
# Dataset Card for LAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis - a dataset for probing and analyzing the factual and commonsense knowledge contained in pretrained language models.

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
  - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
  - [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
  - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
  - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
  - [Source Data](#source-data)
  - [Annotations](#annotations)
  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:**
https://github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA
- **Repository:**
https://github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA
- **Paper:**
@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=025X0zPfn}
}

### Dataset Summary

This dataset provides the data for LAMA. This dataset only contains TRex
(subset of wikidata triples).

The dataset includes some cleanup, and addition of a masked sentence
and associated answers for the [MASK] token. The accuracy in
predicting the [MASK] token shows how well the language model knows
facts and common sense information. The [MASK] tokens are only for the
"object" slots.

This version also contains questions instead of templates that can be used to probe also non-masking models.


See the paper for more details.  For more information, also see:
https://github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA

### Languages
en

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances


The trex config has the following fields:


``
{'uuid': 'a37257ae-4cbb-4309-a78a-623036c96797', 'sub_label': 'Pianos Become the Teeth', 'predicate_id': 'P740', 'obj_label': 'Baltimore', 'template': '[X] was founded in [Y] .', 'type': 'N-1', 'question': 'Where was [X] founded?'}
34039
``




### Data Splits

There are no data splits.

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

This dataset was gathered and created to probe what language models understand.

### Source Data

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

See the reaserch paper and website for more detail. The dataset was
created gathered from various other datasets with cleanups for probing.


#### Who are the source language producers?

The LAMA authors and the original authors of the various configs.

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

Human annotations under the original datasets (conceptnet), and various machine annotations.

#### Who are the annotators?

Human annotations and machine annotations.

### Personal and Sensitive Information

Unkown, but likely names of famous people.

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

The goal for the work is to probe the understanding of language models.

### Discussion of Biases

Since the data is from human annotators, there is likely to be baises. 

[More Information Needed]

### Other Known Limitations

The original documentation for the datafields are limited.

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

The authors of LAMA at Facebook and the authors of the original datasets.

### Licensing Information

The Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. see https://github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA/blob/master/LICENSE

### Citation Information

@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=025X0zPfn}
}


task_categories:text-retrieval task_categories:text-classification task_ids:fact-checking-retrieval task_ids:text-scoring annotations_creators:machine-generated language_creators:machine-generated multilinguality:monolingual language:en license:cc-by-4.0 probing region:us
{"annotations_creators": ["machine-generated"], "language_creators": ["machine-generated"], "language": ["en"], "license": ["cc-by-4.0"], "multilinguality": ["monolingual"], "size_categories": {"trex": ["1M<n<10M"]}, "task_categories": ["text-retrieval", "text-classification"], "task_ids": ["fact-checking-retrieval", "text-scoring"], "paperswithcode_id": "lama", "pretty_name": "LAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis - BigScience version", "tags": ["probing"]}
TAGS
#task_categories-text-retrieval #task_categories-text-classification #task_ids-fact-checking-retrieval #task_ids-text-scoring #annotations_creators-machine-generated #language_creators-machine-generated #multilinguality-monolingual #language-English #license-cc-by-4.0 #probing #region-us 


# Dataset Card for LAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis - a dataset for probing and analyzing the factual and commonsense knowledge contained in pretrained language models.

## Table of Contents
- Dataset Description
  - Dataset Summary
  - Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
  - Languages
- Dataset Structure
  - Data Instances
  - Data Fields
  - Data Splits
- Dataset Creation
  - Curation Rationale
  - Source Data
  - Annotations
  - Personal and Sensitive Information
- Considerations for Using the Data
  - Social Impact of Dataset
  - Discussion of Biases
  - Other Known Limitations
- Additional Information
  - Dataset Curators
  - Licensing Information
  - Citation Information

## Dataset Description

- Homepage:
URL
- Repository:
URL
- Paper:
@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
}

### Dataset Summary

This dataset provides the data for LAMA. This dataset only contains TRex
(subset of wikidata triples).

The dataset includes some cleanup, and addition of a masked sentence
and associated answers for the [MASK] token. The accuracy in
predicting the [MASK] token shows how well the language model knows
facts and common sense information. The [MASK] tokens are only for the
"object" slots.

This version also contains questions instead of templates that can be used to probe also non-masking models.


See the paper for more details.  For more information, also see:
URL

### Languages
en

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances


The trex config has the following fields:


''
{'uuid': 'a37257ae-4cbb-4309-a78a-623036c96797', 'sub_label': 'Pianos Become the Teeth', 'predicate_id': 'P740', 'obj_label': 'Baltimore', 'template': '[X] was founded in [Y] .', 'type': 'N-1', 'question': 'Where was [X] founded?'}
34039
''




### Data Splits

There are no data splits.

