of Puritan power, the English Civil War, and the Restoration of the monarchy in England. The Long Parliament in 1642 \"banned theatres, which had met with Puritan disapproval. Although similar action would be taken against certain sports, it is not clear if cricket was in any way prohibited, except that players must not \"break the Sabbath\"\". In 1660, \"the Restoration of the monarchy in England was immediately followed by the reopening of the theatres and so any sanctions that had been imposed by the Puritans on cricket would also have been lifted.\" He goes on to make the", "title": "Sport in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "7793767", "score": "1.5600164", "text": "of James II in 1457 which banned both football and golf. The French game La soule is another mass participation ball game similar to the English and Scottish mob football. It was banned by Phillippe V in 1319, and again by Charles V in 1369. In 1440 the bishop of Tréguier threatened players with excommunication and a fine of 100 sol, saying that \"these dangerous and pernicious games must be prohibited because of hatred, grudges and enmities which, under the veil of recreational fun, accumulate in many hearts\". The Enclosure Acts placed common land into individual ownership and removed the", "title": "Attempts to ban football games" }, { "id": "4230510", "score": "1.5575477", "text": "declaration has largely the same main text as the 1617 version, but with an additional paragraph at the beginning explaining that the king has decided to make the declaration applicable to the whole of England. The declaration listed archery, dancing, \"leaping, vaulting, or any other such harmless recreation\" as permissible sports, together with \"May-games, Whitsun-ales and Morris-dances, and the setting up of May-poles\". Also allowed: \"women shall have leave to carry rushes to the church for the decorating of it, according to their old custom.\" Amongst the activities that were prohibited were bear- and bull-baiting, \"interludes\" and bowling. On the", "title": "Declaration of Sports" }, { "id": "3522642", "score": "1.5570993", "text": "of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday: Numerous attempts were made to ban football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms. This was especially the case in England, and in other parts of Europe, during the Middle Ages and early modern period. Between 1324 and 1667, in England alone, football was banned by more than 30 royal and local laws. The need to repeatedly proclaim such laws demonstrated the difficulty in enforcing bans on popular games. King Edward II was so troubled by the unruliness of football in London that, on 13 April 1314, he issued", "title": "History of rugby union" }, { "id": "9739447", "score": "1.5548388", "text": "British population watched the conclusion of the celebrated Dennis Taylor versus Steve Davis World Championship final even though it ended after midnight. Darts is another British-centred sport with an assured place in the attention of the English sporting public. Lawn Bowls is popular, particularly with the elderly. International competitions are often televised. In the early 20th century England had some of the largest sports facilities in the world, but the level of comfort and amenities they offered would be considered totally unacceptable by modern standards. After a long period of decline relative to other developed countries English facilities have made", "title": "Sport in England" }, { "id": "6490390", "score": "1.5512884", "text": "days before and 3 days after her final violation. The British Olympic Association also imposed a lifetime ban on competing at future Olympic Games for Great Britain. She appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, but the original decision was upheld, even though CAS emphasised that there was no suspicion of doping. Ohuruogu submitted a further appeal, citing the precedent of triathlete Tim Don. Ohuruogu suggested that she would probably leave Britain and compete in the Olympics for another country if it was unsuccessful, but confessed \"I haven't really given it any serious thought.\". Her Olympic ban was over-ruled", "title": "Christine Ohuruogu" }, { "id": "18283365", "score": "1.551088", "text": "he argued against a Labour committee recommendation to abolish blood sports such fox-hunting. The committee argued that such practices were barbaric. Willoughby argued that a ban on such sports \"would have a serious effect on horse breeding, and the prosperity of its allied trades and professions, including country practices of veterinary surgeons.\" He would again raise the same issue in 1983, noting \"the threat to countryside sports, saying that a ban would mean the loss of 45,000 jobs which was equivalent to one quarter of the British agricultural labour force.\" Also in 1979, he raised opposition to large corporations and", "title": "Michael Willoughby, 12th Baron Middleton" }, { "id": "1951310", "score": "1.5493863", "text": "each of the countries of the United Kingdom. Though each country is also represented individually at the Commonwealth Games, there is a single 'Team GB' (for Great Britain) that represents the UK at the Olympic Games. With the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th-century Victorian Britain, in 2012, IOC President Jacques Rogge stated; \"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognized as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "2402986", "score": "1.5434179", "text": "class in Great Britain, with Queen Anne founding the Ascot Racecourse. Some historians – most notably Bernard Lewis – claim that team sports as we know them today are primarily an invention of Western culture. British Prime Minister John Major was more explicit in 1995: The traditional teams sports are seen as springing primarily from Britain, and subsequently exported across the vast British Empire. European colonialism certainly helped spread particular games around the world, especially cricket (not directly related to baseball), football of various sorts, bowling in a number of forms, cue sports (like snooker, carom billiards, and pool), hockey", "title": "History of sport" }, { "id": "1951334", "score": "1.5422761", "text": "United Kingdom, including association football, golf, tennis, boxing, rugby league, rugby union, cricket, field hockey, snooker, darts, billiards, squash, curling and badminton, all of which are popular in Britain. Another sport invented in the UK was baseball, and its early form rounders is popular among children in Britain. Snooker and darts are popular indoor games: Stephen Hendry is the seven time world snooker champion, Phil Taylor is the 16 time world darts champion. Snooker player Alex Higgins (nicknamed \"The Hurricane\") and darts player Eric Bristow (nicknamed \"The Crafty Cockney\") are credited with popularising each sport. Bodybuilder Reg Park was Mr", "title": "Culture of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "2304889", "score": "1.5365136", "text": "venues closing down lead to the death of the scheme.\" In February 2007, Yeovil Town Council became the first English council to ban the children's craze Heelys in the centre of the town and High Street. Skateboards, roller skates and roller blades are also illegal in the area. Councilors have stated this is due to \"numerous complaints about the activities of youngsters\". In late July 2007, South Somerset District Council plans were made public by the \"Western Gazette\" to build a £21 m 'Yeovil Sports Zone' on Yeovil Recreation Ground, which has been a popular open green space used by", "title": "Yeovil" } ]

[ "Lasse Virn", "lasse virn" ]

[ { "id": "3252295", "score": "2.1118736", "text": "in Eugene on July 9. An underdog at the 1972 Olympics in Munich in September, Prefontaine took the lead in the 5,000 m final during the last mile and ended the slow pace of the first two miles, negative splitting the race. In second place at the start of the bell lap, he fell back to third with 200 meters to go. Lasse Virén took the lead in the final turn over silver medalist Mohammed Gammoudi. Prefontaine ran out of gas with 30 meters to go as Britain's hard-charging Ian Stewart caught him from behind and moved into third place", "title": "Steve Prefontaine" }, { "id": "9929434", "score": "2.1038976", "text": "Ian Stewart caught him from behind and moved into third place within ten meters of the finish, depriving Prefontaine of an Olympic bronze medal. Virén also won the 10,000 metres a week earlier, and successfully defended both titles in 1976. Qualification rule: First 2 in each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) advance to the Final. Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres The Men's 5000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany took place on 7 and 10 September 1972. Steve Prefontaine took the lead in the final during the last", "title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres" }, { "id": "3252307", "score": "2.0375462", "text": "meters. His personal best times over each distance, including those records, are below. While at Oregon Prefontaine won seven NCAA national titles: three in cross country, '70, '71 and '73; and four in track, '70, '71, '72 and '73. He was the first athlete to win four NCAA track titles in the same event. During his junior and senior years at Marshfield High School Prefontaine went undefeated in both cross country and track. Steve Prefontaine Steve Roland \"Pre\" Prefontaine (January 25, 1951 – May 30, 1975) was an American middle and long-distance runner who competed in the 1972 Olympics. Prefontaine", "title": "Steve Prefontaine" }, { "id": "15953869", "score": "2.018486", "text": "he still led halfway through the race. On the 12th lap, just before the halfway point, Virén and Tunisia's Mohammed Gammoudi, 10,000 m bronze medalist and 5000 m gold medalist in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, tangled into each other and fell onto the track. Both recovered, and while Gammoudi fell out of the race two laps later, Virén caught up to the front and passed Bedford to take the lead at about the 6000 m mark. With Virén leading for the rest of the race, the lead pack reduced to five competitors with 600 m remaining when", "title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres" }, { "id": "3252292", "score": "1.9975867", "text": "parents had met and married in Germany). He won four 5,000 meter titles in track three times in a row. At this time, he suffered only two more defeats in college (both in the mile), winning three Division I NCAA Cross Country Championships and four straight three-mile/5000-meter titles in track. He was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. Prefontaine became a very aggressive front runner, insisting on going out hard and not relinquishing leads, reminiscent of the 1956 Olympic gold medalist Vladimir Kuts, another famous front runner at 5,000 meters. Prefontaine was quoted as saying, \"No one will", "title": "Steve Prefontaine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Steve Prefontaine\n\nSteve Roland \"Pre\" Prefontaine (January 25, 1951 – May 30, 1975) was an American long-distance runner who from 1973 to 1975 set American records at every distance from 2,000 to 10,000 meters. He competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics, and was preparing for the 1976 Olympics with the Oregon Track Club at the time of his death in 1975. Prefontaine's career, alongside those of Jim Ryun, Frank Shorter, and Bill Rodgers, generated considerable media coverage, which helped inspire the 1970s \"running boom.\" He died at age 24 in an automobile crash near his residence in Eugene, Oregon. One of the premier track meets in the world, the Prefontaine Classic, is held annually in Eugene in his honor. Prefontaine's celebrity and charisma later resulted in two 1990s feature films about his short life.", "title": "Steve Prefontaine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ian Stewart (runner)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Mo Farah" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Jews in sports\n\nThis list of Jewish athletes in sports contains athletes who are Jewish and have attained outstanding achievements in sports. The topic of Jewish participation in sports is discussed extensively in academic and popular literature (See also: List of Jews in sports (non-players)). Scholars believe that sports have been a historical avenue for Jewish people to overcome obstacles toward their participation in secular society, especially before the mid-20th century in Europe and the United States.