A composite image of the Western hemisphere of the Earth. Credit: NASA

A new study paints a picture of an Earth that is warmer than it has been in about 120,000 years, and is locked into eventually hitting its hottest mark in more than 2 million years.

As part of her doctoral dissertation at Stanford University, Carolyn Snyder , now a climate policy official at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, created a continuous 2 million year temperature record, much longer than a previous 22,000 year record. Snyder's temperature reconstruction, published Monday in the journal Nature , doesn't estimate temperature for a single year, but averages 5,000-year time periods going back a couple million years.

Snyder based her reconstruction on 61 different sea surface temperature proxies from across the globe, such as ratios between magnesium and calcium, species makeup and acidity. But the further the study goes back in time, especially after half a million years, the fewer of those proxies are available, making the estimates less certain, she said.

These are rough estimates with large margins of errors, she said. But she also found that the temperature changes correlated well to carbon dioxide levels.

Temperatures averaged out over the most recent 5,000 years—which includes the last 125 years or so of industrial emissions of heat-trapping gases—are generally warmer than they have been since about 120,000 years ago or so, Snyder found. And two interglacial time periods, the one 120,000 years ago and another just about 2 million years ago, were the warmest Snyder tracked. They were about 3.6 degrees (2 degrees Celsius) warmer than the current 5,000-year average.

With the link to carbon dioxide levels and taking into account other factors and past trends, Snyder calculated how much warming can be expected in the future.

Snyder said if climate factors are the same as in the past—and that's a big if—Earth is already committed to another 7 degrees or so (about 4 degrees Celsius) of warming over the next few thousand years.

"This is based on what happened in the past," Snyder said. "In the past it wasn't humans messing with the atmosphere."

Scientists give various reasons for past changes in carbon dioxide and heat levels, including regular slight shifts in Earth's orbital tilt.

Four outside scientists praised the study's tracking of past temperatures, with caveats about how less certain it is as it gets deeper in the past. Jeremy Shakun of Boston College said "Snyder's work is a great contribution and future work should build on it."

But many of the same scientists said Snyder's estimate of future warming seems too high. Shakun called it unrealistic and not matching historical time periods of similar carbon dioxide levels.

A fifth scientist, Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University, called the study provocative and interesting but said he remains skeptical until more research confirms it. He found the future temperature calculations "so much higher than prevailing estimates that one has to consider it somewhat of an outlier."

Explore further Late Cretaceous Period was likely ice-free

More information: Carolyn W. Snyder. Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years, Nature (2016). Journal information: Nature Carolyn W. Snyder. Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years,(2016). DOI: 10.1038/nature19798

© 2016 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. </s> Temperatures on Earth were the warmest in 2016 since modern record-keeping began in 1880, according to independent analyses by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, boosting the argument shared by many climate scientists that our planet is changing in significant ways.

The year 2016 was the third consecutive year to set a new record for global average surface temperatures, and far exceeded the temperature mark set in 2015, scientists said today.

Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), said in a statement that the consistent pattern of record-breaking temperatures is indicative of a "warming trend" taking place on Earth.

“2016 is remarkably the third record year in a row in this series,” Schmidt said. “We don't expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.”

This is a developing story. Please check back for updates. </s> Carmen Jaspersen/picture-alliance/dpa/AP

A global temperature record published on 26 September in Nature1 extends 2 million years into the past — the longest continuous log yet published — and has sparked debate about how Earth's climate will change in the future.

The study harnesses data from dozens of ocean-sediment cores, as well as climate models, to provide estimates of global average surface temperatures. Prior reconstructions have gone back further — in some cases back to 3 million years — but were less comprehensive or focused only on particular time periods. The longest comprehensive temperature record available before this study went back 22,000 years.

“It’s a useful starting place,” says lead author Carolyn Snyder, director of the Climate Protection Partnerships Division of the US Environmental Protection Agency in Washington DC. “People can take this and improve upon it as more records become available in the future.”

Using a subset of the reconstructed temperature data, Snyder, who began the study while at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, analysed the relationship between past temperatures and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels estimated from Antarctic ice cores covering the past 800,000 years. Based on that analysis, she found that future long-term warming induced by greenhouse gases could be more severe than many previous estimates.

Even if the amount of atmospheric CO 2 were to stabilize at current levels, the study suggests that average temperatures may increase by roughly 5 °C over the next few millennia as a result of the effects of the greenhouse gas on glaciers, ecosystems and other factors. A doubling of the pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO 2 of roughly 280 parts per million, which could occur within decades unless people curb greenhouse-gas emissions, could eventually boost global average temperatures by around 9 °C. This is on the high end of existing estimates.

Proceed with caution

And this is where the study has encountered scepticism. “The key part of this paper is the temperature reconstruction, which is really valuable,” says Eelco Rohling, a palaeoclimatologist at the Australian National University in Canberra. But he adds that the question of how the planet will respond to atmospheric CO 2 over the long term requires more detailed analysis.

In particular, the study fails to account for subtle changes in Earth’s orbit that affected global temperatures and helped to drive the expansion and retreat of glaciers throughout the time period covered by the analysis, says Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City. He says the effects of such orbital variations must be considered when comparing the glacial era to the present.

Schmidt's research into Earth's long-term sensitivity to CO 2 has focused on a warmer era before the glacial ages, about 3 million years ago. That work suggests that the millennial-scale warming that would be expected from rising greenhouse gases is around 4.5 °C for a doubling of pre-industrial atmospheric CO 2 levels2.

The new analysis has little bearing on the short-term climate sensitivity, which is what humanity might expect to see over the next century or two. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that short-term climate sensitivity is around 3 °C of warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 3.

Bare necessities

Snyder isn't convinced that the orbital effects are that important in this case. She says her study provides a single measure of the relationship between historic temperatures and CO 2 levels. If that relationship were to hold up, it would suggest that the Earth is in store for even more warming in the future. But she stresses that conclusions about future climate change should be viewed with caution. “This is not an exact prediction or a forecast,” she says. “The experiment we as humans are doing is very different than what we saw in the past.”

Although Snyder’s temperature record will probably be improved as new data are incorporated in the future, the study fills a crucial gap in the archives of climate science, says Jeremy Shakun, a geologist at Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, who developed the previous temperature record out to 22,000 years.

“This is something that just needed to be done,” Shakun says. As for the debate about long-term climate sensitivity, he says scientists can debate the details, but it’s clear that heat will continue to build up in the Earth system for a very long time.
A study published in Nature finds the Earth's surface is warmer than it has been in about 120,000 years, and is locked into eventually hitting its hottest mark in more than 2 million years.