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

This dataset was gathered and created to probe what language models understand.

### Source Data

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

See the reaserch paper and website for more detail. The dataset was
created gathered from various other datasets with cleanups for probing.


#### Who are the source language producers?

The LAMA authors and the original authors of the various configs.

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

Human annotations under the original datasets (conceptnet), and various machine annotations.

#### Who are the annotators?

Human annotations and machine annotations.

### Personal and Sensitive Information

Unkown, but likely names of famous people.

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

The goal for the work is to probe the understanding of language models.

### Discussion of Biases

Since the data is from human annotators, there is likely to be baises. 



### Other Known Limitations

The original documentation for the datafields are limited.

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

The authors of LAMA at Facebook and the authors of the original datasets.

### Licensing Information

The Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. see URL



@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
}


# Dataset Card for LAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis - a dataset for probing and analyzing the factual and commonsense knowledge contained in pretrained language models. ## Table of Contents
- Dataset Description
  - Dataset Summary
  - Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
  - Languages
- Dataset Structure
  - Data Instances
  - Data Fields
  - Data Splits
- Dataset Creation
  - Curation Rationale
  - Source Data
  - Annotations
  - Personal and Sensitive Information
- Considerations for Using the Data
  - Social Impact of Dataset
  - Discussion of Biases
  - Other Known Limitations
- Additional Information
  - Dataset Curators
  - Licensing Information
  - Citation Information ## Dataset Description

- Homepage:
URL
- Repository:
URL
- Paper:
@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
} ### Dataset Summary

This dataset provides the data for LAMA. This dataset only contains TRex
(subset of wikidata triples).

The dataset includes some cleanup, and addition of a masked sentence
and associated answers for the [MASK] token. The accuracy in
predicting the [MASK] token shows how well the language model knows
facts and common sense information. The [MASK] tokens are only for the
"object" slots.

This version also contains questions instead of templates that can be used to probe also non-masking models.


See the paper for more details.  For more information, also see:
URL ### Languages
en ## Dataset Structure ### Data Instances


The trex config has the following fields:


''
{'uuid': 'a37257ae-4cbb-4309-a78a-623036c96797', 'sub_label': 'Pianos Become the Teeth', 'predicate_id': 'P740', 'obj_label': 'Baltimore', 'template': '[X] was founded in [Y] .', 'type': 'N-1', 'question': 'Where was [X] founded?'}
34039
'' ### Data Splits

There are no data splits. ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale

This dataset was gathered and created to probe what language models understand. ### Source Data #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

See the reaserch paper and website for more detail. The dataset was
created gathered from various other datasets with cleanups for probing. #### Who are the source language producers?

The LAMA authors and the original authors of the various configs. ### Annotations #### Annotation process

Human annotations under the original datasets (conceptnet), and various machine annotations. #### Who are the annotators?

Human annotations and machine annotations. ### Personal and Sensitive Information

Unkown, but likely names of famous people. ## Considerations for Using the Data ### Social Impact of Dataset

The goal for the work is to probe the understanding of language models. ### Discussion of Biases

Since the data is from human annotators, there is likely to be baises. ### Other Known Limitations

The original documentation for the datafields are limited. ## Additional Information ### Dataset Curators

The authors of LAMA at Facebook and the authors of the original datasets. ### Licensing Information

The Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. see URL



@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
}
TAGS
#task_categories-text-retrieval #task_categories-text-classification #task_ids-fact-checking-retrieval #task_ids-text-scoring #annotations_creators-machine-generated #language_creators-machine-generated #multilinguality-monolingual #language-English #license-cc-by-4.0 #probing #region-us 
 # Dataset Card for LAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis - a dataset for probing and analyzing the factual and commonsense knowledge contained in pretrained language models. ## Table of Contents
- Dataset Description
  - Dataset Summary
  - Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
  - Languages
- Dataset Structure
  - Data Instances
  - Data Fields
  - Data Splits
- Dataset Creation
  - Curation Rationale
  - Source Data
  - Annotations
  - Personal and Sensitive Information
- Considerations for Using the Data
  - Social Impact of Dataset
  - Discussion of Biases
  - Other Known Limitations
- Additional Information
  - Dataset Curators
  - Licensing Information
  - Citation Information ## Dataset Description

- Homepage:
URL
- Repository:
URL
- Paper:
@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
} ### Dataset Summary

This dataset provides the data for LAMA. This dataset only contains TRex
(subset of wikidata triples).

The dataset includes some cleanup, and addition of a masked sentence
and associated answers for the [MASK] token. The accuracy in
predicting the [MASK] token shows how well the language model knows
facts and common sense information. The [MASK] tokens are only for the
"object" slots.

This version also contains questions instead of templates that can be used to probe also non-masking models.


