Nasa’s Juno space probe orbiting Jupiter went into “safe mode” with cameras and instruments offline just as it prepared to pass over the immense planet’s dense cloud tops, the space agency said.

Juno had rebooted its onboard computer and could communicate with Earth but its activities were limited until engineers diagnosed what went wrong, Nasa said.



“It’s too early to take a guess” but the issue with Juno was not caused by the intense radiation belts surrounding Jupiter because the spacecraft was far away when it entered safe mode, said mission chief scientist Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.

On Mars, scientists with the European Space Agency lost contact with the Schiaparelli experimental lander that was supposed to touch down. The mother ship successfully slipped into orbit around Mars but the fate of the lander was unknown.

For Juno it is the second setback in less than a week. The solar-powered craft has been orbiting Jupiter since July on a $1.1bn mission to explore its poles, atmosphere and interior.

Last week mission managers decided to postpone an engine firing planned for Wednesday after a pair of valves in the spacecraft’s propulsion system did not work as expected.

Nasa said the two problems were not related.

The delay means Juno will not swing close again to Jupiter until December. The spacecraft made its first close pass in August, beaming back pictures of Jupiter’s stormy north pole, which appeared bluer than the rest of the planet.

Scientists continued to pore over close-up images from the first flyby, determining that Jupiter’s magnetic fields and northern and southern auroras were more powerful than expected.

The Juno mission was designed to fly closer to Jupiter than previous spacecraft, coming within 2,500 miles of the surface. Some three dozen close passes are planned during the 20-month mission.

With the Associated Press </s> Nasa announces Juno craft circling gas giant had to shut down camera and instruments, while ESA says Schiaparelli lander may have crashed on red planet

Bad day for space probes: one lost on Mars, another in 'safe mode' at Jupiter

Nasa’s Juno space probe orbiting Jupiter went into “safe mode” with cameras and instruments offline just as it prepared to pass over the immense planet’s dense cloud tops, the space agency said.

Juno had rebooted its onboard computer and could communicate with Earth but its activities were limited until engineers diagnosed what went wrong, Nasa said.



“The spacecraft is healthy and we are working our standard recovery procedure,” said Rick Nybakken, Juno project manager from Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“It’s too early to take a guess” but the issue with Juno was not caused by the intense radiation belts surrounding Jupiter because the spacecraft was far away when it entered safe mode, said mission chief scientist Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.



On Mars, scientists with the European Space Agency lost contact with the Schiaparelli experimental lander that was supposed to touch down. The mother ship successfully slipped into orbit around Mars but the fate of the lander was unknown.



Schiaparelli lander's planned descent to Mars Schiaparelli lander’s planned descent to Mars

For Juno it is the second setback in less than a week. The solar-powered craft has been orbiting Jupiter since July on a $1.1bn mission to explore its poles, atmosphere and interior.

Last week mission managers decided to postpone an engine firing planned for Wednesday after a pair of valves in the spacecraft’s propulsion system did not work as expected. Nasa said this and the latest problem were not related.

The delay means Juno will not swing close again to Jupiter until December. The spacecraft made its first close pass in August, beaming back pictures of Jupiter’s stormy north pole, which appeared bluer than the rest of the planet.



Scientists continued to pore over close-up images from the first flyby, determining that Jupiter’s magnetic fields and northern and southern auroras were more powerful than expected.

The Juno mission was designed to fly closer to Jupiter than previous spacecraft, coming within 2,500 miles of the surface. Some three dozen close passes are planned during the 20-month mission.

With the Associated Press </s> Wednesday was meant to be a momentous day for NASA's Juno spacecraft. The robot, which entered orbit around Jupiter in July, was set to fire its main engine for the first time. That would have maneuvered Juno into a new trajectory where it could pass close to Jupiter's surface more often.

But last week, some of Juno's pieces weren't working quite as they should. A set of valves in the fuel pressurization system -- components that help facilitate the firing of the main engine -- were a bit sluggish when scientists executed a command sequence. The mission team decided to hold off on the scheduled burn, which meant keeping the craft's current orbit until December. Yet they hoped to have all of the spacecraft's instruments turned on for the planetary pass it would make Wednesday, making the most of a close encounter with Jupiter as consolation for the passes they'd miss.

Instead, NASA reports, Juno went into safe mode several hours before that flyby. This happened automatically -- it seems a software performance monitor prompted Juno to reboot its main computer -- and isn't necessarily a horrible sign. Safe mode is what's supposed to happen when the spacecraft senses something unexpected. It battens down the hatches: The spacecraft ensures that it's facing the sun to receive solar power, then turns off its scientific instruments and any nonessential components to protect them for several hours or days.

