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In this work, we introduce [**ORCA**](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10758), a publicly available benchmark for Arabic language understanding evaluation. ORCA is carefully constructed to cover diverse Arabic varieties and a wide range of challenging Arabic understanding tasks exploiting 60 different datasets across seven NLU task clusters. To measure current progress in Arabic NLU, we use ORCA to offer a comprehensive comparison between 18 multilingual and Arabic language models.

# ORCA Task Cluster  
We arrange [**ORCA**](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10758), into seven NLU task clusters. These are (1) sentence classification, (2) structured prediction (3) semantic textual similarity and paraphrase, (4) text classification, (5) natural language inference, (6) word sense disambiguation, and (7) question answering.


###  (1) Natural Language Inference (NLI)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|------|
|[ANS Stance](https://aclanthology.org/2020.fever-1.2/)      |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Khouja, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.fever-1.2/)  | 
|[Baly Stance](https://aclanthology.org/N18-2004/)     |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Balyet al., 2018)](https://aclanthology.org/N18-2004/) | 
|[XLNI](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XNLI)            |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Conneau et al., 2018)](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XNLI)| 

###  (2) Question Answering (QA)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|------|
|[Question Answering](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/)      |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020a)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/) | 


###  (3) Semantic Textual Similarity and  Paraphrase (STSP)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|-------|
|[Emotion Regression](https://aclanthology.org/S18-1001/)      |MSA      | Spearman Correlation|    [(Saif et al., 2018)](https://aclanthology.org/S18-1001/)  | 
|[MQ2Q](https://aclanthology.org/2019.nsurl-1.1)     |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Seelawi al., 2019)](https://aclanthology.org/2019.nsurl-1.1)   | 
|[STS](https://aclanthology.org/S17-2001/)            |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Cer et al., 2017)](https://aclanthology.org/S17-2001/)  | 



### (4) Sentence Classification (SC)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|-------|
|[Abusive](https://aclanthology.org/W19-3512/)      |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Mulki et al., 2019)](https://aclanthology.org/W19-3512/)  | 
|[Adult](https://aclanthology.org/2021.wanlp-1.14)     |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Mubarak et al., 2021)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.wanlp-1.14)  | 
|[Age](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.3)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020b)]( https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.3/) | 
|[ANS Claim](https://aclanthology.org/2020.fever-1.2/)     |MSA      |  Macro F1 |   [(Khouja, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.fever-1.2/)   | 
|[Dangerous	](https://aclanthology.org/N18-2004/)     |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Alshehri et al., 2020)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.6)| 
|[Dialect Binary](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XNLI)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |   [(Farha, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.5/), [(Zaidan, 2014)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1006), [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020c)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/), [(Bouamor et al., 2019)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4622), [(Abdelaliet al., 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.wanlp-1.1), [(El-Haj, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.165/). | 
|[Dialect Country](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XNLI)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |   [(Farha, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.5/), [(Zaidan, 2014)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1006), [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020c)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/), [(Bouamor et al., 2019)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4622), [(Abdelaliet al., 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.wanlp-1.1), [(El-Haj, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.165/). | 
|[Dialect Region](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XNLI)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |  [(Farha, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.5/), [(Zaidan, 2014)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J14-1006), [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020c)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/), [(Bouamor et al., 2019)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4622), [(Abdelaliet al., 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.wanlp-1.1), [(El-Haj, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.165/). | 
|[Emotion](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.3)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020b)]( https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.3/) | 
|[Gender](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.3)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020b)]( https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.3/) | 
|[Hate Speech](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.7)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Mubarak et al., 2020)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.7)| 
|[Irony](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3368567.3368585)     |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Ghanem al., 2019)](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3368567.3368585) | 
|[Machine Generation](https://aclanthology.org/2020.wanlp-1.7/)            |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Nagoudi et al., 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.wanlp-1.7/) | 
|[Offensive](https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.8/)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Mubarak et al., 2020)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.osact-1.7)| 
|[Sarcasm](https://aclanthology.org/N18-2004/)     |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Farha and Magdy, 2020)](https://aclanthology.org/2020.osact-1.5/) | 
|[Sentiment Analysis](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/)         |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Abdul-Mageed et al., 2020c)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/) | 