\n\nThe criteria for inclusion in this list are:\n\nBoldface denotes a current competitor.\n\nTo be included in the list, one does not necessarily have to practice Judaism, or to hail from Israel. Some members of the list may practice other religions or no religion at all, but are of Jewish descent.\n", "title": "List of Jews in sports" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Oregon/Selected biography" }, { "id": "3633127", "score": "1.9969168", "text": "gold and two silver medals, including the men's individual all-around title. This was the second individual all-around title for Kato, after 1968. Kato would go on to take silver in the all-around competition in 1976 to cap an Olympic career medal total of eight golds, three silvers and one bronze. Finnish runner Lasse Virén won both the 5,000 and 10,000 metre races. The 10,000 metres was won in dramatic fashion after he recovered from a fall to win and set a world record. He would repeat the double at the 1976 Games. The medal table is based on information provided", "title": "1972 Summer Olympics medal table" }, { "id": "9073708", "score": "1.9951715", "text": "was featured on the March 1969 cover of \"Track and Field News.\" After a classic battle with University of Oregon All-American, Steve Prefontaine at the 1972 U.S. Olympic Trials at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon, he competed in the 5000 meter race at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich (his third different Olympic event in four Olympic Games), but did not advance to the final rounds. In addition to his records in the steeplechase, two mile and indoor three mile, he also held American records for the 5000 meter, 3000 meter, steeplechase, and 4x1500 meter relay, as well as twelve", "title": "George Young (athlete)" }, { "id": "3252283", "score": "1.9922533", "text": "Steve Prefontaine Steve Roland \"Pre\" Prefontaine (January 25, 1951 – May 30, 1975) was an American middle and long-distance runner who competed in the 1972 Olympics. Prefontaine held American records in seven different distance track events, from 2,000 to 10,000 meters; he died at age 24 in an automobile accident near his residence in Prefontaine's career, alongside those of Jim Ryun, Frank Shorter, and Bill Rodgers, generated considerable media coverage, which helped inspire the 1970s \"running boom.\" He was known for his mustache and his long locks of hair that parted as he ran. Prefontaine was born on January 25,", "title": "Steve Prefontaine" }, { "id": "230080", "score": "1.991483", "text": "American favourite and world record holder Jim Ryun by 20 metres, the largest winning margin in the history of the event) and 5000 m silver medal. Four years later, he won the 3000 metres steeplechase gold and 1500 metres silver at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He retired in 1973. He is on the cover of the October 1968 issue of \"Track and Field News\", the first issue following the Olympics. He shared the cover of the September 1969 issue with Naftali Bon. With his wife, Phyllis Keino, he has dedicated significant efforts to humanitarian work in Eldoret,", "title": "Kipchoge Keino" }, { "id": "9929433", "score": "1.9897842", "text": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres The Men's 5000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany took place on 7 and 10 September 1972. Steve Prefontaine took the lead in the final during the last mile and ended the slow pace of the first two miles. In second place at the start of the bell lap, he fell back to third with 200 meters to go. Lasse Virén took the lead in the final turn over silver medalist Mohammed Gammoudi. Prefontaine ran out of gas with 30 meters to go as Britain's hard-charging", "title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres" }, { "id": "3234648", "score": "1.9754374", "text": "Sullivan Award afterward as the top amateur athlete in the United States. After dropping out of the 10,000 meters to concentrate exclusively on the marathon, he won the silver medal in the event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, finishing second behind previously unheralded opponent Waldemar Cierpinski of East Germany. Cierpinski was later implicated as a part of the state-sponsored doping program by East German track and field research files uncovered by Werner Franke at the Stasi headquarters in Leipzig in the late 1990s. There were suspicions about other East German athletes during the Montreal Olympics, including the East", "title": "Frank Shorter" }, { "id": "2566215", "score": "1.9740345", "text": "of Martti Matilainen. Pekka Vasala Pekka Antero Vasala (born 17 April 1948) is a retired Finnish middle-distance athlete who won an Olympic gold medal in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City he failed to advance from the first round of heats in the 1500 m. His later success is partly attributed to his legendary hill training of which he said \"\"[it] is suicidal for other runners to copy my hill sessions without adequate background\"\". In Munich he won the 1500 m race in a time of 3 minutes 36.3 seconds, ahead of", "title": "Pekka Vasala" }, { "id": "3234645", "score": "1.9679065", "text": "5,000-meter race at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. The FTC's core nucleus of Shorter, Bacheler and Jeff Galloway qualified for the 1972 Olympics and their success made Gainesville the Mecca of distance running on the East Coast in the early 1970s. Shorter won the U.S. national cross-country championships four times (1970–1973). He was the U.S. Olympic Trials champion in both the 10,000-meter run and the marathon in both 1972 and 1976. He also won both the 10,000-meter run and the marathon at the 1971 Pan American Games. Shorter was a four-time winner of the Fukuoka Marathon (1971–1974), generally recognized as", "title": "Frank Shorter" }, { "id": "3167462", "score": "1.9641382", "text": "The following April, Abebe participated in games for the disabled in Norway. Although he had been invited as a guest, he competed in archery and table tennis and defeated a field of sixteen in cross-country sled dog racing with a time of 1:16:17. Abebe was invited to the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich as a special guest, and received a standing ovation during the opening ceremony. His countryman Mamo Wolde did not match his back-to-back Olympic marathon victories, finishing third behind Frank Shorter of the United States and Karel Lismont of Belgium. After Shorter received his gold medal, he shook", "title": "Abebe Bikila" }, { "id": "2177340", "score": "1.9631145", "text": "(13.27.6), the Finn, Lasse Viren, took gold in 13.26.4. Stewart ran the home straight faster than even Virén. Stewart later blamed the clash with Prefontaine for costing him the gold. After a disappointing 1973 season and a mediocre effort in the Commonwealth Games 5000m final (5th in 13.40.4) in early 1974, he decided to take up cycle racing to recharge his batteries. Suitably refreshed, he returned to athletics in fine style the following year, completing an excellent double in March 1975 by winning the European indoor 3000m crown (7.58.6) and the IAAF World Cross Country Championships gold medal. He remains", "title": "Ian Stewart (runner)" }, { "id": "368669", "score": "1.9549413", "text": "swimmer Mark Spitz, Lasse Virén (of Finland)'s back-to-back gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters (defeating American distance running great Steve Prefontaine in the former), and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnastic sensation Olga Korbut - who thrilled the world with an historic backflip off the high bar. Korbut, however, failed to win the all-around, losing to her teammate Ludmilla Tourischeva. There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but bad planning and fraud led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. The Montreal Games were the most expensive in Olympic history, until", "title": "Summer Olympic Games" }, { "id": "3459668", "score": "1.9466228", "text": "had the lead, until Mills swept past Gammoudi to win the gold medal. Two days later, Gammoudi won his heat in the 5000 m, but for reasons never fully explained, he withdrew from the final. Gammoudi successfully defended his 5000 m and 10 000 m titles at the Mediterranean Games in Tunis in the 1967, and was one of the favourites at the Mexico Olympics. In the 10,000 m final in Mexico, Gammoudi was in the leading group throughout the race. The group had been reduced to three by the bell lap. Naftali Temu from Kenya, who won in 29:27.4", "title": "Mohammed Gammoudi" }, { "id": "3132585", "score": "1.9455136", "text": "5000 metres six days after the 1972 games. He also competed in these events at the 1968, 1976 and 1980 Games, but with less success. In 1982, he won the first edition of the Rome Marathon. Emiel Puttemans Emiel Adrien \"Miel\" Puttemans (born 8 October 1947) is a retired middle- and long-distance runner, who set world records for 3000 metres (7 minutes 37.6 seconds) in 1972, for 2 miles (8 minutes 17.8 seconds) in 1971, and for 5000 metres (13 minutes 13 seconds) in 1972. He won two European Indoor Championships titles in the 3000 m, in 1973 and 1974,", "title": "Emiel Puttemans" }, { "id": "9336796", "score": "1.9347482", "text": "country in 64 years to win the Olympic marathon. As Shorter was nearing the stadium, German student Norbert Sudhaus entered the stadium wearing a West German track uniform, joined the race and ran the last kilometre. Thinking he was the winner, the crowd began cheering him before officials realized the hoax and Sudhaus was escorted off the track by security. Arriving 35 seconds later, Shorter was perplexed to see someone ahead of him and to hear the boos and catcalls that were meant for Sudhaus. This was the third time in Olympic history that an American had won the marathon", "title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon" }, { "id": "6925434", "score": "1.9225514", "text": "the games. Security again was very tight at the games. This time in response to the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games just four short months before. Sports heroes from around the world including Abebe Bikila, Pelé, Muhammad Ali, and Jesse Owens were invited to attend the opening ceremonies. Ben Jipcho, Kenya's 3000 meter silver medalist at the Munich Olympics, tied the world record in the steeplechase with a run of 8:20.8. Tanzania's newcomer Filbert Bayi stunned the veteran favorite Kip Keino in the 1500 meters in 3:37.18. African nations continued to put pressure on South Africa", "title": "1973 All-Africa Games" } ]

[ "ambisinister", "ambadexterous", "ambidexterity", "Ambisinister", "ambidextrous", "Ambidextrousness", "ambidextrousness", "Ambidexterous", "ambidexterous", "Ambidexterity", "Ambadexterous", "Ambidextrous" ]