Juno was still about 13 hours away from its planned close encounter when it entered safe mode, so scientists think it unlikely that the spacecraft encountered any truly troublesome radiation that would cause permanent damage.

"We were still quite a ways from the planet's more intense radiation belts and magnetic fields," Rick Nybakken, Juno project manager from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement. "The spacecraft is healthy, and we are working our standard recovery procedure."

Unfortunately, the safe-mode procedure kept Juno from collecting any scientific data during Wednesday's flyby. The next chance for close-range data collection will come Dec. 11. At that time, depending on Juno's condition, NASA may again try to slip it into the new orbit. If the transition is successful, the orbiter will make close passes of Jupiter every two weeks instead of every two months.

The team is analyzing data from Juno's initial flyby in late August, which gave scientists their first tantalizing glimpse below Jupiter's roiling clouds.

NASA is optimistic that Juno will behave normally for the next flyby. But it's been a rough week for space robots across the solar system: On Wednesday, the European and Russian space agencies were able to insert a satellite into orbit around Mars as part of the ExoMars mission. But the mission's second goal -- touchdown of the Schiaparelli lander on the Red Planet's surface -- seems to have failed. </s> The space agency said Wednesday that Juno detected a problem, went into safe mode and shut off its cameras and instruments hours before it was supposed to pass over Jupiter’s dense cloud tops.

Juno rebooted its onboard computer and can communicate with Earth, but its activities are limited until engineers diagnose what went wrong.

“It’s too early to take a guess,” but the issue isn’t caused by the intense radiation belts surrounding Jupiter because the spacecraft was far away when it entered safe mode, said mission chief scientist Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.

It’s the second setback in less than a week for the solar-powered Juno, which has been orbiting the giant planet since July on a $1.1 billion mission to explore its poles, atmosphere and interior.

Last week, mission managers decided to postpone an engine firing planned for Wednesday after a pair of valves in the spacecraft’s propulsion system didn’t work as expected.

NASA said the two problems weren’t related.

The delay means Juno won’t swing close again to Jupiter until December. The spacecraft made its first close pass in August, beaming back pictures of Jupiter’s stormy north pole, which appeared bluer than the rest of the planet.

Scientists continued to pore over close-up images from the first flyby, determining that Jupiter’s magnetic fields and northern and southern lights were more powerful than expected.

The Juno mission was designed to fly closer to Jupiter than previous spacecraft, coming within 2,500 miles of the surface. Some three dozen close passes are planned during the 20-month mission.

Over at Mars, an experimental lander that was supposed to touch down on the red planet Wednesday lost contact with ground controllers at the European Space Agency. The mother ship successfully slipped into orbit around Mars and will study the atmosphere, but the fate of the lander was still unknown. </s> NASA's Juno probe reached Jupiter in July 2016, and scientists' view of the solar system has not been the same since.

The $1 billion mission has taken stunning images of the gas giant several hundred million miles from Earth.

More importantly, though, the tennis-court-size spacecraft has probed some of the planet's deepest, darkest secrets with a suite of high-tech instruments.

Here are some of the most fascinating scientific discoveries made by Juno at Jupiter — and a taste of what's possibly to come, since the probe has several years of exploration left before NASA crashes it into the planet.

Juno flies in an elliptical orbit around Jupiter, getting close to the planet once every 53.5 days.

Juno's closest flyby of Jupiter lasts several hours and is called a perijove. During that time, the probe flies over Jupiter's north pole and exits with views of the south pole.

Juno passes within thousands of miles of the planet's surface during a perijove, enabling the probe to make detailed and unprecedented measurements of gravity, magnetism, and plasma fields using a suite of high-tech instruments. It also beams back stunning images.

Until Juno's arrival at Jupiter in July 2016, no top-down or bottom-up images had ever been taken of Jupiter's poles.

The probe flew over Jupiter's poles for the first time and sent back data that blew scientists away.

Observatories like NASA's Hubble Space Telescope had recorded auroras at Jupiter's poles, but nobody had ever seen the enigmatic regions in the detail Juno revealed.

"[I]t looks like nothing we have seen or imagined before," Scott Bolton, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio and the Juno mission's leader, said in a NASA press release in September 2016.

"It's bluer in color up there than other parts of the planet, and there are a lot of storms," he added. "There is no sign of the latitudinal bands or zone and belts that we are used to — this image is hardly recognizable as Jupiter."

The planet's weather goes much deeper than anyone thought.

Juno's first ultra-close pass helped researchers peel back Jupiter's atmospheric layers like an onion and see hundreds of miles deep into the planet's hydrogen, helium, and other gases.