###  (5) Structure Predictions (SP)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|-------|
|[Aqmar NER](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ark/ArabicNER/)      |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Mohit, 2012)](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ark/ArabicNER/)  | 
|[Arabic NER Corpus](http://www.dsic.upv.es/~prosso/resources/BenajibaRosso_IICAI07.pdf)     |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Benajiba and Rosso, 2007)](http://www.dsic.upv.es/~prosso/resources/BenajibaRosso_IICAI07.pdf)  | 
|[Dialect Part Of Speech](https://aclanthology.org/L18-1015.pdf)            |DA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Darwish et al., 2018)](https://aclanthology.org/L18-1015.pdf) | 
|[MSA Part Of Speech](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.01401)            |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Liang et al., 2020)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.01401) | 
 

###  (6) Topic Classification (TC)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|-------|
|[Topic](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.551/)      |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(Abbas et al.,2011)](https://www.dline.info/fpaper/jdim/v9i5/1.pdf), [(Chouigui et al.,2017)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320871871_Poster_ANT_Corpus_An_Arabic_News_Text_Collection_for_Textual_Classification),  [(Saad, 2010)](http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/wp-content/uploads/mksaad-OSAC-OpenSourceArabicCorpora-EECS10-rev9(1).pdf). | 


###  (7) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)
|**Task**| **Variation**     | **Metric**   | **Reference**   |
|---------|--------|--------|-------|
|[Word Sense Disambiguation](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2567)     |MSA      |  Macro F1 |    [(El-Razzaz, 2021)](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2567) | 


# How to Use ORCA
### Request Access ###
To obtain access to the ORCA benchmark on Huggingface, follow the following steps:
- Login on your Haggingface account

  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/UBC-NLP/orca/main/orca_request1.png" width="70%"/>
- Request access

  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/UBC-NLP/orca/main/orca_request2.png" width="70%"/>

### Install Requirments
```shell
    pip install datasets transformers seqeval
```
### Login with your Huggingface CLI ###
You can get/manage your access tokens in your [settings](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/security-tokens).
```shell
    export HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN="" 
    huggingface-cli login --token $HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN
```
### Fine-tuning a model on ORCA tasks
We provide a Google Colab Notebook that includes instructions for fine-tuning any model on ORCA tasks. <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/UBC-NLP/orca/blob/main/Finetuning_ORCA.ipynb"><img alt="colab" src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg">

### Submitting your results on ORCA test 

We design a public leaderboard for scoring PLMs on ORCA. Our leaderboard is interactive and offers rich meta-data about the various datasets involved as well as the language models we evaluate. 

You can evalute your models using **ORCA** leaderboard: **[https://orca.dlnlp.ai](https://orca.dlnlp.ai/)**


---

## Citation
If you use ORCA for your scientific publication, or if you find the resources in this repository useful, please cite our paper as follows:
```
@inproceedings{elmadany-etal-2023-orca,
    title = "{ORCA}: A Challenging Benchmark for {A}rabic Language Understanding",
    author = "Elmadany, AbdelRahim  and
      Nagoudi, ElMoatez Billah  and
      Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023",
    month = jul,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.609",
    pages = "9559--9586",
}


```

---

## Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council  of Canada, the  Social  Sciences and  Humanities  Research  Council  of  Canada, Canadian  Foundation  for  Innovation,  [ComputeCanada](www.computecanada.ca) and [UBC ARC-Sockeye](https://doi.org/10.14288/SOCKEYE). We  also  thank  the  [Google TensorFlow Research Cloud (TFRC)](https://www.tensorflow.org/tfrc) program for providing us with free TPU access.