[ { "id": "3201409", "score": "1.5679153", "text": "younger generations face any such pressure to begin with. Ambidexterity is when a person has approximately equal skill with both hands and/or both sides of the body. True ambidexterity is very rare. Although a small number of people can write competently with both hands and use both sides of their body well, even these people usually show preference for one side of their body over the other. However, this preference is not necessarily consistent for all activities. Some people may for example use their right hand for writing, and their left hand for playing racket sports and eating (\"see also:\"", "title": "Laterality" }, { "id": "6035362", "score": "1.5464623", "text": "Hendrix. Cross-dominance Cross-dominance, also known as mixed-handedness, hand confusion, or mixed dominance, is a motor skill manifestation in which a person favors one hand for some tasks and the other hand for others. For example, a cross-dominant person might write with the right hand but throw mainly with the left one. It can also refer to mixed laterality, which refers to a person favoring eyes, ears, feet, or hands on one side of the body. A person who is cross-dominant can also be stronger on the opposite side of the body that they favor; for example, a right-handed person can", "title": "Cross-dominance" }, { "id": "6035357", "score": "1.5129443", "text": "Cross-dominance Cross-dominance, also known as mixed-handedness, hand confusion, or mixed dominance, is a motor skill manifestation in which a person favors one hand for some tasks and the other hand for others. For example, a cross-dominant person might write with the right hand but throw mainly with the left one. It can also refer to mixed laterality, which refers to a person favoring eyes, ears, feet, or hands on one side of the body. A person who is cross-dominant can also be stronger on the opposite side of the body that they favor; for example, a right-handed person can be", "title": "Cross-dominance" }, { "id": "15254811", "score": "1.4572092", "text": "Roman toga had only one pocket, located on the left side. The right hand has historically been associated with skill: the Latin word for right-handed is \"dexter\", as in \"dexterity\", meaning manual skill. Even the word \"ambidexterity\" reflects the bias. Its intended meaning is \"skillful on both sides\". However, since it keeps the Latin root \"dexter\", which means \"right\", it ends up conveying the idea of being \"right-handed on both sides\". This bias is also apparent in the lesser-known antonym \"ambisinistrous\", which means \"left-handed [\"i.e.\", clumsy] on both sides\". In more technical contexts, \"sinistral\" may be used in place of", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": "31856", "score": "1.4133103", "text": "they compared holding two guns and firing simultaneously — rather than alternating left and right shots — with holding one gun in the two-handed stance, and found that the results were in favor of using two guns and firing simultaneously. Dual wield Dual wielding is using two weapons, one in each hand, during combat. It is not a common combat practice. Although historical records of dual wielding in war are limited, there are numerous weapon-based martial arts that involve the use of a pair of weapons. The use of a companion weapon is sometimes employed in European martial arts and", "title": "Dual wield" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ambidexterity\n\nAmbidexterity is the ability to use both the right and left hand equally well. When referring to objects, the term indicates that the object is equally suitable for right-handed and left-handed people. When referring to humans, it indicates that a person has no marked preference for the use of the right or left hand.\n\nOnly about one percent of people are naturally ambidextrous, which equates to about 80,000,000 people in the world today. In modern times, it is common to find some people considered ambidextrous who were originally left-handed and who learned to be ambidextrous, either deliberately or as a result of training in schools or in jobs where right-handed habits are often emphasized or required. Since many everyday devices (such as can openers and scissors) are asymmetrical and designed for right-handed people, many left-handers learn to use them right-handedly due to the rarity or lack of left-handed models. Thus, left-handed people are more likely to develop motor skills in their non-dominant hand than right-handed people.", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Footedness\n\nFootedness is the natural preference of one's left or right foot for various purposes. It is the foot equivalent of handedness. While purposes vary, such as applying the greatest force in a certain foot to complete the action of kick as opposed to stomping, footedness is most commonly associated with the preference of a particular foot in the leading position while engaging in foot- or kicking-related sports, such as association football and kickboxing. A person may thus be left-footed, right-footed or ambipedal (able to use both feet equally well).", "title": "Footedness" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Robot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Omnipotence paradox\n\nThe omnipotence paradox is a family of paradoxes that arise with some understandings of the term \"omnipotent\". The paradox arises, for example, if one assumes that an omnipotent being has no limits and is capable of realizing any outcome, even a logically contradictory one such as creating a square circle. Atheological arguments based on the omnipotence paradox are sometimes described as evidence for countering theism. Other possible resolutions to the paradox hinge on the definition of omnipotence applied and the nature of God regarding this application and whether omnipotence is directed toward God himself or outward toward his external surroundings.\n\nThe omnipotence paradox has medieval origins, dating at least to the 10th century, when the Saadia Gaon responded to the question of whether God's omnipotence extended to logical absurdities. It was later addressed by Averroës and Thomas Aquinas. Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (before 532) has a predecessor version of the paradox, asking whether it is possible for God to \"deny himself\".\n\nThe best-known version of the omnipotence paradox is the so-called \"paradox of the stone\": \"Could God create a stone so heavy that even He could not lift it?\" This phrasing of the omnipotence paradox is vulnerable to objections based on the physical nature of gravity, such as how the weight of an object depends on what the local gravitational field is. Alternative statements of the paradox that do not involve such difficulties include \"If given the axioms of Euclidean geometry, can an omnipotent being create a triangle whose angles do not add up to 180 degrees?\" and \"Can God create a prison so secure that he cannot escape from it?\".", "title": "Omnipotence paradox" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Statistics" }, { "id": "1541383", "score": "1.409204", "text": "Ambidexterity Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adapted in the use of both the left and the right hand. When referring to objects, the concept indicates that the object is equally suitable for right-handed and left-handed people. When referring to humans, it indicates that a person has no marked preference for the use of the right or left hand. Only about one percent of people are naturally ambidextrous. In more modern times, it is common to find some people considered ambidextrous who were originally left-handed and who learned to be ambidextrous, either deliberately or as a result of training", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "1541426", "score": "1.3850391", "text": "able to tie with their left and right hands in either single or double knots. This is usually due to factors like the positioning of the surgeon, whether they have an assistant and the angle required to throw and secure the knot. Ambidexterity is also useful after surgery on a dominant hand or arm, as it allows the patient to use their non-dominant hand with equal facility as the limb which is recovering from surgery. Ambidexterity Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adapted in the use of both the left and the right hand. When referring to objects, the", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "14916595", "score": "1.3600585", "text": "to describe a person with a disability—by extension from handicap racing, a person carrying a heavier burden than normal—appeared in the early 20th century. Hand-in-cap Hand-in-cap is an old English trading game and the term itself is the origin of the modern word \"handicap\". In this game, two players want to trade possessions. An umpire decides whether the items have the same value, and if not, what the difference is. Both players and the umpire then put some forfeit money in a cap. The players put their hands in the cap, and then remove them either open, to signal agreement", "title": "Hand-in-cap" }, { "id": "8101532", "score": "1.3590302", "text": "one ear with the opposite hand while grabbing the nose with the other hand, again clapping the knees, and then grabbing the other ear with the opposite hand while grabbing the nose with the other hand. Participants attempt to do it with increasing speed. Proficiency seems intuitively easy to acquire but requires time and training, as it involves constant shifting of coordination of the left and right control areas of the brain. Once coordination has been achieved, one can become extremely fast, and proficiency can be regained even after years of hiatus. Both \"Kneesy-Earsy-Nosey\" and \"Finger Wiggle\"—another game Stan plays", "title": "The Devil's Brother" }, { "id": "31849", "score": "1.3584383", "text": "Dual wield Dual wielding is using two weapons, one in each hand, during combat. It is not a common combat practice. Although historical records of dual wielding in war are limited, there are numerous weapon-based martial arts that involve the use of a pair of weapons. The use of a companion weapon is sometimes employed in European martial arts and fencing, such as a parrying dagger. Miyamoto Musashi, a Japanese swordsman and \"ronin\", was said to have conceived of the idea of a particular style of swordsmanship involving the use of two swords. In terms of firearms and handguns, this", "title": "Dual wield" }, { "id": "9862432", "score": "1.3497542", "text": "Mixed ability Mixed ability is a proposed new term to be used in place of the terms disabled, handicapped, abnormal, and crippled. Mixed ability refers to any person who has a different or \"mixed\" physical \"ability\". It can also refer to anyone who has a different emotional or learning ability. Words like disabled, crippled, and handicapped have negative connotations throughout history. Mixed ability contemporizes the label placed on those who have a different or medically documented physical or mental abilities and attempts to relieve any social or conversational stigma. The objective in changing the term is to eliminate stereotypes that", "title": "Mixed ability" }, { "id": "9862430", "score": "1.3497542", "text": "Mixed ability Mixed ability is a proposed new term to be used in place of the terms disabled, handicapped, abnormal, and crippled. Mixed ability refers to any person who has a different or \"mixed\" physical \"ability\". It can also refer to anyone who has a different emotional or learning ability. Words like disabled, crippled, and handicapped have negative connotations throughout history. Mixed ability contemporizes the label placed on those who have a different or medically documented physical or mental abilities and attempts to relieve any social or conversational stigma. The objective in changing the term is to eliminate stereotypes that", "title": "Mixed ability" }, { "id": "15254821", "score": "1.3462368", "text": "linke Hände haben\"\", the Bulgarian expression \"\"dve levi ratse\"\", French \"\"avoir deux mains gauches\"\", Hungarian \"kétbalkezes\" and Czech \"\"Mít obě ruce levé\"\" all mean \"to have two left hands\"—that one is clumsy or is a very poor handyman; the English equivalent is \"to be all thumbs\". Moreover, the German idiom \"\"mit dem linken Fuß aufgestanden sein\"\", the Spanish expression \"\"levantarse con el pie izquierdo\"\", the French expression \"\"s'être levé du pied gauche\"\" and the Hungarian expression \"\"bal lábbal kelt fel\"\" (literally, to get up with the left foot) mean to have a bad day and do everything wrong or unsuccessfully,", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": "31850", "score": "1.3443077", "text": "style has been popularized by television, but is generally denounced by firearm enthusiasts due to its impracticality. Though using two hand guns at a time confers an advantage by allowing more ready ammunition, it is rarely done due to other aspects of weapons handling. Dual wielding is present in many films and video games, which have the freedom of ignoring the impracticality of the style. The term itself is often invoked in the context of games. Dual wielding has not been used or mentioned much in military history, though it appears in weapon-based martial arts and fencing practices. This style", "title": "Dual wield" }, { "id": "672323", "score": "1.3442194", "text": "but is not modifying the person. Acceptable examples included \"a woman with Down syndrome\" or \"a man who has schizophrenia\". It also states that a person's adaptive equipment should be described functionally as something that assists a person, not as something that limits a person, for example, \"a woman who uses a wheelchair\" rather than \"a woman in/confined to a wheelchair\".A similar kind of \"people-first\" terminology is also used in the UK, but more often in the form \"people with impairments\" (such as \"people with visual impairments\"). However, in the UK, the term \"disabled people\" is generally preferred to \"people", "title": "Disability" }, { "id": "15254801", "score": "1.3432902", "text": "a left-handed fencer's stance is opposite that of a right-handed opponent. Although commonly asserted that left-handed fencers have an advantage over right-handed opponents because the line of defence favors their sword arm, this assertion describes both fencers in a mixed-handed duel, so neither competitor has a unique physical advantage. Thus the left-hander's advantage in fencing stems mostly from a right-hander's unfamiliarity with a left-handed stance. The game of golf is most commonly played right-handed, and left-handed players typically must provide their own special golf clubs. The game can be played with both hands, provided the player has both left- and", "title": "Bias against left-handed people" }, { "id": "1541419", "score": "1.342493", "text": "use both of their hands for arts such as drawing and sculpturing. It is believed that Leonardo da Vinci utilized both of his hands after an injury to his right hand during his early childhood. A contemporary artist, Gur Keren, can draw with both his hands and even feet. Thea Alba was a well-known German who could write with all ten fingers. Contemporary artist Daniel Joy Grimes, AKA \"Dani Joy\", draws with both hands at the same time during figure drawing sessions that are timed.When he paints he switches back and forth whenever a hand gets tired. Tribalogy is the", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "9941051", "score": "1.3424854", "text": "hold). \"ALIKE\" is signed by holding two 1 hands parallel, pointing outward, and bringing them together two or three times. The compound/blend \"AGREE\" starts as \"THINK\" ends: with the index finger touching the forehead (the final hold of that sign). In addition, the weak hand is already in place, in anticipation of the next part of the sign. Then the hand at the forehead is brought down parallel to the weak hand; it approaches but does not make actual contact, and there is no repetition. ASL, like other mature signed languages, makes extensive use of morphology. Many of ASL's affixes", "title": "American Sign Language grammar" }, { "id": "1541406", "score": "1.3417938", "text": "Ambidextrous receivers can make one-handed catches with either hand; linemen can hold their shoulders square and produce an equal amount of power with both arms; and punters can handle a bad snap and roll out and punt with either leg, limiting the chance of a block. Naturally right-handed quarterbacks may have to perform left-handed passes to avoid sacks. Chris Jones is cross dominant. Although he is a left-footed punter, he throws with his right. Chris Hanson was dual-footed, able to punt with either foot. Some players find cross-dominance advantageous in golf, especially if a left-handed player utilizes right-handed clubs. Having", "title": "Ambidexterity" }, { "id": "1541415", "score": "1.3412626", "text": "with right foot or whose left foot isn't dominated, this drastically shorten the time from maximum acceleration to maximum deceleration and left footer possesses a much greater advantages in racing. In tennis, a player may be able to reach balls on the backhand side more easily if they're able to use the weaker hand. An example of a player who is ambidextrous is Luke Jensen. Rafael Nadal uses his right hand for writing, but plays tennis with left. There are many players who are naturally right handed but play lefty and vice versa. Evgenia Kulikovskaya is also an ambidextrous player,", "title": "Ambidexterity" } ]

[ "Rio Grande del Norte", "rio grande", "río bravo", "río grande", "Rio Grande River", "Rio Grande River (United States and Mexico)", "Rio Bravo del Norte", "río bravo del norte", "Río Bravo", "Río Bravo del Norte", "rio grande river", "Río Grande", "The Rio Grande", "rio grande river united states and mexico", "rio bravo del norte", "Rio Grande river", "Rio Grande", "rio grande del norte" ]

[ { "id": "3031162", "score": "1.7471173", "text": "Mexico border, then south, passing west of Raton, New Mexico. It forms a deep canyon south of Springer, New Mexico. The Sabinoso Wilderness area is located in side canyons near the river. At its first dam at Conchas Lake, the river turns eastward. It is also dammed at Logan, New Mexico, where it forms Ute Lake. From there it crosses the Texas Panhandle, dammed at Sanford, Texas, where it forms Lake Meredith. The canyon the river carves through eastern New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle is the northern border of the Llano Estacado, separating it from the rest of the", "title": "Canadian River" }, { "id": "3031161", "score": "1.7371345", "text": "in 1907. The river rises on the east side of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, around above sea level, in remote southwestern Las Animas County, Colorado, roughly north of the New Mexico border. An upper tributary of the Vermejo River heads around 12,000 feet in elevation in the Culebra Range and has a confluence with the Canadian south of Maxwell, New Mexico. Overall, the meandering course is from its origin to its confluence with the Arkansas River. The main tributaries are the North Canadian, Little, and Deep Fork Rivers. After rising in Colorado, the Canadian flows east-southeast across the New", "title": "Canadian River" }, { "id": "16349204", "score": "1.7285941", "text": "in the Colorado Desert. Most of its waters are diverted into the Imperial Valley of Southern California. In Mexico its course forms the boundary between Sonora and Baja California before entering the Gulf of California. This article describes most of the major features along the river. The Colorado River rises on the Continental Divide at La Poudre Pass, in Rocky Mountain National Park, about north of Lake Granby, as a tiny stream draining a wet meadow. At the river's headwater, the Continental Divide forms the boundary between the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean watersheds of North America, between Colorado's", "title": "Course of the Colorado River" }, { "id": "1528503", "score": "1.7149453", "text": "River recreation employs some 250,000 people and contributes $26 billion each year to the Southwest economy. Colorado River The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Rio Grande). The river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states. Starting in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado, the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona–Nevada border, where it turns south toward the international border. After entering Mexico, the", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": "1528393", "score": "1.7039117", "text": "beyond Yuma, Arizona, and the confluence with the intermittent Gila River – which carries runoff from western New Mexico and most of Arizona – before defining about of the Mexico–United States border. At Morelos Dam, the entire remaining flow of the Colorado is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley, among Mexico's most fertile agricultural lands. Below San Luis Río Colorado, the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico, defining the Baja California–Sonora border; in most years, the stretch of the Colorado between here and the Gulf of California is dry or a trickle formed by irrigation return flows. The Hardy River provides", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Course of the Colorado River\n\nThe Colorado River is a major river of the western United States and northwest Mexico in North America. Its headwaters are in the Rocky Mountains where La Poudre Pass Lake is its source. Located in north central Colorado it flows southwest through the Colorado Plateau country of western Colorado, southeastern Utah and northwestern Arizona where it flows through the Grand Canyon. It turns south near Las Vegas, Nevada, forming the Arizona–Nevada border in Lake Mead and the Arizona–California border a few miles below Davis Dam between Laughlin, Nevada and Needles, California before entering Mexico in the Colorado Desert. Most of its waters are diverted into the Imperial Valley of Southern California. In Mexico its course forms the boundary between Sonora and Baja California before entering the Gulf of California. This article describes most of the major features along the river.", "title": "Course of the Colorado River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rio Grande\n\nThe Rio Grande ( and ), known in Mexico as the Río Bravo del Norte or simply the Río Bravo, is one of the principal rivers (along with the Colorado River) in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico.\n The length of the Rio Grande is . It originates in south-central Colorado, in the United States, and flows to the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande drainage basin (watershed) has an area of ; however, the endorheic basins that are adjacent to and within the greater drainage basin of the Rio Grande increase the total drainage-basin area to .\n\nThe Rio Grande with its fertile valley, along with its tributaries, is a vital watersource for seven US and Mexican states, and flows primarily through arid and semi-arid lands. After traversing the length of New Mexico, the Rio Grande becomes the Mexico–United States border, between the U.S. state of Texas and the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas; a short segment of the Rio Grande is a partial state-boundary between the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas. Since the mid–twentieth century, only 20 per cent of the Rio Grande's water reaches the Gulf of Mexico, because of the voluminous consumption of water required to irrigate farmland (e.g. the Lower Rio Grande Valley) and to continually hydrate cities (e.g. Albuquerque); such water usages are additional to the reservoirs of water retained with diversion dams. of the river in New Mexico and Texas are designated as the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River.", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Missouri River\n\nThe Missouri River is the longest river in the United States. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of the Eastern Centennial Mountains of Southwestern Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for <ref name=\"modifications\"/> before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river drains a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Although a tributary of the Mississippi, the Missouri River is marginally longer<ref name=\"USGS\"/> and carries a comparable volume of water.<ref name=\"missouriflow\"/><ref name=\"MississippiStLouis\"/> When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system.<ref name=\"RiversWorld\" />\n\nFor over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous bison herds that roamed through the Great Plains. The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century, and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase.\n\nThe Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 19th century laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region and blazed trails. Pioneers headed west \"en masse\" beginning in the 1830s, first by covered wagon, then by the growing numbers of steamboats that entered service on the river. Conflict between settlers and Native Americans in the watershed led to some of the most longstanding and violent of the American Indian Wars.\n\nDuring the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with hundreds more on tributaries. Meanders have been cut off and the river channelized to improve navigation, reducing its length by almost from pre-development times. Although the lower Missouri valley is now a populous and highly productive agricultural and industrial region, heavy development has taken its toll on wildlife and fish populations as well as water quality.", "title": "Missouri River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Columbia River" }, { "id": "293524", "score": "1.6978045", "text": "the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north–south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, and Gila. The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States. The U.S. government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as national forests, including: Areas managed by the National Park Service include: Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe", "title": "New Mexico" }, { "id": "1528377", "score": "1.6944916", "text": "Colorado River The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Rio Grande). The river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states. Starting in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado, the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona–Nevada border, where it turns south toward the international border. After entering Mexico, the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": "1518648", "score": "1.6912854", "text": "through Nebraska and was known for being a mile (2 km) wide but only a half-inch (1 cm) deep. The Rio Grande forms the border between Texas and Mexico before turning due north and splitting New Mexico in half. According to the United States Coast Guard, \"The Western Rivers System consists of the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, Cumberland, Arkansas, and White Rivers and their tributaries, and certain other rivers that flow towards the Gulf of Mexico.