See the paper for more details.  For more information, also see:
URL ### Languages
en ## Dataset Structure ### Data Instances


The trex config has the following fields:


''
{'uuid': 'a37257ae-4cbb-4309-a78a-623036c96797', 'sub_label': 'Pianos Become the Teeth', 'predicate_id': 'P740', 'obj_label': 'Baltimore', 'template': '[X] was founded in [Y] .', 'type': 'N-1', 'question': 'Where was [X] founded?'}
34039
'' ### Data Splits

There are no data splits. ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale

This dataset was gathered and created to probe what language models understand. ### Source Data #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

See the reaserch paper and website for more detail. The dataset was
created gathered from various other datasets with cleanups for probing. #### Who are the source language producers?

The LAMA authors and the original authors of the various configs. ### Annotations #### Annotation process

Human annotations under the original datasets (conceptnet), and various machine annotations. #### Who are the annotators?

Human annotations and machine annotations. ### Personal and Sensitive Information

Unkown, but likely names of famous people. ## Considerations for Using the Data ### Social Impact of Dataset

The goal for the work is to probe the understanding of language models. ### Discussion of Biases

Since the data is from human annotators, there is likely to be baises. ### Other Known Limitations

The original documentation for the datafields are limited. ## Additional Information ### Dataset Curators

The authors of LAMA at Facebook and the authors of the original datasets. ### Licensing Information

The Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. see URL



@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
}
passage: TAGS
#task_categories-text-retrieval #task_categories-text-classification #task_ids-fact-checking-retrieval #task_ids-text-scoring #annotations_creators-machine-generated #language_creators-machine-generated #multilinguality-monolingual #language-English #license-cc-by-4.0 #probing #region-us 
# Dataset Card for LAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis - a dataset for probing and analyzing the factual and commonsense knowledge contained in pretrained language models.## Table of Contents
- Dataset Description
  - Dataset Summary
  - Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
  - Languages
- Dataset Structure
  - Data Instances
  - Data Fields
  - Data Splits
- Dataset Creation
  - Curation Rationale
  - Source Data
  - Annotations
  - Personal and Sensitive Information
- Considerations for Using the Data
  - Social Impact of Dataset
  - Discussion of Biases
  - Other Known Limitations
- Additional Information
  - Dataset Curators
  - Licensing Information
  - Citation Information## Dataset Description

- Homepage:
URL
- Repository:
URL
- Paper:
@inproceedings{petroni2019language,
  title={Language Models as Knowledge Bases?},
  author={F. Petroni, T. Rockt{\"{a}}schel, A. H. Miller, P. Lewis, A. Bakhtin, Y. Wu and S. Riedel},
  booktitle={In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2019},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{petroni2020how,
  title={How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictions},
  author={Fabio Petroni and Patrick Lewis and Aleksandra Piktus and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel and Yuxiang Wu and Alexander H. Miller and Sebastian Riedel},
  booktitle={Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
  year={2020},
  url={URL
} passage: ### Dataset Summary

This dataset provides the data for LAMA. This dataset only contains TRex
(subset of wikidata triples).

The dataset includes some cleanup, and addition of a masked sentence
and associated answers for the [MASK] token. The accuracy in
predicting the [MASK] token shows how well the language model knows
facts and common sense information. The [MASK] tokens are only for the
"object" slots.

This version also contains questions instead of templates that can be used to probe also non-masking models.


See the paper for more details.  For more information, also see:
URL### Languages
en## Dataset Structure### Data Instances


The trex config has the following fields:


''
{'uuid': 'a37257ae-4cbb-4309-a78a-623036c96797', 'sub_label': 'Pianos Become the Teeth', 'predicate_id': 'P740', 'obj_label': 'Baltimore', 'template': '[X] was founded in [Y] .', 'type': 'N-1', 'question': 'Where was [X] founded?'}
34039
''### Data Splits

There are no data splits.## Dataset Creation### Curation Rationale

This dataset was gathered and created to probe what language models understand.### Source Data#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

See the reaserch paper and website for more detail. The dataset was
created gathered from various other datasets with cleanups for probing.#### Who are the source language producers?

The LAMA authors and the original authors of the various configs.### Annotations#### Annotation process

Human annotations under the original datasets (conceptnet), and various machine annotations.#### Who are the annotators?

Human annotations and machine annotations.### Personal and Sensitive Information

Unkown, but likely names of famous people.## Considerations for Using the Data### Social Impact of Dataset

The goal for the work is to probe the understanding of language models.### Discussion of Biases

Since the data is from human annotators, there is likely to be baises.### Other Known Limitations

The original documentation for the datafields are limited.## Additional Information### Dataset Curators

The authors of LAMA at Facebook and the authors of the original datasets.