task_categories:text-classification task_categories:token-classification task_categories:question-answering language:ara Arabic NLU Benchmark Natural Language Inference (NLI) Question Answering (QA) Semantic Textual Similarity and and Paraphrase (STSP) Sentence Classification (SC) Structure Predictions (SP) Topic Classification (TC) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) arxiv:2212.10758 arxiv:2004.01401 region:us
{"language": ["ara"], "task_categories": ["text-classification", "token-classification", "question-answering"], "viewer": false, "tags": ["Arabic", "NLU Benchmark", "Natural Language Inference (NLI)", "Question Answering (QA)", "Semantic Textual Similarity and and Paraphrase (STSP)", "Sentence Classification (SC)", "Structure Predictions (SP)", "Topic Classification (TC)", "Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)"], "extra_gated_fields": {"Name": "text", "Official Email (email of your organization)": "text", "Affilation": "text", "Country": "text", "I agree to use this dataset for non-commercial use ONLY": "checkbox", "I agree to cite the ORCA paper and all original papers": "checkbox"}}
TAGS
#task_categories-text-classification #task_categories-token-classification #task_categories-question-answering #language-Arabic #Arabic #NLU Benchmark #Natural Language Inference (NLI) #Question Answering (QA) #Semantic Textual Similarity and and Paraphrase (STSP) #Sentence Classification (SC) #Structure Predictions (SP) #Topic Classification (TC) #Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) #arxiv-2212.10758 #arxiv-2004.01401 #region-us 


  

![](URL width=)
  



<a href="URL
![Documentation](URL/URL)






In this work, we introduce ORCA, a publicly available benchmark for Arabic language understanding evaluation. ORCA is carefully constructed to cover diverse Arabic varieties and a wide range of challenging Arabic understanding tasks exploiting 60 different datasets across seven NLU task clusters. To measure current progress in Arabic NLU, we use ORCA to offer a comprehensive comparison between 18 multilingual and Arabic language models.


ORCA Task Cluster
=================


We arrange ORCA, into seven NLU task clusters. These are (1) sentence classification, (2) structured prediction (3) semantic textual similarity and paraphrase, (4) text classification, (5) natural language inference, (6) word sense disambiguation, and (7) question answering.


### (1) Natural Language Inference (NLI)



### (2) Question Answering (QA)



### (3) Semantic Textual Similarity and Paraphrase (STSP)



### (4) Sentence Classification (SC)



### (5) Structure Predictions (SP)



### (6) Topic Classification (TC)



### (7) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)



How to Use ORCA
===============


### Request Access


To obtain access to the ORCA benchmark on Huggingface, follow the following steps:


* Login on your Haggingface account


<img src="URL width="70%"/>
* Request access


<img src="URL width="70%"/>


### Install Requirments


### Login with your Huggingface CLI


You can get/manage your access tokens in your settings.


### Fine-tuning a model on ORCA tasks


We provide a Google Colab Notebook that includes instructions for fine-tuning any model on ORCA tasks. <a href="URL alt="colab" src="URL


### Submitting your results on ORCA test


We design a public leaderboard for scoring PLMs on ORCA. Our leaderboard is interactive and offers rich meta-data about the various datasets involved as well as the language models we evaluate.


You can evalute your models using ORCA leaderboard: URL




---


If you use ORCA for your scientific publication, or if you find the resources in this repository useful, please cite our paper as follows:




---


Acknowledgments
---------------


We gratefully acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, ComputeCanada and UBC ARC-Sockeye. We also thank the Google TensorFlow Research Cloud (TFRC) program for providing us with free TPU access.