\" Most of the public land held by the U.S. National Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management is in the Western states. Public", "title": "Western United States" }, { "id": "16349203", "score": "1.674694", "text": "Course of the Colorado River The Colorado River is a major river of the western United States and northwest Mexico in North America. Its headwaters are in the Rocky Mountains where La Poudre Pass Lake is its source. Located in north central Colorado it flows southwest through the Colorado Plateau country of western Colorado, southeastern Utah and northwestern Arizona where it flows through the Grand Canyon. It turns south near Las Vegas, Nevada, forming the Arizona–Nevada border in Lake Mead and the Arizona–California border a few miles below Davis Dam between Laughlin, Nevada and Needles, California California before entering Mexico", "title": "Course of the Colorado River" }, { "id": "16809701", "score": "1.6725326", "text": "mountain slopes. The Rio Grande, which flows from southwestern Colorado for before entering the Gulf of Mexico, was classified in 1993 as one of North America's most endangered or imperiled rivers. The Rio Grande flows south into the Albuquerque Basin between the Sandia and Jemez mountains. Before entering the basin the river is impounded by the Cochiti Dam, built in 1975. After leaving the basin via Socorro, the river is impounded by the Elephant Butte Reservoir, built in 1916. Within the stretch between these dams, the river passes three mainstream structures that divert water into of levees, canals and drains", "title": "Albuquerque Basin" }, { "id": "532313", "score": "1.6720629", "text": "Grande Valley in New Mexico, passing through the Rio Grande Gorge near Taos, then toward Española, and picking up additional water from the San Juan-Chama Diversion Project from the Rio Chama. It then continues on a southerly route through the desert cities of Albuquerque and Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. In the Albuquerque area, the river flows past a number of historic Pueblo villages, including Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo. Below El Paso, it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico. The official river border measurement ranges from to ,", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": "532322", "score": "1.6625767", "text": "National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, one in northern New Mexico and the other in Texas, at Big Bend National Park. In mid-2001, a -wide sandbar formed at the mouth of the river, marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico. The sandbar was dredged, but reformed almost immediately. Spring rains the following year flushed the reformed sandbar out to sea, but it returned in mid-2002. By late 2003, the river once again reached the Gulf. The United States and Mexico share the water of the river under a", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "id": "856859", "score": "1.6571786", "text": "as \"Return of the Jedi\". The Colorado River streams through the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately long, draining a part of the arid regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. The natural course of the river flows from north of Grand Lake, Colorado, into the Gulf of California. For many months out of the year, however, no water actually flows from the United States to the gulf, due to human use. The river is a popular destination for water sports, including fishing, boating, water skiing, and jet skiing. Salvation Mountain (location ) is an artificial mountain", "title": "Imperial County, California" }, { "id": "16349232", "score": "1.6554949", "text": "of this water is used for irrigation in the Mexicali Valley, one of Mexico's most fertile agricultural regions. Below the Morelos Dam the Colorado forms the international border for a short distance, between Baja California and Arizona, before reaching the Southern International Boundary at San Luis Rio Colorado, where it crosses entirely into Mexico. For the remainder of its course to the Gulf, the river forms the boundary between Baja California (west) and Sonora (east). \"River\", however, is a misnomer as the Colorado is dry or small stream most of the year, due to its flow being almost completely exhausted", "title": "Course of the Colorado River" }, { "id": "1528509", "score": "1.6494313", "text": "Colorado River. The Colorado River is joined by five significant tributaries: Concho River, Pecan Bayou, Llano River, San Saba River and Pedernales River. Beals Creek is also a tributary fed by arroyos such as Sulphur Springs Draw, McKenzie, Seminole, Monument, Mustang, Midland, and Johnson Draws. Colorado River (Texas) The Colorado River is an long river in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the 18th longest river in the United States and the longest river with both its source and its mouth within Texas. Its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. It flows", "title": "Colorado River (Texas)" }, { "id": "1528406", "score": "1.6473241", "text": "of North America. The Continental Divide of the Americas forms a large portion of the eastern boundary of the watershed, separating it from the basins of the Yellowstone River and the Platte River – both tributaries of the Missouri River – on the northeast, and from the headwaters of the Arkansas River on the east. Both the Missouri and Arkansas rivers are part of the Mississippi River system. Further south, the Colorado River basin borders on the Rio Grande drainage, which along with the Mississippi flows to the Gulf of Mexico, as well as a series of endorheic (closed) drainage", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": "1528407", "score": "1.6424043", "text": "basins in southwestern New Mexico and extreme southeastern Arizona. For a short stretch, the Colorado watershed meets the drainage basin of the Snake River, a tributary of the Columbia River, in the Wind River Range of western Wyoming. Southwest of there, the northern divide of the Colorado watershed skirts the edge of the Great Basin, bordering on the closed drainage basins of the Great Salt Lake and the Sevier River in central Utah, and other closed basins in southern Utah and Nevada. To the west in California, the Colorado River watershed borders on those of small closed basins in the", "title": "Colorado River" }, { "id": "1528504", "score": "1.6399238", "text": "Colorado River (Texas) The Colorado River is an long river in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the 18th longest river in the United States and the longest river with both its source and its mouth within Texas. Its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. It flows generally southeast from Dawson County through Ballinger, Marble Falls, Austin, Bastrop, Smithville, La Grange, Columbus, Wharton, and Bay City before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Matagorda Bay. The Colorado River originates south of Lubbock, on the Llano Estacado, near Lamesa. It flows generally", "title": "Colorado River (Texas)" }, { "id": "1528505", "score": "1.6287992", "text": "southeast, out of the Llano Estacado and through the Texas Hill Country, through several reservoirs including Lake J.B. Thomas, E.V. Spence Reservoir, and Lake O.H. Ivie. The river flows through several more reservoirs before reaching Austin, including Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, commonly referred to as Lake LBJ and Lake Travis. The Llano River joins the Colorado at Lake LBJ near Kingsland. The Pedernales River joins the Colorado at Lake Travis near Briarcliff. After passing through Austin, the Colorado River continues flowing southeast until emptying into Matagorda Bay on the Gulf of Mexico, near Matagorda. The Texas", "title": "Colorado River (Texas)" }, { "id": "16349235", "score": "1.6227131", "text": "July 1746. During spring tide conditions, the tidal bore formed in the estuary about Montague Island and propagated upstream. It was called locally 'El Burro' or 'burro'. Today the tidal bore is rarely seen although there are still some anecdotal observations. Course of the Colorado River The Colorado River is a major river of the western United States and northwest Mexico in North America. Its headwaters are in the Rocky Mountains where La Poudre Pass Lake is its source. Located in north central Colorado it flows southwest through the Colorado Plateau country of western Colorado, southeastern Utah and northwestern Arizona", "title": "Course of the Colorado River" } ]

[ "Huskys", "husky", "Huskies", "Husky mix", "husky dogs", "huskie", "Husky", "Husky dogs", "Huskie", "huskys", "huskey", "huskies", "husky mix", "Huskey" ]

[ { "id": "1942747", "score": "1.6970358", "text": "living in Greenland. In the winter, they are a primary mode of transportation. Most hunters in Greenland favor dog sled teams over snowmobiles as the dog sled teams are more reliable. The Samoyed was developed by the Samoyede people of Siberia, who used them to herd reindeer and hunt in addition to hauling sleds. These dogs were so prized, and the people who owned them so dependent upon them for survival, that the dogs were allowed to sleep in the tents with their owners. Smaller than the similar-appearing Malamute, the Siberian Husky pulls more, pound for pound, than a malamute,", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "2596495", "score": "1.6706336", "text": "Siberian Huskies and Malamutes to pull a sled because it is not in their nature. Training should start at around six months of age by pulling a small log behind them. Dog sled A dog sled or dog sleigh is a sled pulled by one or more sled dogs used to travel over ice and through snow. Numerous types of sleds are used, depending on their function. They can be used for dog sled racing. In Greenland the dogs pull in a fan shape in front of the sled opposed to other regions where to dogs pull side by side", "title": "Dog sled" }, { "id": "11554821", "score": "1.6383814", "text": "and on sea ice, the Inuit used dog sleds (\"qamutik\") for transportation. The \"husky\" dog breed comes from Inuit breeding of dogs and wolves for transportation. A team of dogs in either a tandem/side-by-side or fan formation would pull a sled made of wood, animal bones, or the baleen from a whale's mouth and even frozen fish, over the snow and ice. The Inuit used stars to navigate at sea and landmarks to navigate on land; they possessed a comprehensive native system of toponymy. Where natural landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit would erect an \"inukshuk\". Dogs played an integral role", "title": "Inuit" }, { "id": "4744614", "score": "1.6301973", "text": "as Pointers, Setters and herding breeds take to skijoring with glee, as do the northern breeds, such as Siberian and Alaskan Huskies, Malamutes, Samoyeds, and Inuit dogs; however, any large energetic dog is capable of enjoying this sport. Golden retrievers, giant schnauzers, Labrador retrievers, and many cross-breeds are seen in harness. Pulling breeds work well also such as American bull terriers, Staffordshire terriers, American bull dogs, and mastiffs. The sport is practiced recreationally and competitively, both for long distance travel and for short (sprint) distances. Since many leashed dogs naturally tend to pull a skier with no training, the sport", "title": "Skijoring" }, { "id": "2596492", "score": "1.6076946", "text": "Dog sled A dog sled or dog sleigh is a sled pulled by one or more sled dogs used to travel over ice and through snow. Numerous types of sleds are used, depending on their function. They can be used for dog sled racing. In Greenland the dogs pull in a fan shape in front of the sled opposed to other regions where to dogs pull side by side in pairs. Dog power has been used for hunting and travel for over a thousand years. As far back as the 10th century BCE these dogs have contributed to human culture.", "title": "Dog sled" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Yukon Quest" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Inuit\n\nInuit (; 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and Alaska. Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo–Aleut languages, also known as Inuit-Yupik-Unangan, and also as Eskaleut. Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut.\n\nInuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut, Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec, Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador, and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean, in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. With the exception of NunatuKavut, these areas are known, primarily by Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, as Inuit Nunangat. In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classify Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.\n\nGreenlandic Inuit are descendants of Thule migrations from Canada by 1100 CE. Although Greenland withdrew from the European Communities in 1985, Inuit of Greenland are Danish citizens and, as such, remain citizens of the European Union. In the United States, the Alaskan Iñupiat are traditionally located in the Northwest Arctic Borough, on the Alaska North Slope, and on Little Diomede Island.\n\nMany individuals who would have historically been referred to as \"Eskimo\" find that term offensive, and/or forced upon them in a colonial way; \"Inuit\" is now a common autonym for a large sub-group of these people. The word \"Inuit\" (varying forms Iñupiat, Inuvialuit, Inughuit, etc.), however, is an ancient self-referential to a group of peoples which includes at most the Iñupiat of northern Alaska, the four broad groups of Inuit in Canada, and the Greenlandic Inuit. This usage has long been employed to the exclusion of other, closely related groups (e.g. Yupik, Aleut). Therefore, the Aleut (Unangan) and Yupik peoples (Alutiiq/Sugpiaq, Central Yup'ik, Siberian Yupik), who live in Alaska and Siberia, at least at an individual and local level, generally do not self-identify as \"Inuit\".<ref name=\"ethno\" />", "title": "Inuit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alaskan Malamute\n\nThe Alaskan Malamute () is a large breed of dog that was originally bred for its strength and endurance to haul heavy freight as a sled dog and hound. It is similar to other arctic breeds such as the husky, the spitz, the Greenland Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, the Siberian Husky, and the Samoyed.", "title": "Alaskan Malamute" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Inuit clothing\n\nTraditional Inuit clothing is a complex system of cold-weather garments historically made from animal hide and fur, worn by Inuit, a group of culturally related indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic areas of Canada, Greenland, and the United States. The basic outfit consisted of a parka, pants, mittens, inner footwear, and outer boots. The most common sources of hide were caribou, seals, and seabirds, although other animals were used when available. The production of warm, durable clothing was an essential survival skill which was passed down from women to girls, and which could take years to master. Preparation of clothing was an intensive, weeks-long process that occurred on a yearly cycle following established hunting seasons. The creation and use of skin clothing was strongly intertwined with Inuit religious beliefs.\n\nDespite the wide geographical distribution of Inuit across the Arctic, historically, these garments were consistent in both design and material due to the common need for protection against the extreme weather of the polar regions and the limited range of materials suitable for the purpose. Within those broad constraints, the appearance of individual garments varied according to gender roles and seasonal needs, as well as by the specific dress customs of each tribe or group. The Inuit decorated their clothing with fringes, pendants, and insets of contrasting colours, and later adopted techniques such as beadwork when trade made new materials available.\n\nThe Inuit clothing system bears strong similarities to the skin clothing systems of other circumpolar peoples such as the indigenous peoples of Alaska, Siberia and the Russian Far East. Archaeological evidence indicates that the history of the circumpolar clothing system may have begun in Siberia as early as 22,000BCE, and in northern Canada and Greenland as early as 2500BCE. After Europeans began to explore the North American Arctic in the late 1500s, seeking the Northwest Passage, Inuit began to adopt European clothing for convenience. Around the same time, Europeans began to conduct research on Inuit clothing, including the creation of visual depictions, academic writing, studies of effectiveness, and museum collections.\n\nIn the modern era, changes to the Inuit lifestyle led to a loss of traditional skills and a reduced demand for full outfits of skin clothing. Since the 1990s, efforts by Inuit organizations to revive historical cultural skills and combine them with modern clothing-making techniques have led to a resurgence of traditional Inuit clothing, particularly for special occasions, and the development of contemporary Inuit fashion as its own style within the larger indigenous American fashion movement.", "title": "Inuit clothing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Iqaluit\n\nIqaluit ( ; , ;<ref name=\"city\"/> ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, its largest community, and its only city. It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987, after the large bay on the coast on which the city is situated. In 1987, its traditional Inuktitut name was restored.\n\nIn 1999, Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories. Before this event, Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada, with population and economic growth highly limited. This is due to the city's isolation and heavy dependence on expensive imported supplies, as the city, like the rest of Nunavut, has no road or rail, and only has ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada. The city has a polar climate, influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Islandthis makes the city of Iqaluit cold, although it is well south of the Arctic Circle.\n\nAs of the 2021 Canadian census, the population was 7,429), a decrease of 4.0 per cent from the 2016 census. Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada. Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called \"Iqalummiut\" (singular: \"Iqalummiuq\").", "title": "Iqaluit" }, { "id": "3252897", "score": "1.6062256", "text": "for load pulling and endurance in a harsh working environment. Greenland dogs have been used on many expeditions by explorers, the most famous being Fridtjof Nansen. Nansen recorded in his book \"På ski over Grønland\", Greenland dogs being used as working dogs by the Greenland Native. Nansen was a successful polar explorer and used the dogs on his famous voyage across the Arctic Ocean in the equally famous ship \"Fram\". Roald Amundsen used the Greenland Dogs as well on his expedition to the Antarctic. Amundsen carefully chose 97 Greenland dogs to accompany him and his team on his expedition to", "title": "Greenland Dog" }, { "id": "1942745", "score": "1.6016066", "text": "adventure trips, and for hauling heavy loads. Malamutes were the dog of choice for hauling and messenger work in World War II. Also known as the Exquimaux Husky, Esquimaux Dog, and Qimmiq, the Canadian Eskimo Dog has its origins in the aboriginal sled dogs used by the Thule people of Arctic Canada. The breed as it exists today was primarily developed through the work of the Canadian government. It is capable of pulling between per dog for distances between . The Canadian Eskimo Dog was also used as a hunting dog, helping Inuit hunters to catch seals, musk ox, and", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "1942748", "score": "1.5876374", "text": "but cannot pull as long. They weigh between , and have been selectively bred for both appearance and pulling ability. Numerous non-sled dog breeds have been used as sled dogs. Poodles, Irish setters, German shorthaired pointers, Labrador retrievers, Newfoundlands, and St. Bernards have all been used to pull sleds in the past. FSS held the first World Championships (WCh) in Saint Moritz, Switzerland in 1990 with classes in only Sled Sprint (10-Dog, 8-Dog, and 6-Dog) and Skidog Pulka for men and women. 113 competitors arrived in the starting chutes to mark the momentous occasion. At first World Championships were held", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "2596494", "score": "1.5856776", "text": "the main types of dogs that are used for recreational sledding because of their strength and speed and endurance as well as their ability to withstand the cold. However, Alaskan Huskies (a mix between Siberian Huskies and Alaskan Malamutes) are also a popular dog for sled dog racing, because of their endurance, good eating habits, speed, and dedication to running even when tired. Sometimes, for sprint races, mushers use short haired hounds that are faster than the average husky. These hounds are raised from a young age to pull. It is harder to train hounds than it is to train", "title": "Dog sled" }, { "id": "1942723", "score": "1.5804905", "text": "Sled dog Sled dogs were important for transportation in arctic areas, hauling supplies in areas that were inaccessible by other methods. They were used with varying success in the explorations of both poles, as well as during the Alaskan gold rush. Sled dog teams delivered mail to rural communities in Alaska and northern Canada. Sled dogs today are still used by some rural communities, especially in areas of Alaska and Canada and throughout Greenland. They are used for recreational purposes and racing events, such as the Iditarod Trail and the Yukon Quest. Sled dogs are being used in Canada, Lapland,", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "2596493", "score": "1.5799155", "text": "Assembling a dog sled team involves picking leader dogs, point dogs, swing dogs, and wheel dogs. The lead dog is crucial, so mushers take particular care of these dogs. Another important detail is to have powerful wheel dogs to pull the sled out from the snow. Point dogs (optional) are located behind the leader dogs, swing dogs between the point and wheel dogs, and team dogs are all other dogs in between the wheel and swing dogs and are selected for their endurance, strength, and speed as part of the team. In dog sledding, Siberian Huskies or Alaskan Malamutes are", "title": "Dog sled" }, { "id": "11870077", "score": "1.5634143", "text": "Dog. This has created another sled dog that looks strikingly similar to the Siberian Husky, but is much larger and more wolf-like. This breed had helped people to lead sleds until snowmobiles were invented. From then on, it got much less common for the dog to be used as a sled dog to lead heavy loads. These days, it is often the case that the breed is seen in dog races or help to find and save lost people. However, most people have the dogs as their house pets now. Labrador Huskies have several health problems that can impair their", "title": "Labrador Husky" }, { "id": "3302703", "score": "1.562775", "text": "used in Scandinavia to hunt birds and smaller mammals. The samoyed from siberia was used to herd elk and deer. The Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund and Lapponian Herder were used by the Sami people to herd reindeer, but also for hunting and as sled dogs. Three of the largest spitz, the Alaskan Malamute, Canadian Eskimo Dog, and the Greenland Dog, were used to pull sleds, until the 19th century. During that century, when fur trapping and sled dog racing became lucrative businesses, the smaller and faster Siberian Husky was used more frequently in Canada and Alaska. Spitzes are well suited", "title": "Spitz" }, { "id": "7660743", "score": "1.5574318", "text": "reindeer and, in some cases, horses as a draft animal, but good hunting dogs are never used to pull sleds. It would be like using a valuable dagger to chop firewood. If a sled dog is needed, they use another kind sturdy