"The structure of the zones and belts still exists deep down," Bolton said during a news conference in 2016. "So whatever's making those colors, whatever's making those stripes, is still existing pretty far down into Jupiter. That came as a surprise to many of the scientists."

Later studies revealed that the appearance of belts, bands, and storms may originate more than 1,900 miles below the planet's gassy surface.

In April, NASA released eye-catching images of symmetric clusters of storms.

The images were created from multiple photos taken in infrared light (a wavelength that's normally invisible to us). Next, scientists merged the pictures together made them 3D to emphasize brightness and temperature.

Scientists are still trying to understand what, exactly, creates these stormy super-cells that stretch thousands of miles wide.

Most lightning is concentrated at Jupiter's north pole.

During Juno's first eight perijoves, or flybys, the spacecraft detected 377 lightning discharges via their crackle of radio emissions. When researchers mapped the locations of the lightning, they found it concentrated at the planet's poles, not its equator.

Researchers think this happens because when the sun warms Jupiter's atmosphere, the heat stabilizes the planet's mid-areas against upwelling storms. But at the poles, where it's much cooler, big cells of warm inner gases can punch to the surface and create lightning.

Weirdly, most of the lightning was recorded at Jupiter's north pole — something researchers have yet to explain.

The planet's gravity is kind of lopsided.

Juno has a special instrument that allows it to precisely map Jupiter's gravitational field. The first major results from that data show that field is slightly lopsided, with a bit more "pull" from its northern hemisphere.

Researchers think this is tied to Jupiter's deep-running weather systems, which can push huge masses of its atmospheric gases to certain parts of the planet.

Its magnetic field is also lopsided — and stronger than scientists thought.

Jupiter's magnetic field is the strongest in the solar system and drives all sorts of important behaviors, including polar auroras, plasma fields around the planet, and radiation that can threaten space missions. So it's important to understand in detail. Luckily, magnetic instruments on Juno can continuously map the planet's magnetic field.

Those readings have surprised researchers in multiple ways. They showed Jupiter's magnetic field strength is about two times more powerful than researchers previously thought.

The data also revealed that the entire magnetic field, like the planet's gravity field, is slightly lopsided. The reasons for that that have yet to be explained.

Jupiter's Great Red Spot suggests the planet is rich with water.

Many moons around Jupiter hold water and may even harbor vast oceans that are habitable to aliens. But Jupiter looks pretty dry on the surface, and shoring up evidence for water molecules inside the planet itself has proven difficult.

Juno is confronting this problem with its suite of sensitive instruments and ultra-close flybys. Researchers combined Juno's data with telescope data gathered about the Great Red Spot, which affords a deeper view of Jupiter's atmosphere. They discovered that the world may have two to nine times more oxygen than the sun — and oxygen is a key component of water.

The planet may have a "fuzzy" core.

"There seems to be a fuzzy core, and it may be much larger than anybody had anticipated," Bolton said during a NASA press conference in May 2017.

Hydrogen in the depths of Jupiter exists in a semi-gaseous, semi-dissolved — hence, "fuzzy" —state. Earth, by comparison, has outer liquid that moves around a solid core.

Jupiter's fuzzy core may be what drives its powerful dynamo and magnetic fields, sort of like the metallic dynamo at Earth's core. The previous thinking was that hydrogen — normally a gas as we know it — compressed into a liquid-metal state was the culprit for Jupiter's magnetic fields.

Auroras start with a planet's magnetic field. That field grabs charged solar particles blown into space, then races them toward the planet's poles. When the particles slam into atoms of gas in the atmosphere, they create a light show.

But Juno researchers have discovered that Jupiter's polar auroras have 10-30 times more energy than expected, and they give off that energy mostly in ultraviolet light, which is invisible to human eyes. What's more, the auroras dim when the planet rotates into darkness.

Researchers have yet to figure out how auroras work at Jupiter, though they suspect it has something to do with an energetic field of plasma around the planet, according to Space.com.

Juno found a possible new volcano on Jupiter's moon Io.

Juno was designed to study Jupiter in detail, but the planet's dozens of moons make for interesting targets, too.

The planet's moon Io — a hellish, sulfur-choked moon that's about as wide as North America and littered with volcanoes — is one example. Scientists got just a few glances at the moon decades ago, using spacecraft like Galileo and Voyager.

But in December 2017, Juno's infrared-seeing camera found what looks like a previously undetected volcano on the moon. According to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the world has 150 active volcanoes — yet 250 more await discovery, based on how much material is spewing off the planet's surface and into space.
NASA's Juno probe, in orbit around Jupiter, enters safe mode.