### (1) Natural Language Inference (NLI) ### (2) Question Answering (QA) ### (3) Semantic Textual Similarity and Paraphrase (STSP) ### (4) Sentence Classification (SC) ### (5) Structure Predictions (SP) ### (6) Topic Classification (TC) ### (7) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)



How to Use ORCA
=============== ### Request Access


To obtain access to the ORCA benchmark on Huggingface, follow the following steps:


* Login on your Haggingface account


<img src="URL width="70%"/>
* Request access


<img src="URL width="70%"/> ### Install Requirments ### Login with your Huggingface CLI


You can get/manage your access tokens in your settings. ### Fine-tuning a model on ORCA tasks


We provide a Google Colab Notebook that includes instructions for fine-tuning any model on ORCA tasks. <a href="URL alt="colab" src="URL ### Submitting your results on ORCA test


We design a public leaderboard for scoring PLMs on ORCA. Our leaderboard is interactive and offers rich meta-data about the various datasets involved as well as the language models we evaluate.


You can evalute your models using ORCA leaderboard: URL




---


If you use ORCA for your scientific publication, or if you find the resources in this repository useful, please cite our paper as follows:




---


Acknowledgments
---------------


We gratefully acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, ComputeCanada and UBC ARC-Sockeye. We also thank the Google TensorFlow Research Cloud (TFRC) program for providing us with free TPU access.
TAGS
#task_categories-text-classification #task_categories-token-classification #task_categories-question-answering #language-Arabic #Arabic #NLU Benchmark #Natural Language Inference (NLI) #Question Answering (QA) #Semantic Textual Similarity and and Paraphrase (STSP) #Sentence Classification (SC) #Structure Predictions (SP) #Topic Classification (TC) #Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) #arxiv-2212.10758 #arxiv-2004.01401 #region-us 
 ### (1) Natural Language Inference (NLI) ### (2) Question Answering (QA) ### (3) Semantic Textual Similarity and Paraphrase (STSP) ### (4) Sentence Classification (SC) ### (5) Structure Predictions (SP) ### (6) Topic Classification (TC) ### (7) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)



How to Use ORCA
=============== ### Request Access


To obtain access to the ORCA benchmark on Huggingface, follow the following steps:


* Login on your Haggingface account


<img src="URL width="70%"/>
* Request access


<img src="URL width="70%"/> ### Install Requirments ### Login with your Huggingface CLI


You can get/manage your access tokens in your settings. ### Fine-tuning a model on ORCA tasks


We provide a Google Colab Notebook that includes instructions for fine-tuning any model on ORCA tasks. <a href="URL alt="colab" src="URL ### Submitting your results on ORCA test


We design a public leaderboard for scoring PLMs on ORCA. Our leaderboard is interactive and offers rich meta-data about the various datasets involved as well as the language models we evaluate.


You can evalute your models using ORCA leaderboard: URL




---


If you use ORCA for your scientific publication, or if you find the resources in this repository useful, please cite our paper as follows:




---


Acknowledgments
---------------


We gratefully acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, ComputeCanada and UBC ARC-Sockeye. We also thank the Google TensorFlow Research Cloud (TFRC) program for providing us with free TPU access.
passage: TAGS
#task_categories-text-classification #task_categories-token-classification #task_categories-question-answering #language-Arabic #Arabic #NLU Benchmark #Natural Language Inference (NLI) #Question Answering (QA) #Semantic Textual Similarity and and Paraphrase (STSP) #Sentence Classification (SC) #Structure Predictions (SP) #Topic Classification (TC) #Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) #arxiv-2212.10758 #arxiv-2004.01401 #region-us 
### (1) Natural Language Inference (NLI)### (2) Question Answering (QA)### (3) Semantic Textual Similarity and Paraphrase (STSP)### (4) Sentence Classification (SC)### (5) Structure Predictions (SP)### (6) Topic Classification (TC)### (7) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD)



How to Use ORCA
===============### Request Access


To obtain access to the ORCA benchmark on Huggingface, follow the following steps:


* Login on your Haggingface account


<img src="URL width="70%"/>
* Request access


<img src="URL width="70%"/>### Install Requirments### Login with your Huggingface CLI


You can get/manage your access tokens in your settings.### Fine-tuning a model on ORCA tasks


We provide a Google Colab Notebook that includes instructions for fine-tuning any model on ORCA tasks. <a href="URL alt="colab" src="URL