built and larger dog called in Russian \"Yezdovaya Laika\" or sled Laika. This is practiced mainly in polar tundra where reindeer have nothing to eat. Sources in Russian Language: Sources in English Language: Sources in German Language: West Siberian Laika The West Siberian Laika or \"WSL\", is a breed of hunting dog and a breed of spitz type.", "title": "West Siberian Laika" }, { "id": "1942726", "score": "1.5546246", "text": "the arctic wolf had re-populated eastern Greenland from their reserve in the northeast through following these dog-sled patrols over distances of up to 560 kilometers. Historical references of the dogs and dog harnesses that were used by Native American cultures date back to before European contact. The use of dogs as draft animals was widespread in North America. There were two main kinds of sled dogs; one kind is kept by coastal cultures, and the other kind is kept by interior cultures such as the Athabascan Indians. These interior dogs formed the basis of the Alaskan Husky. Russian traders following", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "1942746", "score": "1.5542026", "text": "polar bears. The Chinook is a drafting and sled dog developed in New Hampshire in the early 1900s, and is a blend of Mastiff, Greenland Husky, German Shepherd, and Belgian Shepherd. It is the state dog of New Hampshire and was recognized by the AKC as a Working breed in 2013. They are described as athletic and \"hard bodied\" with a \"tireless gait\". Eskimo dogs that originated in Greenland, Greenland Dogs are heavy dogs with high endurance but little speed. They are frequently used by people offering dog sled adventures and long expeditions. There are more than 30,000 Greenland Dogs", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "3252898", "score": "1.5415909", "text": "Antarctica and in his subsequent South Pole expedition. Both men started with more dogs than they technically needed to pull as sledge, both intending to use them also as food for dogs and men. Amundsen's team, humans and dogs fed on dog. Greenland Dog The Greenland Dog (Greenlandic: \"Kalaallit Qimmiat\", Danish: \"Grønlandshunden\") is a large breed of husky-type dog kept as a sled dog and for hunting polar bear and seal. They were brought from Siberia to North America by the Thule people 1,000 years ago, along with the Canadian Eskimo Dog that is genetically identical. The first dogs arrived", "title": "Greenland Dog" }, { "id": "1942728", "score": "1.535471", "text": "along with the dogs' use in the exploration of the poles, led to the late 1800s and early 1900s being nicknamed the \"Era of the Sled Dog\". Sled dogs were used to deliver the mail in Alaska during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Malamutes were the favored breed, with teams averaging eight to ten dogs. Dogs were capable of delivering mail in conditions that would stop boats, trains, and horses. Each team hauled between of mail. The mail was stored in waterproofed bags to protect it from the snow. By 1901, dog trails had been established along the entirety", "title": "Sled dog" }, { "id": "2639246", "score": "1.5334227", "text": "hand-pulled sizes as well as larger dog, horse, or ox drawn versions. Early examples of sleds and sledges were found in the Oseberg Viking ship excavation. The Toboggan sled is also a traditional form of transport used by the Innu and Cree of northern Canada and the people of Ancient Egypt are thought to have used sledges (on the desert sand and on ramps) extensively for construction. The generic term sledding refers to traveling down a snowy hill using a sled such as a Flexible Flyer with wooden slats and metal runners.It is usually done during the winter when there", "title": "Sledding" }, { "id": "4744619", "score": "1.5266571", "text": "the dog's forward motion or a quick stop by the skier. Special quick-release hitches or hooks are available, used so that the skijorer may unhook the dog's lead rapidly. The skier uses either a classic diagonal stride cross-country technique, or the faster skate skiing technique. In races, the skate-skiing technique is almost exclusively used. The skis are hot waxed from tip to tail, to avoid slowing the dog team down. Classic skis with grip wax are not used for races but are occasionally used for extended back-country travel. Skijoring dogs are taught the classic dog sledding commands to start running", "title": "Skijoring" } ]

[ "The Double (film)", "double disambiguation", "The double", "The Double (disambiguation)", "double film", "Double", "Double (disambiguation)", "doubled", "Doubled", "The Double (novel)", "DOUBLE", "double novel", "double", "Double (album)", "double album", "The Double" ]

[ { "id": "10191942", "score": "1.871315", "text": "Double Duty Double Duty also referred to as the Indy-Charlotte Double or Memorial Day Double, refers to an accomplishment in automobile racing in which a driver competes in the Indianapolis 500 and Coca-Cola 600 in the same day. The feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29, 1994. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day. The two races, organized by separate sanctioning bodies—IndyCar and NASCAR respectively—are held on Memorial Day weekend, and are considered two of the biggest annual events", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": "10191890", "score": "1.871315", "text": "Double Duty Double Duty also referred to as the Indy-Charlotte Double or Memorial Day Double, refers to an accomplishment in automobile racing in which a driver competes in the Indianapolis 500 and Coca-Cola 600 in the same day. The feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29, 1994. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day. The two races, organized by separate sanctioning bodies—IndyCar and NASCAR respectively—are held on Memorial Day weekend, and are considered two of the biggest annual events", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": "3192187", "score": "1.8279638", "text": "portion of the race is lit with a system that uses parabolic reflectors so that dangerous glare that would otherwise be in the drivers' eyes is minimized. The move of the race to the early evening made it possible for drivers to do Double Duty – run the Indianapolis 500, then immediately fly from Indianapolis to Charlotte, and participate in the Coca-Cola 600. Experts disagreed over whether, for health and safety reasons, anyone should be allowed to race 1100 miles in one day, but no regulation has been passed yet by any governing body to prevent it. From 2005 to", "title": "Coca-Cola 600" }, { "id": "12432963", "score": "1.8077729", "text": "decided to move their event to the daytime due to the rising cost of lighting the track. The event was billed as the Volkswagen's Day Before the 500. Later in the evening, a second USAC Midget event was scheduled across town at the Indianapolis Speedrome, and was held under the traditional name Coca-Cola Night Before the 500. Many USAC Midget drivers were entered for both events. Arrangements were made for the drivers to be transported from one venue to the other by police escort. The first midget event was held as scheduled at IRP, but the Mini Indy event was", "title": "Carb Night Classic" }, { "id": "1388675", "score": "1.7894493", "text": "weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race. The Sunday of Memorial Day weekend is widely considered one of the most important days on the motorsports calendar, as it is the day of the Indianapolis 500, Coca-Cola 600, and (currently) the Monaco Grand Prix. Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \"Indy cars\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2018, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines,", "title": "Indianapolis 500" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Double Duty\n\nDouble Duty also referred to as the Indy-Charlotte Double or Memorial Day Double,<ref name=\"Fox 3-8-14\"/> is an auto racing term centered around two events held on Memorial Day weekend in most years. The two events are the annual Indianapolis 500, which is the most important Indycar Series race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indiana, and the annual Coca-Cola 600, which is a NASCAR Cup Series race held at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in North Carolina. These two events are regarded as significant events for their respective series, as the Indianapolis 500 is the most prestigious race for Indycar while the Coca-Cola 600 has for years been considered one of NASCAR's most important races, as it is the longest event on the schedule.\n\nBoth races are scheduled to be run on the same day, barring any postponements, with the Indianapolis 500 run in the early afternoon and the Coca-Cola 600 in the evening. For a driver to pull off the “Double”, he/she must compete at Indianapolis first, then board an airplane following the race and fly to Charlotte to complete the feat. By tradition, the Indianapolis 500 champion will not compete in the Coca Cola 600.\n\nThe feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29, 1994. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day.\n\nThe feat is considered physically demanding and mentally draining as a driver is required to be in a race car for most of the day, cover over one thousand miles in the course of the attempt, and do so with very little rest if any at all. It is similar in concept to the established discipline of endurance racing, but without the help of a relief driver, and the driver withstanding the very different physical demands of an Indycar, which is run with an open cockpit, and a stock car, in which the driver is enclosed.\n\nFour drivers (John Andretti, Robby Gordon x 5, Tony Stewart x 2 and Kurt Busch) have attempted. Of these, Tony Stewart's 2001 effort stands as the best combined result, finishing 6th at Indianapolis and 3rd at Charlotte. The most recent attempt was made by Busch in 2014. He finished in 6th place at the Indianapolis 500, and was the fastest rookie. However, he dropped out of the Coca-Cola 600 with a blown engine mid-race. He completed 906 miles.\n\nSome drivers in the 1960s and 1970s attempted \"crossovers,\" or running both events when they were scheduled on consecutive days, with Donnie Allison competing in both events in the same year.", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Coca-Cola 600\n\nThe Coca-Cola 600, originally the World 600, is an annual NASCAR Cup Series points race held at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, on a Sunday during Memorial Day weekend. The first race, held in 1960, was also the first one held at the new Charlotte Motor Speedway. It is the longest race on NASCAR's schedule at . It is unique for having track conditions that change throughout the race. It starts around 6:20 p.m. and the track is bathed in sunlight for the first third of the race. The second third happens at dusk, and the final third under the lights.\n\nThe race is run later on the same day as the Indianapolis 500 of the IndyCar Series, with multiple drivers having performed or attempted Double Duty, competing in both races. By tradition, the current Indianapolis 500 champion will not compete in this race.\n\nThe NASCAR event is usually held on the last weekend of May and is known as one of the largest weekends in auto racing, as the NASCAR race occurs on the same Sunday after the Monaco Grand Prix (Formula One) and the Indianapolis 500 (IndyCar Series).\n\nDenny Hamlin is the defending champion of the Coca-Cola 600.", "title": "Coca-Cola 600" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tony Stewart\n\nAnthony Wayne Stewart (born May 20, 1971), nicknamed Smoke, is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver, current NASCAR team co-owner of Stewart-Haas Racing, and current co-owner of the Superstar Racing Experience. He is a three-time NASCAR Cup Series champion as a driver, winning titles in 2002, 2005, and 2011. As a team owner, he has won NASCAR Cup titles in 2011 with himself and in 2014 with Kevin Harvick as drivers. Throughout his racing career, Stewart has won racing titles in Indy, midget, sprint, and USAC Silver Crown cars. He is the only driver in history to win a championship in both IndyCar and NASCAR.\n\nHe last competed full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series) during the 2016 season, driving the No. 14 Chevrolet SS for his team, Stewart-Haas Racing, under crew chief Mike Bugarewicz. From 1999 to 2008, he drove the No. 20 Joe Gibbs Racing car, under crew chief Greg Zipadelli with The Home Depot as the primary sponsor. While driving for car owner Joe Gibbs, Stewart won two Cup Series championships in 2002 and 2005. In 2011, Stewart became the first owner-driver since Alan Kulwicki to win the Cup Series championship. On May 22, 2019, Stewart was voted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame, and on January 31, 2020, was inducted alongside the 11th Hall of Fame class. On November 21, 2021 he married NHRA Top Fuel Drag Racer Leah Pruett.", "title": "Tony Stewart" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1999 Indianapolis 500\n\nThe 83rd Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday, May 30, 1999. The race was sanctioned by the Indy Racing League, and was part of the 1999 Pep Boys Indy Racing League season.\n\nIn the closing laps, race leader Robby Gordon ran out of fuel within sight of the white flag. Kenny Bräck took the lead with just over one lap to go and won for car owner A. J. Foyt. The race victory represented the long-awaited \"fifth\" Indy 500 win for A. J. Foyt, who had previously won a record four times as a driver (1961, 1964, 1967, 1977). It was also one of the most-successful races for A. J. Foyt Enterprises, with Bräck the winner, and team cars Billy Boat third, and Robbie Buhl sixth.\n\nPopular veteran and two-time Indy 500 winner Arie Luyendyk announced his plans to retire at the end of the event. He won the pole position and was a factor most of the first half. After leading 63 laps, however, he crashed while leading after he tangled with a backmarker. Luyendyk would later retract his retirement plans, and made a brief return to Indy from 2001–2003.\n\nAs of 2022, this stands as the 29th and final Indy victory for Goodyear tires.\n\nAs of 2021 this stands as the oldest Indianapolis 500 with all 33 starters still living.", "title": "1999 Indianapolis 500" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Indianapolis 500 traditions\n\nDue to the longevity of the Indianapolis 500, numerous traditions surrounding the race have developed over the years. Traditions include procedures for the running of the race, scheduling, and pre-race and post-race festivities. For many fans, these traditions are an important aspect of the race, and they have often reacted quite negatively when the traditions are changed or broken.\n\nAs part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the pre-race ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. Like most other sporting events, the national anthem is performed before the race by a notable vocalist. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the annual singing of the chorus of \"Back Home Again in Indiana,\" and the victory lane bottle of milk.", "title": "Indianapolis 500 traditions" }, { "id": "12432967", "score": "1.779609", "text": "at the same time as the Little 500, splitting fans (and some competitors) between both events. It was decided to move the event permanently to Friday night of Memorial Day weekend. Once again, it would be held under-the-lights, and it was renamed the Carb Night Classic...\"The Race Before the 500\". The name derived from Carb Day at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the traditional final day of practice for the Indianapolis 500, which was earlier in the afternoon. The move made for four USAC events over four consecutive nights, leading up to the Indianapolis 500 on Sunday. The Hulman Classic would", "title": "Carb Night Classic" }, { "id": "10191894", "score": "1.7767391", "text": "held on successive days. To date, the most recent attempt was made by Busch in 2014. He finished in 6th place at the Indianapolis 500, and was the fastest rookie. However, he dropped out of the Coca Cola 600 with a blown engine mid-race. He completed 906 miles. The Indianapolis 500 is part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, and the Coca-Cola 600 is part of the NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Both races are held, weather permitting, on the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. The Indy 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is traditionally scheduled in the afternoon, while", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": "7852917", "score": "1.7452998", "text": "had planned on driving the Indy 500/Coca-Cola 600 \"Double Duty.\" At 1:45 p.m., Gordon left the grounds, and flew to Charlotte. The Coca-Cola 600 also suffered a rain delay, but did eventually see the green flag fall. Gordon wrecked out on lap 186, and finished 41st. On Memorial Day, Monday May 26, the race was scheduled for 11 a.m. EST. Skies were partly cloudy in the morning, but there was no rain at the time. The pre-race ceremonies were held on-time, but some subtle changes were made. The Purdue Band was unable to return for Monday, and therefore Florence Henderson's", "title": "1997 Indianapolis 500" }, { "id": "10191898", "score": "1.722249", "text": "qualifying for the respective events. Time trials for the Indy 500 are held on Saturday and Sunday one week before the race. This potentially creates conflicts with the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race. Qualifying for the Coca-Cola 600 is held on Thursday night, while Carb Day, the final practice session at Indy, is held on Friday. Typically drivers are also obligated to make appearances for sponsors and event marketing in the days leading up to the races, which can add to the travel burdens. A driver attempting the \"Double Duty\" has an extremely busy and tight schedule, particularly for race", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": "1388712", "score": "1.6998588", "text": "500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as \"Double Duty\". At the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first", "title": "Indianapolis 500" }, { "id": "10191895", "score": "1.6981437", "text": "the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway is held as a night race. Since the events are not scheduled to overlap, this allows a driver a small window to travel between venues. Such an accomplishment can be grueling and physically exhausting. It calls for a driver to race for over seven hours in two entirely different disciplines of racing cars. Along with a 430-mile airplane flight, and severe time constraints, the driver has time for only a brief rest aboard the aircraft where he normally takes on IV fluids, and is checked out by a physician. Weather plays a significant", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": "9401015", "score": "1.6925215", "text": "It was scheduled for the day before the Indianapolis 500 of the rival Indy Racing League. Rather than scheduling a race directly opposite the Indy 500 (as they had done in 1996 with the U.S. 500), CART scheduled Gateway the day before to serve as their Memorial Day weekend open-wheel alternative without direct conflict. On one instance, a couple of drivers actually competed in both events in the same weekend. The race was held on Memorial Day weekend for three seasons. For the 2000 season, the race was moved off of Memorial Day weekend and scheduled for September. Track management", "title": "Bommarito Automotive Group 500" }, { "id": "10191913", "score": "1.6863058", "text": "crashed during practice and failed to qualify. In 1992, Musco Lighting Company installed lights at Charlotte Motor Speedway, becoming the first \"speedway\" to allow for night racing. For 1992, The Winston was held under-the-lights, but the Coca-Cola 600 was still held during the afternoon. In 1993, the start time for the Coca-Cola 600 was moved to 4:30 p.m. eastern, which eliminated overlap with the Indy 500, and the race became an evening/night race. The 4:30 p.m. start time did not yet allow adequate time for a competitor to complete both, but the idea was planted, and subsequent years, the start", "title": "Double Duty" }, { "id": "4109329", "score": "1.674936", "text": "Racing League's Indianapolis 500. Rather than scheduling a race directly opposite the Indy 500 (as they had done in 1996 with the U.S. 500), CART scheduled Gateway the day before to serve as their Memorial Day weekend open-wheel alternative without direct conflict. After a couple years, track management grew increasingly dissatisfied with its apparent use, as seen by some, as a political pawn or statement by CART. This event had poor attendance as fans generally chose to travel to the Indy 500 for the weekend instead. For 2000, the race was moved to the fall. In 2001, it was dropped", "title": "Gateway Motorsports Park" }, { "id": "17280830", "score": "1.6711782", "text": "1960 in an attempt by NASCAR to stage a Memorial Day weekend race to compete with the open-wheel Indianapolis 500; the two races were held together on the same day starting from 1974. The race is the longest in terms of distance on the NASCAR calendar and is considered by several drivers to be one of the sport's most important races alongside the Daytona 500, the Brickyard 400 and the Southern 500. The long distance makes it the most physically demanding event in NASCAR, and teams adapt to changing track conditions because the race occurs between late afternoon and evening.", "title": "2013 Coca-Cola 600" }, { "id": "666562", "score": "1.6699862", "text": "his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers. One of the longest-standing traditions is the running of the Indianapolis 500, an auto race which has been held in conjunction with Memorial Day since 1911. Originally it was held on Memorial Day itself, and since 1974 it runs on the Sunday preceding the Memorial Day holiday. Since 1961 NASCAR's Coca-Cola 600 has been held during Memorial Day weekend, and has also been held on the previous Sunday since 1974. Since 1976 The Memorial Tournament golf event has been held on or close", "title": "Memorial Day" }, { "id": "12674500", "score": "1.6628802", "text": "Friday night, and the Little 500 on Saturday night. Indianapolis 500 traditions Due to the longevity of the Indianapolis 500, numerous traditions surrounding the race have developed over the years. Traditions include procedures for the running of the race, scheduling, and pre-race and post-race festivities. For many fans, these traditions are an important aspect of the race, and they have often reacted quite negatively when the traditions are changed or broken. As part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the pre-race ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. Like most other sporting events, the national anthem is performed", "title": "Indianapolis 500 traditions" }, { "id": "9401016", "score": "1.6544236", "text": "did not want the race to be scheduled the same weekend as the Indy 500, as it was splitting the fanbase and affecting gate attendance. With the two races in neighboring states, fans generally chose to travel to the Indy 500 for the weekend instead. In addition, CART officials decided to leave Memorial Day weekend open to allow their teams the opportunity to cross over and compete at Indianapolis if they desired. In 2001, the race was dropped from the CART series schedule, and switched alliances to the Indy Racing League. The distance was shortened, and the race became known", "title": "Bommarito Automotive Group 500" }, { "id": "12432952", "score": "1.6508105", "text": "Carb Night Classic The Dave Steele Carb Night Classic is a USAC Silver Crown Series race held at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Since 2016, the race has been scheduled for the Friday night of Memorial Day weekend, two nights before the Indianapolis 500 which is held at the nearby Indianapolis Motor Speedway. For nearly 70 years, the event was better known as the Night Before the 500 and was traditionally scheduled the night immediately before the Indianapolis 500 and held under-the-lights. From its inception in 1946 through 2014 the event was held as a Midget car", "title": "Carb Night Classic" }, { "id": "3192185", "score": "1.6399019", "text": "both; this continued even after the Coca-Cola 600 was moved to the same day, albeit to a smaller degree. In fact, the first World 600 was not held on the Memorial Day weekend; it was held on June 16 due to snowstorms that delayed the completion of Charlotte Motor Speedway. The 2009 race, postponed by rain from its original May 24 date, was the first race to have run on Memorial Day itself. With the installation of lights in 1992, fans complained to circuit management to have the race start later in the day because of the notorious North Carolina", "title": "Coca-Cola 600" } ]